sJVj ■>%.. %.. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A ^o ■ -* - -2 :.T)3 364 365 370 372 374 380 383 385 390 395 398 399 405 407 407 409 411 415 419 422 425 425 430 432 435 439 442 447 NEW SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY. PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS. VOLCANO, MOUNTAINS, HILLS. RIVER WATERFALL, CITY, ETC. 1. What is Geography? Geography is a description of the surface of the earth. '''*....n^=^' ' ^^^^■•^«'*?^ The word Geography is derived and grapho, I write. It means f hpr«f., *'^" ^'^^^ '^"''^'' ^'' ^^^ ^'^''th, earth. "'^"'' therefore, a writing or discourse about the 2. Of what part of the earth doe, Geography treat ? 8 PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS. 3. IIow is Geography usually divided ? Geography is usually divided into Physical, Astronomical, and Political Geography. 4. What is Physical Geography ? Physical Geography is an account of the natural divisions of the earth's surface, including a description of vegetable and ani- mal life, of climates and products, and also of the atmosphere, with its various winds and air-currents. 6. What is Astronomical Geography ? Astronomical Geography is an account of the earth as a planet, and its relations to the sun and other heavenly bodies, with the effects produced by these relations. As these are illustrated by a knowledge of mathematics, this branch is also called Mathe- matical Geography. 6. What is Political Geography ? Political Geography is an account of the different races of men, their languages, governments, and arts, and their condition as to civilization, learning, and religion. This is also called Civil Geography, 7. When all these portions of Geography are considered in describing a country, what is the description called ? Descriptive Geography. THE GHAND DIVISIONS OF THE EARTH. NATURAL OR PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. DIVISIONS OF THE LAND. MOUTH OF A RIVER OPENING INTO THK OCEAN. IN THE RIVER, AT ITS MOUTH, ARE A PENINSULA AND SEVERAL ISLANDS. ON THE aiGHTIS A LIGHT-HOUSE ON HIGH GROUND iBErOND,INTHEDISTANCE, JUT- TING OUT INTO THE OCEAN, IS A CAPE ON THE LEFT IS A CITY; A RAILROAD TRAIN IS ENTERING IT. 8. Into what two portions is the surface of the earth divided? Into land and water. 9. Name the grand divisions of the land. The grand divisions of the land are North America Sonfb America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Oceanica. ' — r-r— — 10 NATURAL OR PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 10. What arc tho '>rincipal forms and divisions of the land called? Tlie principal forms juid divisions of the land are called Con- tinents, Islands, Peninsulas, Isthmuses, and Capes. These are the divisions which would appear to a person raised to a con- ■iderable heij^ht above the surface of tho earth and looking down upon it. 11. What is a Continent? A 'Continent is the largest natural division of the land. The word in derived from a Latin term which means continuous, un- broken. There are three Continents, the Eastern, the Western, and Australia. By some gf'ographers Australia is called an Is. and, but it i£ so large a portion of land that it may properly bo called a Continent. 12. What is an Island? An Island is a port4on of land surrounded by water. Great Iiritain, Madagascar, und Cuba, are islands. 13, What is a »^ Peninsula? A Peninsu- ^ la is a portion J of land nearly M_ surrounded by £ water, '£"' The word is formeu from two La*in words, />ene, almost, and iiimtld, an i.^land. Florida, ArabiR, and Hindoostiin are peninsulas. PENIN3ULA, ISTHMUS, AND ISLANDS, 14, What is an Isthmus? An Isthmus is a narrow strip of land whii^h unites two conti- nents, or which uiiites a peninsuli t'. the main land. The Isthnuis of Pnniimr uniteB North and South America. Tho Isthmui of Sues uuileu Africa and Asia. Ifi, What is a Cpyi? A (ape is a j)oint of l.md cxtendiuj,^ into the sea. Cape Horn l:o8 at the oxiremity of Buuth America; Capo of Qood Hope DIVISIONS OF THE LAND. ~ 'promontor »st of En M ^ion lies at the extremity of Africa. When a Cape is high a HettdianiJ, and sometimes a Promontory. Gibralt 13. What is a Coast or Shore? A Coast or Shore is that part of the lai the sea. " We speak of the shores of the Atlantic or Pacif c) 17. Name thP natural divisions o*" tho knd nccoruma le The Natural divisions of the knd accordin-.- ^e are called Mountains, Hills, Valleys, and Plains. These are the divisions which anneir tn n no-^^., =♦ j- of the earth. P"'"'° standing upon the surfaot 18. What is a Mountain ? Wltn^'r"^-'"'' '' \ ^'""''^ elevation on the surface of the earth. thain of mountains. A single mountain is called a Peak 19. What is Hill? A Hill is an elevation on the surface of the earth not so high as a mountain. 20. What is a Vo'cano? A Volcano is a !? m.Mintain or hill which from jyi opening throws out smoke, fire, and melted lavn. This opcnin^r, which ia generally at the top, hut some timco on the sides, ia CM I led a crntrr. It Kivos vent to the in- nerflresioftheoarth. A VOLCANO. 21. From what level on the oarth'H surfaoo dc inountainH? wo oompute the height of ^rom the level of the 8oa. \jeaa 12 NATURAL OR PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY. 22. What is a Valley? A Valley is the low land situated between mountains or hills. All the land that is on both sides of a rivar, and that is drained by it and its branches, is called the valley of the river: as the vallpy of the Missis- sippi; tbe valley of the Amazon^ Ac. 23. What is a Plain? A Plain is a tract of land almost or quite level. An elevated plain is called a Plateau or Table-Land. 24. What names arc given to plains in various parts of the world? Plains in North America are called Prairies ; in South Ame- rica, Pampas and Llanos j in Asia, Steppes. These are lor the most part without trees. The forest plains of the river Amazon are called Silvas. 25. What is a Desert? A Desert is a barren plain, usually covered with sand ; such as the Sahara or Great Desert of Africa, and the Desert of Arabia. These tracts of country have become deserts principally from want of raiu. Caravan in the samara. 2f). What is iin Oasis? An Oasis is a i'ertilc spot in the midst of a dc.^^ort. SonietimcB these are large cnonjjh to contain towns and villapes, but mora frequently they arc only of sufficient extent (o form a rcxting jilaco for tra- Tellors. They are rendered fertile by springs and small atrouma of water. DIVISIONS OF THE WATER. ly It IS well to mnifion m tins place certain special branches of Geography, loith techmcal names, that the pupil may have a clear understandivg of their relation to each other. .J^n/^i:^''^7J^^ 'I ^ ^'^^^"Pt'on of any particular place or spot on the earth s surface. ^ 28 Cos.morc? The South Frigid Zone lies between the South Pole and tho .Antarctic Circle. 98. Where is tho North Temperate Z(me ? The North Temperate Zone lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle. C9. Where is fhe South Temporato Z<.no7 The South Temperate Zone lies between the Tropic of Capri- corn and tho Antarctic Circle. 100. How broad is each Trmperiite Zone ? Each Temperate Zjnc is about 43°, or 2978 miles, broad. 101. Whore is tho Torrid Zone? The Torrid Zone lies on both sides of the Kquatw, occupying entire spjice between the Tropic of Cancer and tho Tropic the entire spjic of Capricorn THE ZONES. 26 102. IIcT broad is tho Torrid Zone? The Torrid Zone is about 47°, or 3255 miles, broad. 103. Why is it cold s„nsray» Frlgnl 2,„ in the Frigid Z^ncs ? 3„,., , J, ~;:~;_- '-^-^""' Because, owing w- --_____,- x, to the curviiture 8„„..,„,,, // '^••ctio .uroie N^ of the earth, the ~A>^ -» rays of the sun, ^""'""^^ fk:p^^^^^*^^^^?^^^ which are vertical suu-s n.ys ^\"'--- _,«quator -'^ j upon the equator, • \^~~~~-~-— ____^--^ "^ f.ll obliquely on 8„„,,„^ \ ^-woccpricon. the Frigid Zones ; s.„-, n,y. ''-"'"S^^^^z—^'' and because, owing to the obliquity of the earth's axis, durin- the winter, large portions of these Zones are not reached by the mya or the sun at all. *^ •' 104. What arc tho seasons of tho Frigid Zones ? The seasons of the Frigid Zones are only two,— a Ion- winder asting during the greater part of the year, and a short summer Msting during the remaining portion. 105. What is said of day and night in tho Frigid Z nos? At the Poles it is day during half tho year and night during She other half. The Sun in his course during the 1,.,,^ day doe! not sink below the horizon; and durin-. the long night he does not risa above it. o o " On tho Polar Circles tho long- ,\u ^. /». est day is twcnty-f,nir hours. At .|1 !l\'^'^lh;....,.''' ^^^^\ tho Poles it iH xix months. IJo- ^ - ': I. ' V \' -*■» ^ twocn the Polar Circles and tho );|;^ Mj\ I'oies tho day varies in length ■'';'"' .^_ ^\ \f^ from twenty-four hours to ^ix i^S^^^f / 108. What kinds of nnima's , ,ii««i^«.«^ ore found in tho Frigid Zones ? ^'-'it^f^^'M^^i^^^-^^:'- ^ Theanimalsof the Frigid ^:^m^^^^^ * folios are those (uily which, -i^^^— ^.^» can b( ar a great degree of . Z^T .^A^j^S KJlt. ' / ^"^ fold, such as the white or *™«-'^^K--' ''^•^i'l pni.ir bear, the reinde(!r, tlio ^^ musk-ox, and otln^rs which nature has provided witl i^ also a hardy race of d I coverings of thifk and fine furs. Tl 'gs, which are used to draw .sK-ds lere i a «Ttl ! n"W ,.H M- 26 IMAGINARY LINES USED ON GLOBES, MAPS, ETC. 107. What is said of the vegetation of the Frigid Zones? In the Frigid Zones there is very little vegetation of any kind Tl.ere are a few berries and trees of stunted growth in the parts bordering on the Temperate Zones. 108 What is known of the inhabitants of the Frigid Zones ? The inhabitants of the Frigid Zones are ignorant savage tribes, f-w in number, of dwarfish size and swarthy complexion. Many danjrcrous expeditions uavo been made to the North Frigid Zone. Sir J..hn Franklin's party was lost there. Numerous English expeditions have been made to discover his fate. From thf United States, Lieutenant Do Haven, Dr. Kane, and Dr. Hayes, made voyages for the same purpose. 100 Why is it hot in the Torrid Zone? It is hot in the Torrid Zone because the Sun is nearly vertical io all places in this zone, and his direct rays have great power, and because this Zone is reached by vertical rays oi the feun during all the year, in winter as well as summer. 1 10 What is said of the days and nights in the Torrid Zone ? The days and nights in the Torrid Zone are sometimes exactly cciual in length, and nearly equal at all times. At the Lquatof they are always exactly eciual. Twice a year they ore equal all over the globe, viz., on tl.c 20th of March and the 23d of September. These pe.iode are, therefore, called the A./^i- noxes. HI. When docs the Sun rise and set in the Torrid Zone ? The Sun rises in the Tor- rid Zone at about six in the morning and sets about six in the evening. 112. How ninny Fcasons ar» there in the Torrid Zone? There are in the Torrid Zone two seasons . the Wet and the Dry. During the wet oeason it rains nearly every day; during the dry season little rain falls. 113. Whnt kinds of animals EL£PHANTb AND THE TIGER. are found in the Torrid Zone? There are in the Torrid Zone many beast* of prey, such us tho THE ZONES. 21 f any kind n the parts AMge tribes, [ion. Frigid Zono. b expeditions Lieutenant Do irpose. arly vertical jrcat power, of the Sun imes exactly the Equatot 2nth of March Ucd the Eiiui- ;s in the Tor- lutsix in the lets about six )• ny pcnaons nra id Zono? I) the Torrid )ns. the "Wet are generally dark in color, and indolent in habit both of body und mind. Thcso clfeots arc in a measure pr..duf..d l,y the intonn.. ho 't. whirh ronderr cx.rH.m irksome. In s.mo parts the po.plo aro much subject t^ fevers und oilier uangoroufl diseases. TI 118. To what storms is the Torrid Zono subject? The Torrid Zone is subject to violent storms of wind callod urricantH or Joiiiatiocs. ihesc are very destr ructivu to veire- tiitioii, to housi^H on land, and also to sliips at sea. Uurricines aro particularly violent among tho West India Islands. In tli« 28 IMAGINARY LINES USED ON GLOBES, MAPS, ETC. East they are called typhoons. They blow generally in a circle, and on ihis uccount are called whirlwinds. 119. What is said of earthquakes in the Torrid Zone? In the Torrid Zone earthquakes are more frequent and vio- lent than in the other zones. Many flourishing cities have been destroyed by earthquakes. AN EARTHQUAKE. 120. What is said of the inhabitants of the Temperate Zones? The inhabit lilts of the Temperate Zones are generally stronger (n body and more cultivated in mind than those of the other Zones. They are of fairer complexion, and have greater energy of character. In the Temperate Zones only, has the highest civilization been achieved. 121. Why is it less warm in tlic Temperate Z mos than in the Torrid Zone? It is less warm in the Temperate Zones than in the Torrid Zone because the Run's rays, ialling in an ol)li(|ue direction, are less powerful than whon'falling almost vertically, as they do in the Torrid Zone. The climatic of the Temperate Zones ia milder and more eijuable than that of the others. 122. IIow many sensons are there in the Tompcrnto Z nos? i lici'o are lour Hea:s»)iirs in vim xuuipurai.u /jonto . (^prJU;^, Summer, Autumn, and Winter. les: bprmg, MAPS. 123. What is said of the animals of tho Temperate Zones? 29 T ^, m r, —"'""" J- emperaie zones? In the lemperute Zones there are few wild ho-.^t^ nr.A ou» reptile., a, compared with those of the TorrdloL uS :;Z "''"""'' '""'' " "" '"'^^«' '"'". 'J-', shoop": ™d many many rsspoots from those of tho South Tempcnito. ' """ ^""" "''T" "' 124 Mention ,omo of the wild animal, of tho North Temperate Zone. Some of the wild animals of the North TemD=ra*o 7n„„ n the bear, wolf, buffalo, elk, deer, and fox. "^""P"'"-" ^"•"' "'" ^•^- — "^^^ consideration of the effects of fho <3„«'<, vc,eta.,e Hfe belongs properly to ptlrJ altZVyZl "tCr 7^^ Zones m regard to their form and position belongs to Asf ronL , i ^ *^^ It has been thought best, howeve'r, f^r tUeZ o tTyT7ltT^^^^^^ 8ul)ject under the latter head. ^' '"'' *^° ^^"^^ Only a sufficient number of princiolos ami *!»«„:*• fonn an intoiligent introduction 1o thlt-eral .Srof OooTra^v" '""° ANTARCTIC OCEAN 125. What is a Man? AM face, »p is a (Irawiri a MAP.— MERCATOR'S PROJECTION. MAI'S. presents part or the whole of the lOarth's'^urfaea I plane or level sur- 8« r 1 30 IMAGINARY LINES i^SED ON GLOBES, MAPS, ETC. 126. How are Mupj representing the whole of the Earth's surface made? Maps representing the whole of the Earth's surface are made in two ways : oy Mercator's Projection, and by two IIemisj)hercSj the Eastern and Western. 127. What is meant by Mercator's Projection ? Mercator's Projection is a rectangular map of the world, in which the meridians and the parallels of latitude are represented by straight lines. As the surface of the sphere is supposed to be rolled out on a plane, the parts most distant from the Equator are distorted, and appear too large com- pared with those near and upon it. A C 128. IIow is the whole of the Earth's surface represented by Hemispheres ? The whole of the Earth's surface is represented by Hemispheres, by a map in which the Earth is supposed to be cut into halves, and these halves are supposed to be placed alongside of each other, with the flat side down. We may Fuppose the Earth to bo cut into halves by a plane passing through its axis, as in the figure. The two hemi- spheres, A li and C D, are then supposed to be turned upi)n their flat sides. If upon these hemisiiheres thus placed we describe the divi- sions of the land and water, the outlines of countries, and the more striking na- tural features of the Earth's surface, we shall haro a map of the world in hemispheres. Upon these are usually placed the meridians and parallels, the equator, the zones, and all tht important circles and lines already mentioned. 129. How are Maps of a part of the Earth's surfnce made? Maps of a part of the Earth's surface are nu»de by taking only a portion of the Mnp of the whole Earth, and enlarging it, 80 that nu)re minute details may be placed upon it. ir;0. In what directions arc the tup, bottoin. .nnd sides of the Map supposed to be placed ? The top of a 3Iap is usually towards the North Pole, the bottom r4 MAPS. 31 ]]arth'9 surface SI: t W:^ ''The'Ej'''.'"'"^'" "'•' ^-'- -<• ""» 'eft .„d' WoJ?"" """" °" '^""" '° '"»"' '■■'"' "'-«»-. North, South, E»„, of «rco,f;f ' ^"'' """^ '^''"' "^ -"'^'^ «- Cardinal Pointa 132. What is the Mariner's Ciirnpass ? Tlie Mariner's Compass is an instrument consist- ing of a needle of ma-^^net- ized iron turninf^ freely over a card divided into thirty-two points. Tliie is placed in a box, which is so arranged that the needle cannot lose its horizontal position. i;5;5. In what riiiection does thfi needle always point? The needle always points towards the North. mariner's compass. 134. Docs it point exactly to the North Pole ? The needle does not always point exactly to the North Pole • This property is said to have been first observed bv rn^„.»u • u- 135. What is a Chart? 32 CIVIL OR POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. The Boundaries of Countries are usually represented by a dotted or broken line. Deserts and Sand-banks are represented by numerous dots, closer together on the edges than in the centre, and made to re- gemble sand. Mountain Ranges are represented by lines which radiate from the summit or upper ridge on both sides : the steeper the descent the closer and darker are these lines. , A City is represented by a small circle and dot. Capitals are usually represented by small stars. CIVIL OR POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. THE RACES OF MANKIND. The human family, now spread over the Earth in various? races and nationalities, all sprang from the first created pair. The consideration of Man, as the highest order of animal life, belongs properly to Physical Geography, and in a more extended course would be so treated ; but as the highest of created beings, capable of civilization, progressive in the arts and sciences, and creating the political divisions and forms of government, he con- stitutes the foundation of Civil or Political Geography. 136. What arc the causes of the diversities of race among men? All the causes of the diversities of race among men are not known. Cliiiiate, food, modes of life, all have some eifect in producing these diversities. ir.7. In what do the various races differ? The various races differ in color, form, feature, and mental capacity. Numerous varieties are thus formed. l."8. To how many races may they all ho reduced? The races may be reduced to five in number : the Caucasian, or White race; the Mongolian, or Yellow race; the African, or Black racej the Malay, or Brown race; and the American, or Red race. THE RACES OP MANKIND. by a dotted lerous dots, made to re- adiate from the descent 1:^9. lY. 1 in various? reated pair, animal life, •re extended ated beings, ciences, and ent, he con- len? men are not lie effect in and mental e Caucasian, :he African, e American, 83 What may be said of the Caucasian race ? They are the most im- proved iind intelligent of the human family, and seem cajiable of attaining the highest degree of pro- gress and civilization. The nations of Europe, Western Asia, Northern Africn,with the white inhabitants of America, are included in this division of mankind. This is also called the Eu- ropean race. 140. What is known of >' the Mongolian or Mongol race? The Mongolian race ^1 are of a yellow com- 3^ plexion, with the eyes ''~ sot obliquely ill the face. In disposition they arc patient and in- dustri ms. but limited in "^en Ilia and slo'-, in jiro- e:res,'^^. The Chi- '■ " iP- ese ■ a large ,, .^ the Mor ,o. The Finns and Ti.'iplanders of Europe, also, are said to belong to it. U]. What is siidofllieEla-ik or Negro race ? Thu Black •if'e are of a coni- (1 ex ion, V ary 34 CIVIL AND POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. Generally, they are strong and active in body, but indolent in habit, an^ have not attained to any high degree of civilization. They inhabit nearly all the districts of Africa south of the Great Desert, and are found also in America, whither they were carried as slaves. A peculiar race, called Papuan negroes, are found in New Guinea and Australia. 142. What is said of the Ma- lay race ? The Malay race are of a dark brown complexion, fierce and re- vengeful in disposition, and have made but lit- tle progress in civilization. This race is found in most of the islands of the Pacific 0- cean near the coast of Africa, There are many THE MALAY RACE. (A New Zealand Chief.) THE RED RACE. (Ad Indian Chief.) and in the peninsula of Malacca south of Farther India, pirates among luo Malays. 143. What is said of tne American or Red race ? The American or Red race are of a copper color, with straight black hair, tall and well formed, but revengeful and warlike. They are fast disappearing before the progress of white civilization. This race comprises the Indians of both North and South America. The Esqui- maux, who inhabit the shores of the Arctic Ocean, have sometimes been confounded with them, but are supposed to be of the Mongol race. N.B. — A consideration of the racru of men according to these divisions is called Ethnograph}/. This forms a science apart from Geographji^ and, to he thoroughly/ understood, it must bl ttudied separately. in habit, an^ ihabit nearly bund also in ailed Papuan 142. What is d of the Ma- race ? The Malay ce are of a rk brown luplexion, rce and re- ngeful in sposition, d have ide but lit- ; progress in v^ilization. This race is and in most of e islands of e Pacific 0- an near the ast of Africa, ere are many ^ith straight warlike. lization. This . The Esqui- metimcs been ice. ling to these ience apart it must hi THE STATES OP SOCIETY. THE STATES OF SOCIETY. 85 14 1. Into what f '.wociasscsmayman- 1 kind be divided, in i respect to their social i condition? I Mankind, in I respect to their ( social condition, * may be divided in- I to two great class- 1 es, viz., Savage I and Civilized. I The first named 4 includes all those I tribes who have no f permanent dwelling, but roam from place to place with their flocks and aerds, or in quest of game. Civilized nations THE ENLIGHTENED STATE. . , _ ..w.>i.t. JI«IC, m. How may these two classes be still further divided 9 U6. What U meant by Saroge lift, ? Now Guinea, and iuSia "" "''*'™' "^ ^™'"'' ^f"™. of 147. How do savages live? wild f^ui,«. T ov^Lk/Cn"™' T" 'r"""' '""''• »^ cruel and sunerstttio,,., s *""' "''"'' """"•• ""<• »re very human flesh '^'- ®'"°"' ""^S'^'' ^"^ "^mbals and ea^ I'! • 36 CIVIL OR POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. 148. Do savages ilwollinhc.uses? j „^i Savage, sometiu.es live in huts of the ™de»t^kn,d; and a^col^ constitutes a vil- lage, where they live for a short time, until their nomadic or wan- dering instinct prompts them to leave it. They pay little or no atten- tion to agiicul- ture, and are usu- ally naked, or have veiy scanty clothing. 149. What is said of their kn<;wleclge? Savages are al- most entirely ig- norant: they have no knowledge of letters, no system of laws or morals, and no division of land 150. IIow are savages governeil? i ♦„ „„,1 ravages are governed by chiefs, who are usually absolute and cruel despots. 151. What is said of the Barbarous state? ^ The barbarous state is the second stage, not ^";^f« ^^^^^^^^^ the savage. The Tartars, the Arabs, and some North Atucan tribes are in this state. 152. How do Barbarians live? ' .T.^„r««vr^ Barbarians live in tents or rude hoases wlwch they mo^c about from plaee to place i.. seareh of pasture fo. tbe.r flock, and herds. 153. What do Barbarians cat? i i • i. Barbnrlnns eat the flesh of their flocks and herds ^tants less than 173. What is meant by the population of a country? Jiy the population of a country is mo'^nf t\.^ ^ *• of its inhabitants. ^ *^""* ^^^ ^"^'^e number The population of a country it ««« «<• *i. men.ioned in describing it ^ *^' """'^ important things to bo 174. How is the extent or area of a country stated ? The extent or area of a country is always stated in square miles square miles. ^ """*' '" "'^^J* ^«»Jd contain one hundred FORMS OP GOVERNMENT. m. W„Ar is meant ' Form of Government? a so^el; oi: nJ!::TX^r''' ''^ ^^^^" «^ ^-« ^^ -'-»» m. irow many kinds of Oovornmont are there? crucy. '^^^ ''''^^" • Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Demo- 177. What is a Monarohv? ..y,nna win, ,, iin^.fti':j t:^z:::iL;;' -!;:'-^ "--p-- p- person, called a monarch. is 42 CIVIL OR POLITICAL GKOGRAPHY. II Sometimes the monarch is a king or queen, us in England; sometimes an emperor, us in Austria, Russia, and Germany. In some countries, as in France a woman cannot rule. Monarchs inhabit magnilicent buildings, called Palaces. 178. How many kinds of Monarchy are there? There are two kinds of Monarchy : Limited and Absolute. 179. What is a Limited Monarchy? A Limited Monarchy is a government in which, by an esta- bhshcd system of laws, called the constitution, the whole power d'les not lie in the hands of the monarch, but is shared by a parliament or leji:islature. Great Britain, Holland, and Spain are limited monarchies. 180. What is an Absolute Monarchy ? An Abso- lute Monar- chy is a gov- ernment in which the monarch ex- ercises the whole pow- er ; the lives and proper- ty of every subject may be disposed ofas he plea- ses. When an absolute monarch ex- ercises his powerharsh- ly, he is call- ed a despot. Russia.Tur- key, and China THE UNITBD STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. monurchlTs." ^ 181. What is an Aristocracy? An Aristocracy is a government in which the supreme power 18 ID the hands of a nrivilcLred lew. sometimes an I, as in Franco, called Palaces. A.bsolute. , by an esta- vhole power ihared hy a An Abso- lute iMonar- 3hy is a gov- jrnnient in svhich the Monarch ex- u'cises the k^hole pow- sr; the lives md proper- y of every ubject may >e disposed fashcplea- es. W}ien n absolute iionarch cx- rcises his owerharsh- ^, he is cnll- J a despot. Russia.Tur- sy.and Chinn *e nbsoluto onarchics. erne power VARIETIES IN LANGUAGE. — 43 182. What Is a Democracy? in ioZ27 L'^^r^'^' ■" «•»<"• «>o ™p.on>e power i, 183. What is a Republic ? A Republic is a State ffoverned bv r„l«« i. The „„,..d S.„.e, fo,„, .|!;„I"r ^ "'"'"'" ^-^ "'^ P^"?'"' The !hlf "° '^'f ""Stara,. of the United S..,c,? tensive powers. ^^'*^^' ^nd has very ex- nati„„„| legislature, S thVcon!!";^' ^""" '^ ^-'^O i» « 187. What is a Confederation? Switzerland is a Confederation tT ^""'"''^ prosperity, called Cantons. "'^'''^'•at.on. The several States of Switzerland are VARIETIES IN LANGUAGE. 3500 • ■ff 44 CIVIL OR POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. 189. In what manner were languages multiplied ? We are told in the Bible that God confounded the speech of those who built the Tower of Babel to defy Him, and they began to talk different languages. This is called in history the con- fusion of tongues. 190. What is meant by a dialect ? A dialect is a diversity in the forrr ,r ^t knguiige, or a mode of speaking or writing it peculiar to ice, About 1600 dialects belong to the languag of the At.erican Indians. Almost every language has various dialects. 191. What is said of the English language? The English language is spoken in England and its colonies, and in the United States, It is more widely spread than any other language, and is spoken by a greater number of Christian people. 192. What may be said of the Chinese language ? The Chinese language is spoken by a greater number of people thau any other. More than 300 millions of the population of the globe use this language. 193. What is said of the French language ? The French language is spoken in France and its colonies, and is used more generally by well-educated persons than any other in Europe. 194. Of the Spanish ? The Spanish language is spoken in Spain and its colonies, in Mexico, and in the greater portion of South America. Next to the English, it is the most widely-spread language. SYSTEMS OF RELIGION. SYSTEMS OF RELIGION. 45 A MONO all races of men, and in all ages, the untaught mind of man has sought af- ter the Deity, who is con- sidered to be* the Giver of life, the Dis- penser of hap- piness.andthe Judge of hu- man actions. This has given rise to numerous sys- tems of reli- gion, as differ- ent as the va- rieties of man. I9J. How ojitiy kinds of religion are I ho re ? There are four principal kinds of religion • ChristiMn T • i .», , lucdan, and Pagan. *" ^imstmn, Jewish, Moham. 196. In what doos Christianity consist' A CHRISTIAN CHURCH-.NrERIOR Of ST. PAUL'S, LONOON. 198. Into what threo Church Uonian Catholic, Protest OS nro Christiiins divided? uit, and Greek churches. ^■"'•f' "f 46 CIVIL AND POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. i I : The Pope of Rome is the head of the Roman Catholic Church, and the Patriarch of Constantinople that of the Greek Church 199. How arc Protestants divided ? Protestants are divided into various denominations, of which the principal are the Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Episco- palians, Lutherans, and Friends 200. Who are tha Jews? The Jews are a people descended from Abraham, who believe in the Old Testament scriptutes but reject the New, and stili expect the coming of a Saviour, They exist as a distinct people, and are scattered among other nations over all parts 'of the world : they number about four millions. 201. Who are the Mohammedans? The Mohammedans are those who believe in Mohammed, a false prophet, who lived about 600 years after Christ. MOHAMMECAN MOSQUE-ST. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE. lie stated his creed in those wv-rd-: "There is npn (}r,,\, Rr,-\ M^hnmtr.H is his j)roj)hit." The places of wonship of the Mohammediiiis are culled Mosques, and their scriptures are contained in a book called the Koran. ns, of which [ohamnied, a SYSTEMS OF RELIGION. 47 202. In what parts of the world does Mohammo.lanism provaiP inSrb"?rStir'f-' " '^"^^^' ^" "^"^ P-^«"-f Asia, in tne iiarbarj btates, and in some other parts of Africa. 203. Who are Pa- gans or Heathens Pagans are those who believ in false gods an worship idols. Idols are eithe living creatures, a: bi'.asts, birds, an^ reptiles, or imago uiadeof wood, stoae, or metals, or the sun and other heaven 1,> bodies. 204. Mention pome of the prin cipal Pagans, and Btate thoir mode of worship. The Brahmins . and Buddhists oi; India and Chin 1 worship the cow an;! other ani- mals. The people of Thibet wor- ship a man called practise human s-icrifico ..n? '^"''^^' ^^''' inlanders iMunan being Th 1 who tHL"' T-^^ ^^"'^^^^ ^"^ «^^' nibils. '^ ""''^ ''"'"^^» beings are called can- various portions 0/ the Earth. demrvption of ike A PAGAN TEMPLE. m. QUESTIONS ON MA? NO. 1, WESTERN HEMISPHERE 1. What two Grand Divisions in the Western Hemisphere? Ans. North America and South America. A part of Oceanica is also in the Wfistern Hemisphere: where is it? Ans. West of North and 'South America, in the Pacific Ocean. What ocean lies east of North and South America? South? West? North? 2. Where is Baffin Bay? Hudson Bay? Gulf of Mexico? Caribo bean Sea? Kamtschatka {kamt-shaVkah) Sea? 3. Where is Iceland? Newfoundland? Where the Bermudas? West Indies? Terra del Fuego {ter'rah-del-foo-ee'go)! South Shetland Islands? Victoria Land ? Juan Fernandez ? Galapagos Islanls? Aleutian Archipelago (ar-ke-pcl'a-go)l Sandwich Islands? C.>ntral Archipelago? New Zealand? 4. Through what does the Equator pass in the Western Hemi- sphere? Atas. Atlantic Ocean, South America, Oceanica, and Pacific Ocean. The Tropic of Cancer ? Arctic Circle? Tropic of Capricorn ? Antarctic Circle? Where is the North Pole? South Pole? On a p :>lar projection of the Map of the Western Hemisphere, where is tho North Pole ? iScQ small map. Which are tho liighest mountains in America? Ans. The A. ies {marked I, % 3). Which is the highest in North America? (4.) How high? Which is the largest river in North America? (1.) Which in South America? (3.) QUESTIONS ON MAP NO. 2, EASTERN HEMISPHERE. 1 There are three Grand Divisions, and part oi a fourth, in the Eastern Ilemispl ore : name them. Ans. Europe, Asia, Africa, and part of Oceanica. Where is Europe ? Asia? Africa? Oceanica? 2. What ocean west of Europe and Africa? North of Europe and Asia ? South of Asia ? In what ocean is Ooeanica ? 3. Where is the Sea of Japan? Yellow Sea? China Sea? Bay of Bengal (6**if^«mmmm -'^iixatummmim/m 50 THE EARTH. STRAIT OF MAGELLAN. 4. The entire surface of the globe contains about 200,000,000 square miles, and is diversified by land and water. The land comprises about 50,000,000 square miles. 5. The population of the earth is estimated at upwards of 1100 mil- lions,— of whom 500 millions are of the Mongolian race, 550 millions of the Caucasian or white race, 51 millions of the African race, 26 millions of the Malay, and the remainder of the American Indian or Red race. These are all descended from the three sons of Noah, of whom Shem is supposed to have settled in Western Asia, Ham in Africa, and Japhet in Northwestern Asia or Europe. 6. For convenience of representation on maps, the earth is sup- posed to be divided into two equal parts by a plane passing through its axis. One of these parts is called the Western and the other the Eastern Hemisphere. 4. What is the extent of the surface of the <,'lobe? How diversified? How .much land? 5. What is the population? How many of each race? From whom descended? 6. On maps, how do we divide the eartl? What are ths^e parts called ? 9 M THE EARTH. rdsof llOOmil- ce, 550 millions Lfrican race, 26 rican Indian or )ns of Noah, of Asia, Ham in 61 . HORTH Po t, 'KOCEA ^J^ OCF.AJV •ot/TH pote WESTERN HEMISPHERE *<'t'rn POLE EASTERN HEMISPHERE. ern IIemraphores"ht north "'"'"°^™*e Northern and South- centre of eLripoetivei; ^'" """« f'""'"^ '" "« SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. NORTHERN HEMISPHERE. rica 111?'"'"' "r""""™" '='""P""=^ North and South Ame Snran7?::;r;t: :'";r rr-n'T''"^''™-^'''" ively called Occa^n T ■ .°'^' '" *" ^"'"■'^'' ""> -'°"«'='- J Uccan,oa. Amenca wa^ discovered by Christopher Co- V.'^T^l-Sj-^r^A ,*■" 52 THE EARTK. lumbus, in 1492: in consequence of the lateness of its discovery, it is called the New World. The Eastern Hemisphere is called the Old World. North and South America are known as the Western Con- tinent. 9. North America ranges from the Arctic Ocean and Polar Sea to within eight degrees of the equator, and presents almost every variety of climate, soil, and product. It has vast natural resources. It was originally inhabited by Indians, but is now nearly all peopled by Europeans and their descendants, before whom the red men are fast disappearing. The principal country of North America is the United States. 10. South America, also originally peopled by the Red race, was conquered and is now principally settled by Spaniards and Portuguese and their descendants. It ranges from eight degrees north of the equator to fifty degrees south, and, like North America, has vast natural resources. 11. Oceanico, lying partly in the Western and partly in the East- ern Ilemispb-jre, contains many islands and groups of islands. The Sandwich 'ind Society Islands and New Zealand are the principal in the Western Hemisphere. 12. The Eastern Hemisphere comprises Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia, with the Indian Ocean and portions of the Atlantic and Pacific, containing also numerous island groups. 13. Europe is the smallest, but the most densely peopled, grand division. It has played an important [)art in apcicnt and modern history. Its inhabitants, and the numerous peoples in various parts Df the Earth who have sprung from them, are the most refined and intelligont of the human race. Christianity is the prevailing reli- gion in all parts of Europe except Turkey. 14. Asia, the largest grand division, was the cradle of the human race. Here was Paradise, in which man was placed after boin«? created in the likeness of God ; and h(!re, after the floo,^ • u ... M.,,.a.„,eaa„s or Pagan,;tdX^f . ^^ ^^'^l^ TZ or barbarous condition "^ half-civilized ward into ,ho Atlantic oZT T,^ t."'' ""'' '""^■"'ing aouth- territory. For a W tteth^ . ""^f " ^'"" '' " ^'"" ^eMrt TI.0 people of i^lSra"^;:^ ^tc::::'- '"' ^^^'r-- tl.o,e of ti,e other gran,! division, ^ ""'' 'S""""" """' ..ave increased i.:p„pu,„,?ri:",::«l,f-:-/-v„r.c,„fg„,d r^.i.™, without inhabitant, andt:,:: n^ \:::: "'i ,,tt': QUKSTIONS OX MAP NO. 3, NORTH AMERICA. ' — ■^ ""^ t<"iitrul America? ''• ^^'^^tolthoAutarcMoC.ntlnS H^!:^ of ilSSViS'" '''•^^- ft* flMWBWBU'mnatiBMliH 54 QUESTIONS ON MAP OP West Indies ? Through what countries does the Arctic Circle pass? The Tropic of Cancer? 3. Seas, Bays, &c,— Where is the Open Polar Sea? Kane Sea? Lancaster Sound ? Baffin Bay ? Davis Strait ? Hudson Bay ? James Bay ? Frobisher Strait ? Hudson Strait ? Strait of Bclleislo (bdl-iW)'i Gulf of St. Lawrence ? Grand Bank? BayofFundy? Gulf Stream? Gulf of Mexico? Caribbean Sea? Gulf of Tehuante- poc (/ay-tmAn-%-pcA;')?Gulf of California? Behring Strait? Polar 8ea ? Melville Sound ? Gulf of Boothia ? 4. Capes. — Where is North Cape ? Closterbay ? Farewell ? St. Lewis? St. Johns? Sable (at the east)? Cod? Sable (at the south)? Gracias a Dios (grah^se-ahs-ah-de''oce)2 St. Lucas? Morro Hermoso? Mendocino? Orford? Flattery? Icy Cape? Demar- cation Pt.? 5. Islands. — Where is Iceland ? Greenland ? Prince William ^■iand? Newfoundland? Cuba? Hayti {hai/^ie)1 Jamaica? Van- couver Islaud? Queen Charlotte Islanda ? Baranoff Island ? Kodiak Island ? The following islands are in a group : Baring, King Wil- liam, North Somerset, North Georgian. Where are they ? On which of these islands did Sir John Franklin die? Where is Southampton Island? 6. Mountains. — Where are the Alleghany Mountains? Ans. The Alleghany Mountains are in the eastern part of the United Slates, and nearly parallel with the Atlantic coast. Wliere are the Rocky Mountains ? The Sierra Madro {se-er^rah-ma¥dray) ? The Sierra Novivla (nay-vah^dah)l Cascade Range? Peak Mountains? Beavcsr Mountains? Where is Mount St. Elias? 7. Lakes.— Whore is Great Bear Lake? Groat Slave? Athabascn? Winnipeg? Superior? Michigan? Huron? Erie? Ontario? Ni caragua? * 8. Rivers. — Describe the Mackouzii' Iliver. Ans. The Mackenzie River rises near the Peak Mountains, in liriiish America, Jlows east, and then north info the Polar Sea. Describe the Athabasca— Churchill - Nelson — St. Lawrence— MisHissippl — Rio Grande {re^o-grahj/day) - Colorado — Cobinibia — Simpstm — Kwich^pak. U. Greenland and Iceland. — W!int mountains in Greenlaml? iiri TT liurc LJ It.-'- 1 1 9 \V, ishin^t"n IavvA ? Where is Di"-'' NORTH AMERICA. 65 ctic Circle pass? Island? Where is Lievely? Godthaab? Upernavik? What island east of Greenland ? What mountain in Iceland ? What towns ? To whom do Greenland and Iceland belong? Ans. To Denmark. 10. Alaska.— round Alaska. What mountains in Alaska? What rivers ? What Point north ? What Point at the northeastern bound- ary? Strait west ? What Grand Divisions does this Strait separate? Where is Norton Sound ? Where is Alaska Peninsula? Where is Kodiak Island ? Baranoff Island? 11. British America.— British America includes all the territory north of the United States, except Alaska, Greenland, and Iceland Bound British America. What division in the centre and north ? Ans. The Hudson /% Countty. Bound the Hudson Bay Country. What great body of water in this division ? What bay in the south part of Hudson Bay ? Where is the province of Manitoba ? What provmcen the southwest? Bound British Columbia. What rivers in British Columbia? What mountains? What islands oiF tl.o coast? What town in the south? Where is the Gold Region i* What town on Vancouver Island? Where is the Gulf of GeerLna? Where is the Strait of Fuca? 12. Where is Labrador? What are the stations on its coast? Whore ,s Nowfoundlanr ? What separates Newfoundland from Labrador ? Where is P.ince Edward Island ? Bound the Dominion 01 Canada. Further questions on Canada and other British Provinces, the United States, Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies, will he found unmediately preceding the pages where these several countries are treated of. \ in Greonliuur ] (' 63 NORTH AMERICA. NORTH AMERICA. 1. Position and Extent. — Nor^h America is the largest and most northern grand division of the western continent. It extends from the Arctic Ocean southward a distance of nearly 5000 miles, and towithineight degveesof the equator. It is united to South America by the Isthmus of Panama. Area, H,ir)0,(K)0 square miles. Although the western hemisphere was discovered by Columbus, it receives its name from Amerigo Vespucci [ak-may-re^ go ves-poot'ckce), a later navigator, who coasted along its shores. 2. Natural Featurea. — North America presents a great variety Nonrn Amkimca. — 1. What is said of North Aitiorioa? Extent, Ao.? Aiou? What i)f it! iiaiuo? 2. What of its natural foaturos? NORTH AMERICA. 57 tl.r„„,h the .h„,e length ofTlLtt TlZ h'l °" •"■■ .nd the United State, it i, known artheR^r Z ^"""'" Mount St. Elias, in i^Iaska is 17 Qon «i. u* i land in North America. pVoSYh m''''- ""'" *^ ^ height, and i, 17,720 feet "P"™'"'"'"' '° Mexico, ,s the next in ..LtrharricrLTdi'^e^rnrr^^^^^^^^ The„o,textensive,o.io„ofiti,known:sTeAVtw^::^^^^^^^^ on';he'lan«o"::d"t:ife^TheT "^ >'T ""^ "' -^^o Bay, Baffin Bay the G^lf o^ St ll ^'^^ ■"dentation, are Hudson thoGulfof Caim-rnia «'• ^''™»-. *« Gulf of Mexico, and Atha,.a«..a.e.. British An-erie^^^^-^^-;--- Mi-ouri. with their nnmerons tril.utajer aT r l'''T """' ""■ .;;;;- S.t.,Co,or.o ana KioOrandelTnZU^^^ mated at 982,400 snu.ro milo, T. ^'''''* '"'•'^•" ^« ^'^''' «• -'^•-•-»-n-;!:fs:r:::^^^^^^ 3. Mountains: what vast ranire? Hn^ Vj,n^r !- ^^ -t f,o,nto f w i.„t ,.f Mount St. KUtiH T 7 if,?,^" J," "'^^'•^n^ P'irls ? High. ... Uken in tho Unite! Htato. ? O .^ Uu^J/'^l """" '''"'""um •'• ^''"*''* ""« ? |-«.rp> and Mi.ouHP . or tho oJ;^::u l;:xji^^i^-^ 68 NORTH AMERICA. P warm water which, issuing from the Gulf of Mexico, passes between Florida and the Bahama Islands northward along the coast to the banks of Newfoundland ; thence it crosses the ocean to the shores of Northwestern Europe, the climate of which it so modifies in winter that the sea there remains unfrozen even beyond the Arctic Circle. This stream or ocean river flows for a distance of 6500 miles, with a width of from GO to 400 miles. It is of a deep blue color, with a warmth of from 70° to 80° even in winter. Its velocity is from 2 to 5 miles per hour. IM ( < 1 OTTAWA. 9. Divisions. — North America comprises Danish America, British America, the United States, Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. 10. Products. — The products of North America will be treated of in doscril)insi; the different countries. 11. Population. — The entire population, composed of numerous varieties of whites, Indians, and negroes, representing many rice^- mnto of Northwcstorn Kurojio? What of its length, bn-adth, color, and ve looity? 9. What (livisiuiiH? 10. Products ? II. Population? GREENLAND. td and nationalities, is estimated at 58.000 000 Th« oKn • • A.e™. I„a.., a. e„..ou,ae.oaf,\e^: t^iZ^J O^.X:.:i:'!'^Tof 1^° capital of .he UnUed State,, Y„.PHnaae,p.;B:Z;aL^r„„.r^^^^^^^ for their rapid growth and proLS; I„ o "T" "'l «'»"'"''>le cities of uLL. QuebecTd'Cnto ""'' '"■ *"' '"P-"""' 13. Governmenta. — Thp TJrifioV, n .i • Ciofly Protestaot^rrt arth„we':or''ran: r''^ n"f T' •-"' '' Me^o .d^Centra, ..eriea'the ^^^^^^^^1^^: ill be treated of DANISH AMERICA. ^ J. Danish America oo.„prises Greenland and tl.e island of Ice- GREENLAND. BalnC"' ut t;r"'°" ,T 'l'".^"^''-' ™ «-o west by '•r an ard ipe la" f il ',' 'T " " " P™'"'"'" ™ "" "'»"''• 3- The elimatej^^^^™,^ ,„„ i„ ^„^^.„„ thormon>ete. ".: — '^'' - t.iics ana WMMftfa . • : II n i 60 DANISH AMERICA. sometimes indicates a temperature of (18° below zero. The soil is sterile and almost without vegetation. The settlements are chiefly on the west coast; the interior is unexplored. 4. The sea freezes in January and the entire shore is fringed with glaciers, and yet in July the thermometer often stands as high as 84°, and mosquitos abound. Fish, whalebone, train-oil, and the skins of the seal, fox, and deer, are exported to Denmark. 5. Population. — The population consists of Esquimaux ; their pursuits are chiefly seal-hunting and fishing. The whole number of Europeans is only about 250. The population is estimated at 10,000. 6. Government. — The Danish Government exercises but little sway, Christianity has been introduced by the Moravian mission- aries. 7. Chief Towns. — Godthaab [god^tdhh), in South Greenland, is the oldest Moravian mission station, having been founded in 1723. Lievely, or Goodhope, on Disco Island, is the most important fishing station. Upernavik is the most northern town in the world. ICELAND. 8. Iceland, though connected historically with Europe, and treated of generally as a part of that continent, yet belongs geographically to North America, being distant at the nearest point only 140 miles from Greenland. It was discovered and colonized in the ninth cen- tury by adventurers from Norway, bu^ is been subject to Denmark since 1380. 9. It is a large island, lying east of Greenland. It is about 200 miles long, by an equal breadth. Area, 40,000 square miles. It is cold and barren, and is noted for its volcanic action, and the social condition of its people. 10. In the midst of glaciers and snow fields are volcanoes and boiling springs. Mount Hecla is an active volcano, 5100 feet high. The Geysers or boiling springs, near it, thi'ow up from time to time | jets of boiling water from 70 to 200 feet high. 4. What of the sea? Exports? 6. Who are the people? How many? 6. Government? 7. Chief towns ? What of Upernavik ? Iceland. — 8. What i8 said of Iceland? By whom colonized ? 9. Whftt further? Area? Climate, Ac? 10. What of glaciers? Mt. Hecla? Geysers? ICELAND. 3n, and the social GEYSER 61 11. There are no trees in Ice- land. Drift- wood which ia brought to the shores by the polar currents affords scanty : supplies of fuel and timber. The horse and other domestic cattle, with the rein- deer, were intro- duced during the last century. The reindeer are numerous, and i"un wild. The exports are sul- phur, hides, salt- ed fish, and Ice- land moss. 12. During every clear win, ter night the au- , =s given Hd ""^ ,T c;:,":;:'; "•"'*■ "^-^ ''"™'- can show ,„ large a nronorhnn f y ^''""" "" ""'" """"^'y I write. M'versal, and alnmst every one can read and |«o ea„ed rro. tHeG^^eT^:::;^--- ^ H . What of the horse, Ac? Of clear nisht ? 1^ T» ,1.-. Oiiulation 7 6 62 BRITISH AMERICA. . !| ALASKA : THE NEW TERRITORY OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. Position and Extent. — Alaska lies in the extreme northwest part of North America, and is separated from Asia by Behring Strait. Area, including the islands, 567,000 square miles. 2. Natural Features. — The Beaver Mountains range through Alaska ; Mount St. Elias is the loftiest peak. Little is known of the interior, except that it Is wild and barren. The few settlements are on the shores of the Pacific. 3. The coast is remarkably indented, and has several bays and sounds. The principal river is the Kwichpak, tributaries of which flow from the Rocxy Mountains. 4. The peninsula of Alaska is in the south ; at its extremity the long, curving chain of the Aleutian {ah-Wshan) Islands extends to- wards Arfia. Cape Prince of Wales is the farthest west point of North America. 6. Products. — Fish and fur-bearing animals are abundant. The exports are the skins and furs of seals, foxes, and ouher animals. Grain is cultivated at the south in small quantities. The soil is sterile, and the climate severe. 6. Population and Chief Settlements. — The population, which is estimated at 54,000, is composed of Indians and Esquimaux, and a few whites. The whites are principally fur-traders. There are some trading-posts, but no towns, except Sitka, on BaianoflF Island: it has a population of 1500. 7. Government. — The Executive is appointed by the President of the United Stut'^s. BRITISH AMERICA. 1. British America comprises all the northern part of North America, except Danish America and Alaska Territory., down to the Nkw Territory op tiir United States. — 1. What is the position of this territory? Area? 2. Morntains? What of the interior ? 'A. What of the coast? Prijicipal river ? 4. What peninsula? Whatislands? 6. Products? ouil : o. r'upuia.uuii : ir;iuiiig pusis r <• uuVcriiuicni: x>::i:'isi: ^iMi':Rii. A. ^-1. What does it oompriso ? Area? HUDSON BAY COUNTRY. 63 by the President United State , and includes more than a third of the North American continent. Area, 2,817,000 square miles. Population, 3,800,000 2. British America includes the Hudson Bay Country, the Do- minion of Canada, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labra- dor. 3. In the western part, about 350 to 500 miles from the Pacific the Eocky Mountains range from north to south. The surface is generally flat, and covered, except on the prairies and in the Arctic regions, with thick forests, traversed by large rivers, and containing numerous lakes and swamps. 4. In the southern part, various grains and vegetables are pro- duced, but in the inclement north the people are chiefly occupied in hunting for furs. THE HUDSON BAY COUNTRY. 1. Position and Extent.-The Hudson Bay Country, called also Rupert s i.and, is an immense region, equal to nearly half of Europe It extends from the United States and Canada to the Arctic Ocean, and from Alaska Territory and British Columbia to Labrador. 2. Natural Peatures.-The Rocky Mountains range through the western part It is a diversified country, containing prairies and forests, with fine rivers and lakes, and numerous swamps. Hudson Bay IS a great inland sea, connected by Hudson Strait with the Atlantic Ocean. The southern portion of it is called James Bay. The principal lakes are Great Bear, Great Slave, Athabasca, and H mnipeg. The largest rivers are Mackenzie, Athabasca, Severn. Nelson, and Churchill. ' ' ^•J^^Z'"'^^^^ ^^^ long and severe. The cold is excessive, often reaching 68^ below zero. North of 70° latitude the earth is covered with perpetual ice and snow. Hore the small delicatP Snow Plant red m color, is seen in perfection. The principal fur-bearing ani' mais are the beaver, marten, sable, wolf, beai-, an.i muskrat. 4 Settlements and Population.- York Factory, a considerable trading depot, is on the western shore of Hudson Bay. The population d«cJ''li.tL^S'fniri?^?^^1?,L.^-.^ Surface ?_4,Pro- ret^entaT'''""""^''' ^'°^ What beautiful plant ? Ani.nair? 1. What r 1 *'. 1 1 IMSimiiitiuMmmm 'n f ii 64 BRITISH AMERICA. of the Hudson Bay Country consists mainly of roving tribes of Indians and Esquimaux, the latter occupying the shores of the Arctic Ocean. 5. Government. — The whole territory is under the government of the Dominion of Canada. It was long nnder the control of the Hudson Bay Company, which had the monopoly of the fur trade, but it was opened to the trade of the world in 1860. QUESTIONS ON MAPS NOS. 4 AiND 5, DOMINION OF CANADA. Dominion of Canada. — Name the provinces of the Dominion of Canada. Ans. Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and British Columbia. Bound Ontario. Bound Quebec. Bound New Brunswick. Bound Nova Scotia. Bound Manitoba. Bound British Columbia. Where is Cape Breton Island ? Gulfs and Bays. — Where is the Gulf of St. Lawrence? Gasp6 {yas-pay^)Biiyt Chaleur (s^a/i-Zoor^) Bay? Miramichi (mir-m-we- shee^) Bay ? Northumberland Strait ? Bay of Fundy ? Cape Roziere {ro-zeer^)1 Farther Point? Gibraltar Point ? Nottawasaga (no^^a-wa- saio^^ra/i) Bay ? Matchedash (maZc/Ze-das/^) Bay? Georgian Bay? Mountains. — What mountains in the northeast? Wh»t from Vermont extend into the province of Quebec ? Islands. — Where is Anticosti Island? Prince Edward Island? Montreal Island? The Thousand Isles? Amherst Island? Long Point Island ? Sisters Islands ? Pelee Island ? Grand Manitoulin {man-e-too^lin) Island ? Drummond Island ? Lakes. — Where is Lake St. John? Manouan {man-oo-an^)t Kempt? Grand? St. Peter? Nepissing {nep^is-sing)^ Simcoe? Ontario? Erie? St. Clair? Huron? Rivers. — What great river in Canada? Describe the St. Law- rence. Saguenay. St. Maurice. Kichelieu. Ottawa. Trent. Niagara. Grand. Tliames. Detroit. St. Clair. Severn. Where are the Falls of Niagara {ni-ag^ d-rah) ? Of Montmorency {monP mo-ren^se) ? 'What of the population? pany ? 5^ Government? What of the Hudson Bay Com- CANADA. 65 OMINION OF fu, u "• '^° ""P""' "*■ "-^ I^'"'°'»" of Canada 1 Ans ma,m How,,Hs.tuated? What i. the capital of the provincTof Ontario? Ans. Toronto. Uo^ situated? Where is Hammon, London? Windsor? Goderieh? CoUingwIod Wlfat" the oapual of the proving of Qnebee? Ans. Queiec. How s tult^? W ere ,s Three Rivers ? Montreal ? St. H.acinthe ?lore ?wt 8 the eap,tal of the provinee of New Brunswiek 1 Ans. i-Xfcfo,? o":r?™S AnTr'e''"'?' Wk"-°' ^°°=""'"''' ^hath^" i Where is Piet„„?< ./ruroT wLdstr";- uH^U./"^ ^""^'^^' THE DOMINION OF CANADA. NEW PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS AT OTTAWA. 1. Position and Extent.— The Dominiov of Tana-ha iU. "'i'ri:dt:afe'''''?"'"7'"'"' °' ^"^^^'^^ \t ,h! f • ""'' "'"' '^'■"""1 '■■' 1867 by the confederation |f the prov.nees_of Onterio(Can_„daWe«), QueLc (Canada Eas")! ' «o«.-.,o» 0, C.....~^>i::;~:-, when unT^, f„,„,e,, ^rea? 66 BRITISH AMERICA. New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. To these were added in 1870 Manitoba, and in 1871 British Columbia. Area, 625,000 square miles. 2. Natural FeatUTes.— Mountains.— The Green and Notre Dame Mountains, in the east, are the principal. The surface is generally undulating. 3. Rivers. — The principal rivers are the St. Lawrence, which is theout- let of the great lakes, the Otta- wa, Saguenay, St. Maurice, Ri- chelieu, Trent, Thames, and Niagara. Nia- gara Falls, on the river Nia- gara,is the most magnificent ca- taract in tho world : tho whole body of the river falls precipitously 158 feet. Tho river at tho Falls is divided by Goat Island into two por- tions. That on the Canada side (known as tho Ilorsn-Shoo Fall) is nearly 2000 f,,et wide. That on the United States side, known as tho American Falls, is 1000 feet wide. 4. Tho Saguenay River exhibits in the last 00 miles of its course tho most sublime river scenery in tho world. The banks vary from 2. Mountains? Surfncc? 3. Riv«r8? What \a ani.l of Niiigar. Falls? 4. Jsagucnay River? Other rivori? SAGUENAY RIVER. CANADA. 3 added in 1870 X)0 square miles. reen and Notre The surface is 67 500 to 1500 feet m height, and are not only often perpendicular but ^met,m„. absolutely overhang the deep, dark river below The St John St. Cr„.x (.ent-kro,'). and Restigouohe, in New Brunlwict are also important streams. ""swiok, ^nl""*^"';"^'^'' ^"P'""'' ""'°"' ^"«' ^"'^ ^"^^"0 are on the southern and western boundary. Their total length is 1150 miles and they cover an area of 80,000 square miles, no! including LaS Muh.gan which is of the same chain but is wholly in the United Mates. There are numerous smaller lakes. mildo?!lT^'~^.".^''°*'^^^^' ^''"''"^ ^'' ^""S; but the climate is milder in the west than m the east. For about five months in the year the navigation of the St. Lawrence is closed by ice -— _ ■— -<^: H of its course iiks vary from Niagara Falla ' VICTORIA TUBULAR BRIDGE, MONTREAL. ,..N.... '"''"" l:;;"'' "■"• r"- °"''''"' ■""' I"""''-"- ^un-ber a„a coal uro larjrelv oxnortod B. Lako«? Wh«tl.ngth? Area? 0. ClimaU,? r. P nxlucta f 68 BRITISH AMERICA. 1 ^-f^^'oads -There are numerous railroads, with an affgregate length of more than 3500 miles. The two principal ones^L^rh Grand Trunk and the Great Western. The Grand Trunk line extends 1092 miles, and includes the Victoria Tubular Bridge at Montreal, nearly two miles long. The Suspension Bridge, over Niagara River on the Great Western Railway, is a wonderful structure 9. Ocean Steamers.-A line of ocean steamships is established running to England and Ireland, from Montreal and Quebec in sum! mer, and from Portland, Maine, in winter. 10. Capital.-Ottawa, on Ottawa River, is the capital. New and elegant Parliament buildings have been erected 11. Oovernment.-The Crown of Great Britain appoints the chief executive authority, whose title is Governor-General. The legis- clZ ^^%''?P''''' ^ Senate and a House of Commons, and is called the Parliament. The Governor-General appoints the senators from among the citizens of the various provinces; the members of the House of Commons are elected by the people. Each province has a local government, administered by a Lieutenant-Governor and a Legislative Assembly. 12 Population—The population of Canada is 3,600,000, com- posed in the east of descendants of the French ; in the west, chieHy of British and Americans. On the borders of the great lakes are Indians, mostly of the Chippewa and Iroquois tribes. 13 Educatlon.-Throughout Canada there are abundant facili- ties for education in the public schools, and in the colleges and uni- versities, which are numerous. 14 Religion -There is no establishtd church in the Dominion of Canada. The Roman Catholics are numerous : in the province of Quebec they are a majority of the people. The largest Protestant denominations are the Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and LXethodists. ♦1, n f." ?*f *^^" ''*^*°^»' ^ g"*"P Jy'"K n^"-- the centre of the Gulf of 8t. Lawrence, f,.rmerly belonged to Newfoundland, but are now under the Government of Canada. IG. Antlcoati Island, at the mouth of the St. Lawrence, is an ^At ^"if'^'^u ,."'■'''«'''' ? » Ocean stranierf. ? 10. Canitnl ? What i» «ai,I tan ve body (* (Jovcrninonf oi «../.». ».r"""- ' "» »» • -• •■ --' — ♦*' Hon? u: Religion? I,: Mn^il^^ I^hil^J.? 1«.7E:^;ri»lani ?""'""" ONTARIO. 69 important fishing-station, though having but few inhabitants It 1. New and ONTARIO. ence, is an NEW UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, lORONTO. 2. Natural Feature..-Tho surface is generally undulating, and 1. . lver,s,hed by n.unorous rivers and lake.. The Fulls of Niagara, partly .n the prov.nee of Ontario and partly in the United States, ar^ u. ^mgara K.ver, whn-h Hows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario ana l«r,s. Ihe coppor-nunes of Lake Superior are rich. The 70 BRITISH AMERICA. 5. Chief Towns—The capital of Ontario is Toronto TTnmJu; Kingston, and London are the chief towns M tTT'- /, ^"'^*^°' new University College. ^'°''*^ '' ^'^^ ^'^^'^^^ QUEBEC. CITADEL, QUEBEC. *K IT •! I . *"" E*tent.-The province of Quebec lies north of the United htatos, and is separated from the province of Ontario bv the Ottawa River. Area, 202,000 square miles. 2. Natural Featurw—Thoro are no mountains of considerable hmght. I he surface is genorully undulating, but is sometimes level ior great distances. The St. Lawrence and its chief tributaries are 4. PoDulatJon? il. CiAnU.a\9 ntk... *>>,-.• «....,. WtBBKC.-l. Where .« It? Area? 2. Surfuoo? Rivers? FuUa? NEW BRUNSWICK. 71 magn Scent streama. On the . lontmorenoy River, which flows into the St. Lawrence seven miles below Quebec, are tLe Falls of M™t morency, which are much visited by travellers. The water faHst a single sheet 250 feet. "* '" 3. Produote—The products are the usual grains, lumber wbi^h IS irgo^y exported, and furs. The fisheries afe valuabkand Tuca ;r;i„r„ro::r """' ■" ^""''' ■^-^ '^ -'<■- "- '^^ «f «■■: lom tranie. Ihe people are descendants of the French anoo? M..ntroal > I 72 BRITISH AMERICA. il 3. Products. — The chiet products are agricultural. The fisheries are importaat. Coal, iron, lead, granite, and marble are abundant. 4. Chief Tovrns. — Fredericton, the capital, is on the river St. John, 84 miles from its mouth. It is well laid out, and has many fine buildings. 8t. John, at the mouth of the river St. John, is the chief commercial city of New Brunswick. The harbor is free from ice in winter; the tide rises from 30 to 40 feet. ST. JOHN, NEW BRUNSWICK. 5. Education. — There are many academies and grammar schools, Hnd a university: also numerous elementary schools, and a normal school, supported by the Legislature. 6. Population — The population, numbering 280,000, is composed of Acadians, who are descendants of the first French settlers, Ame- ricans, English, and Irish, and a few Indians and negroes. The French ai-e chiefly in the northern part. Until the year 1783, New Brunswick wa^ united with Nova Scotia under one Governor. 8. Products? 4. Capita)? St. John? 6. Education? 3. What of tUo population? rt NOVA SCOTIA. 73 NOVA SCOTIA. 1. Position and E^tent.-NovA Scotia, a province in the Do mm,on of Canada, .s almost an island, extending three hundred mdes from northeast to southwest. It is connected witn New Bruns' wick by an isthmus only 16 miles wide, and is separated from it in the rest of its extent by the Bay of Fundy. 2. At its northeastern extremity is the island of Cape Breton It IS under the Government of Nova Scotia. Area of Nova Scotia aud Cape Breton together, 21,800 square miles. ith Nova Scotia 3. What of tUo :-=s>^-i^. g;r;-S--.— tfr"^-:^' hALII AX, * quo' i t'tiea. Coal is abundant and exported ,i •M I lit 11 74 MANITOBA. — BRITISH COLUMBIA. extensively. Iron and gypsum are found ; also small quantities of gold. The fisheries afford a lucrative traffic. 5. Population. — The population numbers 388,000, and consists cf English, Scotch, Irish, Germans, and Swiss, with a few of French descent. 6. Chief Tov7ns. — Halifax, the capital and largest city, is on the southern coast. It has an excellent harbor, a fine dock-yard, and a military hospital. It is one of the principal stations of the British navy on the American coast. Pictou, Lunenburg, and Truro are important towns. 1. Religion. — The Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Roman Catho- lics, Baptists, and Methodists are the most numerous religious de- nominations. MANITOBA. 1. Position and Extent. — Manitoba, admitted into the Dominion of Canada in 1870, and formerly known as the Selkirk settlement, lirs north of the United States, and south of Lake Winnipeg. Area, 14,340 square miles. 2. Natural Features. — The surface in the western part is level; in the eastern part it consists of prairie and woodland. The soil is moderately fertile. The climate is healthy; but the winters are long, and exceedingly cold. 3. Population. — The population, composed principally of English and French half-breeds, is engaged in farming, cattle-raising, hunting, and fishing. They number about 12,000. 4. Chief Town. — Fort Garry, at the junction of the issiniboin and Red Rivers, is the capital. BRITISH COLUMBIA. 1. Position and Extent. — Brit?. Columbia embraces the ter- ritory between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains, and between the United States on the south and Finley and Simpson Rivers on the north; also Vancouver Island and Queen Charlotte Islands. Area, 213,500 square miles. 6. Population? 6. Capital? Othor towns? 7. Religion? Manitoba. — 1. "Vvhurw is it? Area? 2. Burfiice? Soil? Climate? 3. Population? 4 Capital? BniTrsn Cohimbia.— 1. Whem is it? Area? PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. mall quantities of 76 .. ; K T ft T'^^^' Rocky Mountains are on the east the highest peak, Mt. Brown, being 16,000 feet high- the Cascade Mountains are on the west. Frazer River, 700 m^ s long flows be ween these two ranges, and empties into the (,.lf of Lrgia Columbia River rises in British Columbia, flows through Oregon, f nd there empties into the Pacific: it is 1200 miles long S , ana 3 Soil Climate, &c._In the west the soil is 'fertile and well adapted to pasturage; m the north the climate is cold, and the winters are long. The chief attraction of this region is its Jld winch IS fouud mainly in the alluvial deposits of Frazer River ' Island, IS the ^pital It is beautifully situated on a sheltered harbor New Westminster, near the mouth of Frazer River was formerly the capital. ' ^^^ 5. Vancouver Island. Position and Bxtent.-This isknd named after Captain Vancouver, a British navigator, is separated from the mam and of British Columbia by the Gulf of Georja. It IS about 280 miles long by 60 broad. Area, 13,500 square miles. It IS noted for being the largest island on the Pacific coast 6. ProductB.-Gold has been discovered; coal is found in large quantities, lish abound on the coast, and furs are obtained )f the -issiniboin QUESTIONS ON MAP NO. 5, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Prince Edward Island.