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Brrata to pelure, m d n 32X 1 1 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■9 WW^^W^'W^^^^FW^^AMMM^^^A^^W^nA^h^kAMin^WSAAAA^C PRICE ONE SHILLING. 6VAorTr , F ^^ TO THE EDITOR The accompanying pamphlet discusses topics of consider- able importance from the following points of view : — AGRICULTURE, FOOD SUPPLIES, EMIGRATION, COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. AND NATIONAL PROGRESS. If you notice the little work (which is suggestive rather than exhaustive), as I hope you will, seeing that the questions it discusses are of national concern, the author will be glad to receive a copy of your paper containing the reference addressed as under : - Mr. JOHN PEARCE, c/o H. SELL, Esq., 167, Fleet Street, London, E.C -\ 'k ^\ i i I .-■'-X THE A6RICULTDRAL DEPRESSION AT HOME AN J) Tin: RESOURCES, CAPABILITIES, AND PROSPEpTS , . 6 OK •nil: CAHADUH HEW NORTH-WEST. A i,i:('n-nK i)i:i.ivi:ui:i) hkkoiu: riii. ii.M.i.dds sm if.ty «f (iukat hkitain, AT nil'. iiovAi, AyrAUUM, on nuDAv, kkiuuauv 9, 18B3. BY JOHN PEAllCE. WITH ADDITWSAL IM'UltMATKtX IS AN APPENDIX. "The Ki'owing imiiortiiiico (.f tlm kvoiU self-Kuvi'iiuil Colonies of Englnna in i-ccogiiiseU liy every i:iigli:,lii!iuii m wlmtevci- imrtv oi' class."— The Kakl of Ukiiiiy. " To be ignorant, of ilie Xoitli-Wi.-t is to lie ipioniiit of tho greater portion of ourcouutry."— Thi; Maikoiih oi liiuiNK. LONDON : 11. SELL, 107, FLEET STliEET, E.C. 1883. BRITISH AGRICULTURE ANN TIIK CANADIAN NEW NORTH-WEST. On Friday, Fobniary 5), 1HH;-{, Mr. .lolin Poarcc delivered a lecture before the Balloon Society of Great Britain . at the Koyal Aquarium. Captain J>ki»|.uhi) Pim, Ti.N., occupied the chair. Tiie (.'irAutMAN said the questioii was one of ^'rcat impor- tance to all classes of our people, lie had much pleasure in aiding' to make known the ^'reat advanta^'es which the British North-West afforded to emi<,'rants. After the lecture a full opportunity of discussion would be allowed. He then called upon ^[r. John Pearck, who said-L;idies and (rontlomen, — The balloon has been the subject oi much thought, experi- nient, and speculation. As a means of transit at present it •id of no practical value. Th(» currents of air cannot be de- pended on ; and apart from tliom a motive force has to be xliscovered, or at all events to be appli(Hl. Dr. B. W. llichard- son recently declared his conviction that the problem will be solved on lines somewhat similai- to tliose on which the dandy- horse of our grandfathers has been developed into the bicycle and tricycle of to-day. The attention of practical ballooiiists has of late been chiefly directed to tiie value of the balloon as an engine of war ; but, believing in the preservation of human life rather than in its distruction, avo will avail our- selves of the apparatus, or Society rather, for a few minutes this evening, in exploring the wonderful grain and food pro- ducing district known as jManitoiia and the CIueat Nohtm- West. I'l'obably few persons present have a practical knowledge of agriculture or are much interested in the subject. The primeval calling or occupation, it retains its rank and position even in our own age of material progress. Every other trade ■or calling is dependent upon agriculture. That being the case, we arc all indirectly interested in the subject. No doubt the cultivation of the land is oui- natural vocation. Following that we have health, and perhaps a greater amount of happi- niss than we get in any other walk of life. Happiness, I say, liot wealth. The pursuit of wealth is followed, not for its UrUish Agriiiilliivc and llic ('(vunlinn Xi)illt-]\'i'nf. Th own sake, but as .i luoaiiH of liappiiioss or road to it. i lie wealth is oftt'iior missed tliiiii ^'aiued ; l)iit even when Heniicil. (he happiness is <,'('iienilly tiirtlier otV than ever. And not iutVetpieiilly the hiihhh' wealth hiirHts in the hand an it is <italist/ who lends him money, the tradesman who j^'ives liini credit, and also by the labourer who tills the soil or tends his stock. The repeal of the Corn Laws — a benelicial measure to the artizan, manufacturin*,', and trading; classes -has been a iL,'reat hardship to the a<,'riculturalisl. Frei' trade in corn has prevented the farmer from vecoupinj,' himself in bad seasons ibr diminished quantity of produc(\ from the enhanced jH'ice which would otherwise liave followed scarcity. This loss has been borne by the farmers, and, to a certain extent, by the labourer ; but it has not in any way aifected the land- owners. The law of distress; the custom or law which has prevented farmers from sellinfi; certain produce in the best market ; the non-liability to the outiiilln of II (Innd iiiul lliid Sritunn. .1 IJc'iid poiiitH out, w<' liiivo now entered upon the ei^'Iitli binl season in succession. Tlie recent re|)()rt of the A;j;iicultnriil ('oiuniission intinmtes that it is ))i'ol)iil)K tliiit lai-f^'e tracts of ui'al)le land in the Mastern Counties will ;^'o out of cultivation. F have a, retmn from an inte]li<,'ent tenant farmer, who was bred ui) to his calhiifj;, wliich shows the value of produce in a, j,'oo(l and had sc^ason respectively His farm, which ia in Jhicl acres in \tent. The land is li^dit. It is faimed on the live-course shift, vi/,: l-."ith tmiiips, l-'dli 4,'rass, Jl-ilths corn. Hay and straw ari' spent on the laud. 1.— Skahon, 1H7(>-7. AcrenBC. (irs. Viclil pur Ai'ii', <|I'H, PriiM i; 10211 2.— Skasox, 18H1-'2. Acreage. I Vifl.t, Wlicat Hiiriry Outs Tons •10 IH 20 100 r.i 2r)2 10 ^■ic■l(l I per Acri', l|VS. 2.t I'ricf. per (jr. of Prodiici'. !t;2 2 L'210 1110 or, !.-> 1 2 1 1.1 o! !77 70 Total 10(5 110 !tT)lH 1,-, tr This return includes tail corn avei'a,i(ed with the rest. The yield per acre does not d. j)er ncic in ]H7(i-7, and onlv .IT) r)s. i'n lHHl-2; harlev, f!) 17s. Id. in lH7(!-7, and i'.') 2s. in lHSl-2; oats, I'!) Ks. Sd. in lS7(i-7, and tM) iHs. in 18H1-2; peas, £n Hs. in lH7<»-7. and t'H 10s. in 18H1-2. The avera,i,^e return fron; all crops per acre in ]H7(»-7 was t!) lis. iuL, and in lHHl-2 it fell to i'O 2s. lid.; the diiierence behi-,' 4';-i 12s. 2d. It is noticahle that the price of corn was hi,t,dier in the ,!j;ood year than it was in the had one. And this illustrates the j^^'reat disability muler which our ay:riculturalists laboui". It is evident from these statistics that a rebate of 10, 20, 2-") or even 50 per cent, on the rental, does not touch the main (lifliculties. The situation mnst befaccd, and ajijriculturalists will have to admit the improbability of their being able to .compete with now lands in growing corn. C British AgricxiUurc and the Canadian North-West. The Earl of Carnarvon recently advised feeding' slieep on oil-cake to enable tliem to resist the deleterious influence of the present wet season, pointing out the loss which will other- wise accrue to the farmer from the ravages of "rot" among his Hocks. Very good advice, but of little value to the im- poverished agriculturalist, who is overburdened with rates and taxation from which his landlord is practically exempt. It reminded me of the suggestion of our revered monarch King George III. — who some believe would have made a better farmer than king — when the people were starving. Told that they could not buy bread," the king is said to have replied, " Well, let them buy biscuits." In 1882 we paid £84.237,090 for imported wheat, and flO,081,932 for tlour ; £5,541,108 for barley, and £0,522,070 for Indian corn, making a totalof £5G,902,500for breadstiiffs, l^arley and Indian corn. We paid £(5,224,000 for bacon, £1,802,435 for lard, £11,330,220 for butter, £4,742,307 for cheese, £2,381,882 for eggs— a total of £20,550,821 for what }nay bo termed dairy produce. Imported potatoes cost us £'098, 870 and we also imported oilier vegetable and fresh fruit largely. Imported cattle, cows, sheep, and swine cost us £0,110,771. In view of the unequal contest between the English tenant farmer and the settler on the prolific wheat regions of the New World, our agriculturalists might with advantage turn their attention to the extension of dairy farming, to vegetable and fruit growing, and to tlie increased production of beef, mutton, and bacon with better chances', against their foreign competitors. It is certain that largo and substantial measures of relief will have to be applied to this important class, and even then farmers nuist avail themselves of every appliance and improvement calculated to advance their position and prospects, or they will go to the wall. I mentioned the agricultural labourer as indirectly bear- ing with the farmer the risks attendant on agriculture in this country. That is so. lie suffers in diminislied wages, and when the worst comes to the worst, he goes on the parish at the expense of the connaunity. And I will take this opportunity of sayhig tliat no class in the community works liarder for poor renumcration, or descrvi -i better than the agricultural labourer. ]\Iy experience leads me to ■ the opinion that he is industrious, thrifty, and intelligent in all that relates to his calling. lie acquires skill and expe- rience of great value to the community, but of little pecuniary advantage to himself. If he is not enlightened and educated, that is not his fault. Ih'ed on a farm myself, I can speak of the labourer as I knew him in IJuckinghamshire a quarter of a century ago. The men employed by my father were an intelligent, hardworking set of fellows, Avho did a fair day's. f Agricultural Labourers.— The Norih-Wcst, 7 work without the amount of supervision nocesisary in some other caUings. Some of them were skilled as rick builders and thatchers, others as hedgers, others as stock-men, and all were decent, respectable, self-respecting men. I have known one of them, when engaged late on piecework in the spring, to work in his own garden by lantern light, after he reached his cottage ! If those I have subsequently met with have not appeared to be quite so thrifty or worthy, that may result from the lessened opportunities 1 have had of becom- ing thoroughly acqv.ainted with them. Uut I am not one of those who view with alarm the proposed admission of this class to the ri<.hts of citizenship. They are quite as well qualified to vot(. as many who iiow possess the franchise ; and very nnich better than some. 