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CORNER tit THE DlAMUiSt>. 1848. s- WASHINGTON'S FIRST CAMPAIGN, AND BRADDOCK'S DEFEAT. (I INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. There is in the wliole history of the valley of the Missisippi, no event which stands out so prominently, or which possesses a deeper interest to Americans than the rout of the British and American colonial troops on the banks of the Monongehala river, on the 9th of July, 1755. It is interesting in the first place on account of its influence on the colonies at the tine. Chief Justice Marshal in Iiis Life of Washington says, " The whole frontier of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia was left exposed to the incursions of the savages, the back settlements were gen- erally broken up and the inhabitants driven into the interior country. So excessive was the alarm, that even the lower parts of those colonies entertained apprehensions for their safety, and persons were not wanting, who supposed that the seaboard itself was insecure." It is interesting, because on that fatal day Washington and many other Americans* took their first lessons in that art, which twenty years after they were called on to exert in defence of the liberty of the country. It is interesting, also, because it was the first battle near the Ohio, in that war which arose out of the conflicting claims of Franco and Great Britain to this beautiful valley, and because it resulted in the trinn:j:h of the former and in the temporary expulsion of every British pubjert from this region. More attention has recently been attracted to it, becausf the recent improvement of the Monongahela river by locks and dams, has made it the great thoroughfare between the East and the West, and thus caused » Among others Gpn. Gates, Gen. Morgan, Col. Crawford, Col. Jno. Neville. Sec. 1 1 H many thousand passengers niontlily lo puss williia viow of ilial (iuld which was so abundantly watered with the blood of the most gallant of Britain's sons. This circumstance has excited curiosity and caused much inquiry as to the events of that day and those which preceded it. ft has, in conse([r mce, more than once been sug'^estcd to the writer of these remarks, that a pamphlet on the subject of the transactions in this and adjoining counties in the years 1751 and 1755 would be acceptable to very many of those travelers who daily and hourly pass by Braddock's Field. In compliance with this suggestion the following compilation is made, consisting mainly of extracts from contemporaneous publicatims and authentic histories, with a few explanatory remarks interposed where necessary to the continuousness of the narrative. CAPTURE OF " THE FORKS" IN 1754. In the summer of 175:1, French troops sent from Canada were in possession of Presque Isle, where Erie now stands, of Le Bo^uf near Waterford, and of Fort Venango now Fianklin. The Governor of Viro-inia, beiu"- alarmed by these movements, in November, 1754 dis- patched George Washington on a mission to the French commandant at Le Bceuf. The information communicated bv Washington on his return only increased the fears of Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia, and he determined immediately to send a small fr to occupy and fortify this place. In April, Captain Trent's company was at wiis i)lace, under IJnsign Ward, erecting a fort, Captain Trent himself was still at Cumberland, and Lieut. Eraser at his residence on Turtle Creek. On the lOth of April, 1754, Monsieur Contrecomr descended the Allegheny with a con- siderable force of French and Indians, and summoned Ward to surrender his unfinished work. Ward afterwards reported the number of French to be one thousand, with eighteen pieces of cannon, in about sixty batteaux, and three hun- dred canoes. This number has been said to be an exao-n-erati( n, but when it is recollected that during Washington's stay at fort Le Bo'uf lu" jiad the cano.es counted, and found that there were at that place on the 13tb .of December, "fifty birch bark, and one hundred and seventy pine canofcs ; bedsides many others which were blocked out, ready to be made," we may n^adily believe that the number, in April, might reach three hundred. The batteaux could be built there and at fort ^'enango, or they might be drawn on sledges IVum Presque Isle. AUogelher, we think, the statement of Ward may not have been very wide of the trutii. Jlesistance, by about tbrty men, even with the aid of an unfinished stockade, to several liundrc'd French with several pieces of cannon, was, ^of course, out of the ([uesti«)n. Ward had no brother ofiicer to consult I. 5 I or ihal (iokl nost giillant of ty and caused ,h preceded it. ;o the writer of sactions in this 1 be acceptable by Braddock's Illation is made, iiblicatims and Lerposed where 54. Canada were m with ; but Tanacharison, tlie Ilair-iviiio- of the Six Nations of Indians, a zealous friend of the En«^Iisli, was present and advised him to inform the French that he was not an officer of rank, nor was lie invented with authority to answer their demands, ;uul to rc([nest them to await the ar- rival of the chief coniinaiider. Hi; went accordingly with his reply to the French camp, 'J'uiiiiclmrison ucconipanyini,'' him; ('ontreca-ur, how- ever, refused to wait, and demanded an immediate surrender, declarinjr that he would, otherwise, take possession by force. An immediate cap- itulation, of course, followed. On the subsecpient day, Ensign Ward, with his men, ascended the Alonomrahela to the mouth of Red Stone creek. A full narrative of the \vliole alliiir was i^iven under oath by Ensin^n Ward to Governor Dinwiddie, who transmitted it to the British Government. Mr. Si)urks, in Jiis odiiion of the A\'ritinsi:s of Washinjrton, states that the orii^inal was in the Plantation odice in Jilnoland, where he examined it and prej)ared his account of the iiKiltL-r, which we Ib'low. In his narrative, Ward states that (Jtjntrecouii- invited him to supper the ■ Le Bd^nf near \ ^venirifr of the cai)itulation and treated him very politely. Poor Ward, he Governor of | probably, had but little appetite, and had his host foreseen all the con- jinber, 1754 dis- I secjuence of the doinn;s of that day, his happiness vrould, no doubt, have been much clouded. This atTair has always been considered as the commencement of that memorable war which was terminated by the treaty of Paris ; by which France renounced all claim to Nova Scotia, and ceded to Great Britain Canada and all the territory east vi the Mississii)pi, except the Isle of Orleans; and Spain ceded to the same power all Florida. Monsieur Con- trecceur proceeded, inmiediately, to complete the work begun by Ward, and callea it Fort Duqiiesne, after the then Governor