-Bound Prince Edward Island. What baysouth? What strait south? Gulf north? What cape north? East? Southeast? What and where is the capital? Where is Oeorgetown? PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Net bT°° ,^"^,=^*«f -P^^^'ck Edward Island lies east of .!2l T«; ■ ^".^r^'*' "^ ^"'^ ^^^*'^' ^"d i« ^^P^'-ated from both by the Stra it of Northumberland. Area, 2100 .sqliare miles. 2. Mountain!*? Pra^oo p;,.__9 n_i t. tj. - - _ _ thief attraction? l"c^it^\V' k ^"^""'."'^ River r 3. «oiI and climate? 76 NEWFOUNDLAND. 2. Natural Features. — The coast-line is so indented that no part of the island is more than 8 miles from the sea. The surface is level, and the soil fertile, Tho r^limate is mi?der than in the adja- cent Colonies. From tae sAff'ii iorests considerable quantities of lumber are obtained and tlio fiaheries on the coast and neighboring banks are productive, Ship-building is carried on to t /iie extent. 3. Population. — ^The population numbers 81,000, and is composed of English and French. 4. Chief Town. — Charlottetown, the '.lispU?;.], is three miles north of Ililisborough Bay. 5. This island, settled by the French, and originally called St. John, was named, in the year 1780, after Prince Edward, afterwards Duke of Kent, and father of Queen Victoria. QUESTIONS ON MAP NO. 6, NEWFOUNDLAND. Ne-wfoundland. — Bound Newfoundland. What strait separates it from Labrador? Where is White Bay? Notre Dame [not'r-dahm'') Bay? Trinity Bay? Placentia Bay? St. George Bay ? Gulf of St. Lawrence? Cape Race? Cape Ray? Name the two largest lakes. What range and what hills? What two rivers? What and where is the capital? NEWFOUNDLAND. 1. Position and Extent. — Newfoundland is a large island, separated from the mainland of Labrador by the Strait of Belle- isle. It is the largest island on the Atlantic coast. Area, 46.000 square miles. 2. Natural Features. — On the coast the surface is low and marshy. In the interior it is varied, being rocky and uneven at tho north, while in other parts are dense thickets and extensive lagunea. 3. The Great Bank, lying southeast of Newfoundland, is a vast shallow, or sujbmarine plateau, in the Atlantic Ocean. It is GOO miles long by 200 broad. The cod-fishory is carried on here from June to October, and employs more than 1000 boats and larger vessels, producing fish and oil annually to the value of 6,000,000 dollars. 2. Coast-line? Climafo? Products, Ac? 3. Population? 4. Capital? 5. What further about this islnnd? Newfounoland. — 1. AVhereisit? Area? 2. Surface? 3. What of tho Great Dank ? Cod-fishory? About fogs? NEWFOUNDLAND. 77 The bank is often covered with dense fogs, occasioned by the meet- ing of the waters of the Gulf Stream with the colder polar currents. 4. Products. — Cod, herring, salmon, and other fish abound. The seal, 8oa-hors(\ and grampus are found on the coast. The well- kuown Nowfuundland dog was first fi)und here. ree miles north COD-FISHING. 5. Population.— The population, composed chiefly of English and Irish, numbers about 123,000. 6. Chief Town.— St. John's, on the southeast coast, is the capital. It is only 1656 miles from Valentia in Ireland. Nearly all its inhabitants are fishe nen. The United States and France have obtained rights to fish on the coast and banks, and to cure the fish on the shore. 7. Government.— The Government is vested in a Governor, ap- pointed by the Crown, assisted by Councils and by an Assembly elected by the people. *; Jf '■"'^"';^'' **'■ • 5- Population? 0. Capital? What of the United State* and France? 7. Government? 78 ISLANDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 8. Rellglon.-About one-half of the population are Protestants of vanous denominations; the remaining half are Roman Catholics J. Education—There are numerous elementary schools and a normal school, under the patronage of the Government, besides many academies and grammar schools. 10. Labrador is an extensive but barren region lying on the Atlantic coast east of the Hudson Bay Country. It is fnhfbited by Esquimaux and a few Moravian missionaries. It is noted for its seal-fisheries, which are carried on from June to September. Nain IS the principal missionary settlement. The mean temperature for he year is 7° below the freezing-point. Labrador is attached to the Government of Newfoundland. ISLANDS OF NORTH AMERICA. 1. The islands of North America are numerous, and many of Edrr7TT°]' v^*'' ^"'^'^ "^'"'^' ^^^^""^' Newfoundland, pice Edward Island, Vancouver Island, and the West Indies, are de- scribed elsewhere. 2 The following are of less importance, and lie nearly all in the Arctic Ocean The North Georgian Wands and North Devon are north of MelvUe and Lancaster Sounds. They were discovered by yea'rlTsS; ™'""' "" °°' "' *' '''*°''"'»'' S'<»>P - the 3. The islands called Banks's Land, Prince Albert'sLand, Victoria 0r.tT»"" r''; '" '"""' °f **''"»» ■'"'' !'-«-'«' Sounds. On the latter were found remains of Sir John Franklin's unfortunate e>tpcd,t,o„. All these islands lie north of the mainland of North An,.,r,ca, ma fr,g,d climate. The inhabitants consist of a few wan dcnng Lsqu.mau): scattered over a great e:ttent of territory. Alaska L^th A •'l*""' """"''' "'■ '"'"•"' 8""P' lyi-g ''»"'«'=■' ^etnhlf ? As,at,c continent. They are rocky and volcanic. The inhabitants are a mixture ofAsiatics and North American In- A»pn,^. 1 ^TTx.. ,_ ., '1'™'^^®/ Wovernment? Island.s op Nn«T» People. 4. Orth„A,e:;L7l„",SSr''whl!;':f ZiSit'at"?' '"""•"" Inhabitants? ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS AND EXPIORATIONS. 79 dians. Their occupation is fishinirnnil l>.,„f! t . in house, under ground to nro LmI ? ^; 1° »'"'" »l>ey live The, number abolt 90oi Ctla dT. I" T, ""^ "^'''^ «"'<•• 5. The Archipelagoes of Ge' ™ n if !u« 1° '" ^"'""^ """o^- near the southernmtt poiuTo?!"!! 1^""™ »' '^'"" "" islands of the Jrst-named Bar»„„ff Territory. On one of the of Alaska. The inhaWtants .1 ^ " "'""""' ^'*'"^ ""^ ™Pi"" lt..,sians, and Indians. "^"'°"' '^'°"' "^^ l'""^'' St'tes, ARCTIC EXPEDITIONS AND EXPLORATIONS attLSd il:t::oZ:Z'''^''''1- >«'-*— --Igators have Oceanf so as to re^h ChtnTa T 't" ^"^""" *" "^^ ^-'«» routes. ""^ * ''""■'«' ™y than the usual ofir^pTit'TLtredr t'^r^T"^ "■'"'°' »" *^ -™- Ael'indit :tTiin':«t ^th^fr t?t""r °^ ^"-- 32^ The winter in ih.Jf T ^""^^'^ ^^''^^' ^^^it^^Je GG° the sea freer;:^:;': ?te;T37rTtr'''"""t^ ice in the more onpn nn.fo k , . ^" *^® ^P^'^ng tli<^ ice .—g ^srdiSLTrgir "^ ™^ '-"^' - wotrtoTiir;i';';to~tr r- '- - - century, Henry Hudcnn ' ^ .1 , ° ^'''"^^ P^^* ^^ ^^^ 17th whichLrs hfsre-Xrhe'tr "" ""'' """ '* '^^ ""^ -™i,e . Jd, and in a slnd^C^ "CerfSf:: .i°h ?:o'vf;:?:'';htEr:;'f "fr'''™'."^*° ''^"'"> *-^. ^i-- ■e fUdrts been made ? ,3. i- What of the Cnb What do the Arot iwest pussiipc ? 2. VVh Capt am Sir John Franklin ? 'ts and Hudson ? 5 Capt ic regions include ? Climate ? ain Ross? Captain Parry? ; ! ^I'i ; i I I I ,1 ..,. I i 80 BRITISH AMERICA. 7. As he did not return after the three years that ho haa intended to be absent, several small expeditions were fitted out tt) discover his fate and that of the 138 persons who sailed with him, and also for the purpose of further discoveries. 8. Of these expeditions, six have sailed from the United States, the first under Lieutenant Do Haven, of the navy, the second and most remarkable under Dr. E. K. Kane, who had sailed with Lieu- tenant De Haven, the third under Dr. L I. Hayes, who had accom- panied Dr. Kane, and the last three under Captain Hall. 9. Dr. Kane penetrated to within 519 miles of the North Pole. It was his opinion that Smith's Sound opened into a polar sea always fv'^e from ice ; but this has not been substantiated. 10. The principal recent British expeditions were made by Cap- tains Collinson, McCluro, and McClintock. The latte •, in the yacht *' Fox," found some relics of Franklin's party on King William's Island, where thoy had been for 20 months b) jcked in the ice. Every man of the party had perished. 11. Captain Sir Robert McClure succeeded at last, in 18," 2, 'v.\ effecting the passage from ocean to ocean ; but it remains a ba~ren discovery, the ice and the intricacy of the passage forbidding its ever becoming of use for navigation. qup:sttoxs on map no. 7, united states. United states. — 1. Bound the United States. Between what parallels of latitude does it principally lie? Between what mei"- dians of lon"!;itudc? 2. Bays, Gulfs, and Sounds. — AVliore are Pasaamaquoddy, Penobscot, and (^asco Bays? Where is Long Island Sound? New- York Bay ? Dchiwart ihiy ? Chesapeake Bay ? Where are AUic nmrle and Pamlico Sounds? Where is St. Helena Sound? Wher<' are Chatham, Tampa, Apalachce, St. Andrews, and Pensaeoh; Bayx ' Wliere is Mobile Bay? Black Bay? Whore are Barataria, Timballli^r 7 What Hoaroh was mado? S. Name the tliroo oxpcditJons from iho Uiiittl Rtatp!<, 3. How fur '^•«t<'« ""inpri,-..? 2. It. oxiTnt? Fron.i,.r.lin„» - 'i.:t. Arrii- ... ^\li,u,n.„infftinB? bcrtU.st |.niU»i' What of »hi.< chain ^ . ^^ 84 THE UNITED STATES. with tlu> Sierra Madre, form the most extensive range. Thei- oftiest points are Fremont's, Long's, and Pike's Peaks, from 12,000 to 13,. oO feet in height. They are the northern portion of the vast chain <,f mountains extending 1)800 miles, from the Arctic Ocean to the Strait of Magellan. 4. A more western system extends through California, Oregon, and Washington, in several parallel ridges and spurs, bearing distinct names, as the Sierra Nevada, the Cascade Range, and the Coast Moun- tains. Of these. Mount St. Helens, Mount Hood, Mount Shasta, and some peaks of the Sierra Nevada in California, rear their sno^v^ summits from 12,000 to 14,000 feet. Mount St. Elias, in the Coast Kange, is l/,900 feet high, and is the highest land in North America. 5. The Alleghany Mountains begin in the State of Maine, in the form of detached peaks, and extend, in a southwest direction, to the State of Alabama. In the eastern and central part this cliain com- pn, OS several parallel ridges, bearing local names, as the White and Green M,)untains in Now England, the Blue Ridge in Virginia, Nt.rth Carolinii, and Georgia, and the Cumberland Mountains iii Kentucky. Tennessee, and Alabama. 0. Surface.— The surface may bo divided into three parts: Isf. Tho Atlantic slope, e.vtending from the Alleghany Mountains to the Atlantic Ocean ; 2d. The Pacific slope, comprising all the ccm.Ury lying between the \Wky Mountains and tho Pacific, at a distan... of from six hundred to a thousand miles; lid. The Mississippi Vallev. including the region between the Alleghany Mountains on the ea^t and the Rocky M<.untaip.8 on the west, its breadth the 40th paral- lel being about 1400 miles. 7. The United States is one of the best-watered regions on tho globe; its lakes and rivers arc of the first magnitude, and furni.sh an inland navigation of more than 20.000 miles in extent. H. Lakes.— The great lakes. Superior. Huron. Eri;>, Ontario, and Michigan, form a remarkable feature. They aro very deep, are con nect«Ml with each other by straits and riv<>rs, and pi.ur tlieir uniten to 12'X> million pounds, or 3 million bales. In the Southern States, sugar, cot- ton, rice, tobacco, and various tropical fruits are produced ; while in the Middle, Northern. andWost- ern States, wheat, corn, oatfi, hay, ap- ples, pears, poach- es, in short, nearly pll the productions buc^HCANE. of the temperate Bonos, are found. In Ohio and California tliere are many vineyards, and considerable quantities of wine arc made. Whore rl.)o« it flow? AVhat ..f this vi.st river system? What of its Bettlel pirtioni' 12. Wvi-f^ oast of (ho Allp'xhanio'*? 13. Wiiat i-ivo'-s iicnrtho wet coast? What of t'lo Rio Oriincio? U. AVhnt of tho soil ntid cliinatp' Aprlciil I Ural product ■»' How ninoli wheat and corn in 1 ''72 ' H.'.y? Conon ? What nf the products of I ho Southern States? Middle, Northern", and Western States/ THE UNITED STATES. 87 15. The changes of temperature are greater in the United States than in Europe in the same latitudes, the summers being generally warmer and the winters colder. In most parts the climate seems to be as conducive to health, energy, and longevity as that of any other country. 10. Minerals. — Minerals of almost eve- ry variety are found. Gold is obtained in California, Nevada, Colorado, Idoho, and in other quarters ; copper in Michigan ; load in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Mis- souri ; iron in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia ; and coal in Pennsylvania and other States. The coal-fields of the United States are estimated to bo thirty times greater in ex- tent than those of all Europe. Many varie- ties of marble, granite, and other building- stono are found. 17. Manufactures.— Manufactures are numerous and cxtenHivc. The principal arc cotton and woollen goods, paper, glass, leather, fire-arms and machinery of all kinds. In ship-building the United States is not surpassed by Jtny other country. 18. Commerce.— The commerce of tlie I'nion, both foreign and domestic, is one of tlic most extensive in the Avorld. This com- nuM'ce is carried on by grent numbers of ves- sels, especially steam-vess(>Is, by the more than 70,000 niiloH of railroads, and by the ••anais and telegraphs with which all the "ettled parts of the country are interacted. 1'^ Population. —The population of Qolo-mining in nevada. the Unit.'d States i^omposed of the white, negro, and Indian race^. )» gold ? Popppr. ,t('. ' What, of (l,co..HKnplds? What of mnrMo Ac'' 7 ^f ™!,"'ti'r';;. ^^i.-^ -- 1>- iTin-pni? About .hip.i,„"iLT fi;- whi; 88 THE UNITED STATES. II \ The whites are chiefly of English, German, Irish, and Scotch descent. Between the years 1826 and 1869, seven million emigrants arrived from Europe. 20. The Indians roaming in the West are gradually disappearing before the progress of civilization. They are not included in the population or enumeration of the people. 21. In 1870, the entire population of the United States was up- wards of 38,500,000. The negroes are one-eighth of the number. There are about 300,000 Indians. 22. Language. — The English is the national language. In a few of the States, German is used to some extent. In Louisiana, French is extensively spoken. In New Mexico and Arizona, Spanish is the prevailing tongue. 23. Division Into States and Territories.— When Great Britain acknowledged the independence of the United States, in 1783, there were thirteen States leagued together in a Confederation. The number has been increased by the admission of rew States: there are now thirty-seven States, besides eleven Territories, and Alaska, formerly Russian America, The Territories, as iheir population becomes sufficient, may be admitted as States. 24. Chief Cities.— Washington, in the Territory of the District of Columbia, the capital of the United States. The principal cities on the Atli ic coast, in passing from north to south, are Boston, New York, 1 iladelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, and Savannah. 25. Pitts))urgh and Cincinnati, on the Ohio, and St. Louis, on the Mississippi River, are flourishing cities. Chicago, on Lake Michigan, is the largest grain-depot in the world. 26. New Orleans, near the Gulf of Mexico, has an extensive com- merce. Mobile is famous for its exports of cotton. San Francisco, on the Pacific, is the great commercial depot of the west coast of America. 27. Education. — Education is more generally diflused than in any other country. Besides many cUeges unci ot'.cr institutions of learning, there are in the several States public free schools, pro- 20. Whnt of tho Indiana? 21. Population? 22. What lanpuages are spoken ? 2.'5. IIow many States at fir.sf ? Uow many imw ? How many ter- ritories? 24. Capita!? Cities on tho Atlantic coast ? 1'5. Other cities? 26. Ab(U» New Orleans and others? 27. What of education ? What of ool- le-jes, Ac? I THE UNITED STATES. S9 videcl bylaw, in which nearly all the children receive the rudiments of education. 28. So general is education in the United States, that very few of the white inhabitants are unable to read and write. The press is entirely free. There are more newspapers published than in any jther country in the world. 29. There are various national scientific institutions, of which the SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. >Sniith8onian Institution, and the National Observatory at Wash- ington, the Military Academy at West Point, and the Naval Aca- demy at Annapolis, are the principal. Various exploring expedi- tions have been sent out, who.e labors have extended the d..main of science. The Coast Survey has been prosecuted for more than i^C years ; it is highly useful to the commerce of the world 30 Governme:it.-The United States is a Federal Republic, the people of the va rious States being boun d tc.gether for this purpose by Wh!; ,7^* Y^-^'' ?i '^'!»°"ti"n ? Whnt of the press nn.l newapnpors ' "0 8* 90 THE UNITED STATES. a Constitution, whicji was framed in 1787, and became operative in April, 1789, Washington being the first President. 31. Each State has a separate government tor the management of its own internal affairs. 32. The Federal Government, the capital of which is Washington, is divided into three departments, — the Executive, the Legislative, and the Judiciary. 33. The Executive, designed to execute the laws of the country and to sustain the relations of the country at home and a])road, h confided to the President of the United States, who is elected by the people for four years. With him is associated the Vice-President, elected for the same term ; who, in case of the death, resignation, or disability of the President, supplies his place. PRESIDENT'S HOUSE. 34. The President appoints various Sfirrcturies, to assist him in his duties. Tb-^se are, the Secretaries of State, of the Treasury, of War, of the Navy, and of the Interior; these, with the Attorney-Gene- ral and the Postmaster-General, constitute his Cabinet, and are his counsellors and advisers. 31. What of each Ptiitr? :?2. What % ^^. W' PIiotogTcipliii Sciences c 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTIR.N Y I4S80 (7141 '■»a-4503 4^. ^' V MP^ % i/.A 92 THE CNITED STATES. CLASSIFICATION OF THE STATES. The usual division of the United States has been as follows :— First, The New England or Eastern States, including Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Con- necticut. Second, The Middle States, including New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Third, The Southern States, including Maryland, A^irginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. Fourth, The Western States, including Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and all' others west of the Mississippi River. Some geographers have made but two divisions, viz. : according to climate and productions: thus, all the States lying north of 36° 30^ north latitude are called the Grain States, and those lying south of that line, the Cotton States. Others, again, make seven divisions, viz.: the Northeastern Slates, Middle States, Southern Atlantic States, Gulf States, Lake States, River States, and the Pacific States. As no one of these divisions is quite logical, and as the admission of new States would constantly demand new divi- sions, it has been thought best to enumerate the States according to a systematic order, as they are arranged upon the map. MAINE. Questions on Map No. 8, Malne.-Bound Maine [see map No.l). Whore is Passamaqu.KKdy Bay? {Map No. ^.) Penobscot Bay? CascoBay? Name the four largest islands on the coast Which 18 the largest? What mountains on the northwest? What three mountain peaks in the interior? What four lakes north of the centre? Of what lake is the river St. Croix the outlet? Into what does the St. Croix flow ? Where does the Penobscot rise, and through what lakes does it flow ? AVhere does it empty ? Where does the Kennebec rise, flow, and empty? The Androscoggin? The Sebago? The Saco? What and where is the capitnl? Where is Portland' Lewiston? Saco? Bildoford? Bangor? Bath? Thomaston? Rock- land? Calais? Belfast? Kittery? -% 1 MAINE. 93 vi,;,:-. PORTLAND. 'V«nZ*;lZ '.ul^y,' »"" i" tl- north 'hero arc mountain "f 11,0 Stl Mho hM ] K,,tah^'V,«, north „f the c.ntro foot, * ""• ''"""8 "" o'"™'"" "f -Pwards of 5000 3. r')a»^^,•,w._TI,o cna»t-iino in more than "00 milo. I ,/^oo Lt '"°''"'""' '""'"• ""' '"«"^»' "f «•'"'"■ '» "rwa;J. ""Ml 4. Lake? "• >."ast-linc? I.lan.lai. Urgcat, and for what 94 THE UNITED STATES. : : 'r, head is the largest. Others are the Chesuncook (che-sun'kook). Millinoket {mil-le-no'ket), Schoodic (skoo'dik), Umba'gog, and Se- bago. 5. It ivers.— The principal rivers are the Saco {saw^ko), Andros- coggin, Kennebec, Penobscot, and St. Croix. These flow in a south- erly direction and empty into bays on the Atlantic coast. 6. Soil and Climate.— T\\q soil is good, and well adapted to grazing. The climate is cold, but salubrious ; the winters are lon.^ and severe. " 7. Products.— The vegetable products of Maine are chiefly re- quired to supply the needs of the people ; hay, potatoes, appjes, and hops are largely exported. Other exports are marble, granite, lime, and ice. Luxuriant forests of pine, hemlock, cedar, and spruce, cover the northern part of the State. 8. The grand staple and source of wealth is lumber. It is cut in the great northern forests in winter, floated down the rivers in the spring, prepared for market in the extensive saw-mills near the yoast, and thence largely exported, Maine leads any of the other Stites in ship-building. The vessels built here amount in tonnage to one-third of all that are built in the United States. The manufactures are important, and consist of cot- ton and woollen fabrics, leather, pig iron, castings, and paper. There are extensive fisheries of cod, mackerel, herring, and salmon. 0. Population.— The people are principally of English descent- they number 627,000, and reside chiefly in the southern and central parts. At the Madawaska settlement, in the north, the inhabitants are chiefly of French descent. A few Indians are found on the Penobscot River and Passamaq noddy Bay. 10. Chief Towns.—Augusta, the capital, is situated on the Ken., nebec River, about fifty miles from its mouth. It has several hand- some public buildings, among which are the State-House, the United States Arsenal, the Lunatic Asylum, and the County Jail. 11. PorHand, the largest city, is situated on a fine harbor in Cascr Bay, and ie the principal depot of the foreign commerce of the State. 5. River;? Whcro do thoy flow and empty? ft. Roil nnd climate? 7. Veffo- tablo produnts. Ac. ? Exports ? 8. What ^raiid staple ? What is said of it ? What of phip-hnildiiiR? Of manufnetnres? Of fisheries ? 9. Of thn popu- lation ? Of Mad.iwnska? Indians » 10. rapital? What is Raid of it? li Of Portland ? Of Lowiston and other towns ? Bangor ? Bath and other townn » NEW HAMPSHIRE. 95 A line of steamers sails from Portland to Liverpool. Lewiston, Saco, and Biddeford are noted for their manufactures. Bangor, On the Penobscot, about sixty miles from its mouth, is a great lumber-market, nearly two hundred million feet having been exported thence in a single year. Bath is noted for its ship-building, and Thomaston for ita trade in lime, marble, and granite; Rockland for ship-building and exports of lime. Calais (kaVis) and Belfast are other important towns. At Kittery is a United States Navy- Yard. 12. Education.—There are numerous academies and seminaries, and ft State Normal School at Farmington. The public schools are under an excellent educational system, and there are but few inha- bitants who cannot read and write. Waterville College is at Waterville, Bowdoin {bo^din) College at Brunswick, and Bates College at Lewiston. NEW HAMPSHIRE. Questions on Map No. 8, New Hampshire.— Bound New ilampshiro. What mountains in New Hampshire? Where are they? What lakes, and where are they? What river between New Hampshire and Vermont? What other river in the north? Where is the Gocheco {ko-chee'ko)? Merrimac? Flscataqua (joiV kaVa-kioay) ? What and where is the capital ? Where is Ports- mouth? Manchester? Nashua? Dover? Exeter? Claremont? Haverhill ? Conway ? Keene ? 1. Position and Extent.— New Hampshire lies southwest of Maine. It is about IGO miles Jong by an average of 50 broad. Area, 0280 square miles. 2. NaturalPeature«.—.¥o«n "vers? 5. Soil? Climate? 6. What products ? Fisheries? Mills? II 104 THK UNITED STATES. 3heep, and horsec are extensively raised. The fisheries are important aid iroductive. The rivers furnish abundant water-power, and ex- tensive cotton, woollen, and other mills are in active operation. 7. Fcpiilation. — The inhabitants are chiefly of English descent, and number 217,000. 8. Chief Towns.— The Legislature meets aKornately at Provi- der .e and Newport. Providence, one of the capitals, on Provideisce Rivei", is the largest city; it is noted for its manufactures and its educational institutions. Newport, the other capital, lies at tho mouth of Narragansett Bay, and h&'f one of the finest harbors on the coast ; it is a famous watering-place. 9. Bristol, a handsome town, is noted zz the place where King Phil-'p, who waged war with the New England colonies, wa.j killed j this piaie was bom.bard.^d and moptly destroyed by the British in the Revolutionary war. Smithfield,'Pawtucket, Natick, Warren, Lonsdale, and Woonnookei. are .flourishing manufacturing toMns. 10. Education.— Brown University, at Providence, is a famous institution of learning. The State has a large school fund, and sus- tains a normal scho )1. There are also public grammar-schools of a high grade, and numerous primary schools. CONNECTICUT. ! ^H Questions on Map No. 9, Connecticut.— Bound Connecticut. What souud south? Where is Sachem's Head? Stratford Point? Fishery Island? What two rivers unite and form tho Thames R.? Wlu'ro does tho Thames empty? D(.-scribe tho Connecticut R. Wha", is its principal affluen*, in this S^ate? Whore is tho Quin- nipiac? Doscribo the flousai,oni(. R. Name its affluents, w'liern and what are tho t-.vo i-apitaln ? Who.c is Norwich ? l^ew London? Bridgeport? Waterb.'ry' MiddlotoMm? Norwalk ? Moriden? Stamfonl? Gromiwiph? Symington? New Britain? Fairfield? Wii'Hted ? r. Population? 8. Whnt i> foM . f rrovidcncof Newport? 9. llristo!? O.hor towns ? 10. What d cdiioation ? CONNECTICUT. 105 1. Position and Extent.— Connecticut lies south of Massachu- setts and west ot Riiode Island ; its length is about 93 miles, and its greatest breadth about 68 miles. Area, 4674 square miles. 2. Natural Features.— Mount ai7is.~The Green Mountains enter the State at the northwest, in a series of ranges and detached eminences, noae of which arc of great height, and terminate at New Haven, where tvro remarkable peaks receive the name of West Rock and East Rock. The surface is generally hilly and broken, with many very fertile vrllcys. 3. Long Island Sound lies south of Conuecticut. It is a largo body of wafer, 110 miles long by 2 to 20 miles wide. It is navi- gable for the largest vessels, and is an important outlet for the trade of Connecticut and other Eastern States with the great commercial city of New York, 4. Rivers.~The principal rivers are the Connecticut, which flows through the State; the llousatonic, in the west, flowing in a course almost parallel with the Connecticut; and the Thames, in t\w east: these rivers flow from the north into Long Island Sound. The principal affluent of the Conneciicut i« the Farmington River- ■)f^thc II)usatonic, the Naugatuck; of the Thames, the Quinebaug. ' 5. Soil and Cli mate.— In the valleys of the principal rivers particularly in the valley of the Connecticut, the .oil is very fertile and productive. The northwest and eastern parts of the State are well adapted to grazing ; in the west are many fertile districts where gram is raised. The soil is carefully and skilfully ciltivated TJie <;lMnate is severe in winter, though in the middle and southern part It IS ui'.ldor than in Massachusetts. 6. Produots.-The chief products of the soil are Indian corn liay, ( uts, i)otatoeH, and tobacco. There are extensive quarries of i^erst-me nnd granite. The former is largely exported. Marble of groat beauty, l,.a.l, copper, and inm, are fo.ind. The leading mterost of the people Is in nutnufactums ; thoy include cotton, wool- «'n, iron. machi.M>ry, wooden and tin ware, clocks, carriages, shoes iuits, and many otbors. Th e rivers furnish ab.indant water-power. ' "r'::i:r::^:;:r7L:^:::r '''"''''' '■'-'''''-' Mineral./^!;:; 106 THE UNITED STATES. 7. Population. — The population, chiefly of English descent, numbers 537,000. 8. Chief Towns.— Connecticut has two capitals, New Haven and Hartford ; the Legislature meets in each on alternate years. New Haven, the largest city, is beautifully situated on New Haven Bay, 4 miles from Long Island Sound; it stands on a plain, nearly surrounded by high hills. It is well built; the streets are wide, generally straight, and seem to be embowered in magnificent elms. A large open square, called " The Green," in the centre of the THE GREEN," NEW HAVEN. city, gives tVhat two groat lakes in the west? Name three small lakes near the centre. Where is tlie Hudson Rivor? Describe it. Wiiat i.ffluont ? Whore is the St. Lawrence ? Th.. Oswego and Genesee ? The Niagara River? What two rivers fh.w into Pennsylvania? \\ hero are the Falls of Niagara ? Trenton Falls ? Where and what !s the capital ? Where is N ow Y(,rk City? Brooklyn ? Newburg ? 10. Norwich? 11. Now London? Other cities ?~0th7r towns? lo Whn* coil«go8? What of normal and other .chooU? ^"'O" towns? i2. What '■ I'lit 1 i M^ V i 108 THE UNITED STATES. Poughkeepsie? II ad son ? Troy? Utica? Syracuse? Rochester? Buffalo? Oswego? Ogdensburg? Plattsburg? Saratoga? Sackett's Harbor ? FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 1. Position and Extent.— New York lies west of Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut: its length from east to west is about 330 miles, and its greatest breadth about 300 miles. Area, 47,000 square miles. It includes Long Island and Staten Island in the southeast. It is the most populous and wealthy of the United States, and is sometimes called the Empire State. 2. Natural FeatnteB.—M oti u tains.— Tha Adinmdack, Cats- kill, Taconic, and Highlands, in the eastern part of the State, are an irregular chain of mountains, forming a part of the great Alle- ghany range Mount Marcy. in the Adirondack, is the loftiest peak, 5.500 f.!ct high, and is the highest land in the State. 3. The western part 8prea2-pla -es. ^ u -txuauuc i^ity -^! ■^^^^-^^S^s?s^ COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY, PRINCETON, 11. Bducation.-The CUogo of New Jersey, «t Princeton Rut gor. College, at New Brunswick, and B„rlin/to„ CUege a Bu t gton, are the ch.ef »eat. of learning. At Trenton i, „ large norm, -.1. ol, wh,ch „ Lberally ,„pp,rted by the State. A w„lli?I" " l"."i.<.-scnooi «yBtem is in suecos^ful operation. ". or Newark and Piifcrsoii ' 10 fWK.... . .. ^^ foUcgos? Normal school, i"? ^'^- ^^'^^ t"«^»« ? Watermg-plaoes ? n. 10* h: > !i I li i; I'l 114 THE UNITED STATES. RITTENhOUSE SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA. PENNSYLVANIA. Questions on Map No. 10, Pennsylvania.— Bound Pennsyl vania. What lake in the northwest ? What island in Lake Erie 1 Where is South Mt. ? Where are the Blue Mts. ? Bald Eagle Mts. ? Alleghany Mts. ? Where is Laurel Ridge ? Chestnut Ridge ? What river between Pennsylvania and New Jersey ? Principal affluents ? What river rises in New York, and flows through the State into Chesapeake Bay in Maryland ? Name its principal affluents. What two rivers in *he west unite and form the Ohio? Describe the Alle- ghany. The Monongahela. Where is the oil-region? What and where is the capital ? Where is Philadelphia ? Pittsburgh ? Alle- ghany? Birmingham? Pottsville? Scranton? Mauch Chunk? Carbondalo? Pittston? Wilkesbarre? Reading? Lancaster? Erie? MeadviUe? Oil City? Titusville? Washington? Carlisle? Gettys- burg? Bedford? Huntingdon? Butler? Williamsport? PENNSYLVANIA. H^ 1. Position and Extent.-Pennsylvania lies south of New York and west ot New Jersey. Its length is 310 miles, and its width 160 uiilea. Area, 46,000 square miles. 2. Natural Featnxes.-M o u n i a i n s.-Seveval ranges of the great Alleghany chain traverse the State from northeast to south- west: they are the South Mountain, Blue Mountains, Alleghany proper. Chestnut and Laurel Kidges. The two last are the loftiest in Pennsylvania, and attain a height of 3000 feet. These mountains enclose fertile valleys, sometimes extending 20 "to 30 miles in width 3. Lakes.--Ltike Erie, on the northwest, borders on the State a distance of 45 miles: there is a fine harbor at Erie, by which com- munication 18 had with all the great upper lakes. 4 liivers.-The principal rivers in the east are the Delaware and Susquehanna. The Delaware rises in New York, and flows into Delaware Bay. It is the eastern boundary of the State. Its two principal affluents are the Lehigh and Schuylkill. It is navi- gable for the largest ships to Philadelphia, and for steamboats to Trenton, New Jersey, 30 miles beyond. The Susquehanna rises in New York, receives in Pennsylvania the waters of the West Branch and Juniata, and flows through the State into Chesapeake Bay, in Maryland. In the west, the Alle- ghany and Monongahela Kivers, both navigable for 60 miles, unite at Pittsburgh and form the Ohio. 5. Soil and Climate.^Tho soil in the valleys is rich and pro- ductive; that in most of the mountainous districts is well adapted to grazing. The climate is variable but healthy: in the west it is somewhat milder in winter than in the east. 6. Products.— The principal products are wheat, Indian corn and other grains, hay, fruits, and tobacco. The vast anthracite coal- fields, in the northeast part of the State, are the richest and most extensive in the world. The bituminous coal-fields, in the west, and those in the north, are rich and apparently inexhaustible' These mines are worked with groat energy, and are exceedingly productive. * "^ PFNNsyLVANiA.-l Where is Pennsylvania? Length and breadth? Area? 2. Of the mountains? Which the highest ? How hth ? What .f v^vc ' ^. \Vhat lake/ 4. What of the Delaware River? 'Of the "SusquchaPua' 116 THE UNITED STATES. >''V P T;f I Mi I Petroleum " has been lately developed in the west: thou- sands of wells have been open- ed, which have yielded great quantities of oil. 7. Manufac- tures. — Penn- sylvania ranks third among the States in varie- ty and extent of manufac- tures. Nearly one-half of all the iron made in the United States is pro- duced here. The other manufactures are principally of cotton, wool, pig iron, castings, nails, and paper. 8. Population. — The first settlers of Pennsylvania were Swedes, English Quakers, and Germans. In some parts the German lan- guage is spoken. Population, 3,522,000. 9. Chief Towns. — Harrisburg, the capital, is situated on t';e e^t bank of the Susquehanna, and is surrounded by magnificent sf^cn » v It has a fine State-House, and is an important railroad centi :. 10. Philadelphia, the largest city in the State, and the second in population in the United States, is situated on the right bank of the Delaware River, and on both banks of the Schuylkill, 96 miles from the sea. It wes sr't.u i and laid out by William Penn. It is noted for the important vu-' it took in the Revolutionary War. The De- 7. What of manufaotiiros? Of iron? Other manufnctures ? 8. Population? 9. What of the capital? 10. Philadelphia, how situated? By whom settled and laid out? For what noted? What of the public buildings? Trade, Ac. ? OIL-WELLS. PENNSYLVANIA. claration of Independence was signed here, and first promulgated to the people from the State-House, which is still standing in a good state of presevvation. The I iblic buildings of Philadelphia are numerous and splendid. Girard College is one of the finest specimens of Grecian architecture now in existence. Other notable buildings are the Custom-House, the United States Mint, the Exchange, a magnificent Cathedral, many splendid churches, and extensive hotels. Philadelphia has an im- mense trade, coiiaiderable foreign commerce, and extensive railroad communication with the West and South. Its manufactures exceed those of any other city in the United States. 11. Pittsburgh, at the junction of the Monongahela and Alle- ghany Rivers, is the second city in the State. It has a large trade, and is noted for its commerce and its vast manufactures of iron. Alleghany City and Birmingham ar^ connected with Pittsburgn by bridges. PITTSBURGH. 11. What of Pittsburgh? How connected by bridges? Of Scranton, Reading, and Lancaster? Of towns in the coal-region? Other towns? What of Erie? Norristown? Bedford? 118 ■ THE UNITED STATES. Scranton, the fourth cty in the State, has an extensive coal-trade. Reading, on the Schuylkill River, is noted for its iron manufactures. Lancaster, formally the largest inland to-vn in the United States is Bitwatecl m a populous and weaiihy agricultural district W.lUamsport, Altoona, Pottsville. Wilkesbarre. and Oarbondale are flourishing towns in th. coal-iegion. Easton, Allentown, York Chambersburg, Oil City, and Titusville are important places. Erie has a fine harbor on Lake Erie, and direct railroad comnu- mca ion with the great cities east r.nd west. No.ristown is noted for Its manufactures. There are mineral springs at Bedford. 12. Edacatlon.-The principal institutions of learning in Phila- delphia arc the University of Pennsylvania, Girard College, Polv- technic Co hege, Boys' High School, and several eminent medical v7 at'"l ^"" 'f'^'' ^' ^"'^'^^"' Oanonsburg, Washington, Easton, Gettysburg, Lancaster, Lewisburg. Meadville, and Beth- lehem. 1 here are several normal schools, and the school system of ihe btate is well organized and prosperous. DELAWARE. Questions on Map Ko. 10, Delavrare.-Bound Delaware. What bay on tno east ? What bay south of Delaware Bay ? What cape on the coast? What largo river flows into Delaware Bay? What creek in the norih? What crook flows into Delawai. Bay^ What and where is the capital ? Where is Wilmington? New Castle? Delaware City? Smyrna? Georgetown? Lowes? 1. Position and Extent—Delaware lies south of Pennsylvania and east ot Maryland It is about 90 miles long, by ?,7 at its groat. e.. breadth. It is the smallest State in the Union, excent Rhode Island. Area, 2120 8(|uaro miles. 2. Natural Feature9.-.V,/,/arr.-The surface of the State is generally Knei. Tho coast is deficient in good harbors. Dciuwarc Bay and )clawan> Riv.r bound it on the east ; the principal streams are Brandywine and Christinna Creeks. DELAWASE. lis place. SW..P,. ifM::it: ;;:::::,'■ ",: r^- "•■"' '- northern part is »„n,oti„,e. .evero'^ir^neer but '„ ttt"" .r-"' rendered ,„ueh milder by the ingucaoe of he oa " " 4. Products. —The chief pro- ducts are Indian corn, wlieat, gar- den vegetables, and numerous fruits, of which the peach is espe- cially noted fori its excellence and abundance. 5. Popula- tion. —The ori- ginal settlers were Swedes, Finns, and Eng- lish, but there have been other elements intro- duoed by immi- tCpie""""'""™' '^''""«- ^«™"'-o '» the Chief p„r,uit of it" m„„„fac.,„re.,„f I, nnld^r .•"";?""" ^ " '" '"""' f'" t">vn in the sZ \2\ ".""'r' "' "■•■'"• ■""' ■" ""- -'l'l.-t " Of are. j\ear Lowar m fho T)n> n 1 Wh„f r *u ■ ^ -—-::- ^"*^ l'f-..i.v.in^ Broakwator. huiit -v,fc!;,i:f/''VrtL™r/ ^^^-v ■"■/"->• ? « -.... «h.t„o„I.,„„f "«'""' '•"'"<-"«"«. and,,! her, „„„, [_^,„;'^'; AGRICULTURE. ^*^^k It .l« I ' I I it 120 THE UNITED STATES. by the United States Government to protect vessels in stress of weather, 8. .3ducation.— The principal collegiate institutions are Dela- ware College, at Newark, and St. Mary's, at Wilmington. There are many excellent academies and schools. \ '■ t MARYLAND. Questiona on Map No. 11, Maryland. — Bound Maryland. What great bay in Maryland? Where is Kent Island? What mountains pass through the State? What river is the southern boundary? What other rivers flow into Chesapeake Bay on the west and north? Whf.t on the east? What and where is the capital? Where is Baltimore? Elkton? Easton? Cambridge? Frederick? Hagerstown? Cumberland? What Territory on the Potomac ? What city in that Territory ? What town ? 1. Position and Extent. —Maryland lies south of Pennsylvania and west of Delaware ; its extreme length is 19G miles, and its ex- treme width 120 miles, although at one point its width does not exceed 5 miles. Area, 9356 square miles. 2. Natural Features. — Mo untain s. — The northwest is rugged and mountainous. The South Mountain and other ranges of the Alleghanies cross it from Pennsylvauia to Virginia. Chesapeake Bay extends from the south to near the northern boundary, an(^ almost separates the State into two parts. It is 200 miles long, and is navigable throughout. That part of the State lying east of Chesapeake Bay is called the Eastern Shore. 3. Rivers.— Tho principal rivers, all of which flow into Chesa- peake Bay, are tho Suscjuchanna, Patapsco, Patuxcnt. and Potomac. 4. Soil and Climatc.—Tho soil on the Eastern Shore, and on n tract around Chesapeake Bay in the west, is not naturally productive. but by careful cultivation those sections have been mmW the groat tobacco-region of tho State. Tho valleys in the interior and at tho 8. What of education? Maryland.— 1. Where is it? Lonpth nnd l.rpadth? Area? 2. Mountains? Chesapeake Bay? Eastern Shore? ',]. Nawe tho fivera. 4. Soil? Climate? MARYLAND. 121 north are extremely productive. The climate is temperate an.l healthy, except along the low lands bordering on the bay o Producta.-Maryland is a great tobacco-growing Sta'te Wheat and Indian corn are also staples. The manufactures of coL .o iT len .-on leathers and flour, are extensive. Coal and iron Ire' abun dant in tiie interior. ^^ auun- 6. Populatlon.-The original colony was founded bv Lord ^^.U' line monument to Washinc^hm +),« i .. . contains a I • ui , " 'isningron, the column of wh ch m l«n r.,nf : oint, m 1«I4. It ,8 frequently called the Monu- VIEW ON THE BALTIMORE AND OHIO nAILROAD. ••.Products? Mamifnchiros? Minonil.v « „ ,..,., Anni.imli8? 8. Of li«Uimoi«? Wh. fT •. " ' "!'"''it'"n ? 7- What of in'uiul tru.lo, 4o '''*''"""'« ^ ^^ »>"^ J''"" -t contain? Of it- roroign on.i II :: i Kiihit If * !l H tlfS'i 122 THE UNITED STATES. mental City. Baltimore has an extensive foreign and inland trada, and is the largest toliacco-market in the world. It has great railroad facilities with the West, North, and South, and many splendid edi- fice?, among which are the Roman Catholic Cathedral, the Maryland Institute, and the Exchange. It has also a very fine Park. 9. Cumberland is an important coal depot on the Potomac. Elkton, Cambridge, and Easton are the principal towns on the Eastern Shore t'rcderick and Ilagerstown are important places in the interior. 10. Education. — There are three colleges at Baltimore; Mount St. Mary's College is at Emmittsburg, and Washington College at Chestertown. The school system is excellent : instruction is nearly tre(». There are also numerous private seminaries of the very best cliaracter. TERRITORY OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. OATPNT nmrr WAQUiNfiTnui 9. Cuinborlond f 21kton, Cambridge, and Easton ? Frederick ond 11 j^r: t(twii? 10. Efiiiciiitinni' Schools? VIRGINIA. 123 ana wa. ...„„., a pan of m':;:TuI otilerL;" T': m square m.les. Tliis territory contains th,. .«/ f ' of ;l-e United S,a,..». P„pu,ati„^ in Cm (ST' "' «°™"'"™' It is a splendid eily, adorned with some of the grandest specimen- .. arch,tectnre ,„ the world. The Capitol is a n,ng„iflcc„t struc uro" of wh.te inarlde and freestone, more than 7no feet In length, and sur^ mounted hy a l,,f,y dome. The Smithsonian Institution, l^c Pre, . -lent s House, ,he Patent Office, the Treasury, and o.he s rival h. splejjdor the finest buildi.gs iu the Old World!' Popu,!:, liwo, 3. Georgetown, the only other town in the Territory lies or, the '0U„„^, and .s separaW from Washington by Uock Cr e . It a h ndsome c,ty and is noted for its literary advantages and i pohte soe.ety. At Georgetown are Georgetown College^and n„Jl reus flourishing academies. and llj-c's VIRGINIA. Queatlona on Map No. 11, Virginia.-Bound Virginia. What »y on the east? What capes at the mouth of Chesapeake ll; -tulj. ^,..st/ Ivaino the four principal rivers that flow into iiosapeako Bay. What river hetweoi, ,he Blue Kidge and SlTe, ^ 'l""li Jlouutains flow, into the Potoma.-? What i, the „r' |.ffl..™t of the Rappahannock ? What ,„„ rir,"'.: „' / S: 1"J? U hat „ the chief affluent of the .Tames? I„ „,,„, ' " '•;" "_ln.t part of the State is the Natural Bridg,.? Wed -vh„t„lh„ capital? Where is Norfolk? P,.l,.r.1..,r»» \1 • ' ' , 0. ... c,„.„>, o.h.r SLj? Xi".£;" rt>:r;"«'X,o:,ir 124 THE UNITED STATES. !| .' Fredericksburg? Lynchburg? Staunton {stan^ tun) ^ Winchester? Charlottesville ? 1. Position and Extent.— Virginia lies south and west of Mary- land: its greatest length from east to west is 425 miles ; its extreme breadth from north to south, 210 miles. Area, 41,352 square miles. 2. Natural Features. — Mountains. — Three ranges of the great Alleghany chain of mountains traverse the State from north- east to southwest. The most easterly is the Blue Ridge, next the Shenandoah Moun- tains, and on and near its western bound- ary the Alleghany proper. These moun- tains enclose fertille valleys. East of the Blue Ridge the surface is hilly. In the southeast are extensive swamps. The Dismal Swamp is the largest, and ex- tends into North Carolina; it is about 30 miles long by 12 broad. In the centre of this swamp is Lake Drummond, covering an area of nearly G square miles. Chesapeake Bay is in the eastern part; it opens into the ocean in the southeast, and extends north into Maryland. 3. Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Potomac, Rappahannock, York, and James, all flowing into Chesapeake Bay. The Potomac bounds Virginia on the north, and is navigable to \»^ashington City, 100 miles ; its principal affluent is the Shenandoah River. The Rappahannock flows nearly parallel with the Potomac, and is navigable for steamers to Fredericksl>urg ; its principal afflu- ent is the Rapidan. The York is formed by the junction of the Mattapony and the Pamunkey, and is navigable its whole length, about 40 miles. Tlio James rises in the Alleghany Mountains, and has for its principal VmoiMA. — 1. Whoro is it? L<"n!rth and breadth? Aroa? ?. Mnnnt'iirsa' What do thoy cncloHo' Hiirfnoc oriHt oC tlio lilno T{iil!,'c .to.? Swnmpa? Dis mill SwRinp? CluHiipoako Bay? IJ. llivora? What of tho Potomac ? Ranpa. hiinnook ? Y<»rk? James? NATURAL DRIDGE. VIRGINIA. 125 affluent the Appomattox. It is navigable for steamers to Rich- mond, 100 miles. 4. Soil and ^^ m a ^.. -That part of Virginia east of the Blue Ridge except along the banks of the rivers, is sandv, but with care- ful cultivation produces good crops. On the borders of the rivers great quantities of tobacco are raised. The Shenandoah Vallev is rich and productive, and is the chief granary of the State. The chmate m the low lands is warm, but in general throughout the fetate it IS salubrious and delightful. 5. Curio siHes.~Th^ Natural* Bridge, in Rockbridge county, >s one of the most remarkable natural arches in the world ; it span a chasm 2L5 feet deep and 90 feet wide over Cedar Creek. wL's Cave and Madison's Cave, in Augusta county, and the Blowing Cave, m Bath county, are great curiosities, and much visited by travellers! 6. Products.-Wheat, Indian corn, and other grains, tobacco. RICHMOND. and cotton, are the principal products. There are extonHivc mines of coal and iron. Copper, lead, gold, and nuirl)le are ft.und. j. Soil? Shcnnndoah Valloy? rii,„nt.>? h. Whiit of tho Natural Briil-'o ? ll» 126 THE UNITED STATES. 'f 7. Population.— The people are to a great extent descendants of tho original English settlers. There are many negroes. Total, 1,225,000. 8. Chief Towns.— Kichmond, the capital, is situated on the left bank of tlie James Kiver, at the lower falls, 100 miles from its mouth It oontams a largo and imposing State-House, in the centre of a park of eight acres, and has many other handsome buildings. The Falls of the James furnish immense water-power: there are numerous manufactories of flour and cotton, as well as rolling-mills, forges and more than 50 tobacco-factories. Important railroads, extendhi- north, south, east, and west, centre here. "^ Norfolk, on Elizabeth River, the second city in the State, has a fine harbor, and is noted for its commerce: it has an elegant custom- house and a city hall. Petersburg, 22 miles south of Richmond is noted for its exports of tobacco and flour. Alexandria, Portsmouth Fredericksburg, Lynchburg, and Staunton are important towns' Mount Vernon, 15 miles below Washington, on the Potomac River was the residence of Wf^shington, and contains his tomb. There are numerous mineral, sulphur, and alum springs, much resorted to by invalids. 9. Bducatlon.-The University of Virginia is at Charlottesville, There are colleges at Richmond, Williamsburg, Prince Edward, Washington County, and Lexington. WEST VIRaiNIA. Questions on Map No. 11, West Virginia.— Bound West Vir- ginia. What mountains ? What two rivers form its western bound- ary? Into what does tho Big Sandy flow? What other rivers flow into the Ohio? What and where is the capital ? Where is Wheel- ing? Parkersburg? Point Pleasant? Clarksburg? Romney? Philippa? Buckhannon? Beverly? Martinsburg? Harper's Ferry ? 1. Position and Extent.— West Virginia lies south of Penn- r. Popiilatinn? 8. What is sai.l of Richmond? Wl^of tlio Falls of tho 14/1. 1 r »» i ir ■ '" W^'. " r....(,r^ ; ••frivi lin|jtfrtui!l towns.' W hat of Mount V.-rnon? Spniip^? s). Education ? Wkst Viiujinia.— 1 Whcro is It? Length and breadth? Area? What of West Virginia? Of the north- WEST VIRGINIA. iflantsof tho d, 1,225,000. i on the left n ils mouth, tre of a park The Falls c numerous lills, forges, i, extendiii^ State, has a ant custom- chmond, is 'ortsmoutb, ant towns, mac River, ings, much rlottesvillo. 3 Edward, 127 West Vir- rn bound- •ivers flow is Whcel- Romncy ? •'s Ferry ? of Pi enn- 'alls of the .i!i towns? -1. Whero tho north- By Ivania and west of Virginia. Its extreme length is about 250 miles, and its extreme l,readth 170 miles. Area, 20,000 square miles. West Virginia was formerly a part of Virginia, and was separated ^"T, '\pf "^ ^f ^'^ ^""^'•^^'^ "^ 1«^'2' ^^'J <^'-ganized as a State in 863. rhe northwestern strip extending north, and lying between Icnnsylvania and Ohio, is called the "Pan-handle." 2. NaturaIFeatures.-J/oMn?;a/«*._TheAlleghany Mountains are on the eastern boundary. The surface in the east is generally hilly and broken, sloping gradually towards the west, where it is quite level. 3. Bivcrs.-The Ohio and Big Sandy form its western boundary. Ihe B,g Sandy, Kanawha {/cah-natc^tvah), and Guyandotte (ghi-an- dot ) each navigable for more than 50 miles, flow north into the Ohio Kiver. WHEtLING. 1 ^0/; and Climaie.^The soil is generally productive and well . - ro„....„._.^.,i..^,. ,„rn^ ^.jj,,^, .^„^ .^^^^^^^^^ ^^,^ ^j^^ principal wc.«tstn,>? 2. Mountains? .Surface? 3. lUv.r.77.^l7^mn,.? 5. Product.? 128 THE UNITED STATES. agricultural products. There are extensive mines of coal and iron, and numerous salt springs. Petroleum is obtained. 6. Population.— The inhabitants are of English descent, with many emigrants from other States. They number 442,000. 7. Chief Towns.— Charleston, the capital, is on the right bank of the Great Kanawha River. Wheeling, the former capital, lies on the left bank of the Ohio, on a narrow tract between the river and a range of high hills. It has a large river commerce, extensive man- ufactures, and is an important railroad centre. A suspension brid.rc here spans the Ohio. ^ Martinsburg, Parkersburg, Charlestown, Moundsville, and Olarks- burg are important towns. Romney, Philippa, Buckhannon, Beverly, and Harper's Ferry are noted places. ^ 8. Education— There is a college at Bethany, in Brooke County. The State is making good progress in the organization of an effective school system. NORTH CAROLINA. Questions on Map No. 11, North Carolina.— Bound North Caraliiiii. AVhat two large sounds on the coast? What three capes? What islands? What mountains in North Carolina? Ans. The Alkgl any Range, C ive some of the local names of these mountains. Where is White Top Peak? Mitchell's Peak? Buckley's Peak? What rivers empty into Albemarle Sound ? Into Pam^lico Sound ? What large river flows south into the Atlantic Ocean ? What two rivers flow into South Carolina? What and where is the capital? Where is Wilmington? New-Berne? Fayetteville ? Salisbury (sawlz^ber-re)2 Elizabeth? Edenton? 1. Position and Extent.- North Carolina lies south of Virginia and borders on the Atlantic Ocean ; its extreme length is 420 miles' and its extreme breadth 180 miles. Area, 45.000 square miles It is frequently called the Old North State, as South Carolina li-^s upon its southern border. (1. Population? 7. Abator Whoolinp? rniporf,,„U,owns ? Notc.l plncrs^ 8 Area? What is it rrciiuently culled? NORTH CAROLINA. 129 i\ and iron, scent, with )0. right bank ital, lies on river and a nsive man- sion bridge -nd Olarks- D, Beverly, ke County, in effective :nd North ree capes ? Ans. The lountains. f's Peak? !o Sound? What two ) capital? Salisbury Virginia, 20 miles, nil OS. It li'.\<^ upon at] plnccslf bread t!i / 2. Natural Features.— it/own if a »««.— Several parallel ranges of the Alleghany chain traverse the western part of the State : they are known by different names, as the Alleghany proper, Stone Moun- tains, Iron Mountains, Bald Mountains, Blue Kidge, and others. There are more than 12 peaks upwards of GOOO feet in height,— among which are Buckley, Clingman, Guyot, and Mitchell. Buckley, the loftiest, is 0775 feet high, and is the highest land east of the Mississippi River. One of these ranges forms the western boundary of the State. The surface further east and in the centre is hilly ; on and near (ho coast it is low and level. PINE FOREST IN NORTH CAROLINA. 3. Coast-line. — Thecoast-line is longand deeply indented. There are two large shallow sounds, Albemarle and Pamlico, which are cut off from the ocean by long, narrow, shifting sand islands, through which there are constantly changing inlets to the sea. 4. Rivers. — The principal rivers are Chowan (cho-wawn^) and 2. Mountains? Nauics? What laffy p-ak ? How liiffh ? What the western boundary:'' Surfnuo? 3. Coast-line ? What sounds? 4. Rivers? 180 THE UNITED STATES. Roanoke flowing into Albemarle Sound; Tar and Neuse, flowina into 1 amhco Sound ; Cape Fear, the largest river in the State, flow ing into the Atlantic Ocean ; and Yadkin and Catawba, flowing south into South Carolina. 5 Soil and Climate.~ln the sandy section on the coast, ex- tending inland more than 50 miles, are extensive forests of pitch ptne valuable for its lumber, tar, and turpentine : the interior is ertile and productive. The climate in the low lands is hot and un- healthy in summer ; in the middle and west it is temperate and Products.-Indian corn, tobacco, sweet potatoes, rice, and cotton, are staple. Other products are lumber, tar, pitch, and turpentine. Coal, copper, and gold are found. T .^•^°P"1^**°°— The white population is chiefly of English and Irish descent. Ihere are many negroes. Total, J,071 000 P. Chief Towns.-llaleigh, the capital, is near the Neuse River and IS an elevated and healthy city. The State-House is one of the largest and most splendid capitols in the United States. Raleigh is an important railroad centre. Wilmington, the chief city, on Cape Fear River, 35 miles from its mouth, has a large coastwise export trade, and considerable foreiirn cjnimorce. ° New-Berne, Fayetteville, Salisbury, Charlotte, Elizabeth, Edenton, and Beaufort [bu'furt), are flourishing towns. 1). Education.-The University of North Carolina is at Chapel 11.11, near Raleigh. Tliere are colleges at Forestville and in Meck- lenburg county, more than 1600 public schools, sustained by Stat, lunds and taxation, and numerous flourishing private academies vM m SOUTH CAROLINA. Questions on Map No. 12, South Carolina. -Bound South Carolina. What bays on the coast? What sound? What capo? What islands ? What mountains in the northwest ? What river forma its southwest b oundary ? What other rivers flow into the Atlantic WM ''?"^'; F^''^'V"' fi. Products? 7. Population? S. What of Raleieh! Wilmington? Othrr towns? 9. Education ? "«- oi xvaieign [ SOUTH CAROLINA. 131 luse, flowing ! State, flow- owing south le coast, ex- ists of pitch ) interior is hot and un- iperate and I, rice, and pitch, and Inglish and 00. euse River, one of the Raleigh is ■es from its ble foreign , Edenton, at Chapel i in Meck- d by Stata loniics. nd South bat cape? iver forma 5 Atlantic f Kaleigh f Ocean ? What and where is the capital ? IIow is Charleston siti* ated ? What forts before Charleston ? Where is Camden ? Green- ville? Hamburg? Cheraw? Aiken? Branchville? CUSTOM-HOUSE, CHARLESTON. 1. Position and Extent.— South Carolina lies south of North Carolina, and borders on the Atlantic Ocean on the east. Its ex- treme length and breadth arc each about 210 miles. Area, 24,500 square miles. North and South Carolina originally formed one colony, but wor.e divided in 17Il9. 2. Natural Fea.tvirea.~Mounta ins.— The Blue Ridge Moun- tains are on the northwest boundary, where they attain a heioht of 4000 feet. The surface falls gradually from this elevation to the low lands near the sea. 3. Coast-line.— The coast presents numerous bays, inlets, and shallow sounds, and but few good harbors. A number of low islands fikirt the coast. 4. Bivers.—ThQ principal navigable rivers are the Great Pedee, FouTH Carolina.— 1. Where is. it ? Length and breadth ? Area ? 2. Moun :ams? Surface? i. Coast-line? 4. fivers? Affluents? O^her rivers? 132 THE UNITED STATES. m m J III' Santee, and Savannah, all flowing into the Atlantic Ocean. The Little Pedee is an affluent of the Great Pedce, the Saluda, Congaree, and Broad of theSantee,and the Tugaloo of the Savannah. The Edisto, Cumbahee, Cooper, and Ashley, also flow into the Atlantic, and are navigable for only very small craft. 5. Soil and C I i m ate. — The soil in tlie interior is rich and product- ive ; that upon the islands near the coast produces the famous sea-island cotton, which grows only here and cm the islands near the coast of Georgia and Florida. The rice-fields, on the swampy lands, seem to bo exhaustless. The climate in the low lands is" moist and often un- healtliy in summer; in the interior and more elevated parta it is salubrious and delightful. 0. Products.— Cotton is the groat staple of the State. Rico is an important product; Indian corn, wheat, oats, tobacco, and sweet potatoes are the othi-r chief products. 7. Population.— The white population is principally of English and French descent. TIjere are nmny negroes. To>al, 700,000? 8. Chief Towns.— Columbia, the capital, is situated on an' ele- vation near the left liank of the Congaree River. It is handsomely laid out. with wide streets, and has many line buildings. The new State-House is a tnagnificont structure. Charlostou, the lar gest city in S outh Carolina, lies at the junction 5. Soil? llico-flolds? CHraatc? 6. Prodrcts ? 7. PoDulaiion? 8 W).nf of Columbia? 01' Ch •.rloslon ? OMicifowusv '• ^ ' l»"'»H"n/ 8. What RICE PLANTATION. GEORGIA. 133 of the Cooper and Ashley Rivers, 7 miles from the ocean. It is the principal seaport of the State, and has considerable commerce. Camden, Greenville, Hamburg, Georgetown, Cheraw, Beaufort, and Aikon are considerable towns. 0. Education.— South Carolina College, at Columbia, is a State mstitution, and has a library of 25,000 volumes. There are colleges also at Charleston, Greenville, and Newberry. The State makes a handsome annual appropriation for public schools, and there are numerous academies and private schools. GEORGIA. Questions on Map No. 12, Georgia.— Bound Georgia. What s;)unds on the coast ? What islands ? What mountains in the north ? What river forms a part of its northeastern boundary ? A part of its western ? What rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean ? What into Florida? Whore is the Okofinokee Swamp? Where and what is the capital? Where is Savannah ? Augusta? Darien? Brunswick? St. Mary's? Macon? Milledgeville ? Columbus? Rome? Amo- ricus? Andersonville? ^ 1. Position and Extent.— Georgia lies south of North and South Carolina and Tontujssee; its extreme length is IV20 milos, and its extreme breadth 254 miles. Area, 5S,000 square milos. 2. Natural FeatnieB.— Mountains.— Tho, Blue Ridge and other ranges of the Alleghany chain traverse the northwe'st part of the State ; from these mountains the surface falls towards the centre, where it is an undulating plain, elevated about 500 feet above the level of the sea ; from this plain it descends gradually to the coast, where it is low and level. 3. Cnasf-fiiie.—Thi^ eoast-lino extends about 100 miles, and is Hkirte Aron? Al»o,.t its name? ALABAMA. 137 5. Soil and Climate.— X small portion of the State is avail- able for cultivation ; the centre is the most productive, and yields vegetation of great variety and luxuriance. The climate is said to be one of the finest in the world. In the south the temperature scarcely changes the year round; in the north the summers are hot. 0. Products.—The chief products are cotton, sugar, rice, and tropical fruits, such as figs, pine-apples, and oranges. Several varie- ties of oak and pine, valuable in ship-building, are found ; that called live oak is the most important. 7. Population.— The inhabitants are mostly emigrants from other States, and number 188,000. Many of them are negroes. 8. Chief Towns.— Tallahassee, the capital, is in the north ; it has a handsome State-House and other public buildings. Jackson- ville, on the St. John's River, is the largest city in the State. Key West, on Key West Island, is the most southern town in the United States. 9. Pensacola and Appalachicola, on the Gulf of Mexico, are im- portant towns, and have considerable commerce. Fernandina, on the Atlantic coast, is connected by railroad with Cedar Keys on the gulf. St. Augustine, on the east coast, is the oldest town in the United States, having b(va settled by the Spaniards in 1505. 10. Education.— There are numerous private seminaries and Jioademies, and a liipited number of public schools. ALABAMA. Questions on Map No. 12, Alabama.— Bound Alabama. What gull south? What bays? Sound? Islands? What mountains in the north? What two rivers unite and form M()l)ilo River? Into what does it flow? What rivers flow from Alabama through Florida into the Gulf of Mexico? What river In the north ? Whr.t shoals? What and whore is the capital? Where is Mobile? liuntsville? D.Tatur? Tusoumbia? Florence? Tuscaloosa? Tuskegoe? Selma? I. Position an d Extent .— Ahibama lies west of Georgia and Ja'Lmnillo^I'TnJw- VrTl'^ ^' Population? sTAVlmt of T«llahn..c.e? JicKHotn II / Ivoy West? 9. Ponsacu.Ia an.l Appi.laehicola? Ffrnan.liiia ' Length and broudtb ? Area? Name? i. wiiou i.s ,(.' }2« w 138 THE UNITED STATES. COTTON-CHUTE ON THE ALABAMA RIVER. north of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. It is 350 miles lonj^ and "200 broad. Area, 50,700 square miles. Alabama derives its name from an Indian word signifying; " Here wo rest." 2. Natural Features.— .9m r/ace.— The Alleghany Mountains terminate in the northern part of Alabama, where they form a series of hills of moderate elevation. The mrface from this part of the State slopes gently to the south, but is (somewhat uneven and undu- lating near the centre. 3. Co a .* t-lt n c— The coast-line extends about 50 miles. Mobile Bay is the largest and finest bay on the Gulf of Mexico, and is the chief port of the commerce of the State. 4. Rive r ..-y. tlie capital, lie, on the left i>m „. J„ m.«. Ilmirish.ng ii. l„,i,l tow n, in the United States. It liar, 140 THE UNITED STATES. a fine State-House and many handsome edifices. The Alabama River IS navigable to this place for the largest steamers Mobile, on Mobile Bay, is the largest city in the State, and, next to New Orleans, the largest cotton-market in the United States It has considerable foreign commerce, and an extensive inland and coastwise trade. Huntsville, Decatur, Tuscumbia, Tuscaloosa, Tuskegee, Talladega, oelma, and Florence are important towns. 9. Education.— Alabama University is at Tuscaloosa. There are colleges at Macon, Spring Hill, and Marion, and in various parts many academies and seminaries, and about 1000 common schools ' ^ ii MISSISSIPPI. Questions on Map No. 12, Misslasippi.