'I'hese luen are useful citizens, (foldsmith called tlu-m " their country's pride," and Sir . William Jones declared that "they constitute a State." We don't know their full value ; and Avhon we allow them to emigrate to foriegu countries we make hand- some presents to tlie lands of tlieir adoption. If our own Colonies present sullicient advantages and attractions to tlu^ agriculturalist who, disheartened by the condition of things at home, is casting about for a new land in which to settle, then the I'lmpire manifestly gains. The emigrant retains his citizenship, and our Sovereign retains her subject : tlu* change being one to the nnitual advantage of the State and the individual. JJelieving that equal, if not superior advan- tages are now presented by the newly-opened up UniTisH Nkw Noktu-Wkst to those which any foreign country can ail'ord, 1 have under- taken to briefly present souu' of the more striking features of that wonderful land this evening. The Dominion of Canada, excluding Xi'wfoundland, which, by its own desire, remains a Ciown Colony, extends from tlu' Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. It is jibout (>qual in size to the United States, and com|)riries some :!, 170,000 square miles. Its population in IHHI was 1,;J2 1,810. We cannot stay to examine the condition and prospects of the older portions of Canada. If the progress there has not been so rapid as might liave been expected, at least it has been of a steady and substantial duiracter. Its corn, fruit, fisli, and meat have for years found a ready nuiiket in the old country; but the recent opening up of vast tracts of prairie land — at one time belonging to the Hudson's IJay Company, find which were generally regarded as being oidy useful for hunting and tlu^ production of fur — has brought Canada to the front among tlie eligible places for Immigrant occupation. Since the transfer in 1H70, from the Company to the Uomimon Cioverument, settlement has rapidly pro- 8 British Agriculture and the Canadian North-Wcst. cccded. Then there wore no means of raihvay transit, no post oflico or telegraph systems, no towns, and but lew villages. The province of Manitoba, forming the eastern portion of the North-West, has fittingly been called the Gateway to the New Territory, which extends right away to the Rocky Mountains, a distance of 1,200 miles. This im mense plain is naturally broken into three great divisions. At the south-eastern extremity (Emerson) it is 700 feet above the level of the sea ; it gradually rises mitil an altitude of nearly 4,000 feet is reached at the base of th« Rocky Moun- tains. The area of the Territories is 2,605,2.>_ square miles (or 1,705,701,280 acres). Of this land it is estimated that about 200,000,000 acres are lit for tillage, wliile ',0,000,000 acres are admirably suited to grazing and stock raising purposes. Tlie vast area west of ]\Ianitoba and east of British Columbia was, by an Order of Council last year, divided into four districts or territories. The five Nortli- Western Terri- tories consequently are — Manitoba (12;»,200 square miles). Assiniboia ({)r),000 square miles). Alberta (100.000 square miles). Saskatchewan (114,000 square miles). Athabasca (122,000 square miles). Tlic greater portion oi" tlie country has been surveyed and divided into townships of six miles sipiare. The following is a sunnuary of tlie lat(>st regulations for the disposal of public lands in the Canadian North-Wcst Ter- ritories : — The country is Kurvcyed into '"townships'" of six niiU's square, each containing thirty-six scjiiaro mile lots or sections. 'J'lu'so si'ctions arc numbered consecutively one to thirty-six; two in each township are reserved to defray the expenses of education, and are sold by auction from time to time, and two otliers belong' lu the Hudson's IJay Company, which Corporation olTers its lands for sale at piiees ranf^in^ from 1 Is. to ■Jls. per acre, on . ANALYSIS OF SAMl'l.K OF MAMTOUA SOIL. yhustiirr 21-:}f)l Organic matter cunlaiiiiiig nitingm etiual to ammonia, 2;{ 11-223 Saline matter : Phosphates 0"172 Carbonate of lime \-~{\.\ Carlxmate of magnesia <)-',i;{7 Alkaline salts 1-27;! Oxide of iron 3-11') 7'."'.()0 Silicinus nuittcr : Sand and siliru ,')1-721 Alumina M-l;52 iV.I-H,");] ino-000 The above soil i.-; very rich in organic matter, and contains the full amount of the saline fertilizing matters found in all soils of a good bearing (puility. (Signed) SrKi'iiKXSox MAtAi>A:\r, M.D.. Lectuvcv on Clwini^tnj, ifr. li 10 BrltiaJi Af/ricuUitrc ami ihc ('(nutdinn North-Wcsf. It will bo seen from the analysis that the soil is rich in organic, saline, and silieions matters, and is of unusual depth. The silica, which exists in a large proportion, indi- 'Cates that the soil is specially adapted to wheat growing. An official examination of its nature and depth has been made every 20th mile for 1,200 miles, and the results, which are unexampled, have been published by the Canadian (lovern- ment. About 100 farmers have also given information regard- ing its depth on their lands. Some speak of its being black loam, from 4 to 5 feet in deptli ; (nie states that lie has dug down 12 feet Avithout reaching the bottom ; the general depth averages about 18 inches. The great fertility of the land is attributed to three causes : tlie droppings of birds and animals on the plains, tlie aslu^s left from the animal prairie hres, and the accumulation of decayed vegetable matter. With such a rich soil it is not to be wonderi'd at tliat manures are not as a rule needed. It is said tliat in some of the earlier Ilcd lliver scttlenu'nts as many as eighteen successive crops of wlieat have been grown witliout its use. liut a wise system of fanuing will restt)re to the soil the elements al)stracted from it by the growing plant, before signs of exliaustion set in. On land, however, such as we are describing, the manure (pustion will not become an important one for many years to eonie. and this is a great advantage to the pioneer farmer who. as owner of the land he tills, has every inducement not to work it to the point of GMhaustior.. llemarking on the practice wliich obtains among some of the farmers of burning the straw as soon as the corn is threshed, ]\Ir. C. H. Head observes that the ashes of these fires make no perceptible diiferenco to the next year's crop, an evidence of the native richness of the soil, and its present independence of manure. The General Piioiuce of the Xorth-West embraces peas, i)arley, oats, rye, potatoes, flax and hemp, beetroot, turnips, onions, and cabl)age, all ol' which flourish, some in an extraordinary degree. Ueans, including the famous haricot, arrive at great perfection. Wi; read of cabbages weigliing 4!) lbs. each ; carrots weighing 11 lbs. each; turnips ;}2 lbs. each (and 1,000 bushels ]).r acre I, and potatoes 4 lbs. each. Fruits do not yet present a very wide range ; but strawberries, whortleberries, cranberries and plums abound, and tlie apple and other fruits are being introduced with success. Salad plants flourish and bees thr ive w ell. TuE "Wheat Yiiol is extraordinary. Throughout the North West it averages from 25 to 80 bushels per acre, while in individual cases it 1 The Yidil in Canmla and in the United Slates. 11 rises to 40 and 40 ; and the bushel woi^t^dis from 58 to 00 lbs. f5y compaviiif,' these fipfuros with the yield in celebrated wheat j,'rowing districts in tlio United States, it will be seen tliat the Canadian land of promise distances by fiir the most J prolific of tliem. Takinj,' ^he averages, we liiid — AvenvRO TIio Cariixilian Xovtli-Wi.'st yii'ldw . 20 bushels per aero. »1C. 113^. Minnt'sota 17 „ „ c,-, „ Massachusetts KJ ,, I'ennsylvania 15 ,, ,\ co „ Wisconsin i;{ .^ ^, Iowa 10 Ohio 10 ., „ CO ., Illinois ,s „ ., CM ,, The average yield of wJieat in 1H81 in tlie I'nited States, as given in tlie returns published at Washington, was 10-1 busliels per acre. Some of tiie older luistern States of the Union must produce very light crops indeed to bring the avcnige down to so low a point. Professor Macoun gives, in a tabulai- form, the returns supplied to him by farmers in tlie Nortli- West showing tlie yield ])er aero for four years (1H77-8'J), and tlu'y fully bear out the average yield as before stated. IVmu.kv. In addition to tlu; nrea suitable for wlieat, at loii'^t 1()0,00I),(R)() rcres are said to bo adapted for barley, a gniiii of great value for feeding purposes. Acooi'ding t* tlio returns of the agriculturists (juoted by J)r. Macoun, tbe yield for 4 yeai's ranged from 20 to 70 l)ushols per acre ; the average yield being 40 busliels of H'i lbs. weight per aero. Compared with the returns from the chief States of l!u^ I'uioii, till' following is tlie result: — Tlie Canadian Nortli-West . K) bushels p^r aero. Minnesota '_'"» ,, Iowa •!'! ., Wisconsin •!{) Ohio ]<» Indiana lit Illinois .,,.... 17 ,, ( )ats. The crops of oats are luxuriant ami abundant. The yield for tlie sanu> period ranged from 1;") to 100 bitshels per acre, the average being 00 bushels of ;}8 lbs. weiglit per acre. The • comparison with America is as follows : — The Canadian North-West . . fiO bushels. Minnesota -57 ,, Iowa 'JK ,, Ohio 2;i ]\[aize has also been grown successfully in some parts. The American Consul at Winnipeg recently forwarded to .this country four samples of Avhoat grown in the North-W(^st V. 2 I'J British AgricullKrc ami tJie CaniuViun Nurth-Wesl. which have been on view at the office of the Tonmtn (ihihc, 8(3, Fleet Street. The first specimen was from Fort Dun- vep^an, a post on the Peace Eiver, 1,200 miles north-west of Winnipe.f,'. It was Scottish Fyfe wheal, sown May 1st and harvested August 'iOtli. 