^>. 4^ ^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // Wj M^ 1.0 1.1 ■so "^" 2.5 12.2 IL25 |||||_U 111.6 71 7 r ^;; c*> V /^ '^# '/ Photographic Sciences Corpordiion \ ^\ ^. <> 1\ 2.'; v'VBST MAIM St»«IT (716) 871-4503 q\ 5? ...W fe CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographiques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. n D n D D Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur Covers damaged/ Couverture endommag6e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurie et/ou pelliculde Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre qua bleue ou noire) □ Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La re liure serrde peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int6rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ II se peut que certaines pages blanches ajoutdes lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte. mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 filmdes. Additional comments:/ Commentaires suppldmentaires; This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/ L'Institut a microfilmd le meiileur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Les dwells de cet exemplaire qui sont peut-dtre uniques du point de vue bibliographique, qui peuvent modifier une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une modification dans la mithode normale de filmage sont indiquAs ci-dessous. I I Coloured pages/ D D v/ D D Pages de couleur Pages damaged/ Pages endommagies Pages restored and/or laminated/ Pages restaurdes et/ou pelliculies Pages discoloured, stained or foxed/ Pages d6color6es, tachet6es ou piqudes Pages detached/ Pages ddtachdes Showthrough/ Transparence I I Quality of print varies/ Quality in^gale de I'impression includes supplementary material/ Comprend du materiel suppl^mentaire Only edition available/ Seuie Edition disponible Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refilmed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totalement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata, une pelure, etc., ont 6t6 filmAes A nouveau de fa^on A obtenir la meilleure image possible. Cede 10X »cum ent est fil me au tau 14X X de r6du ction 18X indii :|ue G idea sous. 22X 26X 30X v/ 1 1 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X The copy filmed here has been reproduced thanks to the generosity of: Library of the Public Archives of Canada L'exemplaire film* fut reproduit grflce d la g4n6roslt6 de: La bibliothdque des Archives publiques du Canada The Images appearing here are the best quality p^v^sibie considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les Images suivantes ont At6 reproduces avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire film6. et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de fiimage. Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or Illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated Impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. Les exemplaires orlginaux dont la couverture en papier est imprimto sont fiim6s en commenpant par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impresslon ou d'illustration, soit par le second plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplaires orlginaux sont flimis en commenpant par la premlAre page qui comporte une empreinte d'impresslon ou d'illustration et en terminant par la dernlAre page qui comporte une telle empreinte. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^ (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol y (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaitra sur la dernlAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbols — ► signifle "A SUIVRE". le symboie V signifle "FIN". Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included In one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les csrtes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent dtre filmte A des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lorsque ie document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, 11 est fllm6 A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants lllustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 , •f^^^'"' .it I I ):" 'w iiip ' ii ii iiMl m ii linii ii iMiiiii PINNOCK'S CATECHISMS. \ CATECHISM OF THB HISTORY OF AMERICA ; m TWO PARTS. K^l^ i PARTI. n voould not allow vsto compress it tvithin the usual compass of seventy- $wop^ge§ ; we have therefore divided the History of Avfierica into two parts ; thejirsi including an ac' count of its Discovery, the progress f^ the Spanish arms and colonies there, and a general view of the manners and customs of the natives, with some ac' aouni of its natural produetions and curiosities. Tks second part includes the History of the British Ex* pedi^ions to America^ its subsequent eplonization,^ mth the rise and progress of the present powerful fl^blic (yfthe United StMes. ;-^» i I*-- .# '?€,>,$ 'M.. n a plan Sf which hose en* ^Educa- . render ngjacts obaiion, i to pub- cepossim ot allow seventy- iatory of g an ac- Spanish Vioflhe iome ac' ies. The tish Ex* lizatiov^ iovjerful ; :^» i SI- A W^-* ' CATECHISM or THE ^. ■esr •i*. //. Z^-*.* HISTORY OF AMERICA. y ^ ■J-' t •■* II hf^' /. ^^J CHAPTER I. The Life ofCQhmhm% a« connecUd tififh tim 3iid cover jf qf America, Quesfion, Previous to your enterrag on th# History cf America^ will it not be exp«dieii|* to relate the causes which led' to its discovery f Ansfvoer. Yes; in doing which 1 must necessa*. rily introduce a short sketch of the lif^ of thf|t intrepid navigator, who encountered uniciiowii seaS) and contended with innumerable difficurllidi in discovering what was emphatically called i Nem World. • ) Q. What was his name and country f , A» His name was Columbus, a native of Genos4 descended from an honic^urablo fkhiU^, thott^l from various poi^fortunesj^lmdst reduped If^^f^?, gence. ' ■". , "'.;-" ' , "., ?, '"..^ ' Q. What was the Qceupatipn of his ys^ft ^ ., A* He early dl<n^ided bimself li^^s al« i^mm^ to S wm^^^ life« and kM paiHSfffs #diiWencdUi%g^|pk thwarted hb ladifittt%ia ^ik 4 CATECHISM OF THE by having him instructed in the art of navigation, and such other sciences as are connected with it. ' Q. When did he enter a maritime life, and what voyages did he first undertake ? A. He went to sea at the early age of fourteen ; his first voyages^ were confined to those ports in the Mediterranean which his countrymen, the Ge- noese, frequented ; but this was too confined a sphere for his active mind, and we soon find him making a voyage to the northern seas and ad- vancing several degrees within the polar circle*. Q. In what service was Columbus next en. gaged? A. He entered into the service of a famous sea- captain of his own name and family, and went en a cruise against the Mahometans and Venetians^ in which he was soon distinguished for his intrepid courage, prei^ence of m^nd, and naval skill. Q. Relate a remarkable incident that occurred on one occasion. A. Havmg met with some Venetian vessels richly laden, a desperate engageroei^t ensued, and |he ship in which Columbus served took fire, to- gether with one of the enemy's to which it was * Hie idea of approacliiujir th^ Pole has been enter- taioed at different periods, and many attempts to effect i| have been made, all of whi«h have hitherto proved un- •OCccssfiiL The immense moantains of ice, which float in tile arctic seas, have proved an insnperahle barrier to every expedition that has yet been undertaken : bnt the passien fiA- discovery is so inherent in the mind of man, that notwithstanding former obstacjes, two expeditiona for the express object of approaching the North Pole have lately left the British shores^ bnt returned without accompliihiDg their otiject. ,. igation, with it. fe, and Jf teen ; )orts in the Ge- ifined a nd him nd ad- rcle*. xt en. i!s 8ea- ent on etiaDBf itrepid I*. curred vessels id, and re, to- it w^ enter- » effect vedufi- 7h float •riier to )nt tb* f fllBlly ditions I Pole ritbout , \i HISTORY OV AMERICA. $ fast grappled. In this dreadful extremity he threw himself into the sea, laid hold of a floating oar and by its assistance and his dexterity in swimming, he reached the shore, though it was above two leagues distant. Q. What curcurostance brought Colutnbus into notice, and paved the way to his future fame ? A. Columbus had lately entered into the service of the Portuguese, who at that time were engajo^ed in endeavouring to find a new route to the East Indies, by which they hoped to gain immense commercial advantages. This suited the enter- prising genius of our hero, and it was not long be- fore the Portuguese conceived such a favourable opinion of his merit and talents that they warmly solicited him to remain in their kingdom. Q. Did tie not form a matrimonial alliance tbere^. A. Yes ; he married the daughter of Bartholo- mew Perestrello, a celebrated ciq>tain employed by prince Henry of Portugal in his early navigai» tions. By this marriage, Columbus g(n posses* sion of the journals and charts of this experie'xed navigator, which considerably increased bis stock of nautical knowledge, and encouraged him to pursue his favourite passion with increased ardour^ soon becoming one of the greatest navigators iium Europe. ^^^ Q. Bv what route did Columbus propoiiflo reach toe Indies, and to whom did he aS^- his services? A. Columbus conceived the project of disco- vering new countries,^ which probably Ibrmed part of the great Indian continent* by sailing we&twf^rd across the Atlantic Qcean ; he cpmioj^ijijyc^ii^ ^19 ,1;:i: i 11 A3 18' Bgmh<^g^Jt^^i^i^^3y*a:»'-r-;;.'W*!>r jacaa^ a- CATECHISM OF THE plan to the Genoese, who thinking it chimerical and absurd, rejected his proposal, and for ever lost the opportunity of restoring their common- wealth to its ancient splendour. Q. To whom did he next apply? A, He made his next overture to the king of Portugal, as having the second claim to his ser- vices, and the king referred it to the decision of his most eminent cosmographers*. ^ Q. What followed ? A, These men having before advised the king to search for a passage to India by a route exactly the reverse of that proposed by Columbus, were jealous of his fame, and endeavoured to betray him into such a particular explanation of his sys- tem as should enable them to reap the honours and rewards to be expected from such a discovery. Q. Did tbey effect this ? 