-Bound Mississippi. What gulf south? What sound? What lake? What islands? What river forms a large portion of its western boundary? Where does the Mississippi flow and empty ? What river forms the re- mainder of its western boundary? What river in the northeast corner? What rivers flow into the Mississippi ? Into the Gulf of Mexico? What and where is the capita.? Where is Vicksburg^ ^^^<^y^ll ^ollj Springs? Aberdeen? Columbus? Mississippi City? Shieldsboro? Biloxi? Port Gibson? Yazoo City? Meri- dian? Grenada? ^ 1. Position and Extent—Mississippi lies west of Alabama, and extends to the Mississippi River. Its extreme length is about 350 mi es, by an average breadth of 150 miles. Area, 47,200 square miles. * 2. Natural Features.-^.o-/a c ..-Along the banks of the Mississippi River, as far south as Vicksburg, the surface is low and niarshy and often inundated ; from Vicksburg to the southern part ot the State are numerous bluff's, irregularly scattered, and elevated from 50 to 200 foet above the river. The surface rises from the Mis- sissippi R.ver to wards the east, and becomes an undulating plain; ArLf^'f Wh!ll"7^-r''^ M.ssiss.rM.,.-!. Wheroi.it? Length and breadth ? Of swanfpsT ' ^'*""' "'^''^ '^""" '^ '■''"^ "°* »" »he .outh ? MISSISSIPPI. 141 at the south it is low and level. In various parts are extensive swamps, some of which have been reclaimed, and found exceedingly fertile. 3. Coast-line.— T\\Q coast-line on the Gulf of Mexico is about 90 miles, including the indentations, without any harbors that will admit large vessels. Oflf the coast, a distance of five or six miles, is a chain of low islands, covered with pines and coarse grass, at one of which (Ship Island) is a good harbor. 4. Rivers.—ThQ Mississippi and the Pearl Rivers are the west- crn boundary of the State. Owing to the conformation of the banks of the Mississippi it affords but two good harbors, Vicksburg and Natchez. The Tennessee River forms the northeast border for a distance of twenty miles, and then flows north into Tennessee. The principal rivers flowing southwest into the Mississippi River are the Yazoo and Big Black. The Pearl and Pascagoula Rivers flow south into the Gulf of Mexico, b. Soil and Climate. — The soil is in general exceedingly fer- tile; perhaps in no other part of the world are there such allu- vial lands as those of the Mississippi bottoms. The climate is re- markably equable; the M^nters are a little colder than in the same latitude on the Atlantic border. In the south, the fig and orange grow to perfection ; and in the north, all the fruits of the temperate zone. 6. Products.— The chief staple is cotton. The other important products are Indian corn, wheat, rice, oats, and sweet potatoes. Agriculture is the chief pursuit of the people. 7. Population.— This State was settled by the French : but their settlements were not permanent. The inhabitants are chiefly of English and Irish descent, and emigrants from other States. There are also many negroes. Total, 828,000. 8. Chief Towns — Jackson, on the right bank of the Pearl River, near the centre of the State, is the capital. It contains some hand- some buildings, and has ruilroad connections east and west. Vicksburg, the largest city in the State, lies on the left bank 3. Coast-line ? What off the coast ? 4. Rivers ? What rivers flow infn tV>o iVfi^---joi.^r!i ' iiri.-.i. „r *!,_ Of the Tennessee River? Kivers? 5. Soil? Climate? 6. Chief staple? Other products? Chief pursuit? 7. Population? 8. What of Jackson? Vicksburg? Natchez? Other principal towns ? 142 THE UNITED STATES. «i COURT-HOUSE, VICK3I3UR3. of the Mississippi River, 400 miles from New Orleans. It is an important mart for cotton, and has, in addition to its river com- merce, good railroad facilities east and west. It contains a splendid court-house. Natchez, the second city in population, lies on the left bank of tb« Mississippi, on a bluff 200 feet high. The streets are wide, and the public buildings handsome. Many of the private residences are surrounded by orange groves. It is the centre of a large cotton- trade. Ofher principal towns are Port Gibson, Holly Springs, Aberdeen, Grenada, Meridian, and C -lumbus. Mississippi City, Shieldsboro, and Biloxi, on the coast, are shallow harbors. 9. Education.— Oxford, in the north, is the seat of the Univer- sity of Mississippi. There are colleges at Clinton, Sharon, and Do Soto, and in various parts of the State numerous academies and seminaries, and nearly 1000 public schools. V/hat harbors On the coast? 9. Education ? LOUISIi^NA. 14;^ LOUISIANA. Questions on Map No. 12, LouL .ana.- Bound Louisiana. What gulf south ? Name the two bays on the east coast. The four on the south. What group of islands southeast? What islands south? What lakes in the southeast? In the south ? In the north- west ? What river is a part of the eastern boundary ? Pari of the western ? What river flows into the Mississippi ? What rivers into the Gulf? What and where is the capital ? Where is Alexandria ? Natchitoches? Shreveport? DonaldsonviUe ? Plaquemine? Opelou- sas? Baton Rouge? Lakeport? Mansfield? Grand Ecore? Fort Jessup? Tort Hudson? Bayou Sara? Monroe? 1. Position and Extent.—Louisiana lies west of the State of Mississippi, and is bounded on the south by the Gulf of Mexico. Its extreme length is 290 miles, and itt< width 200 miles. Area, 4G,500 square miles. 2. Natural Features.— ;S'wr/ac e.— The surface is generally level, nowhere attaining an elevation of more tiian 200 feet above tide-water, while in the south a fourth part of the State is elevated but 10 feet above the sea, and is inundated annually by the spring floods. In the centre are extensive prairies, and in the north the surface is diversified by low hills. The Mississippi River so constantly overflows its west bank that dikes of earth, called levees, are raised to keep the water within its channel ; these levees border the west bank of the river as far up as Baton Rouge ; above that, high bluffs line the banks. The breaking of the water through a levee is called a crevasse, and it is sometimes very disastrous. 3. Coast-line.— The coast-line on the Gulf of MexiCo is exten- sive, but without any good harbors. There are numerous lakes near the coast, of which Pontchartruin and Borgne [born) are the largest. A number of islands skirt the coast, 4. Rivers. — The Mississippi River fo'-niG the northern half of the T.ftrisiAKA. — T. Where 5s it? Length ^nd breadth? Area? 2. Siirfuoe? what of the Mississippi River? What is this brealcing in of the water called? '^i. Coast-line? 4. Rivers? Sabiue? Pearl? What further of these rivers / 144 THE UNITED STATES. eastern boundary, and then flows through the State in a southeast erly direction into the Gulf of Mexico ; its principal affluent in Louisi- ana is the Ked lliver. The Washita is a branch of the Red. The Sabine is on the western boundary, and also flows into the Gulf of Mexico. The Pearl Kiver is on the southeastern boundary. All these rivers are navigable, and upon their waters are conveyed vast quantities of cotton, sugar, and other products. 5. Soil and Climate. — The river-valleys are exceedingly fer- tile ; a large portion of the surface is heavily timbered, and when cleared is found very productive. The winters are mild and delight- ful ; but the long and sultry heats of summer, acting on the extensive marshes, produce yellow fever and other diseases. 6. Products.— Sugar and cotton are the staples. Rice, Indian corn, and tobacco are important crops. In the south, the orange, lemon, lime, and other tropical fruits flourish. 7. Population.— The original settlers were French and Spanish ; but the population now contains many emigrants from the North, and from other countries, besides many negroes. Total, 727,000. 8. Chief Towns.— New Orleans {or^le-vnz), the capital and chief city, and the largest in the Southern States, lies on the Missis- sippi, in a bend of the river, about 100 miles from its mouth, and is frequently called the "Crescent City." It is adorned with many fine specimens of architecture. The new Custom-House, built of Quincy granite, is the largest building in the United States, except the Capitol at Washington. New Orleans is the grand depot of the Mississippi Valley trade, and has a very large commerce. It is famous for the battle fought by General Jackson against the British on the 8th of January, 1815, in which he gained a great victory, and his opponent, General Pakenham, was killed. 9. Baton Rouge {haVun-roozh'), the former capital, is situated on the Mississippi River. It stands on a high bluff, and has many hand- some villas surrounded by orange groves. Alexandria, Natchitoches [natch-e-totch'iz), and Shreveport, on the Red River, and Monroe, on the Washita, are towns of importance. Donaldsonville, on the vttfl f Climate? 6 Products? 7. Population? 8. New Orleans? For what famous ?_ 9. Whatof Baton Rouge? Alexandria, Natchitoches, fchrcvcporc, ana Monroe? l>onaldsouviiIe ? PlaoiiBmin« nnH n,,oi«.,on=v Lakeport ? l>onaldsouviiIe ? Plaquemine and Opelousas? TEXAS. 145 Mississippi, was at one time the capital. Plaquemine {plak-mem') and Opelousas [o-pe-loo^sa») are flourish- ing places. Lakeport is Hio principal town on Lake P n t c h a r- train. 10. Educa- tion.— The school system of Louisiana is in a flour- ishing condi- tion : a tax is levied annu- ally for the support of the schools. The University of Lc.uisiana is at New Orleans. There are colleges at Jackson and Washington. CITY OF NEW ORLEANS. TEXxVS. J^T^^T. °'' ^^^ ^°- ^^' Te^as.-Bound Texas (... Map A«. 7). What gulf southeast {see Map No. 13)? What bays on the coast? What islands? What mountains between the Pecos and Rio Grande Rivers? What east of the Pecos? Where is Fl Llano Estacado? What lake on the southeast? What river separates in part Texas from Louisiana? Texas wholly from Mexico? Into what do these rivers flow ? What other rivers flow into the Gulf of Mexico ? What river separates Texas from Indian Territory ? What 10. Education? Universities and colleges? 146 THE UNITED STATES. \i i 1 1 1 and where is the capital? Where is San Antonio? Galveston? Houston? Matagorda? Corpus Christi? Indianola? Brownsville? 1. Position and Extent.— Texas lies west of Arkansas, Louisiana, and the Gulf of Mexico ; its greatest length is 800 miles, and its greatest breadth 750 miles. Area, 237,000 square miles. It is the largest State in the Union. 2. Natural Features.— There are no mountains of great height in Texas. The Guadalupe Mountains, a broken chain under various names, lie between the Rio Grande and Pecos Rivers. Nearly paral- lel to the Guadalupe, another range, on the east side of the Pecos, with scattered peaks, strikes southward ; the highest summits do not exceed 3000 feet. These mountains are offshoots of the great Rocky range. The north and northwest is mostly an elevated table-land from 2000 to 3000 feet above the level of the sea. The surflice falls gradually from the north and west to the coast, whore it is low and level. The Llano Estacado (Staked Plain) {rf/ayno€s-tah-kah'do),inthQ north, is sterile ttble-land, elevated about 2500 feet above the sea, without grass or timber ; it lies partly in Now Mexico and partly in Texas, and on the route formerly pursued by tlie Sante Fe traders to the trading-posts on the Gulf of Mexico. As this vast plain was without natural landmarks to guide the traveller, these traders ])laced stakes at short intervals. The stakes are now mostly fallen, but the name is retained. 3. Coast-line.— Tho coast-lino extends about 300 miles; there are but finv harbors, and they are shallow. The coast is skirted by low shifting sand islands which nearly bar up the ports. 4. Jiivers.— The principal rivers are the Red, which forms a por^ tion of its northern boundary, the Sabine, of the eastern, and tho Rio Grande, of the southwestern : the two latter, with the following, flow ilmost in paraUel lines in a si.utheasterly direction into tho Gulf of Mexico; the Nueces (nwai/'fies), (huidalupo, Colorado, Brazos, and I'rinity. all of those rivers are navigablo for steamers. 5. Soil and CVuua^e.— There is every variety of soil, and in Tkxah.— I. Whcro is it? LoriKth and hroadth? Area? 2. Mountains? liijjnost Muniuit«r (M what are fhcso nioiinlnins otl'sluMits 7 Siirl'iioo? Do- ■cribo the IJai.o Estncadn. ,1. Con^t-f....? 4. Wl.a' rivers uro on tho bound- nrios? Other rivrrw ? 6. Soil? (Miiaati? TEXAS. 147 jroneral it is extremely fertile. The dim- to is very salubrious. Owing to the refreshing breezes from the Gulf of Mexico, Texas is more free from malarious diseases than any of the other Gulf States. G. Products. — Cotton is the groat staple, and flourishes in every part of the State: that grown near the Gulf is nearly equal in quality to the choice " sea-island." Two crops of Indian corn may be raised in a year ; other products are wheat, rye, oats, and tobacco. In West Texas vast herds of cattle are fed on the natural pastures, SCEME IN TEXAS. which are said to bo the finest in the world. There are extensive bituminous coal-fields; marble and lead have been fi)und. 7. Population.— Tho population is HIU.OOO, and is of a mixed cliiiructer, consisting of Mexicans. Fronci»men, settitM-s from other "tutoH, emigrants from Europe, and negroes. Tho Apacho and (V inanche Indiana still rotun in tho western part. H. Chief Tov(rn8.— Austin, tho capital, is situated on the Colorado, '200 miles from its mouth. «. Prodnots? AVhat in West Texas? Minerals? 7. Population? 8. Whut iif Austin '( 148 THE UNITED STATES. 9. Galveston, on an island of the same name, in Galveston Bay 18 the largest city in the State, and is the principal seat of commerce San Antonio, on a branch of San Antonio Kiver, is the oldest town and contains the AKamo Fort, in whicii, during the Texan war of independence, 150 Texans resisted for eleven days the attack of 4000 Mexicans, but were finally captured and all put to the sword. 10. Houston {hu'stun), Jefferson, Matagorda, Corpus Christi, and Indianola are important places; the latter has an excellent trade. Brownsville is a flourishing town on the Rio Grande, opposite Mata^ moras, in Mexico. 11. Education.— At Independence is a university; at Goliad, Columbus, and Galveston, are colleges ; and in various parts of the State, there are numerous academies and seminaries. » ARKANSAS. Questions on Map No. 12, Arkanaas.— Bound Arkansas. What mountains in the northwest ? Lake in the northeast ? What river the eastern boundary ? What rivers flow into the Mississippi ? What flow south into I,ouisiana? Where are the Hot Springs? What and whore is the capital? Where is Helena? Van Buren? Camden? Arkadelphia? Fort Smith? Pine Bluff? Arkansas Post ? 1. Position and Extent.— Arkansas lies west of Tennessee and Mississippi, and north of Louisiana. It is about 240 miles long, by 225 in width. Area, 52,000 square miles. 2. Natural FeatmeB.—Moutita /««.— ThoPea Ridge andBoston Mountains, in the northwestern part of the State, are about 2000 feet in height, and are the principal elevations. The surface in the centre of the State is undulating ; in the east it is low and covered with marshes, which are frequently inundated. a. liivers.—ThG Mississippi River is the onstorn boundary. The <.tl.or principal rivers are St. Francis, White, Arkansfts, Washita, and Red. They flow in a south and H<.uth<>ast.>rly direction into tho Mississippi River, and are all navigal)le for stoaniors. a n_i i__ • ,A»«*u 1 wk ^"" 1^.°,*''°r"' ^»- "'her towns? II. Kaucafio,,? An- B»rf:;jorll.r^^^^^^^ Length a„abrc«dth? Area? 2. Mountains? ARKANSAS. 149 4. Soil and CUmatc-The river-valleys are fertile and pro- duce bountiful crops; the centre is adapted to gracing and grain The chmate m the lo^. lands is unhealthy, but in the more elevated parts quite salubrious. The Hot Springs, on Washita River, are about 80 in number and are much resorted to by invalids. Oilstone of excellent quality, 'used for sharpening fine instruments, is abundant in the neighborhood COTTON-FIELD IN ARKANSAS. 5. Products.-Cotton, Indian corn, wheat, and tobacco are the prmcpal produ.-ts of the soil. Mine« of coal, iron, lead, salt, and other nunoruls havo been found ; they are as yet but little developed, tattle, sheep, and swino are numerous. <••• Population. -The people wore originally French settlors. 'IH. population l.Ms been greatly increased by in.migrarion from other Nates. There are also many negroes. Totnl, 484,000. <• — .V. ^„„no.— h.tthvKuck, tho capital, lies (m the right bank .l/lS/ (Sl"wn""*''"'"'^''' 5. Pro.luctal' 6. Population? 7. Lit- 13* ! .1! 150 THE UNITED STATES. Of the Arkansas River, 300 miles from its mouth, and near the centre ot the State. It lias a fine Stato-llouse and other public buildino-g and considerable river commerce. '^ ' Helena, Van Buren, Camden, Arkadelphia, Fort Smith, and Pine Bluff are important towns. Arkansas Post is the oldest town in the State. 8. Education.— Education is making very encouraging progress in Arkansas. There are many academies and seminaries, and about 1300 schools. TENNESSEE. Questions on Map No. 12, Tennessee.— Bound Tennessee. What mountains on the eastern boundary? What parallel range farther west? What river is the western boundary? What river flows in and out of the State in the north ? What river rises in East Tennessee, flows south into Alabama, and then north through Tennessee into Kentucky ? Name its two principal affluents hi Tennessee. What and where is the capital ? Where is Memphis ? Knoxville? Murfreesboro ? Clarksville ? Gallatin? Columbia? Winchester? Franklin? Chattanooga? ^ 1. Position and Extent.— Tennessee lies north of Georgia, Ala- bama, and M ississippi ; its greatest length is 430 miles, and its breadth 1 10 miles. Area. 45,G0O square miles. 2. Natural Featurea.— Mountains.— Tha Alleghany Moun- tains, under various local names, separate it from North Carolina; further west, the Cumberland Mountains, a parallel range of the same chain, pass through the State from northeast to soufhwrst ; l)ot\voen these two ranges is a fertile and well-watered valley. West of the Cumberland Mountains the surface is undulating, and slopes gently to its western boundary. 3. liioera.— The Mississippi River bounds Tennessee on the west. p. Kdiioatinn ? Twvvaavtrt t xvu !- ji « t .i_ --j i_ ... • « • /. Mmmt'iins? Pnrfaoo went of tho Cumborluna Mountains? 3. lUvorat w hat a, 40,000 S(|uare miles. 2. Natural Features.— There are no mountains in Ohio. A low ridg(! of jiighlands north of the middle of the State sepnrnt'.v". t!H> Other townw? 1). E.Inoation? Ohio.— I. AVIk-iv is if? TiCtifrth iin.l hroadth ' Ari'H? 2. Mouiitiiinn? What ofuridgoorhifrhl.iiidsi' Ofthccoiitroonho St,a}«? OHIO. 153 CINCINNATI. mers flowing north from those flowing south. The centre of the 8 ate 18 an elevated plain, about 1000 feet above the level of the sea. The surface is undulating, falling gently from this elevation to Lake Erie on the north and the Ohio River on the south. 3 Lakes --Ltike Erie, one of the groat chain of American lakes, borders the State on the northeast about 150 miles, affording several fine harbors. There are a few small islands in the western part belongmg to Ohio. This lake opens commerce to all the groat lakes and through the Erie Canal in New York and the Hudson Kiver to the Atlantic Ocean. 4. Rivers.-Tho Ohio River forms its southern boundary; its principal affluents are the Muskingum, Scioto, and Miami {mi-ah^- mee) The rivers flowing north into Lake Erie are the Maumee Sandusky, Ilur.m, and Cuyahoga [ki-ah-ho'qah). 5. Soil and Climate.~-'\\^. s„il is almost uniformly very fer- lie, and the river-valleys excee.lingly productive. The 'climate in the south 18 mi ld and de liglitfuj, but in the north the winters are Surface? 3. What lake? Comraorco? Islan.ls? 4. Rivers? 5. Soil? Climate? m Idi THE UNITED STATES. Hi i II '■■! i'lll MONUMENT TO COMMODORE PERRY AT CLEVELAND. as cold as in the same latitude in the Eastern States, owing to the proximity of the lake. 6. Products. — Indian corn, wheat, tobacco, and oats are staple products. Ohio is the largest wool-growin^- Itate, and one of tiio largest producers of pork and live stock, in i le Union : other pro- ducts are barley, rye, peas, beans, butter, and cheese. The vine is cultivated, and excellent wine is made. Salt is manufactured. There are extensive grindstone and building-stone quarries in the northern part. Coal and iron are found. 7. There are manufactories o/' cotton, woollen, leather, and paper. Steamboats are built upon the Ohio River and upon Lake Erie. The towns situivted on Lake Erie have considerable trade with Canada; but the chief commerce of the State is by steamboats upon the Ohio and Mississippi, and by the numerous railroads. 8. Population.— The inhabitants are chiefly emigrants and the descendants of oaii grants from the Eastern States. They number 2,GG5,fJ00. 6. Products? 7. Manufactories'* Trade and coaimcrco ? 8. Population? KENTUCKY. 155 • ;i, ! '^owiM.-Columbus, the capital, lies on the Scioto River, .. the centre of the State. It is handsomely laid out. and is noted for ts .mmerous and elegant pnblic bnildings; the mos conspicuous .» the State-House, ,vh,ch is one of the finest specimens of Dorl architecture in Amorica. , 10. Cincinnati, tlio chief city, and the most populous i„ the Ohio alley, l.cs on the nght bank „f the Ohio, 500 LL from its luth It ;s bmltupon two terraces, rising from the river at different elt vations, and .s environed on the north by a range of hills abou m oet h,gh, form,„g a picturesque and beautiful amphitheatre It has many splend,d public buildings, and numerous pri™ to resi euces,wh,ch equal in grandeur the finest in the Eastcrn'citie T e trade of Cnioinuati by the Ohio Kiver nnd 1>„ ti.. ; T ti-atin, all the Weste/n States, is inZ::!^:^^^::^ Cincinnati is one of the largest pork-markets in the ^oM ^' 11. Cleveland, on Lake Erie, is the second city in population in Oluo ; 1 stands upon a blufF overlooking the lake"^ It is w 11 built prospeious tiade. There is a fine monument to Commodore Perry m the public square Toledo, Dayton, Sandusky, Springfield and Zanesville are flourishing towns. Marietta is noted foAeing the olde^st town in the State ; it was settled in 1788. • ^7.^^"^^t*on.-There are nine universities and fifteen colleges in Ohio. Ihere is a considerable school fund, and an annual tax is laid for educational purposes. There are numerous academies and seminaries, and more than 700,000 pupils in the schools KENTUCKY. Questions on Map No. 14, Kentucky.- Bound Kentucky. U liat mountains form a part of the eastern boundary? What river tornis a part of the same? Into what does the Big Sandy flow? What r.vor IS the northern boundary? What a partof the western? What nvers flow into the Ohio in Kentucky west of Louisville ? What east "f Louisville? What and where is the capital? Where is Louis- '4'. "^ii^t^'irslii^^^ "' "-• 156 THE UNITED STATES. villA? Covington? Lexington? Newport? Paducah? Hickman? Maysville? Danville ? In what part of the State and in what county is the Mammoth Cave? 1. Position and Extent. — Kentucky lies north of Tennessee. Its greatest length is about 300 miles, and its greatest breadth abcmt 170 miles. Area, 37,700 square miles. 2. Natural Features. — Moutitains. — The Cumberland Moun- tains, a part of the great Alleghany range, form the southeastern boundary. A low broken ridge, offshoots of the Cumberland, pene- trates the State. The surface in the eastern part as far as the centre is hilly; in the western part it is nearly level. A low range of hills borders the Ohio River. ml STATE-HOUSE, FRANKFORT. 3. Rival's. — The Ohio llivor washes its northern boundary, anci unites with the Mississippi, which forms its western boundary. These great rivers open to Kentucky vast commercial facilities with tho valley of the Mississippi and the port of New Orleans. Tho afflti Krntucky. — \. Where is it? Lontrth and breadth? Area? 2. M(aiii- lains? Surface? 3. What rivers? Affluents uf the Ohio? KENTUCKY. 157 » 3 Of U.e Ohio i„ Kentucky are the Tennessee, Cumberland Green bait, Kentucky, Li„ki„g, ,„d Big Sandy, all having a northwe« 2 cours^and ah except the Licking, navigable for sLmboat ' largelTd"*"" '"""■~^'' *""'™-" C-" '" Kentucky i. the one of the most re- markable subterra- nean cav ■ ertis in the world. It has been ex- plored ten miles, and found to contain vas^ chambers, galleries, and mounds, splendid arches, stalactites innumerable, and rivers mhabited by blind fish. 5^ Soil «^^ CZtma^e.-Kentucky is one of the loading agrieul- tural States, and is noted for the richness of its soil. The climate is m,ld and agreeable, the winters are short, and the autumn and spring ave not so cold as in the same latitude on the eastern coast b. Products.-Tobacco, Indian corn, hemp, and flax are staples- other principal products are wheat, oats, rye, and wool. The tan- neries are numerous and extensive. Salt, from the numerous salt springs, 18 largely manufactured. TLare are great fields of bitu- mmous coal, and some iron and lead. 7. Population.— The people are principally descendants of emi- grants from the more eastern States, chiefly from Virginia. There are many negroes. Total population, 1,321,000 irl °p*^^ To^"«-Frankfort i.s the capital ; it lies on the Ken- nd L ''\r "^'^.f/-™ 5*« n->"th- It has a fine State-Hous« and other public buildings, and is the centre of an active trade VIEW IN THE MAMMOTH CAVE. 4. Mammoth Cave' Fy Soil' ri;mof»9 a r> i i^ •> n.. olthe population? 8. Vb^t of S'lJort? '"''''^ ^'""^'"' ^'^''^'' 14 158 THE UNITED STATES. 9. Louisville, the chief city, is situated on the left bank of the Ohio River, at the falls ; it stands on a plain elevated about GO feet above the river, is well laid out, and has many elegant buildings. A canal has been cut around the falls, navigable f'>r large steamers. Louisville is one of the most important cities of the Mississippi Val- ley. The facilities for commerce by the Ohio River, and by the numerous railroads centring here, have greatly added to its wealth and prosperity. 10. Covington, on the Ohio, at the mouth of 7 king River, and opposite Cincinnati, is a flourishing city. Lexington is the oldest town in the State, and is distinguished for its culture and refine- ment. Newport, Paducah, Maysville, and Danville are important towns. 11. Education.— The State has a large school fund. There are numerous academies and public schools, a university at Lexington, and colleges at Bardstown, Danville, Georgetown, and Louisville. INDIANA. Questions on Map No. 14, Indiana.— Bound Indiana. What lake in the northwest? What river is the southern boundary? What one a part of its western boundary? Into what does the Wa- bash empty? What river empties into the Ohio at the southeast corner? What rivers in Indiana flow into the Wabash? What river in the north flows into the Illinois River in the State of Illi- nois ? What river in the northeast flows into Lake Erie in Ohio ? What and where is the capital? Where is Evansville? Fort Wayne? Terre Haute? New Albany? Lafayette? Madison? Richmond? Logan sport? Vincennes? Jeiffersonville? Vevay? 1. Position and E2:tent. — Indiana lies north of Kentucky and west of Ohio ; its greatest length is about 275 miles, and its greatest breadth about 140 miles. Area, 33,800 square miles. 9. What of Louisville? 10. Covinjifton ? Lexington? Ofher towns? 1.1. Education? Indiana. — 1. Where is it? Length and breadth ? Area? INDIANA. 159 2. Natural Features.-^ w rface.— There are no mountains or great elevations in Indiana. The south and southwest part is hillv but by far the f j. larger portion is level or slightly undu- lating, with many exten- sive prairies. The surface slopes gently towards the Ohio River. Lake Michi- gan borders on the north- west, and has a coast-line of about40mile8. S.Hivers. prairie in Indiana. -The Ohio River forms its southern boundary. The Wabash a tributary of the Ohio, forms a part of its western boundary; 'its principal affluents are the Tippecanoe, Sugar, and White Rivers 4. Soil and Climate.-The soil is generally fertile, and ex- ceedingly productive in the river-bottoms ; the northeastern part is heavily timbered. The climate is somewhat milder than in the same latitude on the Atlantic ©oast, and the winters are shorter. 5. Curwsides.—There are a number of caves in Indiana, one, the Wyandotte Cave, in Crawford county, rivalling the famous Mam- moth Cave of Kentucky. It has been explored more than three miles G. Population.— The French were the original settlers; but the present population are chiefly emigrants and descendants of emi- grants from the more eastern States. They number 1,681,000. 7. Products.— Indian corn and wheat are staples. Other import- ant products are wool, flax, oats, tobacco, and Irish potatoes. Cattle swine, and sheep abound. There are numerous tanneries. The 2. Surface? What lake? ,S. Rivers? 4 Whnf of fhn »«!i ? m- . .. b. Cuno«ities? 6. Population? 7. Products p'-Tan^ldes/'coll'fieldBTwrat im 'tih u 160 THE UNITED STATES. coal-fields of Ir,dmna are very extensive. Along the banks of the Ohio Rxver beds of cannel coal have been developed. Iron and grindstones are found. At Vevay, a Swiss settlement, wine is made 8. Chief Town8.-Indianapolis, the capital and largest city, is situated near the centre of the State, on the West Fork of White River It IS a fine city, with wide streets, and contains an elegant State-House, in the Doric style, and other public buildings; it ha, great railroad facilities and an increasing trade. 9. Evansville, the second city in the State, lies on the Ohio River, It 18 noted for its coal-mines, and as the principal shipping port for the products of Southwestern Indiana. Fort Wayne, in the north- east, has an extensive railroad communication and a flourishing trade. Terre Haute, on the Wabash River, is an important shipnina point on the Wabash and Erie Canal. 10. New Albany, on the Ohio River, opposite Louisville. Kentucky IS noted for its extensive steamboat-building. Lafayette, Madison,' Richmond, Logansport, and Jeflfersonville are important towns. 11. Education.— Indiana has a large school and university fund Ihere la a flourishing university at Bloomington ; also a Normal School at Terre Haute. There are also numerous colleges and academies, and more than 5()00 public schools. ILLINOIS. Questions on Map No. 14, Illinois.-Bound Illinois. What lake in the northeast? Where is Lake Peoria? Lake Pishtake? What river is tho western boundary? A part of the s(mth<.rn ? A part of tho eastern ? Into what doon the Wabash empty? What four rivers in Illinois empty into tlie Mississippi? What two into tho Wabash ? What rivers fl,.w into the Illinois River on the east? On the west ? AVhere is Fox River? What and where is the capital ? Whrre is Chicago? On what river is fJalona? Rock Island? Where is Quincy? Alton? R.rkford? Ottawa? Freeport? Aur.mi? G.-n.- seo? Nap,>rvilh>? P,..,ria? Lincoln? Bl'.omington ? Jacksonville? Oalesburg? Belleville? Kaskaskia? ?f/r"-^An^- ^'5'''?."^"''^ 0. Evansville? Fort Wayne? Terre Haute? Lo«X;^t;^u.hr'x::r^^ n.Ea...tiou? i...j;u..- where i;;:; ii )ank8 of the . Iron and ine is made, gest city, is rk of White an elegant ings ; it has Ohio River, ng port for I the north- flourishing nt shipping Kentucky, 3, Madison, owns, irsity fund. a Normal lieges and ILLINOIS. 161 >!«. "What PiHhtake? them? A What four o into the oast ? On 10 capital '/ 1? Whore ra? (mmic- ksonviilo? rro Ilnuto? Hiero is it.' 1 Position ana Extent.-Illinoi, lies west of Lake Michic-„„ ndmna, and Kentucky; its greatest length is alK.ut 390 miles ^H .,gr«jeadth about 200 miles. a1, ar,"! m IT ' IlUnor Z ^T"™-"*"'-^'" "-''■'"=■■« ■"•"""■""'"'tains in from 300 L\jfTu «''"'™"^ " '^'''"-'■""J °f ^"'vated prairies! from 300 to 500 feet above tide-water, and sloping with the genera cou se of the nvors towards the southwest and souti In thenar h west, and along the Ml^sissmr.; on,i tii- • t>- ^"inenor.h- vated bluffs. ^^'^^'^^'PPi and Illinois Rivers, are many ele- 8TATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY, AT BLOOMINQTON. «.thm the State of 00 nulos, and affords groat commercial facilities p tu.!^"" '^'" ''"''"'"^ '^^ *^^« ""^^ "^^'- lakes of L: 4. /^M,o-..-The Mississippi River bounds Illinois on tho west, he Ohio bminds it in part on the south, and the Wabash in part o.; ho east. Tho principal afflnonts of the Mississippi in Illinois are ho Illinois, Rock. Kaskaskia. an.l Ohio, (lowin^r i„ „ sonfl.u..f,..ly onlTfr* ^." .''"'" '""*' "'■' ""''«'^^'"' '^'' ^^^'^ "^"'l Kaskaskio only lor small stcamora. 2. WlmtofitMBurfuce? What in tho .mrthw^tpl.TiTkc? 4 RIver.f 14* ml 1G2 THE UNITED STATES. [-1 ' 5. Soil and Climate.— IWinoh, in feiiility.of soil, is not sur- passed by any other State in the Union. There are various parts adapted to grazing, and some covered with heavy timber; but in general the soil is deep and luxuriantly fertile. The climate is salubrious, except in the river-valleys and the low lands in the south. The winters, owing to the prevalent northwest winds, are cold; and the summers, although greatly modified by the southwest winds, are hot. 6. Products.— In the production of Indian corn and wheat, IIH. nois surpasses every other State. Other chief products are oats, wool, hay, tobacco, Irish potatoes, and broom-corn. Rich and pro- ductive lead-mines are developed near Galena, in the northwest. Bituminous coal is abundant, particularly upon the bluflFs adjacent to the Mississippi. Iron is found in the south. Salt is manufactured. 7. Population— The French were the original settlers. La Salle, an enterprising explorer, with a colony of Canadians, founded Kas' kaskia and other towns, in 1G83. The present population are chiefly fmigrants and descendants of emigrants from the Eastern States They number 2,540,000. 8. Chief Town s.— S[)ringfield, (ho capital, is near the cen- tre of the State. It is a Ii a n d 8 o ni o <'ity, with •Jjj| wide Btreets, and contains !in elegant StiltO-lIoUHC, tlie State Uni- versity, ane JJlt) on in -• T ' ''.''"" third city in ponulation Tf il u 7 . ""^'^ ^'^^'' ^« ^^^ J m population. It IS handsomely built anri nn« ^f *u most populous and prosperous places on the IlS ^" Galena, near the Mississippi, is noted for its lead'mine, Rlno Aleon. Be.leville.'^Ottatr^.tl^t lS^^^^^^^ .^'T"''' important towns. -^mcoin, and ireeport, are 11. Education—Great attention is paid to education Th« MLSSOURI. Qneatlons on Map No. 14. Mi.souri.-Bound Missouri Whnt l"k- HI the -uUujus^^ O. Whnt of Chlnnirn? \ri,..( I... t -i .,._,. _ - _ river (-..nnooticiHr For what Z>i^' nruT'\, .•^^'*'"* ""^ "" •"""f"*'! nn.l Q"incy? Peoria? (Jalon.7mrm7iLn^m '•''':''"'""• »^"I'"I.Mo„ ? ,n cation? Schoul-fun.l und soh ol, r ^ "" '^ Otla-r towns? 11. What of e.lu- i^' I • saisi 164 THE UNITED STATES. 10 1:1 H i King's Mt.? What river is the eastern boundary of the State? What river is for some distance the western boundary, and thence flows eastward through the State? Into what river doen the Missouri empty? What affluents flow into the Missouri Eiver on the north ? On the south? What rivers in the ^tate flow into the Mississippi? What and where is the capital? Where is St. Louis? On what river is St. Charles? St. Joseph? Kansas City? Hannibal? Cape Girardeau? Where is RoUa? Springfield? Sedalia? Indepen- dence? Savannah? Warrenton? Lexington? Booneville? 1. Position and Extent.— Missouri lies west of Illinois, Kevi tucky, and Tennessee, and north of Arkansas. Its length and breadth are each about 280 miles. Area, 07,400 square miles. 2. Natural Features.— aS'm rfa c e.— North of the Missouri River the surface is mostly level or undulating; south of the Missouri River the banks of the Mississippi rise precipitously, sometimes as high as 300 feet above the water, and the surface from thence to its western border is undulating and often rugged. The ridge separating the waters flowing into the Missouri from those flowing into the Mississippi is nowhere elevated more than 2000 feet. In the southeast are extensive and almost impenetrable cypress swamps, and several lakes and lagunes. 3. River «.- The Missouri River forms its northwestern boundary for more than 150 miles, and then flows entirely through the State and empties into the Mississippi River, The Mississippi forms the eastern boundary. Tlie Missouri is navigable for small steamers to Fort Benton, in Montana Terrtory, under the very shadows of the Rocky Mountains, a distance from its moiitii of more than 2000 miles. The principal affluents of the Missouri in the State of Missouri on the north are the (JraEd and Ciiariton, and on the south the Osage and Gasconade. The principal affluents of the Mississippi within the State are the Salt, Dos Moines, Missouri, and Marnmec( wcrVe-maA-). 4. Soil and Climate. — The bottom-lands bordering on the Mississippi and Missouri are remarkably fertile; the soil generally is good, and has great agricultural resources. There are n.any forests of pine and heavy timber. The summers are very warm ; the MlilfiOlJRi.— I. Where t» it? Tiwi^th and breadth? Arcn? J. Pnrfm'P? What of the rid«e? Wh«t in the Houtheant ? W. FUvcra? Afflu«ut» of tbo iri? Of the Mifwissippi? 4. Suit ? Climutv? MISF)URI. 165 winters are cold, and the rivers are not unfrequently frozen so firmh as to admit the passage of heavy teams. 5. Products-Indian corn, tobacco, hemp, and wheat are staples. Other important products are oats, wool, timber, live-stock, and fruits Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob contain the richest deposits of iron in PILOT KNOB. the world. Bituminous and cannel coal abound; the cannel-coal hehls, on the Osage River, are believed to contain the largest body of cannel coal in the world. Lead, zinc, and copper are found. C. Population.-Tho French were the first settlers. Missouri is now inhabited chiefly by emigrants and descendants of emigrants Irom other States and from foreign countries. There are many ne- groes. Total population, 1,721,000. 7. Chief Towns.— .Jefferson City, x e capital, lies on the right bank of the Missouri River, 128 miles fr„m its m.uith; it is beauti- tully situated, and contains a Iiandson.;, State-House and other publio h«ildiR£s. ^. Products? Whnt of Tn.n Mountain and Pilot Knob? Other mi erals? «. Population? 7. Jofforson City? ""t-r mi eraiBj 166 THE UNITED STATES. ST. LOUIS. 8. St. Louis, the chief city of the State, is situated on the right bank of the Mississippi, 20 miles below the mouth of the Missouri River. It is well laid out ; the public buildings are numerous and elegant; the new court-house is a magnificent edifice. St. Louis has extraordiiary commercial facilities, and commands a vast trade by the Missouri, Mississippi, and Ohio Rivers, and by its various railroads. Kansas City, on the right bank of the Missouri River, just below the mouth of the Kansas River, is the second city in population. It is the eastern terminus of the Kansas Branch of the Union Pacific Railroad. St. Joseph, on the left bank of (he Missouri, in the north-western part of the State, is connected with St. Louis and Hannibal, both on the Mississippi, by railroad. Hannibal, Independence, Lexington, Cape Girardeau, St. Charles, Springfield, Sedalia, and Booneville are important towns. 9. Education.— Education is well provided for. There rw. nu- merous colleges and academioR and more than 7500 public 'u boola. 8. What of St. Louis? Of its -..inmercial facilities? Kantr.v Citv? SL Joeeph f Other towns ? 9. Education ? ^ IOWA. 167 IOWA. Questtons on Map No. 14, Iowa.-Bound Iowa. What rive, ronna .to eastern boundary? What two rivers for™ its '« What and where is the capital? Where is Dubuque? Keolcuk? Davenpor? Burlington? Iowa City? Muscatine ? V„rt Sn? Council Bluffs? Mount Pleasant? Washington? Ottumwa? 1. Position and EMent.-Iowa lies west of Illinois and Wis A ^ nnn "" "' ""^ "' ^'<'"' '«"» "'"«•*« «»«* 210 mTes Area, 53,000 square miles. 2. Natural Features.-S«r/«ce.-There are no mountains nor any considerable elevations, in Iowa. The surface Tgle a Ily a ser sof nndulatmg prairies, sloping gradually from a ridgetn^he 3. iJ.„„ All the rivers in Iowa flow into the great boundarv streams, the Mississippi and the Missouri. The Miliss pp, is Z eastern boundary; its principal affluents iu thi. State are the Unpe- rafflue^ ,T «•"■ '«• "" f ™'" "•■ '""'' I"™'- The Missouri, and Its affluent the Big Siou.x (soo), form the western boundary ither affluents of the Missouri in Iowa are the Floyd, Little Sioux Bover "TIrZT -' "-->- -^-'^'-^ ^'•"». wh^^ S 4. ^0^; and aiim at €.~The mil in general is fertile excent in some parts of the north, .here it is rugge/and s.erlle. Tirwint" are severe but the summers are mild and delightful; the heat is greatly modified by the constant west and southwest winds. Owin J to the excellent natural drainage of its undulating surface. Iowa ii one of the most healthy States in the Union. 5. Products—Indian corn, wheat, and oats are staples. Other products are ha y, pork, live-sto ck, potatoes, wool, butter, and cheese. HI h 168 THE UNITED STATES. ', i!, The lead-mines, in the nottheaet, adjoining the States of Illinois and Wisconsin. a.e nch and productive. Coal and iron are the other principal minerals. 6 Populatloi^--The people are chiefly emigrants from the more eastern States and from Europe. They number 1,192 000 r.A ° M*^ Towns—Des Moines, the capital, lies on 'the right bank of Des Momes River, at its junction with Raccoon Fork Davenport on the Mississippi, at the foot of the Upper Rapids opposite Pock Island in Illinois, is an important town'' urrounded by beautifu scenery. It is the seat of Mount Ida Female College Dubuque (doo-boohk^), on the right bankof the Mississippi, is a flou'r- ishing town, and is a great depot for the product of the lead-mines of Iowa and Wisconsin; it is noted for its picturesque situation Iowa City, on the left bank of Iowa River, is the seat of the State University. Burlington, formerly the capital, is on the Mississippi. It has many handsome public buildings, an extensive trade, and is he seat Burlington University. Keokuk, also on the Mississippi, at the foot of the Lower Falls, is the head of navigation for the largest steamers. Council Bluffs, on the Missouri, is a rapidly grow- ing town. ^ ^ ^ ^ Cedar Rapids, Waterloo. Clinton. Muscatine, Oskaloosa. Mount Pleasaiit. Fort Madison. Washington. Lyons, and Ottumwa are flourishing and prosperous towns. «. Education.-The Educational Fund of Iowa is more than !M-,UUO,000. In 1872 the total attondance of children at nubia- schools was 461,000. ^ MICHIGAN. Questions on Map No. 13- MIchlgan.-Bound Michigan. Michigan consists of two peninsulas. Bound the northern. The southern. Name the five lakes around and in Michigan. What bays m Lake Superior ? What strait between Superior and Huron ? Am, Saut Si. Marie (soo-sent-may're). Straits between Michigan and Huron? River between Huron and. St. Clair? Between St. Clair njf^j^^rt-'""/ /• Vviiat of Dea Moines ? Davenport? Dubuque? Iowa City? Burlington? Keokuk? Other towns? 8. &uoation? of Illinois and are the other from the more ,000. the right bank •k. Jpper Rapids, n, surrounded aale College, ippi, is a flour- he lead-mines situation. it of the State e Mississippi. trade, and is e Mississippi, ation for the rapidly grow- loosa, Mount )ttumwa are s more than m at public MICHIGAN. 1 Michigan, ■them. The gan. What and Huron ? n Michigan Ben St. Clair )uque ? Iowa and Erie ? What bays in Lake 16S r^ • o iTr, .. - Michigan. In Huron? What one m Ene? What islands in Lake Superior? In Lake IV chiln? T Lake Huron? .What rivers in Michigan flew into Lake Huron ? LakeEne? Lake Michigan on the east ? On the west? Where i the copper-region The iron-region ? Where are th,e Pictured Rocks Vhat and where is the capital ? Where is Detroit ? Grand Rap ds Jackson? East Saginaw? Kalamazoo? Grand Haven? Ann aI Port Huron? Monroe? Niles? Yp.ilanti? BayCity? Muskegon? 1 + Arn •, *'" fe'^a^^eht length, from northwest to southeast is abou 400 M,les and it. greater breadth about 300 mile? Area 00,250 square miles. "*"co. -area, 2. Natural reature».-P« i n « Z a s.-Michigan consists of two pcnmsulas, separated from each other by the waters of Lake Mu=h,gan, Straits of Mackinaw, and Lake fl/ron. ^ snrfL^ of he southern pen,nsnla is an undulating plain; the elevation of the ndge separating the rivers that flow east from those that flow weal scarcely exceeds 300 feet above the level of the lakes. The n"„ z':ttZrif\ "'"•" V "'"'■"^ ""«»• -th numii: : spurs, between Lake Superior and Lake Michigan aLoHhZ'VT^'^''''-" """"'^ ^''"''"''ded by the great lakes. On he north ,s Lake Supenor, penetrating the State, and nearly sena- ro.i, St. Clair, and Erie. These are all connected by navigable straits or rivers, and afford facilities for an immense commerce. 4. 7i!,„„ The principal rivers of the southern peninsula flmving ea^t into Lakes Huron and Erie are the Au SnW. ^ "'."™'" Huron and Raisin, those flowing west int^ tkc Mi hig»r the Jhnis tee, Muskegon, Grand. Kalama.™,, and St. Joseph. The prin :r gZI:: ""''^"" ''^"'"-" ^ *-» «— >- -hie: z. .Stf;/!'""'';"'^'""''' are several small islands belonging to thi, State; the most important are Isle Royale and Grand Island, !„ Lake Mi mnp la? Norther sonthc Area? Whft of th Islands ? What curiosities ? peninsula? Of th< -■ i cniiiftul G I'ikos ? northern ias? H ow 15 170 THE UNITED STATES. Superior; and, near the Straits of Mackinaw, St. James, Beaver. Mackinaw, Bois Blanc {hwah blong), and Drummond. Curiosities.~On the coast of Lake Superior, for a distanco of more th *n 10 miles, are ..f> f;.,m>:'-, Pictured Rocks, composed of sandstone of various colorff, ouuu rising 200 to 300 feet perpen- dicularly. These rocks are so worn by the action of wind L.d waves as to bear striking resemblances to castles, temples, towers, and other forms of grace and beauty. (S.Soil and Clim at e.~The soil of {h^ mhern peninsula, particularly in the middle and southern part, is of great fertility,' and the climate is milder than in the same latitude on the Atlantic border. The northern peninsula is sterile, and the climate cold and rigorous. 7. Products.— The staples are wheat, Indian corn, oats, and po- tatoes. Hay, wool, butter, and cheese are important products. Copper and iron are found. The copper-mines of the northern peninsula are the richest in the world. Copper is also found in Isle Royale. Salt is largely manufactured. 8. Population.— The people, chiefly descendants of emigrants from the Eastern States, number 1,184,000. 9. Chief Towns.— Lansing, on Grand River, is the capital. It has a handsome State-House, and is the centre of an active trade. Detroit, the chief city, lies on the right bank of Detroit River, 18 miles above Lake Erie; it has a fine harbor, with a depth sufficient for the largest vessels. Detroit has an extensive lake commerce, superior railroad communications, and an extensive trade with Canada. It was founded by the French, in 1670. Grand Rapids, on the rapids of Grand River, is one of the most important inland towns of the State. Jackson, also on Grand River, has an excellent water-power. The State Penitantiary is at this plaoe. East Saginaw, on Saginaw River, has a large trade in salt and lumber. Kalamazoo, on Kalamazoo River, i.s noted for its manu- factures. The State Insane Asylum is located here. Adrian, on a branch of the river Raisin, has an active trade and extensive water- power. 6. Soil and climate of tho two peninsulas? 7. Products? Minerals? Cop- per-miues? 8. Population ? 9. Lansing? Detroit? « rand Run ida? Jack- son ? East Saginaw ? Kalamazoo ? Adrian ? Other towns ? WISCONSIN. 171 WISCONSIN. 0fi»lan,l,iaLaJeSuneri„r7w7' •■'''^^'"^''''8''^ Whatgroup Bay. whatnvt^r:: a.i^:x:A,t'''':'''t^ •^^^^ Into what does the St. Croix flow? Wh.*. ^^""'"' *"""■ "'■y' «ow i„t„ .„e Mi..sippi.^r;:jr °i^^:;Te \Trir Louis River. Menomonee Rivpv WKo*. a I ^ocr Kiver. St. Whe.i, Milwaukee? "ron^rr J l^rorjhr r-^ App>eto„. 4^.eonfx:x;::nrcLr.is.' 2. Natural reatures.— 5'M/-/'ar^_-T},o^n « w.co.i„. i.ho«„fac. .i».et:ta„'e :trr:LT"ab;:^:'" "« iuississippi trom those flowing into Lake Sunermr . +»,« ^u face fall, from these ndgcs to the lakes and rivera adjacent. on the cltt'T . fr'"'u ""' "" ""' ■""•"'• "■"1 1-'te Michiga, on tne east; besides these, thnra q,.« o ^..„„4. ^ .^, » .. "fe*** • ^'^ ^ g^^at num ber of small lakes, 10. Education, school fund. Ac ? Wiamvai^ i -iirv . . 172 THE UNITED STATES. particularly in the central and northern parts. The largest of these is the Winnebago, which is navigable for small steamers. 4. Elvers.— The Mississippi River is the western boundary for more than 150 miles ; its principal affluents in this State are the St. Croix, Chippewa, Black, and Wisconsin, all flowing in a southwesterly direction. Fox River is the outlet of Winnebago Lake, and flows into Green Bay ; in its course of not more than 50 miles, it falls a distance of 170 feet, affording a series of valuable water-powers. Tho Mcnomonee also flows into Green Bay. At Portage, when the streams are full. Fox River and Wisconsin River, though flowing in opposite directions, commingle their waters. Rock River flows into Illinois. The rivers flowing into Lake Superior are unimportant. 5. Coast-line.~The coast-line on Lake Superior, including the indentations, is about 140 miles ; that on Lake Michigan, including Green Bay, is about 300 miles, and affords several good harbors. The Apostle Islands in Lake Superior belong to Wisconsin. MADISON, 4. What of the Mississippi River? Of its affluents? Fox River? at Portage when the streams are full ? Other rivers? 6. Coast-line? v.- ha* WISCONSIN. 173 6. Sovland Climate,-Th^ agricultural resources of the middle and southern parts of the State are great; but iu the north, and upon ho shores of Lake Superior, much of the surface is covered with boulders lakes and marshes. The climate is severe, and the win- Z nl M^; ^i """' "^^"'f '' *^' ^"^'^^ ^^^°g«« "f temperature that prevail further east. It is in general very healthy 7. Products -Wheat, Indian corn, and oats are staples. Other important products are potatoes, live-stock; lumber, and tobacco. Ihe lead-mines in the southwest are rich and productive. Iron is found near Lake Superior. 8. Population—The State was originally settled by the French Its population consists chiefly of emigrants and descendants of emi- ^T^l??^ ""''" '^'^"'^ ^*^*"'' T^^y "^"^l^er 1,055,000. 9. Chief Towns—Madison, the capital, lies upon two of the " four lakes in the southern part of the State. It has a fine State-House and other handsome buildings, including Wisconsin Universitv The scenery surrounding Madison is picturesque and beautiful. 10. Milwaukee, the largest and most important city in the State IS situated on a bluff, 100 feet high, that rises abruptly from th^ west shore of Lake Michigan. It is a handsome city, and has supe- rior commercial facilities by the lakes, and by the numerous railroads hat centre here. Next to Chicago, it is the largest wheat-market in the United States, and has a large trade in other grains and in lumber. 11. Fond du Lac, at the southern end of Winnebago Lake, has extensive manufactories. Oshkosh, on Fox River, has a verv large kmber trade. Rac ne. on Lake Michigan, has considerabfe com! College. """^ ^"^^'" ^"^''"^^' ""°^S ^^^^^ i« I^-«-e 12. Janesville, on both sides of Rock River, near the Illinois line has an extensive water-power and numerous manufactories. It is a great railroad centre. xu i» a 13. Watertown Green Bay, La Crosse, Portage, Sheboygan, and Beaver Dam are .mportant towns, noted for their enterprise and rap,d growt Superior is a flourishing town on Lake Supe'ri r. La Pomte, on Madolme Island, is the oldest town in the State 14. Eduoation.-Wiscon8in has a consi derable school fund, and 15* k m i I I' I I M :|i 174 THE UNITED STATES. cherishes with great care all her educational institutions. The Stata University is at Madison. There are colleges at Lawrence, Boloit and Racine. There are several female colleges and seminaries' numerous academies, more than 5000 free public schools, and a large nmnber of private schools. MINNESOTA. Questions on Map No. 15. Mlnnesota.-Bound Minnesota. What 'ake m the northeast? On the northern boundary? Name other lakes. What river that flows south is a part of the eastern boundary? De- scribe the Mis- sissippi River in this State. What nver flowing north forms a part of the western boundary? What river flows into Lake Superior? Name the princi- pal affluents of the Mississippi River in Miimc- fi;)ta. OfthoKcd River of tho North. Dcscrii.c R a I n y L a k c River. W hilt nil I where is thecajii- MINNEHAhA FAI.L3. lal ? Who MiLiiki Whoro is Minneapolis? Stillwater? Winona? Ilastinir/? uto? Fai-ibuult? DuluLli ^ MINNESOTA. 17-5 1. Position and Extent—Minnesota lies north of Iowa and west W.consin and Lake Superior. Its greatest lengthrabout taTe X ''' ''''''-' '^^^^^^ ^'^-' ''' -^1-- Area, 83,500 mit'ofrh?'''! ^.^^'"^^^-/"^/'^'^^-Minnesota occupies the sum- mit of he interior plain of the North American Continent nnd t elevated about 2000 feet above the sea. In the northerrpa t, a.viding ridge, called the «' Height of Land," separates the'wat h t flow south into the Gulf of Mexico from thi that flow north into Hudson Bay ; the State is generally an undulating plain fallin! with tm ourse of the rivers. laiiing of about 150 miles. There are numerous small lakes; the largest of hese ai-o Lake of the Woods, Rainy, Vermilion, Leedi, and led • Lakes. Thoy abound in fish, 4. River, no Rod Kivor „f the North rises in Minnesota orms - part of .ts wortern lK,u„dar^ and flows into Lake Winn": g .n .r,t,sh A„,er,ea, The Mississippi ,,„,„^ ■„, ^„„„ ,„ Lake l.a ca, flows nearly M,r„ngh the State in a southeasterly direction «...l forms for more than 100 miles its eastern boundary. Tl"; |.n.,c,pa affluent, of the Mississippi in this State are the sl Croix M.nn«,.a, Cannon, and li,„t Ri.ers. The St. Louis flows into Lake Superior. .'). Cnfaracts.-ln the rivers of Minnesota there are numerous lHctures(i„e rap.ds and cascades: the most remarkable are M.c Fulls of St. Anthony, o„ the Mississippi ; the river is here .bout 350 yards in width, and the rapids and falls include a descent of 58 feet Near Minneapolis are Minnehaha Fulls, a romantic and beautiful cascade, with a perpf^ndicular fall of 40 feet. G. Son and 0/ imaf r..~The soil i„ tb,- valleys <,f Hie great rivers except in the north, is generally fertile. The winters ar 'cll, Z' ;i" the Sacramento, which riNes in the north, and flaws *)ula into 8an Francisco Bay, between the Coast and the Si(>rra Nevada Kunges, and tlio San Joaquin, which rises in the south, and tlows northward between the same ranges un- til it unites wi til the Sacramento. Both (tf these rivers are navi- gable for nearly 100 miles. The Iw'ather, Yuba, ■iiid Aniorican Kivcrs areafliii- ■nts of the Sii- (•ramento. TIk? ithor rivers that flow into tlio Pacific are uii- YOSEMITE rALLS. inipiTtant. Tlio Colora(h) River n. r^mni !i,uv> T.hm.ls? 4. What of the princiiwil riverH? AflluentB of tl.. Papnunonto/ ()tli«r rivers ? Colorado? OALIPOBNIA. 181 forms a portion of the touudar, between California and Ari. ;., .idu., leap, d,.w,. iooo .'orrt.r^i; i::^:^";::^: l.omg aWutl300, .ho second 250, and ti.e tl.ird «.: " '.u h. valloj. i„ another cataract, with a fall „f „00 fee • the su T" .cenery i, unnnUehed for wild and romantio u'u'.v '""•"""'"•« The C.ej.„er8 of Napa eounty, a,.d the Natural Bridge, of Cala veraa county a.-o rcnarkaUo object. Thi» State i „' ed L U^ tallest trees in the world; thcv are fonn.l i„ . declivities of the Sierra Nerufa nn.l !» • f "-T "'" ">« "«»"='» P . 1 . ^'^'iii i^evcKia, aiid attain a height of 300 to 40ft foot and a c.rcurafercnco of from 75 to 100 foot ^uwing. iiio cJunato varies orr-iflv Ti.« , : * ,.,„^ XI '*"'^» guatij. 1 no winters aro warm and wet; the summers are usually dry on tho onn., ,y ■ tivolv littlfi .l.-ffi.,. • x/ "'^ *'^' ^"*^'^* *^'^'^^'' '» <'o>nnara- tuely httle differenee in the temperature of the two seasons At San Frane.seo tlie mercury seldoni rises above 80° /. Producte.-The agricultural resources of California aro rrreat products. Successful experiments have been made in the cultiva i::::^:r^:r ^"' '''''--■ '^''^ -^^ ^^^^^ in t e southern part numerous tropical fruit., flourish in'ho"wotw "Th:;:f ""'f " "" ""''■''''''■ ■>■'•'<•'' "" ">« ""host in tne wo.ld. There arc also exten»ivo depisit, „f q.iieksilvr- • th„ Now Almaden mines ar„amon«tlie most ploductivet ow Silv ..pper .roil, and c irc said to be abundant. The iZ U w Ith from nearly every country in Europe, and from China p , "' tion. 500,000. ' ^"*""- •P<>l>ula- 0. Chief Town..--Sacramom.,^City, on the left bank of the "".i other .ninornl';"' O h "r^ne „• w alt' T^^' ?'^"', "'>'"'"'- Hui^I-iiver. Sacramento City? San Fran.ul"/ t .! ''L^^ *^-. ^T''«^«"n ? »• Wliut of s. -r Aiigcrcs r Utfaer towns ? Id mi 182 THE UNITED STATES. Sacramento, at its junction with the American River, 120 miles from the sea, is the capital. It is open to the navigation of large vessels at all seasons of the year. It has an extensive trade by steamboats up to the gold-regions of the Feather Kiver. Many of the public buildings are large and imposing. San Francisco lies on the west shore of San Francisco Bay, and has a fine harbor. This city is one of the most remarkable in the world: none ever sprang so suddenly into a populous and wealthy capital. In 1845, it contained 150 inhabitants ; in 1870, 149,000. San Francisco has considerable foreign commerce, and an extensive inland trade. The city is handsomely laid out; and there are many fine public buildings, among which are the Custom-House, Branch Mint, Marine Hospital, and Music Hall. Los Angeles {City of the Angels), so named from its delightful cli- mate, is surrounded by extensive vineyards, and is the chief depot of the wine-trade. San Jos6, Oakland, Stockton, Benicia, Marysville, Sonora, and San Diego are important and prosperous towns. 10. Education.— A public-school system is establisied, and a considerable school-fund has been provided. In some of the larger towns the schools are entirely free. There are two colleges in Santa Clara,— Santa C -a College, which has a library of 10,000 volumes, and the Universi of the Pacific,— both founded in 1851. There are colleges also at Sai Francisco, Vacaville, and Santa Inez. OREGON. Questions on Map No. 19, Oregon.— Bound Oregon. What capes on the Pacific coast? What mountain range on the coast? What range through the centre? What other range farther cast? Where is Mt. Hood? Mt. Jeff'erson? Three Sisters? What hikes in the south? What river is a part of the northern boundary? .\ part of the eastern ? Into what does Lewis Fork flow? Name the affluents of Lewis Fork in Oregon. Of the Columbia. What rivers empty into the Pacific? What and where is the capital ? Where ^0. Echioation? Colleges? OREGON. 183 is Portland? Eugene City? Oregon City? Roseburg? Dallas? Corvallis? Astoria? ^^TTl-^""^ Extent-Oregon lies on the Pacific Ocean, and south of Washington Territory. Its greatest length is about 45C miles, and its breadth about 250 miles. Area, 95,000 square miles 2. Natural FeatuxeB.-Mountains.-There are three moun- tain ranges in Oregon: first, the Coast Mountains, a broken chain, which lies along the coast, with an elevatiou of nearly 2000 feet- second the Cascade Range, about 150 miles inland, and parallel with the former; third, the Blue Mountains, which exlend from southwest to northeast across the State. The Cascade Range is the Jottiest. The highest peaks are Mount Hood, 14,000 feet. Mount Jefferson, and Three Sisters, each 11,000 feet. These peaks are extinct volcanoes, and rise into the region of perpetual snow. 3 Coast-l me.-The coast-line extends about 300 miles, and is a bold, iron-bound shore, w^ith few good harbors. 4 Eivers.~Tho Columbia River forms the chief part of the nor hern boundary of the State; and its principal aflluent, Lewis iM.rk, a portion of the eastern boundary. The Malheur and Owvheo Rivers flow into Lewis Fork. The Willamette flows into the Colum- bia River, and the Umpqua and Rogue into the Pacific Ocean 5. Soil and Climate.-Nem-]y all the tillable land is on the west side of the Cascade Mountains; the valley of the Willamette, which IS 120 miles long by about 35 broad, is the most fertile portion Jvorth of the Blue Mountain range the country is adapted to grazing The central and southern parts of the State are mostly rocky and barren. "^ The climate is mild for the latitude. West of the Cascade Moun- tains the rains are excessive; the sun is often hidden for a month and drizzling rains and thick mists prevail during a considerable portion of the year. G. Products.-The principal agricultural products are wheat, oats potatoes and various fruits. Gold has been found in the southern part of Oregon, and silver, lead, copper, and iron in various places. limH»e? 8. Products? Gold? FiBfaeriss.' 184 THE UNITED STATES. The fisheries are important. Salmon are caught in nearly every stream. 7. Population.— The people are chiefly emigrants from the older States, and number 91,000. 8. Chief Towns.— Salem, on Willamette River, is the capital Portland, on the same river, 10 miles from its mouth, is the chief seaport, and the largest town. It is surrounded by a dense forest of tall fir and other evergreen trees. Eugene City, Oregon City, Roseburg, Dallas, Corvallis, and Astoria are important towns. 9. Education.— A school organization and a school-fund have been established. A university, two colleges, several academies, and many common schools are in operation. NEVADA. Questions on Map No. 19, Nevada.— Bound Nevada. Has Nevada any sea-coast? What mountains in the west? In the east? What lakes in Nevada? What rivers in the north and west? Into what do these rivers flow? River in the south? Where is the Great Interior Basin ? What and where is the capital ? Where is Vir- ginia City? Dayton? Austin? Washoe City? Silver City? 1. Position and Extent.— Nevada lies east of California, and south of Oregon and Idaho. Its greatest length is 420 miles, and its greatest breadth 350 miles. Area, 112,000 square miles. Nevada was admitted as a State in 1864. 2. Natural TeatureB.— Mountains.— The Sierra Nevada rang© lies near its western, and the Humboldt Mountains near its eastern, boundary. The Great Interior Basin is partly in Nevada and partly in Utah, and is almost a desert region. 3. Lakes. — Theio are numerous salt lakes near the base of the Sierra Nevada, in the west, the largest are Pyramid, Walker, Carson, Mud, and Humboldt. 4. Rivers. — The Colomdo is th« InrcTAsf, rivor The others are Rivers. — The Colorado is the largest river. 7. Population? 8. Salotn ? Portland? Other towns? 9. Education? Nrvada.— 1. Whereisit? Length and breadth? Area? 2. Mountains? Great Interior Basin ? 3. Lakes? i. Rivers? What is remarkable about them? NEBRASKA. 185 the Humboldt, which rises in the Humboldt Mountains, and the V, alker and Carson, which rise in the Sierra Nevada; these rise and r;rirf r.*'^ ^^™^*^ ^^ ^^^ «^^^^' -^ «- -^o iir; ;:! •auie naino that have no visible outlet. 5. Soil and Climate.-ln the west are many fertile vallev, won 8u,ed to agriculture; with this exception the soifi/s, rile The rt^aucS ' t'"" '"-'r^''- P-, dry, and he hy t) Produot«.-The nc.pal agricultural products are wheat barley, oats and potatoes. The great source o? ,vou 1, isTnTts et eedmgly r,ch and productive gold and silvc. ,„-„cs, f„ „d » .hj eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, and in Washo; and Carson and IZT^^m'^^^T, , • r"^'™'" '™'" """- ^'"'-• able tribe in N^vad a. '""'"""" "" "■' ""'»' """^'O"" Tif; *;"='. '■'"'■"-Carson City, on Carson River, is the capital. HI D V ""^."7''""' -» Virginia City, Elko, Austin, Goli H.ll, Dayton, P.oche C.ty, Silver City, a„,I Washoe City inCab&rnt"'™' ^T° ^f'°°^- ™""™« --t from Sacran.ento 1 1. T;,''"'"'^ "'""«'■ ^""'^'^ »"<^ ^'onds into Utah, where taSal '^""'= '""""''• '""■""« -»'™'<' f™» Oma".: «*1 NEBRASKA. W?rH*vT °" "^'"^ f u' ^®' ^«^^-«J^«- Bound Nebraska. ary ? What rivers flow into the Missouri in Nebraska ? What rivers flow into the Nebraska River on the north ? On the south ? Where are the Great Sand Hills? Where and what is the capital Where il^T F n p'"f 'l ^^"""^' Piattsmouth? Fremon bTow ville? Falls City? Ashland? Rulo? sE'f ^^^^'^l^ -^^^. ^i^T^l^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // 1.0 I. 1.25 S lit ""^ *• I. 1.6 1.4 V y] om 7 c^^. ^ ^ 0^. ^> -fS^ c Hiotographii Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTtR.N Y I4SI0 (716) •79-4)03 '^ ^o 186 TERRITORIES. L^i 1!^;^ 1. Position and Extent. — Nebraska lies west of Iowa, and north of Kansas and Colorado. Its greatest length is about 400 miles, and its greatest breadth 200 miles. Area, 76,000 square miles. 2. Natural Features. — Surface. — Nebraska is an elevated prairie, moderately undulating; the western part, a region of sand hills, is the highest, from whence it falls gradually to the eastern boundary. 