IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 7 /. {/ A .y is % C?.r % Us 1.0 I.I 11.25 U Ik, J ■*> |40 M M 12.0 1.8 U III 1.6 ^ '/# /^ 7 ^^ '4V'^ -(S^ / CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian institute for Historical Microrepioductions Institut canadien de microreproductions historiques 1980 Technical Notec / Notes techniques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Physical features of this copy which may alter any of the images in the reproduction are checked below. D D Coloured covers/ Couvertures de couleur Coloured maps/ Cartes gdographiques en couleur L'Institut a microfilm^ le meilleur exemplaire qu'il lui a 6t6 possible de se procurer. Certains ddfauts susceptibles de nuire d la quality de la reproduction sont notds ci-dessous. 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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul clichd sont film6es 6 partir de Tangle supdrieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mdthode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■i 7 LETTER TO THE IIOK WILLIAM H. SEWARD, Strcctarg of ZUit, IN ANSWER TO ONE FROM IIIJI ON THE KESOLUTION OF THE SENATE AS TO THE RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES A\nTn THE BRITISH PROVINCES, AND THE ACTUAL CONDITION OP I THE QUESTION OF THE FISHERIES, FROM E. H. DERBY. January, 1867. WASHINGTON, D. C: 1867. CONTENTS Vi Page. The Relations of the United States witli the rroviiicos.— TIic actual condition of the Question of the Fisheries.— Position and Kesourcos of the Colonies.— Difference in Climate.— Excess in ^Vhcat, Oats, Karley, Hoots, Teas, Wool, Fish and Lumber.— Deficiency in Corn, I'ork, Cotti)n, llice, Tobacco and iManufactures.— i Natural Exchange of Productions.— The effects of the Itepcal of Treatj' — Remedial Measures.- Admission to the Union.— A ZoUvcrcin.— Negotiation.— Legislation. — Licenses to Fishermen, 7 to 50 I APPENDIX. Ilistorj- of the Treaties and of the Fisheries.— The Rights of the United States, . 3 British Commentary on Report of last year, 85 -^ Decision of the British Umpire, sustaining our right to the Rays of Fundy and Chaleur, 8') Relations of Great Britain to her Colonies. — Her Commerce. — Inferiority of her Slarket to that of the United States. — Ilcr strength and her weakness, . . 104 Exclusion of the Vessels of the United States from the Coasting Trade of each Province. — Letter of Judge Jackson, 132 Climate and Resources of the Country between Canada, Hudson's Bay and the Pacific, 133 Railways more conducive than Free Trade to National Progress, .... 140 Eflects on Commerce of Repeal of Treaty. — Letter from B. II. Norton, Esq., . . 148 Statistics of the Provinces, 149 243 Cost of Ship Building in the Provinces and in the United States.— Character of Vessels, Importation of Lustre Wool.— Effects of its exclusion on the manufacture of AVorsteds, 244 Commerce of St. John, New Brunswick, for 18GC, 244 Commerce of Boston with the Provinces at the close of the year 18G6, . . .245 '•<:. In the Senate of the United States, July 27, 1866. Resolved, That the President be requested, if, in bis opinion, not iiicompatiible with the public interests, to furnisli to the Senate, at the next session of Congress, any information in his possession concerning the practicability of establishing equal reciprocal relations between the United States and the different British Provinces of North America, including the Eritish possessions on the Pacific, and also concerning the actual condition of the question of the Fisheries, with such recom- mendations as he may choose to make, tending to the peaceful arrange- ment of these important matters. (Signed,) J. W. FORNEY, Secretary. I KEPORT. To the Hon. "Williaji II. Seward, Secretary of State for the United Slates. Sir : — The Resolve of the Senate on the opposite page, calls upon the Executive for the latest information as to the state of the Provinces of British North America, the possibility of estab- lishing reciprocal relations and the actital condition of the question of the Fisheries. Acting under your commission of October last, witli a view to obtain the information required by the Senate, I have devoted much time to this important subject — taken the most effective steps to procure statistics, and after consulting the merchants engaged in the Colonial trade and the fisheries, I deemed it advisable to visit the Provinces. There I conferred with the leading men and officers of govern- ment ; discussed the question of reciprocal trade with the Chamber of Commerce at Halifax ; visited the coal-fields and gold mines of Nova Scotia ; made a voyage through the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and, in conformity to your orders, submit my Report in two parts ; — the one suggestive and advisory, already in your possession, while the other, now submitted, presents most of the facts I have collected to illustrate the questions at issue. British North America. The configuration of this vast territory first attracts our attention. It not only severs us from the fisheries in the great bays of the north and from the friendly settlements of Russia, by a frontier of more than three thousand miles, but by the Peninsula of Nova Scotia on the Atlantic and the Isle of Van- couver, of nearly equal size, on the Pacific ; it projects into both 8 VALUIO OF TKUUITOIIY. oceans, overlaps both our coasts and presents in Halifax and Victoria great Naval Stations, in close proximity to our routes both to Europe and to Asia. Frontier Posts and Free Ports. This great territory upon our borders, but sparsely settled, with tariffs varying from our own and free ports at Gaspe, Lake Huron and Vancouver's Island, offering every facility to evade our customs and to break down the revenue on which we rely to sustain our government, has subjected our country to largo annual expenditures for frontier ports and custom houses, which have not for the last half century paid their expenses. Value op Territory. The principal part of this territory has for the last 180 years been withheld from civilization by the Hudson Bay Company, who devote it to the production and nurture of the wild animals of the forest. In their schedule of property it is rated at less than two cents per acre. This territory, remote from Great Britain, although of great intrinsic value, is worth little to her, except for the lumber and fur trade, and a market for less than a twentieth of her manufactures. Canada and the Maritime Provinces have for more than a century been led to devote their energies to their land, forests and fisheries, and the construction of new ships for the British Empire. They no longer rely upon the Mother Country to pro- tect their exports. They are anxious to extend their commerce and to })rovide the mechanism for manufactures, by which England has made the world her tributary. With the expan- sion of their commerce and manufactures, they cannot long rema'n dependent on England. Climate and Soil. The climate of this region is much milder and more genial than is generally supposed. The isothermal line, drawn from "West Point to the Russian settlements near the 5Gth degree of latitude, gives the mean temperature of Paris and Brussels. It trends to the north as it leaves the Atlantic and approaches the 4 i DI/ERSITY OP CLIMATE. allfax and 3ur routos i\acifi<; ly settled, spo, Lake ' to evade WQ rely to to large 3CS, which 80 years /ompany, animals ,han two of great ibcr and of hor ! than a , forests i British to pro- mnicrco which expan- )t long genial n from grcc of lis. It ics the The Pacific coast resembles the westerly coast of Eiiroj)C, from the prevalent course of the winds. As we pass northerly from the fountains of the Missouri, the mountains subside and the climate softens in conseipience, and cattle and bullalo winter in the open air. If wc draw a line from Quebec to the southern limi af the Russian Territory, we shall find south of this lino a region, of size suflicient to form fifteen States, and comj)ctcnt to produce wheat, barley and oats, with vast forests of timber, extensive prairies and valuable fisheries, well adapted for the use of man. On the waters of the Ht. Lawrence, the great pineries occupy more than 287,000 square miles. Forests abound upon the inland lakes and streams west of Superior. The telegraph corps, now extending its lines through British Columbia, find the chief obstacle in forests whoso trees aro eight to ten feet in diameter, while they report that the great river Knickpack, almost unknown to geography, but as large as the Missouri and navigable for fifteen hundred miles, brings down from British America trees of eighteen inches diameter, and covers the shores of the Aleutian Islands with driftwood. Europe, since the time of Sir Walter Raleigh, when he found the great storehouse of deal and clapboards was in the Low Countries, but the forests from which they came in the North Countries, has drawn most of her wood and timber from the North Sea and the Baltic, but we, who arc fast exhausting our forests as we clear our farms, must look for the future supply of our progressive nation north of the British lines. The climate of the United States is comparatively warm and dry, but in British America, the ocean, winds, great rivers, bays and inlets, and vast forests and a higher latitude, give a more moist atmosphere. With us the great crop is Indian corn, of which we raise more than of all other cereals combined, — to this we may add cotton, tobacco and grass, but with the cool summers and moist climate of the north, wheat, barley, oats and potatoes, give larger returns to the acre and a larger amount in proportion to the population, as is shown by the following extracts from the Census of 1860 :— 10 EXCESS IN WHEAT, BARLEY, AND OATS. Returns from the Census of the United States and from the Census of the Provinces for 18 GO. United states. Canada. Nova Sco*l8. Population, 31,738,821 2,501,888 230,699 Horses, 7,257,000 725,744 28,789 Cattle, ...... 28,751,315 2,375,957 156,357 Sheep, 23,298,807 2,517,781 282,180 Swine, 35,960,091 1,278,099 51,533 Indian corn, bushels. 827,624,528 2,024,100 37,475 Wheat, bushels, .... 170,176,027 28,213,700 297,157 Oats, " .... 172,089,095 45,034,800 1,384,437 Barley, " .... 15,825,898 3,092,021 190,097 Potatoes, " .... 151,659,000 39,500,359 1,986,789 Butter, lbs., 459,672,052 52,705,854 3,013,880 These columns illustrate well the difTerenco iu the ])roduc- tions of the States and the Provinces. In population, Canada represents eight per cent., and Nova Scotia three-fourths of one per cent, of the population of the United States. And a com- parison of the figures will show that Canada, when compared with the United States, produces more than its proportion of horses, cattle and sheep, but less than half its proportionate number of swine. That it yields twice its proportion of wheat, three times its proportion of oats and potatoes, and three times its ' proportion of barley — but when we come to our great staple of Indian corn, which yields twice the amount of all our cereals and potatoes combined — which fattens our animals and furnishes both meat and drink, Canada does not produce one twenty-fifth part of her proportion. In butter, both Canada and Nova Scotia give an average — Nova Scotia excels alike in oats and potatoes, but in swine and breadstulTs is altogether deficient. This demonstrates that it is our province to supply the Provinces with corn, pork, lard and hams, and to join Canada in the sup- ply of Hour and wheat and to open our ports to the reception of Canadian horses, cattle, wheat and barley upon liberal terms. if MINES. 11 230,699 28,789 156,357 282,180 51,533 37,475 297,157 1,384,437 196,097 1,986,789 3,613,880 The subject of wheat is ono of great interest to our country. While France in the last half century, l)y a wise division of land into small freeholds, has made sugar sufficient for her own population and carried her crop of wheat from 100 to 200 millions of bushels and annually supplies most of the deficieucy of England with French flour, our crop in 1800 was but 170 millions of bushels, and is now less than that of France. Under our system of agriculture, the crops of wheat diminish and insects come in to change the course of culture, and now we look chiefly to the extreme West for our wheat. Our supply is becoming insufficient to meet the home and foreign demand, and extreme prices are the necessary consequences. Nature, in her bencucencc, has provided for the effects of an excess of heat in the States, and for an exuberance of moisture in the Provinces, by her diversity of climates. Minerals and Mines. The island of Xewfoundland has been compared to a ship anchored in mid-ocean for the purpose of taking fish. For many years it was governed as a ruan-of-war and females were not allowed to land there. Its soil is sterile and in past times it has relied entirely on its fisheries. Of late a geological survey has been made and valuable mines been opened. Small beds of coal and oleaginous shale and oil springs have been discovered, indicative of coal, and promising future discoveries, have been traced across the island. The Hon. C. S. Bennett has opened a very extensive mine of sulphide of copper, with veins, in the aggregate, thirty feet thick- and yielding 10 to 20 per cent. Two thousand tons were extracted in 1806, and it will be opened to double the delivery in 1807. Near this mine are beds of valuable marble contiguous to the sea. Those are important discoveries, as they serve to diversify the pursuits of the people. If we pass to Cape Breton, the eastern part of Nova Scotia, we find rich veins of bituminous coal, fringing the coast and easily accessible from the sea. These extend from Sydney to Louisburg, the ancient naval station of Franco ; are found also in the Gut of Canso and on the shores of the Gulf and on the main land at Pictou and Cum- berland. Coal from these mines, admirably adapted for smiths 12 MINERALS. use and gas works, can be landed on the coast of New England for $4 per ton, or less tlian the cost on the Dclcware. It is a significant fact, illustrative of the different properties of coal, that eight or ten thousand tons of our anthracite coal arc used in tlic furnaces and ranges of the seaports of Nova Scotia and Now Brunswick. One gold field of Nova Scotia extends nearly 200 miles, and the yield gradually increases, having been 18,744 ounces in 18G4, and 24,8G7 ounces in 18G5. The veins first worked proved irregular and nnrcliable, but more recent discoveries at Shcrbrook and Renfrew i)rove continuous and rich, and arc returning large sums to their proprietors, and will probably carry the whole product in 18G7 up to a million of dollars. Veins of iron ore run through the Cobcquid mountain for 40 miles, so pure that it is sent to England for steel and cutlery, where it has superseded the charcoal iron of Norway. Beds of pure gypsum and barytes and the best grindstones on the conti- nent line the shores of the Bay of Fundy. And Albertine, of great value, manganese and antimony are found in New Brunswick. The Maritime Provinces are much superior in mineral resources to the New England coast. In Canada important mines of copper have been opened at Bolton, Harvey Hill and Lake Superior. Oil wells and salt wells have been sunk, and gold has been found in varying quantities on the Chaudiere and St. Francis. A mineral belt, carrying both gold and copper, extends from Corinth, Vermont, through Lyman and Northumberland to the hills which form the boundary between Canada and Maine, where mining has been pursued successfully during the past summer. The great mineral treasures of British America, however, lie in the valleys of the Saskatchawan, Frazer's and Colum- bia Rivers. Here veins of gold, copper and lead have been found, and coal traced through several degrees of latitude. On Vancouver's Island, near Victoria, are salt springs, in which the brine is four times as strong as the water of the ocean, exten- sive gold fields and coal mines, that liavc been opened for the supply of California. These mineral treasures aro of great value to the Pacific coast. :*!■; M iiiiii FISHERIES. 13 England )ropertics acitc coal of Nova tiles, and unccs ill . worked vcries at and arc probably ars. a for 40 cutlciy, Beds of le conti- Ibcrtino, in New- mineral ncd at lid salt arying belt, rmont, form ig has wcver, olum- bcen On 2I1 tlio 3Xtcil- 3r the 'acific MacFic, a British writer, who had resided at Victoria and in British Columbia, after comparing the climate to that of Italy, observes : " There is a special feature in the topography and geology of California that cannot fail to deepen the interest of every one concerned for the progress of British Columbia, in the resources of the American State. Every indication of metallic or mineral wealth in the latter, renders the future prosperity of mining enterprise in the former more certain. Tl\e range of the Sierra Nevada, the source ofvinctallic riches in California, is but an extension of the metalliferous ridge that passes through British Columbia, and the large quantities of gold already taken from the mountains of British territory, notwithstanding the limited appUances hitherto in use, give abundant promise that when more capital and labor shall have been attracted to the colony, the variety and extent of its resources to bo developed will prove boundless." * And Dc Smet, after visiting British America as a missionary, and commenting upon its superior climate, soil and resources, well asks : " Arc these vast and innumerable fields of hay forever destined to be consumed by fire or perish in the autumnal snows ? How long shall these superb forests be the haunts of wild beasts ? And these inex- haustible quarries, these abundant mines of coal, lead, sulphur, iron, copper and saltpetre — can it be that they are doomed to remain forever inactive ? Not so. The day will come, when some laboring hand will give them value ; a strong, active and enter- prising people arc destined to fill this spacious void. The wild beasts will, ere long,give place to our domestic animals ; flocks and herds will graze in the beautiful meadows that border the num- berless mountains, hills, valleys and plains of this extensive region." •■Fisheries. Upon both fronts of this territory, on the two oceans, are very valuable fisheries for whales, seals, cod, mackerel, salmon and other fish. These fish are taken in great abundance, both in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the shores of Nova Scotia, Canada, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and also along the coast of British Columbia and Vancouver's Island. " Halibut arc caught in immense numbers around the entire coast, but • Sec extracts from MacFie, Appendix, page 133. 