4^ ^ot to the extent they hoped for j but they eNahied sufficient information to be enabled to clispatch a vessel in order to attempt the discovery by the exact route Columbus had proposed. Q. How did it succeed } A, The pilot they engaged to execute his plan^ not having the genius or fortitude of its author, "was soon discouraged^ and returned to Lisbon, condemning the project as equally dangerous and 9i^rav8g»nt. Ql In whal way did Columbus act on discover- . 11^ this treachery I A^ ij^ianiiediately quitted Portugal, and landed ittl^n in the year 1484, resolving to propose fUmdine ncience of cusmug'raph^, ot the art of wrlittlig a general di'tcrfptioD of the nniverse. ?*^ I '.^■^ merical or ever >mmon- king of lis ser- ision of le king exactly , were betray his ays- lonourB povery. Lit they bled to icovery is plan^ lutbor, ^isbon, lus and cover- landed ropose Diverse* HISTORY OF .MERICA, 7 his scheme in person to Ferdinand and Isabella^, who at that time governed the united kingdoms o^ Castile and Arragon. Q. What success did he meet with ? A, After encountering every -species of disap- pointment during an attendance of eight years^ queen Isabella was at length induced to equip a fleet of three small ships for the prosecution of this bold and adventurous design. CHAPTER ir. The Life of Columbus (continued.) Q. When did Columbus leave Spain, and what place did he first arrive at ? A, He set sail on the 8d of August, 149^, and arrived at the Canary Islands on the 1 Sth. Here he took in provisions ; but so unfit were the ships for the purposes of their expedition, that Colum- bus was obliged to refit them to the best of his power. Q. What circumstances occurred on the voyage to alarm those under his command ? A, The sailors being only accustomed to short voyages, were alarmed at the distance they were from land ; and they also observed that the ma^' netic needle did not point exactly to the polar Bti#i but varied towards the west. The latter cit*bum- stance filled his companions with terror ; they considered that they were in a boundless '^ceaa where the laws of nature were altered, and the only guide they htkl left being abouf to fail them^^ fummmfm mmimm^ 8 ./ CATECHISM OF THE fi \ 4#- ; Q. What resulted from it? A. The sailors broke out into open mutiny, and resolved to throw their commander overboard if he did not immediately return home; but Co- lumbus succeeded in quelling them, and perceiving several signs which he thought indicated his near approach to land, he promised to abandon the en- terprise and return to Spain, if land were not dis- covered in three days. Q. Did they discover land ? A. Yes ; on the ]2th of October, an island was clearly discovered about two leagues to the north, whose verdant fields presented the aspect of a delightful country. ^ Q. How did his seamen now coiiduct them- selves? A. They implored their commander to pardon ignorance and insolence, which had given hka so much uneasiness, and now almost worship- ped him as a person inspired by Heaven with more than human sagacity and fortitude. Q. Were not preparations immediately made to land ? A. Yesj the Europeans manned and armed their boats, and rowed towards the island with their colours flying, music playing, and other martial pomp. They saw tbe coast covered w«4b ail immense multitude of people attraclied thi^iy^ . W curiosity, ar.d expressing their aorpriaii'b} meir looks and gestures. ; ; / } I Q. Describe the ceremony which tbak plao« «n landing. < v A. Columbus, arrayed in a rich dress, and with a naked sword in nis hand w«s the first who mutiny, ^erboard but Co- Tceiving his near Q the en- not dis- land was le north, act of a ;t them- ) pardon d given Forship- en with \y madd armed id with d other wmW ' \ ■' ^■^^ k plaoQ nd with lift who HISTORY OF AMERICA* 9 landed ; his men followed^ and having kneeled down and kissed the ground, erected a crudfix and prostrating themselves before it, returned thanks to God for conducting their voyage to such an happy issue. Q. What impression did the appearance of the Spaniards make upon the natives ? A. They gazed upon them in silent admiration and awe, and when they viewed their ships moving, as they thought, with wings', upon the water, and uttering a dreadful sound resembling thunder, accompanied with lightning and smoke, they con- sidered their guests to be a superior order of beings, who had descended from heaven to visit them. Q. What appearance did the natives present ? A. They appeared in the simple innocence a| nature, entirely naked. Their complexion of a dusky copper colour, their faces and sevei parts of their bodies were fantastically painted they had no beards, and their long black hair hung upon their shoulders, or was faHSund in tree* ses round their heads. Q. WTiat. name did Columbus give to this island ? ^ A. Columbus called it San Salvador; but found, to his sorrow, from the poverty of the inha- bitants, l&at these could not be the indies he was in quest of; he,, therefore, steered southward and discovered other islands, one of which he called fiispaniola, or 3t. Domingo. Q. Did this appear more likely to gratify his wishes ? A. Yes } this island abounded with all the i m jlO - CATECHISM OF THE necessariHf of ]ife» and was inhabited by a humane and hospitable people; and what was of still greater consequence, it ensured his favourable re- II ccption at home, as from the samples he received, it promisecl to! afford considerable quantities of Q. Did not Columbus now return to Spaih ? A, Yes ; having lefl^A fev/ of his companions on the island, as the grt>und- work of a colony, be hfuttened home to acqua^t his countrymen of |;||j|| successful issue of the ei^edition, and also to (ij^^^ suade the king of Spain to fit out another i^ better equipped for such a voyage. ^'^^ Q. VJm||D did he arrive in Spain ? A. H^rrived at Paloson the l5tb>of March, H^V being seven months and eleven days from the time he led that port. ' Q. How was he received ? ' A. Every flattering token of joy was shewn to yfAm on his arrival. Ferdinand and Isabella, no less astonished than delighted, desired Colilnibus to repair to court, that they might have the plea- sure of Clearing from his own lips a full account of . 1)18 extraordinary services and discoveries.^ f Q. Was not fanother fle&t fitted out for Co- lumbust ^ xmX A. Yes^ a fleet of seventeen ships was d||]||ped, on board of which were fifteen hundred peraons, many of whom were of noble families. They Vfett furnished with every thing requisite for conquait or settlement, with all kinds of animals, plaiM^ seeds, &c, most likely to thrive in the climate of the West Indies. ji ; Q. Why did the Spaniards call these islands ^ the West Indies ? :^ I humane s of still urable re- received, ntities of Spain? anions on »lony, be aen of^ilM »ther Awl of March, days from shewn to bella, no Zlolifmbus the plea- LCco|int of ies.J' t for Co- edy persons, 'hey ^re conquest plai^V climate of 8 \e islands C^ 4 1 ^x /A ' "Tf « / J as HISTORY OF AMEIUOa. ii|gi< overei lonV owing to the mistaken^ then prevailed^ that the newly discoveF^d coun- /^ tries formed part of the vast continent of Indiay^'^i^ The name hiding been thus adoptetend continued rx for some UW befdreit was known ■l>e erroneous, A} ne^teroi W^est Indieshatjmler siiice been r ^ d to them. .,it^^ h%i'^ theff^i resull second voyage ? and built fortresses of securing the de- He also visited the ca, and discovered many What was th6 A. He established a in Hispaniola, with t pendence of the nat islands of Cuba and Jai others of less note. Q, Did not his Su enemies? J^bi S A. Ye6 ; every r^Ht that ccftll be spread to his disadvantage was industriously circulated in Spain ; at length an officer was dispatched from thence to act thepart of a spy on his conducts and Columbus found it necessary to return to Spain once more to refute the calumnies of those who had basely endeavoured to traduce him. fsses excite the envy of h\k Q. Was Colun^us permitted to make a third voyage ? A. Yes; he cleared himself from the various accusations that were brought against him, and again set sail, but not till after, two years ha4 elapsed. fh egsi.y.iwr m 'nrw ua w. m l ii I ^ ^■ ■ t 5 12 CATECHISM OF THE : * Q. What course did he now intend to take ? . A. He designed to keep to the southward of the Canary Islands, until he came under the equi- noctial line, and then to proceed directly west- ward, that he might discover what opening that might afford to India, or what new discoveries might reward his perseverance. Q. What was the success of this third expedi- tion? A. He suffered the greatest inconvenience from the excessive heats and rains between the tropics, and was for a long time enveloped in a thick fog, but at length discovered land, which proved to be an island now called Trinidad, on the coast of Guiana. ^^HH^*^ Q. What extraordiliflH|||rcarance did he soon afterwards witness ? 'T^ / A. A violent tumult in the waves, occasioned by the tide of the sea being metv^he rapid cur- rent of an immense river. if" Q. What is the river called ii 7 > A. It is called the Oronoco, cfdd is remarkable for its singular winding course, being estimated, reckoning all its windings, at 1380 miles in length*. Q. What conclusion did Colui|t>lis draw from having discovered the river Oronipoi) ? A. He justly concluded that no island could supply so vast a river, and therefore that he had * Tlie Oronoco is also remarkable for rising and falling once a-;year only ; rising gradually during the spaced of five monthfii, continuing stationary one month, and then falling for five months, and again continuing stationary for one mouih. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 13 take > ward of he equi- ly west- ing that coveries expedi- \ice from tropics* lick fog» oved to coast of I he soon casioned ipid cur- [iarkable itimated, [niles in •aw from I id could t he had md falling ace of five len fallin|( ry for ooe at last reached the continent ; and as he fouiyl that the land continued for a great way to the westward, he was convinced that his conclusion was correct. Q. Did he attempt to make any settlement there? A. No; he merely landed at several places, and traded in a friendly manner with the inhabitants, receiving from them gold and pearls for European toys and trinkets ; but the distresses of his crew were very great from the perils and length of the voyage, and he yielded to their wishes, and re- turned to Hispaniola. Q. In what state did he find the colony there ? A. He found the.6plony by no means in a flou- rishing condition, 'mi^h Indians^ who were com- pelled to furnish the Spaniards with a certain quan- tity of gold regularly, had endeavoured to throw off the yoke, a^, during his absence, an alarming mutiny had broken out among the Spaniards. Q. Did he .restore tranquillity ? A. Yes; the mutineers at length yielded to the authority of Columbus, but several, whom he allowed to return to Spain, raised such an out- cry against his administration, that a npbleman, named Francis Bovadiila, was sent to Hispanioia, with full powers to inquire intohis conduct. Q« Did not other nations endeavour to emu- laR^thp Spaniards ? A. Yes; the spirit of discovery at this tinae spread itself widely, and many adventurei|^(^Bre anxious to acquire the reputation of Goluiiiib«i8^ Q. What discoveries were made, and by whbgi 1 A, The Portuguese discovered Brazil, which B 'M C*iCTlMlltff1ftiT t i '* ' T * ^ 14 CATECHISM OP THE Constitutes the most valuable part of their pos. sessions, and is at this time the seat of their go- yemmeht. Cabot, a native of Bristol, discovered the north-east coasts, which afterwards composed the British Empire in North America, and many pther private adventurers discovered different portions of the new continent Q. Did not Amerigo Vespucci, a gentleman of Florence, accomimnr a Spanish officer, named Alonzo de Ojeda, on a voyage of discovery ? ^ ' A. Yes; and on his return published an ao^ count of his adventures, which contained ii^' amusing history of his voyage, and judicious^ 'servations on the manners of the people and^ productions of the Country lie had visited. Q. What resulted from'^ft f A. It being the first description of any parjtl tl^e New World that had been published, it was rapidly circulated, and Amerigo ^having artfully magnified his own actions, the public unjust!^ conferred his name on the country which he wds stq)posed to have discovered; and hence the name of America was given to this quarter of the globe. Q. Did not Columbus suffer a still greater mortification ? A. Yes; for although being deprived of the honor of giving his name to a country which owed its discovery to his active genius, must have be^n keenly felt by him, he now had to suffer an in- dignity far more humiliating. Q. What was it? A. Bovadilla, thd person who had been sent out to inquire into his conduct^ being his motit itn- eir pos. leir go* covered imposed id many ii£Perent einan of named ' rv? *^' * T • , ■ H..?' ; s-A an «c^ Ined jMi^' ious^ and' parr i, k WB8 artfully injustJy I he was le name of the greater of the ;h owed vebe^n : an in- cn sent lotit im< OF ARIIRICA, ^* *»% <;^ /5/:- placable' eneiny, gladly listened to every report " that malice could invent, and presuming on the authority of his office, had Columbus arrested, loaded with chains, hurried on board a ship, and sent to Spain as a traitor. Q. What was the conduct of the captain who commanded the ship on board of which Colum- bus was confined t A. As soon as he was clear off the land, Alonzo de Valeja, the captain, still retaining a proper sense of the great actions of Columbus, ap- proached him with great respect, and offered to release him from the fetters with which he was unjustly loaded. Q. What reply did Columbus make to thid i«fer? r A. *• Nojf ^rlraid he, " I wear these irons in consequence of an order from ray sovereign 8« They shall find me as obedient to this as to Iheir other injunctions. By their command I have been confined, and their command alone shall'set me at liberty/^ Q. In what>iray was Columbus treated on ar* rfving in Spain ? * , ' ^ * A. Ashamed of their ^!&iduct» the Spanish sovereigns instantly issued orders to set him at liberty, and remitted money to enable him to ap- pear at court in a manner suitable to his rank4 They degraded Bovadilla, and denied having au^ thorised him to resort to such violent proceed- ings, but had not the generosity to restore Co- lumbus to his former situation. Q. How did he bear the injuries he had sus- tained? b2 '^^ WKgl0mimmmmnamsmii 1$ CATECHISM OP THE A. He felt indignant at the ungenerous treat- ment he had received, and did not attempt to conceal the sentiments which it excited. Where- ever he went he carried about with him those fet- ters with which he had been loaded ; and gave orders that when he died they should be buried in his g ave. CHAPTER IV. ^ ' The Life of Columbus (concluded). r Q. Did Columbus make another. voyage of discovery? A. Yes; he conceived an opinion that beyond the continent of America there was a sea which extended to the East Indies, the favourite object of all hib former enterprizes^ Although he was now advanced in age and worn out with fatigue, he offered, with all the ardour of youth, to un- dertake a voyage which should ascertain this ini«; portant point, which offer was accepted. Q. What induced the king of Spain to comply with this request ? A. The Portuguese fleet, under Cabral, had just arrived from the Indies, laden with riches ; and the Spanish monarch expected to reap sti4 greater advantages, when a nearer and less daa<' gerous passage to the Ea^t w^ discovered, i Q. Did he succeed in his last voyage ? A. No; niany causes combined to frustrate Lis object, and he had to encounter tlie roost, appalling dangers from the mutinous spirit o£ (t '/. / ( ■-' HISTORY OP AMERICA, 17 his men, ns well as from violent hurricanes, and at length he was shipwrecked on the coast of Jamaica. Q. How did the natives behave to the Spa* niards ? • A. At first they treated theai kindly, but soon grew weary of supplying them with provisions ; and had not Columbus thought of a happy arti- fice to restore the high opinion that the natives had originally entertained of them, in all proba* bility they must have perished there. Q. What was it \ A. By his skill in astronomy, Columbus knew there was shortly to be an eclipse of the moon. He therefore assembled all the principal Indians the day before it happened, and told them that the Great Spirit who dwells in heaven was of- fended with them for refusing to supply men who were objects of his peculiar favour, auJl was pre- paring to punish them for their disobedience; and that very night the moon should ;ivithhoId her light, and appear of a bloody hue^ as a sign of the divine wrath. ^ ^ Q. How did they receive this prediction^ A. Some with careless indifference, others with credulous astonishment ; but when the moon be- gan to be gradually darkened, and at length ap. peared red, they were all struck with terror, and ran to Columbus with provisions in abundance, entreating him to intercede with the Great Spirit and save them from destruction. Q. Did Columbus pretend to comply with their entreaties ? A. Yes; and as the eclipse went off and the b3 "«'i| I'MllllUjlliiili '-. \' Ift ; 4 ^ IS GATPXHISM OF THE moon resumed her splendour, the uninformed savages were more than ever impressed with the idea that the Spaniards were a superior race of beings, and accordingly in future did every thing they could to accommodate them. Q How did he at length find means to leave the island? A. Two of his most faithful companions sailed from thence in a canoe, and after great difficulty reached Hispaniola, where at last they prevailed on the governor to send ships to take their com* pan ions on board. Q. What did Columbus do on his arrival at Hispaniola ? A. When he arrived at Hispaniola, he imme- diately prepared to return to Spain, his constitu- tion being now worn out by repeated fatigues, and hishp^rt broken by the injustice of his coun« trymen. Q. Did not ill fortune still attend him i A. Yes; one of his vessels was disabled by a violent storm, and forced to return, and the other, in which the admiral was, sailed seven hundred leagues with jury-masts*, and with great difficulty at last reached Spain. Q. What more have you to relate of the life of Columbus i A. That his health rapidly declined, and the Spanish monarch was too illiberal to reward the man who had encountered such hardships and served him with such fidelity. He died at Valla- dolid, in 1506, aged 59 years. * Jnry-n^asts are poles set up to supply the plaqe of masts which have been destroyed. , HISTORY OF AMERICA. 