of Canada. Washington reached Will's creek with three companies on the 20th of April, and two days after. Ensign Ward arrived with the intelligence of his ca})ture. Washington immediately s(mt expresses to the Govern- ors of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia, asking for reinforcements, and then after a consultation with his brother otficers, resob^ed to advance, and, if possible, to reach the Monon;;ahela, near where Brownsville now ' stands, and there erect a fortihcation. On the 9tli of May he Avas at the that place on the i Little Meadows, and there received information that Contrecceur had been and seventy pine I reinforced with eight hundred men. On the 18th he was encamped on L'ady to be made," ihe Youghiogheny, near where Smithfield, in Fayette county, now stands. uicT-ht reach three From that point he with Lieutenant AVest, three soldiers and an Indian, fort A'^enango, or 'descended the river about thirty miles, hoping to find it navigable so that to<'"ether, we think, Jie could transport his cannon in canoes, but was disappointed. He had jf the truth. ..scarcely returned to his troops, when a messenger from his old friend 1 of an unfinished franacharison arrived, with information that the French were marching ;l'S of cannon, was, lowards hiin, with a determination to attack him. The same day he re- 'r ofiiv'er to consult ieived further information, tliat the enemy were at the crossings of the ich commandant ishington on his , of Virginia, and cupy and fortify e, under Ensign at Cumberland, On the 10th of heny with a con- V'ard to surrender be one thousand, , and three hun- exa"'gerati( n, but fort Le Bd'uf he K I I f 6 '.^ Vonphioglieny, iieur wlicroC'onnelsville now sIiukIs, about ei!;j;hleeii miles i'rom his own enraiiipinent. Ifn ilwri liurriod to tho (iroat Meadows, where he maih' ;iii iiitrenohiiciil. and by dearinir avvuy the bushes pre- pared a fine liehl (i»r an t iic junter." iNext day M. Gist, his old pilot who resided near lh(! ('ros.sintrs, arrived with the nous that a French detaeh- ment (if fifty men had been at his place the day before. That same ni'j-ht, (May '^S'li,) ybdif nine i.'clnel:, an express arrived from Tanacharison, who was tlien eneainped with some of his warriors about six n»iles otr, with inforniaiion th.it the Fremdi wore near his en- caniinnent. Col. AVashin from the rwad. II the left. Thus ^d by the French ,ion. The action IS kept up for a Monsieur Jumon- , and twenty-two Janadiau escaped id two wounded. sent to Governor above five hundrfd men in the Fort when they left, but suppo-ad ihal two hundred^ had. since arrived. Tlie-e same deserters also stated as Washinglon^said in his letter, that Juinonville'a party were sent out as spies. On the nth of Juno, Washinfrton, leavinir Captain Mackay at Fort Necessity, marclied witli his ir.iops, intcnd-d to advance to Redstone. After two weeks of toil he reached Cist's hum, only liiirtocn miles from Fort Necessity. Here inlormaliou was received that reinf.»rcoments had arrived ai Fort Diiquesne from Canada, and 'that a large detachment would soon be sent ayainst the Enirlish. vwvwwvv»-v\-wvwvwvv'v i s death would, of and Washinsjion, n, set his troops to ared at the Great on and his follow- iber of forty or fifty my of one hundred r had a royal com- )n. He however, n the lOlhof June, I's camp, and con- !r sent from Logs- ares had agreed to ters also stated tliat that there Averenotj i (CAPTURE OF FORT NECESSITY. " Preparations for a retreat commenced immediately. The horsea were few, and Colonel Washington set a noble example to thcoHicers, by lading hia own horse with ammuuiiiou and otiier public stores, leaving his baggage behind, and giving the snldiers four pistoles to carry it for- ward. Tlie other ollieers followed his example. There were nine swivels, which were drawn by the soldiers of the V-'-ginia regiment over a very broken road, unassisted by the men belonging to tlie Independent Company^ who refused to perform any service of this kind. Nor would they act a» pioneers, nor aid in transporting the public stores, considering this a duty not incumbent upon them as King's soldiers This conduct had a discouraging ellect upon the soldiers of tlie Virginia regiment, by dampening their ardor, and making them more dissatisfied with their "x- treme fatigue ; but the whole party reached the Great Meadows on the 1st of July. " It was not the intention of Col. Washington, at first, to halt at this place, but his men had become so much fatigued from great labor, and a deficiency of provisions, that they could draw the swivels no further, nor carry baggage on their backs. They had been eight days without bread, and at the Great Meadows they found only a few bags of flour. It was thought advisable to M'ait liere, therefore, and fortify tlicmselves in the best manner they could, till they should receive supplies and rein- forcements. They had heard of the arrival at Alexandria of two Inde- pendent Companies from New York, twenty d'ays before, and it was presumed they must by this time have reached WilTs Creek. An express was sent to hasten them on with as much dispatch as possible. " Meantime Col. Washington set his men to felling trees, and carrying logs to the fort, with a view to raise a breastwork, and enlarge and strengthen the fortification in the best manner that circumstances would permit. The space of ground called the Great Meadows, is a level hot- r •I tOhl, llirotipl) which pnsscs a siiinll crtckt and it snrroundrd hy hills of a inodornU- iiiul gradual aacciit. 'I'liis hottom or {jladp, is enUrely level, covTrrd with loni^ grass and small hushes, and varies in width. At the point where the fort stood it is alxmt two hundred and lifty yards wide, from the hase of one hill to that of tiie opposite. The position of the fort was well chosen, heing ahont one hundred yards from the u|)hind or wooded ground on one side, and out; hundred and fifty on the other, and so situated on the margin of the creek as to afford an easy access to water. At one point the high ground comes within sixty yards of fho fort, and this was the nearest di.^lancc to which an enemy could approacii under tho shelter of trees. Tlu; outlines of the fort were still visihlo, when the spot was visiti-d hy the writer in 18,'U), occupying an irregular scjuare, the diiih-nsiotis oi" which were ahout cue hundred leet on each side. One of the angles was prolont;ed further than tlu; others for the purpose of reaching the wa.stworkfl or bastions. The remains of a ditch, stretching round the south and west sides, were also distinctly seen. 