1882. The second was from Fort SaskatchcAvan, near lulmonton, 1,000 miles north-west of Winni])ef,'. The tliird was from Battleford, 700 miles north west of Winnipeg,' ; and the fourth was from Fort Pelly. 800 uules north-west of Winnipeg. The first sample was tho l)est, hut they Avere all good. They have excited so much interest, and so many persons have begged small quantities that only a few grains of each remain. In order, how- ever, that you might have some specimens before you, 1 applied to Mr. Alexander l^^y^i^, the rei)r(>sentative of the Canadian Pacific llailway in London, for tlu^ loan of samples on view at the offices of the company ; and by his courtesy you are enabled to sec and examine wheat, barley, oats, peas and grass seeds grown in various parts of the Territories. (iRAss AND Hay are necessities to the farmer. Without bay he woidd not be able to feed his cattle or horses in tlie winter. The prairie hay is said to bo plentiful and very rich in nutritious qualities. Professor ^lacoun eiuimerates 11(1 varieties of grass, several of which are remarkable for luxnriousness of foliage. They have but little stem, but are prolific in leaves. The value of tliis will at once be apparent to those skilled in Stock Eaistnc. While it is possible our home supplies of meat will be increased OAving to large areas of land at present under cultivation being in future laid down as pasture, the (|ues- tion of supplemental supplies is of considerable importance. In recent years we have looked to the I'nited States as the cJiief stock-raising country. Australia and New Zealand [)0ssess great natural advantages, but tlu'ir distance from us has hitherto proved a barrier to anytliiug like large importa- tions in a marketable condition. The Canadian Nortb-West, as a field for stock raising, has been liitluTto overloolced. There, iiowever, we find in an eminent degree the lU'ces- sary conditions for that important pursuit. It is estimated that there are at least 50,000,000 acres of ])asture land ad- mirably adapted for stock-raising and shoe]) farming. Mr. x\. Pegg, who has thoroughly explored the country, contributes a very interesting chapter to Professor IMacoun's book on this sul)ject ; and liis previous experiences as a prac- tical Canadian farmer (jualify him to sp(ak with sonu'thing like authority on stock-raising. He is well acquainted with the principal cattle-ranch districts in ]\Iontana and Texas, and he carefully compares their capabilities with those of the ■ 9 Stock lininhuj anil Shrrji I'dniiim/. Ill iipwly opened up Tcvritorit's. His Htiitcmeiits dcscrvo, and will no doubt vcccivt'. tlio iittcntion and consideration of Knjjlisli stock liivnicrs. The JJow liiver district, lyinj? oast of the Kocky Mountains, contains " the best ])asture lands belon«j:injL,' to the Dominion of Canada." Tracts of rich ;<]:razinj,' i.uids extend eastward for over 100 miles to the Cypress Hills, and northwards to North Saskatchewan, Athabasca, Peace, and ]\hicken/.ie Rivers, Winter is re- ported to 1)0 milder in this district than in Montana. Cattle owners from tlie latter place, wlio have resided in the liow River district for several seasons, some of whom have raised stock west of Fort ]M'Leod and north as far as Calgarry, declare the superior advantaij:es of tlu> new Territories. The followini;- ([notation gives the present jjosition of this pursuit : Slock rnisiiif,' in this iv^'ioii is (inly in its infancy, i'l) to .Vi)ril, Issl, the nuinljor of cattle in tlu' l!o\v liiver district only uniountod to about ;5()()(); since then, n]) to sprint,', l^^^'i, thev have increased by importation and the formation of new riui.-hes to n(^ai!y .1;"),{)0(I. By sprinf^, ]Hh:{. it is expected the number will reach 7"»,ll. Noiu! were lost throu^'li 'Severe w(Mther during the winter of IssO-l in the Jiow River district, although many perished in Montana and farther sontli. Of this immense' tract of pasturage, and its ada]'>tability for stock raising, it is '.staled : Th? natural features of the country are most favourable. Nutritious grasses in the greatest abundance, up to the base of the snow-capped *■ lioekies," penetrate gorges which frecpiently open into valleys walled in by perpendicular cliffs, or grow in loni'ly glades amongst evergreen spruce and other trees which clothe their lofty sides. Shelteri'd ravines leading from the bottom lands or valleys of creeks and rivers, to the higher levels of the prairie, afford ample jirotectiou from storms when they occur. " Chinook Winds," from the I'aeitic coast rush through tlie Kootanie, Crow's Nest. l)OW liiver, and numerous other passes along the head waters of hundreds of crystal streams and arou.id the ends of longi- tudinal ridges, which divide the mountain ranges, forming channels or conductoi's for those warm wiiuls to increase the temperature and dissolve the snow as if by magic. The writer directs attention to sheep farming, which has not yet been tried in the JJow Itivor district. He holds that the industry could be nuide as successful theiv as it is in Montana, Avhorc an experiment in sheep farming returned a profit of ;•$;"* per cent, the ih'st year, 47 per cent, the second year, iind (50 per cent, the third year. lie says, and practical farmers whoso flocks suffer so much from our wot seasons, damp atmosphere, and swampy soil, will be able to appraise the value of his statements : — Our mountain si)urs and ridges, with their line succulent grasses, i)ure water, gravelly creeks, and dry atmosphere, are peculiarly adapted to sheep husbandry, and under whose conditions a healthier stock and better wool is obtained than the soil and climate of lower lands can produce. The principal conditions of a sheep ranch are shelter, water, ^1 - 'I 1 i British Agru'ulliiic and the Canadian North-Wcsl. ami dry frrazlnf? ptrounds. Slicep lovn n dry climate, and the luKlier and drier the soil, the better it is for them. The Canadian Government is leasing these gra/inj^' huuls, which are situate in the Alherta Territory, as ranches, for the term of 21 years, at the nominal rental of Ic. per acre. I'nder the conditions 10 acres of land are allowed to each head of cattle, the stock nnist bo on the ground witiiin three years of the date of the lease, and such tracts of land are hi IK) case to exceed 100,000 acres in extent. Dr. IMacoun ([uotes from a lecture of Professor Jh'own, delivered hef(U'o the Farmers" Club, at IMarkham, Ontario, December G, 18H1, advice regarding the selection of stock, and the methods to bo followed in successful ranching, of great value to those wlio take up the industry, lie also quotes an estinuite of the cost and probable returns of an experimental ranch of 2,000 acres. The capital required Professor Drown sets at some- thing under i'4,000, and this provides stock, plant, home- stead, farm implements, &c., and maintenance and labour for two years. The net increase at the end of two years and a half lie estimates at £2,400 — a very handsome return on the capital, skill, and labour expended. We are reminded that "a bite of hay" is necessary, in addition to the "keep" during the severer parts of winter. Probably experience will demonstrate the practicabihty of preserving fodder in a green state for Avinter use by what is known as the Ensilage pro- cess. In tJie Eastern States of the I'nion, and in the dairv districts, maize, rye, and other grasses are successfully pre- served in this manner, and the food is found to be of so nuicli value that milcli cows fed on it give an equal quantity of milk in winter to that given in summer, while store cattle are kept in good condition. Professor Dogers, M.l\, in his valuable lecture before tlie Society of Arts last week, thus sunnnarised the advantages of Ensilage : Tile u«o of a silo secures the farmer from the caprice of the weather, }j;ives him what is practically identical foraj^'e all the year throiifjli, serves liim with an at^nicultural saveall, enables liim to increase his stock four- fold, and to fertilize his land indefinitely, and all this at yieatly dinii?iish(.'d cost. If the Ensilage process can l)e introduced into the North- West with advantage, it will most likely be resorted to. Dr.. Macoun gives other estimates of the results of stock raising, which show a still greater profit, lie strongly recommends that provision should be made for winter food, becauscj the loss to the stockowner from one exceptionally severe winter might be greater tlian the cost of cutting hay for ten years. He also advises that herders and caretakers should bo properly housed, and made as comfortable as possible. And in concludhig his interesting paper he says : The Canadian North- West, from its situation and advantages, it is tjvident, is destined to become the chief stock-raising country in America.. Tlir liibhop of S<(:ih(i!i'linruu on Sti>fl: ll((is!ii;f. ir> In a few years it will bo diniciilt to liiul a vnctuit miif^c in WyoMiin;,'. Nolji-asiui, or Moiitanii, siiitabli' or cupablo of sustaitiiu^' "),()()0 head of cattle. The Dominion of Canada, (»n tlio other hand, has " limitless " lunges waitint,' to be taken ui> and oeeniiied. Tlio inojvt made on the slopes and plains castwiird of tlio Kocky Mountains, wlion the Canadian Pacilii- Itaihvay is completed, and the sujjr^'cstcd ]in(> of steanici's from Hudson's Hay to Liverpool arc running', will l)o ([uii-ldy and cheaply lu'ou^dit to our nuirlvcts, and [)rove perhaps the most valuable additions yet made to our own sii|»plies. Tlu; J)isho[» of Saskatchewan, at ids recent lecture l)efore tlio Colonial Institute, saiil on this subject : It is an understood lliinj,' that there! will bi' no dit'lieiilty in making' nse of tiie Saslcatchewan river fur eonveyin^,' heavy fici^lit, siudi as wiieat and dead meat, down tlie river, nntil yon eonie to llie (irand ixapids, where tliey will be i nsjiorteil across by haniway into Jiake Winnipeg. 