19 formed ith the race of yr thing o leave s sailed fficulty evaiied r com- ival at ! imrae- onetitu* itigues, s coun- ed by a md the d seven th great the life and the 'ard tlie lips and It Valla- place of ti CHAPTER V. Thejirst Invasion of the American Continent hy the Spaniards, . Q. By what means did the Spaniards endea- your to encrease ^heir riches after the death of Columbus? A. Instead of the mild treatment which the natives experienced from Columbus, every cruelty was now exercised on them to make them dig in the mines and discover the gold whicli the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba contained, and which the Spaniards suspected the natives endeavoured to conceal, Q. What was the result of this ? ' A. The natives who were weak and unaccus- tomed to laboi\r, gradually sunk unde^ the seve- rities which their task-masters imposed on them, and whenever they remonstrated with the Spa- niards they were treated as rebeb and haneed. Q. Who was the governor of Hispaniola at this time I A. Nicholas de Ovanda, a Spanish knight, who had been formerly sent out to supersede Columbus. Q. Did not the cruelties of the Spaniards greatly diminish the population ? A. Yes: not content with making the mosjk abject slaves of the unhappy natives, tbey^ pur« sued them like wild animals into the forests^ hunted them with dogs, and shot tliemj; ^p tha^ in fifteen yjar% from the time of its discovery by ■#'*' w CATKCHISM OF THE ^ '%. Columbus, the population of Hispaniola was re- duced from upwards of a million to sixty thousand, and that of Cuba in the same proportion. Q. Had the Spaniards at this time made any settlement on the main land of America ? A • No ; although it was ten years from the time of its discovery by Columbus. Q. Who now attempted to take possession of it? A. Two Spaniardsr one named Alonzo de Ojeda, the other Diego de Nicuessa ; the former commanding three vessels and three hundred men» the latter^ six vessels and seven hundred and eighty men. Q. What authority had they f A* They were authorised by the kingof S{Nun to t&ke possession of the country in his name^ and to endeavour to convert the natives to ChirtstU anity ; and if these poor uninstructed Indians re- fused to comply, tney were ordered to attack them with fire and sword, and to reduce them and their Ikmilies to a state of slavery. Q. How did the Indians receive them ^ A. The Indians could not conceive how ft foreign prince could have any right to dispose of their country, or why they should change their l^igion; they therefore fiercely opposed the ltU[fiders, and being more warlike than the inha- Ibi^lK of the islands, most of the Spaniards were ml«royed. Q« What men, who afterwards rendered them- selves fanwMis in the conquest of America, ac- companiedl^se expeditions ? A. Fraiidskio Pizarro, Fernando Cortes, and ne CO ^ III:)TORY OP AMEIUCA. 21 I was re- liousaiid, > lade any ? the time ^ssessioR OfiKo de le former humlred hundred of Spun ime^ and ChrtstU dians ns> attack hem and ? flow a icposeof ige their osed the ;he inha- irds were ed them- irica, ac« tesy and Vasco de Balboa, the last of whom commanded a small colony which had settled at Santa Maria, near the gulf of Darien* < Q. How was the South Pacific Ocean dis- covered ? A. 1 he Spaniards under Balboa, were in the habit of making excursions for the purpose of collecting gold from the natives, and in one of these they were informed by a young cazique *, who was astonished at hearing them quarrel about the division of the metal they had obtained, that if they travelled towards the south they would come to another ocean, near which such a wealthy kingdom was situated that their most common utensils were made of gold. Q. How did the Spaniards receive this Infor- mation ? A. Balboa and his companions were elated with the idea of acquiring such vast wealth as the con- quest of this country seemed to promise ; and he also concluded, that the ocean which the cazique mentioned must be the same that Columbus had so ardently desired to find. Q. What preparations did he make ? A. He could only muster one hundred and ninety men, but they were hardy veterans^ inured to the climate of America, and ready to follow him through every danger : and a thousand In- dians attended them tc carry theirj|rovisiOtti. Q. Was it long before Balboa o«covered the South Sea > * The title given taao American Chief^Of governor of a province. t^^ ^ !i' ?l| I fl ■i |JW*",.- - ' - -HMi imMja^tM tWMW— Mfc**«W**l y fS -4 CATECHISM OF THE A. Though their guides had represented it tm no more than a six days' jaiirney, they had spent twenty-five in forcing their vay through the woods and mountains, but at length when they came to the foot of a very high mountain, the In- dians assured Balboa that from the top of it he should discover the object of his wishes. Q. What did Balboa do on reaching the sea ? A. He rushed into the water with his sword aiid buckler, took possession of the ocean in the name of the king of Spain, and Towed to defend k against all his enemies. Q. How did Balboa then proceed i A. Having collected a considerable quantity of gold and pearls, and hearing that there was a very opulent country towards the soutlw»§t (which was aflerwards found to be Peru) he re- turned to Santa Maria, and sent home accounts of his discoveries^ thinking to return next season with a force sufficient to make a conquest of it. Q« How did the king of Spain act mhtn he re* jceived the information i A. He appointed one Pedrarios Davila to the command of the isthmus of Darieki, and unjustly deprived Balboa of the reward due to his ser*. vices : in a she rt time after he was arrested bj Davila on pretence of disloyalty, aikd publicly executed. Qi What progress had been mace in the dis- covery of America by the different European na- tions at this time ? A. In the space of twenty-five years the Spa- niards had visited ail the islands which lay between North and South America, they had also sailed th( HISTORY OF AMERICA. 23 along the eastern coast of the continent from the river Plate to the farther end of the Gulf of Mex- ico, and they had ditcoyered the coast of Florida^ Q. What discoYeries had at that time been made by other nations ? A. The English had discovered that part of the American continent which reaches from La- brador to the confines of Florida, and the Portu- guese had also made several discoveries in the northern seas, as well as in South America. CHAPTER VI. The Qonquest of Mexico, Q. Who first invaded Mexico ? A. Fernando Cortes, an enterprising and brave Spaniard^ who united in himself all the qualitief necessary for the command of an army. Q. Describe his qualities. A. He was passioi\:b>tely fond of a military Hfe^ and excelled in all wiidike exercies, calm yet re- solute, possessing indefatigable activity and sovnd judgment, with the art of gaining the esteem and confidence of his men. In his person he was graceful, his aspect was winning yet command* ing, and his constitutioin so vigorous that he was able to endure almost any fatigue. Q. From what place did he sail, and what wa« the amount of his forces ? - ippp ! L.I *- -'%, CATECHISM OF THE 24? A. He sailed from Cuba, with about 600 men, 18 horses, and a few pieces of artillery; and with this inconsiderable force he proposed to subdue the most powerful state on the continent of America. Q. What kind of country was Mexico? A. The empire of Mexico was rich and power- ful, inhabited by millions of Indians passionately fond of war, and at that time governed by a prince named Montezuma, whose fame in arms was the admiration of the neighbouring states. Q. Were not the Mexicans very superior in point of civilization to the other Indians ? A. Yes : the inhabitants of Mexico were an intelligent and polished people ; and their empire had subsisted for ages. Their knowledge in the arts was by no means confined, and their skill in 1 military affairs was the admiration of their neigh- bours ; while their government was founded on the sure basis of laws combined with, religion. Q. Was not the capital of their empire re- markable for its splendour? A. Yes : Mexico, the capital, which was situ* ated on the middle of a spacious lake, was the | proudest monument of American industry and art. Its buildings were all of stone, and the squares and market places were remat kable for their spaciousness and grandeur. The shops glit- tered with gold and silver, and the royal palaces were erected on columns of jasper, and contained every thing that was useful and valuable. Q. What opposition did the Spaniards meet with ? A. They "ere too feebly resisted by the natives /9 «\>A^ y . HISTORY OV AMERICA. 25 to oppose their progress and in fact very little exertion was l1^ed in the first instance to oppose them ; and it was not long before Cortes and his followers were reinforced by two caziques who were dissatisfied with their emperor, and resolved on becoming independent. Q. How did Montezuma receive the Spaniards when they approached his capital ? A. He sent Cortes some valuable presents of gold and silver, allowed him and his companions a palace to reside in, and treated them in every respect wilh the greatest kindness and attention. Q. Did the Spaniards believe him to be sin« cere ? A. No; they suspected that some plot for their destruction was concealed under these appear- ances of friendship, and a circumstance soon after occurred which afforded Cortes a pretext for commencing hostilities. Q. What was that ? A. Cortes had established a small garrison at Vera Cruz, and he had learned that during his absence his garrison had been attacked and a Spaniard killed in the action; and that to destroj^ a belief which prevailed among the natives tl:^' the Spaniards were immortal, Montezuma had given orders that the head of the Spaniard should be carried through all his provinces arid publicly ^ exhibited. Q. How did he act on receiving this informa- tion? A. He went in person to the emperor, and upbraided him with it, but Montezuma denied being privy to the circumstance^ and he assured C ^ ,. .