'I'he site of this fort, named Fort Ne- cessity from the circumstances attending its erection and original use, is three or four hundred yards south of what is now called the National Road, four miles from the foot of Laurel Hill, and fifty miles from Cum- berland at Will's Creek. On the 3d of July, early in the morning, an alarm was received from a sentinel who had been wounded by the enemy ; and at nine X)'clock in- telligence came that the wiiole body of the enemy, amounting, as was re- ported, to nine hundred men, was only four miles oft*. At eleven o'clock they approached the fort and began to fire at the distance of six hundred yards but without effect. Col. Washington had drawn up his men, on the open and level ground outside ol the trenches, waiting for the attack, which he presumed would be made as soon as the enemy's forces emerged from the woods; and ordered his men to reserve their fire till they should be near enough to do execution. The distant firing was supposed to be a stratagem to draw Washington's men into the woods, and thus to take ihem at a disadvantage. He suspected the design, and maintained his *oayj post till he found the French did not incline to leavathc woods and attack ^P<*" the fort by an assault, as he supposed they would considering their sup- l'"^^''^ eriorty of numbers. He then drew his men back" within the trenches r^^^ ' •»« A'*\ and gave them orders to fire according to their discretion, as suitable op- """'^ portunities might present themselves. The French and Indians remain- f ''j ed on the side of the rising ground, which was nearest to the fort, and, f^^^*^ sheltered by the trees, kept up a brisk fire of musketry, but never appear- «^^® cd in the open plain below. The rain fell heavily through the day the k*®* trenches were filled with water and many of the arms of Col. Washing- ^ ® ton's men were out of order, and used with difficulty. '' WentsI 9 ed liy liills of entirely lcv«'l, M(Uh. At the y y:irilH wii.^rk c route, or rather the via scelerata, by which the Fabian family marched out of Rome. I have thought it time not idly spent to attempt to pursue its scattered traces as fur as it is in ray power, among more pressing occupations. In this sketch, I do not design to pursue it to its extent, but only to identify it in those parts, where it has been convenient for mo to visit it, and in others to shadow out its general direction. Where it is obscure, I hope to have opportu- nities to examine it at a future day. Of the well conducted expedition of Col. Bouquet, and its precise path, the publications of Mr. Hutchins, thrt geographer, who was one of the engineers, leaves us very well informed. It is presumable that similar details would be found of the march of 1755 if it had had a successful termination. The three engineers who were in the field were wounded ; and it is probable their papers fell into the hands of the enemy, or were lost in the flight. General Braddock landed at Al xandria on the 20th February, 1755. The selection of this port for the debarkation of the troops, was censured at the time, thmigb it is probrjble it had the approval of Washington. t 13 son* a gefttle- L Connelsville 8 home is at ,ail Road, had husiastic taste Mai-yland and jr enabled him Its faUl termi- e and interest- because all h>9 ground, ij^fare l: IE MONON- leditions are re- . lapse o§ years, 1 towards Rome, as totally lost in Livy in copying im take a differ- Italy to see the Imost as hard in infortunate Brad- with antiquarian |the via scelerata, have thought it Ices as far as it is |this sketch, I do it in those parts, jthers to shadow to have opportu- |d its precise path, ]o was one of the lable that similar had a successful |ld were wounded ; ^e enemy, or were February, 1755. )ops, was censured ll of Washington. The two rcgimeiats he brought with bim were very defective in numbers, having but about 500 men each, and it was expected their ranks would be recruited in America. It is shown by the repeated requests on this point made by the General at Cumberland, that this expectation was vain. After numerous delays, and a conference with the Royal Govern- ors, we find Gen. Braddock en route on the 34th of April, when he had reached Fredericktown, in Maryland. Passing thence through Win- chester, Va., he reached Fort Cumberland about the 9th of May. Sir John Sinclair, Deputy Quarter Ma$iei General had preceded him to this point about two weeks.* The army struck the Little Cacapehon, (though pronounced Cacapon, I have used for the occasion the spelling of Washington, and various old documents,) about six miles above its mouth, and following the stream, encamped on the Virginia side of the Potomac, preparatory to crossing into Maryland. The water is supposed tohavebeen high at the time, as the spot is known as the Ferry-fields, from the army having been ferried over. This was about the 4th or 5th of May. The army thence pursued the banks of the river, with a slight devia- tion of route at the mouth of the South Bianch, to the village of Old Town, known at that time as the Shawnee Old Town, modern use hav- ing dropped the most characteristic part of the name. This place, distan- ced about eight miles from the Ferry-fields, was known at thatearly day at the residence of Col. Thomas Cresap, an English settler, and the father of the hero of Logan's speech. The road proceeded thence parallel with the river and at the foot of the hills, till it passed the narrows of Will's Mountain, whence it struck out a shorter line coincident with the present county road, and lying between the rail road and the mountain, to Fort Cumberland. From the Little Cacapehon to this point the ground was comparative- ly easy, and the road had been generally judiciously chosen. Thence- forward the character of the ground was altered, not so much in the gen- eral aspect of the country, as that the march was about to abandon the valleys, and now the real difficulties of the expedition may be said to commence. The fort had been commenced the previous year, after the surrender •Many misstatements are prevalent in the country adjacent to the line of march especially east of Cumberland, the traditionary name of Braddock's route being often applied to routes we know he did not pursue. It is probable the ground of the appli- cation consists in their having been used by the Quarter Master's men in bringing on those Pennsylvania wagons and pack horses procured by Dr. Franklin, with so much trouble «n,d at so great expense of truth. Sir John Sinclair wore a Hussar's cap, and Franklin made use of the circumstance to terrify the German settlers with the belief that he was a Hussar who would administer to them the tyrannical treatment they had experienced in their own country, if they did not comply with his wishes. It is singu- lar that a small brook and an obscure country road in Berkley County, Va., bear the name of Sir John's Run, and Sir John's Road, supposed to be taken from the name of this officer. # 14 .1 ;i (■> i.i '■I II, •0 p at the Great Meadows, by Col. Inncs,' who had with him the two inde- pendent companies of New York and South Csrolina. It mounted ten four pounders; besides swivels, and was Tivorably situated to keep the hostile Indians in chock.