'J'he eourse of the railway will be only ;>'>() miles. Tliat railway will convey the frei^'ht np to Chmchill. and it will be shipped from there and carried thron;;ii liu(!sonV'l5ay ri|^'ht oM'r to ],iv(Mpool. This is an important ijiieslion. Hudson's ISay is jii- 1 1.0(10 miles lon^ ; it is ('(00 miles wide, with an area of oOO.OOO Hi(uare miles. It drains three millions of s(iuare miles of country, and is free from shoals, reefs, and rocks. There are Jlud.-im's Straits. Tlu'y are .")00 miles long, 'there is a strong tide and curivnt tlieie, which has a tendi.'Uey to break uj) the ice and let the steamers ))ading ont in the winter. The snow does not lie on the groimd, so that carriages witli wheels are used all tlu> winter. He' raises fine pigs from • ilk and pasture, and all kinds of poultry thrive. The land jiroduces g.utd wheat, oats, and barley. It the wheat is good seed and put in cirly in the sjjring, there is not much risk from frost. He has made a successful beginning in rearing sheep — th(> averagt! yield of wool from each sheep being S,\ lbs. The country liere all along the rivers is well adapted for ranches (stock farms). He con- siders ]\[ontana the best sto(!k-raising country in the I'nited Slates, but that this cmmtry is far superior to it. He was worth only 1,000 dols. when he came here, all told. He would not sell what lu^ has now for 10,000 dols. Ho has l,nOO dols. worth of farming implements iilouc. Ho 10 Jhitluk AtfririiUiti'r and the ('duddliiii Snrlli-W'rul, saya that tln^ Cochianc! CcMiipany in to l)rin(^ a sin)i'i ior stock of rattlt* iintl horsi's into tlio counti'y. 'I'luiy nro to l)i'},'in witli :t,()()() liciul thin year, and to have lO.OOO head next yoar. A iimu worth 1,(100 dols. should buy iiis stock in Montana ; hu would not luivo to pay duty, hcinn u sottlcr. Tho l){.'st time to (.'oninK'niu! is in tlu' spriuf,'. The numerous rivers hero water the country thoroughly. In Sloiilanii the rivers are farther apart — liere there ia a river every few miles. In Montana the rivers mostly freeze in winter; hero, althou^'h they freeze, yet there are often plaees .sulllcient for stock to drink. This arises from the rapid current of the streams rushing down as they do from the liueky Moun- tains. 'I'he climate is dry. In winter the cold is not felt nuich, owin^; to the li^'lit wind and pure air. The snow never lies lon^. The Chinook wind, wliich eomos from the Hocky Mountains from the I'acitie coast, blows it away or evaporates it ; tliere is no thaw except in .hiuuury. MlXERAIi RkSOTTRC'KS. Ill his! roceiit locturo on Dritisli Columltiii Ix'tbri' this Society, Mr. I't'tor O'Loary hrouji,'ht into proiiiinciit vitw tho cxtciisivo niiiioral n'SoiiiTos of thiit Pfoviiu'c, pivchctiti^Li: tluit nt no distant period ti Wolvt'rlmnipton would arise there. Tn- doubtodly the mineral \v(>alth of Cohimbia will he hroii^'ht into reqnisition by the rapid development of the Norlli-West Territories. Ihit these teritories themselves possess mineral rosoinx'cs, wliich ^j^reatly enhance their future prospects. Coal has been discovered at various points, the .ujreatest iind bcintj: a belt which avern.Lres about 2H0 miles in breadth, and it is calculated that loO,*)^) s([uare miles are underlaid with the •' black diamonds " to which so much of our own wealth is due. liimestone, ejravel, and sand are plentiful. Clay suit- able fo)' l)riclanakin,L,' is abundant, and that industry is in active operation at Kmerson, Rapid City, I'ortafjfe la i'rairie, and in other districts. Iron exists throughout the coal re.u^ion, L,'old is found on the sand-bars of tlu! North Saskatchewan River, and there are indications of it in the streams from the Eocky Mountains; althoujfh tlu> truest wealth of iliis ,i,nand prairie land undoubtedly lies in the cidtivation of the soil. Ik'fjardinf,' coal, theliishopof Saskatchewan, in the lecture already referred to, said, and his remarks are apposite and suggestive : I may say that in crossing the river I observed a vm'y ^ood coal mine. I saw a si'am of coal a mile long stretching down the bank of the river and as I should judge about 9 feet thick. I observed that one of the •settlers had been digging the mine ; he had gone about HO feet, and had formed a chamber like a large room. Coal above, coal below, coal on either side, coal beautiful and bright — I saw it burning. I was in Fort Maclcod for some time, and the military otllcers who entertained me burned this coal every day. I saw no diil'erence between that coal and what I see in England. Now, the coal in that part is simj)ly unlimited, and all through the country there are seams of coal. Away farther north, near Edmonton, there is a seam of coal 200 miles long. I do not think it so good as the coal I am sjieaking about, but it is a fairly good coal. I would ask you if you do not think that there is a wonderful arrangement of Trovidenco in this behalf ? Why, the forma- l!U Cnfil. I'ihIi. C'IIiikiIc mill ]\' Ix' liU'Kfly coloiiiscil. Now cniiK' the coul.' I could not licip, as I tool; up ti bit of the (!oul haiidcil to nu', allowing,' my luiud to wander liacU tluouj,'li centurioH of bygone n(,'t's. I'liilosoiilicrK tell us timt on tlic banks of tht'Ko livers, it niny be l(),(l()(l years n^o. tiicie won; wiivinK vast forests. As these tree,, t,'re\v they d:iiiik in the lays of the heat anil li^ht of the sun ; then laiiie great convulsions that ( lubedded thmi in th(M)o\vels of the earth ; and then a K'-'i't chan;^'t came on— a chemical (•haut,'e which resulted in these very tives beinn turned into coal. Now, when the time comes, as it has nearly come— wt- are on the very L'vo of it — when thitish enteri)rise and capital shall have disentombed coal and scattered it by our railway systi'Ui all over this ma^^nitlcent region of the North-West, destined to brighten up and lighten so many Iieartiis and homes of the I'luglisli jjeople, what would it be, I a-k, but a re^,urrec'Jon, so to sjieak, ef the heat and the liglit tiial came from the sun thousands of years ago — heat and light that have been buried in a seinilchre from which Hnglish enterprise has rolled back the stone? Aiiollior soiifcc of food sii[)]»ly slunild not hv overlooked. Tlie lakes mid rivers ^;\vill•m with tisli. 'I'lie jiiek is i'ouiid wei"liiii,if iVotii (i to liO lbs. ; ti'oiit, iVoiii 5 to lU) Ihs. ; wliite- tisli, iVoui ;} lo 1 1 Ihs. ; jiickei'el, stiu'i^'eoii, iiiid uuiiiy other Viii'ieties of lisli, of or^ul \iilue us food, iire plentiful, liivei' diU'ks, plovers, pi.nions, pniiiie cjiickeiis, .icnlls, iiiid otlu'i- wild fowl are ahtnidant in some distriets, alVordin.u; sport and sustenance to the settlers. And altJiouo;)) the l)nlValo is practii-ally extinct, there ari' a ,n'ood \ariety of animals, some of which are of value as iood ; while all of them are appreeiated l)y the sportsman. 'J'he ^frizzly bear and the ,!j;reat irl/t]\'< nl, Jiiiir. riidci- the coiiibiiUMl iiilliiciici' of sun iiml hIiowct tlic crnin ^'I'ow and niiitiirc with ii rii]ii(lity to wliicli \\v iiro stnni^'cis. I''iii(' wi'iilluT sets in curlv in .Inly, uiid continucH tlirnn'^lioiit An,!,Mist, cnaMini,' InuAcstin;^' oiiciiitions to ho proceeded with uninteiTuptedlv, It nnist lie ii new scnxation to the l' and unciTtain cliniato during' harvest. In this respect the Now Provinces are lii.ijldy favoured indeed. They lia\i' praoticnl inniuniity from wet duiinj; the Inn*- vest season -in itself u . Sunimei' heat is usually ahout 70', although the thernionicti'r occasionally rises to 100', hut the ni,i,'hts iiro cool. In winter the teinpei'ature sonietinu'S iiills to IM) or lO"* helow the iVeezinj,' point. It is a siie^'ular fad, however, tliiit l'',uro[)eans do not feel the cold as nnudi as Canadians do, and this is most liki'ly in c()!ise(pU'nce of the dryness of tlu' atmosphere. One of the most im[U)i'tant factors in I'e.uai'd to health is ii good water suiiply, which the Territories enjoy in a, peculiar de<,'ree. To the honu' this matter is of lirst impni-tance. 'i'ho housewife will lose her temper, the children will he dirty and no,ij:lected. and everything,' will ^'o wroni,', if the water su[iply he short. I''or the fa; aer and stock-i'aiser too the water question is of e([ual moment, iiivcrs, stroams, liikes, and lakelets ahound ; hut when tlioso nvo ton fur oil', or the water is brackish, as some of it is, a constant supply of i)ur(> water may he had hy di.if.Ljin'j; tS or 10 feet into the earth. Next in im[H)rtance lo watei- in the house come wood and fuel. Wood can always he had hy f^ood manai,'ement. In some districts it is scarct', hut a i\w miles of carria,'j[e is the only real dilliculty. SettU-rs, in selectin.Lj plots, should, how- ever, choose situations near <,n'owin^' wood;-!. The j^'rain farmer knows that it is more to his advanta.f^'o to have prairio hind, rather than woodland, to hrnii,' into cultivation ; and it is nuich easier for him to fetch his fuel liO ov )!