3. River s. — The Missouri River bounds Nebraska on the east, and is, for about 75 miles, its northern boundary. Its jtrincipal affla- ents are the Niobrara and the Nebraska: the latter flows through thv. State, and, with its numerous tributaries, abundantly waters the inte- rior. The other affluents of the Missouri are inconsiderable streams. A. Soil and Climate. — The soil in the western portion of Ne- braska is sandy and barren ; the eastern is productive. The climate is mild, and not unlike that of Missouri. 5. Products. — The agricultural resources of this State promise to be excellent; the eastern part is adapted to the grains grown in Iowa and Missouri, but full development of its resources has not yei been made. C. Population.— The people are chiefly emigrants from other States, and number 123,000. The Indians are the Dakotas, Omahas, Pawnees, and Sioux {sooz). 7. Chief Toijv^ns. — Lincoln is the capital. The other importan towns are Omaha {o''ma-haw)y Nebraska, Bellevue, Fremont. Brown- ville, and Plattsmouth. 8, The Union Pacific Railroad begins at Omaha, and extends across the State, following for a great part of the distance the course of the Nebraska River. TERUITORIES. 1. The difference between a State and a Territory is this: A Stiitn makes its own laws, has a written constitution, chooses its rulers, and is represented both in the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States. A Territory is governed by laws made by NR»nASKA.~-1. WhcroSsit? Length anfl breadth? Area? 2. Surfncn? ». KivorH? I. Soil? Cliiimto? :». IVoiIucIh? fl. Populiitinn? Iiulinn.s! 7. Liooolu ? Othor towns ? 8. Union Paoiflo Railroad ? COLORADO. Congress; it has no written constitution its nlers are appointed by the President; it sends no senators to the Senate, and it is repre- sented in the House only by a delegate, who has no vote. 2. There are ten organized Territories in the western part of the United States : they may become States when they attain sufficient population, have formed and adopted a State Constitution, and been admitted by Congress. They are Colorado, Indian, New Mexico, Dakota, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, Washington, Utah, and Ari- zona. Besides these, there is the Territory of the District of Colum- bia. There is also the unorganized Territory of Alaska, in the northwest part of North America. COLOPwADO. QOLO-OIQQINQS, BLACK-HAWK Pi NT, COLORADO. Questions on Map No. 18, Colorado.— Bound Colorado. What ■>"untuina ranf!;o throufrh the contro? Whntponks? What rivers nso in the Rocky Mountains, and flow oast? What f1(»w wost and southwest? Where is the gold region? Where and what is the capital? Where is Gulden City? Colorado City ? Central City? TnitniTOUiBR.— 1. What l8 a State? What In n Territory? Territories? What ia jaid of tUui? Naino lh»ui. ■^?*ii 2. IIow inanj 188 Boulder City? Foi't? TERRITORIES. Black Hawk? Jefferson? CaSon City? Bent's 1. Position and Extent.— Colorado lies between Kansas and Utah, and touth of Wyoming and Nebraska. Its length is about 420 miles, and its breadth 275. Area, 140,000 square miles. 2. Natural Features.— Mountains.— The Rocky Mountains in Colorado trend from north to south, in the direction of the meridi- ans, chiefly between 105° and 107° west longitude. The whole section consists of numerous ranges. Those between the valley of the Platte and the Arkansas River are connected by cross-ridges: so that we find here a succession of small valleys surrounded, like basins, by high mountains. These valleys have received the name of '* the Parks." The North, Middle, and South Parks succeed each other from north to south. In the range bounding these Parks on the east, rise Long's Peak, 12,500 feet, and Pike's Peak, 12,000 feet. 3. Eivers. — The North Fork of the Platte (or Nebraska) River rises in the North Park, and flows into Wyoming. The Grand River rises in the Middle Park, and, receiving several tributaries from the minor range of the Sierra de la Plata, flows southwest into Utah, where it joins the Colorado. The Arkansas and the South Fork of the Platte have their source in the South Park. The Platte flows in a north- easterly direction into Nebraska, the Arkansas easterly into Kansas; and each receives several tributaries within the Territory. The Rio Grande rises between two ranges of the Rocky Mountains, and flows south, through a longitudinal valley called the San Luis Park, into New Mexico. 4. Soil and Climate. — The mountains are densely wooded with pine, spruce, tir, and cedar; with this exception, and excepting also the narrow valleys on the streams, and the country at the base of the mountains, the surface is covered with vast wastes of sands. The elevation of the valley is aboui, oOOO feet above the pea, and the atmosphere is clear and invigorating; the winters are mild, with occasional periods of intense cold. Although tho clianges in the weather are mr.ch more sudden and severe than on tho Atlantic coast, the climate is healthy. CouonAno, — I.WhoroiaJt? LenRth nnd breadth? Area? 2. Mountains? Tho Parks? Highest pcnks? JJ. Rivers? 4. What of tho soil ? C^limato? INDIAN. 189 ?^'°^"<^t8 -Wheat, corn, oats, and potatoes are extensively raised. Colorado is an excellent grazing country. Cattle are reared, and wool IS produced. An important occupation o" the people is gold-mming. The yield of gold in 1870 was $5,454,000. Iron, lead, coal, and other minerals abound. 6 PopulatIon.-The people are chiefly emigrants from the States, and number 40,000. The Indians are the Cheyennes and the Arapahoes. *^ 7. Chief Towns—Denver, on the south fork of Nebraska River. IS the capital; other important towns are Cafion City, Central Citv Black Hawk, Boulder City, Greeley, and Golden City ^' 8. Tlie Kansas Branch of the Union Pucifio Radroad extends f om Kansas C.ty, in Missouri, „n the eastern bonier of Kansas to "rmrii^f'^"'^^^"^ "-'' point a connecting road ^^ ill K INDIAN TERRITORY. Questions on Map No. 18, Indian Territory.-Bound Indian lorntory. What river is its southern bo .ndary ? What large river flows eastward through the Territory? Name some of the affluents of the Arkansas River. What and where is the capital ? 1. Position and Eartent.— Indian Territory lies north of Texas and west of Arkansas. Its greatest length is about 400 miles, and Its greatest breadth about 230 miles. Area, 69,000 square miles 2. Natural Peatures.-^u rfa c 6.-The surface in the western partis elevated and rolling; thence it falls gradually, with the gene- ra course of the rivers, towards the southeast, where it again becomes rolling and hilly. 3. Jiivcrs.—Tho Arkansas River flows through the Territorv Its principal affluents are the Neosho, North Canadian Fork, and Canadian. The Red River forms a part of the southern boundary • Its principal affluent is the False Washita {woah'e-taw). The' Touv.-l Where i« it? Length and brc dtKAn^^rt Sn •?''%'' I'^T' 190 TERRITORIES. H! » i Arkansas and Red Rivers are navigable for small steamers. All the rivers in this Territory have broad and shallow channels, and in dry beasons some of them are almost lost in the sands. 4. Soil and Climat e. — In the northwest there is a vast bar- ren tract of intermingled prairie and sand ; the remaining part con- sists of undulating plains. Little is known of the climate, except that the summers are long and dry, with extremely hot days and 3ool nights. i5. Products. — The eastern prairies are adapted to grazing, and the products of the adjoining States flourish there. C. Population. — Indian Territory has been set apart by the Gov- ernment of the United States as a p e r m a- nent home for the In- dians who have been removed from vari- ous State?. They are Creeks, Cherokoes, 1 ChoctawH, C h i c k a- saws, Sem- inoles, and others. Some of the tribes have niado considera- ble advances in agriculture and the mechanic arts, rnd have esta- blished schools and churches; others have relapsed into a savage INDIANS IN INDIAN TERl?ITORY. 4. Soil? Climnto? 5. Products? 6. What is snid of Indian Territory ? What tribes? What further of them ? Of the Chorokees ? NEW MEXICO. 191 state. The Cherokees ars the most civilized. The United States exercises no control over the Territory, except when it may be neces- sary to preserve the peace. The population is about 17,000. 7. Chief Town. — The capital and chief town is Tah^le-quah, in the Cherokee country. an Territory ? ^ NEW MEXICO. Questions on Map No. 18, New Mexico.— Bound New Mexico. What mountains range through New Mexico? What other moun- tains ? Where is the Llano Estacado? What two rivers flow south ? What one flows east ? What and where is the capital ? Where is Mesilla? Albuquerque? Taos? Valencia? Zufii? 1. Position and Extent.— New Mexico Territory lies south of Colorado, and west of Indian Territory and Texas. Its greatest length is 385 miles, and its greatest breadth about 350 miles. Area 122,000 square miles. 2. Natural Features.— jVojut^aiw*.— The Sierra Madre range through the Territory, from north to south, with cross and parallel ranges, including the Soledad {sol-wj-dad'), Guadalupe [gwah-dah- loo'pay), and Jumanes {hoo-mah^nes) Mountains. There are seve- ral peaks from 8000 to 10,000 feet in height. 3. River s.— The Rio Grande and the Pecos {pai/koce), with their affluents, are the principal rivers ; they flow south into Texas. 4. Soil and Climate. — Agriculture is pursued in the valley of the Rio Grande, but in general the soil is sterile. A large portion of the centre and west is occupied by rugged mountains, and in the southeast is the barren plain of the Llano Estacado. Although near the border of the Torrid Zone, the climate is temperate,— owing to its fireat elevation, and to the fact that the highest peaks of the moun- tains are covered with perpetral snow. 5. Products.— Where agriculture is pursued, the chief products are Indian corn, wheat, and other grains, with apples, peaches, r. Chief town? New Mexico — 1. Where ia it? Length and breadth? Aroa? 2. Mountains? 3. Rivers? 4. What of soil and agriculture ? Climate/ a. Products? Minerals? I H 'i|! 192 TERRITORIES. melons, apricota, and grapes. There is fine pasturage in the north, east. Cattle and sheep abound. New Mexico is rich in minerals. There are extensive gold and silver mines, as well as lead, iron, cop- per, and coal. 0. Population. — The inhabitants are mostly Mexicans, who are Catholics, and speak the Spanish language. There are a few Ame- rican emigrants from the older States. The whites occupy chiefly the valleys of the Rio Grande and the Upper Pecos. The population numbers 92,000. The Indians are mostly Pueblo or domesticated Indians, living in villages and cultivating the ground ;V ashington ? 1. Position and Extent.— Utah lies east ol Nevada, and sonfh Df Idaho, its gn-atest length is 325 miles, and it^ breadth .100 miles. Area, 88,000 square miles. 5. RmI? Oniir niainof fl,or.,I,p„hia? rii,natc«? «. Pro.lnc-fH? nr.iin 9. fcduoation? Utaii.-1. Wiuro is it? i.oi.gtb un.U.roa.lthl' Arou? ^ ^^' ■" H.} UTAH. 199 2. Natural Peatu'es.-^oMHi!am..-The Wasatch [waw-satch^) Mountams, a branch of the llocky range, pass through the Territory from north to south. Mount Nebo, and the Twin Peaks, the most elevated points, are aboui. 12,000 feet high. The larger part of th'e ierntory consists of mountains and elevated table-lands ; .ome of t*e valleys are 4000 to 5000 feet above the sea. A portiot> of the (jreat Interior Basin is in the western part. 3. i.« A:e*.-Great Salt Lake lies in the north part of the Territory • Its waters are so sa4t that no living thing can oxist in them. Utah Lake,^5 mues south, communicates with Great Salt, Lake by the mer Jordan The waters of Utah Lake are frc«h, and ab<.und in Uout. J3oth lakes arc elevated more than 4000 feet above the sea. The other principal lakes are Sevier and Little Salt Lake A Rtvers.-Jlhe principal river is the Colorado; its affluents ti.e Green and Grand. Steamboat, now navigate the Colorado from Its mouth to near the borders of Utah. 5. Soil and Clunate.—Theie are some fertile valleys, where good crops are raised ; but by far the greater part of the Territory is ste- rile. The climate is mild for the latitude, and ^renerally more uniform than at the east. Products—Wheat, Indian corn, barley, and garden vege- tables are the chief products; many of these articles cannot bo raised without irrigation, except in the watered valleys. 7. Population.-The people are chiefly Mormons, a religious sect who claim to h ve received a new revelation, and who practise polygamy. They are emigrants from the States east, and from Europe. They numbe/ 87,(K)0. The Indians are mostly of the Ltah tribe. H. Chief Towna.--Salt Lake City, on the river Jordan, near (iroat Salt Lake, i.s a very remarkable city, built after a novel plan Tlie mohiitains enclosing the city on the east are cai)ped with per* poti.nl snow. Ogden, Brigham City, Logan, Provo, Mount l>loasant, und Marti ar^i important places. 1). The Union Pa iHo and Central Pacific Railroads meet at Ogtlon, in the northern part of this Territory. 2. Mountp.ins? HiRhcMt ppintu ? Whnt of n Inrgo pad ? Of tlio Orent fn rciK.r Hasiii? :<. WhiitcfCJrnit Stilt bak««? lUiil. LnKi.:-- {)t\nr^? 4 !{;»,.«» ;>. Soill' Cliiniito? (i. I'r.Mlnot,>. V 7. PopuhUion i* ImiiuiiHi' 8 Salt Lyk- Lity? Other towunl' U. raoilJo lUilroad ? »u *^uk^ ¥m\ i 'fit ! Ifi i M H 1' If ill: U II I! I i I ! \\i r 200 TERRITORIES. ARIZONA. Questions on Map No. 19, Arizona.— Bound Arizona. What ni(»untain8 in Arizona? What peaks? What river flows through Arizona and is for some distance the western boundary ? Name the aflluents of the Colorado. The aflftuents of the Gila. What and where is the capital? Where is Prescott? Tubac? Arizona City? Adams- ville? La Paz? Aubry? Weaverville? Cubabia? Silver-region? Gold-region ? San Pedro Spring ? 1. Position and Extent. — Arizona Territory lies south of Utah, and west of New Mexico. Its greatest length is about 375 miles, an J its average breadth about 320 miles. Area, 114,000 square miles. 2. Natural Features. — Mountain s. — A l)rokon range, known as the Pinaleno {pe-nah-lai/no) Mountains, passes through the Territory from north to south, with a cross range, the MogoUon {mo-i/ol-t/nne^), which unites with the Sierra Madre, in New Mexico. Mount San Fran- cisco is a considerable peak. 3. Rivers. — The Colorado River flows through the Territory, forms a part of its western boundary, and empties into the Gulf of California. Its principal afliuonts are the Gila {hc^lali) and Rio do Lino [rc^o day le^no), 4. Soil and Climate. — There are many barren tracts in Ari- Eona; but in the valleys of the rivers good crops arc produced by means of irrigation. The climate is healthy ; the proportion of fine weather is said to bo equal to that of any other part of the world, 5. Products. — Cotton, wheat, Indian corn, beans, melons, and garden vegetables are produced in the irrigated valleys. The gold, silver, and quicksilver mines are claimed to be the richest on the continent. Copper and other minerals are said to be abundant. 0. Population. — The white residents are Mexicans, and emi- grants from the old States, they number 10,000. The Indians arc of various tribes ; the Apaches are wild, warlike savages. The Mo(iui8, in the north, mostly reside in villages, and cultivate the soil. The Pinias, on the Gila River, are also employed in agriculture. 7. Chief Towns. — Tuoscm is the capital. Prescott, Adamsville, La Paz, and Arizoiuv City are the other principal towns. Aiur.oNA. — 1. Where is it? Length mid breadth? Area? 2, Mnuntnins' Wliuti.nik? a. HivofH? 4. Soil? Cliiiiido? 5. Products? Mineral wraith f (I. l'o|iulatiou ? Indians? 7. Chief towns? il MEXICO. MEXICO. 201 POST-OFFICE, CITY OF MEXICO. Questions on Map No. 20, Mexico.— Bounl Mexico. What tropic passes through Mexico? What great gulf east? Where ig the Bay of Campeche? The Channel of Yucatan? Gulf of To huantepec? Gulf of California? Bay of San Sebastim Vlscaino (m-s-A'/'w,;? Where is Cape Rgxo( rr///o)? Tetas? Corrientes? San Lucas 9 Where if, the peninsula of Yucatan ? Of Lower California ? Isthmus of Tehuantepec? What mountains range thr()u<^li Mexico? Where is the volcano of Popocatepetl ? Iztaccihuatl? Orizaba? Jo- rullo? Colima? Where is Lake Cbapala? Terminos? What river on the north ? What river empties into the Gulf of Cali- fornia in the north ? AVhat river flows out of Lake Chapiila in a westerly course and empties into the Pacific Ocean? What and where is the capital ? In what State, and in what part of Mexico, is Piiebla? Cholula? Vera Cruz? Guiidalnxnra? Guanaxuato? San Luis Potosi'f Chihmihua? Durango? Buena V^ista? Qucretaro? Merif fho foil? Seaf-onN? 11. Climate? Hurricanes; 1?. What of the productti ? Of pulrpic? IM. What of the cactus? II. • >r riiro flowor« ? 15. What woodfe ? KK Minrraia? 17. Population? H c >iupot<«(l ? .1! d tho execution of the project impracticable. -8. Government—Mexico was formerly a Spanish vice-royalty. It threw off the yoke of the mother-country, and hocame independ- San^lS P ;*" ?r m/ ^^' ^''''' ^"""^ ^ 24. Guadalaxam, Guanaxuato, and AeLulnn? or' n ^'''"' '""""f ^,^'" Mat,nnora8 and Monterey? Tampico T 18 206 MEXICO. I'll PYRAMID AT CHOLULA. ent, in 1821, l)!iy islands? 11. Sw SAi.VATinn._Wl...t i- -id of i* ' 1" tvt'...,.. . _,. , -Wh nuifoTVV » 1. n^'^''^^''''""^''^ Capital? Ureytown? What of Mog- nmtoTorritory? 13. Costa Rica,— Where is it? Capital? 14. Balizf - NVhcreisit? What of it? What woods? Capital? '*. wauze.- 18* 210 THE WEST INDIES. the territory extends about 200 miles along the coast. It is a depend- ency of Jamaica, and is governed by a superintendent appointed by the crown. A large portion of the mahogany, logwood, and fustic ot commerce is furnished by this colony. Balize is the capital. THE WEST INDIES. CITY OF HAVANA, AND MORO CASTLE. Questions on Map No. 21, West Indies. — Where are the West India Islands? Name the four groups. Ans. Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, and the Carihhee Islands. Which is the largest isl.and? Which next? Bahama Islands. — Name the four largest of the Bahama Island? What island in this group was the first land sighted by Columbus? What town on Now Providence? Wh.at strait between the Bahamas and Florida? What baiik between the Bahamas and Cuba? Where is the Gulf Stream? Tbrort^'a which of the Bahamas does the tropic of Cancer pass ? Questions on Map jNfo. cl, vjt-reater Antilles. — Cuba. — Where 18 Cuba? What channel between Cuba and Yucatan? What passage THE CARIBBEE ISLANDS. 211 between Cuba and Hayti ? What gulf northwest ? What sea south I if ^Yvl • M "^''' '"^"^^- ^^''^^ and where is the capL SrCar^r^""""'?^"' SantiagodeCuba? Fuel Prmcipe? Galenas? Hayti (^ap JVo. 23). -Where is Hayti? Rivers? What ,s the capital of Dominica? Of Hayti? Where is AuxCayes? Cape Hay tien? Jamaica (if.^ iV^o. 21) LwheTe Jamaica? What mountains? What and wherels the capital ^ Where IS Kingston? Pohto liico.-Where is it? What pas'ag beleen Porto Rico and Hayti ? What and where is the capital ? Lesser AntUles-Where are they? Name foui of them. What town in Uargarita? The Caribbee Islands.-Where are they? How divided ? Ans Into the leeward and the Windward Islands. Which are farthest rorth Name four of the largest of the Leeward Islands. Name our of the largest of the Windward Islands. What town in Guade! loupe? What town in Trinidad? In Barba^does ? 1. Position and Extent.-The West Indies compris. the long curving Cham of islands, and groups of islands, lying around and in the Caribbean Sea, and stretching from the United States to South America. Al^af^"' '"^'''''^" r ''^""' ^^^^ ^° ""'"^^^' ^^d occupy an area f 95,000 square miles. The name West Indies was given to them because Columbus thought when he sighted San Salvador that he hart discovered the eastern coast of India. r.!' ^^1 7-u ^'"Ti ''''^ ^'"' P^^'^P''^^ groups,_the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles, and the Caribbee Islands. The Caribbeo Islands are divided into the Leeward and the Windward Islands. "«*»VA 4. Prc;c;ucts.-The principal products, which are very largely ex- ported, are sugar, coffee, cotton, tobacco, and a great variety of tropical f nnts, such as oranges, lemons, pineapples, cocoanuts, bananas, and plantains. Rum, made from the juice of the sugar-cane, is exp;rted m considerable quantities. Various kinds of drugs and dye-woods ar« also obtained. ■P'l Olhe, product, ? What of roptZ' L? """' ' *• •^""'"l"" I""""""" ' 212 THE WEST INDIES. There arc many venomous reptiles, and birdg of gaudy plumage. The green turtle is found on the shores, and is used extensively for food. 5. Soil and Ch'mate.— The soil is very fertile. The '^limate, whieli is mild in winter, is hot, and on the coast generally unhe^lthyl in summer. 0. Population. — The inhabitants consist of whites, negroes, and mixed races, the negroes being six times as numerous as the whites. The entire popuIati.,n is about 4,000,000. Great Britain aboJi.shed slavery in her \\'et.\. Indian possessions In 1834, iudcum.J^ing the plauicrs by a grant cf $>00,UO0,0UO. 1'^ BANANA-TREE. THE BAHAMA ISLAx\DS. 1. The Bahamas, numbering more than 500, lie off tlic coast of Florida, beini,' separated from the mainland by the Strait ^of Florida and the Gulf Stream. The principal islands are New Providence, Great Bahama, Great Al)'ac(), Great Cav- cos {ki'koce), Andros, Elcuthera, Groat Inagua [e-uah'gimh), Turk's, anm.u^.<-;m y) is a large town in the intcri,»r. 1 ,.m!M/lr'^7''" ,^^y' V"'— "^^''"^^ '^" ♦'•^voomi.riHO ? r»/.„.-t. Whoro Is it ? EE S"' vff '""v- '^=' ---^^^'v wtuaiuaB/ OtUor seaports / I'uorto l'ririoi|)o? hill ^11 1 f' 214 THE WEST INDIES. 7. Government and Religion.— Cuba belongs to Spain, and is governed by Spanish law, under the authority of a Captain-General appointed by the crown of Spain. The lloinan Catholic religion is established. IIAYTI. 1. Position and Extent.— Ilayti (liai/tee), originally called by the Spaniards Ilispaniola, or Little Spain, lies southeast of Cuba, and is about 300 miles long from east to west, .md about 140 broad. Area, 29,000 square miles, — a little exceeding that of South Carolina. 2. Government. — Originally a Spanish possession, it was after- wards divided between France and Spain, the former power havin<«- the western portion. The island is now divided into two states, — the Republic of Ilayti, under the control of the negroes, on the west, and i\\i>. Republic of Dominica {dom-e-ne^lcah), on the east. Until recently, however, the State of Ilayti was an empire, under a blatik emi)eror. 3. Climate and Soil. — In climate and productions it is similar to Cuba. The soil is very fertile, and well watered. In the interior are high mountain-ranges. 4. Population.— The populati(m is about 900,000, consisting al- most entirely of blacks and mulattoes. The few whites have been attra(!ted by commerce to the seaports. 5. Chief Towns.— Port au (o) Prince is the capital and chief sea- port of the Republic of Ilayti. An\ Cayes (o J:ay^) is an important seaport in the southwest. Cape Ilaytien, on the north, has been twice destroyed,— first by fire, and afterwards by an earthquake. 6. St. Domingo, on the south coast, is the capital and fortified seaport of the Dominican Republic. It is the oldest existing town in the AVestern hemisphere, having been founded in 1504. It contains a Gothic cathedral. ])uilt, it is said, in 1520. 7. Religion.— The R(mnm Cathidic religion is established in both States. JAMAICA. 1. Position and Extent. — Jamaica lies southeast of Cuba, and 7. Governmont nml roliRlon ? /Ar///A—1. Where is it? Lcnjrth iind limidtli? Arpii? 2. What originally? lluw iidw divided? ;{. Cliinato? Soil? M..iin. tnins? 4. Po|)u1iititin? .'). I'ort im I'rinoc ? Anx Cnyc.x? Ciipo llnyticn ? tl. St. DoiniiiKo? 7. IlcliKion? ./(i;/ui(Va.— I. Whoro is it? Leii^rth iin(hm«u;h what States does the equator pass ? The tropic of Capricorn ? 2. Divisions.— What three States on the north coast? Four on the east coast? Five on the west coast, including United States of Colombia, which is also on the north ? One entirely in the interior? How many divisions? Ans. Ttcehe. 3. Seas, Bays, &c.~What sea on the north ? What gulf on the northwest? On the north? AVhere is Bay of All Saints? Marani- bayo Bay? Blanco Bay? St. Mathias Bay? Bay of St. George'; What strait at tho southern extremity? Where is iho Gulf of Guaya- quil? BayoIChoco? Of Panaum? 4. Capes.— What is the most northern capo? The most eastern .' SOUTH AMERICA. 219 The most southern? The most western? Where is Cape Orange? North? Frio? St. Antonio? St. Francisco? 5. Islands.— Where is Margarita Island ? Trinidad ? Joannes ? St. Catharina? Galapagos? Falkland? Terra del Fiiego? Wel- lington? Chiloe? Juan Fernandez? St. Felix? Chjincha? Lobos? G. Mountains.— What great range of mountains along the west coast ? What range near and parallel with the north coast ? On the east coast ? Where are the Geral Mts. ? Balchitta Mts. ? Vulcan Mts. ? 7. Lakes.— Where is Lake Maracaybo? Titicaca? Pansa? T)e los Patos ? Reyes ? Pernagua ? 8. Rivers.— Describe the following rivers: Orinoco. Amazon. To- cantins. St. Francisco. Parana. Paraguay. Uruguay. Rio de la Plata. Negro. 1. Position and Extent.— South America, the Southern grand division of the Western Continent, is a triangular peninsula, extend- ing from Cape Gallinas to Cape Horn. It is 4500 miles long, 3000 miles broad in its widest part, and is united to North America by the Isthmus of Panama. Area, 6,552,000 square miles. 2. Natural Featurea.— Mountains. —The Andes Mountains extend along the west coast from the Isthmus of Panama to Terra del Fucgo, a distance of 4800 miles, and are a continuation of the great North American range known in British America and the United States as the Rocky Mountains and in Mexico and Central America its the Sierra Madre. The Andes are remarkable for their length and height, and for their numerous towering peaks and volcanoes- Aconcagua and Tupungato in Chili, Chimborazo and Cotopaxi in Ecuador, Gualateiri in Peru, and Sorata in Bolivia, are some of the loftiest peaks. Aconcagua is the highest land in the Western Con- tment, and is 23,100 feet above the sea. 3. In the volcanic districts of the Andes earthquakes are frequent, scmotimes destroying cities, towns, and many lives. Immense ra' vi.u>s, occasionally 2000 feet deep, are found in these mountains. They often enclose rivers. 4. On tlio cast coast are the Brazilian Coast Mountains ; in the inte- rior are numerous parallel and cross ranges ; and near the centre, parallel to the Andes, is a ^Iw^range called (lu. Geral Mountains. ' lirendth IT .w united to North Amcrioa? Aroa? 2. Mountains? l-.-i wuai llighoHt peaks? 3. What of oarthquakcH? Ravines? 4. Other Or what rein(irkahh< ? inountaina ? ' ) 220 SOUTH AMERICA. 5. Along the northern part of Brazil, separating it from Venezuela and the United States of Colombia, are the Parime Mountains ; in a portion of their extent they are called the Acaray Mountains. 6. Coast-line and Lakes. — The coast-line of South America IS remarkably free from indentations. There are few lakes. The largest are Lake Titicaca, on the borders of Peru and Bolivia, which is 12,847 feet above the sea and has a surface of 4000 square miles, and Lake Maracaybo, in Venezuela. 7. Rivers. — South Ame- rica is noted for its magni- ficent rivers. The Amazon, in the north, the largest, al- though not the longest, in the world, is 3600 miles in length, and drains a greater extent of country than any other. Its largest affluent is the Madeira. The Ori- noco is 1500 miles long, and flows through Venezuela into the Atlantic. It is said to have 400 navigable tributaries. 8. The other most important river is the Parana, which, after its junction with the Uruguay, forms the Rio de la Plata, and flows into the Atlantic Oeean. The streams emptying into the Pacific are mostly short mountain-torrents. 9. Surface. — South Amei'ica is remarkable for its vast level plains, lying in the basins of the great rivers, sometimes extending hundreds of miles. In the nortli they are called Llanos, and in the south Pampas. In the valley of the Amazon are extensive forest plains called Silvas, and in the mountainous regions are numerous elevated plateaus or table-lauds. 10. Products. — The chief products are sugar, coffee, cotton, in- digo, wheat, barley, and Indian corn, with tropical fruits in gro;it variety. Various dye-woods are found, and cinchona, or Peruvian bark, from which quinine is made. Hides, horns, tallow, and jcrkcd- bccf arc largely exported. 5. Mountains in Nortliprn Brnzil. oa-con- fitrictors, alligators, and other reptiles of huge size, infest the tropical rivers and lowlands. 15. Climate.— The trade- winds, l)l()wing for several THE LAMA. BOA-CONSTRICTOR. months in the same direction, the high and snow-capped mountains, n. Fores Joa-constrictors ta? 12. Minerals? 1."?. Aniiniils ? 14.0th Ac? 16. Climate? er animals ? Birds, Ac. ? l»:f 222 SOUTH AMERICA. the great extent of surface covered oy dense forests, and the sur- rounding ocean, render the climate more temperate than it is in tht same latitudes in other parts of the world. 16. Divisions.— South America comprises 12 divisions,— namely. The United States of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Guiana, Brazil' Peru, Bolivia, Chili, Argentine Confederation, Paraguay, Uruguay,' and Patagonia. 17. Population.— The population of South America is nearly 26,000,000, and is composed in all parts, except in Patagonia, of nearly the same races,- namely, whites, Indians, and negroes ; from these the mixed races, muiattoes, zamboes, and others, are formed. 18. The Creoles, or whites of European descent, are the ruling race, holding all the offices in church and state. The subjugated Indians are quiet and apathetic. They perform a large share of the labor in agriculture and the mines. The wild Indians are savages. They roam chiefly through the forests of Brazil and the pampas of Patagonia. 19. The negroes, brought at first from Africa, were never nume> reus, except in Brazil and Guiana. The mixed races are despised by the whites. They are engaged chiefly in laborious occupations. In Peru the lines of distinction between the races, of which ihere are several varieties, are clearly drawn. 20. Government.— For about three hundred years the greater part of South America was subject to Spain. But the colonies, taking ad/antage of tL3 disturbed state of the mother-country^ achieved their independence, between the years 1810 and 1829! Most of the States are styled republics, Brazil is an empire ; Guiana consists of three colonial dependencies. Patagonia is unsettled, 21. Owing to the ignorance of the people and the ambition of the rulers, the States of South America are republican only in form. The governors and presidents frequently oppress the people. 22. But this condition of things is gradually giving way before the civilization of the age, and South America may, within a few decades, boast as rapid progress as any country in the world, 23. Relision, — The Roman Catholic is the prevailing religion, r^A^u ^7'^!''"o' Name tho States. 17. Population? How composed ? 18. Ut the Creoles? Indians? 1 9. Xnirroos ? Of the mixed rftce". ? 20 'Govern mcnt? What are the States now? 21. What further of' these States ? 22. What progress? 23. Religion? THE UNITED STATES OF COLOMBIA. 223 In many States no other is tolerated; in some, however, freedom of worship IS allowed. In British and Dutch Guiana, Protestantism is established. 24 History.-South America was discovered by Columbus, on his third voyage, in 1498. It was first colonized by Spaniards and Portuguese. On the western coast was found a peculiar semi-civili- zation, which has been graphically described by Prescott in his "Conquest of Peru." The Spaniards have been everywhere cruel to the natives, and have sought to find and amass gold rather than to promote the civilization of the people. THE UNITED STATES OF COLOMBIA. Questions on Map No. 25, United States of Colombia - Bound United States of Colombia. What sea north? AVhat cape farthest north? Where is Cape de Vela? Aguja? Corrientes? What gulfs north? What bay west? What isthmus west? Between what waters is the Isthmus of Panama ? What large river flows north and empties into the Caribbean Sea through several mouths ? What is its principal afiluent ? What mountain-range west of the Cauca ? What between the Cauca and Magdalena ? What east of the Magdalena ? Where is the Peak of Tolima ? Name the rivers in the south. Into what do they flow? Where are the Llanos? Where and what is the ^apital? Where IS Popayan? Pasto? Carthagena? Santa Martha? Porto Bello? Through what part of Colombia does the Equator pass? 1. Position and Extent.-The United States of Colombia, for- merly called New Granada, is situated in the northwestern part of South America, chiefly between the Orinoco Kiver and the Pacific Ocean Its greatest length is about 900 miles, and its greatest breadth about 650 miles. Area, 457,000 square miles, or nearly double that of the State of Texas. 2. Natural Fe^tnres.~Mountatns.~Tbe Andes, extending, from Ecuador, bmnch^ff^^^ (.^^^^^|= 24. Who discovered South America? Whjit of the F-.r.iiiLr,l, ? T.r„ t- •i .* ■'] ■f. ' .1 1 Ui 224 SOUTH AMERICA. and Western Andes, forming two beautiful valleys. The -.vestern and central parts are very mountainous; the northern and eastern portions consist of llanos or grassy plains. The highest point in Colombia is the Peak of Tolima [to-lee^mah), 18,200 feet above the sea. 3. Rivers. — The principal rivers in the west are the Magdalena and Cauca [kow^kah), which flow northward, form a junction as they approach the coast, and empty, by several mouths, into the Carib- bean Sea. The rivers in the eastern and southern parts are tributa- ries of the Amazon or the Orinoco. 4. Soil and Climate. — In the plains the soil is very fertile, but imperfectly cultivated. The climate varies with the elevation : on the table-lands there is perpetual spring ; on the coast and lowlands it is very hot, and at certain seasons unhealthy. On the western coast and at the city of Carthagena the yellow fever prevails in summer. 5. There are few good roads and no railroads in Colombia; in the mountjT ".nous districts travellers are carried over difficult passes on the backs of Indians. Steamboat navigation on the larger rivers has been lately introduced to a limited extent. 6. Products. — In the fertile districts grain may be sown at any period of the year. The chief products are coffee, to- bacco, sugar, cotton, rice, wheat, and Indian corn. Tropical fruits abound in great variety. Peru- vian bark, dye-woods, and hides are largely exported. 7. There are many species of animals: bears are found in the mountains ; deer on the higher plains; alligators infest the Magdalena and Cauca Rivers. The condor inhabits the Andes; in the forests is heard the sonj^ of the tropical nightingale. Vast herds of cattle feed on the llanos. THE CONDOR. 3. Rivers? 4 Soil ? Climate? Of the western coast? 5. What of roads and travelling? Of steamboats? 6. Products ? 7. Animals? )f roads and THE UNITED STATES OF COLOxMBIA. 225 8. In Colombia are mines of gold, silver, and copper, wh^ch with enterprise and capital would be very productive. 9. Population.— The population numbers 2,795,000, comprising the usual varieties. The educated Creoles rank first in South America for scientific and literary culture. The Llaneros, or people of the llanos, are expert horsemen, and use the lasso in catchin? cattle. ^ 10. Chief Towas.-Bogota {ho-go-ta¥), the capital, is situated in the interior, on a lofty plateau of the Eastern Andes, 8000 feet above the sea. It has a delightful climate. Popayan^ and Pasto are the other chief inland towns. The principal seaports are Carthagena, Santa Martha, and Porto Bello. In the Isthmus of Panama, Chagres [chaVgres) and Aspinwall are the principal ports on the Caribbean Sea, and Panama a«d Buenaventura {hicaf/nah-ven-too'rah) on the Pacific. 11. Government.— The United States of Colombia is a con- federated republic, composed of nine states. The constitution is liberal in its principles. There have been several revolutions. Education is constantly improving. 12. Religion.— The Roman Catholic religion is established by law ; but other creeds are tolerated. Questions on Maps No. 25, 26, Isthmus of Panama.— [Map No. 25.) Where is the Isthmus of Panama? What two countries does it connect? [Map No. 26.) Along what river does the Panama Railroad run? On what sea is Aspinwall? On what bay is Panama? What towns on the railroad route? Where is Navy Bay ? The Isthmus of Panama.— 1. Panama is one of the States of Colombia. The Isthmus of Panama is one of the routes of commu- nication between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and is, conse- quently, of importance to the interests of the world. It is, there- fore, proper to speak of it in a special paragraph. 2. It was formerly called the Isthmus of Darien. Its greatest breadth is 114 miles, and its least 47 miles. 8. Minerals? 9. Population ? 10. What of Bogota ? Other towns? Sea ports? Of tho I«t»'erd>ainli.i»> !' ''. What ut' Ciiracuua? Scapurti' tf. Uthur tuwua ? Soupurt? lU. (.iuvcriinit'iiC'' 11. Religion? ECUADOR. 229 affluents in Ecuador. What and where is the capital? Where is Guayaquil? Cuenca? Riobamba? Callo? Payaguas? Rosario? MOUNT COTOPAXI, ANDES RANGE. 1. Position and Extent.— Ecuador {ek-waJi-dore'), so called from Its lying under the equator, is situated on the Pacific coasts south ot Columbia. Its greatest length is about 800 miles, and its greatest l.readth about 350 miles. Area, 208,000 square mile8,~about equal to that of the German Empire. 2 Natural Feature8.-3fo«rt^a/n.?.-Thore are three ranges "t the Andes in Ecuador, with a general course in a northeasterly •hrection. The range farthest eu.t is the loftiest. The middle raniro rises 10.000 to 12,000 feet, and spreads out oastwardly into an ele- vated plateau, with numerous towering peaks. Ohimborazo the loftiest, is 21,420 feet high. Cotopaxi is 10.000 feet high, ami is the most remarkable volcano in the M'orld. No other 'volcano approaches it in terrible sublimity. The roar of Cotopaxi. it is suid, has been heard at a distanc o of several huudred mileg. The A ^*'y^''o""«;r^- '^^'^ '"'"'"' f^'-onf'"'-? Whpro is U? Letifffh and breadth? Area? 2. Whut, mountninn? Which i. tbo loCfiest rnn^o? Whrof U« mid dlo range? Wiiat of Chiu,bora«o ? Cotopaxi? Of tlie third range? 20 11 230 SOUTH AMERICA. li' J third range is near the coast, and is not so lofty as the other two ranges. 3. Elvers. — The Amazon and its tributaries in the north, south, and west are magnificent navigable streams. Those flowing west into the Pacific are short mountain-torrents. 4. Soil and Climate. — There are two seasons: winter, from December to May, which is a season of delightful temperature ; and summer, from June to November, during whi(^h high winds ijrevail, and rain seldom falls. The soil on the coast is sterile, and the climate sickly; Dut on the table-lands, among the mountains, the soil is good and the climate delightful. At Quito perpetual spring prevails. Wheat may be sown so as to ripen every month in the year. 5. Products. — The productions of the soil and the minerals are similar to those of Colombia. The forests are filled with birds of brilliant plumage, and the affluents of the Amazon are infested with dangerous reptiles. G. Population. — The inhabitants number 1,040,000, comprising Creoles, Indians, and the mixed races. The Indians are more indus- trious than those of most of the South American States. There are few roads of any description except on the table-lands. Merchandise is transported on the backs of mules. 7. Chief Towns.— Quito {ke^io), the capital, is built on the side of Mount Pichincha, 9500 feet above the sea, and is surrounded by snow-capped volcanic mountains. It has a celebrated university, and is noted for its literary society. Guayaquil {gwi-ah-keeV), near the Gulf of Guayaquil, is the principal seaport; it is very unhealthy. Cuenca [kwen^kah) and Riobamba are the other chief towns. 8. Government.— E(uiador is a liberal but unstable republic. It consists of throe departments, Quito, Guayaquil, and Assuay [as- »wV). Revoluti(»n8 frequently occur, and the character of the govern- ment is on this account constantly changing. 9. Education. — An educational system, including a university, ten colleges and .seminaries, and numerous primary scluxds, has lately been organized. 10. Religion.— The prevailing religion is Ronian Catholic. 3. Rivers? 4. Soil? Climate? 6. Products? ft. Population ? Roads, Ac? 7 Whr.t of Quito? For what noted ? Guayaquil? Other towns? 8. Govern inent? tf. Eduoatiun? lU. Religion? GUIANA. 231 GUIANA. Questions on Map No. 24, Guiana.-Bound Guiana. What point on the coast? What mountains on the southern boundary? What rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean ? To what three powers does Guiana belong? Which has the eastern part? The middle? The western ? What is the chief town in French Guiana? In Dutch Guiana ? In British Guiana ? 1. Position and Extent.-Guiana lies on the northern coast of South America, east of Venezuela. It is about 560 miles lone from cast to west, and about 200 broad. Area, 169,000 square miles - about equal to that of Spain. The western part belongs to England, the eastern to France, and the centre to Holland. 2. Natural FeatnreB.-Mountains.-TheAcRray{ah-kah-rn Mountains form the southern boundary: they are about 4000 feet high. From this elevation the surface of the country gradually falls until within 40 or 50 miles of the sea-coast, when it is very little above high-watei. This broad strip along the coast is marshy, and at some points dikes are necessary to keep out the sea. 3. Bivers.— The rivers, of which the Essequibo (es-se-ke'bo) is the longest, are streams of moderate length flowing northward into the Atlantic. There are many picturesque cataracts. 4. Soil and Climate.-ThQ soil is very fertile, but the climate iH hot and unhealthy. There are two wet and two dry seasons • ram falls almost constantly during December, January, and Febru- ary, and again during June, July, and August. Thunder-storms are troquent and violent, but hurricanes are rare. 5 Products.— The principal products are coffee, sugar, tobacco, tmiber, dye-stuff"H, rum, cloves, and nutmegs. Among the wild plants the Victoria Regia, the largest of water-lilies, is particularly noted for its enormous leaves and splendid flowers. 6. Population.— The entire populaticm is estimated at 221 000 Of these, 127,000 are in the British, 64,000 in the Dutch, and 30 000 in the French c oh)nies. French Gu iana was for a time a place of (3riANA.—l. Where is Guiana? Lnnirth n..,! !.r,.,.,iM. 9 a o m. ._, ^^ Pr'l .0 ,? PlinfH? ;; P . f ;•"•"'• .i^'"^'"*' «*"'™'' '""» hurrioa„e«? Vron J.innov !,•. . ; "»»"»^'"" "< mat 2. Natural Features.^ Mountains.-The Andes Mountains range through Bolivia: they rise abruptly in the west, and, at an elevation of 13,000 to 14,000 feet above the sea, spread out into a magnifacent plateau, extending eastward 250 to 800 miles They are divided into two parallel ranges, the Western and Eastern Andes 3. East of the latter lies a beautiful country, sloping gradually towards the interior and the north. The western part, lying on the Pacific coast, occupies the desert of Atacama, a rainless region with occasional mountain-torrents that empty into the Pacific, fertilizing narrow valleys *' in their course. There are in Bolivia, in the Eastern Andes, nine peaks each exceeding 20,- 000 feet in height. Of these, Mts. So- rata, Potosi, Carangas'', and lllimani [eel-ye- ^ maJ/ne) are the highest. 4. Lakes. — Lake Titicaca {fe-te-kah^kah), on the boundary-line of Peru, is situated on a plateau between the Eastern and W estern Andes, 12.847 feet above the level of the sea. Ar?r?"'9'^m^»;,."?"!i'^9"^"'''?.''*^? ,P^''^ '"^ '^^ I^^n^th and breadth? Area? 2. Of the Andes? How divided? 3. What east? What in the west? Lofty peaks ? 4. Of Lake Titicaca ? Where does it discharge Vts waters ? BRIDGE OF ROPES. ii^ I 240 SOUTH AMERICA. It is about 180 miles long, by 40 miles wide, and receives several streams. Its only discharge is by the Desaguadero {des-aJi-gwah- day^ro), a river that flows south and, after a course of about two hundred miles, falls into Lake Pansa. 5. Rivers. — The Madeira River is a part of the eastern boundary; its principal affluents are the Branco, Madalena, Mamore {mah-mo- rai/), and Beni [bay-ne^): they rise in the Andes and flow north. Other rivers are the Pilcomayo {pil-ko-mVo), which also rises in the Andes, but flows east and south ; and the Paraguay, which flows south and forms for some distance the eastern boundary. 6. Soil and Climate. — The soil in the valleys is fertile, in the mountainous region sterile. The climate varies with the locality : in the mountains it is cold, and in the plains warm and damp. 7. Products. — The chief vegetable productions are cereal grains and tropical fruits. In the lowlands, coffee and sugar are produced. There are in the mountains valuable deposits of gold, silver, copper, and tin ; but, owing to want of enterprise, the mines of the precious metals are no longer productive. The silver-mines of Potosi were once renowned for their riches. On the llanos are found vast herds of cattle. 8. Populattou. — The population is 1,987,000. It is composed of Creoles and the mixed races. 9. Chief ToTvns. — Sucre [soo^hray) is the capital ; it is on a plateau 9000 feet above the sea. La Paz, in a deep valley at the foot of the Eastern Andes, is the largest city, and contains a cathedral, 14 churches, a university, a college, a law achool, and other public institutions. Potosi, Orura, Cochabamba, and Tarija {fah-7-e^hah), all in the interior, are important places. Cobija {ku-be^huh) is tlio chief seaport. 10. Oovernment. — Bolivia became independent in 1824. It is a republic, divided into nine departments. 11. There are no railroads iu Bolivia, and hardly any common roads. Merchandise is transported on the backs of mules. The want of facilities for transportation is destroying the little commerce '11 0. itlTors r utncr rivcrr .- inmate: t. tftrnu-cir .- iTitiirt ts!- : Of the silver-mines? Of the llanos? 8. Population? 9. What is said cf Bucrof LaPaz? Coimbra? Cobija? 10. Government? 11. P.uilroads, Ac? Of faollitles for transportation ? Education ? CHILI. 241 that the State now has. The education of youth is becoming more systematic and extended. ^ 12. ReUglon—The prevailing religion is Catholic ; but it is not supported by the government. * CHILI. Questions on Map No. 28, ChiU.~(See Man M, 9i\ n a Ci,i.j. Where is Chi,„eWa„a? Whorit Sh^'a'c' ipdZ Wellmgton Wand? Qaeen Adelaide's Archipelago? IW Te Fuego? San Juan Fernandez? St. Felix? {MapKo^», WhlJv on ihe coast north of Valparaiso? What south ofValpaaio Where are the Gulfs of Ancud and Coreoyado? WLat sreat Toun .a,n-range on the east ? Where is the volcano of Aeoneagu™ Name" .omc of the peaks north „f Aeoneagua. Some of those south In wha part of Chili are the Araueanian Indians? Wh c is the B,..B,o Riycr? What and where is the capital ? Where , Valna ru....? Talcahuana? Huaseo and Cari.al ?' Caldera and CopiapT; C„„„,n,bo? Concepoion? Valdivia? What towns on Chiloe Island ? JnZTT>, '"^ f "'«"'-CI'»l i« a long and narrow strip of B ivLT T "'^7^'" '^'"' "f South America, extending Lm ™!lT In t' ^""^"^ " ■'•'"S* "bout 2100 „,iles. and of an ave- t^erf ,«■"""' '^" "■"""• ^""'' 2«».000 square miles^eariy «u.e tlatof Prussm. The islandsof Cl.iloe (cWay') and Ju'an Fernan'dez are a part of its territory. Chili 'claims the Ihot W tory of Patagonia, under the name of the Territory of MugeUan 2. Natural Peature8.-Jf,„„.^.,:,„._T|,e Andes formal . on, Wundary , „,e surface rise, from tho Pa* 0"". wist f the sumnnt of these mountains, which hero lift th ir nu ner 1; ».-..w-cap|,c,l peaks to a height of upwards of 20,000 feet A oTa "(the sea, and ,s the highest land in the Western Continent. fro n Chrte""'! A™' "'."""'""-I'"""™ "ver the An,le.. extending iron, thih to tho Argentine Confederation; „nlv .„,. 1. j!^ ,.',!-.,1f.'f"'."L "»."■■:-'• Wh.ro I. Chili; A,..?~l,|.„d,p Wh,. „f ua? 3. MouDtaio- ''iitiiironift? 9 TK„ A , Ac , '■ ^""•'^ Area? Is "'iijroniar ^.Iho Andes? Of tho iurfann ? r>f a„„„ l)i.^»08? Volcanoes? "'©•urtaoe/' Of Aoonoag 21 242 SOUTH AMERICA. ri now passable by wagons. There are eight active volcanoes, varying in height from 7500 to upwards of 20,000 feet. 4. Rivers. — The rivers are all short, as they have their sources in the Andes. The longest, the Bio-Bio, is about 200 miles in length. 5. Soil and Climate. — The soil on the coast is good, especially in the valleys between the mountains. The climate is one of tlio finest in the world; nevertheless, the people are not remarkable for longevity. There are four seasons, but in the opposite order from ours, — January being in mid-summer and July in mid-winter. In the northern part of Chili little or no rain falls; in the centre and south the rainy season 1-3 from June to September. Earthquakes are frequent and destructive. 6. Products.— AVheat, corn, and other cereals are produced. Cattle abound. The mineral products are silver, copper, load, iron, cobalt, and quicksilver. Coal has been discovered at Lota, on the coast. Troes of rare and rich woods, and of many varieties, are found in the forests. 7. Populatlou. — The population is 2,146,000, and comprises the usual Soutli American races. The Araucaniati Indians, a bravo and warlike tribe, though often assailed, maintain their independence in the Andes, not 400 miles from the capital. 8. Chief To^vns. — Santiago, the capital, is situated on an olo- vated plateau, 90 miles from the sea. Valparaiso [val-pah-ri^so] is the chief seaport. It is connected with Santiago by a railroad. Talcahuana [tal-kah-wah^nah), on Talcahuana Bay, has a fine har- bor, the best on the coast. Huasco {hioahsl\o) and CarizaK are in the silver district. From Tongoy {tong-(/(/ee) copper is exported to the United States. y. Coquimbo {fio-keem^ho), Ccmcepcion and Valdivia are importr ant towns near the coast. San Carlos and Castro are the principal places in Chiloo Island. Caldora is connected with Copia[)<)'', in tlio silver district, by a railroad, which it is pioposed to continue to the Parana River, in the Argentine Confederation. 10. Oovernment. — Until 1810 Chili was a Spunish vice-royalty, In 1817 it becanu> independent. It is now a c<;nfedorate republic, 4. RlvcfS? .'. S >i! ? CHmatc? "r.-isnns? fi. r'-diiotB? Minerals ? Worxl:;'- 7. l'o|tnlati()n ? Of tlio Araiioiuiiiiii In(lian> «/!•-"' L ^'"""^°^ 4- Hivors? WatcrfallB? 6. Products? Ev ports/ Of \ 01 baMatfi? r.. Population? ^. iroauctsr i.\ URUGUAY. 247 1,337 000. It consists chiefly of Indians, a few whites, and the mixed breeds. 7. Chief Towns—Asuncion (ah-soon-se-own^), the capital, on the left bank of the Paraguay, is a neat and cleanly city. It is situated nearly opposite the junction of the Paraguay and Pilcomayo Rivers, 1000 miles from the sea. Concepcion {kon.sep.se.ownn, in the north Gurugnaty{koo-roo.gwah.te^), near the centre, and Villa ilica (veeV. yah re^kah), south of the centre, are the other principal towns «. Government—Paraguay formerly included all the territory between latitude 16° south and the Strait of Magellan, and between Bra.a on the east and Chili and Peru on the west; bit revolt and cessions have reduced it to the small strip between the Parana and Paraguay Rivers. 9. This State declared its independence in 1810. In 1812 Doctor Francia, a native Creole, usurped the government, made himself dic- tator, and ruled, from 1812 to 1840, with a vigorous hand. :Some years after the death of Francia, Antonio Lopez became President The government is a republic. The people are better educated than those of the adjacent States. A good school system was organized by the Dictator Francia. 10. Religion— The Roman Catholic religion is established. Since the edict of toleration issued by Lopez in 184G, other denominations have been tolerated, but they are not permitted to erect places of worship. 11. In the early part of the eighteenth century, the Jesuit mis< sions of Paraguay included 100,000 Indian converts, who were taught reading, writing, a few of the simplest trades, and the use of arms. In 1759, the Spanish government, jealous of the intentions of the Jesuits, banished the teachers and broke up the missions. URUGUAY. Questions on Map No. 28, Uruguay.-.B()und Uruguav What river on the wes t? On the south? What lake in Uruguay? What r. What of Asuncion? Other towns? 8. What did it. innl.i.ln- Wh««n di.' !Lion v''"l l'"\';jr;''"^ ■ ^^•"'/."^■•■^'""^•.'^"P''''^ Government? 10. Re^ go vc nm , t"/ •'*'''""««• •" »»'« «>gl>»oonth century ? What, of the Spanish 248 SOUTH AMERICA. mountains? What and where is the capital? Where is Colonia? Maldonido? SanJos6? Mercedes? Durango? 1. Position and Extent. — Uruguay [oo-roo-gwV), the smallest of the South American States, lies on the Atlantic, south of Brazil. It is about 350 miles long, and its greatest breadth is nearly the same. Area, 70,000 square miles,— about twice that of the State of Indiana. 2. Natural reatures.—ilfown^ains.— The Coast Range of Bra- zil extends into Uruguay, decreasing in height as it approaches the Rio de la Plata at the south. The coast is low and sandy. In the western part the surface is gently undulating. 8. Rivers. — The principal river, the Uruguay, forms the western boundary of the repablic. The Parana and Uruguay Rivers unite and form the Rio de la Plata, 4. Soil and Climate. — The soil is well suited for grazing. The climate is damp, but mild and healthy. 5. Products. — The principal products of the soil are wheat, In- dian corn, and melons. Hides, horns, jerked beef, and tal- low are the chief exports. Vast herds of cattle and horses roam on the pampas. 6, Popula- tion. — The po- pulation is about 387,000. It consists chiefly of Cre- oles of Spanish descent. Thd MONTEVIDEO. Indians and negroes are comparatively a small number. UntroiTAY.— l.WheroiHit? Lcn-'lh •UHlbrcsultli ? Aron? 2. Mountains? Const aaasurface? a.Kivcrs? 4.Soil? Climuto/' 5. Productsl' Exports? 0. Population ? PATAGONIA. 249 7. Chief Towns.— Montevideo, the capital, is situated on the left bank at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata. It has an excellent harbor. Colo^nia and Maldonado are the other chief towns. San Jo86 {ho-say'), on the Uruguay, is an important inland settlement. 8. Government.— Uruguay is a republic, with thirteen depart- ments. The constitution is liberal, but in practice the government is a military despotism. 9. Religion.— The established religion is Roman Catholic; other forms of worship are tolerated. PATAGONIA. Questions on Map No. 24, Patagonia. — Bound Patagonia. What bays on the east? What peninsula? What cape? What strait between Patagonia and Terra del Fuego? What is Terra del Fuego? What cape farthest south? What islands off the coast? What other island? What mountains in Patagonia? Where is Punta Arenas ? 1. Position and Extent.— Patagonia i^ the peninsula forming the southern extremity of South America. It extends from the Rio Negro to the Straits of Magellan, and is about 1000 miles in length, by an average breadth of about 280 miles. Area, 280,000 square miles, or more than twice that of Prussia. It includes Terra del Fuego {ter^rah del foo-ee'go), (the Land of Fire), and the group of islands near the coast. Chili and the Argentine Confederation each claim the territory of Pat-^gonia. 2. Natural Features.-/ . nniains.— The Andes traverse the western part, declining in height towards the south. The Balchitta Mountains are in the northeast. From the mountains in the cast to those in the west stretches a succession of terraces, forming sterile plateaus, about which very little is known. 3. liivers.— The Rio Negro forms a part of the northern bound- ary, and flows into the Atlantic. The other rivers are unimportant. 4. Surface. — The face of the country is rocky and barren: 7. Of Montpvideo ? OtJinr towns? 8 r3,„ro,....v.«»,* » o t>„i:-: o "^4 '""'•^"o- 'i^^"'" '' '^^ ^''^''"*- W^'^* islands?' Area? Wh.fciaim./pntal fjonm? 2. Mountains? What further of the mountains? 3. Rivers? 4 Sur- face.' Of rain? Climate? Harbors? Tides? 1! »i Hi m ' 250 SOUTH AMERICA. slaty shingles and boulder cover immense areas. Kain falls in great quantit.3s and the climate is very disagreeable. Eastward it is less damp. There are few good harbors. The tides on the coast rise from thirty to forty feet. 5. Products.— The country is a desert. The inhabitants, who are savages, live by hunting and fishing. Seals abound on the coast lor nnn°^^V*'*°°'":^'^' °""'^'' ^^ ^^^ Patagonians is estimated ai 1-0,000 They are large and ill formed, usually about six and a half feet in height. The name Patagonian means large-footed: the people were so called because their feet, wrapped m hides, appeared to the earliest narigators to be of immense si^e. Their feet and hands are however, generally small in proportion to the rest of their bodies ' 7. There are no towrs or villages in Patagonia, with the excep- t,on of Punta Arenas {poon^fak ah-ray^nas), a new port on the Strait i,i Magellan, founded by Chili in 1853. THE ISLANDS OF SOUTH AMERICA. L The islands of South America are fewer in number and smaller m e^ctent than the islands of the other grand divisions. The largest of those in the Caribbean Sea are Cura(joa {ku-rah-so^ah), Buen Ayre {mm vray), Oruba, and Margarita. The first three belong to the Ijo herlands, and form a Dutch government, the capital of which is Wilhamstadt, m Cura^oa. These islands are moderately fertile. The chief product is salt. Populatiou of the whole, about 20,000. 2. Margan.ca lies about 30 miles north of Venc.uela, and belongs to that State; sugar, coifoe, cotton, and other tropical productions aoound. Salt-nuiking and fishing are carried on to some extent. Pearls were formerly found on the coast, but few are now met with. Asuncion is the capital. Population of the island, about 15,000. ^. ihe Galapagos {gah-lap^ah-goce) Islands lie in the Pacific Ocean, about 050 miles wet of Ecuador, and form an appendage t.> that republic. T hey are 13 in nu mber^l volcanic, and mistly sterile. ,.i-_^':"*^"°*f.' «• What of the people? Of their namoT^ Whnf ^. e.ja .. ISLANDS. 251 lis in great fd it is less t rise from tants, who I the coast, itimated at and a half the people -red to the hands are, bodies, the excep- the Strait id smaller he largest uen Ayre )ng to the which is ly fertile. 20,000. i belongs oductions e extent, met with. 5,oor. e Pacific 3ndago to ly sterile. I of thorn? ducts? 2. of turtle? The only inhaoitant. are on Charles Islands ; and they are chiefly cor. 4. Ihe Chincha and lobos (lo^boce) Islands lie near the coast of Peru, and are noted for their large deposits of Lni^Z ' , '^ frnm tho eoi^ «p u- u • n ^ u<^posiis 01 guano, the income from the sale of which yields a considerable revenue to the Peruvian government. ^^ciuvian GUANO ISLAND. 5. The Ju^an Fernan^dez Islands, two in number, are in the Pacific Ocean about 500 miles westward from Chili. The easternmost. Mas-u.Tierra {mahs-ah-fper-raf^), has a few Chilians settled on it. On this island Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish sailor, resided by himself for several years: his narrative is supposed to have given .i«e to the story of Robinson Crusoe. - wide, with a population of 60,000. The soil is fertile, producing, -arley, oats potatoes, and apples. The forests are extensive, an3 apply the finest timber. San Carlos and Castro are the chief towns • the lormer is the capital. 4. Chincha and Lobos? 4. tnincha and Lobos? For whaf nnfo,i? ^ t., n 1 _ — noted? 6.Chiloe? Populati^np'^^n^r iwsf ?:.l"r"'^^- ^°'- "''^'^ I :. ■■! 252 SOUTH AMERICA. 7. On the west coast of Chili are a number of islands, of which Wellington is the largest. The few inhabitants are savages of tho lowest grade. 8. Terra del Fuego, or Land of Fire, so called fror . its volcanoes, is a cluster of islands situated south of Patagonia, from which it is separated by the Straits of Magellan. It extends from cast to west about 500 miles, and forms the southernmost part of South America. Some of the islands are covered with trees ; others are rocky and sterile. The inhabitants are a wretched race of .vages. Area, 50,000 square miles. Toya [to^yah), a small island on the east coast of Patagonia, abounding in guano, has lately been taken possession of by France. 9. The Falkland Islands lie in the Atlantic Ocean, from 300 to 350 miles east from Patagonia. They comprise East Falkland and West Falkland, with a number of smaller islands. Their area is about equal to that of ;the State of Connecticut. The soil consists mostly of peat. Trees are unknown. Horses, cattle, and swine, introduced by the first settlers, are numerous, and many have "become wild. Sea-elephants and seals frequent the shores. Port Louis is a British settlement on East Falkland. 10. The islands of Brazil all lie in the Atlantic Ocean. Joannes {zho-an^aes), situated between the mouths of the Amazon and the Para, is 150 miles long. Population, about 20,000. 11. Maranham'' Island is at the mouth of Maranham River; it is about 20 miles long, and contains the city of Maranham, an important seat of commerce. Population of the island, about 40,000. 12. Fernando de Noronha [fer-nan^do day no-rone^yah) lies about 175 miles northeast of Cape San Roque [roHcay). It is well fortified and garrisoned, and is about 8 miles in length. It is a Brazilian penal settlement, and the inhabitants are principally convicts. 13. St. Catharina is a fertile island, lying close to the coast of Brazil, and about 500 miles southwest of Rio Janeiro. It is 30 miles in length, and has a population of about 12,000. Desterro is the chief town. 7. Islands on the west coast of Chili? 8. Terra del Fucpro? How Ion;?? What is said further? Of the inhabitants? Toya? 1). Falkland Islands? What do they comprise? Area? Su'il? Trees? OPnnimnlR? What pisrt' 10. What of the islands of Brazil? 11. Maranham L-land? 12. Fermmdo do Noronha? St. Cutharina? EUROPE. EUROPE. 253 CITY OF LONDON. Questions on Map No. 29, Europe.-Bound Europe. Between ^^^mt parallels of latitude does Europe principally lie? Meridians ot longitude? Divisions—Where is Russia? Sweden? Norway? Denmark !> Wmany? Prussia? Austria? Italy? Switzerland? Holland? Belgium? France? Spain? Portugal? Turkey? Greece? Where are the British Isles? What do the British Isles incrde? Seas, Bays, &c. -Where is the White Sea? Tcheskaya Gulf^ m^^TTun^'r^^'''''- K^^-^Bay? Caspian Sea? Azof^ Back? The Bosphorus? Sea of Marmora? The Dardanelles? ine ArchiDelairo? Mftditpirrapenn' 4fi'-:a'^;-'> o^, •, o ^ Gulf of ? GulfofTaranto? Bay ot Naples? Strait of Bonifacio? .,uix o Oenoa? Gulf of Lyons? Strait of Gibraltar? Bay of Biscay 'PI I nil 254 EUROPE. English Channel? Zuyder Zee? N:)rth Soa? Baltic? Gulf of Fin. land? Riga? Dantzic? Bothnia? Cattegat? SkagerRack? St. George's Channel? Irish Sea? Lake Lad- ^ oga? Onega? Geneva? Capes. — Where is North Cape ? Cape Sviatoi? Matapan? Passaro? St. Vincent? Finisterrc ? Ortogal ? Land's End ? Cape Clear? The Naze? Islands. — Where is Nova Zembla ? Can- dia ? Negropont ? Where are the Ionian Isles? Where is Sicily? Malta? Sar- dinia? Corsica? Elba? Where are the Balearic Isles? Wlierc is Ireland ? Great Britain, — including England, Scotland, and Wales? Where are the Shetland Isles? Orkneys? Hebrides? Where is Zealand ? Where are the Faroes? The Loffodens? Mountains. — Where are the Ural Moun- tains? Caucasus? Carpathian? Alps? Apennines? Auvergne? Cevennes? Pyro- nees? Sierra Nevada? Sierra Morena? Cantabrian ? Dovrefield ? Scandinavian? Valdai Hills? Rivers. — Describe the Ural River. Volga. Don. Dnieper. Daii- Guadahpiivlr. Ta-^us. Garonne. Loire. BAy OF NAPLES. * U])0. Po. Tiber. Rhone. Seine. Rhine. Elbe. Oder. Vistula. Niomcu. Duua. Dwina. Tornea. Peninsulas.— What peninsula in the Black Sea? Between tho Archipelag.> and the Medit«;rrnn(an? Between the Adriatic on tlio east and tlu; Mediterranean on the west? Between the Mediter- ranean and the Atlantic Ocean ? Between the Nortli Sea and tho Cattegat? Between the Baltic Sea and tho Atlantic Ocean? 1. Position and Extent. — Europe occuniea the northwestern part of the Eastern Continent: it is separated from Asia by the Ih-al Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and Black Sea, and from Afri'm by tho Mediterranean Sea. Its greatest lenirtli E.'HOi'R.— 1. Where is Kuropc? How Bcpitratod from Asia and Africa? Len){tb and broadth? Area? EUROPE. 