* The armv now consisted of 1000 regulars, 30 sadors, and 1200 pro- vincials, besides a train of artillery. The provincial? were from New York and Virginia; one company from the former colony was command- ed -by Cap, Gates, afterwards the hero of Saratoga. On the 8th of June, Braddock having, through t!ie interest and exertions of Dr. Franklin, prin- cipally, got 150 wagons and 2000 horses from Pennsyi/ania, was ready to march. < - Scarooclaya, successor to the Half-King of the Senecas, and Monaca- tootha, whose acquaintance Washington had made on the Ohio, on his mission to Le Bccuf, with about 150 Indians, vSenecas and Dclawares, ac- companied him. Gcorrre ('roghan, the Indian Agent of Pennsylvania, and a friendly Indian of great value, called Susquehanna Jack, were also with him. The first brigade under Sir Peter Halkct, led the way on the 8th, and on the 9lh tiie main body followed. Some idea of the difficulties they encountered, may be had when we pi rceive they spent the third night only five miles from the first. The place of encampment, .which is about one third of a mile from the toll-gate on the Nalioiial Road, is marked by a, copious spring bearing Brarldock's name. For reasons not easy to divine, the route across Will's Mountain firgt adopted for the National Road was selected,, instead of the more lavorable one through the narrows of Will's Creek, to which the road has been changed within a few years, for the purpose of avoiding that formidable ascejiit. The traces are very distinct on the east and w;est slopes, the modern road crossing it frequently. From the western foot, the route continued up Braddock's Run to the forks^ of the stream,, where Clary's tavern |(iow stands, 9 miles from Cumberland, when it tu,rned to the left, in order to reach a point on the ridgt. favorable to an easy descent into the valley of George's Creek. It is surprising that having reached, this high ground, the favorable spur by which the National Road accomplish- es the ascent of the Great Savage Mountain, did not strike the attention of the engineers, as the labor requisite to surmount the barrier from the deep valley of George's Creek, must have contributed greatly to those bitter complaints which Braddock made against the Colonial Governments for their failure to assist him more elTectively in the transportation de- parUnent. ^ - • . •The original name of Ciimbeiland was Ciicucbetiic, and from its favorable position on the Potomac, it was most probably the site of a bhawnee village, like Old-tow n; moreover, it was marked by an Indian name, a rare occurrence in this vicinity, if any judgment may be drawn from the few ;hat ha\ o been preserved. th( the nol was hen blat info villff and plac 15 the two inde- It momUed ten ;ed to keep the and 1200 pro- ?re from New was command- he 8th of June, Franklin, prin- ania, was ready isi and ATonaca- he Ohio, on his 1 Ddawares, ac- )f Pennsylvania, I Jack, were also r on the 8th, and difficulties they nt the third night it, which is about )ad, is marked by s Mountain first e more lavorable he road has been tf that formidable vvest slopes, the n foot, the route n,. .where Clary',8 turned to the left, easv descent into ving reached jthis Road aecomplish- Lrike the attention 3 barrier from the id greatly to those inial Governments transportation de- its favorable position iage, like Old^town; n this vicinity, if any Passing then a mile to the south of Frostburg, the road approaches Ihs eaat foot of tSavago Mountain, wliich it crosses about one mi!e south of the National road, and thence oy very favorable ground through the dense forests of white pine peculiar to this region, it got to the norh of the National Roadi near the gloonvy tract called the Shades of Death. This was the JStli of June, when (he dense gloom of the summer woods, and the favorable shelter which these enormous pines would give an In- dian enemy, u»usihave made a most sensible impression on all minds, of the insecurity of their mode of advance. This doubtless had its share in causing the council of war held at the Little Meadows* the next day. To this place, distant only about twenty miles from Cumberland, Sir John Sinclair and Miij. Chapman had been dispatched on the 27th of May, to build a fort; the army having been 7 days in reaching it, it follows as the lino of march was upwards of three miles long, the rear was just getting under way when the advance were lighting their evening fires. .- . . ,. Here it may be well enough to clear up an obscurtty which, enters- into many narratives of these early events, from conlusiniif the names of the Little Meadows and Great Meadows, Little Crossings and Great Crossings, which are all distinct localities. The Little Meadows have been described as at the foot of Meadovv^ Mountain ; it is well to note that .he Great Afradows are about 31 miles further west, and near the cast foot of Laurel Hill. • , By the Little Crossings is meant the Ford of Casselrrmn's Hirer, a' tributary of the Youghiogheny ; and by the Great Crossings, thepassagc' of the Ybughiogheny itself. The Little Crossing is 2 miles west of the- Little Meadows, and the Great Crossing 17 rnih^s further west. The conchision of the council was to push on with a picked force of 1200 men ; and 12 pieces of cannon, and (he line of march, now more' compact, was resumed on the I9tli. Passing over ground to the south of' the Little Crossings, and of the village of Grantsville, whrch it skirted, the army spent the night of the 21st at the Bear Camp, a locality I have' not been able to identify, but suppose it to be about midway to the Grealr' * This interesiin;^ locality lies tu the west foot of the Meadow Mountain, which is one- of the most important of the Allegheny Ridses. in Pennsylvania especially; where it con ■ siilutes the dividing ridge between the eastern and western waters. A nuie entrench- ment, about half a mile north of the Inn on the National Road kept by 3!r. Huddleson,- marks the site ot this fort. This is most probably the field oi' a skirmish spoken of iir frontier history, between a Mr. Paris, with a scoutinn party from Foit Cumberland, nncV the Sieur Donville, commanding sonie Fiench and Indians, in which the French oliicei' was slain. The tradition is distinctly preserved in t! e vicinity, with a misappre- hension of Washington's participation in it, arising probably from the partial res^em^' biance between the