() miles even than to have to clear his fiirm. The jjfoneral testimony of the resident farmers is, however, that " wood is plentiful ;" hut it has to he fetched a few miles. Tind)er lit for buildin,t,' has to he hrou,t,dit lonji:er distances, hut in many i)ai'ts of tho Provinces even that is plentiful enon.uh. There is an exten- sive Wood-section stretchint,' from lli-d Uiver eastwards to Lake Sujicrior, and there are also innnense forests in JJritish Cohnnhia. The ti .iher trade is already a tiourishini,' industry, and extensive" Saw I\Iills are in active operation. Our time has been occupied in glancing chielly at the agri- IVinnipcif. — The Cauailian I'tici/ir litiilu'inj. U' ciiltiiial ciipiiliilitics imd prospects of the New North W'tKt. Aj^riciilturi' ('iiniiot pro;4:r(ss. liowcv; r, wiiiiout otlni' iinliistii( s and {'iilliii,i,'s llomisliiut,' with it. I'.vc rv Mini of useful art is consiMpieiitly cMlled into reipiisitioii in the new coinitry. Citii's, towns, mid villn^'es ure sprinj^'inj,' u[) with astonishiuL; briskness. WiNMl'Kd. the ehief city of i^Ianiloha. hiis riipidiy ilsen from a foil and a chister of huts in 1H70 to an importiinl eeiitre of iiuhistry. In 1870 its population ^vas 215; now it nundiers '20, (>()(». It is huilt at tiie junction of the Ked and Assinihoinc lii\er.s, and it is well laid out with wide and handsonu' streets. It is already ahle to hoast of elejjrant huildinjj;^, and others an^ projected or in pro;^'r(ss. It has schools niid chin'ches (piiti' ecpuil to the needs of the place ; mid a univei'sity and three lar<,'(> colle;^'es have heen estahlished. Kroin its stores, furniture and household re([uisit(s, woarin.ir apparil, mid food can ho piu'chiised. Its institutions supply the inhabi- tants with all the arts of retined life, it will interest Mr. I'idwiii Chadwick, and other sanitarians, to learn that a sanitary association luis liceii I'ornied at ^\'inllipe,u:, to ensure a complete system of driiina.ue ; and that the Hudson's l>ay Company have made a ;;raiit of i'lOO to eiialde the serviceH of a, comp(>t(Mit smiitary eiiirineer to he secunul. Two daily [taiiers are puhlished at \\ innipej,'. Over a do/.eii stoamers ply the river, and a ret^ndar si'rvice of trains is t'stablished. Anion;,' other tlourishin^' towns in tiie North- West, I'inuM'son, West Lyiiiie. IMiuris. Selkirk, and (iUul- stoni' nuiy lu' nuuitioned. Tur. ('\N.\i)i\N IV\( inc Kau.wav will rini tlirou;:rh the entire country connectiii,^: the Atlantic with the Pacitic. Jt supplies an elenu'iit I'ssential to the success of a new f,'rain-,u'rowiii,^' country ; since without the nu'ans of transit to the markets of the world, the most U'rtile soil will he of little value, in accordance with the terms of purchase of the tract of laml from the Hudson's Hay Com- pany, the Canadian (iovernmeiit undiM-took to cimnect the Pacilic Province with the eastern portions of Ctmada, and the works were to ho completed within ten years of the date of purchase. After cnterin.i,' upon the work, the ,()0(),00() acres of land. It is thus that the Piailway Company are part owners of the Now North-West. The progress of the line has heen unprecedented in '10 lin'fislt Agriciiltinr and llic Ciouidian Korth-'Wcsf. Railway history. Tlie main lino has l)cen constructcil (U)0 miles west of \Vimiipej;rowing districts. \\y a recent return! lind that the present position of this jifi^'antic undertaking^' is as follows : 817 miles of line from ^Montreal to Callander are completed, and the track is laid to Sturu^eon Eiver, a furtlier distance of 40 miles. From Sturt^'eon Hivcr to Thunder Bay, a distance of ()1() miles, the line will he completed in 1HH(). Tlie important section con- iiectin.tj; Thunder Jiay with Winnipesj:, Vi)'i miles in len,!j;th, is now completed and in operation, althou,t,di tlu) liiu'. will remain in the hands of the contractor until the si)rin,!^ of 1SS;{, when it will be handed over to the Canadian Pacific l^ailway Company. Fiom Winnipeg westward to Swift Cur- rent, a stretch of "jl'i miU's, the line is completed, and tlu> track is laid a fiu'ther i>4 mih'S. It is fully expected that the 325 miles of line from them'(> to tlu' base of the Hocky ^lountains will lie completed this year ; and that by IMS") the lino will l)e linislicd to the Pacilic terminus, Port Moody. The rapid development of the Noilh-West is liiru'ely, if not entirely (Uui to the opening up of tlie country by tlu' Canadian Pacific Ihiilway. Tlie rivers and lakes also supply an important means of water carriage, forming as tliey do an aggregate of (i.;U).") miles of navigable water. Time altogether fails to allow the numerous advantages of ' those territories to be stated ; but it is only fair to ask, is there .not another side to tiie picture ".* Of course there is. I ]iav(> not been speaking of Paradise, hut of a part of this old earth. P>ut if any jiortion of it pos- sessed all the advantages of the New North- West, v\ithout any drawbacks, Paradise would be regained in this j)i'esent existence. That, however, was not intended by the Creator, who placed man on tlie I'arth to subdue and cultivate it. DlFl'KTLTIES AM) Dlt.VWIiACKS tliere are, and it is well to bi'ar tluun in mind. The climate at times is severe. It has long been our habit to regard Canada as a small Siberia; liut the climatic diihculty, like many another lion in the way, diminishes as we approach it. As before stated, settlers give a very good account of the climate. Of all the farmers who testify to its general healthiness only two s!iy, " It is hard on consumptives." Against that 1 will (piote from a letter in the Fdinlxu-gh ScoIhhkih, October, 1881, by Dr. Ihyce, who says: . . . The (Irynoss of (lie olimato and till! clear air aro tiikpii advan- ia.>r^Q of fii'iiuently by consumptives, who come from other parts of America and are (ured. I (-an name several persons of my aciiuaintance who, on coining to Ihe country, were said to be far advanced in con- J Climate. Bcptilcs. In.sccts. Aitlinnln. •21. \ sumption, and who luive now refoveiod. Tlie dry. clear air gives an elasticity to the frame, noticed by all wlio visit the ^'()rtll-^\'est. As to the sensation of cold, I have stood outside with hands and face uncovered, and throat bare, looking at the thermometer re^isterinj,' ten decrees below zero, and have had no feelinf; of discomfort whatever. It is in my recollection of having driven my sleigh to a country parish about fifteen miles from Winnipeg on a Christmas day, and of having been engaged in visiting from house to house all the day with the thermometer stand- ing at U) below zero. The horse was left outside in most cases, simply with the buffalo robe thrown over him, and sulTered nothing; while myself and driver, though going in and out from cold to hot and hot to cold, felt no inconvenience. The fact is, either extvomo lioiit or oxtrcnic cold can hr borne easily and without discomfort. Avlien the atmosphere is. dry and still. The Turkish hath is a .ijood illustration of the former. I liave remained for several minutes in one of the hot rdoms at Jerniyn Street, heated to ahove the hoilin.u' point, without any ill ellects. J)Ut if any moisture had been there a temperature lo\v(.'r by 50 could scarcely have been endured. A Canadian winter illustrates equally well the facility with which a cold dry atmospli'iu can he not onl_\ borne but enjoyed. Prairie iires are another drawback. The most strin.u'ent retijulations are in force a.yainst the ])ractices which lead to them, and settlers are fully instructed how to protect their holdings from these jicrils. As the land is brou.g'ht into cultivation, however, the chances of this kiiul of disaster will diminish, and the iires will belon.L;- to the thiuLi's of the past. Keptiles are neither very troublesome nor dan.^-erous. A species of the rattlesnake is said to be found near the forks of the liow and lied Deci- lliviu's ; but Dr. Macoun failed to find any. Liz/ards infest sonu' rep;ions, hut they are not venonu)US. Toads and fro.ns arc ,L;-eneral. Anu)n,L;' insects, the mos(|uito, and a tly named by the lialf- breeds "the lUdl Do.u', " arc I'cal pla,u-ues, causinj^- ,u:reat irritation to man and beast, i)rincipally in .luly. They are maiidy confined to the nciirhbourhoods of swamps and low-lyin,!j; disti'icts. \)\ day, a l>ird imown as the cowbird. follows man and cattle, riding- on the backs of tln' cattle and horses, and they catch the Hies as thi-y settle. There is \cry little dan<;er to human lib' from wild animals. The .) Jlrili.ih Afjricidturc ami the Canadian North-West. lislmuvn, but they distnist a Yankee. Ilonco wliilo travellers from the South are in ilanjj:or of molestation, those from the North are perfectly safe. Tlio Aiiu'ricaus crossed the boundary with their spirits and demoralised the red man, but the Dominion (rovernment has stepped in and the spirit trade has been declared illegal. The JJishop, in his lecture, thus speaks of the Indians: Without the li'ast oxagS^Viation, I venture to say tluit there is no part of her Majesty's doniinions wluu-t! an uupvotectod tnivellor can pass to and fro witli more iicrfect safety tluin throuj^h this very Indian country of the great Nortli-West. And I attribute this very hvrgely to a most wise jn'ovision of tlie Dominion (rovernment. Th(\y knew tliat the poor Indian could not withstand the temptations and seductions of strong; drink, and they jia^sed a law makin;^ it criminal for any wliite man, on any pretext whatever, to j^ive stroni^ drink to tlie Indian. They make it criminal to take strong drink into the country without the express licence of the Government ; and the result has been tliat whereas formerly the Indians were in a continued state of ))overty and bo;,'^'ary. and almost on llie point of i'amishinj,', now tliey are ])e;^innin^ to accjuire property. This was well illustrated by one of the chiefs, who said : " We are very thankful to the white man's {Jtovernnient tor kee)iin':; tin- whisky traders out. We are not able to resist the whisky : briuj,' it in and we nuist ilrink it. Keep it out and we are safe, and we thank you for keeping it out. 'i'here are sonu' of my tribe on the American line, where they are allowed to buy whisliy, who are very poor ; tin'}' have no horses or robes, whereas we can show our kindred our horst^s and cattle, and how well we have prospered, and if they wen^ wise they would no longer deal with wliisky any moi.' than we are doing now." Tlie jn-inciple on which tlie Dominion (iovernment acts is this: that these Indians are unable tn care for themselves in tiie matter of drink, they cannot stand it. It is too temjiting for them, and therefin'c the (lovemnient stejis in wisely and forbids the trallic. In some districts the Indians are taking to agriculture. They pride themselves on the success they achieve, and already a spirit of emulation has t;iken root among them. Taking into account these drawbacks — what are they as against the advantages'.