<:-': .: 3 1 tn ^ ;F l>•,flia^i^rtM^iri 26 CATECfltSM OF THE Cortes that lie was willing to do any thing to re-^ move all cause of jealousy or suspicion between h!s subjects and the Spaniards. Q. What proof of sincerity did Gortes require of him ? A. He required that Montezuma should leave his own palace, and reside with the Spaniards, who should treat him with all the honours due to his illustrious station; this demand the too cre- dulous emperor acquiesced in. > '' Q. How did Cortes use his royal guest r A. He allowed him to enjoy every mark of royalty except his freedom: and having ob- tained a thorough knowledge of his character, he took every opportunity to flatter all his tastes and 'p'ission^, wishing to secure the possession of the country by the apparent consent of its prince. Q. Was Montezuma so weak as to become the dupe ofjBuch an artifice ? A. Yes: whenever there was any cotnplaint made by the Spaniards ngainstthe conducv of the «xicans, Montezuma was the first to teach them mission : if a tumult was excited through the avarice or crueity of the Spaniards, Mentezuma was seen on the battlements to enforce order. In short, he became tiie tool of his conquerors in<. stead of the defender o£±is couniry. Q. What happened to him owing to bis pusil- lanimity? x\. One day when he was thus shamefully c^is* gracing his character by justifying the oppres- sions of the Spaniards, the Mejiicans were se enraged, that flights of arrows andvollies of stones IIl9T0iR,V OF AMERICA. poured in upon the ramparts, and a stone from an unknown hand, struck him on the temple, and severely wounded him. Q. What effect had this accident on the mind of Montezuma? A. It brought him to a sense of his degradation, and he indignantly scorned to surrive this last humiliation. He would not feceive either comfort or assistance fVom the Spaniards ; but tore the bandage from his wounds, and refused to take nourishment with such obstinacy, that he died in a few days» rejecting all the soHcitationi of the Spaniards who tried to make him embrace Chris- tianity, ^ v^ x'y^'- ^ CHAPTER Vn. The C(mq§ett of Mexico, ^(continued)* Q. What happened on the death of Monte* 2unla^ A. Cortes found that the hatred which the Mexicans bok-e the Spaniards was now so violent that he made preparations to retreat : but the Mexicans had taken possession of a high tower which overlooked the S|>anish quarters, and were determined to oppose hiaT. Q. What followed ? A. Cortes endeavoured to dislodge them f^om this situation, and a tremendous conflict took place. At length Cortes gained the platfonri, when two young Mexicans resoMd to sacrifice their own lives in order to destroy tSi ikian whom 4' vm 'i 28 CATfiGHISM OE THE they considered as the author of all their cala- mity. Q. How did they attempt this ? A. They approached him in a supplicating posture, as if they had intended to lay down their arms, and seizing him in a moment, hurried him towards the battlements, over which they threw themselves headlong, hoping to drag him along with them, to be dashed to pieces by the same fall. A- ! Q. Did they succeed? A. No: by his superior strength and activity, Cortes disengaged himself from their grasp, and the patriotic youths perished in their generous, though unsuccessful attempt to save their country. Q. Did Cortes, after this, effect his retreat un- molested? A. No ; although he afterwards endeavoured to retreat in the night, the Mexicans had watched all his motions, and while the Spaniards were oc* cupied in passing over die causeway which led across the lake, they were suddenly alarmed with 8 tremendous shout, and assailed with arrows and stones from numerous, canoes which covered the lake. Q. What was the consequence ? A. The Spaniards were unable to sustain the attack, and the darkness of the night rendered their situation most desperate. Horse and foot, lenemies and friends were all mingled together, and while all fought, and many fell, they could hardly distinguish from what hand the blow came. Q. What loss did Cortes' army sustain on this occasion? 1 , HISTORY OF AMERICA. m cala. I eating their d him threw along b same ztivity, ip, and lerouSy )untry. eat wa." ivoured matched ere oc- [ich led cd with arrows :overed tain the indered id foot, ier,and I hardly e. tain on A. Many officers of distinction perished ; all the artUlery, ammunition, and baggage were lost; more than half of the Spaniards, and above two thousand of their Tlascalan * allies were killed, and a very little of the treasure which they had amassed was saved. Q. Did not some reinforcements arrive at this critical juncture ? A. les: fortunately for Cortes, two new ad« venturers arrived at Vera Cruz, who intended to share in the glory of conquering New Spain ; but Cortes succeeded in winning their men over to his interest. Q, With what forces was he now able to take the field? A. He had 550 infantry, 40 horsemen, and nine pieces of artillery ; besides ten thousand Tlascalans. He therefore marched towards Mex- ico in the full expectation of retrieving his late disaster. CHAPTER Vm. The Conquest of Mexico (continued), Q. Whom did the Mexicans elect as emperor on the death of Montezuma ? A. His brother Quetlavaca, a man distin- guished for his courage and capacity. He sum- moned the people in every province to take arms * The Tlascalans were tributury to the Mexicans, and heing; anxious to regain their independence had joined the Spaniards s^on aiier Cortes arrived on th« contiaent. c 3 It 30 CAT£CHISM OF THB h ; . 1'^ j>~ •Ml-' against the Spaniards and arranged his system of defence on a regular plan ; but having caught the small-pox, he died soon after he ascended the throne*. Q. Who filled his place? A. His son-in-law, named Guatimozin, a young man of such high reputation for abilities and va- lour, that his countrymen unanimously elected him as their emperor. Q. Was not the siege of Mexico now carried on with great fury ? A. Yes ; on land, on water, by night and by day, one furious conflict succeeded another; and the situation of the Spaniards was at one time most desperate, Cortes having been wounded by the Mexicans, and forty Spaniards taken prison- ers, besides numbers who fell in the action. Q. How did the Mexicans treat their prisoners? A. They sacrificed them to their god of war, and sent their heads to their leading men in the adjacent provinces, assuring them that the god of war, appeased by the blood of their enemies, had declared that in eight days time their enemies would be finally destroyed. Q. How did Cortes act when he heard of this confident prediction. A. He saw that the fidelity of his allies was ^shaken, aud that even the Spaniards dreaded its fulfilment. He therefore suspended all military operations during the period mentioned by the * This distemper, which raged at that time in New SpaiOt had been introduced there by the Spaniards, and in»y be considered as one of the greatest calamities tlieir invaders brought upon them. HISTORY OF AMERICA. 51 oracle, and kepi; his men on the lake, defended by the vessels which he had brought thither. Q. What efFect had this ? A. The most fortunate for Cortes that could be imagined. T])e eight days having expired without any disaster, the confidence of the Spa- niards returned, and many native tribes judging that the gods of the Mexicans had abandoned them, now joined the standard of Cortes, and in a short time one hundred and fifty thousand In- dians were added to his forces. Q. What was the fate of Guatimozin ? A. He was taken prisoner, with the empress his wife, and many of his nobility ; but his spirit; was unsubdued, and his words and action^ dis-^ played the magnanimity of his mind. Q. In what terms did he address Cortes when he was brought before him ? A. " I have done,'* said he, ** what became rf^ monarch. I have defended my people to the last extremity. Nothing now remabs but to die. Take this dagger, (laying his hand on one which Cortes wore,) plant it in my breast, and put an ' end to a life which can no longer be useful to mjf' country." Q. Did the siege of Mexico end with the cap^^ ture of the emperor ? A. Yes; as the fate of their sovereign was known, the Mexicans surrendered, and Cortes took possession of that small p^rt of the capital which remained undestroyed. Q, Did not the Spaniards greatly exult in this conquest? " ' ■ A. Yes ; at first their joy was Unbounded ; 1!^ 4 II ■r'l ilfT W Rr K« 81 CAT SCHISM OV THE bul when they found that all the gold and silver Mexico contmnedy did not amount to more than thirty thousand pounds sterling, their diiappoint- nienl was. in proportion to their former great ex. pjBQlalioQS. Q. How did the Spaniards behave towards the oppressed Mexicans 1 A. They made use of every species of cruelty to extort treasure from them, and treated them in every respect aaa race of inferior beings, over whom they had unlimited power. Q. Was not the torture iniiietedon the emperor himself? A* Yes; Guatimozin was laid on burning coals by order of the king of Spain's receiver-general, to make him confess into what part of the lake h^ had thrown his treasure. Q, What incident is related of him while he M^as thus suffering ? A. The high-priest, who lay stretched along- side of the emperor enduring the same torture, loudly expressed his sense of the paius^that he endured; upon which Guatimoxin said, '^ Do you imagine I he on a bed of roses V Struck with the firmness which his sovereign displayed, the hilftupriest remained s9ent| and died in an act of obedience to him. CHAPTER IX. The Co9iquest of Mexico {continued)^ Q. Did not the subinission of the provinces follow the imrrender of the capital ? HlfTORY OW AMBRIOA. 55 over A* Yes: the protinces submitted one after another to the conquerors; and the Spankrdf penetrated in different quarters to the great Southern Ocean, which they supposed (as Co- lumbus had formerly), would open a short and easy passage to the £a8t Indies. Q, Did Cortes attempt this important disco- very ? A. No ; while Cortes had been employed in reducing Mexico, an able navigator, named Fer- dinand Magellan, had accomplished the under- taking; thus Spain had the honour of discovering in the course of a few years a new continent of immense extent, and of ascertaining the size of the whole globe. Q. To what important post was Cortes elected? A. He was appointed captain«general and go- vernor of New Spain. Q. How did he exercise his authority > A. He endeavoured to render his conquest a sure and valuable acquisition to Spain. He began to re-build the city of Mexico, and constructed it on such a plan that it gradually became the most magnificent city in the New World. Q. Was not the conduct of the Spaniards m general towards the Mexicans of the most brutal kind? A. Yes 5 to theip eternal disgrace, such scenes of blood and infamy are recorded as make ^he human heart shudder at the recital ; bu|i«e re- frain from entering into a particular description of events so degrading to humanity. Q. Were not the successes of Cortes beheld with jealousy by the grandees of $pain ? fi! ;4r ll Mtaaia $% OATECHISM Of THB A* Yet; they circulated such re(M)rts to his ditaivantage, that it was thought necessary to anad oat a person with a commission to seize him and send him to Spain ; which Cortes no sooner fteard of than he set out for Spain, and vindicated his conduct so successfully, that his sovereign in- vested him with new titles of honour. 