names of Donville and Jumonvillo. Fiom the posiliveness ofthft- inforrhation, in regar'. to the battle ground, conflicting with what we know of Jumou- ville'8 death, it seems probable enough that this was the scene of this Indian skirmish ;.' and as such, it possesses a classic interest, valuable in piojmriion to the scarcity ol sucV- places. For a notice of Moii. Uonville's death, sec \ui. I, p,ii;e J'), Ol'lcii Time. 16 Vi Drossings, wliicli it reached on the '23d. The route thence to the Great Meadows or Fort Necessity, was well chosen, though over a mountain- VU3 tract, conforming very nearly to the ground now occupied by the Na- tional Road, and keeping on the dividing ridge between the waters flow- ing into the Youghiogheny on the one hand, and the Cheat River on the other. Having crossed ihe Youghiogheny, we ate now on the classic ground of Washington's early career, where the skirmish with Jumon- ville, and Fort Necessity, indicate the country laid open for them in the previous yeat. About one mile west of the Great Meadows, and near the «pot now marked as Braddock's Grave, the road struck off more to the nbrtli-weist, in order to reach a pass through Laurel Hill, that wo\ild '€nabl^them to strike the Youghiogheny, at a point afterwards known as Stewart's Crossing, and about half a mile below the present town of Con* nellsville. This part of the route is marked by the farm known as Mount Braddock. This second crossing of the Youghitigheny was ef- fected On the 30th of Jfune. The high gtounds intervening between th6 river and its next tributary, Jacob's Creek, though trivial in comparison with what they had already passed, it may be supposed, presented serious obstacle^ to the troops, worn out with previous exeHions. On the 3d of July a council of war was held at Jacob's Creek, to consider the proprie- ty of bringing forward Col. DuVibar with the reserve, and although urged by Sir John Sinclair with, as one may suppose, his characteristic vehei- mence, the measure was rejected on sufficient grounds. From the cross-" ing of Jacob's Creek, which was at the point where Welchhanse's Mill now stands, about I5 miles below Mount Pleasant, the route stretched off to the horth> crossing the Mount Pleasant turnpike near the village of the Bame name, and thence by a more westerly course, passing the Great Sewickley near i*ainter's Salt Works, thence south and west of the Post Office of Madison and Jacksonville, it reached the Brush Fork of Turtle Oreek. It must strike those who exr^mine the map, that the route for some distance, in the rear and ahead of Mount Pi^sant, is out of the proper direction for Fort Dnquesne, and accordingly we find on the tth y)f July, Gen. Braddock in doubt as to his proper way of proceeding!,— The crossing of Brush Creek which he had now reached, appeared to be attended with so much hazard, that parties were sent to reconnoitre, some of whom advanced so far as to kill a French officer within half a mile of FortDuquesnj. Their examinations induced a great divergence to the left-, and availing "himself of the valley of Long Run, which he turned into, as is supposed at Stewarts ville, passing by the place now known as Samson's Mill, the army made One of the best marches of the campaign, and halted for the night at a favoirable depression between that stream and Crooked Run, and about two miles from the Monongahela. At this spot, about four miles from the battle ground, which is yet well known as Braddock's I I * *In ^o per cates whose a rarit Com pi iitn w Mr. Ji dential ^qsectal Jy mar t 17 I I to the Greal r a mountain" ied by the Na- B waters floW'^ t River on the on the classic with Jomon- or them in the ows, and near jck oflF more to ill, that wolild rards known as nt town of Con* arm known as igheny was ef- ing between th6 al in comparison resented serious i. On the 3d of ider the propvi6- [1 although urged iracteristic vehe*- From the cross- elchhanse's Mill 3ute stretched off Lhe village of the ssing the Great west of the Post Fork of Turtle hat the route fot ,, is out of the e find on the ^th )f jiroceedingii— d, appeared to be econnoitre, some lin half a mile of left, and availing I, as is supposed, amson's Mill, the md halted for the nd Crooked Run, spot, about four n as Braddock'fl Spring, he was rejoined by Washington on the morning of the 9th of July. The approach to the river was now down the valley of Crooked Ran to its mouth, wbero the point of fording is still manifest, from a deep notch in the west bank, though rendered somewhat obscure by the impro- ved navigation of the river. The advance, under Col. Gage, crossed about 8 o'clock, and continued by the foot of the hill borderinjr the broad river bottom to the second fording, which he had effected nearly as soon as the rear had got through the first. ? The sejond and last fording nearthe mouth of Turtle Creek, was in full view of the enemy's position, and about one mile distant. , By 1 o'clock the whole army had gained the risrht bank, and was drawn up on the bottom land, near Frazier's house, (spoken of by Washington, as his stopping place, on his mission to Lo Boeuf,) and about three fourths of a mile distant from the ambuscade. The advance was now about to march, and while a part of the army was yet standing on the plain, the firing was heard. Not an enemy had yet been seen. As I have now traced the expedition to the scene of the disaster, I re- fer those who are interested in the particulars of the battle, to the previous numbers of the Olden Time.* A. 'W\'VV\'W\>W\'V«A'W\'V%/\'W\ Having now conducted Braddock and his arn y to the field of their destruction, it only remains ihat we should give full accounts of that affair. "THE DEFEAT." We give first a letter from Captain Orme, one of the General's aids : " Dear Sir. I am extremely ill in bed with the wound I have received in my thigh, so that I am under the necessity of employing my friend, Capt. Dobson, 10 write for me. I conclude you have had some account of ihe action near the banks of the Monongahela. about seven miles from the French fort. As the reports spread are v(;ry imperfect, what you have heard must consequently be so too. Yor, should have he«rd more early *In reviewing the roads used by the pioneers over the Alleghenies, it is surprising to perceive how correctly the Indians had selected the most i'avoruble passes, and indi- cates an extensive acquaintance with that nigged region. The Rev. Mr. Jacobs, whose little boo': in delience of Col. Cresap, against the charge of Mr. Jefferson, is quite a rarity, states as a fact that an Indian named Nemacolin was employed by the Ohio Company to mark out the best road across the mountains, and that the path shown by nim was afterwards widened by the Company, and still further improved by Braddock. Mr. Jacobs having married the widow of Col. Cresap, and having also been his confi- dential clerk from his boyhood, his statements have an authenticity apart from his re* vpectable character. Nemacolin was a Delaware, and his son lived in the Cresap fami- ly many years. 