* Nothing; they fad*- away, or rather they may be, reduced to a minimum by spirit, energy, and determination. I)il1iculties are useful; they give a j^est to life. Without them existence would be dull and monotonous — devoid of nnu-li of its interest. Looked at lairly, tlie Canadian Territories offer advantages to be found nowiiere else. Immense tracts of fertile land are there nwaiting the hand of man. Our countrymen should step in and take possession. The delegates appointed by l^nglish farmers to investigate the resources and prospects of the Nortli-West have favour- ably reported of it as a land of promise. ' It is not to bo wondered at that unfavourable reports are circulated. These come from persons interested in the settlement of other lands, or from the ne'er-do-well class who expected to reap 4 1 • Extracts from the Iteports of Professor Sheldon and Mr. Ancenson are given in Ajipendix. Afj/irnUnral Migration. — 'J'Jir Jiriltiih Associdtidii. 'lo jijoldcn liiivYCsts uitliout mi cliort. Hncli persons wcic ii])tly (lesci'ibed by His .Vjxct'llcncy tlio ]\J' tenant farmer wdl iiavi' a sj)leudid future in tlie new land. And if any word of mine eould reach or iidlui'uee the a,ut he would ,i^'o fiirtlier than tlu' lectui-er had ,1^011 e. He beliiNed h'ee trade to lie an entire mistake. lieifardinif the New Territories, about which so much valuable information had been laid before them, lu' was alivt> to their vastness. resources, and prospects; and with a view of niakin,i,' our thinkers and men of science actpiainted with them, he had carried a resolution nuikin,<4' Montreal llie next nu'etiii,Lr-])lac(> of the lU'itish Association for the Advaiicenuuit of Science. He hoped, in spite of obstacles thrown in tlie way of that proposal, that the uuH'lin;^- would yet he held tlieiv. especially as the Pri'sident of the Canadian Pat-ific liaihvay had ])roniised to take the entire l^arty through the Territories to tlu' foot of the liocky Mountains free of char'^'(>. intlu- ential i^ni^-lishmeu would thus ac(|uire a personal knowledg'c of that prolific land. The ])roposal, alter bein.tj; seconded by Mr. (leorge Moore, Avas adopted, and a cordial vote of thaidvs to Captain jjedibrd Tnu was also cnthusiasticallv carried. APPENDIX. A.— XKW S1-:TTLE158 IX 1H.SJ. A sni>pl('m?nt of the "Winnipo.i,' Ddili/ Sini, to lumd siiico the delivery of the fore,!i;oinf;; lecture, e(int;iiiis fivets ;uul stfitemonts ref,'ardiii.2: the nipid deveUipnient of the new Xorth-West of more thtin ordiiiiiry interest. Printed on tlie spot, and circnliited tliroiishout the rrovinees, its data is not likely to he hiaccurato. On the authority of "Slv. W. C. 15. Grahauie, it instated that diu'ing the past season 44,01)0 innuij:;rants have readied tlie New Terri- tories. Of these 0,000 were Europeans, mostly lU'itish, althoui,'h a. fair sprinklin.i:; of them were Germans and Scandinavians. The L'nited States contributed H.')[)[), while 27,000 were from the older parts of the Dominion. The class of settlers is declared to he superior in every respect to that of tlie ]irecedin^' year, the only exception beinre there is good natural drainage, and ninety-nine^ hundrelhs of the country has this and that he should he ahlt^ readily to procure in Winnipeg, or elsewhere, sonie liglit pumi)s like those used in Ahyssinia foi- the easy sui)i)ly of water from a de])th of a few feet helow the surface. .Mkali in the water, will never hurt his ciittle, and dykes of turf and the i)lantingof trees would everywhere ii)sui'(> him and them the shelter that may he reipiired. flOd sliould he his own to sjicnd on his arrival, uuloss as an artizan he comes here, and iinds thiit, liketlu' ha))py masons now to he found in \\'iiuiii)eg. li(> can get the wages of a Oritish Army colonel hy putting up houses as fast as hriek, wood, and mortar can ho got together. Messrs. Read and Pell, the Assistant Conimissioners. who visited America in IfSTO, under instructions from the Duke of liichmond and Gordon, say : To tlie young and vigorous, and the cf)uragcous, wlio cannot get a com- fortable living in England, Manitoba olT<'rs a home that will soon ])rovide all the necessaries of life, and in a few years of steady and well-ilirected toil, will ju'ohahly ensure a cuiiipetciicy, and, po.ssibly, a moderate fortune J I ]Vh» Shouhl Go! liiijiid Vcijihtiion. 2r> It may Ix; a f^'ood l(l for the ])n(ctical, hardworkiiif,', stalwart youiif,' farmer who lias a few liiiiKlreil jjouikIs in his pocket, ami who would know how tr) spend it to tlu; best advaiita^'e. Mr. R. H. B. P. Anderson, of T.istowol, Co. Kerry, Irol.iml, one of till' prficticiil iif,n'icultural (lelc,L,'titcs tn C'fiiiadii, in his n'i)ort, says : If I am asked who on;^ht to ^'o to Manitoba and the North-West, I iinliositatin^dy say, any man who for an\' reason intends to emigrate to any ])laf'e, and is uu\, afraid of hard work and some diseonifort for a few years, and whose family can get on for a time witliout the aid of femalo servants. Siieli a jnan will, it he has jihiek, sueeeed in time, thongli ho went without a penny, but if he ha- L'lOOor l'20() in his ])oeket, he may «'xpect to enjoy a jjrosperous and happy home in the immediate future. Anyone who cannot " rough it,' or dislikes having his face blotched now and then by mos(|uil() bites, any " ne'ei'-do-weel,' or di'unkard, had hetter stay at home, oi-. for liie benefit nf hiimanity, drown himself on the way out, as lie has no eliance of succeeding. Mr. Thomas Spcnce, Clerk of the Lcgislutivo Asseinhly of ]\raiiilolia, ill iiis •• Cscl'iil and Practical Hints." points out that Pi.t'civ .VNi) Mfsci.r,, iiiniided liy capital, can achicxi* mnch in the i\c\\ territories. lie says : Great as are the uiKiuesLionable advantages which a nnion of mone\ .u i industry )Kissess, ihi're is no country uiuli r the suii \\ here unaided muscle, with a plucky |)ur]iose, reaps greater rewards than under the bright skies and helpful atmosphere ot tliis fair land. l''eeliiij,' himself every inch a man, as he j^a/es upon the unelaimeil acres wliicli siiall reward his toil, the settler brealhes a freer air, his l)iis(iiii swells with a ]iriuiiler purpose, and his strong arms achieve imwonted results. Any man whose cajutal con- sists on his arrival "f little but brawny anr.s and a brave heart, may do as others have done befm'c him, select a homestead in some of the many beautiful and fertile regions westward, and into which railroads %\iil ra])i(lly penetrate ; alter which, iieing allowed six months before settling upon ihe land, he may work upon the railroad and earn enough of money to make a start in a small way ; and liy the tinu' he produces a sur])lus. th(> railway will be witiiin a reasonable di--tanci' to take it to market;* be linds liimself the lu-mid |io-;sessor of a valualde farm, which has cost him little but the sweat of his brow. ('.— KAl'lDITY OF Vi:(n:TAlJl.r, GKOWTH. Professor J. P. Sheldon, of the College of Agricnlturo, Downton, Salislniry, cue of the jiraetice agricnlttiral delegiilos to Canadii, in this vahiahle report, says: I was in tinu> to see tiie latter part nf the inu'vc-ting. and I was eertainlj' struck with the exeelleiit crops of wheat and >ats which were grown with the crudest cultivation. On the ila\' after my arrival (Sejitember J!) I saw a new string binder at work in a o-op of wheat in the Kildonan Settle- ment, near Winnipeg; it was a very nice even croj), ami would average, say, '25 bushels per acre of grain, whose (pialily was very good ; the wheat was the " Scotch fife " variety, not a heavy headed kind, but it v as a nice even crop, the straw rather short and weak', but cleai- and brigh and the grain was plump, well-fed, bright, and tit for the mill at once, i'his crop was sown on the 'J'ind of May, on tirst ]n'airie sod — that is, on prairie land jnst then ]>liiuglied np fur the tirst tinu — and as such sod is very tnugh at first, it may he imaglTieil that the surface of the tielii was rough, and that the seeil had been imperfectly covered ; yet llu; seed was sown and the crop dead ri])(> within a jieriod of b") weeks. It is, however, no uncommon thing for wheat to b(> twice in the bag within '.10 days — that is ^own, liarvested, and threshed within (hat period. I saw also a crop of oats * At tlie rale at wliuli ilie C'.P. Railway is l)eing puslieil foruanl, the railway will soon lie ill advance of the setllcr. '^fi Appendir, wliich was so\vn at intervals, as tlie land was ploufjlicil. from the 7tli tf> the 17th of Juno; the oats wore the l)lack tartarinn variety, and thouf,'h not rijic when I saw it. I whould say the crop would reach 45 hiishels j)er acre. It was a stron;,', well headed crop, and the oats promised to be a good sample. This croj), too, was on first prairie sod. ]).— MAKKET CiAKDEKING AND THE PllODUCTION OF EOOTS. IMavkct f,Mrcli'ninjf will be a profitiiblo industry, ok, '.vhen tlio railway coummnication iKcouii)letcHl, produce can bo sent eastward and even exported. Proiessor J. P. Sheldon says : ()utside the city of Winnipeg I saw a ]arf,'e market garden run by a Yorkshireman nained Lonf,'bottom, in wliicli very larj.'^e <.'r()])s of onions, potatoes, carrots, ])eas, beans, tomatoes, celery,' and a hundred other things were ^rrow n in a rouj;h and ready sort of way, but very profitably ; there is a f^tiod market in AViunipeg for all kinds of garden stulT, and tlie earliest sorts eoinumml very high prices, so that our ^'oi'kshin^ friend, as I was told on the best authority, is reaping a rich reward of his skill and industry. The potato is not a successful cro]) in the United States. 