255 md Afriin? ALPS, AND ALPINE VILLAGE. is 3400 miles, and its greatest breadth about 2400 miles. Area, 3,764,388 square miles. 2. Natural Featurea.-.Vo ,t n ff a in. ..-There are several ranges <>t mountains. An almost continuous mountain-line from the Cau- casus, running westward, divides Europe into the level country iH.rth and the mountainous country south. The southern p.)rtion IS greatly diversified; the Alps. Apennines, Pyrenees, and Cau- casus are the most noted mountains of this portion. 3. The Pyrenees, separnting France and Spain, present a steep and precipitous face tewards Spain, but descend by g,.ntlo slopes towards France. The Ural Mountains are between Europe and Si- bcria in Asia. AL.unt Elburus, in the Caucasus range, between the Black and Caspian Seas, is the highest laud in Europe, ,i„a h l/,770 feet above the level of the sea. 4. Coanf.lnic.—rho indentations „f the coast of Euroi)e are si> numerous that it 1ms a cuiiHt-lino ..f ninro t! nn nnr. ., S( arcely any portion is ^OO miles .listant from the sea. Whnt ''Vi^il;:!;'";"^!;;!:/:'";! '^r"'^';-'''!"" p-t«on? 3. pyrenco.? I'rul? Mt. Elburus? 4. Whiit of tho oonRt-I DO? raipa 256 EUROPE. 5. ^eas. — The most important inland seas are the Baltic, in the north ; the Black Sea and the Sea of Azof, in the southeast ; the Caspian, on the boundary between Europe and Asia; and the Medi- terranean, between Europe and Africa. The Mediterranean is the largest inland sea in the world, having a length of 2200 miles. 6. Lakes.—There are a great number of small lakes. Ladoga, the largest, lies in a depressed region of western Russia : it is sur- rounded by hundreds of smaller lakes. 7. liivers.— The principal rivers are the Danube, which flows easterly into the Black Sea ; the Rhine, which flows into the North Sea ; the Loire, Seine, and Rhone in France; the Tagus in Spain and Portugal ; the Po in Italy ; the Volga, Don, Dnieper, Dniester, and Ural in Russia. The Tiber in Italy, although a small stream, is one of the most famous rivers of history. STRAIT OF QlBflALTAR. 8. Soil and r/Zma/*!.— Kuropo oxtondn from the 3r>th degrfo t>f north latitude to the Arctic Ocean, and haw almost every variety •v Whn» Kpn«i? 6. Lukes? 7. Priiioiiml rivers ? What of the Tiber ? 8. Soil aii'l cl'iiiato ? EUROPE. 257 of soil and climate. In general, the climate is more equable than elsewhere, and aie chaugcs of the seasons are more regular. 9. The isothermal lines from America and A.sia curve ten degrees northward in Europe, indicating a higher temperature than in those divisions. This is due to the hot winds from the great deserts in the broad tropical belt running through Africa and Arabia, and to the warm winds from the Gulf Stream on the western and northwestern shores. 10. Products.— Europe has a great variety of products, including the grains of the temperate zone, some of the fruits of the tropics, and all of the principal fruits which flourish in the milder regions of the earth. 11. The mineral productions are gold, silver, platinum, iron, lead, copper, zinc, coal, and salt. 12. Of the various fisheries, the herring-fishery of the British Islands is the most important. 13. Animals.— The principal wild animals are the wild boar, the wolf, and several varieties of the bear. Of domcd- ticanimals, the horse, shcop, hog, and cattle alK)und. In tlin north- ern coun- trios the rolndcer is iHcd for i': M I- .!l 258 EUROPE. are the golden eagle and the lammergeyer, oi bearded vulture, which destroys sheep. 15. Divisions.— Europe is divided into forty-one States, of which the principal are Great Britain and Ireland, Russia, ^r)rway and Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Belgium, Prussia, Austria, the several German States, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Italy, Turkey, and Greece. 16. It is the smallest of the grand divisions of the earth, but con- tains some of the most populous, wealthy, powerful, and enlightened countries in the world. . 17. Population.— The population numbers 302,000,000, and con- Bists chiefly of several varieties of the Caucasian or white race. 18. In most of the countries there is a small class of privileged persons, known as the nobility, who are entitled by birth to import- ant political rights not granted to the rest of the people. 19. Chief Cities.— Europe has many magnificent capitals. The largest is London, in England, the capital of the British Empire. Paris, in Franco, is r ted for its life and gayety, its public buildings, and its churches. Berlin, the capital of Prussia, is a splendid city! Vienna, with its imperial palace of Schonbrunn, is famous for its his- toric associations, especially those connected with the wars of Napo- leon I. St. Petersburg and Moscow are renowned cities in Russia. 20. Rome, "the Eternal City," is the centre of attraction in Italy. Constantinople is the capital of Turkey, or the Ottoman Empire! The chief cities of Europe are nearly all connected by railroads! and travel between them is easy and pleasant. 21. In all the great cities, but particularly in those of Italy, are •lifendid galleries filled with world-renowned paintings and statues. The galleries of art in Rome are the richest in the world. 22. Education.— There are universities and colleges in several of the capitals, and in many otiicr cities. These are provided with every appliance for instructiim in the most liberal course of study. ^ 23. The Univorsltios of Oxford and Cambridge are the most noted la England. Germany has twenty-two universities, besides several Jf;i'I"'''.'«^w7'' '!.'"''!''•' ^ Ifi.AVhat is sai.l further of Enropo? V. P... X^'^'V J\^'"\' f'Tlhcr ..f th« population' 10, Chiof citiL? IWlin 7 ;«1^'::^n,em? Swi;;'^----:^-:'-^ £f-±'»«:*':-^ 21.Whatn,r.hori, ford!' Cambridfjo ? (} •da«At 2:1. What fnrth or of education in ()) Whnt of Fninc"? Hpain ond ttnly!' EUROPE. 259 Hundred colleges (gymnasia). France has taken the lead in poly- technic and industrial schools ; while the University of France is the source and centre of public instruction for the nation, and is the largest in the world. The universities of Spain and Italy, although still important, are far less famous than formerly. 24. Education is carefully attended to among the higher and middle ranks ; but until recently the lower classes have been much neglected. General education has made greater progress in Ger- many than elsewhere. 25. Government.-Tho governments are for the most part mon- archies: absolute, in Russia and Turkey; limited or constitutional, in Great Britain, Prussia, Belgium, and the majority of the coun, tries. Nine-tenths of the European governments are limited 26. Great Britain, France, Russia, Austria, and Prussia are called from their extent and strength, "the Great Powers." Upon their concurrence or disagreement often depends the question of peace or „^«»' CAPF. sr VINCtNt, 24. How is fiduoation uttemlod to? 26. What of govorninonts ? 20. Of tho ) ■ ! « 260 EUROPE. \9(i Ti^r in Europe. On great questions it is their policy to act in unison and dictate terms to tlie other powers. 27. Religion—The Christian religion, in some form, prevails over the greater portion of Europe. In the north (excepting Russia) the people, comprising about one-fourth of the whole, are generally Protestants ; in the south, the people, comprising one-half of the whole, are generally Koman Catholics; in Russia and Greece the people, comprising one-fifth of the whole, belong mostly to the Greek Church ; in Turkey, the governing race are Mohammedans. THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 1. The Br.tlsh Empire deludes the United Kingdom of Great Bnta.n auu Ireland, with Gibraltar and Malta, in Europe ; and various colonies and possessions in Asia, Africa, America, the West Indies, and Australasia. These are severally referred to under their proper heads. The whole emp^e contains 7.566,000 square miles, and has a population of 227,000,(K)r THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. Questions on Map No. 30, United Kingdom of Great Bri- tain and Ireland.— Between what parallels of latitud( (h. Great Bri- tain and Ireland principally lie? Meridians of longitude? Which t!.. largest island? Which next? What sea between the two? Wiiut channels? Turkey? Hr.tisii Lmi-iue.-I. What does the Urilinh Empire iuoludeV ,,,.«»? SCOTLAND. 261 1. The United Kingdom of Great Jritain and Ireland, the centre and seat of government of the British Empire, is the most powerful State in the Old AVorld. It comprises the two large islands situated northwest of France, the larger of which is called Great Britain, and contains Scotland, England, and Wales. Ireland is the smaller island. The United Kingdom includes the adjacent islands,— viz. : in the north, Shetland, Orkney, and Hebrides {he¥rid-eez); on the south, Scilly, the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Wight ; and in the Irish Sea, Anglesea {ang^g'l-se) and the Isle of Man. 2. Great Britain was so called to distinguish it from a smaller territory, of like name, in France (the province of Armorica), which was peopled mainly by exiles from Britain and was thence called Bretagno, or Brittany, The term was not much used, however, until 1707, when a legislative union took place between England and Scot- land, and " Great Britain" became the legal title of the whole king- dom. It so continued until 1800, when a legislative Union took place between Great Britain and Ireland, since which time the legal title has Vjccu "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland." 3. Area of the United Kingdom, 121,000 square miles. Popula- tion, 31,817,000. 4. The privileged class, the hereditary nobility and the gentry, are among the richest and most powerful in Europe. They control to a great extent the legislation and government of the empire. The government is treated of under the head of England. SCOTL \ND. Questions on Map No. 30, Scotland.— In what direction is Scotland from England? Bound Scotland. Where is Capo Wrath ? Dunnet Head? John O'Groat's {(/raicfs) House? Duncansby Head? Dornoch Firth? Murray Firth? Kinnaird's Head ? Firth of Tay? Firth of Forth ? Solway Firth? Mull of Galloway ? North Chan- nel? Firth of Clyde? Jura Sound? Loch Linnho? The Minch ? Little Minch? Where are the Shetland Islands (see Map Ko. 29)? The Orkney Islands {see Map Xo. 30) ? The IIel)rides ? Where are Orkat BniTAiw Avn TnKi.ANn. — 1. What id saidof itf What dopH itoom- ]n\Hc? 2. Why called Great liritain? 3. Area? 4. What is ^aid of th* juivilegod class? ! 1 i m ■ :l; ^K IiIbI^ if 202 EUROPE. the following islands ?-Arran? Islay ? Mull? Staffa? Skye? What hills between Scotland and England? Where are the Gram pian Hills? What peaks north of the Grampian Hills? Where arf, Ben More Hills? Where is the river Tweed ? Forth? Tay? Dee^ Clyde? Esk? The Caledonian Canal? Where is Edinburgh? ulasgow? Leith? Aberdeen? Dundee? Paisley? Inverness? 1. Position and Extent—Scotland occupies the northern por- tion of Great Britain, including the adjacent groups of islands. It greatest length is about 300 miles, and its greatest breadth 160 Area, 30,000 square miles,-ju8t equal to that of the State of Maine. 2. Natural FeatnreB.-^Mountains.—In general the surface is hilly or mountainous. The Grampian Hills divide the country into the Highlands and the Lowlands. In the Highlands are numerous mountain-peaks, and the scenery is picturesque. The principal peaks are Ben Nev's, the highest, 4368 feet, Ben Cruachan, Ben Aven and Ben Macdhui {mac-doo'ee). Ben means "head," or "summit." The Cheviot Hills are between Scotland and England. Other ele- vations are the Lammermoor Hills, the Lowthers, and the Ben More liills. 3. Coast-line.-The coast of Scotland is so deeply indented that at some points it is not thirty miles across from sea to sea. Ihe hrths, or sea-lochs penetrating the coast, offer many good har- b.n-8 ; of these, one of the most noted is the Firlh of Clyde. 4. Lakes.—Theve are numerous beautiful lakes: among them the most striking are Lochs Lomond, Ness, Tay, Fyne, and Leven. m the Highlands the country is better suited for grazing than for agriculture. ^ Tt/^^vT'~l^i^ principal rivers are the T^y, Clyde, Forth, Iweed, Exk, and Dee. ^ j > » 6 Islanda.-The principal islands near the coast of Scotland are the Shetland Orkney, and Hebrides groups. In the small, unin- habited island of Staffa, one of the Hebrides group, is a remarkablo cave, called Fingal's Cave, formed of natural basaltic columns; the JZar-hYr^.^.'^.t'^'^^^^^^^ Area? 2. Whnt ._ .... ,„ ,„„j.„.ijg^ iThicipHl imaks? Cheviot Hills An 7 i. Cuast-Imo / 4. Lukes ? 5. Kivers ? 6. Principal islands ? What of Staffa ? SCOTLAND. 263 sea flows through it. It is 227 feet long and about 54 feet b-oad ; the roof is GG feet from the water. The whole structure lo'^ s like a work of art. 7. Products. — In the High- lands, cattle chiefly are raised. In the Lowlands, wheat, barley, oats, and pota- toes are pro- duced. Agri- culture is car- ried to great perfection. There are many valuable mines ofcoal and iron. The latter is largely manu- factured. 8. Cotton, woollen, and linen fabrics, and whiskey, are extensively made. There are valuable fisheries of herring, cod, mackerel, and haddock. Salmon are caught in nearly all the rivers. 9. Population.— The population numbers 3,359,000, and is divided into Highlanders and Lowlanders. The former are the descendants of the Colts, and some of them speak the Gaelic lan- guage. The Lowlanders arc a mixed race of Saxons, Celts, and Danes, and speak English with some peculiarities of pronunciation. 10. Some of the Highlanders wear the ancient picturesque dress of tartan, or plaid. Scotland has produced many eminent philoso- phers and men of learning ; the great mass of the people are sedate, industrious, and well educated. FINGAL'S CAVE, AT STAFFA. 7. Products? Minerals? 8. Manufactures? Fisheries? 9. Population? 10. What is said of the costume of some of the Highlanders? What is saitJ < f eminent men, «kc. ? |l I ! 264 EUROPE. 11. Chief Towns The capital, Edin- burgh, is built on severrl hills near the Firth of Forth, and adjoining LeitL, iti> .seaport. On the east and west are high pr ec i pitous rocks. On the east is Arthur's Seat, 822 feet above the sea. Edinburgh has a renowned university, and a highly culti- vated and lite- rary society: it is called the Athens of the North. It has fhp !• ^' pfT' *^' ^^^^ ''^^ ^" ^''""^ ^^^*^^^ ^« population, is on the river Clyde. It is specially noted for its cotton and other manu- fttctures, and its iron ships. It has a flourishing university. Leith Aberdeen Dundee and Paisley are important towns. Inverness i: the chief town in the Highlands. Thit ^"'PT*"""* '''".^'' '^""''* *^' ^^^*^^" ^'^^ western coasts, rhere are also extensive railroad communications. 14. Government-Scotland, as a portion of the United King- CASTLE OF EDINBURGH. t\ ENGLAND. . 265 aom, sends re^jreBentatives t- the Imperial Parliament. There are however some ancient statutes peculiar to Scotland which still re^ rnT'vetTlOT l' ^.^^^t*-^--" -*h England was established m the year 1/07, during the reign of Queen Anne. 15. Rellgion.-The Presbyterian is the establinhed church of Scot, land; but various other forms exist. About half of the Presby Lr an mimsters d.ssatsfied with the Establishment, withdrew from ^ iatonT . T " ^"' ^'""' '' ^^^^^^»^'" untrammelled by actors '" ' new organization the churches elect their own ENGLAND ill NEW HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. (s The Wash ? Strait of Do ver? What lere --Bound England. Wh( countries does the Strait 15, Religion? 2:5 266 EUROPE. of Dover separate? Where is Beachy Head? Isle of Wight? St. Alban's Head? Start Pt.? Eddystone Light-House ? Mount's Bay? Land's End? Bristol Channel ? St. George's Channel ? What coun- tries does St. George's Channel separate? Where is the Irish Sea? Isle of Man ? Where are the Cheviot Hills ? Where is the river Tweed? Humber? Ouse that flows north? Thames? Avon? Severn? Mersey? Where and what is the capital? Where is Liverpool? Manchester? Sheffield? "Birmingham? Bath? Chel- tenham? Brighton? Chatham? Portsmouth? In what direction from England is Wales? What waters does the Strait of Dover connect ? Near what coast are the Channel Islands {see small map) ? Name them. To what power do they belong? Ans. Great Britain. 1. Position and Extent.— England is the southernmost and largest portion of Great Britain. It is separated from Scotland by the Tweed and Esk Rivers and the Cheviot Hills. Its length from noith to south is about 380 miles, and its average breadth about IGO miles. Area, 51,000 square miles,— about equal to that of the State of Alabama. 2. Natural Features.— ^7/ r/acc— There are no high moun- tains in England. Sea Fell (3166 feet) is the highest. The surface is varied: the southeastern part is level or gently undulating; the north- ern and western portions are hilly, with some low mountain-ranges. 3. Coast-line. — The coast-line is moderately indented, and there are several broad estuaries which affi^rd fine harbors. There are also some dangerous promontories or heads. On the east coast are chalk cliffs interspersed with sandy beaches or downs. 4. Lakes.— The lakes of Cumberland are small, but picturesque. The largest lake is Windermere, about 10 miles long by 2 broad. 5. Bivers.— The principal rivers are the Thames {temz), Ouso (ooz), Humber, and Tweed, flowing into the North Sea; and the Mersey, Dee, Severn, and Avon, flowing into the Irish Sea, St. George's Channel, and Bristol Channel. 6. Soil and Climate. — The soil, not naturally fertile, has been brought to a high state of cultivation, and yields the various Enoland. — 1. How situated ? How snnnratorl frnrr, Hnntl.ap.rl' ■'"eiiB'th an-1 nu*'',f^•a.'^'■^?^x2• What of the surface? 3. Coast-line ?' 'promontorics? Lhalk cliffs? 4. Lakes? 6. Rivers flowing into the North Sea ? Other rivers? 6. Soil? Climate? ENGLAND. 267 grains and vegetables in great abundance. The climate is mild and moist, and the verdure of the fields is remarkable. 7. Products.-The chief products are wheat, oats, barley, pota- toes, hops, garden vegetables, and the fruits of the temperate zone Great attention is paid to agriculture; the people are excellent farm- ers. The whole country is so highly cultivated that it is like a large garden. Horses, cattle, and sheep are raised in great numbers. 8. There are extensive iron mines and foundries, and an inexhausti- ble supply of coal. There are also mines of lead, copper, tin, and salt 9. Manufactures.— England is noted for the number and va- riety of her manufactures of cotton, woollen, silk, linen, hardware pottery, and glass. ' 10 Commerce.- She has the most extensive commerce in the world, and an immense navy and merchant marine. Her ocean steam navigation is very great, and gives her vast commercial facilities Her merchant-vessels number nearly 19,000; those of the whole empire, 26,000. Within her limits are 11,000 miles of railroad 1 ^\ P°P"la«o°--The population is 21,488,000. The people are chiefly of Saxon descent ; but in the north are a few of Danish extraction. 12. Education.-England is densely peopled. Many of the in- habitants are poor and ignorant. For the upper classes the means of e-.ucation are ample. There are famous universities at Oxford and Cambridge, University College and King's College in London as well as many schools, such as Westminster, Eton, Harrow.' Kugby and others. At Woolwich {wooVich), Sandhurst, and Ad- aiscombe are military colleges. 13. Chief Towns.-London, situated on both banks of the river ihames, is the capital, and the seat of government of the British of 3,883,000. The Thames is crossed at London by nine bridges- there is also a famous tunnel under its bed. 14. London contains many splendid buildings, some of which are ot great historic note. Among these are Westminster Abbey, St. Paul s Cathedral, the Tower, the Royal Exchange, the Bank of Eng- land, and the new Houses of Parliament. At Greenwich, five miles Ja^u^al"?^.^ Z^I:r^S:^:^ ? «. Ma„u- VV hat of education ? Of universiti7s ? ' SohnnU / ^"1'-."" '' ^l^**^ ''" '^"^ '' '^^^ of London? Population? XXIc?li ^'^'\^'l <^.f}!^e^^ ^ l^-What Greenwich? Chelsea? ^"^^ges, &c.? 14. Of its buildings ? What of ;s Cirr OF LIVERPOOL. from London, is the hospital for infirm sailors; and at Chelsea, one for invalid soldiers. 15. Liverpool, on the Mersey, is the second city in England. It has the largest foreign commerce of any city 'in Great Britain. Manchester is famous for its manufacture of cotton goods; Sheffield, for its cutlery ; Birmingham, for its hardware 16. Bath, Chelteniiam [chelVnam), and Brighton are among the noted watering-places. There are extensive dock-jards at Deptford. Chatham, aiid Portsmouth. 17. Government.— The government of Great Britain, the seat of which is at London, is a limited hereditary mcmarohy; it is ad- ministered by a king or queen, a ministry, and a ]»arliamont. Tho present monarch is Queen VictoHa, and the heir-apparent is Albert. Prince of Wales. 18. The Parliament, the law-makiner power of the Empire, is com- po.ied of two no u8es,-the H ouse of Lords and the House of Con.- 15. Of Tiivorprol? Manohcstor? ShoffioM nn.l BirminKJinm? I« Id other town«? Pook-yimls ? 17. (J..vcrn:nont? 18. What of Parlii ouso of Lordij ? li (fuue of Commons r Dnth. iament? ENGLAND. 269 Blsea, one land. It Britain. Sheffield, nong the Deptford. the sear it in ad- nt. Tho * Albert. , is com- of Com- Ifl. Rath, rliamenif mons. The House of Lords consists of the peers,— that is, the here- ditary nobles,— who are members by right of birth, and of the arch- bishops and bishops, who are members by virtue of their office. The former are called Lords Temporal, the latter Lords Spiritual. The House of Commons is elected by certain classes of the people, and consists of 658 members. A majority of the members, usually, are persons connected with the families of the nobility. 19. The Queen resides principally at Windsor Castle, on the Thames. 20. ReUglon.— The Church of England, which is Protestant Epis- copal, is established by law. Other forms of religious worship are freely tolerated. The Established Church is governed by bishops appointed by the crowa. (-MKisi CHURCH COLLEGE, OXFORD. For eccleaiaRtical purposes, England is divided into two provinces. Canterbury and York, over each of which is un archbishop. There arebosideB, ovor the various subdivisions called dioceses, 20 bishops; and in the w)!onies and dependencies am 45 bishops. The whole body of clergy of the Establisb^Ml Church throughout the British Umpire number ab(mt 30,(K)(). !'=!. What of thf- Q:iccn? 20. Wnrd of roiigu.n ? liuw tlividnd? Bifhopn, Ac? 2:1* I l-'ifi1 270 EUROPE. WALES. Questions on Map No. 30, Wales— Bound Wales. What island northwest? Strait between Wales and Anglesea ? Bay west? Channel west? What waters does this channel connect? Channel south? Where is Holyhead Island? St. David's Head? Miltbrd Haven? Caermarthen Bay? Where are the Cambrian Mts.? Snow- donMts.? Black Mts.? Where is Merthyr Tydvil ? Caernarvon? Caermarthen? Cardigan? Swansea? Pembroke? Holyhead? 1. Position and Extent.-Wales, alt. h in reality a part of J^ngland, deserves special notice, because it id ranked as a distinct principality, the eldest son of the British monarch being styled " Prince of Wales." ^ ^ 2. It lies west of England, aad has an area of 7000 square milos The i>eople differ greatly in language and customs from the neoplo 01 fingland. * ' 3. Natural Features.-ilfown^atn^.-In the north and «outh are two short mountain-ranges, running cast and west, and con- nected by a central range, running north and south. The northern 18 Mount Snowdon; the southerji, the Black Mountains; and the central range, the Cambrian Mountains. Mount Snowdon, the hi-rl,. est, IS 3571 feet high. The scenery in the mountainous districts in exceedingly picturesque. . 4 Coa*/.;i»e, -Surrounded on all sides but the oast by water Wales ha« an extensive coast-line. with numerous bays and harbor.! Bristol Channel ,s on the south, and St. George's Channel on the wcHt T T ^f;.;;''''*—TJ>e rivers are all «hort; the principal ones are th« leify {ti^vee), and T(»wy. Soil and Climate.~The soil is less fertile than that of Ewr. land, an.l m not 8o highly cultivated. The climate is mild and moisl. i. Produots.-Wheat, barley, and oats are the principal grains A groat number of sheep and horned cattle are raised, and also a H.ui breed of pomes, called " morlins." There are valuable mines of c.al, iron, and lead, and productive quarries of roof-slato. 8. Populatio n.— Tl.c pop ulation, numl)ering 1,216,000, consists Walks.— 1. What is siiirl nf W.il..«7 o \vi j. :., "t ttio Whiif peoHo? ;^ Mnnnlains/- llighe.t peak? 4. roa.Mino? i 1. &i>'\lf CliunUo? 7. J'rod Rivers? i-oti» ». Population y Wlmt is said of (heoif IRELAND. 271 chiefly of the descendants of the ancient Britons, a Celtic race. Their ancestors fought for centuries against the Anglo-Saxons who invadeii England. They speak the old "Welsh or Celtix; language, and are full of his- t'tric pride. Although an excitable people, they are honest, moral, and industrious. 9. Chief Towns— Mer^thyr Tyd^vil, in the iron-region, is the chief town, and owes its importance and prosperity to the furnaces and foundries which surround it Caernarvon (ker-nar^vo?i), in the north, is noted as the birthplace (>f Edward II., the first English Prince of Wales. It contains the ruins of an ancient castle. 10. Swansea is a favorite watering-place, and has an extensive trade. Caermarthen [ker-mar^then) is an important town. At Pem- broke [pem^brook), on Milford Haven, ships are built. 11. Over the Menai {men'i) Strait, between Wales and the Island of Anglesea, are two remarkable bridges. One is the Menai Sus- pension Bridge, under which the largest ships sail ; the other is the Britannia Tubular Railway Bridge,— consisting of immense iron tubes supported by stone piers. 12. Oovernment.— Wales, as a part of England, sends repre- sentatives to the British Parliament; it has no separate government. 13. Religion.— The Church of England is established by law, but many other churches flourish. IRELAND. Questions on Map No. 30, Ireland.— Bouncl Ireland. What channel separates Ireland from Scothmd? What waters does this ciiannel connect? What sea between Ireland and England? Chan- nel between Ireland and Wales? Wluit waters does this channel connect? Where is Malin Head? Giant's Causeway? Dundalk IKV? CarnsoroPt.? Kinsalo Head? Cape Clear? 'Bantry Bav? Kmunaro Bay? Valentia Island? Dingle Buy? dlway Bay? Uhero are the South Isles of Arran ? Whore is North Arran Island ? Clew Boy? Donegal Bay? Lough Fi.yle? Noagh ? Corrib? Derg? What liiiiKuafto, Ac? 9. Thiuf towrm? What of Mcrtbyr Tydvil? Caor n.irv(,n:' 10. Swanm«a? Othor towns? 11. What romarkablo bridiro*? 13 Uovcrnment? U Koligion ? 272 EUHOPE. Killarney? Where is the river Foyle? Bann ? Boyne? LiffeyJ Avoca? Barrow? Biackwater? Shannon? What and where if; the capital? Where is Belfast? Cork? Galway? Londonderry? Maynooth ? GIANTS' CAUSEWAY. 1. Position and Extent.— Irchind, anciently called Tlibernia. from its supiKKscd wintry olinmto. and eallod in Irish ii.in, is nu island, separated from England and Wales by the Irish Sea and St, Goorjjje's Channel, It is 300 miles long, and about 200 broad. Area, 33,000 square miles,— about equal to that of the State of Indiana. 2. Natural Features. — A low idge of mountains, nearly parallel with the coast, extends on all sides of the island. Carran Tual (3400 feet) is the highest peak. The interior (consists of extensive plains, 3. Coant-l i ne. — The ooast is ■!!•.! Knirla!!!!* Length iintl brcinlth ? Arr » ? 2. Of tho in«»unt»in«< ? Surluco of the interior 3 C'o.ist '=««'!' 1. Likcsi? IRELAND. 273 5. Kivers.— TiiG Shannon is the largest river; it flows in a southwesterly direction, and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. Th. Chief Towns. — Dublin, rv, the river Liffey, at the head cf l>nhlin Bay, is tlie ca|»itnl, , id • jntains sc.me snh'ndid )>uil(iings. Belfast has the largest linen injunfactorics in the world; Cork has 1!; I il 5. T^ivcrs? P. Soil ? Wlmt of )v,jr? riinm^o? 7. Of the Giants' Caiisowny? 'I"W lonut? liCffond? 8. Products? » Conl, kc ? Mftnufnoturen? 10. I'opnliition? Of vrhat dacs it consist? What of th« pfinnlo? I!. What of oppronflorg. Ao.? 1?, What of thoir language ? 13. What of Duhlin ? Bel- fast? Other t<»wnsM revolted against it. The taxes are very burdensome, and little m dome for the education and improvement of the people. 16. ReUgion.— More than three-fourthg ^Z the population are Roman Catholics. The Iloman Catholic hierarchy consists of four archbishops and twenty-forur bishops. The Church of England ha« two archbishops and ten bishops. In the north there are many Presbyterians. CITY OF 0>«LIN. h 1 14. Maynooth? iigioQ ? Londonderry? 15. Government? Taxes, 4o.? 16. Re- RUSSIA. 275 THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. Russia, the largest empire in the world, comprises more than one-half of Europe, and about one-third of Asia. Its greatest length is about 6000 miles, and its greatest breadth 2600. Russia in Asia is treated of elsewhere. Area, 7,765,000 square miles,— equal to nearly one-sixth part of the land-surface of the globe, or more than twice the extent of Europe. RUSSIA IN EUROPE. VIEW IN ST. PETER3buHG. Questions on Map No. 29, Russia.— Bound Russia. Where in the White Sea? Sea of Kara? Caspian Sea? Azof? Black? Baltic? (JulfofHiga? Finland? Bothnia? W hero is Lake Liul- oga? Onega? Poipus? Where are the Ural Mountains? Cuu ItiHsiAN EMi'iitK.--What (loen it comprisii? Length and breadth? Area? What jidit of tho hiud surface of the globe? 276 EUROPE. .-nT^h wttl^^"'"'^ Valdai Hills? What rivers flow north Baltil' wf.r- /-^-«--? Northwest and west into the I . w. u"" '^'' *^' ^^"^^ ^^^^ Sea of Azof? Caspian Sea? Where IS the Crimea? What is the Crimea ? In what part of Russm are numerous small lakes? {Map No. SI.) What waters does the nver Neva connect? What capital on the Neva? Where isCronstadt? Revel? Riga? Pskov? Wilna? Kovno? Minskv Vitebsk? (.IfapiVo. 28.) Moscow? Sebastopol? Warsaw? Mezene^ Archangel? Astrakhan? Lower Novgorod? Kiev? In what part of Russia 18 Finland ? Lapland ? . L Position and Extent—Russia in Europe extends from the Baltic Sea on the west to the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, and the Caspian Sea on the east, and from the Caucasus Mountains and Black Sea on the south to the Arctic Ocean on the north. Its length 18 2000 miles, and its width 1750 miles. Area, 2,095,000 square miles, comprising about half of Europe. 2. Natural Features.~7Wowwifa,n*.-The Ural Mountains, 1400 miles in length, separate Russia in Europe from Siberia in Asia. The Caucasus Mountains lie on the southern boundary, and between the Black and Casph Seas. Mt. Elburus {tnoo-rooce), 17,776 fe^.i is f'\]'ilTrl P'""^' '^ *^^ ^'^^^'^ ^^""'^ ^" ^"'-^Pe. The Valdui (vahl di) Huls, west r" the centre of Russia, are about 1100 feet hi.rl, 3. Seas and Lakes.-The Baltic Sea, on the west, and tb. Bhtck Sea, the Sea of Azof, and the Caspian Sea, on the southwest, are im- mense inland seas. The White Sea, in the north, is 400 miles long In the depressed region of Russia north and east of the Baltic Scu are many thousand small lakes, covering a great extent of territory the three largest are Lakes Ladoga, Onega, and Peipus (pai/e- pooce). ^"^ "^ 4. Etvers.~The rivers of Russia are numerous. The Potch^ora Mezene [mez-ane^), Dwi^na. and One-ga flow north ; the Neva, Luga.' Narva, and Borgo empty into the Gulf of Finland ; the Dnieper (nee'~ per) Dniester [neea^ter), Pruth, and Don, into the Black Sea and Sea of Azof; the Ural and Volga, into the Caspian Sea. The Volga is Russia in Europe.— 1. Where is it? Length and breudth? A««i? 9 What mountains ? Loftiest peak ? Hilla ? 3 Sea. " wC is said^f it iepressed region of Russia? 4. What riv.rs tin.,L..iUV l\'.ltl^^%^^J *mi.adr into the iilack and A«of Seas 'f Which is the largest riVer" "' I RUSSIA. 277 flow north st into the Caspian what part liat watcs ? Where ? Minsk': Mezene? what part from the liver, and tains and Its length )0 square r ins, 1400 sia. The ween the '6 feef, is e Valdai ^eet hiirli. be Black ;, are ini- les long oltic Scii erritory ; I {pai/e- 3tch''ora, a, Luga, er (nee'- and Sea V^olga is ireft? 2. •1 of the . n.. er? the largest river in Europe, being 2000 miles in length, and is the only river in Russia navigable for any considerable distance. 5. Surface.— The surface of Russia is generally level; the cen- tral part consists of steppes or plains, and is called " The Great Plain of Russia." Some of these plains are covered with bogs or swamps, some M'ith immense forests, and others have but little vegetation. The last are wnat are properly called steppes. 6. Climate.— The climate presents a great -ariety of tempera- ture. In the northern portions it is very cold. A great quantity of snow falls, in blinding storms of great suddenness, rendering tra- velling on the plains difficult and dangerous. Further south it be- comes milder, and the grains and fruits of the temperate zone are produced; but even in the eouthern part the winters are long and cold, the Sea of Azof usually freezing in the beginning of No- vember. Travelling in winter is principally by means of sleighs and sleds. 7. Products.— Tn the south, wheat, tobacco, Indian corn, and rice are raised ; in the centre, flax, hemp, barley, oats, wheat, and other grains; in the north, above latitude 60 degrees, owing to the rigor of the climate, little is produced. Oats are raised on the snores of the White Sea, and oatmeal is exported from Archano-el to Norway. 8. In the extreaie north are many fur-bearing animals. The Russian sable is most esteemed, and its fur commands a high price. 9. The northern forests contain many varieties of pine, fir, and spruce. The principal minerals are gold (found in the Ural Moun- tains and River), silver, platinum, and copper. The deposits of coal are extensive, but they have not yet been much worked. 10. Manufactures. — Russia has extensive manufactures, princi- pally of woollen, cotton, silk, linen, leather, and iron. Beet-root sugar is made in large quantities. Silkworms and their culture were intro- duced by Peter the Great. Bees are carefully raised, and honey is nn important article of trade. 11. Commerce.— The commerce is limited, employing about .). Surface ? Of the central part? Plains ? 6. Climate in the north ? Fur- ther south, and south ? How do the people travel in winter? 7. Products ? JVhnt of oats? 8. What of the extreme north ? 9. Of the northern foresfs? the Baltic and other sens? Of railronds? 24 278 EUROPE. ....^i 1500 merchautrvessels. The Baltic Sea is connected by canals and by river-communication with the Caspian, the Black, and the White Seas, and railroads are in process of construction in various parts of the country. A railroad extends from St. Petersburg to Moscow and beyond, and one from St. Petersburg to Berlin, in Prussia. 12. Population.— The population is 71,195,000,— chiefly of the Sclavonic race. There are also Germans, Finns, Circassians, Geor- gians, and Tartars. The richer nobles live in extravagant splendor. 13. For a period of about 200 years the majority of the people were serfs or slaves, and were bought and sold with the land. Alex- ander II., the present emperor, emancipated these serfs in 1863. At that time they numbered 38 millions, of whom 16 millions be- longed to the Crown. Measures are in progress to ameliorate their condition. Education is steadily advancing. Eight thousand school- houses were built in 1863 14. Chiel Towns. — St. Petersburg, the capital, at the mouth of the Neva River, was built in 1703 by Peter the Great, who com- pelled numbers of the people to move from Moscow and other parts of the empire to his new capital. It is one of the finest cities in Europe. 15. Moscow, near the centre of Russia, was formerly the capital. It is the holy city of Russia, and is looked upon with great veneration. After Napoleon I. captured it, in the campaign of 1812, it was burnt to the ground by the inhabitants ; but it has been rebuilt with great splendor. It contains the famous group of buildings which constitute the Kremlin, including the grand cathedral in which the Czars rre crowned. In Moscow is the famous great bell, 21 feet high, and weighing 1600 tons. 16. Sebastopol is renovmcd for its obstinate and heroic defence against the allied forces of England, France, Sardini», aud Turkey, in 1854. Warsaw is famous in the history of Polish revolutions. Riga {re^gah), on the Gulf ot Riga, is a fine city. Archangel, Onega, and Mezene are the chief towns in the north. 17. Astrakhan, on the Caspian Sea, and Odessa, on the Black Sea, are important towns ; the latter is noted for its great trade in 12. Population? Of the race? 13. What of serfs? How many? What of education? 14. What of St. Petersburg? 15. Moscow? What of Napoleon I.? Famous group of buildings? What further of Moscow? 16. Sebastopol? HT_...„._') rktl,~- «'.>...n"9 IT f^F 4 '■♦r"'-*'.i»i inr! fili—"a "> T xr jo RUSSIA. 27& wheat. Lower Novgorod' is renowned for its annual fair, held in July, when 200,000 or 300,000 people usually assemble. 18. Crons^idt has numerous dock-yards and very strong fortifica- tions, and i. the principal depot of the Russian navy. It commands the entrance ♦ > St. Petersburg. Kiev {ke-ev^) was the capital of Rus- sia when Russia was a grand duchy. At this place is a fine su» pension bridge over the Dnieper. 19. Government.— 'i ae government is an absolute monarchy ; but the sovereign, called the Czar, is aided by an imperial council of ministers. Judicial affairs are managed by a Directing Senate. The emperor has lately granted a Diet or Parliament to Finland. 20. The Czar is called "Autocrat of all the Russias." He has a regular army of nearly 700,000 meu, and irregular and garrison troops numbering 400,000. The navy is the third in extent in Eu- rope. For a hundred years past, Russia has been constantly enlarging her limits and increasing her national importance and influence. 21. Religion.— The established religion of the empire is that of the Greek Church; all others are tolerated. Some of the nobles are Roman Catholics. There are also Lutherans, Moravians, and Mohammedans. The affairs of the Greek Church are managed by a body called the Holy Synod. LAPLAND.— 1. Lapland is a cold and barren region, occupying the northwestern portion of Russia in Europe. Two-thirds of it belongs to Russia, and one-third to Sweden. Area, 130,000 square miles. 2. A mountain-range, a continuation of the Kiolen Mountains, extends from east to west, ^nd forms a watershed for the rivers flowing into the Baltic and into the Arctic Ocean. These streams become torrents in the spring. There are thousands of email lakes, and very extensive forests of spruce, pine, and fir trees. 3. The climate is intensely cold; but, by reason of the nearness of the Gulf Stream to the northern coast, the Waranger Fiord, at lati- tude 70 degrees north, in the Arctic Ocean, never freezes. For many weeks in winter the sun does not rise, and for many weeks in sum- 18. Cronstadt? Kiev? 19. What is said of the government? 20. Title? Of the Army? Navy? What further is said of Bnssia? 91 Poii„;n- ? r . p LANRj— i. Where is Laplnnd ? To whom does it belong ? Area " 2 Moun- lams?" Streams, lakes, Ac? 3. Climate? What of the sun ? -^"^ -c-,%, %► €> '^^' -Q^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) / O U/ #,^ :a *' ^^i /£ ^■^ ^ iiii 1.0 I.I 1.25 12.5 Z2 12.0 1.8 H IIIIM V] y] e] p^:."^ J^ V ^;. ■'> > *^: >^ ^^"'^ 'A Photographic Sciences Corporation t ^^ «v ,^ 4l^ ^ v'^o^ as WIST MAIN SYRHT WKBSTIR N.Y 14JI0 (716) 173-4503 ^ <^- ^ -^ Y * 280 EUROPE. merit does not set. 4. The in- habitants, called Laps or Lap land- ers, num- ber about 20,000. They live in rude huts, and dress in skins and furs. They are a pe- oul iar race, their origin be- ' ing un thoy arc rarely above four feet nine inches in height, but are stiong and active. ° 5. Tho reindeer is the most valuable animal in Lapland. Its flesh and milk serve for food, and its skin is used for clothing. Harnessed U) a light sled, It travels over the ice and snow with great swiftness. 6. In Swedish Lapland the people are generally Lutherans In the Russian portion .bey belong to the Greek Church. They are very moral in their habits, and strictly attentive to the duties of re- ligion. POLAND.—!. Poland was formerly an independent kingdom, occupying an extensive portion of central Europe; but in conse- quence of internal dissensions it declined in power, while the sur- rounding nation s were becomi ng strong and influential. WarHaw, 4. What aro the poo,»!e called? Knmber? How do thoy live and dross? iwill^ ^ P-."' /?" ;'""^'"""- ^- ^^^''' "f «"«di«h Lapla'^^idT Polan" 1 1. What of Poland ? Former capital ? * oi^a«i». WINTER IN LAPLAND. meritdoefc not set. 4. The in- habitants, called Laps or Lapland- ers, num- ber about 20,000. They live in rude huts, and dress in skins and furs. They are a pe- c u 1 i a r race, their origin be- ing un known; are strong Its flesh flarnossed swiftness, rans. In They are ties of re- kingdom, in conse- i the sur- Warwaw, »ntl dross 7 Poland.— SWEDEN. m the Vistula, was its capital, and has been the scene of many conflicts and insurrections. 2. At different periods, its territory was partitioned by Russia, Prussia, and Aj^stria,— until now, what is known as Poland is the territory of that name forming the westernmost province of Russia, lying between Prussia nnd Austria. The partitions were made in 1772 and 1795. 3. The Poles have made several fruitless efforts to regain their independence. The last attempt was made in 18G3, and was with difiiculty suppressed by Russia. The Poles are a high-spirited, pl- iant people, full of national pride in their former history, tena- cious of old customs, and have an intense hatred for those who have divided their country. SWEDEN ULRiCKSOAL, PALACE OF THE KINQ, 2. What \,an oocurrod at (liferent periods ? What is it at present ? H. What li Bttid of the cft'orts of the Poles to regain their indopendenoo? What are their eburaoteristios ? 282 EUROPE. Questions on Map No. 31, Sweden.-Bound Sweden. In what part of Europe 18 Sweden? What sea east? Gulf? What straH in theGulfofBotW? What strait southwest? AVhat strait con nects the Batio Sea and Cattegat Strait? Au.. The^und. Where )8 Gothland Island? Oeland? Stockholm Archipeial^ ? To whl |lo these islands belong? An.. To Sweden. What luntain-rang" n the north between Sweden and Norway? What two large lakes m the south? Where is Lake Heilmar? Lake Maelar? WhTt river DarFir^f Vr^' ^r ^^""^^^y? Describe Umea River, .^thf .f^^^/'J^*^^^^- What falls on the Gotha? What and where isthecapital? WhereisGottenburg? Carlscrona? Upsal? Fahlun? Carlstad? Gefle? Calmar? Christianstad ? 1. Position and E^ent-Sweden lies in the northern part of Europe, and with Norway, occupies the Scandinavian peninsula. It ,s separa ed from Norway by the Kiolen Mountains. Its greatest length .970 miles, and its average breadth about 201^111: Area, 1/0 000 square miles,-about equal to that of the States of Missouri, Iowa, and Wisconsin. 2. Natural Features.-3/oMnrway some Drontheim. and meetis Episcopal; 8 pritt-ate. ammerfost ? !cgis]atur« ? DENxMARK. Questions on Map No. 31. Denmark.—Bound Denmark. In wnut part of Europe is it? What did Denmark include in 1863? Ans. Jutland, Sleswick, Holsiein, Lauenhurg, the islands of ilsen, Funen, Zealand, and numerous small islands. What does it now include? Ans. Jutland, a part of Sleswick, the islands of Funen, Zealand, and numerous small islands near the coast. What strait or sound between Zealand and Sweden ? What waters does the sound connect? Where is the island of Funen? Zealand? Laaland? Amager? Samsoe? Laessoe? North Frisian? Fanoe? Where 18 Liim Fiord? Nissum Fiord? What and where is the capital? Where 18 Corsoer? Faaborg? Odense? Veile? Sneum? Randers? Hiorring ? What is the northernmost town in Denmark ? 1. Position and Bartent.— The kingdom of Denmark is chiefly a peninsula, lying between the Baltic and the North Sea. It com- prisea the peninsula of Jutland, a part of Sleswick, and several low islands, the largest of which is Zealand. It is about 200 miles in length from north to south, and from the west coast of Jutland to the east coast of Zealand about 160 miles in breadth. Area, 15,900 square miles,— about equal to that of the States of Vermont, Con- neeticut, and Rhode Island. 2. Natural Features.— The country is low and flat, and is largely cut up by inlets or arms of the sea. The indentations are called fiords, or bays. Dikes are built to keep out the high water; and upon these are planted ornamental trees. 3. There are a few unimportant lakes. Violent storms of wind and rain are frequent, and dense fogs prevail. 4. Soil and Climate.~The soil, especially near the coast, is good, and well adapted to pasturage. The climate is mild for the latitude, and is exceedingly moist. 5. Products.— Various grains are produced, but the land is chiefly used for grazing. The horses of Denmark are excellent, particu larly for draft. The fisheries are extensive and valuable, and em- ploy a great portion of the people. Denmark.—! Where is Denmark ? What does it comprise? Lenirth and brcadh? Area? 2 Of the surface? What of dikes? 3. Lakes ? StormVAc.J 4. Swl and climate ? 6. Products? Fisheries? 288 EUROPE. GRAND SQUARE, COPENHAGEN. 6. Population.— The population numbers 1,900,000; the neoDle are honest and industrious, and are chiefly of Scandinavian origin island nf 7 ^°y«--C«P«°hagen, the capital, is situated on th. island of Zealand. It ,h a beautiful and flourishing city, and has a renowned university. Elsinore is on the sound y- ^^^ ^^^ « 8. Government—The government, which for about two cen- moTir "7t'^'f *'' ™' ^" ^^^^' «^^"g«d *« ^ constitutional monarchy Public education, which is under government patron- age, 18 extended to all classes. ^ 9. In 1864 after a spirited defence against the German powers, Den. mark peldedapart of her territory, consistingof theduchies of Lauen.. burg (low^en-boorff), Holstein {hoVstine), and a part of Sleswick, re> ducing thereby her population from 2.600,000 to about 1,900,000 W. Rellgion.-The prevailing religion is the Lutheran ; and it is required that the monarch shall be of that faith. Other creeds aro freely tolerated; there are in the kingdom Roman Catholics, Bap tists, and Jews. ^ //h:roirrdi„'-S'';°[o':T,t,rr "'""'■'°"' «-''»v.™„e„u GERMANY. 289 Government? J^enmark are the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and portions of Greenland • in he West Indies, the islands of Santa Cruz U-rooss) St Thn ' and St. John ; and in the Ba, of Bengal, the N^ba^ifands "^^' GERMANY. nnere is the otate of Bavaria ? Cnnif.l? -wv. * thenort.lionrf? tin, » • '"""' ^ap'Ml/ "nat mountains on tne nor hea.t? What rivcr flows through Bavaria from west to east > Where . Khen.sh Bavaria? Where is theState of Saxony? Capi rjestV Wh! r''"^^ "^"P'"' Whatmountaiuson me u est / H hat mors in Wlirtomborg ? Whore is the Stale of Badon » Canihl ? Wl,.t What river on the west? Who o is he sLeTf IT n "' ""'' Capital? Whore is Bin-en Whe elthlt "^''t^T'""" ^ on the map Sa«) ? Wi.er; ^'^:^^ZTZtZ Wl^e'rotlrstt ""f t?*^ ,°' ,*I-'''^"'>--S-Schwerin ? Capital ? »vnerc is the fetate of Mock cnbur.r-Strolit? ? r..n,-+oi9 n u aoa is the State of Oldenhurg? C^pit I Who"; " L sL! f Brunswick? Capital? State of AnlLlt? Cap . ? WW 1 ' jh cities of Eudolstadt and Sondershausen ? Tles'e oufos are h capitals, respoetively, of the small States of Sohwart'b.^'rEudolstld and Schwartzburg-Sondershauson.) ^ «udoistadt Where are the cities of Grcitz and Gcri? ^TI,«„ „••• SUileitz.) Where are the cilicsof Detmold and BUckeburg? (The' Zl7\r''%"':- '^^P"'"'™'^ »f th^^all States of 1 ppe Det CWM? ^W^-S^hauenburg.) Wlicre is the State of WaldeckJ Capital? Whoro^^FrceCity of Hamburg? Bremen? Lubeck? il. Foreign possessions? 25 ^■P^HiM 290 EUROPE. THE GERMAN EMPIRE. SCENE IN DRESDEN. 1. Germany is the name of that extensive territory in Northern and Central Europe inhabited by people of the Germanic or Teutonic race. 2. In 1815 the States of' Germany, including portions of Prussia and Austria, whose populations are not entirely German, formed a league for the preservation of their internal and external security, and for the independence and inviolability of each member. The States which were parties to this league constituted the Germanic Conf leratiou. It included Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, "Wurtemberg, numerous smaller States, four free cities, a large part of Prussia, and parts of Austria. 3. The legislature of the Confederation, called the Diet of Pleni- Qermanio CoNFEDEHATiON. — 1. What is said of Germany ? 2. Whatoftho Germanic Confederation? What did it include? 3. What of the legislature of the Confederation? When and whore did it sit? Who presided? How did the States vote ? THE GERMAN STATES. 291 in Northern 5 or Teutonic 3 of Prussia m, formed a lal security, smber. The le Germanic rUrtemberg, I of Prussia, iet of Pleni- . What of the he legislature ssided ? How potentiaries, sat in permanence in the free city of Frankfort-on-the- Main Austria was invested with the right of presiding in the Diet Ihe btates had votes according to their importance ; but every State had at least one vote. 4. In 1866 Prussia made war on Austria and some other of the German States, and, after a short but decisive campaign, deprived Austria of her power in the Confederation, and annexed to her own territory the States of Hanover, Nassau, Ilesse-Cassel, Ilesse-Hom- burg, Holstem, Sleswick, and Lauonburg, part of Ilesse-Darmstadt, part of Bavaria, and the free city of Frankfort-on-the-Main- 5. A Confederation composed o^ all but the Southern German btates was now formed, and styled the North German Confederation. The States remaining out of the Confederation were Bavaria, Wur- temberg, Baden, and Hesse-Darmstadt south of the Main. In 1870, all the German States became united, under the title of the Ger', man Empire, with the King of Prussia as Emperor. (See page 300.) THE GERMAN STATES. 1. The German States are sovereign powers. Prussia, the most important, will be described separately. The united area of the fetates, exclusive of Prussia, is 69,000 square miles. 2. Natural Features.— Mou7itains.~The Bavarian Alps are on the southern boundary of Bavaria. The Black Forest Range extends from the southwest in a northerly direction through Baden and Hesse- Darmstadt. The Bohemian Mts. are between Bavaria and Bohemia and extend in a northwesterly direction to Saxony. At Saxony they are joined by the Thuringian Mts., which continue in a northwesterly direction to the Prussian border. From this point the range goes directly north to Brunswick, under the name of the Hartz Mts. 3. ^Mr/ace.— The surface of the States lying south of Prussia is elevated, undulating, and sometimes mountainous, with many fertile 1"".'^.''..^'^^ '"'^^'^ ^^ Oldenburg is flat and sandy or marshy; hat of Mecklenburg is also flat, with the exception of a ridge of hills along the Baltic. Mts.? 3. Surface south „f Prussia? Of Oldmburg .ndCSurg ? 292 EUROPE. 5 Products.-In the German States all the grains and fruits of e emperate zone flourish. The other principafproducts are 1 ^-^mZ' f7u 'f 'T' ^''^" "^'•^^' «^^'*«^' --^»-' 1-en, and ; tr ' ^;^*^^^;, ^^d^^^e, toys, paper, choice wines, and beer b Education -The German universities are numerous, and among tne most famous .n the world. Th« education of the people I. encouraged ; ami there are few who cannot read and write. 7 Re glon _lhe R<,man Cathohc and Protestant religions pre- vail m all the States : the former prepondfimtes. ^ BAVARIA. 1. The kingdom o^' Bavaria is the largest of the German States except Prussia It consie.. of two portions, situated about forty m. es apart, and separated by WUrtember^ and Baden. The smaller portion, lymg along the west bank of the Rhine, is called Rhenish Bavaria. Area, 26„i00 square mile.. Population, 4.861,000 of he Panube, IS a fine city. Nuremberg has many relics of Iho M.MIe Ages In Bavaria are the famous battle-field; of Blenheim (jlen'nn) and Ilohenlin'den. il/'%r""''T^' '" "' ^""«^'^^'^'^'"«^ monarchy, mildlv admlnis- teied. The people are chiefly Roman Catholics ; but there are many Protestants. ^ SAXONY. 1. The ki-gdom of Saxony lies between Prussia and Austria and (Comprises a fertile tract, dividnd nearly through the centre by the Lite. Area, u700 square miles. Population, 2,r)5(),'000. 2. Drosden, the capitaL on both banks of the Elbe, is renowned for Its splendid collections of art, and fbi its r,.yal library. Loipsio 18 noted for its great fair, and lo- its extensive book-trade. Here wns fought, in 181,3, a terrible tluec days' conflict between Napoleon I and tlio Allies. 4. RivofP? 6. Products? tt. i-Mucation ? 7. Religion? BAVAmA.-l. Wbai ;a BRld of Iii..vftriii J" Ar«>. Kuremuwrg? Woat id Bavaria / .*}. Gove'niBent ? Saxony.— 1. V/lml i:< ■aid of Saxon> ? Ar«tt? Population? 2. Wh.U of Drosdoui- LeipBio? THE GERMAN STATES. 293 lates are the the Danube, and fruits of cts are iron, I, linen, and s, and beer, iierous, und f the people w'rite. Jligions pre- nan States, about forty rhe smaller 3d Rhenish a tributary olios of (ho ' Blenheim ly adnilnis- are many 1 Austria, centre by 30. renowned Loipsio Iloro wna upoloon I, VAIttA. — 1. iT:unicn : 1. V/lml ii iflipniu y 3. Th-i government of Saxony is a constitutional monarchy. The Protestant religion, chiefly in the Lutheran form, prevails; there are many Roman Catholics. WURTEMBERG. 1. The 1 ingdom of Wlirtemberg is divided ir>to four parts, called circles, and lies between Bavaria and Baden. Area, 7G00 square miles. Population, 1,818,000. 2. Stuttgard, the capital, is situated near the Neckar River, and 18 noted tor its great library, which contains more than 200 000 volumes. Ulm is memorable as the scene of the capture of an Aus- irian army, in 1805, by Napoleon I. 3 The government is a constitutional monarchy. The Calvinists and Lutherans, by a union, have formed what is called the Evangeli- cal Church, which predominates. There are, besides these, many Protestants and Roman Catholics. THE SMALLER STATES. The smaller German State? consist of numerous grand duchies, duchies, and principalities, and three uco nities. 1. Baden.— The grand duchy ,.f Baden (dah'den) lies in the southwestern part of Germany, between WUrtemberg and Elsass- Lothringen. Carlsruhe, the capital, and Manheim (man^ame), at the junction of the Rhine and the Neckar, are fine cities. At Ilei- delbcrsr {hi' del-ben/) is a famous university. The city of Baden is a noted watering-place. Area, 5700 square miles. Population, 2. Keaae-Darmstaflt.— Hesse-Darmstadt consists of three dis- tricts, two on the north and one on the south side of the Main. A smuU portion of its territory was annexed to Prussia in 18GG. parmstodt is the capitaL Worms and Mentz, on the Rhine, are important towns. Area, 3100 square miles. Population, 853,000 3. Saxon Duchlea.— Tlie Saxon Duchies comprise the grand 8. Government? Roi:,qfion? WiruTrMiiKHfj.— 1. Whnt is said of WUr- temberK? Area? Popuiution? 2. What of Sfuttj?ara ? UIui ? 8 Gov erncaent?^ Religion? Tiiw Smau.ku Statrs. — Of what do the urnallei l.erman >^tatrr consistf 1. '.Vhnt of Bad.)!.? Uapitai? IIpitU'lborK ? Ba.lcn? 2. lIo88e-l>arai8ta.it? Towns? d. What do the Saxon duchie. oouipri8«r 294 EUROPE. duchy of Saxo.We,mar-Ei8cnach {sax wi'mar Vzen-ak) and the duch!e« of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (go'tah), Saxe.Meini„„,„ („ .■'„™,A.) and Saxe-Alteoburg. TI.ey are situated between PruLia and w", and west of the kingdom of Saxony. Saxe-Coburg include, a IS d„t„ct ^■ng;170m!le» southwest of the rest of thelchy We mi^ Golha, Me,nmgen, and Altenburg are the capitals of the Sax™ duchies. Area of ilie four duchies, 3650 square miles. Popula- tion, 71)0,000. 4. Mecklen- burg — Meck- lenburg com- prises the grand duchies of Meck- lenburg-Schwe- rin {shway-reen^) and Mecklen- burg-StrePitz. They lie near the Baltic. Thecapi- talHaroSchwerin r.nd Now Strol- itz. Area, 5700 square miles. I* o p u 1 a t i o n, (■)55,000. •'>. Olden- b u r g. ~ T h e grand duchv of CHATEAU IN GERMANY. J^ , . ^ ottt 'zrT "C^r- "■'.'' '■"' " "■""' «•'>"■»'"""--' jyhore are tho 8..x<.n duohion pifuiit,..! ? ».~Mc„bur,r c.p,t.,.rr"wi;;t«;o,d.Z'^r4t:;? ^^npifalH? 4. M'hnt is said of THE GERMAN STATES. 295 6 Brunswlck.-The duchj of Brunswick consists of five dis- .net portions, surrounded by the territory of Prussia. Brunswick ";Ziot 312^."^ '' ^"""^^ ^^^- ^- '''' ^^- -^^- of three 8 ates. each of which was formerly independent; it is ntirely enclosed by Prussia. The capital is DeLu (I^.,.). ' A La 1000 square miles. Population, 203,000. ' 8. Schwartzburg - Rudolstadt and Schwartzburg - Son- dershauaen.-lhe principalities of Schwartz burg-]ludol«tadt and Schwartzburg-Sondershausen {shu.rt.^bur, son^ers-hou-zen) are s para te terntones east of the Ilartz Mountains, and about t^^ntv- Ao" 'IhT'"' ^'^ ^'P^*^'^ ""'' Rudolstadt and Sondershauson. ft mer A OOo" '^I'T'^f''^''^ ^'^ ^^^^^^ ^^iles. Population of the torracr, 75,000; of the latter, 61,000. 9. Reuss-Greitz and Reuss-Schleitz.-The principalities of Ilouss^Gre. z {ruce.,nies) and Reuss-Sohloitz {smJs) are separated by a shor distance from each other. Greitz and Gera (^.,W ) -e the cap. als. Area of the two. 5S8 square miles. PopuIatL, 134,000 10. Lippe-Detmold and Llppe-Schauenburg.-The princi- palities of L.ppe-Detmold and Lippe-Sd.auonburg (!,»;, ,/L.„, Ooor,) are situated on the Weser River, the lattor on 'the north a 1 he former on the south side. Detmold and Bu.keburg are the can - tals Area of the two, 600 square miles. Population: 143,000. 11. Waldeck.-lhe principality of Waldeck consists of two sec- xms „l„,ut 30 miles from each other, and surrounde.l by the terri- ^i:::z.t''''''''''''-^'^- ^- ^^^ ^.-^-e .iie. 12. Free Citles.-The Free Cities of the Gorman Empireare Ham- «".g, Lub,«,-k. and Bremen. These are all that remain of the fa.u.us llanseatic League, that once comprised eighty-five of the most com- merc.al European t.T«ns, and that ruled, by wealth and arms, a gr.at I'art of Northern Europe. Each of these cities has a small territory attached to it. ^ \S ft. What of Brunswick ? Cnpitnl? 7. What of Anhalt? ronitol » onwiiii/,biir)r Ru(i()l8ta(it nri'l Schwiirt/.l rnpitals? 9. What of HcuHs.«lreit. nn.l i^^^i Waldeok? Capital? 12. What of tl ;' !• )iirK-Son«ler«hunst n ? eitz? Capitals? 10. >iirK? CapitalH? ll. What of rco Citica of tiio Ueriuau Empire ? 29C EUROPE. Hamburg, on the Elbe, near its mouth, is the greatest commercial port on the continent of Europe. Area (of city and territory), 149 square miles. Population, 339,000. Lubeck is on the river Trave, near the Baltic Sea. Area (of city and territory), 142 square miles. Population, 52,000. Bremen, on the Weser, is an important commercial town. Area (of city and territory), 112 square miles. Population, 123,000. 13. Elsass-Lothringen lies west of Baden and south of Prussia and Belgium. Capital, Strasburg. This province consists of terri- tory ceded by France in 1871, and is governed by the officials of the Empire. Area, 6600 square miles. Population, 1,549,000, PRUSSIA. Questions on Map No. 32, Prussia. — In what part of Europe is Prussia? On what seas does it lie? What States north? What countries east? South? West? In what part is East Prussia? Silesia? Holstein? Hanover? Ilesse-Cassel ? Nassau? West- phalia? Rhine? What two countries west of Westphalia and Rhine ? Where is Curische Haff? Gulf of Dantzio ? Rligen Bay ? Gross IlafF? Cape Arcona? Rligen Island ? Where are the Sudetic Mts. ? Riesengebirge Mis. ? Hartz Mts. ? Describe the river Niemen. Vistula. Oder. Elbe. Weser. Ems. Rhine. Moselle. Where is Lake Spirding? Where and what is the capital ? Whero is Konigsberg? Dantzic? Stettin? Posen? Frankfort-on-the- O.ler? Breslau? Altona? Kiel? Sleswick? Magdeburg? Hallo? Frankfort-on-the-Main ? Coblentz ? Ehreubreitstein ? Aix-la-Cha- peile ? Cologne ? Dusseldorf ? 1. Position and Extent. — The kingdom of Prussia occupies nearly the central point of Europe. Until 186G it was divided into many detached portions, the principal sections b^ing Eastern Prussia and Rhenish Prussia; but in that year, by the incorporation of the kingdom of Hanover and some of the smaller States, the territory of the kingdom was made continuous from its eastern border to its western. Area, 136,(X)0 square miles, — alout equal to that of the States of Kansas and losva. What of HiimhurR? Lubeck? Uromen? l;i. Elsnss-Lothringcn? Pnra siA. — 1. Whoro is Prussia? What occurred iu 186tt? Area? PRUSSIA. 297 arv ^ZZv': (re^en-ffMeerg-e/,). „„ the eontheastern bound- le^l „r,M .""•■"""'• ^'■^ "'''^'' '°' *"» »"" P-' - level, or slightly undulating. 3. C a A- ^- Z/zie. — Prussia has a coast-line of about 500 miles on the Baltic, and of about 200 miles on the North Sea. There are but few good harbors. 4. Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Niemen [nee''- men), Vistula, ft n d Odor, emptying into the Baltic Sea, and the Elbe, Wescr, Ems, and Rhine, emptying into the North Sea. TheRhineflows royal pa.acc, derlin. through Rhenish Prussia; and from thi. circumstance the province derives Its name. ^ pioviuce i.Soaand CT.,»„ic.-Tlic soil in the west i, fertile mnl pro- .Wtuo, ,n the ea»t it i, ,n,„lerntely fertile, Imt, with careful culfi- .,.,„, excellent^erops are ohtainC. The clin.ate i„ the n.,H o^ .""Uhir^ ?,'•"•'" '^"'' "■' """""""''^^ inthevi™,; 01 the Rhine it is salul)rious and (iel„;htful -The ceroaj grains are largely produced. Catllo ..Prl'l'r" '""■'•°"' »-'c«..t.ll„., 4:Ui,.r.r6. Soil, Cli,„a.., 298 EUROPE. i I f and swine are raised in great numbers. Tobacco, beet-root sugar, and vast quantities of beer and spirits are manufactured ; wir^cs are produced in the southern Rhine provinces. 7. Coal, zinc, iron, and copper abound, and mining is successfully conducted. Fine iron is cast into various and delicate forms, constituting the toy?, trinkets, and table-ornaments known as Berlin jewelry. The manufactures are various and extensive. Large quantities of lumber are obtained from the forests. 8. Population.~The population is 24,691,000,— principally of German and Sclavonic origin. There are many Lithuanians, and some Jews. 9. Chief Towns.— Berlin, the capital, on the river Spree [spray), a branch of the Elbe, is a splendid city. Near the Baltic, the chief FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN. tf)wns are Komg^h^r ^ [km' Igz-herg), Dantzic, Stettin, and Stralaund. Magdeburg is famous for its strong fortifications, and for the event- ful part it played in the Thirty Years' War. Halle {haVhh) has 1. MinoraiM? Mimufnctiircs ? Lumber? 8. Population? 0. Of Berlin? Towns near the Baltic? Mngdcburg? Halle? Breslau and Frankfort? et-root sugar, Ji ; Vfinca are successfully licato forms, wn as Berlin live. Large incipally of lanians, and )reo [sprajf], iic, the chief 1 Stralaund. • the event- haVhh) has . Of Berlin? an k fort? PROVINCES ANNEXED TO PRUSSIA IN 1866. 299 valuable salt-works. Breslau and Frankfort, on the Oder, are noted for theii- great annual fairs ; Potsdam, for the palace of Frederick the Great, called Sans Souci (free from care) ; and Frankfort-on-the- Main, as having been the capital of the old Germanic Confederation, and for its splendid public gallery of arts. 10. In tfie western part are Cologne {ko-lone'), noted for its cathe- dral, and for its manufacture of Cologne water; Cob^lentz and Ehren- breitstein {ay'ren-hrite^stine), for their fortifications, facing each other on opposite banks of the Rhine ; Dusseldorf, for its school of modern painters; and Aix-la-Chapelle [aiks-lah-shah-peV), for having been the favorite residence and the burial-place of Charlemagne. 11. Government.— The government is a constitutional monarchy. All able-bodied citizens must serve in the army for three years. 12. Religion. — All forms of religion are tolerated ; but the pre- vailing denomination is a union of Lutherans and Calvinists, called the Evangelical Church. 13. Education. — There are universities at Berlin, Konigsberg, Halle, Breslau, Greifswalde {gr!fes-wa/iVdch), and Bonii; besides these, there are numerous gymnasia or colleges, many military naval academies, splendid public libraries, and a large number of public schools, with an excellent system of education. PROVINCES ANNEXED TO PRUSSIA IN 1866. 1. Hanover.— The former kingdom of Hanover consists of a large and sterile tract of low land, bordering on the North Sea, and a small portion of territory separated from the rest by the kingdom of Brunswick. 