14 WUALES AND SEALS. especially off the Straits of Fuca. Their size is often enormous, and it is asserted by an ofliccr of the Hudson Bay Company that in 48 hours fishing a vessel of GOO tons might bo laden Avitli them." * The men who pursue these fisheries arc of great value, both for the supply of the interior of the continent, and for commercial pursuits ; and the fisheries serve as scliools to rear and educate a body of hardy seamen, to man the merchant ships and fleets of the Republic. Canada maintains a government vessel. La Canadicnne, for the protection of the fisheries on the Canadian waters, under the charge of Pierre Fortin, Esq. In his report for 18G5, submitted a few months since, ho refers to the American vessels employed in the fishery for mackerel, in the following terms : " The American schooners engaged in the mackerel fishery arc the handsomest and best vessels of the kind in the world, and no vessels belonging to other nations can compare with them. It was estimated that there were this year Irom 1,050 to 1,200 of these American vessels engaged exclusively in the mackerel fishery on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. I made inquiries as to the conduct of such of the crews of these vessels as had landed this year on the Magda- len Islands, and was gratified to learn that they had committed no acts of depredation and had not disturbed jjublic order." The same gentleman, in speaking of the diminution of whales on the Atlantic, remarks : "■ There arc regions seldom visited by man where these animals are still fo id in immense numbers, and of these some arc not far from our own land. Of course I mean Hudson's Bay and Davis Straits, Baffin's Bay and the coast of Greenland. Those arms of the sea, impenetrable to mankind, except during the summer season, are still inhabited by numerous schools of the right whaie, the humpback, the ron- qual, and herds of sea lions and seals of all varieties." Hud- son's Bay and its great arms extend south' to the fifty-first degree of latitude, and are easily accessible from the Red River and Lake Winncpeg through the greater part of tho year, and to these points we may look for great inland fisheries for both seal and whale, upon this reliable authority. * MacFic. f iM! CANADIAN BOUNTY. — RAILWAYS. 15 niormous, Company adcii with of great iicnt, and schools to merchant icnne, for ;rs, under since, ho shcry for schooners ; and best onging to latcd that American L the Gulf )f such of ic Magda- ommitted ■der." of whales i^isited by numbers, course I and the trable to inhabited , the ron- riud- st degree liver and r, and to botli seal The importance of these fisheries as schools for seamen, is further illustrated by Monsieur Fortin, by the striking fact that Canada gives a bounty of $4 per ton to her fishermen at the very moment that we discontinue the one we have paid since the commencement of the century, although her fishormcn arc exempted from duties and have the fisheries at their gates. Railways. The Provinces have made much progress in railways ; 2,411 miles of railway track have been laid, connecting Portland and % the Riviere de Loup, below Quebec, with Lake Huron, and this has been effected at a cost of 8121,543,189. The means were furnished partly by the Provinces, partly by English stockholders. The receipts for 1865 were nearly 811,000,000, and tiie expenses barely exceeded 87,000,000, leaving a net profit in the outlay of 8-3,782,570, an average of three per cent. The Grand Trunk line which runs for most of its length nearly parallel to navigable waters, has thus far returned little to its projectors, but its business is fast increasing, and has not been seriously impaired by the abrogation of the Treaty. At a general meeting of the Grand Trunk Railway Company, at London, October 4, 18G6, the Chairman, E. W. Watkin, M. P., stated that the net profits of the company for several years had been as follows : — £0,000 40,785 63,430 133,280 181,791 139,002 207,720 He also stated to the meeting that " our manager, Mr. Bridges, has been sent down into the lower Provinces in order to investigate the position of their international trade, and he reports to us that there is a very large field for a new commerce to be carried on between Canada and the other provinces, which has so far been carried on between those provinces and tho United States. Li the article of flour in barrels alone, there is L- half year e nding June , 1800, 1801, 1802, 1863, 1864, 1865, 1866, 16 RAILWAYS. business done in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward's Island, to the extent of 767,000 barrels per annum, all of which is done with the United States. Of course, there is some trade with Canada now, but it is small. Our manager informs us that in future the greater pai't of this ilour will be purchased from the flour producers of Canada. Wo shall get our share of this traffic, which will be a new source to supply the deficiency created by the alte?"ation in the course of our former trade." " Now, with regard to the intercolonial railway. That and the confederation of the Provinces,' means the same thing, because one of the conditions on which the maritime provinces agreed to join Canada in confederation was, that a railway should be made to connect the railway system from Halifax with the Grand Trunk system at Riviere de Loup, below Quebec. There- fore, if the compact is made and completed and ratified by the imperial parliament, all cause of anxiety with regard to making the intercolonial railway is at an end. All the Provinces have agreed. There has been since the time Mr. Adams speaks of a general election in Brunswick, (which for some time stood out,) and now agrees to come into this confederation. The delegates from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick arc already here. The delegates from Canada arc expected in November, and I have no doubt that one of the first measures that the government will bring before parliament in February, will be to sanction the confederation of those Provinces." The English managers of the Grand Trunk are urging con- federation and intercolonial traffic. The new line will keep up the connection with England, even if it does, in part, supersede or compete with the Grand Trunk railway, and will give lucra- tive contracts. In Nova Scotia a line has been opened to Truro, 60 miles, with a branch of 30 miles finished to Windsor, and branches in progress or completed to Pictou and Annapolis ; and in New Brunswick a line of 108 miles from St. John to Shcdiac is in operation, and means have been provided for the extension of a line from St. John to Calais. As soon as our line from Bangor to Calais is complete a continuous track from Halifax to Lake Huron will be in operation. TELEGRAPHS, CANALS, BANKS. 17 lid Prince :r annum, irsc, there ' manager >ur Avill be I shall get to supply •so of our at and the g, because ics agreed should be with the c. Thcrc- ied by the to making ncos have ocaks of a tood out,) delegates ere. The nd I have (vcrnmcnt iictiou the ging con- 1 keep up supersede vc lucra- 60 miles, anchcs in in New diac is in ision of a a Bangor s to Lake European and Aslvtic Telegraphs. Our great lines of telegraph, both to Europe and Asia, pass through portions of British America, and arc subject to foreign control.. The line to Ireland passes through three British Provinces ; the line to Russia extends across British Columbia. For this indispensable agent, wc arc dependent on a foreign power. American Telegraphs. In Canada 4,973 miles of electric telegraph have been com- pleted, and 470,331 messages were sent in 18G5. In Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Newfoundland several hundred miles more have been finished, which connect the Atlantic cable, Halifax and St. John with Boston, and messages are transmitted from the chief cities of the Maritime Pi-ovinccs to the great commercial centres of our country. The railways and telegraphs of the Provinces have, in proportion to the population, made as great progress as those of the United States. Canals. The chief canals of the Provinces arc on the St. Lawrence in Canada, and with the Grand Trunk line, have materially con- tributed to the Canadian debt, now verging on 880,000,000. Of these canals, 43 miles lie between Montreal and Lake Ontario, admitting vessels of 300 tons, and 28 miles lie between Lakes Eric and Ontario, admitting ships of 400 tons, while our own canal at the outlet of Lake Superior, with locks 12 feet deep and 70 feet in width, permits the passage of ships of ten to fifteen hundred tons burthen. Banking Institutions. Several banks arc established in each of the Provinces. In Canada the capital of banks is 830,700,000, the deposits in sav- ings institutions were in 18G5, 82,711,651. The amount of banking capital and deposits in all the Provinces is less than the amount in our commercial and manufacturing State of Massachusetts. Manufactures. Manufactures are still in their infancy in the Provinces ; they have not had, until recently, the fostering care uf government ; 3 18 MANUPACiaREa. and wliilo the Provinces rival us in some branches of agricul- ture and in moulding ai.o' sawing -wood into shapes, which tiic Eiiglisli do not consider a manufacture, our country is greatly in advance in most branches of the arts. The State of Massa- chusetts, a State in size, position and natural resources inferior to Nova Scotia, has been proved by the census of IStJ.j to pro- duce annually $517,000,000. There has been nothing like this in the Bi'itish Provinces ; but of late years the accumulation of wealth, improved highways, and a gradual increase of tariffs have given a start to manufactures, and the Canadians at Torontoj Hamilton and other cities are maki'ig good progress in the pro- duction of boots, shoes, leather, woollens, linen, tools and machinery, v/hilc wooden furniture is shipped from Montreal to Europe. In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, also, manufactures of boots, shoes and sewing-machines, and foundries have been started under good auspices at Halifax, Windsor and St. John. A large sugar refinery is in progress at Halifax. Ship Building. Under low duties the Provinces, with an abundant supply of timber contiguous to the sea and navigable lakes and streams, have mode good progress in ship building ; in this they have been encouraged by the parent empire. The ship-yards of the Provinces furnish nearly one-fourth of the ships that float under the British flag, and furnish annually 200,000 tons of shipping. The vessels of the Provinces are rarely constructed of oak, and are not as durable as our own ships, being built of spruce, beech, juniper and hacmctac, but they are well modelled, light and buoyant, and well adapted to the Provincial commerce. The vessels built in the United States were, In 1864, 383,805 tons. 1865, 429,645 "* TONNi\OE. The following table gives the tonnage of the United States, the Provinces, and Great Britain : — • See Appendix, page 243, 1 agricul- hich the s greatly r Massa- inlerior 5 to pro- like this latiou of i-ilTs have Toronto? , the pro- aols and intrcal to ctiires of ivc been St. John. supply of streams, ley have burth of annually inccs are our own ictac, but lapted to ons. ed States, SIIIPPIKG. 10 DATE. United States. rrovlnccg. Great Brltnln .icJ rrovlnce*. 18C5 3,3G8,47U 1,088,000 0,:JOO,000 Great progress was made in navigation by the Provinces, dur- ing the late war, as will appear by the following table, viz. : — DATE. Tonnage of New Brunswick In suc- cessive years. Tonnage of Kova Scotia. 1860, 1861, 1862, 1663, 18G4, 1865, 147,088 158,240 157,718 211,080 233,225 249,695 234,743 248,061 277,703 309,554 305,503 408,000 There is reason to presume that a part of this growth is due to the transfer of some American ships to the English flag, to avoid danger from piratical cruisers during the war. I would respectfully suggest, that such transfers by neutrals have been sanctioned by usage in former wars, and as our coun- try was able to give no convoy, and is interested in the preserva- tion of the property of its citizens, and the recovery of its ships, that the owners of such vessels have suffered sufficiently, and should no longer be excluded from our registry by commercial rivals who sometimes assume the mark of patriotism. I am not prepared, however, to recommend the admission of Provincial vessels to our registry and coasting trade, while a foreign power controls the shipping of the Provinces. We must reserve this great privilege for the hour when we shall become more closely united.* Lumber Trade. There is no record of all the timber cut in the Provinces ; but some idea of the quantity may be formed from the exports of each Province. * Sec Appendix, page 132. „.-^ 20 LUMBER. — COiMMERCE. The exports of wood and its products have been, in year ending Juno OOth, 1800 : — From Canada, .... 813,840,080 00 New Brunswick, in 1803, . 3,041,759 00 ^ Nova Scotia, .... 770,034 00 818,204,770 00 Included in tlie amount from Canada are 240,193 cords of firewood. During the past year the shipments of lumber from Canada have been : — To the United States, Great Britain, . 80,401,015 00 7,144,317 00 In the Year-book and Almanac of British North America for 1807, it is stated that the export duty on pine timber in New Brunswick is 20 cents per ton, and on pine plank and boards 20 rents per 1,000 feet, and that this duty yielded 801,903 in 1805, and " that it replaces the stumpagc duty formerly paid to the Province for every tree felled." But 84 only is paid for a license to cut timber, and by this substitution the duty is levied on American timber entitled to the free navigation of the St. John. Is not this an evasion of the Ashburton Treaty ? Commerce with British America. In 1852, before the Treaty of Reciprocity, our exports and imports in commerce witli the British Provinces were, by our records, less than $17,000,000. In the year ending June 30th, 180G, by the same records, they exceeded 882,000,000. The average growth has exceeded 25 per cent, per annum. In the tonnage of arrivals and departures, the growth has been quite as rapid, the amount having risen, in the year ending Juno 30, 1800, to 30,301 vessels, and a tonnage of 7,284,170 tons arriving and departing. Had the fiscal year terminated with Jlarch, since which there has been a decline, the whole amount would doubtless have boon close upon eight millions of tons. Tlio above exports, imports and tonnage, exceed those in our commerce with any nation, except Great Britain. m COURSE OP TRADE. 21 In the commerco with Canada the American tonnage still pro- dominates ; in our commerce with the Maritime Provinces, the tonnage of Pvovincial vessels greatly exceeds our own, as will appear by the following tables : — American Vessels in trade with the Provinces for Year cndiny Juno 30, 18GG. Ektrakces. Cleabakcrs. Ships. Tonnage. Ships. TonnaRC. Canada, British Provinces, . British Columbia, 4,554 799 202 1,481,040 209,073 50,887 4,203 700 209 1,353,421 240,218 71,000 Totals, .... 5,615 1,747,000 5,232 1,670,090 Foreign Vessels. Canada, . British Provinces, British Columbia, Totals, . 8,509 3,977 01 12,007 1,295,499 524,079 13,139 8,527 4,272 48 1,314,799 077,858 9,888 1,833,317 12,847 2,032,545 Aggregate, 7,284,170 tons. Course of Trade. In this commerce for some years past our imports from the Maritime Provinces have been less than our exports, while our imports from Canada have exceeded our exports ; during the past year, the Canadian excess having been by our returns thirty-two millions, and by Canadian returns, at least twenty millions. During the last months of the treaty and after a pro- ductive year, efforts were made to hurry the cattle, grain and other produce of the country across the frontier, while the state of our currency and prices and rates of Canadian duties were such that wo could send little besides gold or our bonds in return for the surplus. There is also one fact that stands out in bold relief, that, dur- ing the last year of the treaty, the aggregate exports of all the m 22 EXPORTS. Provinces to the United States were twice the amount of their exports to Great Britain — New Brunswick alone showing a Somali excess in lier exports to the latter country, principally in tho tirticlc of lumber. This result of an open commerce lietween tho Provinces and the States, in tho products of tho sea, forest, mines and agriculture, clearly demonstrates that tho great and natural market of the Provinces is hero, rather than in Great Britain. By the Provincial records, the exports from the principal Provinces have been as follows : — Exports from Canada, for year ending June 30, 18GG : To the United States, . . . 834,770,201 00 Great Britain, .... 12,081,041 00 From Nova Scotia, for year ending September 30, 18G5 : To the United States, . . . $3,010,797 00 Great Britain, .... 704,742 00 From New Brunswick, for year ending December 31, 1805: To tho United States, . . . $1,730,208 00 Great Britain, .... 2,594,001 00 From Newfoundland, for year ending December 31, 1804 : To the United States, Great Brit m, . From Prince Edward's Island for 1805 ; Total exports, To United States about Great Britain and Ireland about , 8203,000 00 1,373,000 00 [,512,825 00 054,720 00 327,950 00 It is apparent from these returns that the exports from tho Provinces to tho United States, under the treaty, were more than twice as largo as the exports to Great Britain, while the imports from the United States were, by tho Provincial returns, hut one-third less than those from Great Britain. Tho imj)orts are less than tho exports, and tho trade with the United States has consequently become more important than the trade with Great Britain. The Colonial returns arc confirmed by thoso of the United States. JP GBRAT MARKET OP PROVINCES. 