'J'lio yield tlierc is est limited at about HH buslicls per acre, while in the' Canadian lu'ovinces. with scarcely any care or cultivation, it is four or five times <,'reater. Messrs. Read and Pell, say in their report as Assistant Com- missioners, : In Manitoba, on the farms near the Assiniboine, we saw splendid speci- mens of the potato in the ground, the yield on one farm being stated by tlie owner to ha\i' never fallen below ;JCO bushels, and to have reached 400 bushels in 1H7'.*. These crops had not even been inoulded up. Messrs. Sutton and Co., of lUadin;,'. the well-known seedsmen, .t^ave the followin.u: certificate on the 21st Decend)er, IH.SO, rej,'ardin<;; roots f,'rown in Canada : We were honoured by the Canadian Ooveriiment forwarding for exhibi- tion on oiu' stand at the Smithtield ("lub Cattle Show, 1S80, a collection of roots, \c., grown in Manitoba and Ontario, of the following weights, when harvested. Squash 3 II 3 lbs. Long ]{ed Mangel . . • 7.'» „ Long Yellow Margel (iri ,, Yellow tilobc! Mangel <)0 ,, Field Pumpkin 37 ,, Citron . :}0 „ These enormous sjjecimens ])roved objects of great interest tothoBritish farmers, and we believe tlii' weights far exceed any un record. (Signed) " Sitton and Sons. J:.— DAIRY FAinilNG. Dairy farming,' is sure to be developed in connection with ca,ttlo ranchinf,' in Alberta and other districts. It will be a profitable department of alac'es, tliat ho can raise ahiindanl rmjis of Sweden and mangels, and viTy ^ood onea of carrots, piirsnips, and th«> hke. Here, then, t -,er tlie question of water, are tlie tir,st runuisites for Buccessful dairy fai ning. Mr. Thomas Spence, who from his official position is hcII enabled to judge, is of oi)inion that : Dairy farming must hccome in a few years an important source of wealth. It is now conducted on a very lar^'o scale in the other rrovinces, in connection with cheese arid hutter factories for European consumption. In tlie I'rovince of Ontario alone no less tlian 200 cheese factories bciii",' iu operation, that Province deriving,' an income of nearly two million of 'lollrrs a year from this sinp;le article of produce, and the quality esteemed almost as hi^'hly as the best English cheese. With the pro^fress of improved comnmnications, what a vast field is ])resented for the development of that branch of agricultural enterprise in this great gra;cing country. Mr. R. H. B. P. Anderson's reports thiit : Both cattle ami ci'ops are wonderfully free from disease; in fact, neither horned cattle, sheep, nor horses seem to lie aifected with the diseases to' which they are usually liable in these countries. ■ tireat Britain and Ireland. J F.— FIRST OPERATIONS, TIIKIK COST AXl) RESULT. From heavy expenses attendant on aj,n-icultnral operations iit this country, persons may infer that farming in the new North- West is etpially costly. This is not the c-aso. Here the farmer has to wait practicallj^ a year for a return on his expenditure ; there, as Professor Sheldon says, wheat is often again in the sack "JO days after it was sown. Messrs. Read and Pell state that : " The cultiv 'on of wheat on imbroken jirairie laud is of the simplest description, li ihe settler's land is not fenced, he will have to trust in tlie law in force in certain districts for protection from the inroad of cattle, cattle, under which each owner is required to herd or tent his cattle sd that they shall not waiuler among the croj)s of iiis neighbour. The- mprovements needed w ill be a house and ])remises adapted to the size of occupation, iVc. . . . The land is l)roUen in summer by a sulky jiloiigli constructed in part on the same i)rinciple as the old Dutch or fen ])lough ; with a wide share and rather stout steel breast, turnin,-^ a shallow furrow of the land, 1-1 inches in width, laid flat, and showing no crease. . . . The driver is seated, reins in hand, within reach of a lever, by which tlu; depth of the furrows may be; adjusted without stoi)])iiig his team. With this implement and a jiair of hiu'ses about 2^ acres are turned over in the course of the day. Dr. Macoun gives the following as the latest method of simul- taneously breaking and seeding prairie land : Heccntly it has been discovered by successful experiments, that seeil.s sown on tlie jn-airie grass and then ploughed in lightly, will yield good crojis the same season. This is a most important discovery, as it shows that an immigrant arriving on his claim in the spring can begin to realize a return from his labours almost as ([uickly as if the land had already been culti- vated and improved. Tlie novelty of the operation is, that the grain is tirst sown on the ])rairie grass, and then tin; " breaking " is done. A rather light sod is turned, and tlie buried giain quickly finds its way through . . . A ]Mr. Daly, near ]?ig Stone (,'ity, sow(>d Um acres of oats, two bushels and a half )ier acre. He harvested '120 bushels, which ])aid the expenses nf " breaking,' and left him some i'lT) besides. Another gentleman near him sowed bui'kw heat in the latter part of May, and lie had a magnificent crop. This valuable discovery will no worth much to the beginner. It will enable him to realize sutlicient for his expenses the lirst year. 28 Api'mdir. l-'roDi a recent pnblicjttion. " !\[iuiit()l)ii iinil the Ciiuadiiin Nortli- "W'ost," T liiki' tlic following' interest in;,' ctssary KU]>|ili('s to foinnu-ncc work. The trcncral oiiinion of settlers is tiiat the ciul of May and the months of .hnio aiul .hily aro the l.'cst time foi' hi'cakin^'. Tlic land then broken ouglit to bo backset in Sejitendier. J;and should he lu'ckeii shallow and turned hack deep. If the settler wishes he nt to ])ay expenses, oats Iieinj4' the best seed to sow. In -Inly sullicient hay on},dit to be cut for \vint( r fiulder for the cattle. It is not necessary to fence tho broken land until a cro]) is juit i)i, but the settler will tind it to bis advan- ta;.M' to fence iiis Ih'lds as soon as possible, eitlu'r with wire or rails. 'I'he family can live in tents very comfortably till October, but the settlor shoidd be careful to coinincnce early in the fall— not later than middle of Anf^ust or 1st of Sc]>tember — to erect a wai'ni house and stables f(jr tho wiuti'r. The former can b(> purchased ready-made in \Vinnii)ei,' for about J.'(i(i, or it can lie constructed of lo^'s and made very warm; the latter can be luade of l(^;,'s or sod. Thi' lirst winter over, tho rest is plain sailinj,'. A SETTLER'S FIRST liXPEXSES. On leaving: for the Canadian Xortb-West a settler should burden bimself with as little lu^'j-'a^c as possible. He can jiurchasc everything be requires at reasonable jn-ices in ^lanitoba. ami obtain articles better suited to the country than anything: he could hrin^ with him. The following is an api)ro\iuiatc e>timate of his lirst outlay in a nuideratc way :— l'ro\ isions for one >('ar. say XTiO \'oke of oxen ■il - One cow 7 Wagon 1(! l'louj.'h and harrow 7 Sunilrv implements 5 ('ookin;;-stove, with tinware 5 l''urniture. i^<'., saj' lli Sundry expenses, say 10 .I'llO To the above must be added first ]iaynient on land, unless he takes a honu>- stcad and pre-emption ; Init an enci'getie man will tind time to earn some- thing as an olfsct to a ]iortion of bis first expenses, either on the railway ni- by w(jrkinfj; for neighbouriig farmers ; and, in addition to this, then; is the chance of obtaining a ))artial crop the lirst year. A settler, therefore, who can boast ot having ilWO ou his arrival in ^lanitoba, is an iiule))en- deut man, and cannot fail to succt'cnl withordinary care and energy. Many settlers on a)Tival cann(jt boast of a tenth jiart of that sum, and yet they succeed. PROFITS O]'' FARMING IX 'IHi; CANAK.AN NORTH-WEST. In the following calculations evci-y care has been talicn not to over- •f'stinuite what can he done with cai'o, pei-severance, and energy : — VIKSl' VEA]{. ]'2xi)enditure of settler with family of say five, for provisions, iVc, one year I'oO One yoke of oxen 37 One cow 7 Mreakiug plough and harrow 7 Wagon 1() Implements, iVc 5 Cook-stove, iVc, complete 5 Furniture ]'A Sundries, say 10 Outlay for first year .fM<) Projll oil Kat'hj Oiirydlioihs, 20 At the ciul of the year ho will have a cninfortahlc in^' house, Imrii, I'ic., cattle, implements, and say twenty acres ot land hrukeii, ready U)V seed. Sl'.CDNI) Yi: Vll. Will roali/.e (rnm 20 arres -liOO hiishels of t,'min at ^0 cents . X'.lll Expenditnrc, say •''^ To the f^ood, hesiil's living,' i''!(> And he will liavo an addiliDnul 20 acres of laud broken. ■lllllll) VKAl!. I'orty acres will t,'ive him I'iOO bushels ot grain at H')ceiit.i . I'l'.^'i l-lxpendlture, including' additional stock and iniiilinients. . 100 To the Kfx'd, besides liv in;:,' L".l'2 .And ho will, with his increased stock and other facilities, be able to bri ak at least iJO acrea. I'oruiit vK.vit. Seventy acres will f^ive liiin 2100 bushels of ^,'rain at 80 cents fUliii Less exnenditure for further stock, implements, and other necc^ssaries '-" To the j,'ood i'21"< And another ;iO acn s broken. inrii vr.Ait. One hundred acres will j^'ive him :iOOO bushels of f,'rain at HO cents -i-' "^'> Less same expenditure as prevituis year 120 To tlio good t"t<'0 At the end of the lifth year he will stand as followh :-- Cash or its eipiivalent on hand t'70;> One hundred and sixly acres uC land increased in value to at least ,i'l i)er acre . ' "j" House and barn, low ajipraisal *'><* Slock, includnig cattle ami horses 12!) jMachinery and farm imiilements, 50 pi r cent, of cost, say . 10 Furniture, i*L'c '" I'llOii Less— outlav for lands if he iniicliascg from J {ailway Com- pany . '■'t.lU.I To credit of farm t'JOOS.O'.t.H So that, according to the above, even shotdd there bo a deficiency in tlui yield of crops or amount of land broken, the settler at the end of live ■years would lind himself with a good farm well stocked, all i>aid for, aud in addition a considi'rable sum of money to his cri'dit in the bank. Mr. Thomas Spence supplies the following; intovcstin^' details regardiuf? the broiiking ami tlio cost of working haul : The following is as near correct an estimate of the cost of o])er,'ithig a prairie farm in Manitoba, or the Xorth-Wcst, and the methods of farming, as wc can give : — Breaking from -Tune 1st to July 20th, cost per acre . 