3 4 18 mi W accounts of it, but every officer whose buisness it was (o have informed you was either killed or wounded, and our distressful situation put it our of our power to attend to it so much as we would otherwise have done. The 9th inst. wc passed and re-passed the Mononifaliela by advancing first a party of three hundred men, which was immediately followed by another ot two hundred. The General with the column of artillery, baggafre, and main body of the army, passed the river the last time about one o'clock. As soon as the whole had got on the fort side ot the Monongahela we heard a very heavy and quick fire in our front. We immediately advanced in ord^r to sustain them, but the detachments of two hundred and three hund- red men gave way and fell back upon us, which caused such confusion and struck so great panic among our men, that afterwards no military expedi- ent could be made use of that had any effect upon them. The men were so extremely deaf to the exhortation of the General and the officers, that they fired away in the most irregular manner all their ammunition, and then ran ofT, leaving to the enemy the artillery, ammunition, provisions and baggage ; nor could they be persuaded to stop till they got as far as Gist's plantation, nor there, only in part ; many of them proceeded as far as Col. Dunbar's party, who lay six miles on this side. The oflficers were absolutely sacrificed by their unparalleled good behaviour, advancing sometimes in bodies and sometimes separately; hoping by such example to engage the soldiers to follow them, but to no purpose. The General had five horses killed under him, and at last received a wound through the right arm, into the lungs, of which he died on the 13lh inst. Poor Shirley was shot through the head ; Captain Morris wounded. Mr. Washington had two horses shot under him, and his clothes shot through in several places, behaving the whole time with the greatest courage and resolution. Sir Peter Halket was killed upon the spot ; Col. Burton and Sir John St. Clair wounded, and enclosed I have sent you a list of killed and wounded, according to as exact an account as we are yet able to get. Upon our proceeding with the whole convoy to the Little Meadows it was found impracticable to advance in that manner. The General, therefore, advanced with twelve hundred men, with the necessary artillery, ammunition and provisions, leaving the main body of the convoy under the comipand of Col. Dunbar, with orders to join him as soon as possible. In this manner ^e proceeded with safety and expedition, till the fatal day I have just related ; and happy it was that this disposition was made, otherwise the whole must either have starved or fallen into the hands of the enemy, as numbers would have been of no service to us, and our provisions v/ere all lost. As our horses were so much reduced, and tbo»e extremely weak, and many carrages being wanted for the wounded men, occasioned our destroying the ammunition and superfluous part of the provisions left in Colonel Dunbar's convoy, to prevent its falling into Gen mou the havii rem a built batte great <3ene 1 10 lave informed ion put it our se have done, idvancing first zed by another •, b!vggnse,and jt one o'clock, ahela we heard ly advanced in ind three hund- i confusion and iditary expedi- The men were he officers, that mmunition, and \, provisions and t as far as Gist's needed as far as 'he officers were viour, advancing ^suciiexanipleto .. The General wound through 13ih inst. Poor wounded. Mr. ithes shot through latest courage and ,ot; Col. Burton sent you a list of s we are yet able roy to the Little it manner. The Ivith the necessary lody of the convoy In him as soon as nd expedition, till at this disposition |d or fallen into the ^ service to us, and nuch reduced, and id for the wounded .perfluous part of ■ent its falling into the hands ©f the enemy; as the whole of the artillery is lost, and tlie troops are ao extremely weakened by deaiiis, wounds and sickness it was judged impossible to make any further attempts; therefore, Col. Dunbar is return- ing to Fort Cumberland with every thing he is able bring up with him; I propose remaining here till my wound will suller me to remove to Philadel- phia from thence I shall proceed to England; wiiatever commands you may have for ine you will do im; the honor to direct to me liere. By the particular disposition of the Frencli and Indians it was impossible to judge the number they had that day in the field. Killed — General Bradduck, Win. Shirley, Sec'y, Col. llalkctt. Wounded, Roger Morris and Robert Orme,Aid-de-Camps; Sir John St. (Jlair, Deputy Quarter Master General; Matthew Leslie, Assistant ; Lieut. Col. Gage; between six and seven hundred officers and soldiers killed and wounded." >WX'W1'X/V\ Hterlinjr, and shdrti'ncd the march six wtuiks. Ho was, however, promised 150 wagons, iinil HOO horses, with a hirgo quantity of forage and provisions, to be furnisiicd from the back scttlo- inents of Pennsylvania; but after tedious and anxious expectation of these succors, he received, instead ot 150 wagon ', only 15; and insteati of 300 horses only 100. This disappointment, hownver great, v/af much ag- gravated when the wagons were unloack d, for the provisi'- ink so in- tolerably, that he must have suffered very greatly from hui. ,jr, who could eat it. While he was in this distress he received an unoxi)ected supply of £5000, in provisions and wine (rom Philadel[)hia, which was sent by the hands of Mr. Franklin. The General accepted this present with great joy, and urged Mr. Franklin to use his interest to procure further assistance. Mr. Franklin observed that Gen. St. Clair's dress was of the Hussar kind, and this gave him a hint which he immediately improved. He caused a report to be propagated among the Germans, that except 150 wagons could be got ready, and sent to the Gen'iral within i certain time, St. Clair, who was a Hussar, would come among them and take away what he found by force. The Germans liaviug formerly lived under des- potic power, knew the Hussars to.) well to doubt their serving themselves, and believing that General St. Clair was indeed a Hussar, they provided instead of 150, 200 wagons, and sent them within the time Mr. Franklin had limited. ♦' The Pennsylvanians also advanced a further sum above the King's bounty, and sent him 190 wagons more, laden each with a ton of corn and oats, four wagons with provisions