23 Extent of Market. The nicrcliajits of tlio rrovlnees iintl tho great market for their pioductions in tho United States. Great l^ritaiii retiuires annually less than 8200,000,000 of tho productions which the Colonies yield, and her wants are chiefly supplied by the Conti- nent of Europe — France, Russia, Turkey and other nations supply Itreadstufls and cattle at low rates. Sweden and Norway furnish wood in all its varieties, and whatever may bo the case two centuries hence, Great Ijrituin requires no coal at present from her Provinces, and exports herring and mackerel. The great and natural market of tho Provinces is within the limits of our Union. Our census shows that here in 1859, $1,900,000,000 of manufactures and $(400,000,000 of imports were exchanged for the surplus of $2,500,000,000, the products of agriculture. It is to this great and growing market, not the limited market of tho British Isles, that we can in\ito the colonists of England, and they have learned its value. Such were the beneficent cfTccts of the treaty of Reciprocity, which after some years of negotiation took effect in 1855, and was repealed under a notice from our government, March 17, 1866. It had quintupled our trade with tho Provinces, given an impulse to public improvement, and utilized the new canals, railways and other avenues of commerce. It established also the fact, that tho great and natural market of the Provinces was on this side of the Atlantic. The notice for repeal was given at a time when our country was deeply offended with Great Britain. In our great struggle for existence, she had given her sympathy to our foes. She had denounced slavery, but sought to establish a slave empire ; she had built cruisers to destroy our shipping, and clippers to evado our customs ; there had been difficulties on the frontier, and these may have have accelerated the fall of the treaty — but the treaty itself had serious defects. It Avas based upon the assumption that tho two countries had made equal progress in the arts. It was well adapted to the Provinces, for they were devoted to tho field, forest, sea and mines, but tho United States had devoted nearly one-third of their energies and capital to manufactures, and consumed at homo the principal part of their raw material. 24 TREATY OP RECIPROCITY. Under tho treaty, the exports of the Provinces were sent principally to New York and New England, and these had no coal, wood, herring, and little corn for export to the Provinces. It is true they had an abundance of boots, shoes, tools, cutlery, clocks, vehicles and furniture, and, before the treaty, sent them to tho Provinces — but the treaty did not shield them from duties. Canada, anxious to raise revenue and solicitous to rival us in manufactures, imposed duties which checked the exports of New England. As the war progressed, wo drew upon Canada for large supplies of horses, cattle and grain ; while the treaty was expiring, her productions were pressed across the borders, and in the last year of Reciprocity, the importations from Canada, by Provincial returns, exceeded our exports by twenty millions. By our own returns there was a still larger excess. Under ordinary circumstances, we might have spared a portion of our gold, for we arc drawing five times this sura from our western gold fields ; but the war was drawing to a close ; large armies were to bo paid, and taxes to bo levied ; a largo debt was to be funded, a paper currency to be redeemed and specie to bo saved. Under such circumstances, the check given by Canada to our exports operated against the treaty. Financial considerations called for its modification — the treaty became a dead letter. Since the repeal of the treaty, the former duties of the United States have been revived, and a new duty of twenty per cent, has been imposed on animals. Tho Maritime Provinces, whose tariffs had been low and satisfactory to us, have retaliated by an advance of duties, while Canada, in a more liberal and magnan- imous spirit, has reduced her duties one-fourth upon our manu- facti^res, raised her duty to sixty cents on spirits, and proposes to discontinue her free ports, and to assimilate her duties, and she has, in concert with the lower Provinces, sent envoys to Wash- ington to negotiate a new treaty, and I have good reason to believe, is ready to negotiate a new treaty on equitable terms. The other Provinces have very naturally advanced their duties. New Brunswick has increased her duty on tobacco, placed a duty of 88 a head on horses and oxen, ^5 on swine, 75 cents on sheep, and 81 per hundred with 3 per cent, ad valorem on beef, pork, hams, lard, and bacon. Nova Scotia has put a duty of 25 cents per barrel on flour, 810 on horses, 87.50 on cattle, 85 EFFECTS OP REPEAL. 25 '•crc sent 3 liad no I'ovinccs. , cutlery, cnt thCiii cm from citous to ckcd the wo drew i grain ; I pressed Dcity, the eded our TO was a vo might [ivc times 1 drawing levied ; 'cdccraed ia to our derations otter, ic United per cent. es, whose ted by an magnan- nr manu- roposcs to 1, and she to Wash- I'casoii to Ic terms, ir duties, placed a ' cents on 1 on beef, I duty of cattle, iS5 on swine, 81 per barrel on beef and pork, and 82 per 100 lbs. on hams, tongues, and bacon, with 81| per 100 lbs. on lard. Prince Edward's Island has placed a duty of 25 cents per bar» rcl on flour, and 81 per barrel on beef and pork, and 81| per 100 lbs. on hams, bacon, and lard.* Newfoundland has placed a duty of 80 cents per barrel on flour, 12 cents per barrel on oat and corn meal, TO cents per barrel on pork, and 50 cents per barrel on beef, and 11 per cent, on lard. Under such retaliatory duties, and others on less important articles, we may well expect a decline in our importations from all the Provinces, a serious check to our exports to the Maritime Provinces, and a decay of commerce. It was predicted in my report of last year, as a necessary con- sequence of the repeal of the treaty, and the prediction has been verified. But eight months have elapsed since the repeal of the Treaty of Reciprocity ; the returns of the custom houses are still incomplete, and we cannot, for some months to come, obtain the results of an entire year ; but we have already some premonitory symptoms, — some returns, which indicate that the commerce with the Provinces, which has for the past eleven years increased at the rate of 15 to 20 per cent, per annum on each preceding year, and nearly 25 per cent, from the start, is now declining still more rapidly. The following tables show the exports from Halifax to all the ports of the United States for six months before and six months after the expiration of the treaty, compared with those of the like period in 1865 : — * See Colonial Duties, Appendix, page 242. 4 'I'll 'fi!' 26 CHECK TO COMMERCE. H Tl .1.. t i:. POET OF HALIFAX.— Total Value of Exports to each country daring twelve months ending 30th September, 18GG. Quarter Esdiso Totals. December 2. BInrch 2. June 2. Scptcm'ra. Great Britain, . $23,897 817,092 §49,996 .§95,614 §217,199 Canada, . 106,740 - 75,800 298,020 480,560 New Brunswick, 85,79C 40,948 98,346 57,332 282,416 Newfoundland, 70,417 27,089 65,125 29,100 191,797 Prince Edward Isl'd, 106,710 83,702 21,928 212,.340 British AVost Indies, . 236,174 280,277 276,389 209,901 1,008,732 Spanish West Indies, 110,314 142,937 99,294 76,505 429,110 French West Indies, - 5,477 - - 5,477 St. Thomas, . 2,878 8,688 5,372 5,995 22,933 St. Domingo, 6,680 12,842 6,824 3,650 29,990 Brazil, - 10,432 - - 10,432 Africa, 8,825 32,330 - - 41,161 Madeira, . - - - 12,813 12,813 St. Pierre, 3,700 2,299 3,862 17,288 27,155 United States, 574,027 537,915 109,174 117,855 1,338,971 Fisheries, . - - 55,332 23,402 78,734 Totals, igl,336,158 .$1,154,932 §929,207 §969,529 §4,389,826 POUT OF HALIFAX.— Total Value of Imports at the Port of Halifax, iV] S., shoicing the vcdue imported from the United States^ during the Years ending tlOt?i September, 18G5, aiid 18G6. Q U A U TK R ENDING Totnl Imports. Imported from U. S. December, 1865, .... §2,417,077 00 §825,744 00 Mai-ch, ISGO, 1,442,974 00 580,515 00 June, 1800, 4,0.02,092 00 734,901 00 September, 1800 2,003,051 00 371,033 00 Totals, §11,090,394 00 $2,512,253 00 December, 1804, .... §1,844,752 00 §510,392 00 March, 1805, 1,017,752 00 334,352 00 June, 1805, 3,554,020 00 556,215 00 September, 1805, .... 2,711,317 00 517,205 00 Totals, §9,128,447 00 81,918,224 00 DECLINE OF TRADE. 27 ach country J. Totals. !5217,199 480,500 282,116 191,797 212,340 1,008,732 429,110 5,477 22,933 29,996 10,432 41,101 12,813 27,155 1,338,971 78,734 ;«4,389,826 he Port of ited States^ ted from U. S. 25,744 00 80,515 00 34,901 00 71,033 00 12,253 00 10,392 00 34,352 00 50,215 00 17,205 00 18,224 00 Tho tables show an important growth previous to the repeal, and a decline of nearly three-fourths of the whole exports in the half year following the repeal. The decline in mackerel of 93 per cent., in herring of 91 per cent., and on dry fish of 05 per cent., on oil of 95 per cent., and on miscellaneous articles of 75 per cent. The imports from the United States into Halifax, which exhibited a steady increase down to May, 1806, have since that jicriod begun to decline, and give the following results for the (quarter ending September 30, 1805 and 1806 : — Imports into Halifax from the United States. For quarter ending Sept. 30, 1865, . $571,033 00 1800, . 371,033 00 . 8200,000 00 a Decrease 35 per cent., . The official returns of the custom-house at Boston give similar results : — Exports to British Provinces. For second quarter of 1805, . . 8710,727 00 1800, . . 770,810 00 u ii third (( u 1805, 1800, 580,058 00 754,109 00 Imports from British Provinces. For second quarter of 1865, . . 8085,430 00 1806, . . 299,309 00 third a a 1805, 1800, 1,384,881 00 945,373 00 AVhiic a slight increase appears in exports, possibly in antici- pation of retaliatory duties, a decline of forty per cent, is shown ill imports from the Provinces, in place of the gain of previous years. A decline in tonnage arriving is also exhibited : For second quarter of 1805,. . 89,008 tons " " " 1800,. . 50,013 « '• third " 1805,. . 120,511 " '• " " 1800,. . 111,234 " 28 COMPETITION ABROAD. If WO glanco at Newfoundland, wo shall find that tho ship- ments of dry fish since March to the United States have declined to 1,459 quintals, against 12,858 in the corresponding period of 18G5, while the shipments of fish to Spain, Portugal and tho West Indies have increased, and ihe importations of flour, beef and pork, which formerly came from the United States, have declined from 207,000 to 153,000 barrels. The largo shipments of oats, butter, eggs and potatoes, formerly made in steam-packets from Prince Edward's Island to Boston, have been discontinued, and the packets have been compelled to take fish from our fishermen — a less remunerative freight. The oats arc sent to England ; the eggs, poultry and butter to St. John, by the Shediac Railway, while the potatoes, of high repute in our market, are devoted to the swine. The island now fattens pork for Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, to replace that which came formerly from Ohio and Illinois. The able comptroller of customs at St. John, New Bruns- wick, Mr. Smith, in his report on Trade and Navigation, just published, states that the lumber trade of the Province contin- ues flourishing ; the export having grown from 273,943,000 feet in 18G0 to 331,925,520 feet in 1865, exclusive of shooks, masts, spars and timber. He adds, " that the closing of the treaty, as far as we can judge at the present time, has had no injurious effect o:^ the interests of cither of the Colonies ; the quantity of lumber sent forward to the States docs not appear to decrease ; the value of the article has been fully sustained, while their own people, who use it, have had to submit to a duty of 20 per cent, ad valorem, when it goes into the consumption of the country. This has tended to increase the value of timber used in the States, and has rendered it more difficult for their exporters to compete with us in the markets of the West Indies and South America." He further states, that " in 18G0, New Brunswick exported to Cuba 34,130 box shooks ; in 18G1, 70,250 ; in 18G2, 92,781 ; in 18G3, 224,447 ; in 18G4, 200,291, and in 1865, 433,303. Nearly all the sugar-box shooks, used in Cuba, were supplied, a few years ago, by the State of Maine ; but tho British Provinces aro now vigorously competing with that State for this trade." The views of Mr. Smith, as to who pays the duties on lumber, aro confirmed by the following tabular statement of prices in the city of New York. m tlio ship- dccliiicd period of 1 and the of flour, ;d States, ^hc large ■ made in ton, have id to take The oats St. John, repute in w fattens lat whicli w Bruns- ition, just cc contin- 3,943,000 if shook?, IS we can ct o:' the mbcr sent c value of iople, who I valorem, This has tatcs, and • compete \.mcrica." :ported to 2,781 ; in J. Nearly !ed, a few vinccs aro e." n lumbci', prices in PRICES OP TIMBER. 29 Prices of Lumber in the City of New York in August. ISOO. 1S65. 1800. Spruce timber, ©14 00 §20 00 $21 00 rine " 14 00 21 00 22 00 Spruce boards 15 00 21 00 22 00 Pine " 18 00 26 00 30 00 Clear Pine" 36 00 G5 00 90 00 Laths, 1 55 2 40 4 00 There is evidence that the duty of twenty per cent, on lumber is not o.nly paid in great part by our own citizens, but that it com- pels them also to pay twenty per cent, more for American tim- ber, which in Maine, and several of our "Western States, is held in large blocks, by a few capitalists and speculators, that it is injuring Maine and the nation at large by transferring our trade with the West Indies to foreigners, and injuriously affecting our manufactures and shipping. The price of lumber is determined chiefly by the price in Europe, and, to reach this country, it must command a price here sufficient to pay freigh^^ duty and charges, and to give net returns equivalent to those of a ship- ment across the Atlantic. It will be our true policy to reduce the duty. If we look at Canada, we shall And not only a great diminution in the shipment of animals across the border, but a material increase in the shipments to Europe. The wheat, oats, and part of the barley* are taking the route to Europe without benefit to our canals and railways, if wo may judge by the increased shipment from Montreal. The tonnage of vessels clearing from Montreal has been as follows, for years ending Dec. 14th : — 1864, 141,887 tons ; vessels from West sent to Europe, 20 1865, 134,347 " « " " " 9 1866, 191,091 " « " " " 2 * As our production of barley is insufficient to meet our requirements, we continue to receive it from Canada, while a part goes to England. The im- portation of cattle from Canada during the past four months, has been reduced 75 pet cent, when compared with that of corresponding months in 18C5. ^'W'm'i 30 PROHIBITORY DUTIES. Here wo have an excess of 40 per eent., or of 5G,000 tons, outward bound with cargoes, and the increase is chiefly in the trade to London, Glasgow and the Maritime Provinces. Since the repeal of the treaty, lines of propellers have been started to run from Canada to Prince Edward's Island, and through the Gut of Canso to Halifax ; others from the Grand Trunk to Hali- fax and St. John ; and a new line is proposed to run from Hamilton or Toronto to Shediac and Pictou. Deputations have been sent to Brazil and the West Indies, to report upon the nature and extent of our trade with those regions ; and the Provinces, under the impulse given by the repeal, are making unwearied efforts to rival us in our foreign commerce. These measures are the necessary result of exclusion from our ports, for many of our duties arc nearly or quite prohibitory. Thus potatoes, worth 25 cents in the Provinces, are charged with a duty of one hundred per cent. ; coal, which costs but 81 to ll^'ifo to extract from the mine and place on shipboard, is charged with a duty of 125 per cent. ; sulphate of barytes, costing but $2 per ton, is charged with a duty of 810, and oats with a duty of 25 to 35 per cent. With mackerel at a duty of 82 per barrel, the English fishermen must withdraw from our markets. Such duties arc ruinous to commerce. We may well presume that some of the efforts made by the Provinces to reverse the course of trade arc spasmodic and will prove ineffec- tual. That it will not always be found wise to carry plaster and grindstones from the Provinces to the States and to return in ballast, while propellers bring breadstuffs from Canada and return in ballast also ; but there can be no question that our tarilBf, which has superseded free trade, and the reprisals to which it has led, have done serious damage to our commerce. In 1865, Nova Scotia cxiiorted 515,905 tons of coal, and of this 450,294 tons were sent to the United States, chiefly from mines opened and held by our people. Under the new duty, the price at the mines did not decline or declined but little, and the duty was chiefly paid by our own people, but the proprietors are disheartened and a serious check has been given to their progress. In 1805, 56,155 tons of plaster were shipped, of which 52,294 came to the United States. The cost of this must bo materially increased to our farmers by the loss of return ^'W'.W-M WHAT OUR COUNTRY REQUIRES. 