2. Hanover, the chief city, is noted as the birthplace of the elder Herschel. It consists of an old and a new town ; the latter is haud- fiomely built. At Gcittingen {gei''tin(f-en) is a famous university. 3. Holateln, Lauenburg, and Sleawick.— The former duchies of Ilolstein and Lauenburg, and 81eswick, belonged to Denmark until 18G4. In that year the allied armies of Prussia and Austria took possession of them ; and in 18G6 they became a part of Prussia. 10. Citioa in Rhenish PriiHHijji,? Cob'ontz. *;f^, ? I>ys=-'(!--''s a" i ^.\^ polio? 11. Governmont? 12. Religion? 13. Educatim'i p'^PnoviNrKS^N- NKXEi) TO PiiUHsiA.- -1. Wliut is Said of Ilimover? 2. What if tbo'ebief city? Giittingon? 3. What of Holstoin, Lauenburg, and Sleswick? l'^^ 900 EUROPE. 4. Nassau—The former duchy of Nassau is situated on the rivers Rhine and Main. 5 Hessian States.-The Hessian States comprised the electorate of Hesse-Cassel, the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, and the land graviate of Ilesse-llomburg. 6. Hesse-Cassel.— Hesse-Cassel comprised three small districts one of which is situated thirty-five miles north, and the other twenty miles east, of the principal territory. 7. Hesse-Homburg.-Hesse-Homburg comprised two sections, ttty miles from each other, adjoining Nassau. 8. The city of Frankfort-on-the-Main, until 1866 the capital of the old Germanic Confederation, was in that year deprived of its independence by Prussia. THE GERMAN EMPIRE. 1. The Gorman Empire consists of twenty-six States, of which Prussia is [,y far the most important. All of these States have been described in preceding pages. 2. The government consists of the Emperor, the Federal Council, and the Parliament, or Reichstag. The King of Prussia is the Emperor. The Federal Council is composed of plenipotentiaries from the various States of the Empire. Of the fifty-eight votes of this Council, Prussia has seventeen. 3. The members of the Parliament are elected by universal suffrage. One ref.resentative is sent for every 100,000 of popula- tion. Prussia's representation is about two-thirds of the entire number. 4. The army of the Gorman Empire consists of 1,128,000 men The population is 41,058,000. 4 What of Nassau ? 5. What did the Hessian States comprise ? 6 What f>t IleiSoil and Climate.-The soil, not naturally rich, has been brought, by careful cultivation, to a high degree of productiveness. Ihe agriculture of Belgium is not surpassed by that of any other country. The climate is like that of Holland. 6. Products.— The principal products are wheat, barlov, flax hops, and tobacco. Fine lace and carpets are made. Linens damasks, cotton fabrics, and hosiery are largely manufacture? ^i hm^ are many machine-shops and foundries. The mineral products are coal, iron lead, manganese, and zinc. In the production of coal, Bel- gium ranks next to England. There are extensive quarries of black n> I?Er,GItTM, — 1, ( f M hiijhliinds? Sin'tfT' M.ncrals? Iloivs 's Belgium? Length nnd hrondth ? Area? 2. What •i. K.,-ers? Of Spa? .inn,? OfV,:.,,,„rKs:fl"? CHmTe? ^JHIi.T m'"""-"'"""" Of canals] lanufactures? ■ BELGIUM. 805 gium. What im in a north - lere is Liejre? ouvain ? Na- irn lies south adth about 94 the States of 'or many cen- part are un- Mountains in -st low and in and Scheldt, le frontier of itry has been in Eui'opean he most cele- L5, which re- ph, has been iductiveness. of any other barloy, flax, le. Linens ur^i? I.hero products are I of coal, Bol- ries of black ea ? 2. What opoffraphy of [anufactures? mrble, slate, and stones for building, and paving. The Belgian hordes are ceehrated both for cavalry purposes and for draught As in Holland, canals are extensively used as means of internal communuation. 7 PopulaUon.-rhepopulationi84,962,000,-princip.llyFrench, Walloon,, Fr,Ma„,, and (Jerman,,. The people arc e„terppi„i„; honest and contented. In character they combine the qualitie of the French and the Dutch: and they are generally .ell educated 8. Chief Towns. -Brussels, the capital, is a handsome city, on a HOUSE OF RIPRESEMT.TIVES, BBUSSItS branch Of the Scbcldt. It contain, nnmerou, beautiful edifices Ten .„,les south of ,t is the field of Waterloo. Antwerp, Ghen ami Louva.n are towns of great historic celebrity. Bruges Liel;"; N«,ur and Mechlin (,„.,/,,■„) are important cities. " ' ■''' the IWn r"!"";! ""'!"»'*' »■•'' 'l-o F.™ University of Brussels,, the Roman Ca hol.e university at Louvain, and the government in »t>f.t,ons at Liege and Ghent. At Ghent, in 1814, a treaty of peace was made between the Cnited States aruHlreat Britain. .o.e£;?'"irpLta":t'c''ifir;""r uSi,?;;i^™r'"^^^'"' '»•'- -^ "»'-'« I I E 306 EUKOPE. 10. 8ince the iccession of King Leopold numerous railroads hav«< been buiit, and internal improvements have made rapid progress. 11. Oover nent. — The government is a limited constitutional monarchy, and is mildly adminirtered. Belgium Is divided into nine provinces. The press is free, and most energetically conducted. 12. Relision. — The prevailing religion is the Roman Catholic; the Archbishop ot Mechlin is primate. All other forms of wor- ship are tolerated. FRANCE. Questions on Map No. 33, France.— Bound France. What strait between France and England? What waters does Dover Strait connect? What gulf south? Bay west? What mountains between France and Switzerland? Between France and Italy? Between France and Spain? Where are the CSted'OrMts.? VosgesMts.? Au- vergne Mts. ? Cevennes Mts. ? Mt. Cenis ? Mount Blanc? Mts. of Ar- i-6e ? Describe the river Seine. Loire. Gironde. Rhone. What and where is the capital? Where is Versailles? Lyons? Bordeaux? Havre? Rheims? Rouen? Cherbourg? Marseilles? Nantes? Poitiers? Crecy? Agincourt? Where is the island of Corsica («ee Map ro. 29)? To whom does it belong? Ans. To France. What island south of Corsica {sec .small map on No. 33) ? What east of Corsica? What strait between Corsica and Sardinia? To whom do the islands of Sardinia and Elba belong? Ans. To Itauj. What chief town in Corsica? 1. Position and Extent.— France lies south of Belgium and the English Channel, and northeast of Spain. It is about 6()() miles in length, and about f.OO miles in breadth. Area, 108,000 square iniles,— nearly equal to that of the States of Michigan, Wisconsin. Indiana, and Illinois. The island of Corsica, in the Mediterranean Sea, near the French coast, belongs to France, and is noted as the birthplace of Najx* leon I. Ajaccio (r/V-ya^il'c/to) is tlio principal city of Corsica. :n n< !^». rr.sl ifnpr'»vpm"n' = ? 1 !. (Invcrntntnt ? Prnvincos. .to.? 12. Holigitm? FiiANCE.— 1. Whcro ia Fruncc? Length uud bro.idtl* i* Arou? (if Cursioa ? FRANCE. 307 BOULEVARD SEBASTOPOL, PARIS. ,10;. '*'*""L=P«»'^""— *''«n«ai«,.-rn the eart arc tho C8t» Or and he Vo.ge, (,**) M„un.ain»; i„ the centre au,l »o Jh a « m„u„,a,„s of Auvergne (^„m') „„.l Cevennes CZ") These arc not lofty ranges. The higher range of the 1 Zlena ™te, France fro,„ Italy: they a.„u,„,l in fnasnifieent «ce erv *lfcT', ""','" *'"""' ''""■™' ""' •■is'-* '«"'' i" Kur pet I.._OH« feet above the .ca. The Pyrenees separate France from Spair 3. C»«,<./,„,._The coast-line on the EnRlish Channel v!T r -...le U^r„„V). flowing westerly into tL B,' B .l' " ' m" ai."ne Howing „o„,h into the M^literrnnean Sea ^ ' '' "'" 0. iS/lj/ rtii.r7 /^7.'^ J. mi ^^0// an^ Climate.—ThQ soil ni felons, fn.m north to Houth:— 1st. i\ ny l»o divided into four ro- .0 i-Pirjon of the eeroals ; th a. 2. Motintniiif^ on tho oust? Tn iv..,. i i'! 'h r 308 EUROPE. of the vine; 3d, that of Indian corn; 4th, that of the olive. The climate is diversified, but healthy; in the south the summers are long, dry, and hot. CHURCH OF THE MADELEINE, PARIS. 6. Products.— The products are grains of all kinds, many varie- ties of the grape, and beet-root, from which sugar is extensively made. Agriculture is less perfect than in Belgium and England ; still, the yields are very great. The vineyards are numerous, and very pr^ ductive. Cattle and swine are raised in great numbers. 7. There are extensive forests. Coal, iron, lead, and alum abound. There are numerous mineral springs much frequented ]»y invalids. The manufactures of France are second only to those of Oreat Britain, and consist principally of silks, laces, woollen and (!otton fabrics, linen, gloves, plate-glass, rare tapestries, porcelain, leather, wines, and brandy. 8. Population.— In population, France ranks second among the JEuropoan States, being inferior only to llussia. The French num- rt. Prodiu'tR? What of ajrricnlhiro? VincyanlH ? rntflo. *(•. » 7. Forcstw? MinoralH? ManufaoturoB? i$. What rank in populutiun ? Niitubur? DvHoont FRANCE. 309 Flf/lZ* J\Z ^\^--^^^ «h-fly f- the Gauls and cranks. From the latter the name France is derived The Frennh Sar^Tfe!""'^^"' ^^^' ^^ ^^^ ^^^^ ^ stron/Jlfo^t 9. The lower classes are not well educated; but among the upper and middle classes science, art, and literature are as succcsXllv cultivated as in any other European country «"^ccssfully France contains the finest libraries in the world, and the largest university the " Acad6mie universitaire." in Paris) ^ fhlt ?^' T°7"«-T^^ri«. the capital, situated on the Seine is the most splendid city in the world. It contains magnificent palace churches, hospitals, and galleries of art, and has for centurCdl tated to the civilized world in matters of dress and f:,!:^: saiUes, the city of palaces, is twelve miles from Paris 11. Lyons, on the Rhone, is a beautiful city, noted for its silk manufac- ture. Bor- deaux {ho7-- r humous breakwater and its docks. Uouen/tCbour^' '' BoMcaux? SOvrea? Ilavro?' Hheijs? 310 EUROPE. 12. Marseilles [mar-sailz^), in the south, and Nantes [nants), on the Loire, are towns of historic note. There are numerous cele- brated battle-fields, among which Poitiers {poi-teerz^), Crecy (kres^- «c), and Agincourt {ah-zhong-koor^) are especially famous. 13. Oovernment. — France, for many centuries a kingdom under the rule of the Bourbons, has experienced, in the last three-quarters of a century, several changes of dynasty, and some fearful revolu- tions. In 1852 it became an empire, under Louis Napoleon (Napo- leon III.), a nephew of the great Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I.). In 1870 a war broke out with Prussia, which resulted in the defeat of the French armies, the deposition of Louis Napoleon, and the establishment' of a republic. Previously to the revolution of 1790, France contained thirty-six provinces, but it is now, for purposes of administration, divided into departments. 14. The French army consists of about 400,000 men. The navy, one of the strongest in Europe, numbers nearly 500 vessels of war. There are numerous military schools of the highest order. Among them, the Polytechnic School at Paris, and the Cavalry School at Saumur [ao-moor^), are most noted. 15. Religion.— The prevailing worship is the Roman Cuth(.lic; but other crooils are tolerated and aided by the governnicut. The principal Protestant Churches are the Lutheran and the llcformed Calviniatic. K). The colonial possessions of France are — in Africa, Algeria and Senegal, on the M^est coast; Bourbon and a few Hnialler iwhinds, on the ea^it coast; in Ilindoostan, Pondidierry, and sonio other towns: in Anam, six provinces, with Saigon, the largest city; in North America, Guadeloupe, Martini(ino, arid other islands; in S;)iith Ame- rica, Cayenne; in Oceanica, the Marquesas and Society Islands, and New Caledonia 12. Marspilles? Other towns? 13. Whnt of tlio ffovcmmt nt ? When did it become an enii»iro under Napolo(»n U\.! Wliat of th? provintMs ;^ H. ()| thoarniy? Navy? Military sehooln. .to.? 15. IJeli^rj,,,, v |«. Colonial imm- PcsHJonH in Afrioa? llinduostiin ? Anam? North America? South Amoricii? Ueuunica? 1- I 38 {nanis), on iinerous cele- Crecy (krea^- )US. ingdom under ihree-quarters sarful revolu- loleon (Napo- Napoleon I.). in the defeat leon, and the ition of 1790, T purposes of I. The navy, jssels of war. der. Among Iry School at nan Catholic; •nnicut. The ;he llcfonned rioa, Algeria aller iMJiindH, ) other towns: y; in North I S;)nth Anie- I^land^, and it? When (Hd incMH;^ II. 01 I. Coloililil |Mlri- outh Aiiiorioiif SPAIN. SPAIN. 311 BULL-FiGHT. St^ait of 0;.™ua. eon, J. W.l^^ cI e ^^^t^Jr^ falgar? Funsterro? Ortegal? Wl.at i«lau,.» in the MoJ IranVat noar the coast of Spain ? Name the tliree larire«t ' "-', """"'f" Balearic I»lan.U l»l„„gf An, ToZinwl."''' .ween Spain a„,. France'? VVinU ^^el: he ZnuZZuTm: hctwoon the Cantabrian and Sierra Nevada? Dec bo th "r , I^ «..ad„av.„r. Cadalqnivir. Onadiana. Tagnn. IX,u vLund 1. Position and Extent S.^„;„ |:^„ _„..xv -- i-.«th „ about (i2» nule,. andJt.J^,^„to^4o n.ile" Area, ».■..».-!. Where l,s„.i„, Length „,a b„«ath ? Ar«? I.l.„d.7 Wh.. 312 EUROPE. i!'5 I 177,000 square miles,— nearly equal to that of the State of California." The Balearic [hdl-c-dr^ik] Islands, in the Mediterranean Sea, near the coast, belong to «pain ; the principal are Minorca, Majorca, and Ivi(}a (e-ve^sah). Spain and Portugal form what is called "the Peninsula." 2. Natural FeAtuiea.— Mountains.— The Pyrenees lie between Spain and France. The Cantabrian Mountains are a prolongation of the Pyrenees, and extend westward along the northern coast. The Sierra Nevada traverses Spain on the east and near the Mediterra- nean. The mountainB of Castile, Toledo, and Morena range through the centre. Mt. Maladetta, 11,468 feet, is the highest peak in the Pyrenees, and Mt. Mulahacen, 11,688 feet, in the Sierra Nevada, is the highest in Spain. The surface of Spain constitutes the loftiest table-land in Europe. The country abounds in picturesque scenery. 3. Coast-line. — The coast-line exteuds 1370 miles, and affords many excellent harbors. The northern coast is rocky and precipi- tous ; the Mediterranean coast is low, except in the neighborhood of Gibraltar [je-hrawVter)» 4. Rivers. — The principal rivers are the Guadalquivir {gaw-dal- quiv^er), Guadiana {gwali-de-a¥nah), Tagus, and Douro {doo^ro), flowing in a southwesterly direction into the Atlantic Ocean, and the Ebro and Guadalaviar {gwah-dah-lah-ve-ahr^), flowing in a southeast- erly direction into the Mediterranean Sea. 5. Soil and Climate. — The soil is in general fertile, but is not carefully cultivated: there are large tracts of waste land. The climate in the north is temperate, on the high lands in the centre exceedingly dry, and in the south hot. 6. Products.— The productions of Spain are numerous and varied: —in the north flourish all the grains of the temperate zone, and in the south the grape, almond, olive, fig, and sugar-cane. Fine horses are bred, — the Andalusian stock, originally obtained from Arabia, being most esteemed. Merino sheep are raised in great nnmbers. 7. The mines afford lead, mercury, iron, silver, copper, and rock- salt. Leather, wool, linen, glass, and fine steel are manufactured. Spain is noted for the production of excellent wines, of which Sherry and Malaga are the best known. with Portugal is it called? 2. What mountains north? O^hnr mountains? 8urfaco? 3. What of tho coast-line? 4, Principal rivers flowing into the Atlantic? Into the Mediterraneiin ? 5. Soil? Climate? fi. Products? Of horses and sheep ? 7. Minerals? Manufactures ? For what noted ? SPAIN. of California! 3 Sea, neax* the •rca, and Ivi^a le Peninsula." es lie between rolongation of n coast. The he Mediterra- [•ange through t peak in the ra Nevada, is es the loftiest isque scenery. 3, and aflTorda r and precipi- ghborhood of ivir {gaw-dal- •uro {doo'ro), cean, and the 1 a southeast- ile, but is not 3 land. The in the centre IS and varied : 110, and in the no horses are Arabia, being bers. er, and rock- lanufactured. A'hich Sherry or Tnoiint.f5.i*is ? iwinj; into tho Products? Of noted ? 313 of .^.. f™„ the aoHh, 1::: ^tz^zts^:^- CITY OF CADIZ. In'L!'"' ? '•""' '"'""'' "'"'•'' *"" ''"^ »•"* ""'" ""torprise ■•„ Spain rn .nternal n„„™ve„,ont, ,ho i, far behind the Zi of western n,lT "" 7*';'l P"«-». however, ha, heen noticed w"hn a w yea, ; ra,lroad, have heen e„n,tr„cted, and other, are pr„j e "d «i i a now »p,rit of enter„ri,e i, manifested ^ ^ ' cla^^L deli!hf Wi,"r;' ;;'""»""'™'.- "« bnll-fisht, in which all ;.';." ™''8'"- Wild bulU are obtained for this purpose fro,n th« entorpriao? AVhat progress? 1 ■; (■fl^T!:!. ',!!". ^^'^-^ 10. What of th«u 21 r I : . I lit 314 EUROPE. 12. Chief Towns. — Madrid^, the capital, Is situated on the Man- zannres [7nan-thah-nah''res), a small affluent of the Tagus. A few miles distant is the splendid palace of the Escurial [es-koo-re-aliV). Valladolid^ was formerly the capital. Barcelona, Valencia,' and Malaga are important cities on or near the Mediterranean. Bil- bao {hil-hah^o) is the chief seaport on the Bay of Biscay. 13, Ca^'dlz, in the south, is a fine city, and has a splendid light-house. It is the oldest city in Europe, having been founded by the Phoe- nicians 1100 years before Christ. Saragossa, in the northeast, is noted for its heroic defence against the French in 1808-09. 14. Granada {grah-nah^- dah), Seville [sev'il), and Cor^dova are prominent in the history of the Moorish conquest, and contain many interesting remains of Arabian architecture Ferrol {fer-role^) is the chief naval station, and has a fine harbor. Gibral- tar, at the southernmost point, has long been in the possession of Great Britain, and is the strongest fortifi- cation in the world. 15. Government. — The frovernmont is a limited monarchy. Besides a coun- cil to aid the king or queen, there is a legislature, called the Cor^tes, elected by such of the people as are entitled to vote. The navy ia small, but is increasing. The army numbers 295,000, 12. What of Madrid ? Other cities? 13. Of Cadiz? Sarajrossa ? 14.Granad!i and (ithcr towns? Ferrol ? Gibraltar? 15. Of the government? Navy/ Army, Ac.? LEANING TOWER OF SAN FELIPE AT SARAGOSSA. PORTDOAL. 315 iienares [ahl-kah-lah' day en-aVres) n^m er of « rT- "f' ""'''' ""^ archbishops. The whole of the rehgious orders, including monks and nuns is esti- mated at 150,000. ' ® " 17^ Colonial Possesslona.-The colonial possessions of Spain thT^^T •"'"''.*':' "^^"°^^ °^ ^'^^ ^°d P«rto Rico; in MalaysT h Torth'crVf .^''""^ '^^^"'^^ •' '^"'^ '^ ^^"-' *^« PresiZs n the north coa.t of Morocco, the island of Fernando Po on the coast of Guinea, and the Canary Islands west of Morocco 18. Andor-ra is a small republic on the Spanish side of the Pyre. nees. with an area of 190 square miles. Though nominally inde" pendent, it is very much under the control of Spain and France PORTUGAL. Questions on Map No. 33, Portugal.-Bound Portugal. What I'ay o., the west coast? Cape southwest? What two mountain p.ii t of the eastern boundary near the north ? At the south ? What nvers flow from Spain through Portugal into the Atlantic? What andwher.isthe^ ^oimbra? St. Ubes? i^i\as. iJiaga? and ^%^"-*^ E^tent.-Portugal lies on the Atlantic, west "4 00 ^-T' I' '' ^^^ "^'''^^ ^""S. by 130 broad. Area, 't.ow , u.ilos,-about equal to that of the State of Maine T ;■ 1 m"'^' Features.--The Sierra Estrella {es-treVyah) and loledo Mountains range through Portugal from east to west. The interior IS u ly and mountainous, with a general declivity from the eas o the Atlantic. The eoast-line is 500 miles long, and fo'r the mosi part low. Fearful earthquakes occur. The rivers Douro an'P i' «»tabli,hed by law ■ to.' Coimbra ? SWITZERLAND. Questions on Maps No. 29 and 35. Switzerland.-(^an A^^ 29.) Bound Switzerland. {MapNo.S5.) What mountains on helrth; west? On the east? On the south? Where are the Bern e A ps? Where IS Lake Constance? Mag.iore? Geneva? Neufchatelf zj ch? Where IS the river Rhine? Rhone? Through what lake does he ^hone flow? Where is the river Aar? Wheil are e Falls of the Rhine ? What and where is the capital ? Where is Geneva^ Zurich? Lucerne? Basle? Lausanne? n-on; nTr ^r^ =^^f^*-TJ>e republic of Swit.erland-the an- n h 1 r^'~^'' ""'^' '^ ^'"^^ ""^ '^'' "f ^'^^<^'- its average length IS IGO miles, and its average breadth 98 miles. 'Area 15 050 square miles, -about equal to that of Vermont and Connecticut "" ^. Natural Features.-.lfou/^^«.-n..-Switzerland is the most mountauious country in Europe. It is traversed and surrounded by ho Jura Mountains and by various ranges of the Alps, of which tho Rluistian (rc-shun) and Pennine are the principal. The loftiest peak, are Monte Rosa, Matterhorn, and St. Gothard (ffoi^/tart) which arc from 13,000 to 10,223 feet high. ^' 3. There are m;iny ,lifficult mountain-passes. Of those the most notiil.le are the Sin/plon, St. Gothard, Splugon (^.^ngress, or Federal Assembly, con- sists of two Houses, the Natioiuil Council and the Council of States. 12. Religion. — The Protesiant and Rouian Catholic religions pre- vail. The Protestants (Calvlnists) predominate. ITALY. STREET IN TURIN. Questions on Map No. 34, Italy.— Bound Italy. What sea on the east? On the south and west? Wliere is the Gulf of Vtnice? Strait of Otrantd? Ciulf of Tarrant. ? Strait of Messina? Bay ofXajdes? (Julfof(ienoa? Islan.lof Sicily? Sardinia? KIba? Where are the Ponza Islands? The Lipari Islands? To whom do these islands belong? Ans. To Tf I ,' ',''V''f "'^ ''' • -...red „y it:l:;::a,f t, •;:t':;-:^' ""«■■"«" "^ '■■° -- ^-o and Tiher «„«• into the M,. n """the Adriatic. The Ar„„ a.ost famous riverr^'l'.it^:;;:""- ''■" """■'■ '» - "'■ "■" i.in™r'l7]i)/Vl'|"V\s;;,'>,' '''■"!;'l; "»'l l.rcudth? Ant 2. Tl,« A.icn :liil ijPI' ^iij ,.a ■ MM .MM t : wm M !j , ifn i ^H ^ . J ' M ''^fl H '^ ii y ' '*B m >' i i . ^u Hj fp pp I^BhI' ^. ' ''■ w Ii ■■i i ta ^ 322 EUROPE. 6. La kes. — In Northern Italy are several beautiful lakes, of which Giirdii, Como, and Maggiore are the principal. 7. Soil and Climate. — The soil is remarkable for its fertility, and the climate is salubrious and delightful. 8. Products. — In the northern districts the vine and mulberry flourish ; in the central, the orange, olive, and lemon ; in the south- ern, the climate of which is almost tropical, the sugar-cane, fig, date- palm, and other southern fruits. 9. Population.— The population is 26,789,000. The people are chiefly descended from the ancient Romans. 10. Divisions. — Italy comprises the Kingdom of Italy, and the republic of San Marino. 11. Government.— The Kingdom of Italy is a constitutional monarchy. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies: the members of the latter body are elected by the people. Victor Emanuel II., formerly King of Sardinia, is the present sovereign; he was proclaimed King of Italy in 1801, San Marino is a republic. 12. Religion. — The Roman Catholic religion prevails ; all other religions are tolerated. Education is making fair progress. 13. THE KINGDOM OF ITALY includes the State of Sar- dinia, the former States of the Church, the State of Naples, and the State of Venetia. 14. Rome, the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, is situated on both sides of the Tiber, and is one of the most celebrated cities known in history. It contains numerous magnificent relics of the classic period, when that city was mistress of the world, such as the Pantheon, the Colise^'um, and Trajan's Column. • 15. It has more than S'H) churches; one of those, the famous Cathedral of St. Peter, is the largest and most imposing religious edifice in the world. The Vat/lean, the Pojjo's winter palace, has a rare and valuable library, and a splendid gallery of art. 10. The State of Sardinia includos, with the excopticm of Ve- netia, all of Italy lying north of the States of the Church, together 6. Lakes? 7. Soil ? Cliiniito? 8. Pro'hiots? 9. Popnlntion ? 10. Divisions t»f Ilaiy "? Ii. (I'iM'iriiiMiil ? Of V'iotoi' EliiiiiiiUM ;' <"»f j?,iii Miirin.*;' 12. Religion? KiliKintioii ? i:i. KiNfiDOM ok Italy.— Wlmt dooi' tlio Kingdom <>r Itiily iiiclmlp? !4. Whiit of Home? 15. OF its churohi-s, Af.':* 1ft What doua (Lo tUiito oi Snrdiniiv include? What of Turin? Flor- ITALY. 323 ikea, of which r its fertility, ind mulberry in the south- ane, fig, date- le people are taly, and the constitutional Senate and a y are elected f Sardinia, in Italy in 180 1, ,ils ; all other ress. State of Sar- iples, and the iiatcd on both ties known in dassic period, *anthe^u, the I, the famous ting rcligioUH palace, has a ■t. option of Ve- irch, together ' 10. Divisions Siiii Miiriiii.l' ^litit d(ioi< tlio churches, Ac? Turin y Flur- with the island of Sardinia. Turin, the canital nf <5o r • the lea bank of the P„, . a ,....„. 'eU ! 7!^^, iTl:: enownod for „s hbraries, colleges, and gallenes of paintmg7a„d sculpture Ale,Bandr,a i» remarkable f„, its powerful defence. Near u .s the l.ttle hamlet of Marengo, where Napolcou I. ga ued a great victory over the Austrian^ in the year 180U 17. Genoa {jen'o-ah), on the Mediterranean, was once a celebrated MilCu » ." T " '■"-■ "''■ '' ""» ""^ ''''">P'-« of Colun bus M,l an IS a c.ty of great renown in history. It has a splendid cath^ dral Pisa (p«'^a/,) is famous for its Campo Santo, or burial-place and for ,ts ean.ng tower, a circular structure of wi.ite marble 188 o t h,gh, mchnmg 15 feet from the perpcn.licular. Leghorn an 1 Lucca are important towns. »>'-„iioru an.i OCNOA. 18 Thodtyuf I>armais.clebratodfor its beautiful pi.ture-gallorv uudforu^d .M 19. The terntoryAM-iuorly .lenominated the States of the Churcd. States of thi Church P^""'*'^ ^"^""'^^ !». What of the formSr if 324 EUROPE. occupies a portion of central Italy. This territory was under the government of the Pope. In 1860 Romagna [ro-man't/ah), one of the States of the Church, was annexed to Sardinia. The same year, other of the States united, and became a part of the Kingdom of Italy. 20. The Papal Dommiuns, or the temporal possessions of the Pope, occupying a strip of territory on the west coast, and including the city of Rome, Civita Vecchia {che've-tak vek'ke-ah), and a few^con- tiguous places, remained under the government of the Pope until 1870, when they also were annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. 21. The State of Naples, in- cluding the is- land of Sicily and the Li pari Islands, is the southernmost State of the Kingdom of Italy. The capi- tal, Naples, is splendidly situ- ated on the Bay of Naples. It is the largest of theltaliancities. The scenery around it is very beautiful, i«nd the climate isde- iightful. Near it is the V'lloaiio <»f V^esuvius, which is fre- quently in a state of eruption. 22. The island of Sicily is separated from tlie main hud l»y the narrow Strait of Messina, un one side of which is Seylla [sU'laU), a 20. What of the Papnl D iiniti;..n ? 21. What does tho Stuto of Naples uiohidu? Of tho city oi Naples? Wh.il \ ..Iimim. ? 22. Of the islun hoil^ . ""'? '"'"""' ^ '"» » «inf le span cost of $MO,«oa' T„: r ';;tr tS ''" ''''• 1 ■»"'■■»• "' ^ go abont the city i„ hoa.s ea ; r^p:'':'"'"'.-" P-i"» .t» university, and Verona for its Uota., arphi,:!:: '^ ""'"' "" » ITZ rt!;r„rs::'t:s7r2:;: '";: f "•'■•» 't?-'') ^-m ... «., by St. Marinnf f:; j';ir° " ^ J"« -n «s AUSTRIA. Questions on Map No 34 Ai,«f,w=. u , . -«-«st. AVheroare'he Iwl.f " nl"""; iT""-. .^".'" tlio north and northfliist? Wi * * "iiuks r >* Imt mountains n South? Whatlltrivirfl "■""""""•«»'•' R«..«o southeast? into Turkey ?^Z "217" TJ' """ I'"" »"""'• """"^l' Austria province of AusLiatTl / wr'' ■ "" ""■'™""" '" -I'"' ■nwhatprovincetePral n" , ,'t T- "'" ™''""' "^ ''■"»'^"" 2Z!_^ •""■«• I'i'"^.<">'l Wagrau, ? In what f.v°V!?: f/S",,; ,!;.t;'/ 1;:,;::: , '■': ^^^^^^i^^,.,. ., v.„ , '" '• ' '" ^"■«' ws:... „'.:';;; ■„„i:i,:;,;, »«• »- M.„,.,„,_Vb:[ W' -Pf LiUULViWtttiVpPJ lii m fi ^vu .i'r ,1 1 'hi I .! I ^!l ii ii 111 326 EUROPE. is Innspruck? In what province is Trieste ? Klagenfurth ? OrUtz? In what are Pesth, Buda, and Tokay? In what is Lemberg? Klausenburg ? CHURCH OF ST. CHARLES, AND THE POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL AT VIENNA. 1. Position and Extent. — The empire of Austria, or Austro-IIun- garian Monarchy, comprises a territory of irregular outline, north of Turkey and east of Italy, Switzerland, and Bavaria. It contains seventeen provinces, eight* of which, until 1800, belonged to the old Germanic Confederation. Hungary, the largest division, contains a third part of the empire. The average length of Austria is 020 miles, and its average breadth 350 miles. Area, 240,000 square miles, — a little exceeding that of the State of Texas. 2. Natural Features. — The Carpathian Mountains are in the AnsTRiA. — 1. Where is Austria? AVhiit of tho i>r(>vinces? Length mid breadth? Area? 2. What mountain-ranges? Of tho Alps? Other uioun- tains? Surface? » NoTK. — Tho provinces of Austria which wore united in tho Germanic Confederation are tho Arcliduchy of AusMia, Bohemia, Moravia, Carinthia, !L*yria, Bilosia, Tyrol, and a part of Galicia. .ti AUSTRIA. 327 ains are in the northeast, and range in a south and southeasterly direction until they reach the south bor.ler, where they form a part of the southern boundary, and then pass into Turkey. Ruska Poyana, 9912 feet, is the highest peak. Tlie Carnic and Dinaric Alps are on the west and southwest. The Sudetic, Bohemian, and Moravian Mountains arc in the northwest, and enclose the province of Bohemia. The surface slopes from the north and south towards the centre and the east. 3. Coa5i!-;ine.— Austria has a coast-line of about 450 miles on the Adriatic Sea. There are extensive marshes. The largest lake is Lako Balaton, near the centre. 4. nioers.—ThQ principal river is the Danube; it rises in the Black Forest of Germany, flows through Austria 600 miles, first from west to east, then southerly, and empties into the Black Sea. Its principal affluents are, on the north, the Theiss (tice), and on the souti), the Dravo and Save. 5. Soil and Climate.— Jn the north, and on the plains of Hun- gary, the soil is well adapted to grazing; further south, and in the river-valleys, it is extremely fertile. In the north the climate is cold, and snow sometimes falls as early as October; but in the south the climate is so mild that the most delicate grapes may be cultivated in the open air. G. Products.— Nearly all kinds of grains and garden vegetables are produced. The vine is successfully cultivated. The pasturage in the Hungarian i)lains is excellent, and great numbers of cattle arc raised. Ilonca are carefully bred. Gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and quicksilver abound. The ruby, emerald, amethyst, opal,' topaz, and other precious stones are found. The manufactures are extensive. 7. Population.--The population is 35,944,000. The people re- present four nationalities,— the German, Italian, Sclavonian, and Hungarian or Magyar {mo(Vyor). The Hungarians, long oppressed by Austria, have, sin(;e the accessitm of Ferdinand II., in 152G, made several unsu(;cessful attempts to achieve their independence. 8. Chief Towns.— VicM.na, the capital, on the Danube, is one of the finest cities in Europe. Trieste {tre-ctd'), on the Adriatic Sea, 3. Of (ho coftst-lim-? IMarshes ' Lake ? 1. AVhat is said of tlie Danubo nn.l its alliuoilts? 5. Soiiy CliiniitcV l\ Priwli.ot"''' l>..-t..!-" -f iri- '' V:..-,.>1 'J U ' , o ,, " ... - ....s.i-.i... ! ...-fi,!„.„o, At'. : iViuirrjH.-^; iriXX-HiIlS »r,onc.s/ .MMiuilMctnro.si' 7. l'o|iii]ati<.n > Wliat nationiilitios y S. What of Vi- enna? Trieste:'' Innspruck? J'raguoi' JJrunn? Bucla and Pcsth? Tokay'' M V ,\ It di i 328 EUROPE. is the principal seaport. Innspruck {ins^prook) is the chief city of the Tyrol [iir^rol) ; Prague, of Bohemia; Brunn, of Moravia. Buda and Pesth (pest), situated opposite each other on the Danube, and connected by a fine suspension bridge, are considered one city, and regarded as the capital of Hungary. Tokay, on the Theiss, is famous for its rare wines. 9. Lintz and Salzburg are the seats of important manufactures. Carlsbad, Toplitz [tep^lits), and Seidlitz (side'lits) are celebrated for their baths and mineral springs. 10. Austria has been the theatre of numerous wars in modern times. The most famous battles are those of Prague, won by Frederick the Great, and of Austerlitz and Wagram, where Napo- leon I. was victorious over the Russians and Austrians. Cracow was taken by Austria in 1847. Near Cracow is a vast tumulus, 120 feet high, raised to the memory of Kosciusko [kos-se-us^ko). 11. Government. — Austria is a constitutiona) monarchy, with a Parliament, or lieichsrath, consisting of a House of Nobles and a House of Deputies. Education, which has been long neglected, is now improving. There are ten universities, and numerous colleges and schools. 12. Religion. — The prevailing religion is the Roman Catholic; but all sects are tolerated. There are many members of the Greek Church in Austria, especially in the provinces where the Sclavonic race preponderates. OTTOMAN EMPIRE. The Ottoman Empire includes Turkey in Europe, Turkey in Asia, and dependencies in Arabia and Africa. The dependencies are the Iledjaz, in Arabia; and Egypt, Nubia, Kordofan, Tripoli, Tunis, and Fozzan, in Africa. With the exceptifm of Roumania, Sorvia, and Montenegro, all parts of Turkey, both in Europe and Asia, are the immediate possessions of the Sultan, being governed by pashas appointed directly by him. 9. Lintz and Sal/.bure? ac'iw? 1 1. O'lvornnient ? iiifl'ndc? Niiine t ))(>(] eiioi (I Other towns ? 10. What further of Austria ? Of 12, Uelijrion? Ottoman Kmpiue. — What docs it 'ncics. What about the Dannhinn inces II w do tnoy acknowledge the Sultan's authority? Area in Europe and Aniu.! In Al'rica? " Total ? Equal to what? TURKEY. 829 The dependencies acknowledge the authority of the Sultan, and many of them pay tribute. Area in Europe and Asia, estimated at 872,000 square miles, in Africa at 955,000 square miles ; a total of 1,827,000 square miles,— nearly equal to that of one-half of Europe. 11 II TURKEY IN EUROPE. Questions on Map No. 34, Turkey in Europe.— Bound Turkey in Europe. Name the five seas around Turkey, beginning with the Black. What strait between the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmora? Between Marmora and the Archipelago? Between the Mediterra- nean and Adriatic? Where is the Gulf of Salonica? Gulf of Arta ? What mountains in the north? What range extends south into Greece? Where are the Dinaric Alps? Where is Mt. Olympus? What great river in the north flows into the Black Sea? Name two affluents on the north. Two on the south. What rivers flow into the Archipelago ? Into the Gulf of Salonica? What and where is the capital ? Where is Adrianople? Salonica? Yanina? Sophia? Kruschovatz? Belgrade? Bucharest? Varna? Serajevo? 1. Position and Extent.—Turkey in Europe lies south of Russia and Austria. Its average length is about 480 miles, its average breadth about 390 miles. Area, 203,500 square miles,— about equal to that of the States of New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina. Roumania, in the northeast (formed m 1861 by the union into one principality of the Danubian pro- vinces Wallachia and Moldavia), Servia, in the north, and Monte- negro [mon-tay-nay'gro), on the west, are tributary to Turkey, but are governed by their own princes. 2. Natural Features.— 3/ojsiihorus ? Dardanelles ? «. Soil? Climate? 7. Product!^? Minerals. Ac. ? 8. ropulation? Wliut ol thum? How do they spend th«ir time ? What of the women ? I 3t high. The range parallel TOW southern B Black, Mar- terranean and •ds many beau- it flows in an Its chief aftlu- iva, and Save ipelago. 5oa with those h-nelz^) unites I'key is for the nitive method. ;s: a variation In the south jerate; in the n, rice, cotton, , the principal The minerals g. Excellent leep are noted tnposed of Os- !s, and Jews, ly among the I great portion reated as infe- treets. Every ho are kept in ? Dardanelles? tion? Wuut ol 1? TURKEY. 331 9. Chief Towns.— Constantinople, the capital, is situated on the iiosphorus. This city in ancient times was called Byzantium. The name was changed to Constantinople by the Emperor Constantine who enlarged and beautified the city, and made it the capital of the Eastern division of the Roman Empire. Constantinople for many centuries played a conspicuous part in the history of the world. Its CITY OF CONSTANTINOPLE. liarbor, called the Golden Horn, is one of the finest in the world. The public buildings are numerous, among which the mosques, or temples of Mohammedan worship, are the principal; of these, that of St. So- phia, once a Christian church, is very magnificent. ^ 10. Adriano^ple and Salonica {sah-lo-7ie^kah) are important cities. The former was long the residence of the Sultar;^ of Turkey. Bel- grade, on the Danube, near the jnouth of the Save, is noted for the many bloody sieges it has sustained. 11. Government.— The government of Turkey 'sfc despotism. The 9. What of Constantinople ? Of the public buildings ? xx). Adri^unoplo np() Salonica'' Belgrade? 11. Government? li^si .J. I j ititll ^ 1! 332 EUROPE. il : will of the monarch, who is called the Sultan, is law ; and in former times ho ruled with the most arbitrary cruelty. Within the present century, however, the humane usages of the more enlightened States of Europe have largely influenced the administration of affairs in Turkey. 12. The Sultan is usually called the Grand Seignior [seen^yur). Ilis prime minister is called the Grand Vizier ; all officers are selected from the Sultan's favorites, and are often very inefficient. Turkey is divided into sixteen provinces, called pashalics. 13. The Court is called the Ottoman Porte, and also the Sublime Porte. The great cabinet council is named the Divan {de-van^). 14. Religiou. — The religion is the Mohammedan ; all other sects are tolerated. Greek, Armenian, and other Christian churches are numerous ; and there are Jews in many quarters. PRINCIPALITY OF ROUMANIA. 1. This S'-.te was formed in 1861 by the union of the princi- palities of Wallachia and Moldavia, by consent of the Porte. It lies between the Carpathian Mountains and the Danube and Pruth Rivers. Greatest length, 350 miles. Area, 45,000 square miles. Population, 4,607,000. 2. Roumania is a well-watered, fertile country, with extensive forests. The climate is temperate, but variable. Wheat, Indian corn, barley, tobacco, and various fruits, are produced. Wine is made to some extent. The salt-mines of Wallachia yield salt of an excellent quality. The grazing is fine ; and horses, cattle, sheep, and goats abound. 3. The population comprises Christians, Mohammedans, Jews, and gipsies. The Christians are mostly of the Greek Church. Education is limited. 4. The government is a constitutional monarchy, with a senate and house of representatives. The people enjoy a limited franchise. A tribute is paid annually to the Porte. 5. Bucharest, the capital, is on the Dumbovitza River. There are 12. What of the Sultan? What is his prime minister called? How is Tnrltey divided? 13. What of the court? 14. Religion? Roumania. — 1. When and how formed ? Position? Area' Population? 2. Soil and cli- miitfi ? Prodijf.tH? Animals? 3. Reliiyion? Education? 4^ Government? Tribute? 6. Capital? !i it Mi GREECE. 333 and in former in the present ;htened States I of affairs in or [seen^yur). rs are selected ent. Turkey the Sublime [de-van^). ill other sects churches are )f the princi- he Porte. It )e and Pruth square miles. ith extensive i^heat, Indian ed. Wine is yield salt of cattle, sheep, ledans, Jews, reek Church. with a senate ted franchise. r. There are ailed ? How is RotlMANIA. — 1. 2. Soil and cli- several churches and monasteries, a college, museum, and a few schools. Jassy, the chief city of Moldavia, is on a branch of the river Pruth. Ibraila and Galatz, on the Danube, are the chief sea- ports. Grain, wool, and tallow are largely exported. Ismail ia noted in the wars of the Russians and Turks. GREECE. Questions on Map No. 34, Greece.— Bound Greece. What gulf extends from the Mediterranean east nearly through Greece ? Where is the Gulf of Egina? Napoli? Laconia? Konm? Arta? Where is the island of Negropont? Where are the Northern Spor- ades Isles? The Cyclades? Ionian Isles? Name the three largest of the Ionian Isles. What famous mountain-peak in Greece ? What is the northern part of Greece called ? Ans. Hellas. The southern ? Ans. TheMorea. Whatgulf nearly separates these two parts? What isthmus connects them ? What and where is the capital? Where is Livadia? Napoli? Thebes? Lepanto? Tripolizza? Nuvarino? Corinth? Thermopyla3? 1. Position and Extent.— The Idngdom of Greece comprises part of the irregular peninsula south of Turkey. It is the most re- nowned of classic countries. Its greatest length is about 250 miles, and its greatest breadth 180 miles. Area, 19,250 square miles,— about equal to that of the States of Vermont and New Hampshire. 2. Natural Features.— 3/o«n /a ins.— Greece is a mountainous country. The Pindus Mountains extend from Turkey into Greece'. Among the peaks the most ftimous is Parnassus, 8000 feet high, over- looking the site of the ancient oracle-shrine at Delphi. The scenery of Greece is unequalled for variety and beauty. 3. Coast-line. — Except on the north, Greece is surrounded by the Archipelago and the Mediterranean Sea; and the coast is greatly indented. The Gulfs of Egina and Napoli are on the east, and the T ^'^r *T."'- , F-^P'"*t'^? Grkkck.-I. Where is Greece? What is it? Length and breadth? Area? 2. What of the Pindus M.n.ntnins vpoL,,^ Leptntof"'"""^" ^' '^'^"' "^' ^^'"^ coast-line? Of gulls ? " Of the Gulf of HUB 3C4 EUROPE. THE ACROPOLIS AT ATHENS. (jiilfs of Arta and Lc^panto on the west; the lattei* penetrates Greece nhnost to the eastern coast, nearly separating it into two parts. 4. Islands. — There are numerous islands off the coast. The prin- cipal on the east are Ncgropont, and the groups in the Archipelago, the largest of which arc the Cyclades [sik'lah-deez) and Sporades {spor^ uh-decz) ; on the west are the Ionian Islands. The latter were annexed tu the kingdom of Greece in 18C3. 5. Rivers. — The rivers are short and unimportant. 0. Soil and Climate. — The soil in the valleys is fertile. The climate is generally t(Mnperate, hut varies with the elevation. 7. Products. — Wheat, barley, rice, cotton, and tobacco are pro- duced, and in the south ."igs, olives, dates, and oranges. Goats, 8he(>p, ,Mittlo, and horses are raised. Bees are extensively reared, and honey is one of the staple products. Little has yc't been done to develop tJ>e mineral wealth of the ct)untry. 8. Population. — Th(> population is 1,4.'J7,000. The people are descendants of the ancient Greek race, intermingled with Albanians, Turks, Sclavonians, Jews, Italians, Germans, and others. Tlio 4. Islands? Wliiit of tho Lminn If«land«? 6. Rivcr»' ft. Soil ? riiinntc? •?. I'roducfuf Wlint of hci-.i? Miiiorals? 8. ropulation ? Who arc they ? Nuiolct iji '„.-cck.'< proper/ What of civilization ? GREECE. 835 number of Greeks proper is about 800,000 ; the Albanians number about 200,000. In the cities there is an increasing civilization. The greater part of the people are engaged in farming and tending flocks. 9. Chief Towus.— Ath^ens, the capital, is situated on a plain near the Gulf of Egina. It was in ancient times one of the most renowned cities in the world, and was the centre of Grecian learning and culture. On the Acrop'olis, or citadel of Athens, is the Par<. thenon, or Temple of Minerva, still splendid in its ruins ; there are many other interesting relics of the classic period. Missolonghi [mis-so-hng^yhe) and Patras^ are towns of special note in the modern war of Greek independence. 10. The principal towns in the north are Livadia {liv-ah derail), Thebes [theehz], and Lepanto. The latter is noted as the scene of a Kreat naval victory obtained over the Turks, in 1571, by Don John of Austria. Tripolizza [tre-po-liV sah) and Navatino are the chief towns in the south. At the latter place a celebrated engagement took place, in 1827, when the naval power of Turkey was destroyed by the allied fleets of Russia, France, and Great Britain. Hormop^lis, on the island of Syra {se^rah), and Zante and Corfu {kor-fo(/) in the Ionian Islands, are important towns. 11. Government. — The government is a constitutional monarchy, mildly administered. The people have good opportunities of eduea- tion. At Athens is an excellent university ; and in the kingdom thei-o-aro eleven gymnasia or colleges, and a hundred common schr «-l .What of tho islands of Europ,. ? Tho InrRcst ? •"••" '-=anu= T.n.=.. 01 ~p.iir.»crifrn:= ;;. N, rwuy i«JnR(lH? What near tho southern end of tho Loffodens? 4. What north of tho Loffodeus? Of Hauiinorft>iit? THE ISLAJVDS OF EUKOPE. 337 {tromfso-eh), Mag^eroe, Qualoe, and others, are islands lying north of the Loffoden group. Hammerfest, on Qualoe, is the northernmost town in the world; it has a considerable commerce in fish and oil. 5. Danish Islands.— T'.c Faroe Islands lie northwest cf Scot- land. They are 22 in nu.nber; 17 arc inhabited. Most of them rise precipitously 2(T00 feet ahoxo the sea. Barley is the only grain that ripens. The population is about 0000. Thorshavn {iors-howi/V on the island of Stromoc, is the only town. 6. The Archipelago of Denmark includes various islands, of which Zealand and Funeu arc the largest. Among the smaller are Laa- laud, Moen, and Samsf^e. They form a compact group, and are covered with fertile meadow-lauds. 7. Zealand is separated from Sweden by the Sound. Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, is on this island. Bornholm, in the Baltic Sea, lies east of Zealand. Sylt, Fanoe, and others are small islands off the west coast of Dennuvrk. 8. Baltic Islands.— Oeland and Gothland, the largest of the Bal- tic Islands, belong to Sweden; the Aland Islands, Dago, and Oesel [o'sel) belong to Russia; Rugen belongs to Prussia. 9. British Islands.— The Shetland Islands lie north of Scotland. They number more than 100; ojdy 27 are inhabited. Mainland is the largest. Lerwick is the cr.pital. Population of the Shetlands 31,000. 10. The Orkney Islands are a compact group, off the northern coast of Scotland. There are 07 islands ; 28 are inhabited. Po- mona is the largest. Kirkwall is the capital. Population of the Orkneys, 31.000. ^ 11. The Hebrides, or Western Isles, lie off the northwest coast of Scotland. Tiiey are :;()() in number ; HI are inhabited. Skyo is the largest. Staffa contains the renowued Cave of Fingal. Population i{ the Ilobridos. 115,000. 12. The Isle of Man, in (he Irish Sen, has institutions ])eculiar to tself. The Manx language, derived from the Celtic, is still in usej 1)( 5. Danish I.ilan.18? Surfacu? ProdnoLs? Town? fl. Tho Archii.elneo of •nnmrk? 7. Of Zealand y Of (ho c-apilal of Denmark? O" ZZhn? liCAl^xl 0'/''V»'«t'""<>''? 10. Orkneys? 11. HebriUes? Wha I'l ftlullar 12. Islo of .Mim ? 20 1 ! ■wlUM i i' I li L I i 338 EUROPE. but all the inhabitants speak English. Castleton is the principal town. Population of the Isle of Man, 52,000. 13. Anglesea Island lies north of Wales, from which it is sep.i rated by Menai Strait. Population, 51,000. 14. The Isle of Wight is a beautiful island, separated from Eng- u- land by a narrow channel. It is a favorite resort of invalids. P pulation, 50,000. 15. The Scilly Islands, west of Land's End, number 200; but they are so rocky that only six are inhabited Population, 2G00. 16. The Channel Islands are on the coast of France. The princi- pal are Jersey, Guernsey, Alderney [awVder-ne), and Sark. Tlioy are the renmants of the territory held by the English in France during the Middle Ages. Population, 91,000. 17. Mediterranean Islands. — The Balearic Islands are in the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, and belong to Spain. Tho principal are Majorca, Minorca, and Ivi9a. PaFma, on the island of Majorca, is the capital. Population of the Balearic Islands, 232,000. The other Spanish islands are Leon, on which stands the city of Ca- 13. AnKlescii? 14. Isloof Wight? l.j. Soilly Tulnnds? Ifl. Cliannol rslaiitl.-*'/ bat of thciu? 17. Tho liuloaric Tslnnds!' Othor SiJiinish i8lahd»? «Vbat THE ISLANDS OF EUROPE. 339 fllz, and the Columbretes {ko-loom-hrai/tes), near the east coast of Spain. 18. The island of Sardinia, west of Italy, belongs to the kingdom of Italy. Cagliari {kahlAjah-re), in the south, is the chief town. Population of Sardinia, 553,000. 19. Corsica belongs to France, and is principally noted as the birth< place of Napoleon I. It lies north of Sardinia, from which it is sepa- rated by the Strait of Bonifacio. Ajaccio is the capital. Population ;)f the island, 230,000. Elba, a small island between Corsica and Italy, was the place to which Napoleon I. was exiled in 1814. It belongs to the kingdom of Italy. Population, 19,000. 20. Sicily, a large island at the extremity of the Italian peninsula, is separated from the mainland by the Straits of Messina; it is a part of the State of Naples, and belongs to the kingdom of Italy. Pa- lermo and Messina, on the north coast, and Syracuse, on the east coast, are the principal cities. Mount Etna, an active volcano, is 10,874 feet high. Population of Sicily, 2,042,000. 21. The Lipari Islands lie north of Sicily. They are a volcanic group, and supply nearly all the pumice-stone used in the world. Stromboli, " the lighthouse of the Mediterranean," is a volcano in constant eruption. Pu])ulution of the Lipari Islands, 22,000. 22. Malta and Gozzo are two small islands, between Sicily and Africa: they belong to Great Britain. The former is strongly forti- fied, and is an element of British influence in the Mediterranean. Population of Malta, 100,000. Valetta is the chief town. Popula- tion of Gozzo, 10,000. 23. Greek Islands, — The Ionian Islands lie on the west coast of rurk(>y and Greece. Corfu, Cephalonia, and Zante are the principal islands. They formerly constituted a rejjublic, dependent on Great Britain, and Corfu, tlie s(>at of governujent, was garrisoned by IJritisii troops; but in the year 1S()3 the British government ceded the islands to Greece. Population, 220,000. 24. The Grecian Archip(4ago cimtains several groups and islands famous in (dassic history. Neg''ropont, the largest, is (m the cast coast of Greece. Poi)uhition, 20,000. The Sporades and Cycladfss 18. Of Saniinia? IH. Of Cor?«ioa? 20. Of Ficily ? Cities? Of Mount Ktiiai' 21 Lipari fflnnds? Of SfrumboH:'' 22. Malta ami Oozzo? 2:^. Tlui Lmian Lslantlsl' 21. Ureiiaii ArcbipclagK? Ncgroitont ? Sporadi'S anj .■}'ol idcs ? '!# i if ant i I 1 1 [ I i : 340 EUROPE. CITY OF CORr U. are island clusters, belonging, according to their situation, to Greece or to Turkey. '25. Candia, formerly called Crete, is a large island south of Greece, It belongs to Turkey. Population, 158,000. The climate is delight- ful. Candia is the chief town. 25. Of Cnndia? ASIA. ASIA. ion, to Greece ith of Greece, ate is delight. Questions on Map No. 36, Asia. — Bound Asia. Between ^ what parallels of latitude does Asia principally lie? Meri- dians of longitude? What f^oparntes As'a from America? What mountains, river, and ASIATIC SCENE. geos bctween Asiaand Europe? What sea and isthmus between Asia and Africa? Divisions.— Whore is Siberia? Turkey? Arabia? Persia? Af- ghanistan? Beloochistnn? Turkestan? India? Chinese Empire? China? Tlirongh what country does the Arctic circle pass ? Through what onintries doos the tropic of Cancer pass? Seas, Bays, &c.— Wiiere is the Open Polar Sea of the Russians? ^Vi„.i-c is IJriu'in- Strait? Soanf Kamt>.chutka? Ochotsk ? Jesso? •bipan? Strait of Corea? Yellow Sea? Pe-cho-lee (Julf ? Eastern 8-,i? ChiiuiSm? (J'llfof Tonipiin? (JulfofSiam? StraitofMa- 2tf* 342 'r 1 m f ASIA. lacca? Gulf of Martaban? Bay of Bengal? Gulf of Manaav? Malabar Coast ? Arabian Sea ? Gulf of Cambay ? Gulf of Cutch ? Gulf of Oman ? Strait of Onnus ? 'Persian Gulf? Strait of Bab-el- Mandeb? Red Sea? Isthmus of Suez ? Mediterranean Sea? Archi- pelago? Marmora? Black? Caspian? Aral? Kara? Gulf of Obe? Yenisei Gulf ? Where is Lake Baikal ? Balkash? Where is the Dead Sea? Capes.— Where is East Cape? St. Thadeus? Lopatka? Cam- bodia? Romania? Negrais ? Comorin? Isolette ? Cevero? Chalagskoi ? Islands.— Where are the Aleutian Islands ? Kuriles ? Where is Saghalien? Jesso? .Niphon? Sikoke? Kiusiu? Formosa? Where are the Loo-Choos ? Where is Hong-Kong ? Hainan ? Where are the Andamansf Nicobars? Where is Ceylon? Where are the Corallines? New Siberia Islands? In what direction from Asia is Oceanica? In what general direction from Asia do the following groups lie? Magellans Archipelago, Ladrones, Carolines, Philip- pines, Celebes, Borneo, and Sumatra. To what division do they belong? Ans. To Oceanica. Mountains.— Where are the Little and Great Altai Mountains ? Taurus? Elborz? Hindoo-Koosh ? Himalaya? Nan-ling? Kuen- lun? Pe-ling? Beloor ? Thian-vShan ? Khang-Kai? GhiTut? Cau- casus ? Ural ? Where is Mt. Sinai ? Rivers.— Describe the Ural. Obe. Yenisei. Lena. Amaor. IIo- ang-Ho. Yang-tse-Kiang. Cambodia. Irrawa^My. Brahmaputra. Ganges. Indus. Euphrates. Tigris. Amoo. Sihon. Peninsulas.— Where is the peninsula of Kamtschatka? Corea? Malacca ? Hindoostan ? Farther India ? Arabia ? Deserts.— Where is the Great Desert of Cobi? Sandy Desert? Khiva? Great Salt Desert? The Thur? Akhaf? 1. Position and Extent. — Asia [ai/she-nh), the largestof the grand divisions of the earth, lies south of the Arctic Ocean, and east of Eu- rope and Africa. It extends from east to west about 6000 miles, and from north to south 5400 miles. Area, 15,196,000 square miles. 2. Natural Features. — Mountains. — There are in Asia thrco ASIA.-—1. Whero is Asia? Length and breadth ? Area ? 2. How many moun taiti-chains? What of the Altui liiuge? jiofliust siiinmit? What range further soiith ? What dies it inchido ? Highest peak ? What of the Kuen- hin and Po-ling? ASIA. 343 great mountain-chains. The Altai {alil-U^) range extends from the northern boundary of Turkestan, in a northeasterly direction, to Behnng Strait, a distance of 4000 miles. Its loftiest summit, Mount Byelucha [be-d-oo^kah), is 11,000 feet high. Further south is a vast range extending from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea on the west, under various names, to the Pacific Ocean on the east, a distance of more than 5000 miles. This range includes the Taurus, Elborz IIindoo-Koosh, Himalayas, and the Nan-ling; the loftiest peak is Mt. Everest, in the Himalayas, which is 29,100 feet high, and is the highest land in the world. The Kuen-lun [kicen-hm') and the Pe-ling form another range extending through the Chinese Empire from west to east a distance of more than 3000 miles. 3. There are also cross-ranges, the principal of which are the Beloor, Thian-Shan {te-an'shan'), and Khaug-Kai [kang-kV). The volcanoes of Hochow and Peshan are in the Thian-Shan Mountains, and are remarkable for their great distance from the sea. The Ural Mountains are between Europe and Asia. 4. Surface.— Hha surface of Asia comprises many central plains of great extent, bounded by mountain-ranges; the country north and east of the Caspian Sea, and around the Sea of Aral, with an area of 180,000 square miles, fornio a vast depressed region, 84 leet below the level of the sea. The table-land of Persia has an area of 170,000 square miles, and a mean elevation of 5000 feet; that of Thibet [Hl/et] comprises 000,000 square miles, and has a mean height of 11,000 feet. In Si- beria and Tartary are immense steppes [steps] or plains. The sandy deserts of Asia iend from Yemen, in Arabia, to Mant- chooria, in the Chinese Empire, a distance of 4500 miles, and form the rainless region of Asia : here rain seldom foils, and rivers and springs are almost unknown. 5. Coast-line. — The coast-line is very irregular, especially on the south and east, where there are numerous peninsulas, bays, and gulfs. TJie principal peninsulas are Arabia, Hindoostan, Farther India, Ma- lacca, Corea, and Kamtschatka. The islands are described elsewhere. n. Cross-ranges? VoiPiinoe?. for what reniiirkaWe? 4. Whitt of Uie siir- f.-icc? Of the country nround the Caspiiin and Aral Seas? Of the tableland iif Porsii? Thibet? Wliiit in Siberia and Tartary ? Of deserts? 5. Coast- line? Peninsulas ? Ishimls? Ill 5 'i 344 ASIA. G S IS and Lakes.-The Black, Mediterranean, and Red Seas arc on the western boundary of Asia. Tiio Caspian bea is 7oO mile. Ion. and 230 broad The Sea of Aral is 240 miles long and the D.id Sea 45 miles long. The principal lake is Baikal (6* kahl), m b h M-ia, about twice as large as Lake Erie. ^ ,, , 7 Rivers -Tho rivers of Asia include some of the largest m the" world; the most noted are the Obe (r/6e), Yenisei, Lena and Ainoor of Siberia, Iloang-ho and Yang-tse-Kiang of China, Cam- bodia, Irrawaddy, Brahmaputra (omA-.../.-i>oo^^m/.) Ganges and Indus of India, and Euphrates {yu-Jra,^teez) and Tigris of iurkey. 8 Soil and Climate.-On account of the vast extent of Asia, .ani^ing from the Arctic O-ean to the equator, there are great v^rie- t;os"of soil and climate. Above the 56th degree of norU. latitude. Che cold is intense in winter; in the south the heat is oppressive. The soil is as varied as the climate. The table-lands ar. gene- rally fertile, consisting in part of rich pastures, interminglei with eA.sYAN-TREE. fi. Sens? Whnt of the Caspian. Aral, an il Dead Sens? What lake] II I'Ol ivcrs V Of RiVxM-ia ? (Mihia? In ilia? bthiMs? 8. What of thu climate and 1 ? Table-lands. &' ASIA. 345 w^ooJ-land; while Irrge portions of Arabia, Persia, and Tartary are leserts. 9. Products.— The products are barley, oats, wheat, and othei grains, tea, cotton, sugar, cinnamon, indigo, opium, and pepper. 10. The vegetation, especially in the south, is extremely luxu- riant. The banyan-tree is noted for sending its branches downward into the earth, each of which takes root and becomes a new trunk. The teak-tree and gutta-percha abound in Farther India, and the sago-palm flourishes in the southern districts. 11. Minerals. — Asia is especially rich in mineral products. It has been noted frv)m the earliest times for its pvecious stones, among them the finest diamonds and rubies. Pearls are found in the Persian Gulf and on the coast of Cevlon. 12. Animals.— Asia has a great variety of animals, some of which are not found elsewhere. The principal wild beasts are the elephant, rhinoceros, bear, buffalo, lion, tiger, and leo- pard ; of domestic animals the chief are the camel, horse, goat, sheep, hog, and (log. There are numerous rep- tiles, — pythons of immense a size, the cobra di capello and ^ other venomous serpents, the helmeted and the double- ^ crested crocodile. In the camels. north are the sable, ermine, braver, and other fur-boaring animals. 13. The variety of birds is very great. The plumage of mauv is gorgeous. The cassowary, nearly as la'^ge as the ostrich, and cranes as tall as a man, are found. From Southern Asia originally camo the peacock and other domestic fowls. 14. Divisions. — The principal divisions of Asia are Siberia, Asia» tic Turkey, Arabia, Persia, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, Turkestan, 9. Products? 10. What of vcwo+"M'n? II. Of mino-als nnd prcninui, atones? 12. Animals? Reptiles? What iinitmls in the north? 13. Birds? 14. Divisions of Asia? ! 'V' 11 '» U6 ASIA. Ilindoostan and Farther India, the Chinese Empire, the Islands of Japan, and the other Asiatic islands. 15. Population. — The principal races are the Caucasian and Mono-olian. Of the Malay race, those found in the peninsula of Malacca are all that belong properly to Asia. The population is estimated at 629,329,000. Of those the Cau- casian race numbers 200,000,000, the Mongolian 400,000,000, and the Malay 28,000,000. A few Papuan negroes inhabit the Anda- man Ishvnds. 16. Government. — Most of the governments of Asia arc dcspotitj monarchies. In Arabia, Turkestan, and other portions, the wander- ing tribes are governed by the native chiefs. 17. Religion. — The principal creeds are Brahminism, Buddhism, and Mohammedanism. Brahminism prevails chiefly in Ilindoostan, Buddhism in China, Japan, and Farther India. MohammedaHism is the religion of Turkey, Arabia, Persia, and some other countries. In Thibet, the Grand Lama is worshipped, in the belief that he ia God in human form. JERUSALEM BESIEGED. 15. What of tho population.' How many ? Kiccs? Of Papuan negroes.' \6. Of government? 17. Religion? Of Moh;inunc(lanism, Obe. Yenisei {>/cn.('-sa>/'c), and Lena. Tlu\ are each more than 2000 miles long, but near th.-ir mouths are .o choked with ico as to bo useless for navigation. The Amoor. al«u Siberia.— 1. Where is Siberia? Lenjfth and bn-huth ? Area? 2, Whiif i' of Mount Byelucba/ What further ..f ,\w Alt,ii K.uitfiM' Of tho Ural Mt- - ASIATIC EUSSIA. 349 more than 2000 miles in length, forms a portion of the southern boundary of Siberia, and is a fine navigable river. The Ural River empties into the Caspian Sea in the west. 7. Surface— The surface is chiefly a vast inclined plane, sloping from the Altai Mountains on the south to the Arctic Ocean on the north. 8. Soil and Climate.— The soil is sterile j the climate is ex^ tremely rigorous,— intensely cold during the long winter, and often very hot during the short summer. 9. Products.— Gold and silver are.obtained on the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains, and at the head-waters of the Yenisei River; salt is abundant on the banks of the Tobol and Ishim Rivers ; jasper and porphyry are found in the Altai Range ; lapis lazuli near Lake Baikal ; and diamonds in the Ural Mountains. The fisheries are important; the trade in cattle i- extensive; valuable furs are obtained, and form an iinportant article of com- merce : of these, the Siberian sable is chiefly prized. There are manufactories of Russia leatlier, iron, cotton, and woollen, and establishments for cutting, polishing, and engraving precious stones. 10. Population.- Three-fourths of the people are Russians,— emigrants or exiles. In European Russia all grades of crime are punished by transportation to Siberia. There are also various native tribes. The population of Asiatic Russia is estimated at 8,329,000. 11. Chief Towns.— The chief towns in the east are Irkoutsk {h'-Koofsk'), Nertchinsk^ Yakoutsk', and Ochotsk ; and in the west Tobolsk^ Tomsk, Omsk, and Tinmen {(e-oo-meu'). Tomsk is the great thoroughfare to the northern and eastern parts. 12. Kiachta [ke-ak'tah) in the soutiicrn part of Siberia, and Mai- matchin {mi-maJi-chin^^ adjoining it in China, are the places ap- pointed by the Russian and Chinese governments where lawful traflio may be carried on between the two countries. Nicolaieff (y^g ko-li-of)^ near the mouth of the Amoor, is a new and iin))ortant town. Alex- undrowsk and Constnntinowsk are new towns on the east coast. There are few good roads: travelling ih chiefly by the river com. munieatious. Steamboats ply on the Amoor. 7. Surface? 8. foil and climate? 0. Proihicfs? Fisherios, Ac? Furs? Mann- nictoriea? 10, Populotinn? II. Chief towns in the cuHt? West? Wiint ».f Tomsk? 12. Kinohtaund Muiumtcbin? Nioulaiofl' auU other towns? Wbi*l truvt,lii (loos it conipriso '(» IT). Surface? Cliinato? Rivers? Mino- raU? 16. Uuue? Whut uf the Circuxijiuns? Cupttul ? TURKEY IN ASIA. 351 fihela? Mt. Hermon? Mt. Carmel? Mt. Pisgah? Mt. of Olives? Sea of Galilee? CITY OF BEYROUT. 1 . Position and Extent. — Turkey in Asia comprises that portion of the Ottoman Empire lyinp; east of the Arehipelafi;o and the Medi- terranean Sea, an,000 square miles, — e(iual to that of Mexico. 2. Natural FeatxireB.—Afnunfahis. — The Taurus Mountains range through Turkey from west to enst, and form a part of the vast iiii>uiitain-ehain that extends through Asia to the shores of the Paoifie. Mr. Olympus, Mt. Ida, and Mt. Ararat (17,210 feet high) are fannaiH penks. The mountains of Lelmnon lie parallel with the eastern bIu "0 of the Mediterranean Sea. ,3. iScds and l.alvcs. — The Black Sea is in the north. The Sea t'f Miir'u'ora, the Archipelago, and the Mt'dltcrrunean Seas, are in tho TeiiKriv IN AstA.— 1. Wliorp h Tiirlil iiiul cliiniito? f*. Products? 9. Population ? 10. (}ov«riimont ? 11. Divisions? 12. Hflij^BPB? la. Asi\ MiNort— Whorp is it? 1 1. What is BniU »f riiuyruii? Trcliis(m4? Other tgwtia in Asia Minor? TURKEY IN ASIA. 353 Trebisond is the chief seat of commerce on the Black Sea It is an old and interesting town. Brusa, Kutaya [koo-ti^yah), and An gora are important towns in the interior. 15. ARMENIA, near the centre of Turkey in Asia, was for a long time independent, but is now in part a Turkish xjashalic and in part a Russian province. 1(). Erzeroum {en-room^), the capital, is situated on u lofty tablo land. In 185U it was almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake, Van, a strongly fortified town, is situated about two miles from Lake Van. 17. The Armenians are Christians whose tenets differ slightly from those of the Greek Church. They are scattered all over Turkey and Russia, and are generally traders or money-dealers. 