'l Q. Is there any thing more in his life con<* nected with the history of America f «' A. Nothing remarkable, except his discovery of California. He afterwards returned to his na- tive country, but met with a reception very ir^ • tidequate to his services— a fate that we find at- tended most people who were engaged in ex- tending the Spanish empire* Q. When did he die f A. He died in the ytar 1547y in the sixty- second year of his age. CHAPTER X. The Conquest qfPeru. Q. Who were the most conspicuous charac- ters that engaged in the conquest of P^ru ? A. Francisco Pizarro, Diego dc Almagro> and Hernando Luque. >^ Q. Who was Pizarro? A. Pizarro was the natural son of a gentleman of raiik|'4>ut his mother being a very low woman, liis edueiiii^n and future prospects were so totally neglected, that when bordering on manhood, he wam^^ployed in keeping hogSj and could neither read nor writ^. HISTORY OF AMERICA. Q. What gave rise to his fame as a soldier ? At He enlisted as a soldier and served in the Spanish army in Italy } afler which he embarked for America, where he very soon distinguished himself by his courage. Q. Who was Almagro ? A. Almagro had as little to boast of his descent as Pizarro, beiuj^ a foundling ; but being bred a soldier, he was equally brave and active. Both were natives of Panama. '' Q. Were they possessed of similar qualities in other respects ? A. No; Almagro was open, generous, and candid. Pizarro united with his bravery, the address and dissimulatioh of a politician* Q. Who was Hernando Luque ? A. He was a priest, but a man of considerable fortune, and of an ambitious turn of mind. Q. What stations did they severally intend to fill? A. Pizarro, who was the least wealthy, w^^s to take the department of the greatest fatigue and danger, and to command tlie armament in per- son. Almagro was to conduct the supplies of provisions and reinforcements of troops ; and Luque was to remain at Panama to negociate with the governor, and superintend whatever was necessary for their general interest. Q, When did Pizarro embark ? . • A. He lefl Panama on the l4th >7ovember, 1524, with only one ship and 1 12 men ; and so little was he acquainted with the nature of the voyage, that it was two years before he arrived . at the northern extremity of Peru, though it is now frequently performed in a fortnight. II '1 ■i'li S6 CATECHISM OF THE I ■J f'f \"i ■ i || w Hj"**^ «k I Q» At what place did Plzarro first have a view of the opulence of Peru ? j A. At Tumbez, a city situated about three degrees south of the line. This place was distin- guished for its incas or sovereigns of the country, Q, What chiefly attracted his notice ? ^* A. The profusion of gold and silver which he ~«aw there. These valuable metals were not only used in ornamenting their persons and temples, but their drinking vesaieis, and many other uten. sils in common use were made of them. Q. Did Pizariu remain in Peru ? ' '" A , No ; he merely took a sufficient view of the country to satisfy his own mind of its wealth, and then returning to Panama, taking with him two of their lamas *, some vessels of gold and silver, aud two young men, whom he intended to instruct as interpreters. Q, Was not his voyage one of extreme danger ? A. Yes J no adventurer of the age suffered greater hardships or encountered dangers equal to Pizarro ; but his fortitude and patience sur- pabsed every thing that we read of even in that adventurous age. t*%>^> Q. What plan did these three adventurers de- teimine on? - .1 11 ■ ' I ; ■ ■' " . « -' - 11 ..ui» * The lama is an aniinal peculiar to Pern. It is about tile siTe of a stag, having a head which partly resembles that of a horse aod a sheep at the same t .mc. Its !ippn Pizarro's arrival, Atahualpa sought his alliance and assistance, and sent presents of great value as a proof of his aincerity. Q. Where did Pizarro and Atahualpa fiirtt have an interview i A. At Caxamalca, where Pizarro had esta- < ' / HISTORY OF AMERICA. 89 laws, d and o part Liously leople 4 5 Spa- neigh^ jreatly mpire. ( at his uescar lualpa, uished )is do- Wr la- the go- efused^ fray. graatly in the landed, sarro? sought ents of la first 1 esta- i blished his quarters, and where he ikivited Ata. hualpa to come to him. r Q. Was not his visit attended with mucb^ ceremony? ' . ■■ ; ?to «mi^!fei4»£*i"^'!!# A. Yes ; he was seated on a throne, which was carried on the shoulders of his principal attend- ants, and adorned with various colours, and al« most covered with plates of gold and silver, en- riched with precious stones. Before him marched four hundred men, dressed alike ; several bands of singers and dancers accoospanied the caval- cade, and the whole plain was covered with troops, amounting to thirty thousand men. (^ How did the Spaniards receive him f ^ ^i« As. he drew neary father Valverde, the chaplain to the expedition, advanced, with a cru« cifix in one h^v^d, and a breviary in the other, and in a long discourse attempted to convert him to the Catholic faith ? .,, v Q, What effect had his exhortation on the inca? A. Atahualpa declared his resolution of adher- ing to the worship of the Sun ; but, at the same time, he begged to be informed whero the priest had learr '] ;be extraordinary things he liad re« lated. Q. Whist y^^y did the priest make? A. He told aim he learned it from the book he had in his hand, which he held out to him. The inca opened the breviary, and turning over the leaves, raised it to his ear. *< This,'' said he, '* is silent, it tells me nothing ;" and then threvv it jwitl 1i«dain to. the ground. Q, > hat followed i^ D 2 m < : fcSifT 40 CATECHISM OF THE .i A. The enraged monk ran towards his coun- trymen, crying out, ** To arms, Christians,, to arms ! The word of God is insulted ; avenge the profanation on these impious dogs/' iQi: Were the Spaniards base enough to make this circumstance a pretext for attacking the Pe-^ A, Y^; the avaricious Spaniards, led by their brutal commander, immediately attacked the Pe-* raviaas, of whom they slaughtered near five thou- sand, and tcok thei* inca pruioner^ Q. Bid not AtsL ; ^ oflBer an immense ran- som to recover his iibt-illj < Q. Did not Pizarro break the truce as soon ai? a convenient opportunity offered itself? A. Yes ; haying established hiniself more #6- > Gorely in the country, he renewed the war, at* tacked Cuzco, and took possession of it. pS m *m ^2 CATECHISM OF THE ^1: II' 11 1 iisc. fM- Q. Was not- an addition of territory granted to Pizai^ro and Almagro about this time ? A. Yes ; the Spanish monarch granted to Pi- zarro two hundred leagues along the sea-coast, and to the southward of his former government; and two hundred leagues to the soutliward of Pizarro*8 were granted to Almagro. Q. Did not this give rise to some disputes be- tween them ? * A. Yes; it seems to have been a doubtful point in whose territory the city of Cuzco lay. Both contended for it, but it was at length awarded to jPizarro, who persuaded Almagro that the coun. try which really belonged to him was still farther to the south. . Q. Whdt country was it > ^-^^ / jT / J A. The kingdom of Chili. ^V^V^ Q. Did Almagro endeavour to take pmsession ofh? A. Yes; Almagro penetrated, with much dan- ger and difficulty, into Chili, losing many of his men in passing over mountains of immense height, and always covered with snow. Q, Wh^ advantage did the Peruvians take of this division of the Spanish troons { • A. They laid siege to Ctizcb with a large aMny, aiid were very near {^roving succesi^ul; bntt AWa^, hearing of the danger to which his countrymen were exposed, hastened back to tMrmistance. Q. Who commanded the Spanish garrison in Coifoof A. Ferdinand and Gonzalvoi. two brelhiri/of Fizarro. . ' HISTORY OF AMERICA. 43 anted to Pi- oasty nent; rd of es be- point Both ded to coun. 'arther UK. ■ i I session h dan- ' of his lieight, take of I large esi^ul; ich his ick to json in hori of < 0* Did Almagro take any undue advantage of them afler he had defeated the Peruvians ? : v A. Yes; he threw them into prison and seized the citj, which he meant to hold as his right by virtue of his late victory. Q. Who arrived before Cussco soon after ? A. Pizarro himself arrived with an army des. tined to oppose the Peruvians ; for he was unac^ quainted with the arrival of Almagro. Q. What followed ? 'A. Almagro, thinking himself more powerful than his rival, resolved to retain possession of Cuzco, which, however, the latter would not agree to. A long and desperate struggle ensued, and at length fortune declared in favour of Pizarro, who took Almagro prisoner. Q.WVhaf was the ultimate fate of Almagro f A. Pizarro» who was deaf to all entreaties that could be urged to spare his life, had him tried, -condemned, and strangled in prison. His body was afterwards publicly beheaded on a scaffold, and for a long time denied burial. ^ ^^x^ CHAPTER XIL / The Cimque^/qf Pi?ri# (continutd) from the Death of Almag'h to that qfPizairro. ** Q. To whom did Almagro leave the territory v^hich bad been granted to him ? A. He left it to his only son, who at the time of his father's death was tL prisoner at Lima. Q. How did Pizarro now act ? A. Hfi_ ; but sacrificed them to their god of war, end de- voured their flesh with horrid brutality. Q. Were not their funeral rites equally bar- barous ? A. Yes ; it was their custom when a man of rank^ied, and particularly their emperor, to doom a certain number of his attendants to death; they were buried in the same tomb with him, and were supposed to accompany him to the other world. Q. What was the nature of their religion? A. Superstition in fhe highest degree. Their divinities were clothed in terror, and delighted in vengeance, The most rigid penances were per- formed by the Mexicans to appease the wrath of their gods, and they never approached their al. tars without sprinkling them with blood drawn from their own bodies. CHAPTER XV. The Manners and Customs of the Peruvians, Q. What accounts have been transmitted of the ancient history of Peru 1 A. The empire of Poru was more ancient than that of Mexico ; but owing to their being unac- quainted with the art of writing, they were desti- tute of the means of preserving the knowledge of past events with any degree of accuracy. Q. You mentioned in a former chapter that tVie Peruvians were indebted to Manco Capac for their civlization : what was his origin ? A. His origin is unknown. That he was a man of very superior knowledge and abilities to the ; HISTORY OF AMERICA. 