31 000 tons, fly in the s. Since started to 'ough the k to Ilali- run from Indies, to •ith those n by the ir foreign ion from ohibitory. ! charged ts but $1 aboard, is barytes, and oats a duty of from our may well )vinccs to re ineffcc- ry plaster to return mada and 1 that our iprisals to imerco. \\, and of icfly from lew duty, little, and ropricters I to their lijjpcd, of this must Df return freight. Herring, to the amount of 138,343 barrels, were shipi^ed also from Nova Scotia, of which 74,150 came to this country, valued at an average of S3 per barrel — a most impor- tant article of food for the poorer classes. Now we exclude or diminish their use by a duty of 33 per cent, or $1 per barrel. Nova Scotia sent us mackerel, also, to the extent of 120,740 barrels, and valued at an average of 87, and these we exclude by a duty of $2 or 29 per cent., and in consequence Nova Scotia calls for a heavier tax upon our fishermen. They ask for no such protection. "While firewood, of which more than a quarter of a million cords came to this country from the Provinces, for railways, brickyards and other important uses, is subjected to a tax of 20 per cent. It may well be asked, docs American firewood require such protection ? Having thus pictured the condition in which the repeal of the treaty has left our trade with the Provinces, the inquiry presents itself, what shall be done ? The first question is, do the United States require the oppressive duties imposed — do they aid our treasury or do our productive farms require such protection ? Our nation is recovering from the war ; its revenue is twice its expenditure and fast increasing ; it has two million of veterans off duty, but ready for service; two million of rifles and fifteen thousand cannon of improved pattern ; storehouses filled with clothing and munitions of war, and a jiavy of one hundred and fifteen steamships in commission, unsurpassed in the calibre of its guns, the strength of its steamships and the material and discipline of its men. Surely this great nation, thus provided, docs not require onerous taxes on the herring, potatoes, laths, shingles and fuel of the poor, and if it did, it is not wise to make such duties prohibitory. What the country docs require, is a moderate duty on barley and animals ; on valuable plank and boards ; on coal ; on dry fish and mackerel, to yield a moderate revenue, and to place her farmers, miners and fishermen, while taxed for the war, on an equal footing with their Provincial brothers. It requires an assimilation of duties, the removal of free ports, the suppression of smuggling, the discontinuance of fortresses and great naval stations on our routes of commerce, the repeal of statutes that subject our ships to a year's light-money for a sin- gle trip, and heavy charges for anchorage, and duties that dis- MOST EFFECTIVE REMEDY. criminate against our seaports and navigation. It would extend copyrights and patents, and co-opcratc in those great works of improvement, whicli Avill allow steamers of 1,000 tons to go from Lake Superior tlirough Lake Cliamplain to New York, and down tlic St. Lawrence to the sea, and tliis, without doubt, can bo effected by negotiation. The most effective mode to remove all difficulties, would be the union of all parts of our continent in one harmonious whole. But this requires the sanction of England. Ilcr rights arc rec- ognized ; and if a marriage is to bo consummated, she must not forbid the bans. In time of peace, we can have no Sabine marriages ; but were England to adopt that liberal policy taught her by the history of the past century ; were she to carry out the measures she has often foreshadowed, and in which her most distinguished philos- ophers believe ; were she to recognize the fact that her cotonics have grown to man's estate ; that their population — one-tenth of our own — will be four millions within a year — superior in num- bers, commerce and shipping to our own when wc threw off our allegiance ; were she to come at once to the conclusion that they will be independent, that their great market is on this side of the sea, that they will not forever link their fortunes with those of any European power, or have their farms made the battle-fields on which the rights of Ireland or of the United States shall be settled ; were she to consider that smaller bodies gravitate towards larger, that the principalities and dukedoms of Europe have within a few years been reduced one-third ; were she to consider the small returns she draws from a large expenditure, would she not, with a wise forecast and a parent's care, herself take the initiative, and seek to obliterate the memories of three wars — the last just finished — and to win the love and gratitude of a continent by an act of magnanim- ity ? England, in the sad history of the past, finds much to regret in the course she has here pursued, — in the useless sacri- fice of lives, the waste of treasure which, with interest, would to-day exceed her national debt, to preserve what she might, with both honor and profit, have resigned. Before our late struggle, her exports to the Provinces were not one-twentieth of her whole exports, and, if wo take population into account, were little more than proportionate to her exports to the States ; I ASPIIIATIONS or AMERICANS. 33 rl extend R'orks of IS to go ork, and ubt, can I'ould be IS -whole. arc rcc- nust not but were history ! she has d philos- cotonies -tenth of in num- V off our ion that this side nes witli lade the ! United }r bodies Likedoms le-third ; a a large and a bliteratc d to win ignanim- [Tiiich to CSS sacri- ■it, would e might, our late wcntieth account, e States ; but here she pays for no officers of state, no garrisons, railways or navies. In 18(51, the first year of revolt, she exported to the States but <£l),004,rj04 ; in 180"), when union was restored, she sent us, under war duties, £21,2o5,700. She draws to-day more net income from the States than from the Provinces ; but to-day she is lavishing her treasure on useless ships and for- tresses, and maintains fifteen regiments in the Provinces, at a cost, if our own expenses be the criterion, of at least twenty millions of dollars. Nor is this all. She is proposing an outlay of twenty to forty millions more on a railway through a track- less wilderness, — with not a settler to the square mile, — wliich cannot pay, which is not Avautcd by commerce, which actually competes with nearly three hundred miles of the Grand Trunk, and lengthens the journey 30 to 40 miles from Halifax to Mont- real, when compared with the line via Portland, that must soon be finished. Siii)pose it should be urged that a monarchy or aristocracy, like that of England, would be preferable to a republic for the Colonics. Can England for a moment believe that our country can be reconciled to either upon the northern or southern fron- tier of our Republic, or that either could endure in such con- tiguity ? Let. it be urged that a union with the Provinces would add to our resources and commerce : would not both contribute to her own ? and did not disunion deprive her of coLtoii and tobacco, as well as reduce her exports? Is not America designed for Americans ? and are not Asia, Africa and Australia sufficient for Great Britain ? Were she to relinquish her precarious hold on the Provinces, and allow them to enlarge their Confederation in accordance with iheir true interests, she would atone for a multitude of errors. Aspirations op Aimericans. There can be no question that the great majority of Ameri- cans would rather see this continent occupied by one Republic, "?runs\vick. Nor is it symmetry alone which demands the annexation of Maine ; there aro other rea- sons of far greater importance why this should, if possible, bo cfTectcd, and which we propose to set plainly forth in this article. " In the cvcjit of the Gulf States forming a southern confeder- ation, an event which every day renders more probable, an elTort Will be made to exclude the Northern States entirely from the carrying trade, and as the South can carry out a non-intercourse law, without loss to herself, but to the great detriment of the Northern States, it is not at all improbable that she will seek •this way to repay some of the wrongs the North has inflicted. This, to Maine, would prove particularly disastrous. Like the remainder of the Northern States, Maine will have to sulTer the inevit8,ble depreciation of property consequent upon disunion, varying from 2-j to oO per cent. United to these colouies, her ships excluded fiom the l)au and with the field for fresh enter- prises thus opened to her, property would regain its wonted figure, or even rise above it. Nor do the people of Maine require to have these facts urged upon them — they are fully alive and awake to their own interests, which clearly tend towards a union with the colonics." We were then in the condition of " the sick man and our estate was to be apportioned before our decease " — but Elaine and California, at the two extremes, were alike true to the Union ; neither had a taste for Colonial dependence. The Republic " still lives;" the South returns to its allegiance ; half its young white men are gone and loyalists of every hue outnum- ber the survivors. The Nova Scotia plan did not take — it was premature. It is cited hero merely to show the aspirations of the Colonies, and as a precedent for this discussion, for it makes annexation a Pro- vincial measure. We can afford to be more generous and give to the Provincial plan a shape more comprehensive, more statesmanlike, more consistent with the rights of all. 86 TERMS OP UNION. If England wcro to conio forward to-day and say ti) her I)i'ogoiiy ou this sldo of thn Athmtlc : " Unite on (••luul terms, join hands. Go forward luid rechiini the wilder- ness ; open the vast interior of tlie continent, withheld from civilization liy the iron liiind of a colossal company ; hnild ships, canals and railways ; open avenues across the contincMit ; create jiomes for tho destitute; provide farms for my Irisli children, that have left their turf cottages and narrow honiesteads, and let mc rejoice in your success and partake of a prosperity that will bring honor, as well as prolit, to your ancient homes." Before such an adjuration all diniculti(!s would vanish, and reciprocal relations might ))e at once ostahlished. After such an appeal, the United states might submit tho following over- tures : — To admit each Province into tlie Union, as a sovereign State, remitting all taxes made necessary by the war, except customs and duties on rujuors, cotton, tobacco, banks, stamps and licenses. To assume their government property and debts and equalize tho debts l)y a provision for future improvement. To guarantee a railway from Lake Superior to the mouth of Frazcr's River, and ship canals from Lake Superior to the sea. To assume all liabilities for the Alabama and extinguish all claims of the Iludson Bay Company. The remission of taxes may lie easily made, for it is fair to presume that in two or three years' time, with interest and expenses falling to $220,000,000 per annum, we shall find In those named ample means for tho payment of interest and expenses, and the gradual extinction of our debt. "While our country is prcJuded to-day from conceding the registry of ships and admission to the coasting trade, to the Provinces,* because it might biiild up on our borders a great maritime power, to be controlled by a foreign nation, with naval stations on our great routes of commerce ; . in case of a union the ship-yards, foun- dries, sea-ports and coal mines of the Provinces would minister to our wants and participate in our connncrce and in that vast free trade which will pervade the continent Avithin the pale of a moderate tariif. But England may lose the golden opportunity to yield with grace, what she cannot long retain, or retain at all, without disproportionate expense. * See Letter as to Coasting Trade, Appendix, page 132. PETITION FUOM IJIUTISII (OLUMIII.V. 87 y to her )ii ('(iiial ! wiMoi- r\i\ IVom ild ships, t ; create chiklroii, )iuls, and nity that homes." uisli, and .t'tcr such ling ovcr- sovercigii Li", except :s, stamps and debts I'ovemcut. month of the sea. ignish all is fiiir to icrcst and dl find in tcrest and While our ry of ships ,* because iwcr, to be . our great irds, foun- 1 minister 1 that vast 3 pale of a yield with 11, without J2. National pride may recoil from such concessions ; private interests may predominatt! ; lucrative contracts loom up in the distance, and the union, sure to come at last, may still appear in prospective only. Last year I ventured to suggest to the Treasury department in my report on Ueciprocity, thai if England were to adjust our Alal)ama claims l>y a cession of her claims to western America, it might bo a precedent for Austria to resign Venetia, ami thus reduce the arnnes and expenses of Europe; l)ut England gave no such precedent; Austria made no such resignation, and armed Italy was oliliged to look to the north for an ally. Austria could have retired with prestige and honor, could have reduced licr national debt, l)ut she suffered the sword to bo drawn ; the Austrian Empire was shaken to its centre ; gold was wasted and Venetia ingloriously surrendered ; and now the armies and expenditures of all Euroi)e, inclusive of the British Isles, arc on the increase, while America, Avith her fleets on every sea, sends a squadron up the IJaltic. Great Brit- ain intervenes I)etween America and the JJaltic. She has few friends in Euroi)o. AVith her immense commerce afloat, is it not her policy to make a British alliance more popular than a Russian or a French one, this side of the water ? Pctition from British Columbia. While I still hold the pen and as if to endorse the views I have taken, a pctition comes in from Victoria for the admission of British Columbia into the Union. The people of this region, many of whom are from the States, contrast the slow progress of the British territory with that of California and Oregon. At Victoria, they were first checked by the restrictions of the Hudson Bay Company. Escaping from their restrictions, they were again depressed Ijy the enormous cost of the government given them by England, at least $200,000 annually for G,000 people ; — a government costing three times as much per capita as that of Great Britain itself. It lacked, too, a populous territory for the expansion of its com- merce, and saw British Columbia depressed by exactions upon the shelter and transportation of its visitors, unknown in the gold districts of Califcruia. I learn from most conclusive evidence, that seven-eighths of the people of British Columbia wish it to be annexed to the 38 A ZOLLVEREIN. United States. Two Provinces have been consolidated into one, Avithont satisfying cither, and the question now presents itself, will Great Britain permit its colonies, who arc induced by their position, interests and wants, to unite their fortunes with ours, to gratify their wishes ? Is Great Britain in earnest when she professes a willingness to give them the freedom of choice ? Her sincerity is soon to be tested. A ZOLLVEREIX. If a perfect union cannot be c{rectcd,thc plan of a Zollvcrein, presented by our Secretary of the Treasury, in his late able message, is a near approach to it, and oflers to each country many advantages. It dispenses with custom-houses and frontier posts, diminishes the cost of collecting, nuich higher in Canada than in the United States, and ])romotcs free trade between dif- ferent nations within the pale of a single tariff. It is, however, a question whether Great Britain will consent to take her stand on a common footing with other European nations, and without her consent the plan must bo postponed until the Provinces emerge from a state of dependence. A Zollvcrein lias been successful in Germany ; why shoidd it not be successful in America ? Under its influence, and in part by its aid, the kingdoms, states, i)rincipalities and dukedoms of Germany have been reduced one-third, and arc blending into one. Negotiations with Great Britain and the Provinces must precede a Zollvcrein. Negotiation. Should we fail to secure a Zollvcrein by negotiation, there is reason to believe a commercial treaty will eventually prove the most simple and effective mode to revive our commerce, and a year's reflection and fre(|uent conferences with our merchants and with the leading men of tlie Provinces, convince mc that a treaty can be made free from the defects of the former. The great objection to the former treaty was the excess of imports over exports from Canada, and the lack of revenue from these imports ; but this did not ap})ly to the Maritime Prov- inces, where our exports exceeded the imports, and part of Hic Canadian imports took this direction. The excess of imports is NEGOTIATION. 89 nto one, its itself, Ijy their ith ours, dieu she choice ? )llverein, ate able I country 1 frontier 1 Canada ween dif- howevcr, her stand d -without 'rovinces should it nd in part icdoms of iding into [ices must n, there is ' prove the )rcc, and a merchants ! mc that a !r. I excess of ^'cnue from time Prov- part of +hc f imports is by no means a conclusive proof that trade docs not benefit the country importing ; but the exclusion of its products from the country iVom which it imports is a check to its industry, and involves the loss of its return freights to its ships. The difliculty may lie remedied by measures more beneficial to the country than the exclusion of imports, viz. : by such salutary provisions as shall increase our own exports and enlarge the markets for our industry, and thus balance the account without a call for bonds or specie, and such should be our object. At the j)rcscnt moment, many of our duties arc nearly or quite prohibitory : such, for instance, as the duties on potatoes, mack- erel, herring, oats; or ruinous to the trade, like those on wheat, flour and cattle. The returns are still imperfect, but intelligent merchants state that, with the exception of barley and of timber, on which the price has risen and we are paying the duty, we are losing at least half our importations from the Provinces, and a portion of our exports, in place of a progressive increase of fourfold in eleven years. It is fortunate for the country that our tariff is flexible, and that wo have the advantage of an able commission devoted to its revision; and if high duties are to continue, this flexibility is valuable to the state, as it will permit future concessions. But can we rise from the study of this subject without the conviction that the ultimate and most effective remedy for all difliculties will bo a new negotiation, and, as a basis for this negotiation, I would suggest a new })rinciple, an important departure from the old treaty, the adoi)tion of several distinct schedules. The first, schedule A, limiting the duty on certain produc- tions imported by either country from the other. The second, schedule B, giving a liberal free list for the productions imported from the Provinces into the United States. The third, schedule C, giving an equivalent in a free list to the United States of productions exported to the Provinces. Schedule A to be confined to a few staple articles, which may be taxed by cither country to a limited extent, and thus made sources of revenue, and into this I would introduce the loading articles of coal, fish, boards, animals, potatoes, peas, beans and barley. I entertain no doubt that moderate duties on these few imports will yield nearly or quite as large a return as wc shall 40 AN IMPROVED BASIS FOR A TREATY. continue to draw from all our present duties on imports from the Provinces. Schedule B ■vrould contain most of the productions of the sea, mine, field and forest exported by the Provinces, and omitted in schedule A. Schedule C would contain productions exported from the United States, and most of those articles which we })roduce and usually supply to those who toil in our ships, iields, mines and forests, in exchange for their productions. Schediile A would l)c based upon the idea that this country should impose such duties on a few leading imports in each department of industry, as should equalize tiie condition of the producer on each side of the border ; and Schedule C upon the idea, that we should pay for our imports from Canada not in bonds or specie, which for the present we hojie to accun ^- '. at homo, but by the products of our skill and industry hi those chamicls which the Provinces have not opened. True reciprocity consists in admitting into each country those articles which the other country produces, and not in admitting to both, by a single schedule, those articles only in v/hicli but one of the countries has a surplus for exportation. In this respect a new treaty may be an improvement on the old. Ill this connection, I respectfully submit herewith to the Exec- utive, three schedules Avhich cover the chief products of each country ; which will not seriously impair our revenue, and which, I have reason to believe, may with few modifications be made acceptable to both countries and form the basis of an arrangement: — Schedule A. Duty. Duty. Animals, viz. : — Horses and Fish, viz. : — dry codfish and mules, each, sio 00 hake, per 100 lbs., SO 50 Cattle, each, .... 