18. MESOPOTAMIA is an extended plain between the Eu- phrates and the Tigris. Hence its name, which means between the ru'ers. It is famous in early Scripture history, and was once ANCItNT BABYLON. If. AnMTVfA. — Whoro is it, nnd wlint is sum! of it ? 1ft. rhirf tnwriK ? 17. H^" fii^ioii i)f 'Uo Ariii«niu!i8? l.-i. Mpf'up')!!!!!!!!!!' Wlioiv i.s it ? \\n what fViu, .u' 354 ASIA. f t' ■ H^ i III tiB:ii 1 pill 1 1 i i 1 ^ i ? i 1 '': ,■ i 1 ..i i ; p 1 ■ - tt" ! 1' _' i !. .ii Mi 1 • • !; in ' i m luxuriant, civilized, and wealthy; it is now the pasture-ground of flocks and herds, tended by roving tribes. 10. Bagdad, formerly the capital of the Empire of the Caliphs, and one of the most renowned cities of the East, is greatly reduced in size and splendor. The other chief towns are Diarbekir (r7c-ar-&ay-A-eer^)and Mo^sul. The ruins of Babyhui arc much visited by travellers. The ruins of Nineveh are on the left bank of the Tigris, not far below Mosul. 20. Babylon was one of the most famous cities of antiquity. There was displayed the miraculous power vested in the prcphct Daniel; there, for a short period, Alexander the Great reigned in unrivalled splendor, and there, also, ho died. 21. SYRIA lies ai ihc eastern extremity of the Mediterranean Sea, and northwest of Arabia. In the north, parallel with the coast, is the mounta'n-range of Lebanon; in the south, the range is broken into detached peaks, such as Mounts Tabor, Carmel, Gilboa, Pisgah, and others. Tho Mediterranean Sea is on the west. The population, consisting prin cipally of Turks and Jews, numbers about 2,000,000. AN' F.inQN. Ifl. Of nascdarl? Olhor town.«' Wliitt ruins? 20. What of Bub.vlnn? 21 SviiiA. — Where id it Wliat luouiitiiiiiH ? Peaks? Poiiuliitiou? editerrancan TURKEY IN ASIA. 355 -2. The chief towns are Damascus, the capital, and the oldest city in the world, Aleppo, Acre, Antioch, Beyrout [bwrroot), Naplouse [mh-plooce^), Sidon, Jaffa, Jerusalem, and Gaza. Aleppo was 'iostroyed by an earthquake in 1822. At Acre, Napoleon I. was repulsed by Sir Sidney Smith in 1799. At Beyrout an Arabic news- paper IS published. 23. The inhabitants are chiefly Mohammedans. The Druzes and Maronites, peculiar tribes, dwell in Mount Lebanon. In JerusMem arc many Jews and Christians. 24. PALESTINE, the southern part of Syria, is the most in- teresting country in the world. It is the principal theatre of the great events recorded in the Old and New Testaments. It was first tailed Csinaan, and afterwards Judea, and is now generally known as the Holy Land. DEAD SEA. 25. The capital, Jerusalem, lies about 33 miles oast of the M( L-l. What of l.,.|..stinoV 2f,. Of .,..,„.,l..,n / 2^^^Vhal hiJriJal •tatcmont ih given about (JhriHtiimity in tlio U<.miin Einpiro 1 S56 ASIA. uf the Roman Empire, the Empress Helena, his mother, built a church on Ihe spot where the sepulchre of Christ was said to have stood. In the eleventh century, Christian Europe began the Cru- sades, to wrest the Holy Land from the Turks. 27. Mount Hermon, in the north, is associated with the division of the promised land among the twelve tribes; Mount Carmel, on the coivst, with the triumph of the prophet Elijah over the priests of Baal; the Dead Sea, in the south, with God's vengeance on the cities of the plain; the Sea of Galilee, the river Jordan, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, Samaria, and many other localities, with the life and ministry of Christ. Jerusalem has been taken and pillaged seventeen times,— the most noted overthrow being that by the Ro- mans under Titus, a.d. 70. ARABIA. Questions on Map No. 38, Arabia.— Bound Arabia. Where in the Persian Gulf? Gulf of Oman? What strait connects these gulfs? Where is the Gulf of Aden ? Red Sea ? What strait connects those waters ? Where is the Syrian Desert ? What two large deserts south ? Where is the Isthmus of Suez? Where are the Sbammar Mts.? MenakinMts.? Mt. Saber? Akhdar Mts.? Mt. Sinai? Mt. Tor! Where is the province of Yemen ? Hadramaut? Oman? Lahsa? Nedsjed? Iledjaz? Where is the city of Mecca? Medina? Saiiii? Muscat? Aden? Makallah? El Deraia? Mocha? Where are the ruins of Petra? 1. Position and Extent.— Arabia is a great peninsula in the southwestern part of Asia. Its length is a, -at 1400 miles, and its average breadth al)out 800 miles. Area, abmit 1,200,000 square milos,— nearly e((ual to one-third of that of Europe. 2. Natural Features.— The interior is principally a sandy desert, containing some low mountain-ranges, and in many parts bare and rocky hills. The cultivated tracts are chiefly in the provinces of Yen/en and Oman. Arabia has few permanent streams ; the tor- 27 What of Mt. Tlermon? Mt. Carmel ? The Dend Soa? Pea of flnii loo, At'.? Jerufialem? Auahia.— 1. Whore is Ar.ibia? Umcth an.l l.reM.ltl.? Arcn? 2. What of the interior? Cnltiviiterxp.p.? Of Alexander the Great, and others? Afghanistan.— 1. Where is Afghanistan ? Area? What formerly? 2. Moun- tains? Surface? Rivers? Climate? 3. Products? Assafoetida plant? Fruits ? Manufactures ? ' r-; M ' m K 362 ASIA. melons in the world. Carpets, shawls, and silk goods are manu. factured to a limited extent. 4, Chief Towns.— Gabul is the capital. The chief towns are rierat^ and Candahar^. Bamian is noted for its gigantic statues. 5. Population. — The population consists chiefly of the Aii^han race, but comprises likewise Beloochees, Persians, Hindoos, und others. The people number about 4,000,000. 0. Government.— The country formerly constituted a single mon archy, but is now divided into three chieftainships, Cabul, Canda- har, and Herat, united in a confederacy. The Afghans are a warlike people; their army displayed great bravery in the war with the Engll-h, in 1839-42. 7. Keligion. — The Afghans are chiefly Mohammedans. BELOOCHISTAN. TRAVtLLINQ IN THC DCSEif. Questions on Map No. 38, Be- loocbistan, — Bound Beloochistan. What gulf southwest ? Desert north- west? South? "What rivers flow ii!t(i the Arabian Sea? Where and what is the capital ? Whore is Sarawan ? G«indava? Beyla? Kedjo? Bunporo? Angaran ? 1. Position and Extent. — Beloo- chistan lies south of Afghanistan. and between it and ti»e Arabian Hv.i. EstimatCil area, 150,000 square miles, — more than three times that of the State of North Carolina. 2. Natural Features. — In Mir- face and scenery it is like Afghnii- istan. It is prii"„ipally mountainous; 4. Ciipitiil? Chief towns? Of iliimiaii ? 5. Popiilntion ? fl. Oovornincnt ? Of tho Afghuna? 7. Keligion? ili:i-()o( iiistan.— I. WluTo is Iklocchistiui? Area? 2 Hnrface, 4e. ? Of the va-.icysr Hiverfir i/c-sc icva.icysr niverfi. Esert t TURKESTAN. 363 )d8 are manu. 3ven the valleys arc clovated, some of them being 5000 or 0000 feet above the sea. The rivers are few and small. The Dustee is supposed to b(i 400 miles long, but is often without water. In the northwest is the desert of Seistan [sace-tahn'). 3. Soil and Climate— In general, the soil is not fertile. In some portions it is not even well suited for pasturage. The climate is varied, cohl in the higher parts, and exceedingly hot in the lower. 4. Products.— In the valleys rice, indigo, cotton, sugar, and to- bacco are raised ; on the higher lands, wheat, barley, and other grains. In the desert of Mokran, the date is found. Fish are abun- dant on the coast, and constitute the chief food of the people. The dromedary and camel are used as beasts of burden. The manu- factures are uniniportant. 5. Chief Towns.— Kelat^ is the capital ; the other chief towns are r.undava, Beyla (bn,/lah), Kedje [ked'jeJi), Bunpore, Sarawan, and Angaran; Sonmeanee {soH-maf/-ah^ne) is the chief seaport. ('). Population. — The inhal)itants, consisting of two principal branches, the Bcloochoesand the Brahooes, number 1,500,000. The former are the most numerous. B(.th classes are addicted to robbery and rajiine. 7. Government. — Beloochistan is nominally governed by the Khan of Kolat; the other chiefs pay him tribute, and furnish men in time of war. X. Religion.— The greater part of the inhabitants are Moham- medans. Ill ''U TTIIIKESTAN. Questions on Map No. 33, Turkestan. — Bound Turkestan. What sea north/ West? What l.uy in tlie Caspian Sea? What two 1 ivcrs How into th',> Sea of Aral ? What river is a part of the north- oast boundary? What desert east of Am!? Betweeii Aral and Caspian Seas? What mountains east? Southeast? Where it) Bokliara? Koondooz? Khiva? Samarcand? 3. S(m1 V riimnte? 4. IVcMhicfK? What of tho dcacrt «.f Mckran ? Of fish ? rniiiel ? Miir.iil'iM'turos? 5. Ciipitiil ? Chief towna? Seuptirt? H. fiipalatiois? 7. (Jovernuiout / 8. Rcligiou? I gi 364 ASIA. m^: (i i] km- i —Turkestan lies east of the Caspian Area, 640,000 square miles,— nearly 1. Position and Extent. Sea, and south of Siberia, equal to that of Mexico. 2. Natural FeAtureB.— Mou7i tains. —In the east are the Beloor Mountains, and in the south the Hindoo-Koosh. The Caspian Sea In on the western boundary , and the Sea of Aral on the northern. The surface of these seas js depressed 84 feet below the level of the ocean. 3. Eivers, ^c— The principal river, the Amoo, flows in a norih westerly direction through Turkestan, and empties into the Soa of Aral Between th~ Amoo River and the Caspian Sea lies the Desert of Khiva (ke^vah), ana southeast of the Sea of ' mI the Desert of Kizilkooni. Except on the banks of the rivers, the s«>. sandy and barren. Rice and the principal grains are produced. Cattle, horses, and camels al)ound. Gold is found in the sands of the Amoo and Sihon. ^ 4. Population.— The population is estimated «t nboi 0,500,000. The Usbeks {ooz'heks) are the ruling race: the other inhabitants i.ro called Taujikf-. The principnl divisions are Bokiiara, Khva, K« u- dooz, and Turcomanin. 5. Capitals. — The capitals are Bokhara, Khiva, and Koondooz. Bokhn a is noted for its numerous moyques ; Samarcand, for its beautiful situation. The latter city and Khiva are slave-markets. 6. Government and Religion.— Tlie divisions, called khan- ates, are governed by despotic khans, and are independent of eac h other. The prevailing religion is Mohammedan, of the strictest type. The city of Bokhara is the chief seat of religious learning; ita colleges are numerously attended. INDIA. Questions on Map No. 39, India.— Bound India. What bay nearly separates llindoostan from Farther India? What mountain!- north? What ocean south? TiritKKSTAN— 1 Wlipro in TnrkpM»un ? Arcn? 2. MoiintninH? Sphh? .1. Rivers? DoMTts? Soil? Pr.Mliicts? MimnU? 4. I'opiiliition ? Of the Th- bcks? ProvintM-^? [>. Mi.ct towus? 01 IJukhuru? Ut ►Smnnrcnnd? 6. (i"r?rnmpnt? 11 li;;!!.? are the Beloor I^aspian Sea \h orthern. The )1 of the ocean, vs in a north beSoaof Aral esert of Khiva of Kizilkooni. barren. Rice ss, and camols Sihon. MK 0,500,000. iiiiabitunts iire , Khva, K( u- id Koondooz. arcand, for ita ive-markets. called khati- ndent of Ciu h iiiH? Rons? .1. in? Of the Th- ainarcnnd? 0, INDIA. )5 India comprises the two extensive peninsuKas in the southern ■lartof Asia: Hindoostan, or Western India, and Farther India, or India beyond the Ganges. Area, 2,170,000 square miles. PoDuia- lion, 172,000,000. HINDOOSTAN. SCENE ON THE GANGES. Ouestlona on Map No. 39, Hindoostan.— Bound Hindoostan. What mountains northeast? AVhat high peak? What mountains t"^ar the southeast coast? Southwest coast? Near the centre? ^^'hrre is the Thur Desert? What bay southeast? Sea southwest? (Scan south? What large island south? What two groups south- west? Whwc is the Con.mandel Coast? (Julfc.f Manaar? Cape Co- morin? Malabar Coast? (Julfof Cambay? Describe the river (Janges. Aiuimuuddy. Brahmaputra. Godavcry. Indus. In what part o( II in- •iM.slan is the Pr'jsidency of Bengal? Of Madras? Of Bombay? Ill M-lwt part are the privinces of Nepaiil and Bot.tan ? AVhero is rai'Mtt^? Madras? Bombay? Benares? Luckmw? (^ilicut? A'/i',^ Telhi? Simla? Darjeeling? Ootacamund? Allahabad? 11 il h SI H '1 » iNniA.— What does India ootnprise? 366 ASIA. \|J H« : '\ 1. Position and Extent. — Ilindoostan comprises the great cen- tral peninsula ul' Southern Asia, lying south of Thibet and south- east of Afghanistan and BcloochLstan, and includes the island of Ceylon and several groups of smaller islands. Area, 1,250,000 square miles, — equal to one-third of Europe. 2. Natural Features. — Mountains. — In the north are the Ilimahiya Mountains. Mount Everest is the highest peak in the world. The Ghauts (;/..osTA\.-l. AVhcro is Ilindonstnn ?• Ana? 2. Ilirnnlavn Mountnins' niKh.'.st pt'Mk;' Of ihr (JlimitK? Vindhyii Kunpc? •!. Smfiioe? Of ilu> l)MiU>nn 9 TKiir ? J fi^aat i;..«7 II,...* ._o « -! tcsr the great cen- et and south- the island of !50,000 square lorth are the t peak in the ts, on the cast lie centre tiie leral clevat(!u 1 the Deccau. Bengal {hen- \ard.s of 0800 vn Moui>fnins' fiioel' Of ili« INDIA. 367 miles There --e many indentations. The chief ports are Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay. There are no lakes of importance. 5. Ei vers.— 'Hie principal rivers that flow in a southeasterly direction into the Bay of Bengal are the Ganges, Mahanuddy, Go- dav^ery, and their affluents; those that flow in a southwesterly direc- tion into the Arabian 8ea are the Indus, Loonee, Nerbuddah, and their aftiuents. The Brahmaputra, after a circuitous course, empfes through the Megna River into the Bay of Bengal. The Ganges is called the Sacred River ; it overflows its banks annually. The Hoogly 18 onp of the mouths of the Ganges. In the valley of the Ganges, and of other large rivers, are extensive forests and wooded districts called jungles, infested by tigers and other wild animals. 0. &'oil and CI i mate.— The soil is generally exceedingly fertile. The climate in the valleys and plains „f the north, although inune. diately under the snow-capped mountains, is intensely warm in sum- mer; the winters arc severe. On the great southern plains the heat during a large part of the year is excessive. In all the low lands of Ilindoostiin the climate is very unhealthy. 7. Products. — The principal products are su- gar-cane, cotton, opium, rice, wheat, Indian corn, barley, to- bacco, hemp, in- digo, pepper, and tropical fruits. The principal mi- v(r. boar, and hyena roum in the forests and Jungles ASIATIC LION. tho(.anK«s> 1 he H..<.kI.v ? 6. Soil ? CHtnatf north? South? 7. Pioducts? >'if H63 ASIA. m There are innumerable birds of brilliant and varied pluniage. Tin python, aufficiently powerful to destroy tlu; tiger, the deadly co!)rii di capello, and other poisonous serpents, are found. There are extensive maiiufactories of silk and cotton fabries: their pn)ductH rival the finest made in any other part of the world. 8. Population.— The people are called Hindoos, and are a branch itf the Caucasian race. T^uey are well formed, active, and intelli- gent. In coraple.Kion they vary from almost white to dark brown. There are al."> some Arabs. Persians, and Europeans. Popularion of Hindoostan, 130,000,()(JO. Education receives little attention: the women, parti<'ularly, are kept in ignorance and subjection. 9. Chief Towns.— Calcutta, the capital of British India and of the PrcMidency of Benj^al, on the lloogly River, 100 miles from tho . sea, consists of tho English and Black ^_ towns; the former is handsomely M built, and is defended bv a strong citadel, called Fort William. Madras', on the Coroman- del coast, tho capital of the Presidency of Madras, is di- vided into a Black and a White town. In the former tho natives reside, and in the latter the English. 10. Bombay, on an island of the same name, on tho west coast, is the .•ai)ital of the PresithMicy of Bombay. It is note No.m.) Bound the Chinese Empire. What mountains north? South? West? What seas east ? Where is China? Corea? Mantchooria? Mongolia? Elee? Thibet? [MapNo.Z^.] China.-Bound China. What gulf east ? Strait? Seas? Island? Island south? What r. Of Siam? 8. Capital? 9. Of IVfalncca? Of Georgetown, Ac? 10. Of other provinces? 11. Rangoon? Native g'.veriiuients? Religion? THE CHINESE EMPIRE. 373 ? 10. Of other two ranges of mountains extend from west to east through China? Describe the Pei-Ho River. Hoang-H„. Yang-tse-Kiang. Hong- Kiang. Wheiv isPekin? Tien-tsin? Nankin? Canton'^ Amoy? Shanghai? N: .gpo? Hang-Chow? Foo-Chow? Macao? Where is the Great Wall ? The Grand Canal ? Corea. -Bound Corea. What sea east? West? What mountains? What and where is the capital? Mantchooria [Map No. 36).-. Bound Mantchooria. Wl t river north? Through the centre? What mountains west? Where is Merghen? Igoon ? Mongolia. —Bound Mongolia. What mountains North? East? Desert in the centre? In the southwest? Where is Ourga ? Elee —Bound Elee. What mountains north? South? West? What volcanoes near the cen- tre? What desert south? Where in Elee is Soon- garia? Little Bokhara? What moun- tains separate them? What river near the centre? Where is the city of Elee? y ar kan d? Cashgar? Thibet [Map No. 39).— Bound Thibet. What mountains north? South? river flows into China? Into India? Where is Lassa? Gungar ? Where is Little Thibet ? Leh ? PORCELAIN TOWER, CHINA. What Jiga i. That part of Central Asia south of Siberia, east of Turkestan, CaiNEsK E.irriuE. — i. Where is thta Chinese Empire? Area? 3 2 ^ <1 i !i i y <^M %5 <^/ ' j>m^ m m^ ^2 •% '> V> -^ > %^ '^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■i^ IlilM 118 |3.2 IM 2.0 1.8 Photogiciphic Sciences Corporation 1.25 1.4 1.6 < ^ 6" - ► m, ^ ^^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WIBSTIR.N.V MS 80 (716) •7a-4S03 '4^ 6 ip Q- &?/ <•.■* 374 ASIA. and north of India, constitutes the Chinese Empire. It inchide. nearly one-th.rd of Asia. Area, 4,088.000 square miles,-cond; ably exceeding that of Europe. ^^"^aer- _ 2. It compri.es China and the dependencies of Corea, Mantchoc m Mongoha, Elee, and Thibet. These dependencies J^ZZ at^369,000,000. The coast-line of the Chinese Empire is 3350 miles est nations ,„ the world. They invented paper, printing. gnnpowZ un. the e„,npa.s at an early day, but Dr many centarL\av^; j, httle progres.? in knowledge or the arts. CHINA. theCWne!.°°p '"" ^"r-China is the sontheastem portion of Area 2 wnoft '•'™' ""I.^^I-ises about one-third of its extent. Area, 1,2.)8,000 square ra.le.,,-equal t« one-third of Europe 2. Natural Feature..- The Pe-ling and Nau-ling mountain. cha,„s extend through China from west to east in a n^rly n""ra He course. Between these two ehains, and north of the PelL' r are numerous peaks and cross-ranges. The surfaee is dive s fl and eo,,s,sts ,,.fly „, e.ovated plains and extensive fertile valleys. .•nclu,knh Gul?rf p' tT'"'" """""' "^""^ 2.^» '»"-•-«' Tnd Chin Se P^hok'^^andTonciuin. The Yellow, Eastern, a^id Ch ,a Seas are on the east. There are many island, near the «.ast ; the most .mportant are Formosa, Hainan, Maeao, and ilong " W« , le^l'' r^',""'" """"-Ki-g. Th,. Yang.tse-Kiang ::/^.gt;:i,uh'::t;r " "'° "''«°" "- - ^^^ -" "■»«-!; ALul'tur!". ''.''"""'-T'- -"i" i» f-tile and highly cultivated. Agriculture rece^^real^ttontion. Once a year the emperor, the Pclinif and NanlinL. Mt.? nV .""T'- 5''*'™ '" ' •""«!' Area? 2. Ol Idand«?*^4 Of Hver,? Of t^^^^ ''• ^^"asMine/ 8ou«,' ♦. ui rivers? Of the Yang-tse-Kiang? 6. Soil? CliinaU? THE CHINESE EMPIRE. 375 ile valleys. miles, and Av, Eastern, (Is near the and llong- \j direction he Pei-ir(», 2;-tse-Kiiinf5 the fourth coltivateil. > emperor, ...ent, are still rude and unimproved ' fa™.ng-,mple- 6. Products.-The tea-plant is the ^reat stanle of Phinn n.u PAGODA AND TEA-GARDEN. 7 In the mannfaeture of cotton, woull.n. silk, embroidery porce- am, and earthenware, the Chinese are fan„.us. They ah^Zlw exce .n the carving of ivory, wood, and tortoise-shell "^ ^ ^ 8 Mnsen. is i.nported from America, and opium from Bengal H>t . .. .t.es. fon,e.l u,,on then. lheopi,„n.trade. The smokingof opium »S' OlUinon. mil ovfi.a.«.J.. „ : • . .. n^'"fctH opium Jilt 3. rroducti? Minerals? 7. M anuactures? 8. Of ginseng? Of opium? 376 ASIA. 9. Divisions— China is divided into eighteen provinces Of tliese, the most important are Pe-chee-lce, with its capital, Pekin- Kiang8u,-capital, Nankin ; and Quang-tung.-capital, Canton Of the rest very little is known. 10. Population.— The people are principally Mongols; but the ruling race, to which the emperor belongs, are Mantchoos. Tlie Chinese, with many good qualities, are usually deceitful and treach crous. Population, 350,000,000. A supposed beauty in women is the smallness of their feet whV'i are compressed in infancy and not allowed to grow. 11. Bducation.-Although learning is greatly respected, as an avenue to political distinction, only a small proportion of the people are educated. Not more than one in thirty can read. 12. Chief Towns.-Pekin, on the Pei-ho {pay.ho% is the capital of the empire. The emperor has here a splendid palace and gardens Pekin was taken by the French and English forces in 1860. Tien- tsin, on the Pel-ho, is its port. Nankin, on the right bank of the Yang-tse-Kiang, was formerly the capital. It is tl- j chief seat of learning. Hang-Chow and Foo- Chow are great commercial cities, 13. Canton is about 80 miles from the sea, and, until lately was the only place open to foreign trade. It is remarkable for its crowd of boats, upon v/hich people permanently reside. Hong-Kong is on an island near Canton. It is an important British colony. Amoy has considerable trade with India. Shanghai, on the east coast, near the mouth of the Yang-tse-Kiang, is much frequented by Americans ana Europeans. Ningpo has a great trade in silks and tea. Macao {mah-kov/), in the south, belongs to the Portuguese. 14. The internal commerce of China is transported principally on the rivers and the Grand Canal, which extends from Hang-Chow to Tien-tsin, a distance of 700 miles. 15. Oovernment.-Tho govern nent is an abs(,Iute despotism The emperor, called the " Son of Iloaven," is sole ruler and hi.r|,- priest. His ministers and officials of all ranks are called man- darins. They a re ,>f nin e classes «r orders, distinguished from ca.li l'>^KiSt^'^vl^^'''^.PM^''^ .^"'"'•"•■- Of^-""""? U. Education? K. Uf Ickni? ^Vl,..t ,,.,rt.' Nankin? Other t.-wnsi' li. Cnnfonv I„ what remarkahlc? HonK-KunK v Amoy? ShauKhai? Ninep.^ "inc'.oi' V n ternalcoinmerco/ Of the Gnuu! Canal? Is. (ioy.JLi^ t\Z..\nll ovinces. Of pital, Pekin; , Cantou. Of ;ol8; but the tchoos. Tlie 1 and treach- r feet, which ected, as an >f the people 8 the capital md gardens. I860. Tien- as formerly ow and Fou- lately, was t)r its crowd -Koag is on 'y- [)n the east quenteu by a Rilks and tuguese. noipally on ng-Chow to despotiHin. and h'\ir\\- allcd man- I from each Eduoafidii? n S* In wliiit no? IJ. Fn- &8808 01 offi- THE CHINESE EMPIRE. 377 HONG-KONG. xo. Iho army contiiiiia noarlv 1 nnfinim „ offloient ttn,l il|.„r.i>o,l Tl,„ 7 '',''""", ■""" ■ '''" they arc in- fo.-nndabi; robe H™ t k "{ i^'-cT" r ?"' *"" ^""^ '^* " 8«ppre8»ed until 1804 ' "'™'' ™ ■"" tl."r„„Khly ..afe^y::tt7;,!!r" :;!::;',:vr''r"'''^ ^^'"■''"™^ "'■'^■■. '-» t'hrirt: In 1830, , . " , '^, ';.""";'"" '"''"" •>™ J™- l-foro «-"itJthrou,l,„uUl,eeIi 't , »"«"';' '"'"atin,- Chri,. niils? irt. Of tho armyy N.-wV \ri . ~T '"nail «,au meat? ^' '^I"l»'".Hnc.lHn8. &o.? MiH.ion.,n.l? I's'^u",- S3« II 378 ASIA. Mr history. While other nations were shrouded in barbarism, a limited civilization existed among the Chinese. 19. Of their sk il in building, the Great Wall is an illustration. It was begun abou. 214 b.c, employed several millions of men, and was finished in ten years. Its object was to defend China against the Tartars. It is 1250 miles long and 25 feet high; six horsemen could ride abreast upon it. It has, however, fallen into decay. 20. By the treaty of 1842, made by Great Britain with China, Canton, Amoy, Foo-Chcw, Ningpo, and Shanghai {shang-hi% called the Free Ports, were thrown open to trade. New privileges woie granted to the United States by the treaty of 1859. Since that time, other free ports have been opened. COREA.— 1. Corea is a peninsula, lying betiveen the Sea of Japan and the Yellow Sea. Area, 80,000 square miles. The popu- lation is estimated at 7,000,000. Several groups of small islands belong to Corea. 2. Although nominally subject to China, it is governed by its own king, who rules despotically. An annual tributo is paid to the Chinese emperor, and an embassy is sent every year to China with presents and political intelligence. 3. The capital is Kingkitao {kiiig-ke-ta¥o), near the centre of the peninsula. Corea is noted for a breed of dwarf horses three feci high. MANTCHOORIA.- Mantchooria, or " The Country of the Mautchoos," is the nortli- eastern division of the empire. It is situated southwest of the Amoor River; the portion beyoud that stream was annexed to Russia iu 185G. Area, 650,000 square miles. Popula- tion, 2,000,000. 2. Its surface is chiefly mountainous. The is variable : the winters are long and cold. The chief towns ghen and Igoon. 19. Of the Great Wall ? ll,.w lonj?, Ac. ? 20. What of the treaty of 1842 ? New l-nvileges sinoo granted ? Cokka.-I. What of Cort-a? Area? Popu- nlion / 2 What IS said «f it ? 3. Caj ital ? For what n..tc Mantchooria - l.\^ hat of Mantchooria? Area? Population? 2. Surface, Ac. ? Chief towns.' A MONGOLIAN. climate are Mer CHINA. 370 MONQOLIA.-1. Mongolia is a large province of th^ ru- Empire, and .he original seat of the Mon^ rerit lies sL^h!; S.baria and east of Mantchooria. Area 1000 000 «! , Population, 2,000,000 ' ^'^^'^^ ^^^^re miles- ™.e H ,.„„. TMbe. ana eheTj^^ZX^'Zlrr ^My tr-butanes of the Amoor. The chief oit, i, 0„rg" ELBB.-1. The western portion of the Chinese Empire is called la;iV2,0^^^^^^^^^^^^ Area, 400,000 square Les. C 2 It includes Soongaria and Little Bokhara (Mah^rah). North of the centre „: is traversed by the Thian-Shan Mountains • the volcanoes of Peshan and Hochow are in this range '''^'°'' *^' 3^ Elee is the chief town of Soongaria ; it is a place of banishment for Chmese cnm.nals. Yarkand, in Little Bokhara, has an extensive zror:' ^^^----^^^ ^^-- ^-ps. cashga. in thirt M as known as a commercial emporium before the Christian era. Kalmukl/oXhT '^""'"" """^^^^^ *'"^ ^^ «^^"S-- - THIBET.-l. Thibet, the southernmost division of the Chinese Lmpire, hes south of the Kuen-lun Mountains and north of the Hunalayas. Area, 600,000 square miles. Population, 6,000 000 It coia and dry; the soil IS sterile. Th!' mosVnp"';-^''^'"'^^''' '°^ '*^^' Sreat rivers, rise in Thibet. Ihe most peculiar animals are the yak, or grunting ox, the shaw goat, and he musk deer; cattle and other domestic animlls aboun L^mia ThT . '" ""' '''"' "^^'^^ '' '^' ^««^^«"^« «f the Grand Lama. Thibet was conquered by China in 1727. It is governed by Chmese viceroys in conjunction M-ith the Lamas ^ M hi ' i 380 ASIA. 4. The religion is the purest Buddhism. The priests whn o. nurnerous, fonn a powerful hierarchy, and are callerLa 1 Ti e res,de in monasteries. The Grand Lan,a is both a temporal .uZ spintual ruler; he is regarded as the representative of fiJddh l; earth, and is worshipped as God himself. " 5. Jiga Gungar {Jee^gah goong^jar^) is the largest city: Teshoo' rK)mboi/ ocntams the principal monastery. 6 On the west, in a valley enclosed by the Himalaya and Kue„- lun Mountains, hes Little Thibet. The Indus hows through it a a JAPAN. RECEPTION OF AMERICAN OFFICERS BY THE TYCOON. Questions on Map No. 36, Empire of Japan.-Name the four l^nncipal island s of the Empire of Japan. Which is the largest? 4. Religion? Of the Qrjind Lnmn ? 5. Cities? fi Whnf nn n,« «,-=f 9 -mm . is said of LitUo Thibet? Chi. f (ow,, ? ^"^ "" *''° ''®'* ^ ^ '"'^ JAPAN. 881 »».? in , . • ^'"" ■""* '''■^'■'' " '»'« <">piW? Where a« M.aco and Osaca? Matoa, and HaMadi? Where is Na^L" 1. Position and B«ent -Japan is an insular empire on th^ K o«p N ± T <^"°'-«'0- and Sikoke', witlT some smaller of (^.U? '"°" '^""■■^ »>.les,-eq„al to that of the republic inLL": -th ^:!-^ Tsiv "'^ '"'"""'' '-'"'' ''"^'y ijo uuu guns, lusiyama, a mountain-ehnin tm rivt J^^Thf T",'^ ^^''T ''■' ^^'^*' ^^'"g *«"«^*« r-ther than me. . The harbor of Yedo is large, but shallow; that of NaZ saki (»m/.-5r7/.-.a/,/^.e) is capacious and deep ^ andi„''d"L:'^'Th?',"'?'~''''- "'^ ^^ -^^-ated with ,roat care ana industry. The climate le various, but mild for the latitude Th« K^lnnds are su) joct to frequent hurricanes. ^ 5. Products.--The grains and forest-trees of the temperate zones >^ hT sol r^ ^'^^ *'^ '''''''''' -'' ^-^^« ^' the'to:- 1 r Jn the south Flowers are numerous, and of varied beautv The japon.ca, as its name indicates, came from Japan. Cotton, Lacco tea, and silk are exported. looacco, 6. The mineral productions are gold, silver, quicksilver, copper fid ' ""' "' '''' '^""'^' "^^*^'^' ^"^ fi- ™-^J- also 'are 7. In manufactures the Japanese resemble the Chinese, and are about equal to them in skill. They manufacture principally silk cotton, porcelain, and lacquered or Japan ware 8. Population -The people of Japan are of the Mongol race and are much like the Chinese; they are active, intelligLt rnd' oil informed as to foreign affairs. They are divided into eight classes,--prmces, nobles, priests, soldiers, civli officers, merchants artisans, and laborers. Population, about 35,000,000. Ml8/ r. Manufactures? 8. Population ? Clas.es? Numlcr? 6. Mine- 382 ASIA. YEDO, FRJM THE CITADEL. 9. Chief Town s. — Yedo, the capital, is on the island of Niphon. It is believed to occupy more surface thun any other city in the world, and to contain 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 in- habitants. Miaco and Osaca, also in tTe'chieVt >f °'*'""^- ^^*-«^(-^--0 andlS: ; the chief townsofJesso, and Nagasaki thatof Kiusiu. The buildin. in these towns are chiefly of wood, and only one or two ^tories high 10 Oovernment.-The government is a monarchy. There is a iTtT: body, or Parliament. Formerly there were L sovereigns n 18 ; ^h M^T'"'' "'"' ^°' *'^ ^^^"-' - P«^^*-^l -Ir b"; 11 R iLl b7^^^^ "^^ P""^'-' ^^"'^^^-S the Tycoonlte. older and ^K^^^^;'"" '' *^' prevailing faith; but there is an older and much respected religion, called Sinto. 12. Historical Statement. -^The Portuguese were the first Fn ropeans who traded with Janan- hnf th« u • , XL LI /. , ZT japan, but, these having been exii'^llpd l.v the help of the Dutch, the latter, in the year 1600 1^11^ v i t..ade. In 1854, Commodore Pen-y n.LTaTr a"^^ Japan to t e commoi-ce of the Un.ted States, throug^h K^g.I .Yokohama) m N.phon. and Hakodadi in Jesso. Since the " ports have boon opened, viz. : Nagasaki in Kiusiu, and Yodo a n>oga, and Nngato in Niphon. ' ' 13 In I8G0, an embassy of Japanese, seventy-two in number of whom three were^^luennnbas^^^ United Stltes since? 13. Anatolufredinl86o7^''^ What in 1864? What THE ISLANDS OP ASIA. 383 They sailed from Yedo, and landed at San Francisco Th.. • •. ^ THE ISLANDS OF ASIA. already been described ""■' °^ ''''P''"- '^''^y "^"^ L^dt^rs j:;r ^^^^^^^ -^ «'"^--- --^e .be 4. The Laecadive Islands lie off the Malabar coast Th.. 10.000, eblefly Mohamm JZ "'" """"■ ''<'P""'«o». b. Ceylon (see'lon), lying „ear 'he southern extrcmilv of Ilin eWaete™«03 Cey.o^n .^eL^ ihe ':rrp:::V^Tnd:r .^ey resemble the Hindoos,- JLX^mZ c!. K 'T'T ' . na Point deGalle «^. ,««, are ^Iti 'aZwn:'"""'"' ''^°''^' 7. The Andaman- Waoa« lie^n the Bay of Bengal, and belong Fo'Th:r„„Te/rrjap7„'"5:.T° 'ff^-^^-^yVn. and Rhode., «»ta? T„„s? 7. AndaLna?' O.C^jlon? g„,l, 4„., ini^fj,. >t 384 ASIA. ' [i .»r '■ ! I'l MiHH? ^"f^' 5':''^ *™ '^""''"y ''°«'«'>' ""i -'™«i«t of North Middle and Somh Aodamans. The inhabitants are the lowest typ, of the Papuan race. •'^P* 8. The Nic^obar Islands lie south of the Andamans. Great Nicobar ,s the largest. They belong to Denmark; but all attempt at colonization have failed, from the unhealthiness of the climate y. Singapore lies off the southern extremity of Malacca and belongs to Great Britain. It contains the city of'^Singapte a grea commercial mart. & i' . » great 10^ Hainan (hi-nan^) Island li^s south of China, and belongs to It Population, 1.000,000, consisting of Chinese and various wild inland tribes. Kien-Chow is the capital. 11. Hong-Kong is at the entrance of the Boca Tigris (bok'l-nr, ^e>.) the inlet upon which Canton is situated. I't belongs Great Britain. Population. 117,000. Victoria, the capital, ifas a good harbor and considerable commerce. 12. Formosa Island lies off the east coast of China, from which It IS separated by the Strait of Formosa. It belongs to China. Population, about 2,500,000. Tai-wan is the capital. 13. The Loo-Choo Islands lie between Japan and Formosa. Ja an"'''''^'' '' ^ ^^^ ^""^^^ Loo-Choo. They belong to 14. Quelpaert [kweVpart) is a small island at the southern en. settleLlt*^' ^*'^'* ""^ ^'''^^* ^* '' "'""^ ^^ *^' ^^''^"' ^' ^ P'^"^^ 15. Saghalien [sah-gah-le^en) is a long, narrow island north of Jesso; It belongs to Russia. The inhabitants are a peculiar race known as the Ainos {Vnoce). ^ ' 16 The Kurile {Mril) Islands extend from Jesso to Kamt- schatka, a distance of 650 miles. The surface is mountainous, with a nuniber of volcanoes. The population is small, and consists mostly ot fishermen. ^ 17. The islands of New Siberia lie in the Arctic Ocean, north- east of the mouth of the river Lena. They are mountainous, and uninhabited. Fossil ivory, consisting o[ the tusks of various extinct animals, is dug up, and forms an article of trade. 8. Nicobars? 9. Singapore? 10. Hainan? 11 Hono- Kono-? i9 Pn- AFKIC'A 385 AFRICA. Questions on Map No. 40, Africa.—liound Africu. Be- tween what parallels of latitude does Africa principally lie? Meridians of longitude ? Divisions.— Where are the Barbary States? Name them. t'.'- ^^''''^^'^' Ml^r'^<^, Tunis, VVhere is the Sahara, or Great Deserttr^pt/l'^Jlt^^^^^^^^ Kordofan? Darfur ? Seneffambi« 9 ^l. t of Abyssinia? Guinea? Name th« Sf«ff tt ^'^^^^ I^^^^e ? Liberia? Upper VVhere is Lower Guinea Narthl f^^ ""^^'/^-^-' «-^ ^^nin. Kiver Free State Trnn^Vnni r?. n- •^' ,-^^"'*«» JSatal, Orange «>a Seciuana ' wZ.Ti!.Tul Tl"'"»""-" °/'*^ ^^l ».nerei3Mo.ambi4Uef iauguebarf Tbe country .»-Sr.:\ V.) 886 AFRICA. •;t/ l^:^ v:;^ i^ ^.. r V r? oftheSomaulies? Soudan? Name the principal States in Soudan Ans. Kaarta, Bambarra, Timhudoo, Kong, Borgoo, Houssa, Boniou Begharmi, and Borgoo. Where is Ethiopia? ' Through M^hat countries does the tropic of Cancer pass? The equator ? Th j tropic of Capricorn ? Seas, Bays, &o.— Where is the Mediterranean Sea? Gulf of Sidra? Isthmus of Suez? Red Sea? Straitof Bab-el-Mandeb? Gulf •'fAden? Mozambique Channel? DelagoaBay? WalwischBav' (\ .-eat Fish Bay ? Bigh^ of Biafra ? Bight of Benin ? Calabar Coast ? C-uIf of Guinea? Strait of Gibraltar? Capes.— VV^here are the foil.. „:ng capes? Bon. Guardafui Orfui Bassas. Delgado. Ambro. St. Mary, Corrientes. Agulhas. Good iiope. Gross. Frio. Three Points. Palmas. Verd. Blanco Bojador. Islandd.— Where are the following Islands ? Socotra. Seychelles Comoros. Madagascar. Mascarenhas. Ethiopian Archipela-o" St. Helena. Ascension. Annobon. St. Thomas's. Prince's Fer- nando Po. St. Paul. Cape Verd. Canary. Madeira. Azoiies. Mountains.— Where are the Atlas Mountains ? Mountains of tlie Moon? In what range are the peaks of Kenia and Kilimanjaro? Where are the Draakberg Mountains? Snow? Mocambe? Crystal? Camt.-oons? K.ng? Hoga-? Black? Marva? Lakes and Rivera.— Where is Lake Lowdeah? Tchad? Dem- bea? Victoria Ny.i,nza? Tanganyika? Nyassi? Ngami? Describe the following rivers. Nile. Zambezi. Orange. Congo Niger. Gambia. Senegal. Deserts and Oases.— Where is the Sahara? In what part is the Libyan Desert? Nubian Desert? In what part is the oasis of Fezzan? Tibesty? Bilmt^h? Air? Tuat? Augelaf Siwah? Where is the Deb rt Cc2,st? Whore is the Kalihari Desert? 1. Position, Form, and Extent.— Africa is one of the granaW-j,ne,rf-c.-Afriea presents an extended coast-line with numerous gulfs and Wjs, but few good harbors. On the no ,1 'isT e Med, erranean Sea, se,,aratmg Af. ic. from Europe, and on the nor I ea t between Asuv and Africa, the Red Sea. xL Red Sea conn ," w.th «,e Ind,an Ocean by the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb and the ct^ Rcj^ ^'m^! '^™"''' "'"■°™ *<' ''""""» °f S""''. connecting the Red and Mediterranean Seas, was completed in 1869 ^ .5. 7J»,o,-» -Africa has few navigable rivers. The Nile, havinir ..s source m Lakes Albert N.yanza and Victoria Nyan.a, in EtWopia^ S"«,„;:;;:ro":;;r„.a;^.' "°- '-' '''' -^^ °^ ''" '-- p-' »' int'i'thl'r,!lrr,5"''''"' "r '" *" '^""« «"""'«!"». «»rf empties .nto the Gulf of Guinea The Senegal „„,! „,„ Gambia flow lirough Sen gambia ,„,„ the Atlantic. The Zambezi River rises in ,l,„ Ihdobale country, a,„l empties into M mbique Channel. The Congo the source of which is probably rot far from that of the Zam- h07.i, flows m the oppo„te direction into the Atlantic. The Oranec River flows into the Atlanlie. *' "range 388 AFRICA. Ill* f • V. Divisions.— Africa comprises the Barbarv States *h^ C!„v, the Region of the Nile, Westln Africa, sZll^'^':^^^^^^ Africa, Central Africa, and the African Islands. " ^ «. ^oe^ and C^ma^e.-The soil and climate of Africa are but imperfectly known. On the coast, in almost every part except th chores of the desert, the soil is fertile; but the clima'te is unhealthy for white men. The central regions have been partially exS by distinguished British. French, and German travellers ^ J. Products—The chief products of tropical regions abound Palm-oil and shea-butter are peculiar, 10. Animals.— The principal animals are the lion, elephant, leopard, camel, giraffe, zebra, rhi- noceros, and hippopota- mus. Crocodiles and large serpents infest the rivers and low lands of the tro- pical districts. Various kinds of deer and buffalo, antelopes, springboks, and hartc-beests, roam in groat numbers. Thoostrich, also, ,. . , is found. U. Among the varieties of the ape, the gorilla is noted for its sizo and strength. The white ants build hills 10 or 12 f.et high, in whid hoy very Migeniously form cells, apartments, and galleries. Tho J.|<-u.st has been, from the earliest times, the scourge of the cultivated 12. '-opulatlon.-Tho population consists mainly of the Ne-ro race 1 1.ey ron.prise most of the inhabitants lying sonth of The and FHIn abs belong to the Caucasian race; but many of them arc intermixed with tho Negro. la. The negroes are generally in a deplorable state of ignoraneo. Africa has for centurie s furnished slaves to otluM- parts of the world. GIRAFFES. AFRICA. 389 The slave-trade h now abolished by Christian nations. The entire population IS estimated at 74,571,000 luti^df °r™°'^''!T^''' '^ '^' ^^'••««° governments are abso- e unA th. '^"'r ^"'"P""^ settlements on the coast belong government of the States to which they respectively 15. Rellgiou.-In Egypt, the Barbary States, and Soudan the ItZtdeb "'!;"l ''''''''■ ''''-^''^ '' professed " sinia, but IS debased by gross superstition. The greater par/of Afnca IS under the dominion of the lowest form of laganL 16. Historical Statement.-In ancient times, Egypt and Car- hage were among the most important States in the world' The firs - named was the cradle of the arts and sciences; the other was a great commercal and naval State. It was the rival of Rome and en RUINS OF CAnTHAGE. m ino contcHt. its name as a nation bl..ftfld out -ujd :*- --,:* hist 14. Oovcrnmrnfs? Of th' orioul statciikiit? VVliat tury nn- u.currc-,1 aft,.- tho dcclino of the Roman Kn, -ir"? as* 390 AFRICA. nexed to the Roman Empire. After the decline of the latter tl,. Saracens overran Northern Africa. The, were supplanted in tu by the Turks, who now exercise only a limited a, .thority. A; iJi m THE BARBARY STATES. ba?vT/°"' r 'i"'' ''°- *°' ^"''"^y States.-.Name the Bar- S What"- 7 ^9ena,Tunis, Trij>oH, Barca,a,ul BeM. eUend. What ocean and sea north? Desert south? What ran..« of mountains traverses the Barbary -States ? Where are the Gharirn Mountains? Moroccc-Bound Morocco. What ntrait be t™ Morocco and Spam? What M^aters does this strait connect ? Where 18 Mt. Mdtsm ? What river in the south ? What and where Ltle cap.tal? Where is Fez? Mequinez? Mogadore? CeutaT Algeria._Bound Algeria. What mountains in Ah-oria? Wli.f and where is the capital? Where is Constantina? B^na^ Oral? Tunis.-Bound Tunis. What mountains in Tunis? What cane north? What lake? What and where is the capital ? WherTi Ka.rwan? What two islands near Tunis? Tripoli. -Bound Tripoli What mountains in Tripoli? What and where is the capital Where IS Mesurata? Barca.-Bound Barca. What gulf wes Where is Derne?Bengazi? (Ruins of) Cyrene? Beled-el-Jer d ^-Bound Beled-el-Jend. What mountains in the north ? Where i« Tuggurt? Laghouat? wiieieis 1. Position and Extent.-Barbary, in the northern part of Africa includes Morocco Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli, Barca, and' he Bele^: Jend or land of dates. Area, about 700,000 square miios,-a little exceeding that of Mexico. ' 2. Natural Features.-The Atlas Mountains traverse the coun- try in a direction nearly parallel to the coast, and are rich in mine- rals. The highest peak, Mt. Miltsin, rises 11,400 foet above the sea Lake Lowdeah, m Tunis, is the principal lake, and is noted fur its salt. Iho rivers are unimportant. 3. Soil and Cl^aje^--^ln^^ the moun- THE BARBARY STATES. ggj by the plague. " "'""S *'>'' """'t are frequently ravaged bal^XTato^d,'' ttir! l^T*"* "" ''""^''' -^o™. "hoat, nowued for it^ e.ee.l™: brtdVftr'Z'""' '"""• ^"'^"^ "^ - saharrr^iifoftrvr ta^-'TV^;-^ -""' -^ «■» .-in,, to the port, o. thrZiLra^r /;/ '™"^ ''^'' -P-'"^- tcnta, and raisa grah, .fiZttTo *l « T"'' "^ ^^''^ "™ '" among the mountains. ' ^''^'"" "'"' Shelluhs dwell ..•e oppressed and t:7y J^r TeZ^J '''''' '■' ^""^^'-^o Soudan. A large portion of !t „^''8" .''*'■"« »'« l>™"ght from of the doscendanl o^h Moor IT' ."" ■[ *'"""«<' "°"''^'» the fifteenth century The entire JIlr^T'""' '""^ '^P"'" '« 8. The people of Barbarv r'^''""'""'""""'^ "1*'.200,COO. theerews^flve sfrwhrthTv?;: "T /"'*"'' """ »-'»-" i^ngland. and France ha™ pllttrpt^ pralt '""^ ^'"'^^- Of Ttfof tTj a^ 0:.;."^- !!-'^- "" ">e Atlantic little exceeding that of France '^"''''' milcs,-a .0 iS:' tCit^lta^; :r' '""'° ^ •"■' '"^ «~™' « The most important mlmrctrrl " '"" «"""^ discouraged. ea^pots. In ^hc Atiarr:'. z;::'z 'zr'^ r *- "- sulphur are found. ^"Pper, iron, load, antimony, and 3. The population is estimated at 9 OfK) 000 Tu l'"-t mtelligentand the nu . '.got.d in Burbary ' '"^^^ ""^ ^^^ 4. Fe., the capit^^^ ,,,^^ ,^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ t1E!:^''^^«J ^1 Of caravans, .to.? 'hilt of M n. non!l]2i.f ?f\T- ? ** TT^ Nuinber? 8. Whai^of .1 1' orocco? Area? 2. CI the 'ifujahon ? ,| or (h capital? imato and soil? Alanufact '• Of tho Kabylos and poopl,.? M,„„„,.„.__i 11 res? Mi ncra s " 392 AFRICA. M IB ,1 i lili! MouoWns. The l.ouaes are built of brick or stone, and ri„h,y ornamented; the streets are narrow and filthy. It has an extensive inland trade. 5. Morocco, the former capital, lies on a fertile plain west of the At- lasMountains. It is surround- ed by a wall. The popula- tion is steadi- ly decreasing. Mequinez is a favorite resi- 6. The government is despotic : the will of the SnU? , keeps a standing army more thnn LTf f u ! '' ^''''' "' negroes brought^om^Cl^^ ht'l^ 'L\;%Tr- ' '' quired a small additional territory L Morocco ' '"" '" ALGERIA.— 1. Algeria, a French colony lies on ih^ AT.v, equal to that of Italy. ' ' " "l™"' "''^.-noaily The soil climate, and production, are like those of the ret , 1 Barbary, In so„,o par,,, „,c climate i, the finest in the vorl 1 broadMi? 4 ►„.. s r... ., fti^ol-»iA. — 1. Wlioro is Alcoiin » l.„a„.i. „„.i 1830r-Of the BoIed-oull^S'J' """"^"' ""'' '"'"'^""^^^ ^. VVhat-^o^S;;;,? iu CITY OF MOROCCO. THE BARBARY STATES. 393 largest colony. A portion of the Beled-el fprJ^ u annexed to it. ^eied-eWend has recently been 3. The population is 2,921,000, of whom 21« rwin i. , natives were anions thp mnU ^' ™™ 218,000 are Frenc' TliQ In 18H rl r^ T. °^*^^ P'"^^^« «f the Barbarv dtates In 1815, Commodore Decatur forced them to pay 60 000 doll « an indemnity to the United States; and in 18irL;rd\ .f with a British fleet, cannonaded the city ofVl! ^ °"*^' them to restore, without ransom, Tthon and Chf L?' '"' T^^"^^ 4. Algiers (.;.,.,.), the capital, rotThrtdir:!, in the form of an amphitheatre, and presents a striking appear- ance. Its harbor is defended by a breakwater, 2400 feet in length. 5. Cotstantina, the next city in size, is on the crest of a hill, and is strongly fortified. It oc- cupies the site of the ancient cry OF ALGIERS. ^'''**'' ^°^ has ::: 'rirjz - °™ »- - ->--' -^- ^ a secretary, and a council of four members. ^ ^ TUNIS.-l. Tunis, tho smallest of the Barbary States nomi iiiilly dependent on the Turkish K.n.M'... i- ^yatcs, nomi- 394 AFRICA. hi.', miles, and its average breadth about 160 miles Aren 70 n(\t\ mil«s,-a little exceeding that of the Stat" f MitouH ' ''"" 2. The climate is mild and healthy; the soil is generally fertile and more carefully cultivated than that of any other nort on r' Barbary Besides the productions common to auLtZCTZ^ copper lead, sxlver, and mercury are found. Salt is obtained from Lake Lowdeah {low-de'ah). "^"^ 3 The population of Tunis is about 2,800,000, consisting of Moors Arabs Jews Chnstians, and negroes. The people are mo^e civ^li d than those of other parts of Barbary. ^»vuizea 4. Tunis the capital, is on Lake Tunis, which opens to the Modi- terranean by a narrow passage defended by a fortress. On the on- posite side of the lake, ten miles distant, are the ruins of Car ha«e the most renowned city of ancient Africa. At Tunis Louis IX of France, was killed and his army defeated in 1270, while ent'.ed m an im.sion for the suppression of piracy. Kairwan ikirZlw) the next town after Tunis in size, is large and flourishing. ^' 5. The government of Tunis is called a Beylik; the ruler, a Boy Bey means prince or governor.) Tunis has a constitution by whidi liberty of speech and of religion is guaranteed to the people. thP^^fM^r ~^' '^v P''"' \^^'^^'y State, nominally dependent on the Turkish Empire, lies on the Mediterranean Sea, southeast of Tunis On the east and south it is bounded by the Sahara. Its length i.' about 700 miles, and its average breadth about 150 miles. Barca, on the Mediterranean Sea, and Fezzan, an oasis in the Sahara, aro dependencies of this State. Area of Tripoli and Barca, 150,000 square miles,-nearly equal to that of the States of Georgia, Floridv and Alabama. Population, with that of Barca, 1,500,000 A . I'^'t ^.^^ "" ^''"*^''' '^"^y '^^^' ^^^*^*"t« o*'"^^rs and springs. A few fertile districts occur along the coast. The climate is subject to daily extremes,— hot by day and cold by night. 3. Tripoli, the capital, is a small, well-built city, on the Mediter- ranean. Mesurata {mes-oo-rah'tah) lies on the coast. It has a cara- van trade with Fezzan, and is noted for its manufacture of carpets. THE SAHARA, OE THE GREAT DESERT. 395 Onii Sf ■ Vh?Lth? "f ''"'"'"' " "P''™""' <■■•»■» it by the are governerby .hoil own^L'^r."?"''^ """""""^ ^""'^ -"o contain, the ruin, of anZt ^ ' J" S^'' '"""'"' "> T"P»"- 't THE BBLBD-EL-JBHID _7 Tl,» u i j , , «<«') is a distriet of BaT^r.. ? ^eled-el-Jerid [b^kd'-el-je. 2 Tf . ^ f ' ? ^^'^ = **^®y number about 900 000 2. It ,8 a dry and almost desert country • but bv thr. . .- of numerous artesian wells th^ F... k u ^ ^ construction euUure that t.ibe. butlat; IZt ht; IVT^ll fl* "«"- and ave atrongly attached to^hetETpeaJX ' ''"''**""'' 4 I'agho„at(W:X 'dVXt"!^^: rehieTt''''''-"'''^"'^- Gadames (aa/i-ofaA^w^^WaL "fs"" are the chief towns. From Ti^bncJ^ "t-nTa itrb;rotL':f:t;:"^r ^""-"^ "■"• by a wall. ^ "*'""" *"^'^- ^h" are separated THE SAHARA, OR THE GREAT DESERT. Questions on Map No 4n ti,« o t. Africa is the Sahara, or Great Desm? ^"""f--!" ^hat part „f two ranges of mountains In hSahT. ^»™'' .'h' Sahara. What what part is the Libyan Desert fWhJ ^^ ^ "'"^n Peak ? In Bitoah. Tibesty/ FetT ^T^r "^ SilTf 1 ""T ^'^ ' R n.?.^"^^-:How separated fT^i^^I^^Z^{rri^^r^^:r~r , ., . . ^ th "n T;,''°/°t ^^**" ^ ^^'^0 captured i* v Thp tTpt vr." ""V'"'^'^"'"^ •'' ^"'"s ? ho Beled-el-Jerid ? 2. Artesian wel 3 ProJi?f''f "'"'"— ^- What of towns? OfGadames? ^-Products? Animals? 4. Chief 396 AFRICA. route over the Sahara from north to sonfh r» i. ton's. What is the capital of Fezl; '''"'^" ^"^^ ^^^PP- GATE TO THE SAHARA. Atlantic Ocean to iheyalZ J fhl^-fl. » »'«»<=l'es from the «nd from about Usth to L ,nl . "' " ''"'*™° "f 30«» "-iles, tanee of 1000 m He, Ar a 2 7M oV"^'" "' """■* '''*""^''' " <<■'- .KirW that of EuroplXr: ^00:0^ ■*^^'-''""' "^ '- from the Atlan ,c 00^,^ T 2 "''""''"' ''''S'"'' «'>"'=1' rtrolche, Uantchoorta 9^0 miles " ''""'' """ ^"' '^ '"^ -"«- «f o».™ei,htt„r;::r;::!zrarr"'^- ^ slL ^ "-^^^^^^^^^l^^!?!!!^!!!!^^ ««.-facc wholly ari!s?"wha,^™t'£''';S;''«!:y length and breadth? Ar™» 1 E«„-d 4. What of the jurfaoe ? Mountain,, 4o. ? ''"°" °''"^^'" "' ""' «eion ? 5. or the in the Sahar Hii> Arabs Cii inhabitants • SAHARA, OR THE GREAT DESERT. 397 quaru, overgrown tM^T„l™''''''''"'P"'«<' "^ «™"» »i>'<''°'^Z^J''m^^^^^^^^ 7.0f,r»ve,H„, cn« , ., abs u;ih mo desert Y What of the tribes ? 0~ n>Tu "^ •' " ^"^^ ^" mhabitants on the coast ? 10. Of the oasoi ? r.,- r . the caravans ? Of the Animals, Ac? Exports? '"' "' ^'^^ »^*«'« ? Chief towns? U. What mines? 3t life ^98 AFRICA. 12. The inhabitants are of four tvnpq — M,^n.. a u m 'iTneT b, some infudon of „e«.o blood, and S J ^Oo; U. The fuancks and Tibboos occupy nrinciDallv tb. „„ he central parte. Some .peak dialect/^f The Zbfe a„d orhir"; the Berber tongue. They are nomiually Mohammedau' ■„ !;/^^n '^•f ' "", "'^ '" ** '^'''"'™' "'=» «»"th of Tripoli .,r^ 7- 7"y dependent on it. Its boundaries are not wel 'defined 2 The climate is very hot in summer, and cold in winter In ,1,„ north the country is mountainous. Dates are the chilf fold « in: THE REGIOiN OP THE NILE. Questions on Map No. 40, Region of the wn. wi. . tries does the Region of the Nile include ? An^ ^ .'^r, 7"' ^inia, KorSofan, and D.rfur. What sea noth^ ISt ^ WM ^,t nver flows north through this region and en- .<;... .,t Ae Med e raneanj Where is the I^hmus of Suez. The Nubian DeS'" MarS roJ f I" ^"a^ ^ ''''■ *'>• '^'>««' ■» Lake Karoon ? m^ of sL.? WH *. « "■■ ''''^' """' '''''° '■' 'he Isth- c"Ia ' Whe J 7f ' f""' ^''™'- '^''™ -" -hat is the wC -e^P "-^r;'™' ''"■''"^^ '^■""i^""? Suez? W ...'.. , -e tlio Pyramids ? Ruins of Thebes ? Luxor ? ahatandZuela? Of Sockna"? ^"°^°' i'upulation? 3. Of the capital ? ', Tuarick.s J from the er 300,000. oases near i others of REGION OP THE NILE What la the cap" C»-"^y«3t? West? AVhat mountains ? «..o»t.in,e.ai;tH:irx2r:;trra^':er<'-^-^ EGYPT. TOWER OF PHAROS. I 400 AFRICA. i 2. Natiual Paatures.-There are no mountains in F., . r..ge of hills lies between the Red Sea and he rL |^^^^^^^ surface is generally low and lovel. Ecypt was ca Id h /. cienta the "Gift of ^h,^ MHa -^ i ^ *^^ ^-^ ^^'^ »«- river give, foSu; ,„1he^oU " ""^ "■""" "'""^ "^ "'« of silk, cotton, and linen goods surr tbJ.^ '''"''" "^'^'^^ and silver liligree-work. ^ ' '' ^^*''' «'"-tl'«"ware, 6. Populatlon.-The population consists of Turks Conts Foil i -e eetod the teacher,, ,ecro.aHo,, „„„ „iw, llZTrC^^Z Z latioa i» oafumtcl at r,.;;ir,,0()0. "'-"'""»«• H'" entire p„|,„- Bedouins?' Nurnbor?' "^""^"P^«? f«Il«*l»sl' Of FolUhH and' Arabs? REGION OF THE NILE. by the Saracens a d 980 .^n,) ITT T ""'• ■" ™^ ''""■"'ed Africa. Its mosques aaVothorpwfe br'n"" """' ""'^'^ "^"^ ■" pearar.ce at a distance. The Great 0-!n.l^."^' ®'™ " " «"^ "P the Nile over the eitv ThZuT <'"""butes the waters ol 8. Aloxan,lria lioron the e ' "' "T"' "•""•""'• <""> ^'"y- branch of the Nile It wt f , '.T'' *" ""'"■* "^ ">" 'Western a.-o said to have dZ^ :„t f "^ ri', ""'t.'"^ «— m ancient times, on the ishnd of PI, ^'"""dria there was, "hose site now stands l^fl^uJ^'Ztul '"'T ''TT' "" extensive con,merce with Great Britain adTurko""^ ""= "" 9. Dannetta and Rosetta on ihn m;i . latter is famous for fine frnlt-'ardLs ' "" """ '""P"*' '""> battle "'tfortt' n;';b:'"'?;^ r'-" '"' '"« ''-' --I «- - -atter, undcr^itr tttjir" ^uftttj: *r_t PYRAMID OF CHCOP.S, AND SPHINX. *-— •'^-. liil 7. Of Tain. ? Ily wh„tn foun^^«^ '^P''-^'" ^'^^^ f-- -'J-. mno >f T P"'^;*^^«' ««^'«^«^ -'th hieroglyphics. Thoy are ^-hiefi; m,nol hs (formed of a single stone). Of these the most noted are the two called Cleopatra's Needles, in the neighborhood of Alexandria. One 18 standing erect amid the ruins of the ancient city; the B uarel rr*' '^".' ''^^' '"^'^'- ''^'""^ "^ '^^-^ -«»'t feet square at the base, and sixty-five feet high. 17. Pompey's^ar is a granite monoliih, ninety foet high, nine principal? 16. Of tho ^X ? nr nT v''^r. ^"^ ^'^'■"''^' ^f tho two Of l.„n^ »;.,_ T'"''^ ^ Two rao.st nt.to.l ? WImt furHior nf tlwy, y 1 7 REGION feet square at the base, and eight at the top. It stands among =r^^ the buried ruins -f^^^S of palaces and temples. 18. At Thebes and Den^derah are remarkable ruins of ancient temples, the walls of which are covered with sculptures and bas-reliefs, and with numerous hieroglyphics. The hierogly- phics were lono- a mystery; but through the la- bors of Cham- pollion and of other scholars pompey's pillar. they have been partially deciphered. 10. Thebo^ was one of the most famous cities of ancient times. It was at the height of its splendor about 3500 years ago. Its ruins con.pnse va.st temples, with colossal statues and colonnades. Thev are near the small villages of Karnak and Luxor 20. One of the obelisks, which mlorned the entrance to the temple .it Luxor, a sol.d shaft of syenite, was conveyed to Paris in 1834 and ro-erected there in the Place de la Concorde (;,/«/,.. HHah kOng-kOrd^) ^1. Commeroe.-Oairo is the centre of an extensive inland com- morco; caravans travel hence to Nubia, Abyssinia, Darfur, and rezzan. Ihere is also considerable commerce by the Kod Sea. 18. What is unid of Tho!>o« and lU'iioNf' rSour wh 21. Of coiumorco? .)i, 1 . >-. . "~ ■ "■ ^iiviiv mill r)niiili>ruli ? f\f ).:„_ i j. • T!u.i.„.r Xonrwhat? 20. What i« «aid «f one .(' tlui'obdS ' 19. Of B Hour Luxor 7* 404 AFRICA. -. The Nile has several mouths, all of which, except those ot Kosetta and Damietta, are obstructed with sand. A railroad extends from Alexandria to Suez through Cairo, and also from Cairo to Benisouef [ben-e-swef). ^ 23. Government.-After having undergone many, changes of government, Egynt was wrested from the power of France by the British in 1801, and became a part of the Turkish Empi-e In 1811 Mehemet Ali [may-han^et ah^e), a Turkish soldier of fortune ren' dered himself independent of Turkey. His government was' able and judicious; he made extensive conquests, and caused his author- ity to be respected. He also did much to civilize Egypt by the introduction of improvements in the arts and sciences, and by the establishment of a good system of schools. In 1841, Egypt again became tributary to Turkey. 24. Religion -Since the conquest ot Egypt by the Saracens, Mo- hammedanism has been the prevailing creed. The Copts are nomi- «ally Christians; they are few in number. AH religions are tolerated '-^-j- nvERf LOW OF THt NILE-SUEZ RAILHOAD. .f Mows:;;';'" ",.;'.''i!':n^;,',:'; "•"""•^"^ ^'»- »> "-«-cr„„e„t? wta. I 1. REGION OF THE NILE. NUBIA. e!:t™ !°.?.^.!!!°*-''"'^'»>/':-^'--^ -g- lying Aiea ozCOOO square miles,-a little exceeding that of Norway and Sweden. It has belonged to Egypt since 1821. 2. Natural reature8.-7^*>er, d:^c.-The Nile flows through its entire length. A large portion of the surface is de.ert. The area under cultivation is the valley of the Nile, and is about two miles wide The cataracts of the Nile, twelve in number, are chiefly ::£' of nI: ^'^"^' ^'^ ""'^^'"^ *'^^"^^ "^-^^ '^^ -^«i' of E.vn/' Z^ ^i'-«^--The soil and products are like those ot J^gypt. The climate, from January to April, is extren.ely hot llie ramy season lasts from June to December. 4. Population.-The people are handsome, bold, and frank, and f ^rnLnT^'T *^^° *^''' ^^ **^" •'^^J''^^^"^ countries. They num- ber oOO 000, and are chiefly Mohammedans. The Nubians import slaves from the interior of Africa, and sell them to the Egyptians Khar W and Shcn%, on the Nile, are the principal slave-markets' P Chief Towns.-Dongola (dong^go-lah) was formerly the capital ot a Christian kingdom. Suakcm {soo-aVkem), on the Red Sea is the seaport of Nubia. Pilgrims from the interior sail from this port to Arabia. Khartoom is an Egyptian military post, as well as an important city; its trade is extensive, and several European mer- chants reside there. The remains of the ancient temples at Ebsambul [eh-sam-hooV] are grand and imposing. Tlio statues of the Egyptian kings, if in a standing position, would bo from GO to 70 feet high. ABYSSINIA. 1. Position and Extent.— Abyssinia lies south of Nubia. Area, about 280,000 square miles,— a little exceeding that of Austria. itl^ohmirVKirv'nrn''^ Length nn.lbmHlth ? ArcaJ To whom does , ''?'"">? ^ , 2. River? Of the cullivato.l part ? Of tlio cataracts of the Nile ? ;!..No,l amlcbmatc? 4. Of the people? Number? Religion? Of!!ii;'!» ^unssiNiA. — 1. Where le Abyssinia? Arou? 406 AFRICA. 2 Natural Features.-The surface is an elevated plateau w th many fertile valleys, drained by numerous rivers, of whi tthe Blue N.le and Atbara are the principal. In the southwes thesur fJll.'^'n''''^ C^^ma^e.-The soil, especially in the valleys, is fertile Owmg to the elevation of. Abyssinia, it has a cooler Ind more healthy climate than either Nubia or Egypt. 4. Products—Wheat, barley, corn, millet; and tefr(a small fari- naceous gram) are produced. Coffee and cotton are indigenou Rock salt as abundant; some gold is found. Tanned skins, common pottery and coarse cloths are manufactured. In Shoa, cakes oflu are used as money. ^" . "^^ 5. Animals— The principal wild animals are the lion, ele- phant, hippopotamus, buffalo, two- horned rhinoceros, hyena, leopard, and antelope. The boa sometimes grows to the length of 20 feet. Crocodiles infest the rivers. The ravages of the locust are terrible. Domestic animals abound. 6. Population. — The popula- tion, consisting of a mixed race, number 3,000,000. They are of a nut-brown complexion, with regular features, and have some claims to civilization, but are bar- barous and licentious. Thebrinde feast— said to be still of frequent occurrence — consists in cuttin" 7 rhior T^ rn, . ^ ^^'^™ ^''^'^^ y^^ quivering. 7. Chief Towns.-The capital is Gondar. It was once a nonu bus cty, but ha^^tly^leclined.__An^ab^ f„„o»9 ^ ,>;■ V. . '*'„• :>• I opiilaMon ? What of tho nnnnln !» nr ♦»,„ 1.^^-1-- »-«»v. ..viv.unuarr Aiaaio nnd Axuni ? Seaport ?'"" ' WESTERN AFRICA. 407 Biderable towns. Massuah, the chief seannrf >.« With Arabia and Eg,„t. U be.„„g.t reTl'" ""'' """"^'''' ™o„a"r:"r;„-t^x'^ brb':;!'""^ r-" .^■' ""-'"'• invasion of the Galla trib., in? { ^f** '""'""'™°"""1 the ..ate, governed b^tde^'ireb.Vs'""' '""'•' "'' "'" ^ ..ndsitr:;eTb?e:v:drs:bL;i7^'''^ yupper are administered. There are ako' Mb" .""'^ ""^ ^''■•'''» inere are also Mohammedans and Jews. KORDOFAN AND DARFUR ««ptft:rb^:n\tror/::frr;''---»f'^"'''- ^'"'^"- by the Pasha of Egypr to whl I t- nT ™' "'""'>™'^'» '" J821 dofan, 400,000, of^arf^riS 000 ^'- I""?"'-'™" "f Kor- 4i:td ar„T;.ii:,ir ■ ''"^ -"•» »- ^- »^ w "r'n^rtrri^^dTtiTnt'tor ^'""-^ ™^-"-^ '- 3. Tendelty is the capital of Darfur. Cob^be is a dpnnf fn i t ;tetror ot: r ?-"^^^^^^^^^^ plorer Dr. Krapf "^ ^'^ ^""""^^ ^^ ^^^^ distinguished ex- WESTERx\ AFRICA. Questions on Mao No 4n ncr^^*. - western A_,™^.^;.:;rrs™c:^-rrr l;;:^*^~^ "^=:jTSfi:«^-- w..,r, the Galla and Onna tribes ^^ iiS'^^ v !i co^^ ? '' ""' ''""''' '^ ^' 408 AIRICA. Liberm, and Upper and Lower Guinea. Senegambta B„„ ^ Senegambia. What cape on the coast? What fh "e rf^rf fl through it int^ the Atlantic Ocean? Where i, Ti„booT BlIrtT settlement? Portuguese settlement? Sierra Laone.-Bound S ie a Leone. What town in Sierra Leone ? What colony' Bav W*'~?T'' ^"'™''- (*«^<'J'A'"-'t2.) Where is Liberia Bay? Cape Palmas? Cape Mesurado? What two rivers rise „ Kong Mts. and flow into the Atlantic? Where and what T th! oap,ta.? Where is Harper? New Georgia? Buchanal? Gre fn ville? Ba^aCove? ITpper Guinea (Jfap JS'„. 40)._Bound Dpper cr,'Tr r^^n "'""' °" ""= """" ' ^''^- '^ «'™" Coast ? Ivor; Coas ? Gold Coast? Cape Coast Castle? Slave Coast? Ca aZr Coas?B,ght of Benin? Gulf of Guinea? What mountains nth What nvers flow into the Atlantic? Where is the State of Z an ee? Capital? State of Dahomey? Capital? Stafeo ylt: Where 18 Abeokuta ? Benin? ^iuruua. of Bi.IT?''r?.^fT*^ ^''''' ^"^"^^- ^here is the Bight tain^elsu wh /l^' ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^-*? What range of moun- tains east? What river between Upper and Lower Guinea'? On few? What other rivers in Lower Guinea flow into the Atlantic^ Where IS the State of Biafra? OfPongo? Town of Gaboon ? Ml Capital? StateofBenguela? Capital? Where is the Gorilla country? jj L Western Africa comprises the territory on the west coast extend- ing from the Great Desert to Nourse [noors) River, nearly 4000 miles. 2. Its principal divisions are Senegambia, Sierra Leone (le-o^ne) Liberia, and Upper and Lower Guinea. ^ SENEGAMBIA. 1 Position and Extent.- Senegambia lies on the west coat of Africa, south of Sahara. It is about 850 miles in length, an.l 500 in breadth. Area, 380,000 square miles,-noarly equal to that Sm^rAlZ^^Twr^' ^"^^"^^^^^^ 2. Divisions' itr«lme? ^^ " Senegambia ? Length and breadth ? Area ? Of WESTERN AFRICA. 409 , ^ wnicn gum feenegal is noted. Gold nnrl pafaro "CSf "'"« " T*", '"""•''^"' P^''^ ''"*»- the prinei- pal are too ta Jallon', Bambouk, Handing, and Sooliniana Th. people comprise Fou>ahs, Mandingoes, anf ' Jaloffr The L,f h have h,gh and marked featnrea, and are of an olive complex on groes. they excel .n horsemanship and in the use of arms- some .-■'inlri'or ''Trr-::'"^''"" ""' ''™''°'''' '"' «"' "•'-f towns in t..o interior. The latter has considerable trade. ofthfch '';%''"''? f'he Senegal are various French settlements, of which St Louis IS the principal. Bathurst, near the mouth of the -.bia, IS the chief British settlement. On the Kio Grande th ■tiguese have several trading factories , Jovernment and Religlon.-The governments are desnotic monarchies, except in Handing; there the people of tl'e ™riou towns choose their own rulers. The people are chiefly pagans bu there are many Mohammedans. .rpfcans, uut J.st^!^^,t ^''°''l" \^''""'' ^■'"""^ "P™ the Atlantic oast outh of Senegambm. Area, 44,500 square miles. It was founded in 1,87 by British philanthropists, and was designed " ."ppress the dave^rade^d^UsoJ^^ron^he eivili.afi™ oT »..d Jaloir, ? NuXt 5. Chief lownaT's ll J'" ^."".'"'L' ' u M-Ji-K"" •n the Rio Grande? 7 GovernmZ? "°!'l.™™"? Bathur.t? Wl„,t Whi.ro i, a;. T.L., . """l?-"!" Religion? Siebha Lcn»i.- _i Uowlnhabiled?" "'"'"'' """" *'"•'" ^""•"^^i' "'■<' ("' what "purpo,.'; 410 AFRICA. tubes' ^* '' ^°^^^^*^^ V negroes of more than a hundred different 2. The climate is unhealthy for Europeans. Sugar, coffee, corn nee, dates, pepper, indigo, ground-nuts, lemons, oranges, and oth"; 1X1 ^'^' '" '"'""'• ^^-^^-^^« quantities 'of palm oil 3. The number of inhabitants is G0,000, consisting of liberated Afncans taken from captured slave-ships, and natifes who hlv never been enslaved. There are only about a hundred whites, chtfly government officers and merchants. ' 4. The capital Freetown, is on the left bank of the Sierra Leone K,veP s,z m.les from the sea, and has some fine public bnildinr to the British government. ^ 5. Many of the negroes are pagans; but the whites and those natives taught in the schools are Protestants. 1. LIBERIA, an independent republic, was established in 1821 by the Amencan Colonization Society, as e colony for free negroes and emancipated slaves from the United States. The population ha been largely increased by accessions from neighboring tribes who have sought the protection of the Liberian government The toH- tory extends along the coast from the Gallinas (gahl-le^nas) Kiver o the San Pedro 420 miles, and from 40 to 50 miles inland. ^ A oU,UUO square miles. Ja ^n' f ""?. '\^^" *^"* '^ ^''''^ ^^°"«- The country rises gradually from the shore to the interior. Coffee is cultivatedf The soil IS well suited to the growth of cotton and sugar-cane; the other products are like those of Sierra Leone. JlJ!"' tT!T'' •'''''"'"'" '^ '"^""^ ^^'^^^ ««^«"J«t« ^"d 00,000 natives. The tribes m the interior, with whom the government hu. entered into treaty, and whom to some extent it contro.^ include a population of not less than 200,000. 4. Mon-ovia is the capital. It has a good harbor and considerable commerce. There are a court-house, public library, and several ccfkTrf kpuS"^^Aow go^^S"^"/ R^,v^'n T '""^ p^p"^^^'"" of Liberia? Where is if ? A £!? on,- ^ ^ehg,.,n ? Liberia.— 1. Wh.it WESTERN AFRICA. 411 churches and schools. Harper, New Georgia, Buchanan. Greenville and Bassa Cove kre small towns, chiefly on the coast. Jo^ Vu 7.'