51 id de- y bar- nan of doom ; they iwere rorld. m? Their ited in •e per- rath of leir al. drawn nans. itted of nt than g unac- I '6 desti- edge of ter that ipac for B a nsan %io the Indians ^ general is very evident, by the great change he effected in the people. Q. In what capacity did he appear amongst them ? A* He appeared as the immediate messenger of heaven, and his injunctions were rigidly obeyed. His race was held to be sacred, and so firmly did the Peruvians believe in his celestial (descent, that his offspring were denominated children of the Sun. Q. Was not the authority of the Inca unlimited? A. Yes ; the aathority of the Peruvian inca was absolute ; and all offences committed against him being considered as insults offered to the deity, were punished capitally. Q. What were the objects of Peruvian adora- tion i A. They worshipped the sun, as the great source of light, of joy, and fertility ; and they considered that the moon' and the stars, as cj- operating with him, were entitled to secondary homage. Q. In what did the Peruvians chiefly differ from tiie Mexicans ? A. In the mildness of their manners and the beneficence of their religion. Q, Of what did ihe Peruvian offerings and sa- crifices consist ^ A. The Peruvians offered to the sun a part of their vegetable productions; and sacrificed, as an oblation of gratitude, some of the animals which were r J'ebted to his influence for nourishment. But the incas never stained their altars with hu- man bloody nor could they conceive that their j:2 I. r ''^StMStmsansmiu-. m CATECHISJf OF IPHE m beneficent father, the sun, would be delighted with such horrid sacrifices. Q. How were the lands of the Peruvians di- vided? A. All the lands capable of cultivation were divided into three shares: one was consecrated to the sun and the rites of religion ; the second was appropriated to the use of theinca; and the third and largest share was divided among the people. Q. Did the lands thus divided among the peo- ple become their permanent property ? A. No ; every year a new division of their lands took place, which was regulated according to the rank, the number, and exigencies of each family. Q. How were the lands cultivated ?* A. By the joint industry of the people, who were regularly summoned to the field by officers appointed for the purpose ; while they were cheered to the performance of their tasks by songs and musical instruments. Q. Ought we not to att;ribute the docility of their manners to these wise and innocent regu- lations ? A. Undoubtedly; a community thus consti- tuted will naturally produce gentle manners and mild virtues ; and the members of it may be con- sidered as one great family \7h0se interests are inseparabi^e. Q. What were the degrees of rank among the Peruvians ? A. The lowest order of the people resembled such as are employed in menial offices in other countries, and were held in a state of servitude ; next to them were the ireemen who were dis- r .-^ HISTORY OF AMERICA. 53 tinguished by no official or hereditary honourti ; the next in rank were such as held official situ* ations, and were distinguished by their birth ; and at the head of all, were the relations of the inca,or Children of the Sun, CHAPTER XVI. Vieto of the other Spanish Possessions in America*, Q. Do not the Spaniards possess a great ex- tent of territory in America besides Mexico and Peru? A. Yes; although Mexico and Peru are the chief sources from which Spain derives her wealth, yet her jurisdiction extends over several other provinces, Q. Enumerate the principal. A. The immense kingdoms of New Navarre and New Mexico ; the peninsula of California ; the provinces of Yucatan and Honduras; Chili ; Tucuman ; La Plata; Terra Firma ; New Gre^^a- da, and several islands. * Notwithstanding the success .which has attended the revolutionary armies in South America, and the recogni- tion of some of the states as independentj we have thought it advisable still to speak of them as ** Spanish Possessions," until the several goveruments are not only virtually independent of Spain, but formally declared to be so by the European powers — an event which there 19 every reason to expect cannot long be delayed. The following chapter gives a brief sketch of the I'evolntion that has taken place in South America, and will there- fore convey an idea of the state iu which that extensive territory is at present. E 3 II l! ryf m f 1| l l.H l i « Wa i MM* 5S3SE: 5i CATECHISM OF THE li I « r,) III" Q. Are these countries wholly under the domi* nion of the Spaniards ? A, Some are wholly under the dominion of the Spaniards ; others only partially so ; but the num* ber of Spaniards settled in these provinces is ex* tremeJy small compared with those who reside ia Mexico and Peru. Q. For what is New Mexico and Neiu Navarre remarkable ? A, For their rich mines of gold and silver, and for the salubrity of the climate, being situated in the most delightful part of the temperate zone» Q. For what is California chiefly valuable ? A, The peninsula of California is highly valif- able for the pearls found on its, coast. Q. For what are the provinces of Yucatan and Hondvras mostly esteemed ? A» These provinces derive their value princi- pally from the logwood tree, which for the pur- poses of dying, has become an article in commerce of considerable consequence. Q. Is not Chili a very fine country ? A, Yes ; its climate is the most delicious in the New World ; and it is not only very fertile, but is peculiarly adapted to the growth of European pro- ductions, both vegetable and animal. Q. Does it contain any valuable mines ? A, Yes ; it is stored with mines of gold, silver^,, copper, and lead. Q. Is the whole of Chili under the dominion of the Spaniards ? A. No ; the mountainous part's of the country are still possessed by tribes of original inhabitap'^. That part of Chili, which may properly be consi^ /f* J^^- ntii- le ia parrff and vH^ f HWTORY OP AMERICA. dered a Spanish province is a narrow district, ex* tending along the coast for more than iiin^ hun- dred miles. ^ < ': ; Q. What do the provinces of Tucuman and JL/t Plata comprehend ? A. These provinces border on Chili, and com- prehend a district reaching one thousand three hundred miles from north to south, and more than a thousand miles in breadth. Q. By whom are these provinces inhabited ? A, They are inhabited chiefly by native Ame- ricans. Q. Which is the principal town ? A, Buenos Ayres, which is also the most con- siderable sea-port in South America, and from hence a great part of the treasure of Chili and Peru is exported to Spain. ' Q. Of what extent are the provinces of Terra Firma and Nevo Grenada ? A» Terra Firma extends aloi g the Atlantic from the eastern frontier of New Spain to the mouth of the river Oronoco. New Grenada is situated in the interior country. Q. Is not t]ie climate of Grenada remarkably temperate ? A» Yes; Grenada is So far advanced above the level of the sea, that though it is very near to the equator, yet the climate is remarkably tem- pei'ate. Q. What does it produce ? A, It yields gold in great abundance. Its towns are populous and flourishing, and industry is much encouraged there. I ■'Ul i i-H HP B ■i 56 CATECHISM OP THE CHAPTER XVII. 'ttf'Sf?**' f--' m m S i ;^ \ i'i i \ » Sketch of the late Revolution in Spanish America^ Q. At what period did the Spirit of insurrec- tion in the Spanish provinces of South America first appear ? A. In the year 1810, at a time when Spain herself was involved in all the horrors of inter- nal war, caused by the perfidy of the French em- peror, whose troops had, under the colour of protecting, invaded the kingdom^, and made the Royal Family of Spain prisoners. Q. To what causes may this insurrection be attributed? - A. The Spanish Americans had long considered themselves an aggrieved and oppressed people. Their commerce was much restricted, and they i; Vere excluded by the Spanish government from all places of profit, trust, and power, in the ad- ministration of the provinces ; which were now more than ever filled by needy adventurers from the mother country. Q. Did the South American Spaniards take immediate advantage of the distressed state of Spain to establish their own independence 1 A; No; at ^rst they showed a great readiness tbWpport the cause of Spain, and made liberal contributions for the purpose ; but the disunion * At the time the present edition of tkiH Catechism is printing,,con(]uct not less perAdious actuates the coun- cils of tlie restored king Louis, who under a plea equally specious has caused Spain to be invad<;d by an army of 100,000 men, under the command of the Duke of An- jj^ouleme. m HISTORY OF AMERICA. six transports, with 1^,000 tro(^ on board, under the command of General Morillo. Q. Did this force change the aspect of affairs ? A. Very little ; for the Independents were en* abled to send a very effective force to oppose it ; and the attempt of Spain to recover its authority in the colonies was still unsuccessful. Q. In what state was Spanish America in 1816 1)^ CATECHISM OF THE A. Quite as unsettled as ever. The weakness of the Spanish government prevented any vigorous e£Port8 for the restoration of its authority over the colonies, and their own want of concert disabled them from establishing their independence. Q. What was supposed to be their condition in 1817? ^. It was believed in Europe that the Inde. pendent party was gaining ground, and most ex- traordinary accounts of their victories continued to appear in the English newspapen\ Q. Were not their partizans very active in ob- taining reinforcements from England ? A, Yes; great numbers were induced, by the flattering accounts that were brought to this coun- try, to enlist in the Independent army, and many received commissions as captains, &c. who had before been officers in the British service. Q. What measures were adopted by the British government in consequence ? J, At the close of the year, the Prince Regent issued a proclamation, forbidding any British sub- jects to take a part in the