5 00 Smoked salmon and halibut, Sheep, swine, and calves, per 100 Ibn 1 00 each, 50 Salmon, per barrel. 2 00 Barley, per bushel. IG Mackerel, "... 1 00 Peas and beans, per bushel, . 16 Shad, "... 1 00 Rye and buckwheat, " 10 Minerals, coal and shale, per Potatoes, per bushel. 4 ton, ..... 50 THREE SCHEDULES. 41 rts from ' the sea, omitted Vom the duce and incs and country in each 3n of the for our 1 for the oducts of I'rovinces itry those a(hnitting .hich but In this Id. the Exec- ;s of each ;nuo, and ;ations be sis of an Schedule A. — Continued. ind 3Ut, Duty. 80 50 . 1 00 . 2 00 . 1 00 . 1 00 ler • 50 Duty. Duty. Manganese, barytes, antimony All other minerals, c xcept and slate, .... §1 00 salt, . 5 per ct. Lumber, pine plank & boards. Candles, per pound, 10 " clear and 1st class, per M, . 2 00 Bricks, " 10 " Lumber, spruce and all other Glue, 10 " kinds of plank and boards. Glass-ware, " 10 " per jNI, . . . . 1 00 Leather, " 10 " S(iuare timber, and joist of all jNIachinery, " 10 " kinds, per 100 cubic feet, . 1 00 Starch, " 10 " I woidd also recommend that the following articles produced in either of the Provinces be admitted free : — Provincial Free List. Schedule B. Apples, Hoops, Pitch, Alcwives, Hams, Roots, Butter, Leather, Rags, Books, Laths, Rosin, Berries, Maple sugar and sirup, Shrubs, Barrels, Marble, Shingles, Building stone, Marl, Shell Fish, Buffalo Robes, Manures, Shooks, Clay, Meats, Ship timber, Casks, Mill stones, Staves, Castor Oil, Oil Cake, Skins, Clapboards, Pelts, Sleighs, Eggs, Poultry, Tails, Fresh Fish, Phosphate of Lime, Tips, Flour, Plaster, Tar, Firewood, Pcarlasb, Trees, Grindstones, Potash, Tallow, Headings, Petroleum, Turpentine, Herrings, Preserved Shell Fish, Wheat, Haddock, Preserved Fruit, Wool, for combing. Hay, Plants, Vinegar. 42 OBJECTIONS TO A TREATY. And that the following productions of the United States be imported free into the Provinces as equivalents : — Schedule C. Apples, Indian corn and meal. Sorghum sirup & sugar, Bacon, Implements, Spirits of Turpentine, Brushes, Ink, Seeds, Batting, India-rubber goods. Shocks, Butter, Leather, Shingles, Cars, Laths, Tar, Carriages, Lard, Tallow, Cotton yarn, Music, Tacks, Clocks, Musical instruments, Types, Cheese, Maps, Tin-ware, Engravings, Maple sugar and sirup. Turpentine, Engines, Oats, Wheat, Furniture, Pitch, Vehicles, Flour, Petroleum, Wop' ware, Garden vegetables. Pins, Woollen yarn. Glass-ware, Pens, Wool, Hams, Presses, Wadding, Harnesses, Palm leaf goods, Watches, Horse shoes. Rosin, Objections to a Treaty. It was my province to recommend last year a new negotia- tion, and that recommendation was met by serious objections, tl'ie force of which I have not been able to discover. Tt has been urged that we should make no distinction between nations in our commerce, but we have no intercourse with any com- mercial nation in such close contiguity and upon so long a frontier, or with which we conduct such a commerce, as we have with the Provinces. It has been urged that a treaty was unconstitutional, because it superseded the power held by the House of Representatives, to originate Revenue bills. But a treaty ratified by the Senate is tlie supreme law, is paramount to the action of cither branch of Congress. ]>y the treaty- power wo have acquired States, such as Florida and Louisiana, and ceded portions of others, the Madawasca Territory and RECIPROCAL LEGISLATION. 48 States be jp & sugar, irpcntine, irc, irn, w negotia- objcctious, L\ Tt has 3n nations any com- so long a ircc, as we treaty was Ad by the Is. But a laramonnt he treaty- Louisiana, ritory and Vancouver's Island south of 49 degrees, and the portion that includes the mines of Victoria. Ever since 1794: we have made commercial treaties with England, IloUand and other commercial countries, wliich restrict the power to levy duties. The treaty suggested is designed not to levy, but to restrict the levy, of duties, and, lilce the provision that money-bills shall originate in the House, is in favor of the people. It is too late to question the validity of such a treaty. Again, it has been urged that a treaty may compel this coun- try to admit dutiable articles free from other countries ; but this is met by tlic separate schedules I suggest. I have placed in schedule B no articles whose admission from any country can seriously impair our revenue or production. But it is urged that all that wc require may bo affected by reciprocal legislation ; but this position is met by the signal failure of the efforts for such legislation, made last year in our House of Representatives. The Committee submitted duties and concessions which they believed would tend to a favorable legislation in tlie Provinces ; but when the question came up as to the duties on fish and lumber, Maine took tlic field. Tlic duty on soft coal was raised by eloquent appeals from districts of Maryland and Pennsyl- vania, wliilc Vermont desired duties on wool, animals and poultry. It became apparent that the floor of the House was not the spot to frame a commercial treaty. The measures proposed still linger in the Senate, and, after they are consummated, will await the further action of the House, and the action and reac- tion of ten or twelve assemblies or legislative councils, where the legislation of to-day may be reversed to-morrow. But it may be urged that the treaty may restrain us from tlie levy of duties in case of war ; but this may be met by allowing either party to terminate the treaty by a year's notice. To perfect a commercial arrangement ; to remove duties on anchorage and onerous charges for liglit money, which build up Provincial navigation at tlie cost of our own ; to assimilate duties ; to abolish free ports ; to provide for patents and copy- rights, requires negotiation, if it be but a prelude to reciprocal legislation, and successful negotiation, if not a treaty. ■'ji '^ 44 EFFECTS OF REPEAL. Confederation. The necessary effect of the repeal of the Treaty, has been not only to break up the flourishing commerce between the States and the Provinces, but to throw the trade of the latter into now channels and to give an impulse to new enterprises, adverse to our co;nnicrce. This tends to alienation and estrangement, rather than union. Measures, too, are now in progress to establisli a confedera- tion of the Provinces, which have received the sanction of Canada, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Newfoundland and Prince Edward's Island still hesitate, and there is a powerful party in Nova Scotia, with the eloquent Mr. Howe at their head, who oppose the measure ; and the delegates of several Provinces, with their opponents arrayed against them, are now in London awaiting the action of Parliament. A leading argument for the measure is the diversion of the supply of breadstuffs and provisions to the Maritime Provinces from the United States to Canada. Another, the formation of a state strong enough to confront the United States. Another, the construction of a military road for the transfer of troops from Halifax to the lakes and rice versa. If a new state or viceroyalty is thus created without the full concurrence of all its parts, it may not be permanent, for its sections are not har- monious. The natural laws of trade are not easily reversed, and the United States cannot be expected to favor a measure tending to build up a monarchy on its borders. The Actual Condition op the Question op the Fisheries. In my report of last year, a copy of which may be found in the Appendix, I gave a brief sketch of the progress of our deep- sea fisheries for cod and mackerel which, in 18G2, presented 3,815 vessels, 203,000 tons, 28,0-18 seamen, and gave an animal return estimated at 814,000*,000. Since 18G2, under the press- ure of war and taxes, there has been a very serious decline in vessels, tonnage and seamen. The returns from the Registry ot our Treasury exhibit the following results : — •I QUESTION OP THE FISHERIES. 46 las been vccii the le latter ;cr[) rises, ion and 3iifedera- ctioii of and and powerful at their f several arc now m of the rovinces lation of Another, of troops ■ state or ce of all not liar- reversed, measure 3HERIES. found in nir deep- )resented n animal lie press- ecline in Jgistry ot DATE. Tons In tlie Cod Fishery. In tlio Mackerel Fishery. AgKrcgatc. 1862, 18G3, 18G4, 18G5, 18G6, 122,803 117,200 103,742 30,725 42,7i)G 80,590 203,459 51,019 108,309 53,494 159,230 10,532 47,257 4G,589 89,385 The fislierics have great vitality, if not broken down by advcr.'^e legislation ; l)ut at the moment when they were at tlieir lowest jjoint of depression, while Croat Britain was remitting nearly every duty to her fisheries on the very eoast of her Prov- inces ; when France was paying a bounty of 82 per quintal on her fish sent to our ports, we have repealed bounties, under which our trade has grown uj) for half a century, and Canada seizes this opportune moment to grant to her fisheries the bounty we resign. M. Pierre Fortin, at page 51 of his report this year pu1)lished, says : " Wo are to l^e set in motion only by the pros- pect of high bounties. To such an inducement we must have recourse if we desire that our Canadian fishermen should under- take such a venture. Four dollars per ton are already awarded to Canadian ships engaged in the Gulf fisheries. If, for a cer- tain period, we were to double that bounty, I believe we should attahi the desired end ; that is to say,' we should create a fleet of fine schooners, fitted out for the mackerel fishery." "Wc should require for this fishery light, clipper-built vessels, made after a particular plan. We should need to purchase from the United States the best models of mackerel fishing schooners, after which our own builders would be able to con- struct vessels suitable for the purpose. We should, therefore, imitate the Americans in building our fishing vessels, as the artisans of some parts of Nova Scotia have already done. Wc Canadians ought to do likewise, and that, too, without losing a moment." The fisheries arc essential to our commerce, to our navy, to our maritime power ; and while our neighbors and rivals arc granting bounties and proposing to double them, and to copy our models, and while wc have depleted the fisheries by drafts 46 REPEAL OP BOUNTIES. — LICENSES. 1 II for oni" navy and discouraged them by oppressive taxes and required them to pay half a dollar per ton for British lieouscs, we re{)eal the bounties and content ourselves with remitting a single tax on salt, to our hardy and adventurous seamen. Have we nothing to learn from the policy of rival nations? It is to be hoped that there is some error in our last returns. The census of Massachusetts for ISiJ'), which has been recently published, and gives the annual ])roductions of the State as 8ol7,il40,tiliJ, i)resents the following picture of the fisheries of the State. It is the more satisfactory as Massachusetts has annually fitted out less than half the tonnage engaged in the cod and mackerel fisheries : — Census Return of Massachusetts for 18G5. Toniingo. Quintals of CoJ. Barrels of Mackerel. Returns. In Whale fishery, In Cod & IMaekerel fishery, 70,420 117,140 384,105 283,000 S0,G18,070 4,832,218 These last results indicate a large return in the cod and mackerel fisheries of the nation. If to the returns of ^rassachusetts wo add those of the other States of New England, Jhe returns from the cod and mackerel fisheries for 18G5 must exceed 812,000,000. In itself an important branch of commerce, still more important in its bearing on the maritime power of the State. Just before the Treaty of Reciprocity, unprecedented claims were made, as to the fisheries, by some of the Colonics. Cape Breton was annexed to Nova Scotia, and counties laid out across the Straits of Canso, and our right to pass through was ques- tioned, a right we have enjoyed for more than a century, and to which our title was as clear as it is to pass Gibraltar or Elsineur. Vessels were seized also for fishing in the great arms of the sea, known as the Bays of Fundy and Chaleur, although one side of the former bay borders for sixty miles or more on the coast of Maine, and our fishermen have resorted to the other for nearly a century. RECOGNITION OF OUR RIGUTS. 47 xcs and lic(31ioCS, it ting a seamen. IS? I'oturns. recently State as icries of tts has I in the Keturiis. 80,018,670 4,832,218 cod and the other mackerel itself an it in its 3d claims IS. Cape >ut across tvas ques- y, and to Elsineur, is of the ough one •e on tlic the other .•^. ^ Such claims, however, were set at rest by a decision of tho late Joshua Bates, of the celebrated banking house of Baring Brothers & Co., of London, of which Lord Ashburton was for- merly a distinguished member. A claim was made by American subjects on the British government, before the Hon. N. G. Upham and Edmund Hornby, tlio connnissioners appointed under the convention of Great Britain with the United States, of February 8, 1853, for the adjustment of claims of citizens of the United States against the British government. The claim adjudicated was for the schooner Washington, seized l)y a British cruiser, and condemned as Yarmoutli, Nova Scotia, for fishing in the Bay of Fundy. And in this case damages were demanded on the ground that the seizure was made more than three miles from the shore or coast, and in violation of the pro- visions of the treaty as to the fisheries of October 20, 1818, and of the law of nations. Judge Upham having given an elaborate ophiion in favor of the claim, and Mr. Hornby dissenting, the case was submitted to Mr. Bates, the umi)ire under the treaty, who sustained Judge Upham, and decided tlmt the Bay of Fundy ■was not a bay within the meaning of the word as used in the treaties of 1783 and 1818, that tlic terms of the treaty do not apply to bays more than ten miles wide at their outlet, and awarded damages. This decision, after argument, fully sustains tlio views of the United States, and is final and conclusive. I have appended to this Report copies of this judgment, which were transmitted to the Senate by the President, August 11th, 185G, as they put at rest pretensions alike unreasonable and unfounded.* In connection with this, 1 have also appended tho copy of a letter from Judge Jackson, our very useful and intelligent Con- sul at Halifax, which contains an extract from the laws of Great Britain, prohibiting us and any foreign nation to pursue the coasting trade between the ports of either Province. I deem this the more important, as the contrary has been asserted in public by a gentleman of high standing in the Provinces. The single question which now remains as to the fisheries in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the shores of the Provinces, relates • See Appendix, page 89. J 48 CONFISCATION ABANDONED. to the mackerel fishery on those waters, which is followed l)y one-fourth to one-third of our fishing ileet. And this (juestion relates to crossing the line of three niil(>s from the coast or shores, within which our vessels arc forbidden to fish, by the treaty of October, 1818. It is rarely, if ever, that any American vessel visits those waters, with the intention of crossing this lino to fish ; but it occasionally happens that immense schools of mackerel, for which our vessels have waited for weeks, regardless of treaty lines and often when taking the hook, cross the lines in question, and our vessels, in the ardor of the chase, arc liable to cross with them, or may lose their fares for the season if they desist from tlie pursuit. Nor is it easy to determine at such periods the ])recisc distance from the land ; and in my report last year,* I suggested that seizure and confiscation were pun- ishments too severe for such transgressions, often unintentional, and were not warranted by the law of nations or by modern civilization, and could not be sustained. To impose such forfeitures would bo like forfeiting the horse and saddle for crossing a hedge in the chase. I took the ground also that such seizures would ncccs';.arily be followed by collisions, and would not be assented to by our government. This report was transmitted to the British Ministry in Febru- ary, 18GG, and elicited a semi-ofllcial article in the "Morning Post," just before the treaty expired, taking strong ground against seizures and confiscations ; extracts from which are also annexed for the information of government.! Overtures were soon after made for the establishment of a license system, under which our fishermen pay half a dollar per ton for the privilege of crossing the three-mile line and fishing within it, at any season of the year. This system is preferable to seizures ; but it involves a tribute, which our bold and enter- prising fishermen pay with reluctance for rights won by the intrepidity of their ancestors. They are averse to being boarded by British vessels, and may sometimes decline to take licenses, in the hope to make their fares without crossing the line. It was stated in the Provinces, * Sec Appendix, page 57. t See Appendix, page 85. ASSUMPTION OP LICENSES. 49 lowed l)v (lucstlon coast or ill, by tlio (Vmei-icau • (his lino lools of ogardlcss lines in liuljle to •n if tlioy c at such ny report *verc piin- tontional, y modern the liors^c took the llowed by mcnt. in Febru- ' Morning g gronnd h arc also iicnt of a loUar per id fishing Drcferablo .nd cnter- n l)y the and may ike their rovmces b8j that the British cruisers wore very vigilant the past season, and boarded 2,400 American fishing vessels. As not mon; than (500 to 800 visited these waters, although III. Fortin rates the number higher, this would involve three or four visits to each vessel. Visits of this character led in former days to the war of 1812, and may lead hereafter to serious diffi- culties. The cost of licenses, although a trille to the nation, is a considerable charge upon men who are competing under heavy taxes against French and Canadian fishe-"^en, aided by large bounties and every encouragement. I would, therefore, respectfully advise the government to assume and capitalize if possible the payment for these licenses, as it once assumed and paid for the sound duties in the Baltic, and thus to relieve a most valuable and meritorious class of citizens. I further recommend the remission of duties that tend to repress commercial enterprise. Commerce op the Country. It is my dutv in closing this Report to draw the attention of government ' he depressed state of our navigation. Many vessels, not provided with convoys or protected by our cruisers, were transferred to the neutral Hag during the war ; some have been sold, others still run under foreign registers on American account. The cost of shi|>building has been enhanced by war duties and taxes on iron, timber, spikes, nails, sails, cordage and anchors to such an extent, that vessels of the same quality may be built in the Provinces for twenty-five per cent, less in gold than in our ship-yards. A few years since it was shown that the cost of a ton of iron, fabricated in this country, was increased 813 per ton by internal taxes. It has been the wise policy of Congress to remove most of these charges, but there must be some adaptation of our custom-house charges to this change before the benefit reaches the shipwright, and before we can compete successfully with the sliii>owners abroad. While manufactures and internal commerce receive their due share of attention from our government, is there not danger that commercial enterprise abroad, checked by foreign cruisers during the war and attracted to other channels, may be over- looked or forgotten, to the great injury of the nation ? 