and wine for the officers, and GO head of fine cattle for the army. » The General, as soon as he had received these supplies, pursued his march, having received from time to time various and contradictory ac- counts of the strength and motions of the enemy. Fort Duquesne was sometimes said to be garrisoned by its full complement, 1000 men ; sometimes he was assured by French deserters that the garrison did not consist of more than 200, and that there were but 500 at Venan- go and Piesque Isle, on the banks of the Lake Erie, distant from Duquesne about 90 miles. He received also frequent intelligence of French parlies in motion, particularly of a considerable number that were seen in bat- teaux, on the Lake Ontario, as we supposed on their way to the Ohio and of 600 that had passed the lake in 120 canoes and batteaux, and were going to Niagara. It was expected that the next advices would give an account of the siege, if not of the capture of Fort Duquesne, as, every one had been taught to believe, that our force in that part of the world was .40 much superior to the French, that to march and take possession was I Maji Robl ItoA W.lf Sir Mat! Sir '/^ienl I iuiiv is said to ions, nor car- .tiiisylvaiiia it i;h six weeks. I, Willi a largo back setUo- Uition ol" iliese instead of 300 v/nH much a;j;- mk so in- , jf, who could xpecled supply ich was sent by 18 present with procure further cUtss was of the ately improved, ans, that except within a certain m and take away lived under des- rving themselves, u', they provided me Mr. Franklin above the King's ilh a ton of corn olHcers, and GO plies, pursued his contradictory ac- irt Duqucsne was nent, 1000 men ; that the garrison but 500 at Venan- .nt from Duquesne of French parties were seen in bat- way to the Ohio, batteaux, and were ces would give an esne, as, every one of the world was ike possession was 21 the Bainp thing; but in the midst of this impaticnro and confidence wo \, ere ahirmcd with ihf report that < u'licral Ihaihlock hud been d'jt'catcd, and soon al'UM-, the foliouin",' article ai)peaieil in th(! (Jazette: " WiiiTKHArr., August li'J, n'yry. ♦•By his Majesty's ship the Spa-dor.so, from Virginia, advice; has been receivrtl, that Major General liiadihicU, havin-j: advanced with 2,000 men, and all the stores and provisions to the liiille Meadows, (ahout twenty miles beyond I'ort ( 'utn!)(";Ian(l at Will's (Jrcok) found it necessary to leave tho !>realest part of the waioiis. aptain Morris,) were wounded. His Secre- tary, (son to Governor Shirley,) was killed. Sir John St. Clair, Quarter Master General and his assistant, Mr. Leslie, both wounded. It is reck- oned tliere were about 200 killed, and 400 wounded, the latter are mostly collected at Will's Creek to which place Colonel Dunbar, with the re- mainaer o( the troops, was retired, irom wiiom a more particular account is expected. "The following list has been received of the officers killed and wound- ed on this occasion: STAFF. Major General Braddock, Robert Orme, Ksq., <^ * i i r' .,,.. ? ■u 1%/r • T7« -s Ai(ls-de-tamp, > Koger Morris, Esq., I *^ Wdliam Shirley, Esq., Secretary, Sir John St. Clair, Deputy Quarter xMaster General, Matthew Leslie, Gent., his Assistant, LATE SIR PETER HALKET's REGIMENT. died of liis wounds, wounded. Sir F^. Halket, (Colonel, killed, ./jient. Col. Gage, wounded. Captain Tatton, Captain Gethins, killed, wounded. killed. (I I 22. I •Liciitennnt liiltlclor, " Dunbar, »« lliilkelt, •♦ Troi'by, ♦• Allen, *' Simpson, HUHAI.TFKNH. wounded. kilUMl. woiuided. killed. wounded. Lieutenant liOck, •» Disney, '« Kennedy, " Townseiid, " Narllow, •' Pennington, wounded. killed. tt wounded. COLONKL DUNDAR S RIUilMKNT. Tiiruf. Col. Burton, Major Sparkes, Captain Cholmlcy, wounded. 4t ('aptain Kowyer, Captain Koas, woundtid. It SIIHAI.TERNS. IJarhut, Wal.fhhm, Crirnble, wounded, killed. Hrereton, Hart, Montreseur, killed, ti wounded. Widenmn, Hanl'ord, Gladwin, Ednieston, it wounded. Macmullen, ('row. Sterling, <« It ARTILLERY. Lieutenant Smith, «« . Buchanan, killed, wounded. Lieutenant M'Cloud, M'CuUer, wounded. tt ENGINEERS. Peter McKeller, Esq., Robert Gordon, Esq., wounded. tt Williamson, Esq., wounded. J V I tl tt( a S' ni HO of a } thi hai roil ofi rrtr .sup \\0( tl wii DETACHMliXT OF SAILORS. Lieutenant Spendelow, Mr. Talbot, Midshipman, Captain Stone, of General Lascelle's Regiment, " Floyer, of General Warburlon's Regiment, INDEPENDENT COMPANIES OF NEW YORK. Captain Gates, Lieutenant Sumain, Capt?iin Stevens, " Poulson, wounded, killed. Lieutenant Howarlh, " Gray, killed. tt wounded. wounded. t( i VIRGINIA TROOPS. wounded. Captain Peronie, killed. SUBALTERNS. Hamilton, Wright, Splitdorff, killed, it Stuart, Wagoner, men othe Was Hear This Vhod flank killed. CP^g being then behin wounded, iy an( killed, jjhe e, •itraos wounilcil. It It I ,d, killed. tt ion, wound 0(1. weiindiid. -ed, there are some slirrht variations in the three state, inents. The largest number reported is two hundred and fifty French and Canadians, and six hundred and forty-one Indians ; and the small- est, two hundred and thirty-three French and Canadians, and six bun" dred Indians. If we take a medium, it will make the whole number led out by iVi. de Beaujeu at least eight hundred and fifty. In an imperfect return, three officers were stated to be killed, and four wounded; about thirty soldiers and Indians killed, and as many wounded. " When these facts are taken into view, the result of the action will appear much less wonderful than has generally been supposed. And this wonder will be still diminisiied when another circumstance is re- curred to, worthy of particular consideration, and that is, the shape of the ground on which the battle was fought. This part of the descrip- tion, so essential to the understanding of military operations, and above all in tlie present instance, has never been touched upon, it is believed, by any writer. We have seen that Braddock's advanced columns, after crossing the valley extending for nearly half a mile from the margin of the river, began to move up a hill, so uniform in its ascent, that it was lit- tle else than an inclined plane of a somewhat crownintj form. Down this inclined surface extended two ravines, beginning near together, at about one hundred and fifty yards from the bottom of the hill, and proceeding in different directions till they terminated in the valley below. In these ra- viuvjs the French and Indians were concealed and protected. At this day they are from eight to ten feet deep, and sufficient to contain at least a thousand men. At the time of the battl» the ground was covered with trees and long grass, so that the ravines were entirely hidden from view till they approached with in a few feet. Indeed, at