10s. to 12s. Backsetting, same breakhig iu August and September, per acre .• • ''^• Seeding (getting seed in thegroxmdtoUowmgspruig), per acre, ''^' Cutting, binding, aud shocking at harvest, per aero . JOs. Cost of raising 1 acre of wheat, say 4;}s. Twenty bushels (low estimate) wheat obs. Profit per acre on first crop, in round numbers . . Ii3s. }» Appcnilic. For KubsoqiK-nt years it will ho tho samn op al)Ove, less the cost of break- ii'R, I '2h. jw'r acri', 1111(1 tlicrc will be an iiici'i'aso in yield of 10 per cent. » year for tlirce years, wliens it reinains for ten years following. G.— INCllEASEJ) VALUE OF IMrilOVED LANDS. AVIion a farm has boon bi'ouj,'ht into cultivation, it is saleable at un I'lihaiu'ed price, which yivcs u very <,'oocl prolit on tlio iarmor's labour. Professor J. P. Sheldon says : I was iinieli surprised to find anionj; tlu^ Maiiitoban farmr"8 one of my old Cirencester pupils. He bad bought a farm of some 40U acres, a few miles west of Winnipeg, ])aying, as was lliought, tho extravagant price of 'J» dollar^' (i't) an acre. He declared, however, to mo that ho had the best fiirm ill the locality, which may be taken as evidence of his being satisfied witli it; and ho was growing erojis of turiiijis, ])otatoes, i'c., which were already a tlieiiio of conversation in Iho rrovinco ; this was done by better cultivation than tho land of Manitoba is used to, and it is clear tliat the soil will produce almost any crop in a very satisfactory way, providing it is ])roperiy attended to. And yet, bow can we I'xpect the rank and file of farmers to cultivate tho soil carefully in a country which has such % superb abundance of magnificent land still unoccui)ied? In time, no doubt, better farming will prevail, and I hope my old pupil will set an example which will be wortli extensive imitation ; but at present land is too cheaj) and plentiful to admit of microscopic cultivation as we have it in England and Scotland. liovertiuj,' to tho same subject, he says ; Tjand increases rapidly in value near to the city. For hi" farm near AVinnipeg, Mr. Koss paid £1\\\ now he wants ,i'()00 for it. It is '240 acres in extent, and tlie owner has ])ut up a small house and u building or two on it, bi.ddes breaking up about half of the land. IL— STATISTICS ItELATIXG TO WIXNirEG. The recently issued Supplement to tho Winnipeg Daily Sun contains a mass of statistical information relating to Winnipeg, from which the following items are taken : — Tho trade of Win- nipeg for the year 1882 amounted to .t'4,0(X),tXX) ; tho value of foreign imports was .i;l,(t44,ri8i") ; tho duty collected thereon amounted to .i;817,405. The value of the material imported, free of duty, for use in tho construction of the Canadian I'acific Railway was .i'252,73U. The foreign imports were about equally divided hetween Groat Britain and tho United States. Tho business done in go Is of Canadian manufacture amounted to .1'2, 400,000. The Canadian Pacitic l^iilway brought from St. Vincent to Winnipeg, during tho first nine months of 1882, 5,8!)8 iirst-class passengers and 26,587 innnigrants — a total of y2,y85 persons. Amongst the industries of Winnipeg tho following may be noted : — Brickmaking : last season 18,(K)0,000 bricks were mado there. Furniture : tlie two firms in this line produced i;,';(),000 worth of goods, part was sold to outside towns and villages. Tent making is active ; the annual output of Messrs. Hope and Brownley reached .t'25,000. Tho iron trade employs a large num- ber of hands ; the value of the manufactures of two firms is given at .£80,000; while a third firm, employing 100 liands, made no return of its busiuesd. Artificial stone and cement pipes are . A i VrcHcnt Posifion nf Wiiiiilfirif. 81 jmidiU'cd to llu» viiliio of i:i>,()()l). I.iinilicr, saw iiinl [ilimin^ iiiillw, *<:(•., cnipltiy o\vv l,()()() liimils, iiiul tli(! value of llii'ir iirodiictioiis i« rcturiKiil ut l"."*H!),0(K). TIr; 0>,'ilvio and Co. Hour mill, can tiini ■«iut 1,W liarrcls of lloiir per day ; tlu' (■ii<,'iii(' is of JiOO-horso powor, and ()() uiou aro (.'inployod tlicrr. 'i'lus biscuit works of Messrs. Chaiuiu'rH and ("o. <'iiiploy ;!() hands, and tlu- ^'oods niado aro of tlio annual valiio of t'"i1,()()(). 'i'he niacliino shops of the ('. i*. Kail- way j,'ivc! cniploynicnt to 'jOO hands. Ainonj,'st tho evidence of thrifty hahits, tlie recoi'd of the savinj,'s liank may ho mentioned. Then! an; 2, '200 depositors in the Win- nipeg Saving's J>ank, tho total amount staiidm;^ to their credit at the end of last year was l*lll,r)()H. During,' the year tho deposits Jimounted to .t"iO;5,t»lO, and tho withdrawals to li;5.'),40ri. 'J'ho deposits are mostly witnU'. weekly, in sums ran^'inj,' from .I'l to f-l. Railway men, employed away from the city, sometimes deposit as much as .I'To or I'lOl) in one sum on their return. Tho averaf^o balance to the credit of depositors is al)out i'OO, very few roachinj^ i\u' hi;,diest limit pennitteil, X'liOO. Tho Kavint,'s hank deposits 'ny no nifianrt represent the surplus earnini,'s of the lahourinj,' classes. Larf^'o sums are invested in conmiercial undertaking's, which pay liit,'her rates of interest, or loaned in jirivato channels. Th(s provisions for education aw amjile. I5eside a cnllejifo and normal school, tliere are Protestant and Catholic schools and six public schools. Tho building's for tho latter have cost X'17,(HJ0 *jxclusive of sites. The relij,'i(ius needs of \Vinnipe;,' ha\(' not been overlooked. Several new churches are projected, in atldition to the following accommodation for public worship already existinj,': — rtodts. Clinrcli of I'liiKland (1 places of worsliipi .... '.iUOO UoiTiiui Catliolic 'Ji'iOO Ciiiiiula Metliixlist (1 placps of woi'shipi '2H00 I'rcshyteriau i'l places nf woi'sliiin '2'2l)0 Congre(.,.itioiial I'.:00 Jlaptist 1200 11, WO The Marquis of Lome, in his famous speech at Winnipcj?, thus described tho natural advantaj,'es, position and prospects of tho " Heart City of the ])ominion " : T'nkiiowii a few years a),'o except for some diffcronces whicli had arisen nnioiigst its jicople, w(! sec Wiiiiii|ieg now with a iiojmlatioii anaiiiinously joiiiiii),' in lui|i)>y coMconl. and rajiidly lifting; it to the front rank amongst the conniiercial centres of tlie continent. \Ve may hiok in vain elsewhere for a situation so favoiu'able and so commanding — nniny as are the fair regions of which we can iioast. There may In; souu' among you before whose eyes the wliole wutidcrful panorama of our ])rovinces liad passed— tho ocean-garden island of i'rince I'^hvard, the magniticent valleys of the St. Jolni and Sussex, the marvellous coiuitry, the homi' of " l^vangeliue," where lUomidon looks down on the tides of l'"und>, and over tracts of red soil richer than the weald (^f Kent. Yon may have seen the fortified l'aradis(> of (.^uehee, and Montreal, whose prosju'rity and beauty ai-e worthy of her great St. Lawrence, and you may have admired the well-wrought and Bi)lendid provinc(i of Ontario, and rejoiced at the growth of her capital, Toronto, and yet iidwliere can you find a situation whose natural advan- tages promise so gi'cat a future as that which seems ensured to Manitoba and to \Vinnipeg, the Heart City of our Dominion. OS Apprniliy, i.-AVAf!i;s IN Tin: i'noviN( i;s. Tlic fdlhnviii'^' iiilni'iimtiiiii iilxmt \vii,l,'('s is ttikoii from tlic W'iniil/irt/ Sun. Jiiiii;; puhli.slieil on tlio wpot, it limy ln' ri'j,'ai'ili'il as iicciinitc! : rnr])('iit('rs . . . UlirliliiyrrN . . . Sloiiccuttcis . . MiU'liiiiists , . , Muiildcrs .... Il's, SliociiiiikciM . . . IMiu'ksmitlis . . . 'rciuiistcrs iriiilrniiili (cityi , . Liilidiii'i IS .... 'i'iiiluis I''iiriii liiliiiuiTi'^ . . Kiiili'oiid liiijourpr . . Hricluimlii rs , . . <'1kii>]i( rs ilmsli) . . Cooks (men I . . Hewers Hiiiniitor. WiiHur. iVr Day. Per W.'ek, Willi lldui'd. I'er \h\\. Vrr WrrK, \s itii llniltd. I'is. to ids. lOs. to 1 Is. • • Ms. .. 'J Is. , , • • His. „ '2Uh. 12s. to Ids. • • Ms. ., ItlH. 1 VlH. „ Ids, iL's, .. Ms. , , Ids, „ l'2s. , , Ids, to I'2h. • • i(K. ., 12s. , , Us. „ lis. , , HHs. to lOs. 1 lliisli KlH, IHs. Il>s. Ids. to 12s. , , ^ ^ ^ ^ Ids, .. 12s, '10s. to -K-is. •• • • lis. to J2s. , , , , , , I2s. ., 2Us, , , , ^ , , l.)S .'lOs. to ;ir)s. •|.)S. to (■)S. wiihoiit 1 lOIII'll l.^s. to nos. Moiird ill C.im]), Ids. to iHs, jier week, Hoiml ill C'it\ , IHs. aiul iiimiu'ds, with lodj^'in^'s. The follow ill,!,' is u stiUciuent of watrcs imiil to feiiifiles in AVinnipi'^' :— I'er Meriiiaid>. li ., ,'"> liuuiidresses I! ,, ;"> Ccioks tJ ,, ts (ielienil iielpers ;!,,,'» Shop ^irl^. d ,, it 4 ' I. ' ; ■ /"r { Printed by \V. Kino & Sixl, 12, Gough Siiuare, Fleet Street, London, E.C. j frniM tlio- 10 ri'<'anloil \\ it!t linilld t • ;r)s. • • t • • • • • i:.s tOs. to Has. |.")S. to (J)S. ilhiiilt 1 lOllI'll l.-^s. to nOs. I'lllflU'S 111 IMItll. H r> (S gii, E.G. BALLOON SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN. (THE POPULAR SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY.) ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION-FIVE SHILLINGS. * OFFICES: 20, Budge Row, Cannon Sti'oet, E.C. W. H. LE FEVRE, C.E., President. HOUSE AND HOME, A POPULAR JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND SANITARY REFORM. EDITED BY JOHN PEARCE. First of Series, complete in Four Volumes, price 16s. ; or the Four Volumes in Two, cloth, 14s. 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"Its aim is to promote reform in all matters pertaining to the house- hold. Its articles are clearly and forcibly written from a common-sense point of view. It may be read bij every one, and to advantage. " — The Graphic. *n ■^* \ / ^ % SIP CHARLES W. DILKE, Bart, M.P., A Biographical Sketch, with Portrait. By John Pearce. Price 3d. LONDON : WALLER &c BAINES, DR. JOHNSONS HOUSE, GOUGH SQUARE.