50 REVIVAL OP COMMERCE. Comincrco liberalizes the iniml, l)reaks down obstacles, extciKls knowledge, promotes civilization, increases the wealth of nations and gives them maritime power. T would respectfully recommend a remission of duties to the extent of eight dollars per ton on all sea-going vessels built in our ship-yards during the continuance of high duties. I have appended to this document many valuable tables, for which I am indebted to the courtesy of the oQicials in all the Provinces this side of tho Sierra Nevada, and have tlio honor to be, Very respectfully, E. H. DERBY. .,«*" APPENDIX. "il, t 1 :t A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE TREATY or RECIPROCITY WITH GREAT BRITAIN, TO REGULATE THE TRADE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE PROVINCES OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. PKErAKED BT E . 11 . DERBY, AT THE REQUEST OP THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY OF THE UNITED STATES. WASHINGTON, D. C: TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 1 800. CONTENTS. PAoa. Early Colonial rdicy of Great Britain, 5 Sficlusion of Colonies 6 The Free Trade Policy of Great Britain, 6 Protection withdrawn from the Colonies, 6 The Lever to open our Home Markets, 7 Sketch of the Growth of the Fisheries, 7 Services of Fishermen in Four Wars 7 Treaty of 1783. Provision as to Fisheries, 8 Progress of Fisheries to 1804. Exports, 8 Provision of Treaty of Ghent, 8 Opinion of John Adams as to Fisheries, 9 Convention of 1818. Three mile line, Construction of Treaties, AnncxaticD of Cape Breton to Nova Scotia, 10 Claims to exclusive use of Bays of Fundy and Chaleurs and Strait of Canso, . ID The British Flotillas, 10 Reciprocity Treaty, 11 Cessation of Trespasses and Complaints 11 Exports and Imports of the Provinces, 14 Change in the Balance of Trade, IG Exports and Imports of Great Britain, 10 Defects of the Treaty, 18 Admission of Salt, Tools and Implements, 13 Terms for new Treaty, 20 Growth of Commerce with the Provinces, 21 Population and Revenue of the Provinces, 21 Canada ; her Revenue and Commerce, 22 Canadian Policy and Plans, 24 Inducements to the Treaty, 25 Report of Congressional Committee on Commerce, 2-5 Rise of Canadian Duties, 26 Free Porta, 27 Canadian Ministry, £8 Canadian Measures, 28 Importations by St. Lawrence, 29 Coasting Trade, 30 Benefits of Treaty, 30 Maritime Provinces. Exports and Imports. Tonnage 32 Nova Scotia: Commerce, Mines, and Shipping, 33 New Brunswick: " " " ....... 35 Prince Edwards Island : " " " 30 Newfoundland and Fisheries, 30 Vancouver's Island and British Columbia: Commerce, Mines and Shipping, . 37 1 Vi CONTENTS. PAOE. British Provincial Fisheries, 38 French Fisheries, 39 French Bounties 39 U. S. Fisheries, 41 Oppressive Duties. Partial Remission, 42, 44, 40 Tonnage, vessels, and men, employed, 42, 44, 40 Claims of the Fisheries, 4G Is a Treaty desirable? 47 The period favorable for Negotiation, 47 Conciliation our True Policy, 47 Navigation of tlie St. Lawrence and Ship Canals, 47 Deepening of Lake St. Clair, 48 Canal around Niagara Falls, and to the Hudson, 49 Duties on Products of the Provinces, 51 Impolicy of Duty on Animals, Wool, Oats and Flour, 52 Possibility of light Duties on Lumber, Fish, Coal and Barley, .... 55 Fishing Vessels not to be confiscated, 57 Registry of Ships, 5& Commissioners, 61 Three great Rights of the Union, 62 British Treaties, 62 Cession of Territory, 64 Provisions for a new Treaty, 65 Discontinuance of Free Ports, 65 Discouragement of Illicit Trade, 65 Assimilation of Duties, 65 Enlargement of Free List, 06, 09 Specific Duties, 60, 09 Patents and Copy-rights, 60, 09 Discriminations to be abolished, . 60, 69 Protection of Fisheries, 67 Result of Conferences, 68 Prolongation of Treaty, 68 Tabular Statements, 71 Caughnawaga Canal, 80 Smuggling on the Frontier, 81 Extract from Speech of J. Johnston, Esq., of Slihvaukie, at Detroit, in 1805, . 82 Extract from Speech of lion. Joseph IIowc, of Nova Scotia, " " . 82 Extract from Speech of George II. Perry, of Ottawa, C.E., » » §4 Extract from the Speech of Duncan Stuart, Esq., at Detroit, ... 83 Letter of Messrs. Dean and Law, of Prince Edwards Island, as to Fisheries, 83 FAOE. 38 39 39 41 42, 44, 4G 42, 44, 40 4G 47 47 47 47 48 49 51 52 55 57 5& 61 62 62 64 65 65 05 65 00,09 00,09 60,09 60,09 07 08 08 71 80 81 82 82 84 83 83 REPORT. To the Hon. Hugh M'Culloch, Secretaryof the Treasunj: In conformity to your wishes I have dcvct.u much time to the Reciprocity Treaty, and respectfully submit the results. The subject is one which has important relations both to tho foreign policy of the country and to the Fisheries, Commerce, Customs, and Internal Revenue, ; fided to your care, and tho termination or renewal of the Treaty must affect the report of the Commissioners appo-iited under the recent Act of Congress, to revise the revenue system. It is therefore important to detormiuc if there is an exigency for a new treaty ; and if there is, what modifications arc required to adapt it to the present state of our finances, and what changes are necessary to supply any defects disclosed by the light of our experience for the ten years of its continuance. A Treaty under which our commerce with the Provinces has increased threefold, or from 817,000,000 in 1852, to 808,000,000 in 18G4, is not to be abandoned, or tlic amity which now exists between con- tiguous nations of the same origin to be endangered, without careful investigation and conclusive reasons. For half a century, from 1770 down to 1830, it was the policy of the mother country to restrain the United States from a free commerce with the Provinces, although often urged by \is to free the Provincial trade from its restraints. At times the trade with the Provinces was entirely interdicted ; at others, gypsum and grindstones could be obtained upon the frontier at Eastjiort and Lubcc only by an evasion of the law. In 1880 under the McLean arrangement, trade was resumed under heavy duties and restraints. Down to this period we knew Quebec as the chief fortress, and Halifax as the chief naval station of the British Empire upon our side of the ocean, 8 M 6 COLONIAL TRADE. rather tho,n as marts of commerce, and tliere was little fellowsbip between us and the Provincials, many of whom were descended from the Loyalists who followed the British troops from our shores. Asperity of feeling gradually wore away after the resumption of trade. And in 1844, Great Britain, having acquired an ascendancy in tlic arts and in capital, and set in motion her steam-power, which Mr. llowe, of Nova Scotia, in his recent speech at Detroit, considers equal to the force of 800,000,000 of men, became an advocate of free trade, so far as it ai)i)lics to the importation of materials and the exportation of manufac- tures. Having reached a In'gh point in the cultivation of her soil, she desired to increase her supplies of breadstuffs and thus cheapen skill and labor, and aimed to furnish all nations with her numerous manufactures fashioned from their rude materials by the force she had warmed into life, which toiled for her with- out fee or reward. To accomplish this object, she was obliged to repeal many protective duties, and to admit wheat and provisions and varied productions of foreign lands in competition with those from her Colonies. Her Colonics were exasperated and it soon appeared that she could not retain their allegiance, without providing for them new markets and giving a new stimulus to their navigation and fisheries. She became solicitous also to carry her principle of free trade into the United States, and make a treaty with the Colonies an entering wedge for new commercial undertakings. Canada had thus far relied upon her vast rafts of timl)cr floated down the St. Lawrence to Quebec, and her ships built for sale at Liverpool and Glasgow for exports, and she saw with dismay the pine and fir of Norway supersede her timlier, and the iron steam-ship displace the ships and steamers she was building at Quebec. She began to seek a new avenue to the sea, through New York and New England, and new markets in our growing cities and villages for the products of her agriculture. Nova Scotia, with forests and fisheries at her gates, and beds of coal and gypsum bordering on the sea, desired free access to our great seaports to dispose of her fish and coal, and give employment to her seamen. THE FISHERIES. ! fcllowslaip I descended I from our resumption cquircd an motion her his recent 100,000,000 IS it applies if manufac- ition of her fs and thus ations with ie materials )r her with- 3pcal many and varied those from ed that she g for them igation and principle of ty with the rtakings. > of timl)er ships built le saw with imber, and rs she was I'ough New Dwing cities s, and beds free access il, and give The British Isles and the Colonies continued to ])ress for Reci])roeity. They found the United States engaged in tho development of their agriculture and manufactures, with pro- gressive navigation, and not prepared for so important a change ; but the Provinces were urgent ; they were able to show tho patronage they would give to railways and manufactures. Articles Avcre written for magazines and active agents retained, but the lover with which they moved the United States was a combination against her fisheries — the cod, herring and mackerel fisheries of the United States.* The English who first came to our shores embarked in tho fisheries, and our Pilgrim fithers, within three years after they landed, established fishing stations at Cai)e Ann. More than twenty sail of fishing vessels were annually on our coasts, 240 years since, and J)eforo the Revolution the men of ^Massachusetts arc rei)orted by Purke as extending their voyages to the Arctic and Antarctic Seas. They followed the cod, herring and mackerel to the coasts of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. The fishing towns were surrounded by flakes on Avhicli they dried their spoil, and in winter they transported it on their small craft to Spain, the Carolinas and the West Indies. The hardy fishermen, with the son of a fisherman, Sir W. Pepperell, at their head, conducted the siege of Louisburg, where they captured a fortress which had cost five millions of dollars and was defended by 200 cannon. In the Revolution they ma'aned the navy of the Union and contributed to the success of our country by raising the rate of insurance on British vessels to 50 per cent.,t and as Curwen states in his memoir, in two years captiu'cd 7o3 ships and property worth §25,000;000. They fought both by sea and land, and General Knox, the chief of our artillery in 1777, does them justice. " I wish," he said, in his address, to the legislature of which he was a mem- ber, " that you could have heard Washington on that stormy night, when the floating masses of ice in tho Delaware threat- ened to defeat his enterprise, demand who will lead us on, and ♦ The history of these Fisheries is well given by Hon. L. Sabine in his able report to which I am indebted for valuable facts and suggestions, t It was again raised to the same rate in the war of 1812. 8 MARBLEIIEAD. seen the men of ^farblchcad, and Marblchcad alone, stand for- ward to lead the army along the jjerilous path, to unfading glories and honors in the achievements of Trenton. Tliere wcBt the fishermen of Marhlchead, alike at home on land or water, alike ardent, patriotic and unflinching, wherever they unfurled the flag of their country." In 1772 the voters of Marblehead were 1,203. In 1780 but 544 voters remained. The residue were represented by 4t58 widows and 90G orphans. The ori)hans of Marblehead subse- quently manned the Constitution and other frigates in the war of 1812. At the conferences at Paris, which preceded the peace of 1783, John Adams insisted on our right to the fisheries, although Congress Avas willing to resign them. " If use and possession give right," he said to the Commis- sioners, " we have it as clearly as you. If war, l)lood and treasure give a right, oiu's is as good as yours." " We," con- tinued he, in the same eloquent strain, " have constantly been fighting in Canada, Capo Breton and Nova Scotia, for the defence of this fishery, and have expended beyond all propor- tion more than you. If, then, the right cannot be denied, why should it not be acknowledged and put out of dispute. Why should we leave room for illiterate fishermen to wrangle and chicane," John Adams made the right an ultimatum, and it was recognized to its full extent in the treaty of 1783 ; we were entitled by it to fish wherever the people of the country had fished before. With the close of the war our fisheries revived, and in 1804 the export of dry fish rose to 507,800 quintals; their value to $2,400,000. The export of other fish to 89,482 barrels. Their value to 8040,000. Our rights in the fisheries were not abrogated by the war of 1812. They were not resigned, but revived with the treaty in 1814. The Commissioners who negotiated this treaty state that their instructions forbade them to suffer our right to the fisheries to be brought in question. They observe, — "We contended that tlie wliole treaty of 1783 must be considered one entire permanent compact, not liable, like ordinary treaties, to be abrogated by a subsequent war, by the parties to it, as an instrument recognizing th« rights and liberties enjoyed by the people of the United ":^' CONVENTION OP 1818. 9 stand for- iinl'iitling 'hei'C wcBt land or [•ever they 1780 but >d l.y 458 cad subse- tes in the 1 preceded [rht to the ni. e Coraniis- blood and We," con- tantly been ;ia, lor the all propor- Icnicd, why iiite. Why rranglc and um, and it ; we were ijuntry had nd in 1804 /ir value to •els. Their the war of he treaty in to that their fisheries to je considered reaties, to be III instrumeni of the United States as an independent nation, and containing the terms and condi- tions on whieli the two parties to one empire had mutually agreed henceforlli lo constitute two distinct and separate nations, the people of the United States reserving the right of fi^^hing and drying and curing Mi previously enjoyed, and this reservation was agreed to by the other contracting party. This vfa^ not forfeited by the war, and no new recognition was required. We stated this principle to the British plenipotentiaries, in the note we sent them, with our project of the treaty, and no reply to the note of our Commissioners was made, and the treaty was silent as to the fisheries." While this trca.y of peace was pending the venerable John Adams wrote to President Monroe : — '* I would continue this war forever rather than surrender one acre of our territory, one iota of our fisheries, as established by the 3d article of the treaty of 1783." On the 20th of October, 1818, a convention was entered into with Great Britain by Messrs. Gallatin and Rush, to obtain a recognition of the right of iishing on the coasts of Newfound- land, which they secured, with the }n-ivilege of entering the bays, ci'ccks and harbors of the Provinces, for shelter and repairs. The Conmiissioners, by this convention, renounced, for the United States, the right to take or cure fish within three miles of '' the coasts, bays, harbors and creeks of the Provinces," (except Newfoundland and Labrador and the Magdalen Isles,) but reserved the right to enter them for shelter and repairs. Ui)on the day on which they signed the convention, they wrote to J. Q. Adams, our Secretary of State, that this clause was introduced and insisted on by them, to prevent any impli- cation that the fisheries 'were secured to us by a new grant, and to show that our renunciation extended only three miles from the coast. For twenty-three years after the convention, down to 1841, but one construction was given to this convention by both parties and the fishermen, viz.: that by "bays" were meant the small bays to which the fishermen resorted for shelter and repairs; but in 1841, after this conclusive acquiescence, the colonists gave a new construction to " bays," and insisted that the convention precluded the fishermen of the United States iJf 10 CONFISCATION OP VESSELS. from entering the Bay of Fundy, a gulf sixty miles wide, the great Bay of Chaieurs, and the Stniit of Cunso, through whieh our (ishermen had pursued their voyages for mf)rc than a cen- tury, and through whieh a IJritish Admiral, in 1H;)1>, saw a fleet of (JUO sail of our (ishermen pass witlunit molestation. When (Jreat Britain and the Provinces became solieitoui'iti.sh sulyects. Tiiusc rights do not extend to the river fisheries. Similar rights are granted to British fishermen on our slhjrcs and coasts north of latitude 8(>. The Act provides also Ibr appointment of a commissioner by each party to determine what rights arc reserved to indi^'uluals and to settle all dillerenecs. Article iid provides that the articles enumerated in the sched- ule below, the growth and produce of said colonics or of the United States, shall be admitted into each country respectively, free of duty. Schedule. — Grain, flour and breadstutls; animals of all kinds; ashes; fresh, . niokcd and salted meats; timber and lumber of all kinds, round, hewed and sawed and unmanufactured ; cotton, wool, seeds and vegetables ; undried fruits, dried fruit ; fish of all kinds ; products of fish and all the creatures living in the water ; poultry ; eggs ; hides, furs, skins or tails undressed ; stone or marble in its crude or unwrought state ; slate ; butter, cheese, tallow ; ores of metals of all kinds ; coal ; unmanu- factiu'ed tobacco ; pitch, tar, turpentine ; firewood ; plants, shrubs, trees ; pelts; wool; fish oil ; rice and broom-corn ; barks, gyj)sum, gromid and iingroiind ; wrought or unwrought burr and grindstones ; dyostulTs ; flax, hemp and tow unmanufac- tured ; rags. Article 4th secures to the citizens of the United States the right to the free navigation of the St. Lawrence and British canals with vessels and boats, and to British subjects the right to navigate Lake Michigan, and the United States agree to urge their State governments to allow British sul^jccts to use their canals ; ordinary tolls to be paid in both cases. The British Government reserves a right to suspend navigation, but in such case the Government of the United States may suspend the third article. This article also ju-ovidcs that no export duty shall l)e put on timber of citizens of the United States, descending the river St. John and its tributaries destined for the United States. Articles 5th, Gth and 1th provide for the extension of the pro- visions to Newfoundland, if laws shall be passed by contracting parties and Newfoundland to that effect. I I th NAVIGATION OP TIIR ST. LAWRENCE. 