the present day, al- j though the place is cleared from trees, and converted into pasture, they are perceptible only at a very short distance. By this knowledge of local pecularities of the battle ground, the mystery, that the British conceived themselves to be contending with an invisible foe, is solved. Such was literally the fact. They were so paraded between the ravines that their whole front and flank were exposed to the incessant fire of the enemy, who discharged their muskets over the edge of the ravines concealed during that operation by the grass and bushes, and protected by an invincible barrier below the surface of the earth. William Butler, a veteran soldier still living (1832), who was in this action, and afterwards attiie Plains of ered with the rovisions and iselves up to •lish in their t^.i^ time by the rejiard to the e three state, J fifty French md the small- and six hun* ile number led I an imperfect )unded ; about le action will ipposed. And mstance is re- 3, the shape of [)t the descrip- 3ns, and above it is believed, columns, after 1 the margin of , that it was lit- m. Down this irether, at about d proceeding in 7. In these ra- d. At this day ontain at least a iS covered with dden from view present day, al- io pasture, they owledg.:- of local ritish conceived ;ed. Such was avines that their 3 of the enemy, concealed during by an invincible a veteran soldier s at tiie Plains of ]■( I! i. ( ^.^^^ocfs i OiUrspie St: l'llty<^ 31 Abraham, said to iiie : ' Wc coultl only lell \\ here the enemies wer" l»r the smoke of their muskets.' A few scruteriiijr Indians were behind trees, and Hom-J were killed in vcntnrinjj out to lake scalps, but much the larger portion fouc;ht wholly in the ravines. "It is not probable that cither General Hraddock or any one of his of- ficers suspected the actual .situation of the enemy, durinfr the whole bloody contest. It was a fault in the (4aneral, for which no apology can be offer- rd, that he did not kcej) scouts and laniards in advance, and on th(> wings of his army, who would have made all proper discoveries, Ijcfore the whole had been bronght into a snare. This neglect was the primary cause of his defeat which might have been avoidcil. ll;id he charged with the bayonet, the ravines would have been cleared instantly ; or had lie brought his artillery to the points where thf ravines terminated in the Valley, and scoured them with grape-shot, the same consequence would have followed. But the total insubordinations of his troops would have prevented both these movements, even if he had become acciuaintml with the ground, in the early part of the action. The disasters of this day, and the fate of the commander, brave and resolute as he undoulnedly was, are to be ascribed to his contempt of Indian warfare ; his overweening con- fidence in the prowess of veteran troops ; his obstinate self-complacency; his disregard of prudent counsel ; and his negligence in leaving his army exposed to a surprise on the march. lie freely consulted Col. Washington, whose experience and judgment, notwithstanding his youth, claimed the higi:est respect for his opinions; but the (Jeneral gave liltte hoed to his advice. While on his inarch, George Croghp.n, the Indian interpreter, joined him with one hundred frientUy Indians, who olfered their services. — These were accepted in so cold a manner, and tbe Indians themselves treated with so much neglect that they deserted him one after another. Washington press-^d upon him the importance of these men, and the ne- cessity of conciliating and retaining them, but without ed'ect. " A report has long been current in Pennsylvania, that Braddock was shot by one of his own men, founded on the declaration of a provincial soldier, who was in the action. There is another tradition, also worthy of notice, which rests on the authority of Dr. Craik, the intimate friend of Washington from his boyhood to his death, and who was with him at the battle of the Monongahela. Fifteen years after that event, they trav- elled together on an expedition to the western country, with a party of woodsmen, for the purpose of exploring wild lands. While near the junction of the Great Kenhawa and Ohio Rivers, a company of Indians came to them with an interpreter, at the head of whom was an aged ven- erable chief. This personage made known to them by the interpreter, that, hearing ('oloncl Washington was in that region, he had come a Itnu U 32 n way to visit him, addinjr ihat (liiriiii; tlin hattlo of Moiionjfaliela, he had Hinphd him out an'a coiispifuous ohjccl ; lirecl his rirtu at him many timofl, atui dircrtod ins youu^r warriors to do iho samn, but to his uttor uHloMJ.shiiioMl iioiu! oC thcir I). ills look clUict. He was then pcrHuaded that the youthful hero was uud(!r the special ijfuardianwhip of the (Jreat Spirit, niul ceased to lire at him any loiijrcr. He was now come to pay liomaji^e to tho man who waH the particular favorite of heaven, and who eould never die in hattlo. Mr. Custis of Arlington, to whom these in- cidents were related by Dr. Craik, has dramatized them in a piece called The, Indian Prophccfj. When the battle was over, and the remnant of IJraddock's army had gained, in their flight, the opposite bank of the river, Col. Washington was despatched by the ( reneral to meet Coi. Dunbar, and order forward wagons for the wounded, wi'.h all possible speed. Ihit it was !u)t till the lull, after they had reached Ciist's plantation, with great didiculty and much suflering from hunger, that any arrived. The (n'lieral was at first brought oil* in a tumbril ; ho was next put on horseback, but, being una- ble to ride, was obliged to be carried by the soldiers. They all reached Dunbar's camp, to which the panic had already extended, and a day was passed i;i the greatest confusion. The artillery was destroyed, and the public stores and heavy baggage were burnt, by whose order was never known. Thfty moved forward on the I3ih, and that night Gen. Braddock died, and was buried in the road, for the purpose of concealing his body from the Indians. The spot is pointed out; within a few yards of the present National Road, and about a mile west of the site of Fort Neces- .sity at the Great Meadows. Captain Stewart, of the Virginia lorces, had particular charge of him from the time he was W(/unded until his death. On the 17th the sick and wounded arrived at Fort Cumberland, and were soon after joined by Colonel Dunbar with the remaining fragments of the army. The French sent out a party as far as Dunbar's camp> and destroy- ed every thing that was left. Colonel Washington being i. ""jry feeble health, proceeded in a few days to Mount Vernon, I \ I i-t I, ■ »:V. \ ■If , , : \ ^_ ■--■■• . ' .-■--'- ; - ■ --■ • \ ■ ^ ■ ■ ■ 1