contest between Spain and her colonies, for the purpose of putting a stop to the emigration that was going on. Q. How was the war carried on during the years 1818 and 1819? ^. On the whole, the Independent forces had the advantage, and their cause was gradually gaining ground; for, notwithstanding the pro- hibiting proclamation just mentioned, great num- bers of recruits were enlisted and sent out by their partizans ; while the Spaniards suffered from domestic treachery ; the troops which were col. lected at Ca'diz, for the purpose of embarking in I MIPPI FIISTORY 07 AMERICA^ 09 ness orous jrthe Eibled dition Inde. St ex- tinued in ob" by the \ coun- many o had ^ British [legent sh sub- 1 Spain ; a stop ™g the ;es had Eidually le pro- it num- out by ;d from re col- king in I the grand expedition that had been a long time in preparation, having mutinied, and thus frut« trated the intention oF their government. Q. Did not one of the independent generals sustain a signal defeat ? A. Yes; Sir Gregor M'Gregor, a bold and en- terprising chief, having taken Porto Bello by a decisive manceuvre, was afterwards surprised, his troops totally defeated, and his own lifie with diffi« culty saved, by jumping out of his bed, and swim- ming to his ships ia the harbour. Q. What progress did the patriotic armies afterwards make towards independence ? A, In Chili the royalist troops were every where defeated by general San Martin, the Ve- nezuelan army was also successful ; and a conso- lidated free government was formed in Buenos Ayres and Chili. Q. What British naval Commander occupied a distinguished station in the Independent cause? A, Lord Cochrane, who being appointed com- mander in chief of the Chilese fleet, soon became the undisturbed master of the American seas, and made several rich captures. » Q. What general is most entitled to the admi- ration of the South Americans for his military valour and statesman-like talents ^ A> General Bolivar; and in consequence of his great abilities and patriotism, he has been frequently called the South American Washing- ton. Under his guidance the Independent army marched from the banks of the Oronoco, through wildernesses and over mountains, surprised and defeated the royalist troops, and at length suc^; p 2 I .* wmmmimm t CATECHISM OF THE CVttded in establishing the republic of Columbia, tL vfttt territory comprising the rich provinces of New Granada and Venezuela. Q. What is the present state of South Ame* rica? A, The cause of the Independents has univer. sally triumphed, and their independence has been formally recognized by various powers. Com- merce has been much assisted by ttv9 change, and there tippears to be every prospect that their long and arduous struggle for liberty will be repaid by a full participation in those civil immunities and privileges which can only exist in free states, CHAPTER XVIir. HUtory of the Portuguese Settlements in America. Q. What part of America belongs to the Por- tuguese ? A» Brazil and part of Amazonia. Q. What is the extent of Brazil \ A. Brazil reaches fVom the river Amazon to that oi La Plata ; being two thousand five hun- dred miles long; and seven hundred broad. Q, For what is Brazil noted F A» For its gold and diamond mines ; the an- nual value of the former is about five millions sterling ; and of the latter, there are f^upposed to be sent to Europe to the amount of jC 150,000 annually. Q. What other productions has Brazil ? A, Sugar, tobacco, hides, indigo, and various driigs used m medicine. Q. What are the chief cities of Brazil I I I m I ^ HISTORY OF AMERICA. i4. St. Salvador and Rio de Janeiro. r; Q. Did not Brazil for a considerable litiie become the seat of the Portuguese government ? J, Yes; in 1807, the queen of Portugal, with all the royal family, and many of the nobility, sailed from the Tagus. They were accompanied by 18,000 Portuguese subjects, and arrived at Jjrazil, which until 1821 was the seat of govern- ment. Q. What was the cause of this emigration ? A. Buonaparte had ordered the Portuguese to shut all their ports against the ships of Great Bri- tain, and there was every reason to expect that Portugal would soon be in the possession of the French, which soon afterwards was the casej therefore to preserve their friendly and commer- cial relations with the English as well as to secure their American possessions, this measure was at length decided on. Q. What induced the king of Portugal to re- turn to Lisbon ? A, He was called on to do so by the CoVtes, and to accept the new constitution, which in imi- tation of the Spaniards the Portuguese had pro- claimed. The king accordingly swore to protect it, and made Portugal once more the seat of re- gular power. Q. By whom was Amazonia discovered ? A» By Francisco Orellans, in 1580, who, in re- turning from Peru, sailed down the river Amazon to the Atlantic ocean. Q. Why did he give it the name Amazonia ? A, He called it Amazonia, or the Land of the Amiizons, ia consequence of his observing several F 3 . \'' m n ■■ '0' CATVCHlSM OF tHS coo^ianies of women Iti arms, who were drawn tip on the banks of the river. Q. By whom is this extensive region inha^ bited ? A, It is inhabited by numerous Indian nations^, governed by their respective caziques, who are distinguished from their subjects by wearing co- ronets of beautiful feathers. CHAPTER XIX. '^ ', ** "■ ■■if Of the Original Inhabitants of America. * Q. Jn what state were the inhabitants of Ame- rica when the Europeans first settled there ? A, Except the inhabitants of Peru and Mexico, the natives of America were in a state of barba- rism, being unacquainted with almost every art ; and agriculture itself was hardly known to them. Q. How, then, did they procure the necessa« riesoflife? A, By hunting wild animals, which their fo. rests and mountains supplied in great abund- ance. Q. Describe their appearance. A. The complexion of the American Indians is of a reddish brown, nearly resembling the co- lour of copper ; their muscles are firm and strong ; their bodies and heads flattish ; their hair long, black, straight and coarse, but they have no 'beards. Their persons are of full size, extremely Itraight, and well proportioned ; and they a^e re- markably active. Q. What is their character ? A» Hiey are grave, even to todness ; their be- haviour to those about them if regular, modest. ' X i onsy are co- „,^,,.,.;,, ^ I HISTORY OF AMEHICA. and respectful ; they never speak out when ih^y have something important to communicate ; atid all their actions, words, and looks are attended with some meaning. Q. What is their prevailing passion ? A» The love of liberty. They are, however, very fkr from despising all kinds of authority ; they are attentive to the voice of wisdom, which experience has conferred on the aged j and they enlist under the banners of the chief in whose va* lour they can confide, and serve him with fi. delity. Q. Do their chiefs possess much power ? A, No ; the power of an Indian chief is rather persuasive than coercive ; he has neither guards, prisons, or officers of justice ; in short, h^ is re- verenced as a father, rather than fwared as ft monarch. Q, How are the interests of the community managed ? A, When any afiair of consequence is to be settled, the heads of families meet together in a building appointed for the purpose, where their orators, in a bold and figurative style accom- panied with violent gestures, express their senti- ments, and come to a decision. Q. Do they not celebrate these meetings by a feast ? A. Yes; they generally appoint a feast on such occasions, of which nearly the whole tribe partakes. They accompany the feast with songs, music, and dancing ; in the former, they recount the exploits of their ancestors ; and their dancea and music are rendered as martial as possible. 6 /*% rl CATECHISM OF 1*' ow are the different tribes disposed to t)ther ? tv J, They are very frequently at war with each other, and they fight with the most savage fury. Q. What are Ahei^ usual motives foregoing to war ? / 1 r ff I// rt <' A* Their moSt common motive for going to war is to revenge themselves for the loss of some friend whom their neighbours may have killed or taken prisoner ; or else for the sake of acquiring prisoners to assist them in hunting, &c. | may which ves, is o say, led to ftened ight of I ¥■ these rtitude lagine. , they d con- ; they leir ex- cpun- 1 is the a fero- regoing able? arly ap- for the eat part rica are t? , are ge- those of jiforti of HISTORY dF AMERICA. W n their minds; possessing a gentle, rather th&n a warlike spirit ; naturally indolent/ and fohA of pleasure. Q. Were not the first discoverers of Amerlba astonished at the coivstitutional temperance of the natives? J. Yes; when the Spaniards first visited Ame- rica, they observed that the abstinence of the na- tives far exceeded any thing they cou]4 have conceived ; whih, to the Americans, the appe- tites of the Spaniards appeared altogether as voracious; and they affirmed that a Spaniard would devour in one day as much food as would be sufficient for ten Americans. Q. What is the nature of their religion i A. The native Americans are all greatly dieted to superstition, and they worship a va of different objects ; they believe in a numb genii, or good and evil spirits ; and that all miseries proceed from the influence of their evil spirits, while their pleasures ^re derived from their good genii. CHAPTER XX. The Natural History and Produfttons ^ America. ^^ Q. What general remark have ydii to o&r respecting the animals of America ? ' A, All the quadrupeds of America are lem than those which inhabit either Europe/ Asia, or Africa ;'li»d even such a»lu:e imported into Ame^ rial, are often found to degeneri^, but b ever iiti* nrove there. A^' ; '■^'•0 !fl sW fifteen Mfyvriifee tiNililb- 4f4kymmim %*0 tiger of feet long, witbom kidadl% W e0ii§Ar» or Mmrimm tiger, i^Hiree hett and ihe^tiuiM^ which ^1^ cftin«l of Feru, bean^no tiro- a»i-|^|l^ Arabian camel; btti thoiM^ do w#^ tIeHve fi^li^limen^dfl, and ndliip b%o, anatuii iog^;^ ,«, ,- T ^# f1i;'l S 4i'* •»(?% *?»^ m=?i%?^'^ji*f*-;?vi**' "*# • iiSM^.; 1^ jf^ Hot ilch iials >fer e f eHV6