13 nnd cure s without sultjocts. (Ur k1 lores also for iiiiio wlmt ruiiccs. lio KchoU- or of tlio pcctivcly, iill kinds; liiiubor of ; cotton, t ; fish of ng in the idrossod ; ; butter, uniuanu- ; plants, n ; barks, ight burr inanufac- Itatcs the d British the right c to urge use their Britisli it in such the third f shall l)e iding the id States. ' the pro- ntracting The first article of this treaty is im])ortant in its hearing on the fisheries ; not\vithst;uifling \\w all('g(!d trespasses of our fisher- men when r(!stri('t('d lo (he distance of (jiree miles from the coasts, bays and harliors, and their repeated seizure, they are by this trt'aty allowed to IVe(iuent and a[)proach, without regard to distance, all the shores of four Provinces, and to lanil and cure their fish there with the consent (jf th,; private owners, and are thus restored to the rights claimed under the treaty of 178o. Althouuh our commissioners in ISlS had relinquished tho right to conu! within a lyarine lengue of all the shores but thoso of Lalirador and Newfoundland, i.'xeept for repaii's and shelter, our rights deeineij inadmissil)le were thus conceded. Ill exchange for this a similar right to apjjroach our shores was also granted, which, although rarely used, may at times bo valuable as the shoals of mackerel usually strike our coasts early in tiic season and before they reach the I'rovinces. And at times tho mackerel are jmrsued both in the spring and autunni on our coasts and more successfully taken than on those of the I'rovinces. Navigation op the St. Lawrence. Less than two thousand tons of our shipping on the average have thus far annually i)asscd down the St. Lawrence from the lakes to the oceiui. It is a valuable outlet for our cereals, but its importance must depend in a great measure upon the enlargement of the canals and increase of their depth to twelve to fifteen feet to suit a class of vessels adapted to the navigation of the ocean. The most important article of the treaty is the third, which defines the free list, and its chief importance to us, lies in its free admission of all the products of Colonial fisheries, agriculture, forests and mines into our country. To illustrate the value and effects of this jirovision, I submit a tal)ular statement of the imports from the above Provinces into the United States, and tho exports to them from the United for a series of years preceding and following tho adoption of the treaty, which did not take full effect until 1855 from delay of its ratification. 9 . .<■■ 14 EXPORTS AND IMPORTS UNDER TREATY. JUxports and Imports from United States to British North American Provinces, exclusive of those on the Pacific, from July, ISol, to July, 1802. [Prom Offleial Ueports of the United States.] Exi'ORTS FitoM United States. 1 ! H iMIOnTS ISTO < a Foreign. Domestic. Total Exports. ; IMiED States. 1852, 8:3,853,911) 00 8G,055,0J7 00 §10,509,010 00 1 ' 150,110,290 00 1853, 5,7:]0,555 00 7,404,087 00 13,140,042 00 7,550,718 00 1854, 9,3(i2,710 00 15,204,144 00 24,5QG,S0O 00 8,929,509 00 1855, 11,999,378 00 15.300,042 00 27,800,020 00 ' i 15,130,734 00 1850, 0,314,052 00 22,714,097 00 29,029,340 00 , j 21,310,421 00 1857, 4.320,300 00 19,930,113 00 24,202,482 00 22,129,290 00 1858, 4,012,708 00 19,038,959 00 23,051,727 00 15,800,519 00 1859, 0,022,473 00 17,029,254 00 28,154,174 00 19,727,551 00 1800, 4,038,899 00 18,007,429 00 22,700,328 00 23,851,381 00 1801, 3,801,098 00 18,883,715 00 22,079,115 00 23,002,933 00 1802, 2,427,103 00 18,052,012 00 21,079,115 00 ; 19,299,995 00 1 In our comiuorco with the Provinces our arnual exports and imports rose from 82,100,000 in 1828 to $3,800,000 in 1832 ; 88,100,000 in 1840 ; 80,300,000 in 184G ; 818,700,000 in 1851 ; 850,300,000 in 1850 ; and fell to 840,400,000 in 1802. Since 1802 there has been a recovery ; the aggregate of imports and exjjorts in the commerce with the Provinces, hav- ing risen in 1805 to 808,000,000, under largo importations from Canada. From the tables you will notice that the trade was in its infancy down to 1820, just before the time when Mr. McLean made an arrangement for free poris and the removal of some of the restraints on commerce, and that the growth was rapid, more than 20 per cent, per annum, in the four years from 1828 to 1832. That the advance was still rapid or 14 per cent, per annum down to 1840. That the movement then continued slow down to 184(), when goods came in more freely and fish and flour were admitted under bond for exportation. During this period the gro .vth was less than 2.} per cent a year. But with now privileges an 1 the prospect of Reciprocity the ■ii^i EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OP CANADA. 16 trade gained for the next five years 20 per cent, annually, and rose iu five years more at the rate of 27 per cent, per aiuuun, to $50,300,000 ill 1850, and, strange as it may appear, dccli'.ied 25 per cent, or more than 4 per cent, per annum down to 1802, the eighth year of Reciprocity, when it receded to 840,300,000, showing a loss of 810,000,000. This decline was confined to the Canadian commerce. It becomes an important inquiry what measures caused this great decline, and upon further investigation we discover that the decline was in our exports to Canada which fell from 185(», when they were 820,883,241, to 1802 when such exports were but 812,842,500. The reduction was in round numbers, a reduction of eight millions in exports, accompanied by a reduction of two millions in imj)ortations. It is my duty also to draw your attention to another fact shown )»y these exhibits, and still more forcibly by the returns t)f Canadian trade, that prior to the Ecciprocity Treaty, which took effect, as wo have suggested, in 1855, our exports to the Provinces usually exceeded our imports, but in 1800 this was reversed, and since that j)criod imports have exceeded our exports in commerce with the Provinces. Our trade with Canada may Ijc illustrated by a brief tabular statement of cxi)orts and imports. Exports from the United States to Canada, and Imports from Canada. [Taken from the OOIcial Tables of the UQited States.] DATE. Exports to Canada. Imports from Canada. r 1850, . . §5,390,821 00 14,285,470 00 Before Treaty, . . ■ 1851, . . 7,929,140 00 4,950,471 00 . >1853, . . 7,829,090 00 5,278,110 00 f 1850, . . 20,883,211 00 17,488,107 00 1857, . . 10,574,895 00 18,291,834 00 18G1, . . 14,301,858 00 18,645,457 00 Since Treaty, . .• 18G2, . . 12,812,504 00 15,253,152 00 1803, . . 19,898,718 00 18,810,999 00 18G4, . . 10,058,429 00 30,974,113 00 ■ 1865, . . 18,300,497 00 30,547,267 00 ■ ■•■ (■, ^ •16 EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF GREAT BRITAIN. Of the above cxix)rts iliorc were of 1801, specie, 8803,308 ; 18G2, 82,530,297 ; 1803, 84,(Jo2,G79 ; 1804, 82,300,000. The excess of imports into the United .States over exports to Canada t^ince 1800, deduced from the above tables and from the Report of the ]\Iiuister of Finance in August last, has been more than 830,000,000. The Canadian tables differ somewhat from our official tables. In considering the remarkable change which has taken placo in the course of our trade with Canada, I shall endeavor to guard against the danger of attaching any uuduo importance to tho ancient theory of the balance of trade. It may safely bo conceded that the excess of imports over exports is not in all cases conclusive jiroof that commerce is unprofitaljle. The commerce of Great Britain for a series of years, has shown a large excess of imports over exports, accom- panied by an excess of arrivals over sliijjments of specie and great progress in national Avcalth. Her exports and imports have been as follows : — DATE Exports. Imports. 1858, 1859, 13G0, 18G1, ISG2, £130,782,000 155,092,000 104,521,000 159,032,000 107,189,000 £100,583,000 179,182,000 210,530,000 217,185,000 220,592,000 The excess of im^x^rts may spring from tlii3 use of capital abroad, from freights and profits, in which case tbe excess of imj)ortfi indicates addition to wealth, and not accumulating debt. A change in the l)alancc of trade might not alone w'arrant tho abrogation of a treaty, but it docs warrant investigation. Wo may concede, safely, that a treaty of reciprocity, which adjusts the quarrels of nations and does equal justice to each, is most desirable for the country, and at the same lime point out omis- sions and objectionable features in a treaty we have abrogated, with a view to one more perfect and comprchensivo. ■.*.;V OBJECTIONS TO TIIK TREATY. 17 .'t 4 There were, and arc, various olijcctioiis to the treaty about to exph'c. First. AVhile it quieted strife and restored the rights secured by the treaty of '83 to our fisheries, from which spring the seamcu to man our navy, the mates, masters, and intrepid merchants wlio have guided our keels to the very confines of the earth — it gave to the maritime provinces our home market, and the incentive to improve the fislieries at their doors, for the pursxiit of which, they have advantages which were counterbahmccd by our intel- ligence and liome markets alone. We should make tlie fisheries accessory to our own progress, not to that of Great Britain. If tlie maritime provinces would join us spontaneously to-day — sterile as they may be in soil, under a sky of steel — still, with their hardy population, their harbors, fisheries, and seamen, they would greatly improve and strengthen our position and aid iis in our struggle for equality upon the ocean. If we would succeed upon Uie deep, we must cither maintain our fisheries, or absorb the provinces. In 18Go, the tonnage of Great Britain and her colonics was 0,041,358 ; ours 4,080,307. The disparity is now greater. For our great home market for her cod and mackerel, her whale oil, whalebone and seal oil, and the impulse it gives to the provincial fisheries and navigation of Great Britain, have we thus far sufficient equivalents ? Another feature in the treaty, is, the imi»ulsc it gives to tho coal mines of Nova Scotia aiul Cape Breton. The shipment of coal from these provinces to the United States, has increased from 220,000 tons in 1803, to at least 400,000 tons in 1805. This is doubtless very acceptable to our commercial cities on the coast ; but it comes free from duty to compete with the black diamonds from our mines, which contribute to the expense? of the war — virtually it comes with a bounty against our owe productions. The revenue thus suffers, and the foreign minci realizes the profits. If a new treaty be made, some cquivalen' should be given for this, or a moderate lax may be imposed fo* the benefit of the treasury. AVe are not, however, to forget tlia* we already export from 105,000 to 171,000 tons of coal to Canada, a part of which ascends the Hudson and reaches Moii trcal, while a part crosses Eric and Ontario, into Canada West. '..■'>■ ■.^'> '" '. 18 TRANSIT TRADE. ;^i Again, wc iicrmlttcd the Provinces, at tlic moment Great Britain was inijtorting- the pine of Norway, and they were losing the market for a third or hall" of their timber, to send it here and enter the home market, on e(iual terms with our own lumbermen. The lumber, as well as the jM'oduets of the fisheries, How from the Provinces to the markets of the Union, and there is little or no reciprocity on these articles. The Provinces require little of our fish or oi/r lumber. If we make undue concessions, IIowo, the organ of Nova .^cotia, at our Detroit convention, may well compare us and the provinces '■• to tlui Triune Trefoil," which hangs from the stem of Great Britain. If lumber were not free to-day, a duty of five ])er cent, on our own lumber, and of ten jter cent, on that of the I'rovinces, W(mld doubtless place five millions in our national coiTers ; but the insertion of lumber on our free list, deprives us of this revenue, while it enhances the value of Canadian forests. It is doubtless true, that freedom from duties enal)les Canada to send through New York and Maine, wheat and Hour for foreign shipment, and enables the \Vest to send to i\Iontreal a portion of its surplus, to reach an outlet for Europe, at Montreal. This interchange is doul)tless beneficial to all parties, but this transit trade gives but little stimulus to production. The commerce which terminates in consumption in Canada, consists of the shipment to her of a moderate amount of corn and red wheat, with some coal and salt, and a less amount of our coarser products, provisions and im])orted goods. ^ While Canada sends to us for consumption her animals and products of the forest and of agriculture, she buys but little of any more of our manufactures than she did before the treaty, — although in the last twelve years, she has added two-fifths to her population, and nearly doubled her i)roductions and consumption, — there are important deficiencies in the free list, to Avhich it is my duty to call your attention, which should Ite borne in mind upon revision of the treaty. Salt. This is an The treaty is silent ujjon the subject of salt. important production, both of New York and Michigan. It is produced near the lakes, and may bo easily transjiorted to the section of Canada bordering upon the lakes, and is tm SIRUP, TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS. 19 appropriate for the free list as slate, marhlo, Jiypsum or ashes. It is a production of the soil, and essential to our animal life. It is singular that it was omitted.* Maple and Sorghum Sirup. These also arc products of the forest and agriculture, and come within the spirit of the treaty, and should be included. Sorghum does not flourish in Canada, but is extensively culti- vated at the West. Tools and Implements. The treaty includes in its schedule, the mfllstonc and tho grindstone, both implements, the one to sharpen the axe, the other io manufacture wheat into Hour. These arc })roduced in the provinces, but the treaty is silent Avith respect to other tools; the axe, the plough, the sliovel, and tlie rea])er, which are fashioned by the artisans of New England and the West. Tho laws of Canada and some of the other provinces, arc so deficient in reciprocity, that no ])atent can be taken there by a citizen of the Union. The Canadian minister of finance, concedes, that tools, implements and machinery, and Ijooks, sliould be included. lie concedes i)atents also. If a new treaty l)e made let it also provide for a j)atent law, and for copy-rights, to do justice to hivcntors and authors, and let it also contain a lu'ovision that all tools, inij)lements, and machinery, l)e added to the free list. It would be desirable also to include in this list our manufactures of leather, tin, copper, castings, })ins, ])uttons, types, utensils, carriages, furniture and other articles. I would also suggest that wliile it is desirable for l)otli parties to except from tho schedule the articles of spirit, tobacco, sugar, molasses, and costly fabrics of silk, flax and wool, as important sources of revenue ; and while it is desirable to withdraw coal, lumber, and barley, and the products of the fisheries, from the free list, it may be politic to provide that these last products of each country and all others, not specifically excepted, shall be sulyect to duties, not exceeding fifteen per cent., or to duties as low as those of Canada before the Reciprocity Treaty. ♦ Canada now admits salt without duty, although omitted in tho free list. 20 REASONS FOR RENEWAL. Tlicrc arc gentlemen of intelligence, and possibly some states- men, Avho think it will l)c politic to allow the treaty to ex])irc without any cCforts or arrangement for a renewal ; who })redict that in i!:uch case the Provinces Avill range themselves under our banner, and seek admission into the Union. This accession v/ould doubtless be l)enelicial ; it would l)ring to the Union a Aviiite population which will in 1808, possibly before the measure could be consununated, reach four millions. It would bring to us two thousand miles of railways, and vast forests and mines, and fisheries and mariners, and nearly two- tliirds of a million tons of shi])ping ; but will this accession be secured l>y the. loss of the treaty? Is there not danger that the termination of the treaty will result in mercantile losses, strife and alienation V * Peace and a jirosperous commerce create friendship, and tend to alliance ; and will it not be wise to make a fair treaty, one of equivalents ; to impose moderate duties for revenue on fish^ coal, lumber, the chief subjects of the treaty, after agriculture ; to place salt, tools, and machinery, and imi)lements of agricul- ture, with other items, in the free list ; ^o secure jjatents and copy-riglits ; to remove all discriminations ; and let the Provin- cials look forward to a union which will eventually remove these duties, increase their wealth and contribute to their improve- ments ? Is the present moment, when avc are mastering a debt of twenty-eight hundred millions by severe taxation, an auspi- cious one for bringing in new States to share our burden? When we have reduced our del^t and our taxes, and shown that they rest lightly on our shoulders, and England has paid for our losses l)y her cruisers, Avill not the moment be more auspicious for the enlargement of our territories ?f Wo have traced the successive stages of the growth of the commerce with the Provinces, doubling in seven years after the completion of the Erie Canal, and rising to more than * Soc remarks of distinguished Provincials in the Appendix, page 82. t Tlio debt of Canada in proportion to its assessed wealtli is nearly two- thirds the size of our own. The interest upon our debt can be met by- moderate duties on liquors, cotton, tobacco and coffee, without bearing heavily on the Provinces should they hereafter join us "spontaneously," as suggested by the "London Times." In 1S(JS our population will reach 40 millions. We havo lost but half a million by the war. RESOURCES OP CANADA. 