^^ *^' '"''''""* ^*' *^^ Colonization Society, Liberia to 1 f Tr i" '"^^P^^^-* -P^Wic, with a constitutio; sZua. to that of the Umted States. Since then she has maintained her prt>l p'ower^'^'"'^"^^ '' ^^'^^^^ '' -^--^^^^^^ ^^ the testJf^pM-'^' natives are idolaters; but the colonists are Pro- testant Chnstmns, and the surrounding tribes are fast bein^Ym- proved by the power of Christianity. " GUINEA. prises the extens ve eoast-reg.on extending along the Atlantic from 3000 m.le , with an average breadth of 200 miles. Area, 500 000 square miles. Population, 10,000,000. ^w.mu ^\T^^ '^^^'^^ '"''■"des the territory along the Atlantic coast from Senegambia to Biafra. It comprises the^^ „ W Gold, and Sla,^ Coasts; also the kingdoms of Ashantee', MonZ; (daHo'»„j, , Yoru'ba, Benin (fe„W), and others of leL note "^ 2 The soil IS m general fertile. The chief products are tropical fruits, cotton, indigo, palm-oil, yams, rice, and Indian corn. Cy wlitfs "" ''''""'^' ^''' """"'"' "'""S """ "°''^' '' "nhealthyZ the Gulf of Guinea. The country rises gradually throughout its whole extent to the Kong Mountains, on the north een^„?aTs:rCrrorLLrr '"^ "'"^'' '"'' '-""- ">» paf arutl'lf^Lt"' ''''""' *°'" '"" ""'''■ ^™? « *« P"-"" ITnvor "mH-- 4- 1 5 o " _ population (< Uppeu Guixra l Wl,..t .1,.^, auinca? Surface? 1. Grain Coa/r 5. W^^ 3. Of the Gulf of 412 AFRICA. 6. The Gold Coast extends from the eastern boundary of th« Ivory Coast, east, 300 miles. Gold is found Jn largo qua^Iitie^ t and. There are several European forts and factories! foudd Z the purpose of trading with the natives. Of these Cape Co' Castile ,s the principal British factory; Elmina belongs' to I^ 7. The Slave Coast occupies the remainder of Upper Guinea as far as Yoruba. It extends along the Gulf of Gui^aea 220 miles Here the slave-trade has been more largely carried on than elsewhere.' 8. ASHANTEE is the largest kingdom in Guinea. It lies between the Kong Mountains and the sea-coast. The manufactures comprise gold orna- ^ ments, earthenware, cotton goods, and i^ ivory. 9. The inhabitants are negroes. They have some knowledge of the arts, but are cruel and barbarous. On great public occasions, thousands of slaves are put to death in the most in- human manner. Nowhere else, ex- cept in Dahomey, is human life so little valued as in Ashantee. Popu- lation, about 3,000,000. Coomas^sie is the capital. 10. The government of Ashantee is despotic: the people are pagans, with ASHANTEE a fcw Mohammcdans in the capital. 11 DAHOMEY lies east of Ashantee. The climate is more salubrious than that of other parts of Upper Guinea. The scenery IS picturesque. v^ucij 12 The people are ferocious and warlike, and as cruel as the Ashantees They number about 200,000. Upon the death of the king, or of any ofJh^royaUamily, thousands of human beings are 9. oAhc ':ZLVrV,::iJ;^r^^ ^^^^^-^--^ Government and relig onT DAnoMFv UoL ^>."P"'"*r" "o i^*^'"*^' '^ ^^• What i. «aid to occu?on grcatTcSnT^'c^U^fr'^^' ''• ^^ ^''^P^P^^^ WESTERN AFRICA. 4^3 pagan. A portion of the armv of T)l ^'. ^^ ""^^'^lon is the n„„W ^„f 6000 „. SO^oTZ;?;::^;! e^C "' ^'™^"' '" Gulf of Guinpn TK.-D- i,x -r^ iMger flows into the 15. Abeokuta (ahb-e^koo'tah), the chief town nf v ., • . recent foundation, and i, .ni,l d\ lu T Yo™ba, is of world. America,^ and BriH h • " "■'«'"' ""=«"• *°™ '» "-o the capital omnl --"nanes reside there. Benin is nuLorXst!^:i^t;;:I?:Lerke'tt' of h^^r'T god of his people, and an object of serl worship.' "' " '"' LOWER GUINEA. tains. The sea-coast is mU^^ k • '-^^JStal and Mocambe Moun- 2 Tha , . . . . ^^ navigators - The Coast." an. called Conlo. i^;Z^S;J^^Z:^r^Ztt ^ucts? uiunate? 4. Governments, Ac ?"" "^ """"" '^''°^^'®''«*^? 3. Pro- 35* 414 AFRICA. ,ri 5. p \ ^u^^^^ '" ''' '™'''" '^^^g^on^' extending from the Bight of Bii- fra to the Crystal Mountains. Hardly any thing in kno.n'lutt Th!" p^^^^^.^^*«"^« «° the Atlantic coast from Biafra to Loango The Gaboon River passes through it. Gaboon, a small French se" tlement at the mouth of the river, was established in 1845 3 Between the years 1856 and 1859, M. du Chaillu ascended the Gaboon Ru^r, and explored the interior for some distance 11 tl e gon la, the largest of the ape species, abounds. The Fans and ^::^r'' '"' ^^"""^- ''-^ '-' - ^-^^'^ ^^ «^M 4. LOANGO lies south of Pongo. Its capital is Loango on the Bay of Loango. The inhabitants, called Bramas, are negr! ^ of darkest color ; they are very superstitious. ^ CONGO. ANGOLA, and BENGUELA extend 800 miles along the coast, from Congo River to the Nourse. The Mocambe Mountains, about 500 miles from the coast, form the eastern boundary. Population unknown. 0. The Congo is the largest river; other rivers are the Ambriz and Co- anza. Inland the coun- try is almost entirely cov- ered by a vast forest. The elephant, rhinoceros, lion, and other aninjals roam 7 Tu J. • . through the interior 7^ Ihese to,T.tor,o, (ConKc A„k„I„. „„,1 li,.„s„,.|„) |,„ve l,olo„.c,l ..■Portugal «,„ce tho <.l„,oof ,l,„ ««„„„„, e„„,,„y.' riJtZ.t . t pr,„por„u, ,„„| „„„,,,v „ll ,ho native, Woa,,,^ Chns, „", ,, "- I-valenco oUh,, .lHve....a..,.^ „^,„e „„„„,„„„„, „";■,„;,■;;: I. Binf,-,,? 2. I>or.Ko? 3. What „f D„ (JI,„iM„ ? ., i , ' "n;;ti, .llli-iil.i. fliiii Ki.iiiri...I,. / 11 u: ^ ..... : ■^^^■^ AHUCAN LION. What H'-iiU ami HfiiKucia? «. lUvers? iM Buiii of the.s() k'rrit orios ? ., Wh:it of ^l the lutorior? Aiiimala? 7. SOUTHERN AFRICA. 4^5 condition is unknown ^nnaDitants. Its present nf \h„ ^ ri"; °^ ""'"' "°'°"'™ "'•'' "«»"y »" -egroes. They are of the darkest hue, and are regarded a,, the J,t indolenfand CoT;'ef '""' "^- ^'""''' *" ^'-- ^™™ "- -gion arTcared 12. These colonies are the remains of the vast Pvfpnf ^p . j- covered i„ the year 1487, a,..l eiaiu.ed bv tl Ir "l exT - " from the Great Desert to the Cape of Good Ilcpe ' ' ^"' SOUTHERN AFRICA. Questions on Map No. 40, Southern AMca.-Name the eoun- tries ,„c uded ■„ Southern Africa. An.. Co„nfr, «f m, XlZ" «,;,.«,,^V, Caffn,ri.. Nalal, Oran.j. lliver Free Lc, r™ T ti Ue,„M,cC.,,n,r^^' Mo Zool,,,. ,„^ a.e region „U;M,; to 9 ZZi 7 i"""f-^ Whore is the country „f ,h„ H„t,ont„ti^ wZ'Z the hlate ol Cape Ceh.ny? What eapes south? WIuto is Tah , Bay? StlWcnaBay? What river in the nur.h? What o „! Whcreis the district of CalTrariaf N'„(al? (Van,.,. Kiver Free mT , r: rn ""'^"''''"' ='"■"" '■""■"^V? Be,.hr,„na „[ ""■"'"I"' "" 'M »ah,nda? Where is Lake NV,„„i, v .1 ".l U. Of th« people? 12. Of tlu.Hc iN.r.nLluo.JcoIi.nL? ^'"'^' '^^ Ren^jneln? 416 AFRICA. ii liiiBtt Where is the Zambezi River? Zouga River? Congo River? The Kalihari Desert? 1. Southern Africa includes the Hottentot country, Cape Colony, CafFraria, Natal {nah-tahV), the Orange River Free State, the Trans Vaal (vah'l) Republic, and the country of the Zoolus; also the ex- tensive region in the interior explored by Dr. Livingstone, as far north as 9 degrees south latitude. This latter division includes the countries of the Bechuanas, Mako- lolos, Balondas, and other tribes. Area, 1,850,000 square miles P()[Milation, 10,000,000. 1. The HOTTENTOT COUNTRY, on the west coast of South- em Africa, is inhabited by the Damaras, Namaquas, Corannas, and Griquas {gre^kviaz). 2. They are a low and brutish race, generally inoffensive, but filthy in person and habits. Protestant missionaries reside amoni- these tribes, and have in a measure improved them. 3. The Bushmen, or wild Hottentots, are found near the Orange River. They go almost naked, and take refuge in caves or holes in the ground. In war and the chase they use poisoned arrows. In order to approach and destroy the ostrich, they disguise themselves in imitation of that bird. 4. The Griquas are a half-breed race, being the offspring of Dutch men and Hottentot women. 5. The Hottentots live in villages called kraals, arranged in the form of a semicircle. The huts are shaped like bee-hives. Tiiose who live in the colony are employed as servants, and are honest and faithful. Their speech is a jargon, of which Dutch is tho chief clement. 1. CAPE COLONY is an oxtensivo territory, belonging titdrmt Britain, forming the southern extremity of Africa. Its greatest length is about 000 miles, ami its greatest breadth 400 miles. Area, liOO.OOO s(juare miles,— equal to that of Franco. It was colonized by the Dutch in 1050, and conipicred by tho British in 180G. 2. The Snow Mountains tniverso tiio territory from west to oast; S()iTiti;nN Afuica.— I. Wluit doi-s it include? Hottkntot CorNTnv t. Ot'tlio llottcni it eonntry? L'. Of tlie people? ;?. Tho Uii.«limen? I. (Iriiiiins ? " '■■ '*" " " '" -^ '- " ° " • ■■ "m-V: <'«?(>NV. 1. Ti, Wliniii dovT Aren? Wlirn llivors ? .1. y f). How do (ho Hottentots Itvo? Onj.o Colony holonK? Wiiere is it'? Length iind Imixllli? ooloniaod, Ao. ? 2. Mountains? Surface? Table Mountiiin ? Di , SOUTHERN AFRICA. 417 he,r loftiest peak, arc 10,000 feet high. Tho country rise, in ter- races or rlateaus from the coast to the base of the Snow MoUtait th sea Tt'o"" """1''''""' °" *'= "'"'"' ™- 3«0« f-Tlve porlant ™"°" " "" P^'^'P"' "™^' *'- ""-s are uni^! .niAr?" /'"""*" '" ""■P"''"*'' '""' '"^"'*y' t»' "« changes are udden; there aro occasionally great dronghts. The soil is fer.iir want o^ Z: ""' '■"'"■^""^ "^'''-y^' 'y '"^ --'-ed heat ^J 4. Enropean grains and fruits areproduced. A sweetwine called Constants, ,s ,„ado upon two farms near Table M„„n „T It ",„ a^Z "t1 " ,«'":?■"'•-%'■"■ the imported Merino 1 Led ;:ndZrti. '"^^z^z^t-' -^ -"^^ '- '"^^^ '-^^ -^ tent;"" ^:';""'''"^ "^^ "'""^- ^-S'-^". C»ff-» (W-^). Hot, Malays; they number about 200,000. The farmers or Boers (Dutch for farmers) are called, ac- cord ing to their particu- lar occupa- tion, Cattle, (irain.orWi: e Boers. (>' Cape Town, t h e -X' capital, is on Table Bay, ntid is strong- ly fortified. It in an important ntopping-place for vessels sailing to and from India. Cape town-table mountain. fif u'f'f"**?f*?r ^"''^ -i- i'rodiictH? Win What called ? fl. Of Capo Town ? 0? Of^heop? 5. Ofthoinliahitant^ 418 AFRICA. 7. The religion is chiefly Protestant. There are a few Roman Catholics. The Malays, who were formerly slaves, are Moham- medans. 8. CAFFRARIA, the original seat of the Caffres, was once a large territory. It is now limited to a small district east of Cape Colony, and extends about 100 miles along the coast. 9. The inhabitants, called Caffres, are an athletic, vigorous people, of a deep brown color, and with frizzled but not woolly hair. The men engage in war and hunting, while the women till the soil and build huts. 10. NATAL, a British colony, on the southeast coast, was settled in 1845, and is a dependency of the Cape Colony Government. The inhabitants are principally Boers from the Cape. They are sober, industrious, and hospitable. 11. ORANGE RIVER FREE STATE lies between the two head branches of the Orange River, and west of Natal and Caff-raria, from which it is separated by the Draakberg Mountains. The «ieo- ple, who are principally Bechuanas and Dutch Boers, declared their independence of Cape Colony in 1854. 12. TRANS VAAL REPUBLIC lies narth of Orange Rivor Free State and west of the Zoolu country. Like Natal, it is inhabited chiefly by Boers. Their independence has lately been acknowledged by Great Britain. 13. ZOOLU COUNTRY lies n,)rth of Natal, and is a part of the old tiuTitory of Caffraria. The Zoolus are the independent Caf- fres. They are, according to Dr. Livingstone, honest and peaceable. 14. BECHUANA {hef-cJwo-ah'nah) COUNTRY lies west of Orange River Free State and Trans Vaal Republic. In the western part 18 the desert of Kalihari. The people are similar in appear ance and customs to the Caffres, but more civilized. Many live in towns, and cultivate the earth. Lake Nga^mi, in the central part, is a fresh-water lake, about i/n?'^\'"'"" ^ ,;^ '^^'J* "*" ^'•^"'■•''"a? J». Of tho inhabitants? 10. Of Natnl? 11. Of OmnKo Hivor I roo St.itc? 12. 01 Trans Vaal lUpul.lio? i:J. Zoolu ^. . i„ .« .,j.:; -.vatiiTj ; Ui tsiu jjcopio r ui Lake Isgiuui r EASTERN AFRICA. 419 z " tT„t:™r '""'^ ""''" '"^' '■■^" ' '" '"^ -»"'-''- 15. North of Bechuana country lies the extensive region reachinr- to about 9 degrees south latitude, whieh has been broufht i'no ntief by Dr^L,v„,gstone. It includes the countries of the Makololo bT cLnel lI'Jn "".'f "'""'''• '■>"> Mozambique («,o-e™.LjI-.) l-nannei. Lake Nyassi, discovered bv Livinastone in ISW i. i„ .j northeastern part of this territory. ' ^ ' " '" "" EASTERN AFRICA. Questions on Map No. 40, Eastern Africa.-Namo the coun tnes included ,n Ka.,tern Africa. An,. 6-„„„.y of tte^V ,,<,,"" ^a,y,utaraud Mo,aM!,ue. Where is the country of he So' ..mu hcs? AVhat gulf north ? Ocean east ? Countries le" ? Sti a t" north Ca,,es east? In what part is the district of Adel? A^n Magadoxo ! Name the towns on the coast. Where is Hur rurf Where ,s the State of Zanguebar? What mountains west Wl,..t h CO islands near thecoast? What river, flow into the Indian Ocean What and where is the capital? What are the people cal"l w o hve near the coast? Ans. &,™;„7fe. Bound Mozambique wl^ r '^'■•'r!;M"-»W- -■' - • ■ 2. naat or the inhabitunts? Populution? "' ""^P^— >^ "^t couiuriesr 420 AFRICA. are Christians ; the negroes and Gallas of the interior are pas-ins. Ihe population is estimated at oOO,000. f ^ =. 3 The soil in the river-valleys is fertile; the climate is hot, and unhealthy for whites. The chief articles produced, and, to some extent, exported, are myrrh, frankincense, various gums coffee ostrich-feathers, gold-dust, and ivory. 4. The COUNTRV THE SOMAULIES comprises various districts, of whic- .e is known. A portion of the inte- rior IS occupied by the Gallas. The Somaulies are a mixed race with bright olive complexion, oval features, and straight hair 5. Adel is the northernmost district. It is a marshy countrv abounding in cattle. The commerce is chiefly with Arabia and India. Zeyla (zai/^lah), on the Gulf of Aden, is a small town be- longing to the Pacha of Egypt. Bei-bera is a depot for caravins Ajan IS known to us only by report, and has no g(,od har])or 6 Hurrur is in the interior, 200 miles from the coast. The peonle ot this district have a metallic currency of rude coinage. Its chief town ,s llurrur. Magadoxo lies on both sides of the Haines River and IS subject to Zanzibar. Magadoxo, the chief town, is divided into two parts, one of which consists of tombs. 7. ZANGUEBAR lios on the Indian Ocean, and extends from the coast to the Mountains of the Moon. 8. The rivers are numerous, but of moderate length. The moun- tain-peaks of Kenia and Kilimanjan/ have been recently discovered Ihey are about 20,000 feet high, and their summits are perpetuallv snow-capped. The interior is little known. The population consist; of negroes, divided into various tribes, who are frequently at war with each otiier. *^ 9. The inhabitants of the coast districts are Arabs and Suwa- h.Ilies. The latter are similar to the Somaulies, but are of darker complexion The Arabs are the principal traders. Both races are Moliainmcdans. 10. The coast districts once belonged to Portugal, but are now governed by thc^tan of Zanzibar, an Arab prince, who became of tiicmv^ 5^0f Ad/l /'^'^T'f p- ?^*\^ Somaul^^^'hat .. .aid further lo^^'^ZlA^S ''"""'^'"^- ^^^'^-"teriorv 9. ,„,,Sitant..' a^re pagans. is hot, ana id, to some ms, coffee, comprises 'f the inte- lixed race, lair. y country, rabia and town, be- caravans, or. 'ho people Its chief les River, is divided nds from he monn- scovered. i'I)etualiy 1 consistf" y at war id Suwa- •f darker •aces are arc n(tw K- became* m id fiiifliur m agaduxo.'' abituntt^ ." W 1 EASTERN AFRICA. ^gl Cape Delgado. The chief wt of th, \ " 2"^" ^'^''"' "> Melinda, Mo.bas. and QuiW T .t /J LTJ IT' '^"'°"' important, •' small, but were onco 11. Zanzibar, on Zanzibar Island, i, the eanital It t eiderable commerce with A, Ion M ' V , P ' " has con- England, and France ' ""• ^""""'^' '''^ ^"^^ State,. islaf d ^tCr^'lt'erV'-^T'^'''- ^''»-. oppose the .laves, go,d, mfnn:a„dt;ratVprr°"^«°">"- ^vor,. 0. a%"r"';^w:?:nti'""?";", ""-■^ »* '^^ -'-- 01 decay. The other prfip^rsctHcl??' Vl """ '" " ^""« W»'), Sofala, and QuiHn aTe Lt T'' T" '"'"""'"'™ («'»-<"«• (.«.w„ and Tete^.,":7itt:"::srcr"^^'-"'' «^- CITY OF MOZAMBIQUE. 11. Towns on the coast? Zan7ilinrV lo r».- n, 36 .., oe^tjgjyj^jj^g j I I 422 AFRICA. 14. Mozambique is a Portuguese colony; but beyond the imme- diate settlements on the coast the Portuguese possess little authority. It is all that is left to Portugal of the vast territory she once pos- sessed, stretching from Cape Guardafui {gwar-dah-fwe'') to the Qaj^e of Good Hope, more than 4000 miles in extent. The negroes are pagans, except in and around the towns, where some have become Roman Catholics. ! CENTRAL AFRICA. Questions on Map No. 40, Central Africa. — Name the coun- tries included in Central Africa. Ans. Soudan and Ethiopia. Soudan. — Bound Soudan. What great river in the west and cen- tral part? Rivers in the east ? What mountains in Soudan ? Has Soudan any sea-coast? What three lakes? Where in Soudan is the State of Kaarta? Its capital? State of Bambarra? Its capital? Timbuctoo? Its capital? Kong? Borgoo? Houssa? Its capital? Bornou? Its capital? Begharmi? Its capital? Waday? Its capital? Ethiopia. — Bound Ethiopia. What mountains west? East? What peaks in the Mountains of the Moon? Where is Lake Victoria Nyanza? Who discovered it, and when ? Where is Lake Tangan- yika? Who discovered it, and when? Where is Lake Albert Nyanza ? Lake Baringa ? Describe Burton and Speke's route from Zanzibar to Tanganyika. Speke's route to Victoria Nyanza. What point south did Petherick reach ? 1. Central Africa comprises the interior countries south of the Sahara, and north of the region explored by Dr. Livingstone. The chief divisions are Soudan and Ethiopia. Area, 2,900,000 square miles. Population, 12,600,000. 2. SOUDAN [soo-dahn^) sometimes called Nigritia {n€-gris¥- yah), is an extensive region of Central Africa, bounded north by the Sahara, east by Darfur and the White Nile, south l)y Ethiopia and Guinea, and west by Senegambia. Area, 1,400,000 square miles. 3. The river Niger flows through a considerable portion of the 14. What further of Mozambique ? Religion? Centiial Africa. — 1. What does Central Africa comprise? Chief divisions? Soudan. — 2. Where la Sou- don 9 Q f\f ^\%ck ^\\TgMit lSJi„ l.sl,.,,.!? Pt. De lisv P , 'K ' '? O. mT n. Tho.S..vcl.ell,..? 17. Thorom..ro.? Of fh. , pl„ v (Jmoru «' .to' l'o|)i.lnti..n ? IS. Soootra? ID. l't,,..hu. Zui.,il..... ....,i m....«: I ,v'" • •■ 1 City of Zanzibar <* im OCEANICA. OCEANICA. CORAL ISLAND. Which „f ,l,„ ,l,re"f„™ „f^o ™ •'" ^"",'™'""»? P'-'y-'iar i» the h,r«,«t inland in 0™I„ , , w ,at T . T ""f' '''"'"' An». ^ ™«(,-„ra<. " '"" '" Australia often called ? Malavala Wli:,.t. :_ *»,- .._ _ Which i; the inovrnorthornTT/"''*"^ *" Muiaynia? Tho next? •""■ t northorn ? Where i« Java? Celebes? Whore — 1 OCEANICA. 431 *re the Spice Islands? The Philippines? What strait between Sumatra and Mahxcca ? Sumatra and Java ? Borneo and Celebes ? What fi a west of Borneo and the Philippines ? Australasia.—Which is the largest island in Australasia? The next? Where is Tasmania? New Zealand? Norfolk? New Cale- donia? New Hebrides? Solomon's Archipelago? New Georgia? New Britain? New Ireland? What strait between Australia and Papua? Between Australia and Tasmania? Where is the Coral Sea? Where is the Gulf of Carpentaria? Cape York? Sandy Cape? Cape Chatham? Northwest Cape? Cape Bougainville? How many divisions or colonies in Australia ? Name them. Where is Melbourne? Sidney? Brisbane? Adelaide? Perth? Hobart Town? Vhat tropic passes through Australia? What cape north of New Zealand? (MapNo.44.) Where is the Bay of Plenty ? What strait between the two large islands of New Zealand? Where is Auckland? New Plymouth? Wellington? Christ Church? Polynesia.— Which is the largest island in Polynesia? Which is the farthest north ? Farthest east? Farthest south ? Farthest west ? Where is Maf:ellan's Archipelago? Anson's Archipelago? Central Archipelago: Mendana's Archipelago? Where are the Ladrone Islands? Caroline Islands? Friendly Islands? Navigator.' Islands? Cook's Islands? Society Islands ? Austral Islands? Pearl Islands? Whore is Georgian Island? Pitcairn? Gambler? Easter? St. Paul's? America? Christmas? Philadelphia? Where are the Sandwich Islands? Which is the largest of the Sandwich group? Name other islands of this group. What is the capital of the Sand- wich Islands? Ana. Honolulu. On what island is it situated? 1. OcEANicA is- the name of that division of the earth which in- cludes all the islands of the Pacific Ocean between Asia, the Indian Ocean, the Antarctic Ocean, and America. 2. It is divided into Malaysia, Australasia, and Polynesia. Ma laysia is so called because it is chiefly inhnbitod by the Malay race; Australasia, because it is south of Asia; and Polynesia, because it consists of many islands. Tl'o area of the land-surface is about 4.i')00.()0t) NllllRrn in!1i>H Tlin nufimnfa/l r......,1..<.:,v.> :„ OK ^U^^ f\i\n I OiBANicA.— 1. Whftt is saidofOoeanioa? 2. How divided ? Why Ib Ma- lo>'3ia»o called? Australia? Polynesia? Area? Population? 432 OCEANICA. MALAYSIA. 3. Position and Extent.-Malay.ia includes the islands of B r;neo, Sun.atra, and Java (known as the Sunda Islands) the Phihppmes Celebes, Banca, and the Moluccas (known as the Sp ce isianas, /0U,000 square miles. 2. Natural Peatures.-l'hese islands lie principally nnder or near he equator, and are very similar i„ many particuta" Thl clnnate ,s hot, but is tempered by sea-breezes,l'd by ho moun tarns, ,vhich abound in all the prineipal islands. 3. The vege- tation is luxu- riant, and the products are valuable. Beasts of prey and venomous reptiles abound. The elephant of Su- matra is largo and fierce. Tho orang-outang ia found in this island and in Borneo; the tiger and wild peacock, in tho forests of Java. 4. Products. — Tropical fruits and vege- tation of nearly every variety are found in GATHERING miiM , BIRDS'-NESTS IN JAVA. MAI.AYSfA, — 1 What doe- \f-Ia-' ' j j a - vegetation? Reacts r'.rto'rin/ 4 p"'f'f ,^- ^"t"'"'^! fenlures? 3. Of MALAYSIA. 433 singular product « so much prized as a delicacy by the Chinese that ino specmens sell for their weight in silver. cLL. nu.m ~e 5 "^" P;°^-'-™ «P'-'ed fr„„> the Spice or Molucca fs'lanr • L ! o " ^'""'^' e°" *■"' diamonds are found Gold .s obtained .n Sumatra and the Philippines, and tin in Banca sZ ot the islands abound in coal. 6. Population.-There are two native races, the Malay or yellow and the Papuan or black race ; 'the latter are so called Lnf b :. a few Chinese and European settlers, Dutch, Spaniards, British and Portuguese. The population of Malaysia is cstLated ^t 23 1^00,000 roLTl''''^^''^'~'^t''' "'' ^'^"^''^^ governments in all the Eui ropean colonies; but the natives are divided into numerous inde- pendent tribes, each ruled by its own chief. 8. Rell^on.-In many of the islands, Mohammedanism is pro- fessed ; but it is mmgled with debasing rites and superstitions. BORNEO.-9 Borneo, next to Australia, is the largest island in he world ; it is 2400 milos in circumference, and lies onl.oth sides of the equator. Area, 300,000 square miles. The Dutch own the southern and western portions, the British the northwest, and the Sultan of Soo loo the northeast. The Dyaks, a barbarous people, who reside mostly in the interior, preserve and keep as trophies the heads of the enemies whom they kill in battle. Topulation, 3,000 000 10. Chief Towns-The Dutch settlements on Borneo are Sam- bas and Pont.anak' on the west coast, and Banjarmassin (ban-var. mas-sm^ on the south. The chief British scttlmnent is Sarawak' Bruna, ( Wm-) is the capital of a native State attached to Great Bnta.n. Labuan (?«A-W«A//), an island on the northwest coast belongs also to Great Britain, and aboui.ds in coal. Victoria is the chief town of Labuan. ST7MATRA.-11. Sumatra, next to Borneo, is the Inrge-^of the bunda Islands, andjs^ore than a thousand miles in length. Area, Bfc A. nr lninarn1o9 a f\P iX. - Rel - i">p«inri(in ? N Kion? a. Of Borneo? A.ea? Of th umber? 7. Govern I ■'"".'', ,'"• *'"'"'' sottloinentH? British settl Island? 11. Of Sumatra? Of mountains? 8? o Dutch ? Of tho DyakH ? I inont ? 8. pu iincnts ? Capital ? Of Labua» 434 OCEANICA. 150,000 square miles. A chain of volcanic mountains extends, chieflv along the west coast, from one extremity to the other ; the loftiest peak IS 15,000 feet high. Dense forests cover a large portion of the island. 12. About one-half of Sumatra is subject to the Dutch. Among the interior tribeg the Battas possess the art of writing, but are so barbarous that they eat at their feasts the bodies of persons con- victed of crimes, and of enemies captured in war. This practice is however, declining ul '.er the civilizing influence of the Dutch. 13. The principal settlements of the Dutoh are at Padang and f alembang. Acheen is the capital of a small native State, of the same name, in the north. Population of Sumatra, 4,500,000. JAVA.— 14. Java lies southeast of Sumatra, and is separated from It by the Strait of Srnda. It is about 680 miles in length Area 60,000 square miles. It belongs to the Dutch. A range of mounl tarns extends throughout the island; in which are eight active vol- canoes, the highest being 12,300 feet. 15. A small valley in the interior, called the "Poison Vallev ' is covered with the bones of men and animals that have incautiously entered it and have been destroyed by the carbonic acid gas with which It IS filled. Population of Java, 9,500,000. 16 Batavia is the capital of Java ; it is also the metropolis of the Dutch possessions in the East. BALLY, LOMBOC. SUMBAWA, JEENDANA, FLORIS and TIMOR.-i7. The islanos of Bally, Lomboc. Sumbawa, Jeen^ dana, and l.mor he east of Java. They belong to the Dutch, ex- cept the eastern half of Timor, which belongs to Portugal. Timor IS a fertile island, with about 200,(K)0 inhabitants. The islands of Flons and Solor belong to Portugal. Sumbawa contains the vol- cano of Tomboro, next to Cotopaxi the nu.st terrific in the world The no.se of the eruption in 1815 is said to have been heard at the distance of 840 miles. 12,000 of the inhabitants of the island were destroyed. CBLEBES.-18. Eastward <.f B,»rneo, and on the equator, Vwh tclobcs, an irr.,gul ar-shapcd islan.l, consisting of four peninsular. J,.l..T.? "".'V'"].!" f'«'"!^tTa subject? Tntorior trihoH? U. P„teh sofM,.monf«V "1 AUSTRALASIA. 435 Area, 70,000 square miles. The badeau-tree, which produces the well-known Macassar oil, is found in the forests. Here Europeans jnjoy better health and live to a greater age than in any of the adja- cent islands. Macas^sar, a Dutch settlement, is in the southern part of the island. Population of Celebes, 2,000,000. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.— 19. The Philippine Islands belong partly to Spain ; they lie northeast of Borneo, and consist of two large and more than a thousand small islands. They are moun- tainous and volcanic, and are subject to the ravages of violent and devastating typhoons, or hurricanes. The soil is prolific, and yields the choicest products of the torrid zone. Area, 120,000 square miles. 20. Manilla, the capital of the Philippines, is noted for its trade ia hemp, tobacco, and cigars. Population of the Philippines, 3,000,000. NETHERLANDS INDIA, or DUTCH INDIA.— 21. The group of islands in Malaysia owned by the Dutch, including the greater portion of Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Banca, the Spice or Molucca Islands, the western half of New Guinea, and some smaller islands, are called Netherlands India, or Dutch India, and are the most populous and wealthy of the Oceanic islands. The population is estimated at 17,500,000. AUSTRALASIA. Australasia includes the islands of Australia, Tasmania, Now Zealand, Papua or New Guinea, and various smaller islands. (For limits, see map No. 43.) AUSTRALIA.— 1. Position and Extent.— This is the largest island in the world, and is sometimes called a continent. It extends 2520 miles from east to west, and 19G0 from north to south. Area, 3,120,000 square miles,— equal to five-sixths that of Europe. 2. Australia belongs to Great Britain, and is divi To whom does it belong? 10. Of Cnroline Islands? By whom claimed ? Climate? Of the inhabitants? 11. Of the Ladrone Islands? Of Guahan? 12. Other groups? 13. Of detached islands ? Farthest east ? Farthest north? 4-A2 ANTARCTICA. ANTARCTICA. 1. ANTARTICA, or THE ANTARCTIC CONTINENT.— Since the year 181'J, various portions of land, lying on or near the Antarctic Polar Circle, have been discovered by American, British, French, and Russian navigators. They are supposed to be the advanced northern points of a mass of land lying around the south- ern pole. They are cold, frozen regions, constantly covered with ice and snow, entirely void of vegetation, and without inhabitants. 2. The largest known portion of land lies about 2000 miles south of Australia ; it was discovered by the American Exploring Expedi- tion in the year 1840. In extent it is about 1700 miles from east to west. ^ Victoria Land, South Shetland, Graham's Land, and En- derby's Land are the next largest portions. 3. On Victoria Land, discovered in 1841 by Captain J. C. Ross, a British navigator, is an active volcano, Mount Erebus, 12,400 feet high. This is the most southern point yet reached, being about 840 miles distant from the pole. ANTAiu-ricA.-l What is said ..f Antarctica? Wh^rc tho8o discoveries 8upp...«ed to bo? Wha IS sai.l of those regions? 2. What of the largest, l riiila Indianapolis, Ind 48000 T'-y. N.Y 46,,>x, Syracuse, N. V 43,000 Worcester, Mass 41,000 Lowell, Mass 41,000 Memphis, Tonn 4o*txK> Cumbridge Mass 4o,o(x> Hartford, Conn 37,000 Scranton, Pa 35,000 «"•"»"». «'.i 34:000 Patorson. N J 34,000 Kansas (Jity, Mo ja^ooo Toledo, Portland, Me .. .. • 'ohinibus, O Wilmington, Del. Hay ton, O 33,000 33,000 31,000 31 1000 31,000 3","o<> U''«VN. 1 29,000 Charlestow- Mass.... 28,000 Savannah, lia 28,000 Lynn, Mass 28,000 fall River, Mass 27,000 Springfield, Mass 27,000 Nashville, Tenn 26,000 Covington, Ky 25,000 Salem, Mass 24 000 Quincy,Ill 24;ooo M nchester, N. II 34 000 llarrisburg, Pa 2:,,'ooo irenton, N. ' 23,000 Peoria, III 23,'ooo Atlanta. Qa. 22,000 Evansville, Ind 22000 New Bedford, Mass... 21*00, OHwego, N. Y 21,000 LlizalK'ih, N.J 21,000 N th Providence R. I. 20,000 Hoboken, N. J 20,000 Lancaster, Pa 20,000 Poughkeepsie, N. Y... 20,000 Camden, N.J ao.ooo Davenport, la ao,ooo St. Paul, Minn. 20,000 KrieCity.Pa ao.ooo St. Joseph, Mo 20,000 VV heeling, W. Va 19,000 Norfolk, Va ,9,0^x3 Bridgeport, Conn 19,000 Petersburg, Va 19,000 launton. Mass ig,'x>j Chelsea, Mass 19000 fjiibuqne.la ,8,ock> IJangor, Me 18,000 Loavenwouh, Kan.... i8,(k)o Fort Wayne, Ind 18,000 Springfield, HI ,7,000 Auburn, N. Y 17,000 Neubnrg, N.Y ,7,,kk. Norwich, Conn ,7,cxxj Orand Rapids, Mich., i/.ikjo Sacramento City. Cal. 16, Terre Haute, Ind i6,u. Omaha. Neb ,6,0 Williamsport, Pa .... 16000 Klmira, N. Y ,6 cxx> New Allmny, Ind 15,000 (Houcester, Mass 15 otx) Augusta, (iu 15*000 San Luis Potosi 34 000 ^"'•"'1^ 31,000 Morelia 35^000 Central America. NewOuatenmla 40000 ^"«n--7 35,000 NinJosfi 30000 St. Salvador i8,'ooo Managua ,0,000 West Indies. '^•■*\ana 206,000 St. Jago de Cuba 96,000 Puerto Principe 45000 Matanzi.s 45*000 V"*''"*"" 36,000 Port-au-Prince 21000 Bridgetown, Baiba- ' does ,0 000 St. Johns, P. R 1^;^ St. Domingo 15^00 Inuidad ,3,000 SOUTH AMERICA. United States of Colombia. S"K«"' 45,000 Popayan.... Panama Carthagena Socorro Monipox 000 >XiO littwruuce, MaM 39,000 Mexico. Mexico . .... Puebla • iuiidalaxara . 70,000 " iai,ooo <.'"="■" • ••• 46,000 Ar«quiptt 35,000 HuaniHiigR as.ooo ""«"»» 95.000 Callao 443 9,000 444 POPULATION OF THE Bolivia. I^aPaz 76,000 Cochabamba 41,000 Sucre 24,000 Potoel 23,000 Oruro 8,000 Chili. Santiago 115,000 Valparaiso 70,000 Taica 18,000 ConcepcioD 14,000 Braiil. Rio Janeiro 420,000 Bahia 180,000 Pernambiico 60,000 Maranham 30,000 Sao Paulo 35,000 Villa Beiia 20,000 Pari 20,000 Natol 10,000 Sautaieiii 10,000 Argentine Confederation. Buenos Ajros 200,000 Cordova 29,000 Tucunian 17,000 Salta 12,000 Corriontos 11,000 Parana 10,000 Santa Fe 10,000 Paraguay. Concepcion 16,000 Aduucion 15,000 Uruguay. Montevideo 126,000 EUROPE. ChriRtlnnia. 67,000 fltTKt'n 30,000 Prontlicini 21.000 StavanKur 17,000 Draninion 15,000 Christiansand 11,000 Vrederikshald 8,000 Sweden. Stockholm 138,000 Oottenburg 57,ooo Malniit a6,ooo Norrkjiiping 25,000 Cariscrona 16,000 Geflo 15,000 Upsal ia,ooo Luud 11,000 Busaia, Ft. Pt-tcfsburg 667,000 Moscow 368,000 Warsaw .255,000 Odessa 119,000 R'SCa I03,UO0 JUcUueff 9S«<>(X> Saratov 86,000 Wllna 79,000 Kazan 72,000 Kiev 71,000 Nicolaieff. 64,000 Kharkov 60,000 Tula 56,000 Berditchev 55,ooo Cronstadt 48,000 Astrakhan 47,ooo Kherson 44,000 Orel 43,000 Taganrog 42,000 Voron^ 42,000 N^ni Novgorod 40,000 RostofF. 39,000 Samara ... 39,000 Kalouga 38,000 Moghilev 38,000 Zhitomeer 35,ooo I-^tlz 34,000 Kowno 33,000 Minsk 32,000 Pultowa 32,000 Vitebsk 31,000 Akerman 30,000 Jeletz 30,000 Denmark. Oopenhagea 180,000 Odense 14,000 Aarhuus 11,000 Aalborg... 10,000 Bavaria. Munich 169,000 Niirenilierg.." 8a,ooo Augsburg 51,000 Wurzburg 40,000 Kiitisbou 20,000 lianibcrg 26,000 Kurth 25,000 Ingolstadt 20,000 Baireuth 19,000 Kaiserslautern i4|Ooo Spire 14,000 Paasau 13,000 Saxony. Dresden 177,000 Loipsic 106,000 Chemnitz 68,000 Zwickau 37,000 Plauen ^3,000 Frcyborg 22,000 (ilauchau 22,000 Wurtemberg. Stuttgard 91,000 I'll" 26,000 Ilnilbronn 17,000 Ksslingen 16,0 lo Reutliugun i4,»x> Baacn. Manhntm "9,000 Carlsruhe 37,000 Freyburg 95,000 Heidelberg..... ao.ooo Pfonheim 16,000 Free Oitiea. Hamburg 240,000 Bremen 83,000 Lubeck 40,000 Switzerland. Geneva 49,000 Basle 38,000 "erne 20^000 Lausanne 21 000 Zurich 2o|ooo St. Gall 15,000 Lucerne 12000 Fribourg ,o|ooo Neufchatel 10000 Anfaalt. Dessau 17,000 Bernbmg 12)000 Brunswick. Brunswick 58,000 HesRe-Darmstadt. Mentz 54,000 Darmstadt 40)000 Oftenbach , 23,000 Worms i2,(x» Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Rostock 31,000 Schwerin 27,000 Wismar 13,000 Oldenburg Oldenburg. 14,000 Beuss-Oreiti. Qera.... Grei z. ' 16,000 11,000 Saze-Altenburg. Altenburg 20,000 Saxe-Ooburg-aad-Gotha. Gotha 21,000 Cobuig ii,ooo Saxe-Weimar. Weimar 15,000 Eisenach 13,000 Holland. Amsterdam 282,000 Rottet'dani iaj,o(>> The Hague 93,oo Hiuirlem ^j.ckio Rliiestricht ao,oiM Leu warden 26,000 B()|s-l(»-l)uc a5,ocxj iKirdrccht a5,o Delft 33,000 /wolle ai,oo<^* Tllburg aa,oou Devonter i8,oo(.< Ueldvr 17,000 PRINCIPAL CITIES IN THE WORLD. 445 24o,cxy} 83,000 40,000 .nd. 49-00O 38,000 ' 29,000 3I,000 .... 20,000 15,000 12,000 XOjOOO xo,ooa I 17,000 ' 13,000 58,000 stadt. 54.000 40,000 .... 23,000 X3,CXX> cbwerin. 31,000 27,000 13,000 ?' • ■•• 14,000 iti. 16,000 .... 11,000 ai.ooo 11.000 . 15,000 .. 13,000 .a8a,ooo ,ia3,o(K» ,. p,ooo . 61,000 . 4o,o . a6,oou . 25,000 . 25,000 . 23,000 . 23,000 . ai,oou . aa,ooo . 18,001.^ 17,000 Schiedam 17,000 Middelburg 16,000 Belgium. ' Brussels _ 314,000 Antwerp 127,000 Ghent 121,000 Liege .* 106,000 Bruges 48,000 Mechlin 36,000 Verviers 34,ooo Louvain 32,000 Tournay 31,000 Mens u7,ooo Namur' 27,000 St. Nicolas 24,000 Courtray 24,000 Alost 20,000 England. liondon 3,883,000 Liverpool 493,000 Manchester 356,000 Birmingham 344,000 Leeds 259,000 Sheffield 240,000 Bristol 183,000 Bradford 146,000 Stoke-upon-Trent 131,000 Newcastle 128,000 Salford 125,000 Hull 123,000 Portsmouth 113,000 Sunderland 98,000 Merthyr-Tydvil (Wales) 97,000 Leicester 95,ooo Brighton 90,000 Nottingham §7,000 Preston 85,000 Bolton 83,000 OUIIiam 83,000 Norwich 8c,ooo Blackburn 76,000 Plymouth. 69,000 Wolverhampton 68,000 Birkenhead 66,000 Halifax 65,000 Southampton 54,000 Stockport 53,000 Bath ••«••••#••«) 53,000 Swansea 52,000 Devonport 50,000 D«rby 50,000 Scotland. Olasgow 477,000 I-^linburgh IQ7/XX) Dundee ito.ooo Aberdeen 88,000 Oreenock. 57,000 Pftiiley 48,000 Leith 44.000 Perth aejooo Kilmarnock 113,000 Ayr 18,000 Ireland. DnbllD 246,000 Belfast 174,000 Cork 79,000 Limerick 40,000 Waterford 23,000 Londonderry.. 20,000 France. Paris 1,825,000 Lyons 324,000 Marseilk's 300,000 Bordeaux 194,000 Lille 155,000 Toulouse 127,000 Nantes 112,000 Uouen 101,000 St. Etieiiue 97,000 Brest 80,000 Toulon 77,000 Havre 75,ooo lloubaix 65,000 Amiens 61,000 Rlieims 61,000 Nisnies 60,000 Montpellier 56,000 Angers 55.ooo Limoges 53,ooo Nice 50,000 Nancy 50,000 Kennes 49,ooo Spain. Madrid 317,000 Barcelona 252,000 Seville 152,000 Valencia 146,000 Malaga 113,000 Murcia 110,000 Oranada 101,000 Saragossa 83,000 Cadiz 72,000 Carthagena 54,ooo Pulma 53,000 Rous 37,000 Portugal. Lisbon 325,000 Oporto 8g,ooo Braga ao,ooo Coimbra 18,000 Soti'bal (St. Ubcs) 13,000 Evora ia,ooo Klvas 11,000 Austria. Vienna 835,000 Pt'sth 203,000 I'rague 157,000 Trieste 130,000 Loniherg 87,000 j Magdeburg 84,ojj Stettin 76,000 Aix-la-Chapelle 74,000 Altona 74,000 Bfinnun 74,000 Elberf(«ld 71,00a Dusseldorf 69,000 Crefeld 57,ooo Posen 53,000 Hallo 53,000 Kssen 53,000 Ciissel 46,000 Potsdam 44,000 Krfurth 44,000 Dortmund , 44,000 Frankf't-tni-the Oder 43,000 Giirlitz 42,000 Wiesbaden 35,ooo Coblentz 33,000 Kiel 33,030 Duisburg 31,000 Klbiug 31,000 Bromberg 28,000 Bimn 26,000 Brandenburg 26,000 Gladbaeh 26,xx> Elsaas-Lothringen. Stnusburg 86,000 Mulliausen <. 53,000 Metz 51,000 Italy. Naples 419,000 Home 340,000 Milan 196,000 Turin 181,000 Palermo 168,000 Genoa 128,000 Venice 1 14,000 Florence 114,000 Bologna oo.otxj Leghorn 84,000 Catania 65,000 MeHHina.. 62,000 Verona 56,000 Padua , 53,000 Pnruia 47,oou BroNcia 40,000 - — -• -s. .*... rT. ..*.., jyj*--' Vicenza 35,000 Pisa 34,000 Karl 33,000 Foggia 33,000 MoiJen« 3a,03o AnooM 39|Oge 446 POPULATION OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES IN THE WORLD. Cremona 31,000 Andria 30,000 Mantua 30,000 Pavia . Ferrara 28,000 CagUari 28,000 Greeoe. Athens 48,000 Patraa 26,000 Corfu 24,000 Syra 21,000 Ziiute 20,000 Turkey. r'<)nstantino|)lL' 1,075,000 Bucharest 142,000 Adriunople loo'ooo Salonica 100,000 Jiwsy 90,000 ilosna Serai..... 60,000 Scrujevo 50,000 Gallipoii 50,000 Scutari 40,000 Rodosto 40,000 Phiiippopolis 40,000 Rustchuk 30,000 Sophia 30)000 ASIA. Bussia in Asia. Tiflls (Georgia) 71,000 Taeliltcnd 64,000 Irlioutsk 28,000 Tomslc ni.ooo Onislc 20,000 Tobolsk 17,000 Barnaul 13,000 Turkey in Asia. Smyrna 750,000 DainaF Foo-C^how 500,000 Kienklang 400,000 ^"•'tiiig 400,000 Kuuchang 360,000 T»\ni8 130,000 „''•••.• 100,000 Moquinez 60,000 53>ooo 50,000 •Algiers Morocco Constantina 35000 Oran i^'onn Tripoli 25^000 Egypt. 9*^*™ 282,000 Alexandria 181 000 Dumietta 57)000 Guinea, Southern Africa, &c. Abeokuta 100,000 Cooniassie .100,000 Cit|)eTown 25,000 Abomey 24,000 "en*"; 15.000 FreeTown 15,000 St. Salvador 8000 Monrovia 4,000 African Islands. Port Tx)uis, Mauritius 26,000 Funchal, Madeira 17,000 Zanzibar, Zanziliar... 15,000 PontaDelgada.Azores 13,000 St. Denis, Kourlion..,. la.ooo Orotttvn, Canary 8,000 OCEANICA. Melbonrne.Australia.104,000 Manilla. Phillpplnes..,4o,ooo Sydney, Aiistnilla 135,000 Djolijokarta, Java.... 9^000 Ballarat, Australia... 74,000 Hatavia, Java 70,000 60 ,000 tJuraiiitya, Java Sanmrang, Java $o'^on Sandhurst.Australla. 34,000 Aeheen, Sunnitra 30,000 Paleml»ang, Sumatra 2<;.ooo A(ieiailisli. Norway Norwegians Danish. Sweden Swedes Swedi.sh. Prussia Prussians (Serman. Denmark Danes Dajiish. (iermany (Jermans (ierninn. Holland Dutch Dutch. Belgium Belgians Flemish and French. France French French. S|)ain Spaniards Spanish. Portugal Portuguese Portuguese. Switzerland Swis-i German, French, and Italian. Italy Itiiiians Italian. Austria Austrians I "t'™*"' . Hungarian, and ( Slavonic. Turkey Turks Turkish. Greece (Sreeks. Greek. Siberia Siberians Hussian (chiefly). Arabia Aral>s, Arabians Arabic. Persia Persians Persian. Afghanistan Afghans Persian and Ilindoostaneo. Belooehist'.n Beloochees I'eloochee and Ilindoostaneo. Ilindoostan Hindoos Hindoostanee and others. East Indies Bist Indians i Hindoostanee, Bengalee, Sl- ( amese, Malay, &c. Siani Siamese, Siamese. China Chinese Chinese. Japan Japanese lapaneso. Algeria Algerines Chiefly Arabic. Kwpt Egyptians Chiefly Arabic and Italian. Abyssini'i Al>yssinian8 Aliyssivsiu!! ( butch N.il English. Yari- Aubtrulaaia AuBtralasiuns ....;-< ous iiative languuges uiv t Hpukuu. 44) EXPLANATION AND MEANING OF GEO- GRAPHICAL WORDS. Aalboro, eel-town. Aar, the river. AiiBEViLLE, abbot's town, Abeokl'ta, under the stono, Aberdeen, at the mouth of the Dee. Abingdon, abbey hill. Abyssinia, mixed people. Accomack, land beyond. AciiiLL, eagle. Acton, oak town. Adelsbero, noble's hill. Aden, paradi c. Adirondack, he eats bark. Adrianople, city of Adrian. Adriatic, sea of Adrian. Afoiianistan, country of the Afghans. Agua Nueva, new water. AouAs Calientes, warm springs. Agi'Lhas, needles. AiCHSTADT, oak town. Aix-la-Chapelle, waters of the chapel. Akerman, white town. Akhaf, the waves of sand. Ak-IIissar, whita ca.s*lo. Alagoas, abounding in lakes. Alameda, a row of poplar-trees. Alamo, a poplar-tree. Aland, land of rivers. Albania, mountain region. Albion, white island. Albuquerque, white oak. Alcala de IIenaiies, castle of the river. Alcantara, the bridge. Alemtejo, beyond the TagU8(from Lisbon). Aleutian, a bald nak. Aloaiive, land lying to the west. Algiers, the island. Alhambra, the red (castio). Allahabad, vity of God. Almaden, the mine Almirante, admiral. Alnwick, town upon the Alno. Alost, to the east. Alps, hills white with scow. Altai, golden. Altamaha, place of the village. Altenburo, old castle. Altenkirchen, old churchea. Altorf, old village. Amarapoora, city of immortality. Amazon, boat-destroyer. Amuovna, dewy. Amsterdam, the dam or dike on the Amstcl. Anatolia, the east (from Constantinople) Ancona, an elbow, or angle. ^.^NDALusiA, a corruption of " Vandalnsia," the Vandals having settled it. Andes, copper. Anglesey, Englishman's island. Angostura, the strait, Anguilla, little smike. Annapolis, city of Anne. ANSPAcr., on the brook. .\ntioua, ancient. Antiparos, opposite Paros. Antwerp, at the wharf. Appenzell, abbot's cell. Arabia, land of sunset, or land of wan- derers. Aral, island (sea). Aranjuez, altar of .Tnpifor. Ararat, pliiins of the Aryans. AituYLE, west Gael counlry. Arizona, sand hills. Armagh, the high field. Aroostook, good river. AscuTNEY, fire mountain. As (A, the east. AspRopoTAMO, v.httn rlrer. Astrakhan, die !< •. v of a khan. AsTURiAS, roc!x>^ and river-mouths ATCHAtAi.Av«. lost water. Athaba?.!, ^^* ;inipy. Athens, tUy of Minerva. Athlone, f;r'^ „f the moon- MEANING OF GEOGRAPHICAL WORDS. 449 Athol, pleasant land. Auburn, old brook. Auckland, oak land. AuosBURO, town of Augustus. AuRARiA, gold town. AuRUNOABAD, tliionc town. Au Sable, sandy. .Australia, southern land. AvA, a flsh-pond. Avon, a river. Azerbaijan, country of fire. Azores, hawks. Baalbec, city of the sun. Bab-el-Manped, gato of tears (from the numerous shipwrecks there). Babylon, court of Bclus. Badajoz, land of health. Baden, baths. Baohistan, country of gardens. Bahia Honda, deep bay. Bahr-Bela-Ma, the waterless sea. Baiir-ei.-Abiad, the white river. Bahr-el-Azrak, the blue river. Baikal, rich lake. Balaklava, fair haven. Balfrush, mart of burdens. Balize, a corruption of the name of Wallace, its discoverer. Bally, a Celtic prefix signifying " town." Baltic, abounding in straits. Banoor, high choir. Banjarmassin, salt water. Basseterre, low land. Bassorah, a margin. Batavia, I Mv plain. Baton Rouo' red staff. Bayonne, a port. Bayou, a creek, an outlet. Bedford, town of the ford. Bedouins, dwellers in the desert. BF.ER8n«'BA, well of the oath. BELED-ELnTERin, laiid of dutes. Belorade, white city. Bellefontaine, fine fountain. Belleisle, beautiful island. Ben LoMONn, beacon mountain. Ben More, big mountain. Ben Nevis, cloud-capped mountain. BEKKetlNA, biiih (river). Beroen, nuiuntaiuH (from its situation). BERMiinAS, named from Bermudez, their discovurur. Berne, country of bears. Bethany, boat-house. Beverley, lake of beavers. Bideford, by the ford. Bijou, jewel. Bilbao, fine fort. Birmingham, broom-place dwelling. Blanco, white. Boavista, fine view. Bio\, nioulh. BoHMERWALD, the Bohemian forest. Bois Blanc, white wood. Bois-le-Duc, the duke's forest. BojADon, round cape. Bokhara, treasury of sciences. Bombay, good harbor. BoN HoMME, good man. Bordeaux, border of the water. BoRONE, blind of one eye. Borneo, land. BosNA Serai, the Bosnian palace. BOSPHORUS ford of tht heifer. Boston, (St.) Botolph's town. Bothnia, deep sea. Bradford, broad ford. Brahmapootra, offspring of Brahma. Bras d'Or, golden arm. Br.«:tnfels, brown rock. Brazos, urnis. Brest, great port. Bristol, place of the bridge. Bruck, bridge. Bruges, bridges. BrOnn, ford. Bucharest, city of enjoyment. BUDWEis, white dwelling. BUENA ESPERANZA, gOOd 1; jpo. BUENA Vista, fine view. Buenos Ayres, good airs. BusHiRE (Anu-yiiEHR), father of cities. Cache, a place of concealment. Cache A Poudre, povder "cache." Cachoeira, a waterfall. Cader Idris, chair of Idris (a fabled Welsh giant). Cadiz, enclosed. Caermarthen, Merlin's fort. Caernarvon, fort opposite Mon (Anglosca). Caihngohm, iilue stone-heap. Cairo, the victorious. Calcutta, temple of Kali (goildess of Time). Camuridue, bridge of the Cum (river). ns* 450 MEANING OF GEOGRAPHICAL WORDS. Cameroons, from the Portuguese word for a " shrimp." Campo Basso, low field. Canada, a collection of huts. Canajoharie, a kettle-shaped hole in the rock. Canandaioua, a chosen spot. Canary, from Latin cams, a "dog." Canaveral, cane-plantation. Canterbury, city of Kent. Jantire (Kintyre), a headland. Jaudiff, fort of the Taff. Carlsbad, Charles's bath. Carlshamn, Charles's harbor. Carlsruhe, Charles's rest. Carmel, vineyard of God. Carrick FERGUS, rock of Fergus. Carthage, new town. Casas Grandes, large houses. Casco, crane. Cassel, castle. Castellamare, castle by the sea. Catskill, cat's creek. Caucasus, white mountains. Cawnpore, city of a khan. Caxamarca, a place of frost. Cayuga, long lake. Cerro, a mountain-peak. Cerro Gordo, a mountain-pass. Cevero (or Severo) Vostochnoi, northeast (cape). Ceylon, island of the lions. Chaleurs, heats. Chamouni, fortified plain. Chateauroux, red castle. Chatham, village of cottages. Chattahoochee, painted stone. CiiAUDiilRE, a boiler. Chautauqua, a foggy placu. Chemung, big horn. Cherbourg, Caesar's town. Chesapeake, great waters, Chkster, a camp. Chesuncook, great goose lake. Chili, land of snow. Chimiiorazo, a chimney. Chuuuisaca, bridge of gold. Cimarron, wild, unruly. CiRCASsiA, country of those who cut off liPiidg. CiUDAD Real, royal city. CiviTA Vbcchia, old town. Clarendon, treeless hill. Clermont, clear mountain. Cleveland, clilf land. Clonmel, vale of honey. CoBi, desert. Coblentz, confluence. CocHECO, very rapid. Cohasset, place of pines. CoLERAiNE, corner of the ferns. Cologne, a colony. Colorado, red, colored. Connecticut, upon the long river. CoNNEMARA, the bays of the ocean. Constantinople, city of Constantin* Coos, place of pines. Copenhagen, merchants' haven. Copiah, a screech owl. CoRAZox, heart. Cork, a marsh. Corpus Christi, body of Christ. CoRRiENTES, currents. Costa Rica, rich coast. Cot£ d'Or, golden slope. CoTEAu DES Prairies, upland of the prnirica Coventry, convent town. Cronstadt, crown town. Croydon, chalk hill. ' Cruces, crosses. CUENCA, a shell. Cumbfhland, land of hollows. CUTTACK, royal residence. Cuzco, navel. Cycladls, circling (isLjnds). Daghestan, country oi mountains. Dahlonega, phico of gold. Dakota, allied. Dal Elf, Dal river. Dalles, flngstones ; (secondarily), a trough Dantzic, village of the Danes. Danube, low meadow. Darfur, country of the Foorians. DErcAN, the south. Delft, a canal. Deloada, or Delgado, delicate, sharp. Delhi, a (juicksand. Denmark, low country. Deptford, deep ford. Derbend, the shut-up gates, Derby, deer's dwelling. Derry, an oak. Desaguadeho, an outlet. Descabezado, headless. f MEANING OF GEOGRAPHICAL WORDS. 45] Dbbconocida, unknown. Des Moines, of the mounds. Despoblado, uninhabited. D'EspoiR, of hope. Detroit, a strait. Deutsch Krone, German crown. Dhawalaghiri, white mountain. Dieppe, deep. Dnieper, the upper river. Dniester, the lower river. Dominica, Sunday. Doobaunt, turljid water. Douglas, bhick-gray. Dover, a ferry. DovREFiELn, mountain-range of Dovro village on its side). DowNPATRiCK, mount of Patrick. Draciienfels, dragon's rock. Drooheda, bridge of the ford. Drontheim, home of the throne. Dublin, black pool. Duloe, sweet. Dunkirk, church of the downs. Durham, abode of wild beasts. DusHTiSTAN, level country. Dwina, the double river. Eau Claire, clear water, Fbro, foaming river. EcuADOH, the equator. Edinburgh, castle of Edwin. Ehrenbreitstein, broad stone of honor. Elbe, white. Elbruz, peaked mountains. El Dorado, land of gold. El Llano Estacado, the staked plain. El Paso del Norte, pass of the north. EngaSo, deception. England, land of the Angles. Entre Rios, between the rivers. Erik, wild cat. Erzekoum, land of Rome. Erzgebirge, ore mountains. Esmeralda, emerald. EspiRiTU Santo, Holy Spirit. Esquimaux, eaters of raw flesh. Essex, east Saxon (country). Estrella, a star. Ethiopia, land of bumt-facod peopla Euphrates, to make irlad. EUROPK, the west (from Asia). EuxiNE, hospitable. Valaise, a precipice. VarSe, sheep islands. , Payal, a beech tree. FicHTELGEBiRGE, pine mountain. FiNiSTERRE, land's end. Fiord, a bay or estuary. Florida, blooming. (Discovered by Ponce de Leon on Easter-Sunday,— lii Spanish Pascua Jiorida). Fogo, fire. Fond du Lac, end of the lake. Fontainebleau, fountain of beautiful wat« FoNTARABiA, rapid stream. Formosa, beautiful. Fortaleza, a stronghold, (a France, free country. Frankfort, ford of the Franks. Freiburg, free town. Friedland, iand of peace. Frio, cold. Frisches-IIaff, fresh-water sea. Fuentes de Onoro, fountains of honor. FuNEN, beautiful country. FiJNFKiRCHEN, five churches. Furruckabad, happy residencs. Galapagos, tortoises. Call AS, invaders. Gallipolis, beautiful city. ' Oalway, western way. Ganges, flowing through earth to heaven. Garigliano, marshy river. Garonne, rapid river. Germany, named from the WehmmnnM "war-men," one of the prim'tive tribes. Geysers, boiling springs. Ghaut, a gate, a mountain-pass. Gibraltar, mountain of Tarif vOiboI-Tarif) Glasgow, green wood. Gloucester, fair city. GospORT, God's port. Oracias a Digs, thanks to God. Gran Ciiaco, great desert. Grand £coRE, large bluff. Grand M^RAis, large marsh. Greenwich, green village. Grenoble, city of Gratinn. Guadalquivir, the great rivor Hague, a hedge, a grove. Hainan, south of the sea, IlALi.E, salt-work. Hampstead, homestead. Harwich, army town. Havana, the harbor )l 452 MEANING OF GEOGRAPHICAL WORDS. Havre de Grace, harbor of grace. Hayti, high land. Hedjaz, land of pllfmmagp. IlEiLBRoxN, holy . I Helderbero, clt'fir Juoniittun. llELiaoLAND, holy liiud. IlELt Gate, a corruption of the Dutch ITorll Gatt, "whirlpool strait." Hbniopen, running in. Hereford, army ford Hermon, destruction. IIerrnhut, protection of the Lord. HiMALATA, abodo of snow. HiNDoosTAN, land of the blacks. HISPAXIOLA, little Spain. Ho, a Chinese word signifying "riyer." IToANG-Ho, yellow river. HonoKEX, a tol)acco-pipe. HoHENLiNDEX, high Hndcns. Holland, hollow land. HOLSTEIN, the wood of the Saxons. Hoxo-KoNO, red harbor; or, Hiaxg-Kiaxq, fragrant streams. HoRicoN, lake of silver water, Hou-Nan, south of the lake. irou-P£, north of the lake. HousATOMC, the river beyond the hills. Huerfano, orphan. HuEvos (island), eggs. Hyderabad, town of the Hon. Hythe, a haven. Illinois, river of men. Indus, the sea. INNSPRUCK, bridge of the Inn, Interlachen, between the lakes. Inverness, at the mouth of the Ness, Iowa, the drowsy ones. Ireland, the western isle. Irrawaddy, the great river. IZTACCIHUATL, the white lady. Jaffa (Joppa), beauty. Jamaica, land of wood and water. Japan, country of sunrise. Java, rice. Jekil Irmak, green river. Jersey, Caesar's isle. Jerusalem, vision of peace. Jordan, the river of judgment JuoGERNAUT, lord of the world. Junufrau, the maiden. Jutland, land of giants. Kafiristan, land of the unbelioTors. Kansas, Bm<,ky water. Karasu, black river. Katahdin, the highest place. Xearsaroe, the high place, Kelat, a fort. Kenilworth, mansion on the canal. Kennebec 'ong lake, Kentucky, i. the head of a river. Key West, a corruption of Cayo Hueao " bone key.'» Khorassan, regiou of the sun, K;r,DARE, church of the oaks. Kilimanjaro, the great mountain. Kilkenny, church of (St.) Kenny. Kinderhook, children's point. KiN-SHA-KiANG, river of golden santi*. KiziL Ibmak, red river. KiziL KooM, red sand, KoKO-NoR, blue sea. KoNO, a mountain. KoNiGSUERO, the king's fortresa. Koordistan, land of the fierce. KoosH, mountain. Kordofan, the white land, Laaland, low land, Labhador, workable (land). Lvc QUI Parle, talking lake. Ladrones, thieves. La Fourche, tlie fork, Lago H.^ggiose, larger lake, (LAGiOA) DE LOS Patos, duck lako. Lancaster, fort on the Lan. Langeland, long land. La Paz, peace. La Plata, silver. L.AssA, land of the divine intelligence Lauterbrunnen, clear fountain. L"Ea0 qui Court, the running water. Lebanon, the white mountain. Leicester, camp of the legion. Leipsic, homo of tlu; linden*. Lemberg, city of the lion. Lena, a sluggard. Lennox, Levcn's field. Lenoir, the black. Levant, the rising (the east). Leven, sacred river. Liberia, free state. Lichtenstein, clear stone. LllMFloRD, muddy inlrf. Lille, or Lisle, the island. Lincoln, hill on tlie l,inn. Lino, a Chinese word denotin?'- a "nuMi;» tain-range" MEANING OP GEOGRAPHICAL WORDS. 453 Ilui'aq oiia LiTcnFiELi), field of dead bodies. Louos, seals. LoBos DE Afuera, seaward Lobos. LoBos DE TiERRA, landward Lobos. Los Angeles, (city of) tlie angeU. LouoH Derg, red lake. Lucerne, a light-liousHj. Luxor, the palaces. LvoNs, hill of the raven. Macao, the entrance to the bay. Machado, a hatchet. Madeira, timber. Madras, university town. Madre, mother. Maelstrom, grinding stream. Maestricht, passage of the Mouse. Mahanuddy, great river. Maimatchin, place of trade. Majorca, greater (island). Malabar, country of mountains. Maladetta, accursed. Maldives, thousand islands. Malheur, misfortune. Mam- iiONECK, place of rolling stones. Man (Isle of), rocky (island). Manhattan, the town on the island. Manitoowoc, river of spirits. Mamtoulin, spirit-islands. Margarita, a pearl. Mariazell, cell or shrine of Mary. Makmora, marble. Mausalia, port of Ood. Mas a Fuera, more outward (from the land). Mas a Tierra, more landward. Massachusetts, about the great hills. Matto Orosso, great forest. Mauna Loa, great mountain. Medina, the city. Mediterranean, midland. Meinam, mother of waters. Melbourne, mill stream. >Ielrose, naked promontory. Memphis, temple of the good Ood. Memphremaooo, land of abundauce. Menan (Grand), island. Merrimac, swift water. Mersey, sea island. Mesopotamia, country between the rivers. Mexico, a corruption of Mexitli, the name oi the Aztec god of war. MiACo, capital. Michigan, a fish-weir. MiLLE Lacs, thousand lakei. Milwaukee, rich land. Minnehaha, laughing water. Minnesota, cloudy water. Minorca, lesser (islanrl). Mississippi, the great water. Missouri, muddy water. Mohawk, men-eaters. Monadnock, the spirit's place. Monos, (island of) apes. Mont Blanc, white mountain. Montenegro, black mountain. Monterey, king's mountain. Montevideo, I see a mountain. MoNTPiiLLiER, mountiun of the young girla MoNTREAL,.royal mountain. Montserrat, jagged mountain. Munich, monks. Nagpore, town of serpents. Nahant, at the point. NAK.SHIVAN, first place of descent (of the ark). Nankin, southern capital. Nan-J ■ .0, southern mountain-chain. Naii.; 1, new city. Naplouse, new city. Natal, ho named by Vasco daOama because he discovered it on Christmas day (day of the Nativity). Naugatuck, fork of the rivers. Nazareth, separated. Naze, nose, cape, promontory. Nebraska, flat water. Nedsjed, the highlands. Neoropont, Wack bridge. Neilgherry, blue mountain. Nepissino, at the small lake. Neufchatel, new castle. Neustadt, new city. Neversink, high land between waters. Nez-Perc£8, pierced noses. Niagara, neck of water. Nicobar, nine islands. NicoPoLis, city of victory. Niger, black. (Dr. Barth, however, says i« is a contraction of one of ihe natirt names, denoting " the rixer."'^ Niphon, fountain of light. Nizhni Novgorod, lower Novgorod. NoMBRE DE Dios, name of Ood. Norfolk, northern people. Norwalk, the middle iond. Norwich, north town. Notre Dame, Our Lady (the Virgin Mary). 454 MEANING OF GEOGRAPHICAL WORDS. NoTTiNonvM, home with caves. Nova Zembla, new land. Novgorod, new town. Nubia, gold country. NuESTRA SeRora, Ouf Lady. NvANZA, the water. NvKttpiNo, ni!w mart. OcKLEY, oak meadow. OCMULQEE, the rivers. Oconee, wutor-courso. Odexse, Odin's island. Ohio, the benutiful river. Ojo Oaue.nte, warm spring. Ojo del Muerto, corp.se spring. Oneida, people of the beacon-stone. Onondaga, place of the hills. Oporto, the port. Oregon, river of the west. Okinoco, coiled serpent. OttKNEvs, northern islands. Orleans, named from the Emperor Aurclian (Aurelianus). Osage, the strong. OssiPEE, stony river. OswEGATCHiE, l.lack watcf. Ottawa, traders. OuDE, invincible. OuDENARDE, old land. OusE, water. Padre, lather. Paisley, moist pastiirc-gronnd. Palermo, convenient harbor. Palestine, land of wanderers. Palo Pinto, painted stick. Pampeluna, city of Pompey. Papua, frizzled hair. Para, father of waters. Paraguay, great river. Parana, the sea. Pascaooula, nation of bread. Pass a l'Outre, outer i)a.ss. Passaic, valley. Patagonia, land of large feet. Patna, the town. Pawcatuck, clear river. Pawtucket, at tho falls. Pawtuxet, at the httle falls. Pedregal, a place full of stones. Pei-IIo, white river. Pekin, northern capital. Pe-Ling, northern mountain-chain. Pennsylvania, Penn's woods. Penobscot, at the rock. Perdido, lost. Perekop, a cut, or canal. Pescadores, (islands of) fishermen. Peshawur, the advanced post. Petit Bois, little forest. Philadelphia, city of brotherly love. Piedmont, foot of the mountain. Piedra Blanca, white stone. Pintada, painted, mottled. Piscataqua, great deer river. Pisgah, hill, height. PiTou DES Neiges, siiowy peak. Platten-See, shallow sea. Point Coup£e, point cut-oC. Poland, flat land. Polynesia, many islands. POMERANIA, upon the seju Pomme-de-Terre, potato. Pondicherry, near town. Ponte Corvo, crooked bridge. Pontefract, broken bridge. PoNTEVEDRA, old bridge. Pont Neuf, new bridge. Popocatepetl, hill that smokes. Port au Prince, prince's port. Porto Bello, beautiful harbor. Porto IIespanhol, SpiinLsh port. Porto Praya, port on the coiwt. PouTO (or Puerto) Rico, rich port. Porto Santo, holy port. PonTO S;:ouro, safe port. Portugal, port of the Oitids. Potomac, place of the burning pine. Poughkeepsie, pleasant harbor. Pr.Wue, a threshold. Prairie du Ciiien, dog's meadow. Presburg, priest town. Presidio, fortress, garrison. Presque Isle, peninsula (almost an i8land> Preston, priest's town. Prussia, country of the Bnrussi; (according to some authorities, " next to Russia.") Prutii, river. Pueblo Nuevo, now town. Puerto Principe, prince's port. Pu.njaub, country of the five rivers, Qualoe, whale island. Quano-Se, western province. QuANo-TuNG, eastern p-oviuco. Qi:*TRK Br.aS; four arms. Quebec, take care of the rcjk. Quemado, burned. QuiNEBAUO, long pond. 4 I ■I f MEANINO OP GEOGRAPHICAL WORDS. 455 0. ilan(i> irding ia.") 4UINNIPIAC, the Hiirroiinding country. Racine, root. Rappahannock, where water ebbs and flows. P.EiciisTADT, rich town. Reikiavik, steam town. Restiqoucu^, river which divides like the hand. Reyes, kings. Rhodes, a rose. Riesen-Oebiroe, giant mountains. Rio del Norte, river of the north. Rio Frio, cold river. Rio Grande, great river. Rio Hondo, deep river. Rio Janeiro, river of January. Rio Neoro, black river. Rio Puerco, wild-boar river. Rivi£re aux Li£vre8, hare river. £ivi£re du Loup, wolf river. EoANOKE, wampum. RocHEFORT, strong rock. Rome, strength. RoMNET, marsh island. Roseau, a reed. RossiONOL, nightingale. RoxBUROH, castle on a promontory. Sable, eand. Sagadahoc, ending-place. Sahara-Bela-Ma, waterless desert. Saixte Croix, holy cross. Salado, salt. Salem, peace. Salto Grande, great leap. Salzburg, salt castle. iSamos, prominent. San Diego, St. James. San Domingo, holy Sabbath. Sandusky, cold spring. Sangre de Christo, blood of Christ. San Jos£, St. Joseph. San Juan Bautista, St. John the Baptist. San Juan del Sur, St. John of the South. San Pablo, SXo Paulo, St. Paul. San Pedro, St. Peter. San Salvador, Holy Saviour. Santa Croce, Svnta Cruz, holy cross. Santa Fe, holy faith. Santa Inez, St. Agnes. Santiago, St. James. Sao ChristovSo, St. Christopher. SSo Felipe, St. Philip. Saone, the placid river. Saraqossa. city of Cwsar Augustui. Saranac, river that flows under rock. Saratoga, place of the miraculous water it a rock. Saskatchawan, swift current. Saut St. Marie, falls (leap) of St. Mary. Scarborough, rock town. Schaffhausen, sheep-houses. Schenectady, the place beyond the pines. Schoharie, drift-wood. SchOnbrunn, l)eautiful spring. Schoodic, burnt lands. Schuylkill, hidden creek. ScHWARZBURG, black town. Scutari, messenger. Sebastopol, city of Augustus Semipalatinsk, the seven palaces. Seneca, a corruption of the Dutch sinribar, "vermilion." Serampore, city of prosperity. Serro do ESPINHA90, spine range. Shanghai, supreme port. Shannon, old river. Shan-Se, the mountainous west. Shan-Tung, the mountainous cast. Shawangunk, white rocks. Sheboygan, the river that comes out of the ground. Shen-Se, western frontier. Shrewsbury, the town among shrubs. Sicily, cut off" (from Italy). Sierra del Cobre, copper range. Sierra Leone, lion mountains. Sierra Morena, brown mountain-range. Sierra Nevada, snow-chui mountain-range Singapore, city of lions. Skager Rack, crooked strait of Skagen. Skaneateles, very long lake. Sneehatten, snow-cap. Snowdon, snow-clad hill. SoLEDAD, solitude. Soudan, land of the blacks. Spa, a fountain. Spitzbergen, peaked mountain. Sporades, scattered (islands). Staffa, isle of steps or colonnadea. Staunton, stone town. Stavropol, city of the cross. St. Etienne, St. Stephen. Stockholm, island formed by piles. .STRAsnnvTRn, rnatlf^ on the biglnvaj. Stratford, street ford. Stuttgard, stallion enclosure. Suffolk, south pecp.e. 456 MEANING OF GEOGRAPHICAL WORDS. ScNDERLAifB, siinderod land. Susquehanna, winding river. Sussex, south Saxon (country). SuwAiiiLue», iuhabitjints of the coasi. SviATOi, holy. Sweden, land of the Suei^i. Tadmor, city of palm-trees. Ta-Kiano, great river. Tallahassee, old town. Tallahatchie, river of the rock. Tananaritou, city of a thoud^ud towns. Tappan, cold stream. Tash-Kend, stone fortress. Taurus, a uiuuntain. TcHiNU-KiANO, river town. Tennessee, a curved spoon ; or, river of the big bond. Terceira, third (in length, of the Azores^ Terra del Fueoo, land of fire. Terra Nova, new land. Terre IUute, high land. Theresienstadt, city of Theresa. TiiERMOPVLiE, the hot gates. TniAN-CiiAN, cciestial mountaina. TiORis, an arrow. TiooA, swift current. ToDos Santos, all saints. ToNAWANDA, Bwift-ruuning water. ToRBAV, headland bay. Toronto, oak-troes rising from the lake. Torres Vedras, old towers. Tortuoas, tortoises. Trapani, a sickle. Tras^s-Montes, beyond the mountains. Tredisond, trapeEium-shapod. Trent, winding river. Tres Barras, Rio de, river with three bars. Tre3 Pontes, three bridges. Trinidad, Trinity. Tripoli, three cities. Troij 11ivi£res, three riverr.. TuNDRiDUE, town bridge. Tuscaloosa, bi.vck warrior. TuscANT, country of the Etriuci. Tweed, limit. Ukraine, frcntiot district. Umbaqoo, clear lake. llMRiTstR, fount of immortality. Unterwalden, bmong the woods. Ural, a girdla Utrecht, l)eyond the passage (of the Rhine). Vaches, chws. VALtNciA, fctrong, powerful. Valparaiso, vale of paradise. Valverde, grcon valley. Vaucluse, closed valley. Venezuela, little Venice. Vera Cruz, true cross. Verd, green. Vermejo, vermilion. Vermont, green nujuntcin. Vienna, abode of the \ieuds. Villa Boa, good city. Villa Fuerte, strong city. Villa Hermosa, beautiful city. Villa Heal, royal city. Villa Uica, rich city. Villa Veliia, old town. WAnAsr , a cloud driven by the equinoctial wind. Wachusett, the mountain. »\'alden, woody den. Wales, west country. Waltham, home in t'lo wood. Walwiscii, whale. Warwick, a fortified place. Washita, male deer. Westmoiiela.s'd, west moor-land. Wetumpka, waterfall. Wheku.ng, place of a head. Windermere, clear- water lake. Winnipeg, turbid water. WINNIVISEOOBE, beautiful lake of the high land; or, smile of tlie flre.t Spiiit. Winona, flrst-born daughter. WiNOosKi, beautiful stone river. Wintiirop, village of the furze. WiscASSET, place of yellow pine. Wisconsin, wild rushing channel. WuRznuRO, hcrl town. Yano-tse-Ki.vno, son of the ocean. Yemen, land to the right (of Mecca). YoNKERB, a gentleman, n country nobleman. Yunnan, cloudy region of the south. Zanouedar, sea-coast of the negroes. Zealand, sea-land. Zendarooii, living stream. ZUTDER Zee, south nea. ZwkiurDckkn, two bridge!. HLBCTBOTTrED BT I,. JOn?riON M CO. PHILADELPHIA.