21 fifty millions in I80G, tlio secoud year of the Treaty of Recip- rocity. Duriii;^ the ten years from 18')! to 18()1, wliich comi)rise four years jirior to the treaty and six that followed, all the Provinces made rapid |)rogress, Init Canada was pre-eminent. From 1S,j1 to ISiil the popiUation of Canada increased more rapidly than the population of the Union. It had gained 30 per cent. In 18C0 the population of all the Provinces was as follows : — Canada, . New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, . Prince Edwards Island, Aggregate, 2,r,01,888 2:3;],TT7 2ao,«;oo 124,008 80,048 a,271,")T0 lions. We The rate of increase in all tlie Provinces was nearly equal to that of the Union. Canada led in connnerce and revenue as well as in i)opula- tion. In the fifteen years from 18t)l to 18G5, the whole exports and imports of Canada rose from 835,000,000 to 887,000,000. Her revenue rose also from 83,500,000 to 810,500,000. Petwecn 1851 and 1801 lier imi»roved land increased from 7,307,950 acres to 10,855,854, or 41) per cent.; the value of the same from 8203,510,000 to 8400,075,780. The wheat croj), which exceeds that of Illinois and of each of our States, rose from 15,750,493 hushels to 27,274,779, or 78 per cent. The oat crop, larger than that of New York, the leading Htato of our Union, rose from 20,309,247 l)ushels to 38,772,170, or 91 per cent. During the same period the value of her lumber rose from an average of 87 to 810 per M. And in the interval between 1851 and 1803 her export of lumber rose from 85,085,028, of which but 23 per cent, reached the United States, to a total of 812,204,178, of which a third — nearly as much as the former importation of Great Britain — came to the United States. For a series of years prior to 184G, the imports of Canada from the United States greatly exceeded 10 22 FINANCIAL STATEMENT OP MINISTER OP PINANCR. the exports, and p;roat disparity continued down to the Reci- procity Treaty ; but since 18<50 the balance of trade lias been reversed. Th(! statement of the minister of fnianco to the Canadian Parliament on the 'JtUh of August last shows the present con- dition of Canadian commerce. lie gives us for the year a revenue of §10,528,000, collected at a cost of lo per cent. Imports for the year ending June 30, 180"), exclusive of specie, .... Specie imports, ...... Exports of the year, exclusive of sjiecie, Specie exports, 8P>0,8:)1,901 00 4,7(58,478 00 40,702,0()() 00 l,(!88,ll)l 00 The results present a Ijalance for the year of- nearly one mil- lion of exi)orts over imjwrts, independent of specif ; and a balance of gold close upon tiu'oe millions. And, since this report was made, it is currently reported that the sales of white and red wheat, horses and other stock by Canadians for the past quarter to this country will reach eight millions. The minister in his speech estimates an addition of six per cent, to the revenue for the coming year, and gives us the following items of income : — Customs, .... 80,100,000 00 Excise on spirit, beer and tobacco, . l,Gi')0,000 00 Post-ofiice, 470,000 00 Public lands, 450,000 00 Ocean postage, .... 70,000 00 Territorial income, . . . 050,000 00 Sundries, 1,050,000 00 In illustrating the trade with the United States he as«umcs the imports from our country into Canada for the preceding years, 1800, '01, '«)2 and '03, to l)e 818,370,000 more than arc shown by our oflicial statements. The discrepancy weakens his IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OP CANADA FOR 18G5. 23 argument, hut doos not afTuct his returns for tlio current year.* His i^tatenlcnt contains a very full analysis of the exports to the United States for the year. After deducting the specie from cacli, he gives us the results : — Imports frohi all countries, and exports to the same, 687,001,020 00 Exports to the United States, .... 821,350,350 00 Im])orts from the United States, exclusive of specie, for year ending June 30, 1805, . 14,820,557 00 Excess of exports, $0,529,793 00 To licjuidate this l)alanco from our country Canada has received a large amount of s])ecie. The entire importation of s])ccic from all comitrics having been 84,708,-178, he leads us to the result that while the exports of Canada to the ^vorld exceed the imports by nearly a million, the imports on goods from our country are six and a half mil- lions less than those Canada has sold to our citizens, and ho leaves us to infer that \ve liipiidutc the j)rinci})al part of the balance in specie. If any part of our exports have been valued in greenbacks, the deficit will l)e still gr(!ater. The exports of Canada to the United States are shown by him to be, — Lumber, ...... 85,000,000 00 Animals, of which tsvo-fifths are horses, 4,478,000 00 Wool, Barley and oats, . Manufactures, . Butter, ... Meats, Other products of animals, Balance, wheat, Hour, itc. . 1,351,722 00 . 4,500,000 00 400,000 00 340,899 00 484,890 00 891,000 00 . 4,443,839 00 821,350,350 00 ♦The $18,370,00(5 atlJccl by the Minister of Finance are doubtless goods which puss rin the Grand Trunk from Great Britain to the St. Lawrence, without breaking bulk; tlicy aro not entered on our official reports, and, carried by British steamers and a British railway, are British exports. Our siiipmeuts down the Lawrence arc less ; but $5,000,000 for two years,— •CO and 'CI. 24 COUaSE OP CANADA UNDEIl UESTRICTIONS. lie rc^artls tlu; trado in wheat or flour as a mere intercliango between the United .States and I'rovinees, the exports from Canada heinji' eonipcnsatcMl for in mv{ l>y th(^ iniporls into Can- ada, and are not [greater than the shipment IVoiu tlie United •States to the maritime provinees. The minister, in the eourse oi* his siteeeli, hesidc giving ns these partienhirs, makes several important suggestions. First — That Canada woukl l)e disposed to enlarge her eanals if slie eonld lie admitted to register her ship[)ing and partieipato in tlie eoasting trade. Tliat.the men wlio formerly h'd puldie opinion in England, and who tliought eolonies a burden, liad lost their inliiienee. That if wo jtut duties on Canadian i)roduets, they wouhl open trade with the maritime provinees, and send them flour and barley, and would fatten swine on their eoarsc grains, instead of our eorn ; that they eould change the character of their pro- ductions. He states, also, that Canada has been allowed by Great Britain to come in luider the new treaty with France, and is increasing its trade uilh the maritime provinces and foreign nations, from which they now import three and a quarter mil- lions dollars. Tliat our country could not sustain high duties on a variety of imjjorts without illicit trade, which might bo checked if Canada were friendly ; but if wc built a Chinese wall of restriction, if there was to be no intercourse, the United States must look after their own frontier. That if we did not send them corn and take barley, they could distill the latter ; that the returns of distillation might not cover all the s}iirit, so much was sent out of the country, -omo legally and some illegally, Tliat he and his colleagues thought smuggling might be checked by a friendly spirit and the selec- tion of certain articles on whicli duties might be assimilated, and they were ready to meet the commissioners of the United States in a friendly sjtirit and listen to their suggestions. In his very moderate return of imports from the United States, (814,820,557) he sets down corn and coarse grains, 81,800,000 ; meats, 887G,9G8 ; cheese, 830G,()18 ; wool, 8174,071 ; other pro- ducts of animals, 8814,599 ; fish, 8257,901, but gives no addi- tional items. Wo have, thus, from official sources, the position of Canada and the views of her Government, and it is apparent that she has slie BENEFITS OP TRKATY. 26 :n'chango rts iVoin ntt) Caii- i United c coiirso s several ci" canals irticipate has proppcrcd under the treaty. From 1851 to 1801 she lias increased lier miles of railway from twidvo to ninet(!en liundred; she has increased \vn' wheat and oat crops, \\va- wool, tlie value ol' her lo.estsand wealth more tlian we liave, although she is natnridly inU.'rior in climate, soil and position. Mhi! has, liy iier selecfe connnittee on commerce, appoinlcid in IS.jS, coneediMl that for sonu; years prior lo tin; Keeiprocity Treaty tlie jirain of tlio United !?tates was worth 25 p(>r cent, more than tlie yrain oi' Canada, and now in hoth countries the treaty has Jor ten years kept it at nearly tlie same level. She is disposed to build our sliips and take a large part of the eoasting trade, and as an inducement for such concession she may i)ossi- bly deepen her canals, to divert the trade of the West. Already has Canada made fi'ce ports on her coasts to the e.\tt;nt of one or two thousand miles on the shores of Lake Huron and the Gulf of St. LaA'rence, doubtless to tem})t our (ishermen and frontiersmen to evade our duties, and now we are told distinctly that we must expect illicit trade if we adopt a system of restric- tion. The Committee of Congress on Commerce, in their rejiort on Recijirocity, in February, 18(]2, well suggest that in admitting Canada to the commercial advantages she would enjoy if she were a State of the Union, we had a right to expect from her in return the same commercial privileges which each State of the Union confers upon the others ; we liavo given her all tlioso privileges exccjjt those she now desires, and which we hesitate to concede in consequence of her connection with a great empire, which declines to do us Justice. She has, with those conceded, achieved great success, and the question now arises, what recijv rocal privileges has she given us? — have they proved to be an equivalent for those we have conceded? The reports of Mr. Andrews and of the Committee on Commerce, to which we have referred, present many conclusive answers to this qiiestion. Ijcfore the treaty, JMr. Andrews, in his preliminary report — a document submitted by Mr. Corwin to our Senate — said, "• that it would be wise to ])lace the l)order trade between the United States and the Colonies on a ditTerent basis and under the influ- ence of a higher principle, so as to mature and perfect a com- plete system of nuitual exchanges between the dillerent nations of this vast continent." While the treaty was pending, Lord 2G INDUCEMENTS TO THE TREATY. filL'iii, tlin l»iitish miinstor at Washinp;ton, allcf?c(l that " Canada liacl always adoptinl the most lilx-ral ruiiuiKMrial policy Avith respect to the United States, as veil in reirard to the connncrco thi'onuh its canals as in regard to the; adniissiher- nicn, aiitl another extending for 1,000 miles from tlie Sault St. Mary, at the outlet of Lake Sii|(erior, along the chores of Huron and Superior, where our setth'rs and seanu'n engaged in the growing trans])ortation of (he lakes may he temiiletj to huy gooils and evade cnir dut" •<. If legitimate trade he the ohjeet of Canada, she should reuueo her duties, wlien they diminish revenue, and if lair reeiproeal trade; is desiriitl, should sIk; t(nui»t our mariners, miners and settlers to evade our tluties, and eoui- pel us to estaltlish ports and custom houses at great expense upon a long frontier ? If Grea't liritain maintains (Jihraltar to extend her trade ou the coast of Sjiain, must we have a (Jihraltar on our frontiers also ? Our committee complain of the change fnnu s[)ccinc to ad vafoniii duties on loreign goods, which are hased on prime c(jst in gold, if tlu'y come hy the St. Lawrence or hy the fJrand Trunk a British Railway, hut are assessed on cost, freight, and charges if not i)rices iu currency if they come via JJoston or New York. This the committee deem an evasion of the treaty. They comi)lain also of discriminating tolls on the "Wellaud Canal, hy which goods destined via Oswego and Ogdens- hurg for New York or IJoston pay tenf(jld the tolls recjuired on goods diverted from our ports to (Juei)ee or ^Montreal. They cite the reports of ^lessrs. Hatch & Taylor to our Treasury Departmout, iu which they favor the extension of free trade. They refer to the trade with the maritime Provinces under their system of low duties as more satisfactory than that of Canada, and come to the conclusion, at which the legislaturj of New York had previously arrived and set forth in their R" jIvcs now on fde at Washington, that " the legislation of Canada suhsc- quent to the treaty, was suhversivc of its true intent and mean- ing, and that an isolating and exclusive policy had heen adopted, intended to destroy the natural eflect of the treaty l)y heavy duties on the products the United States have to sell, and by discriminating duties and tolls imposed to exclude the United States from Canadian markets." Our Committee on Commerce conclude with a full recognition of the benefits which would 28 CANADIAN MINISTRY, y^ flow from 11 just treaty aiul oxteiKled system of frco trade between the United States and the Proviuees, by which reci- prociry W'uld be not merely a name but a substance on the whole frontier, and as a sul»stitute for the treaty reeonnnend the Zollverein, under which more than thirty-six millions of (ler- mans iVeely interchanjio their connnodities and divide foreign duties, while nearly as many Austrians are included luider a more limited system. The cniciiMit minister of finance, who is very naturally on the ali'rt when this treaty is discussed, reviews the action of our committee in a statement to the Canadian Parliament in ^March. 18G2. lie concedes most of the facts found by our conunilteo, but ('-.ideavors to weaken their force and sustain the treaty. lie urges that Canada, like the United States, was obliged to raise b.er duties, but ajjparently forgets that our rise did not affect the great exports of Canada. He eliii'j:s [o the letter without reuard to the spirit of the treaty shown in its preamble, and does not refer to the assur- ances given l)y ^Ir. Andrews, its chief author, and by the British minister ami the ofticers of Canada, when the treaty was pending. It is fresh in my memory that when invited to favor the treaty I declined to do so, because the prograimue of the treaty did not expressly authoriz(; us to buy the stajdes of Canada with the products of New England, but it 's now ap])arent tiiat this was a dangerous omission and that Canada has not reilecmed her pledges. The minister of Ihiance urges that Canadian duties are not as high as our own, but a duty of 20 or 2-") per cent, is too high if it excludes our manufactures. The duty on our clocks at Liverpool and on our drilN at Calcutta were not higher, but they were just high enough to cllect the purjjose of Great Jjritain, the exclusion of the fabrics of the United States. The minister urges that the free ports of Caspe and Sault St. Mary are to encourage the settlers; but the few settlers on these desert coasts require no such stimulus, and Canada in establish- ing them pays no respect to the great maxim of the law — Sic uterc tiio 111 alicnuin non hcdas — while benefiting by a treaty whose express object was to make the trade beneficial to both parties. lie admits that the discriminating tolls and duties have been imposed and claims the right to impose them. Uc IMPORTATIONS BY THE ST. LAWRENCE. 29 owns his object to be to promote the direct trade by the St. LawrcMico by such mcasiuvs, and avers that he has done so. lie conceives this to l^e a huidabh) object and submits a talile to show Iiow hvrgc a proportion of tlie imi)ortations of Canada, many of which formerly came through the tStates, now come via the St. Lawrence. EXTHACT FKOM THE TaULK OF THE MlNISTEH OF FINANCE. Importation of Leading Articles into Canada in 18G1. Wliole am't linpnrtctl into the I'roviiicc. Proportion Imported via tlic St. Lawrence. Cotton -ioods, .... $5,G90,000 • !?5,123,07G Earthen and glass ware, G18,89G 427,703 Fancy goods, .... 328,391 215,419 Iron and hardware, 2,851,01-1 1,943,398 Silks, ?atins and velvets, 921,152 875,195 Woollens, 4,271,270 4,003,077 Total, 814,081,500 §12,017,928 The minister of finance thus demonstrates that eighty-six per cent, of this merclumdise enters Canada via the gates of the St. Lawrence, leaving but fourteen per cent, for New Yoik, IJoston, and for American vessels, canal boats and railways. It is his province to conciliate Montreal and Quebec and propitiate Great Britain. His duties arc arduous and conflicting. For the seaports of Canada he must attract the breadstulTs of the West, to give freights to iheir shipping and commissions to their merchants ; ibr them he must seek outlets to France, the maritime Prov- inces, Brazil and West Lidics. With respect to Creat Britain, whose subjects have little respeci, for custom-houses or '.lock- ades, he can present free ports on great highways and duties dis- crimi'iating in their favor. To satisfy the Upper Province and to give value to forests and agriculture, he nuist conuuand the home market of the Ujiited States. If we will give him the coasting tra Ic, he will accpcu the canals and take the direct trade also 11 80 COASTING TRADE. IIo will acconiplisli three objeets if lie can secure the coasting trade, and the direct trade and tiie home market l>y a single Mow, Itut till! loaslintj; trade is not to be conceded .and avc must comi)oti; lor tlio direct trade also. In his statement to Parlia- ment he ])rotests auainst a Zollverein Avhich would sever Canada from Great Jiritain and cut oil' her imimrts from tlic IJritish Isles. He expresses a disposition to enlarge the frci; list, by adding books, imi)lements, wooden ware and machineiy, and would extend the system of free trade if such measures lM'eon)0 necessary to ])reserve the trt-aty. He is ready to negotiate for its preservation, for he has nuich to lose, while there is n-asou to apprehend that we may struggle to revive our connncree and may ask eciuivalents for the future in a new uegotiatin;i. We have thus examined the progress, ccjuuneree and policy of Canada, and find that she lias grown rapidly in tralc. wealth and population, that her annual conuntu'ce with us is Courfold its auKuuit before the treaty ; that she has not thus far redeemed the pledges given for her liy Lord Elgin, the IJritish minister, to favm* our jiroductions, but has cheeked their inijioitation without lienelit to lu-r own, for she; still devoti's herself ehielly to her forests and agriculture, canals and railways ; she has diverted some trade to the St. Lawrence, and established some free jiorts, and expanded ln'r whole conunerce to 8(S7,000,()U0 in I81J0, of whieh N.")().()0O,()U() are with the United States. We lind that her exports of />r(;r///ff to us exceed her imports, that somi! shares and probaltly some bonds liavt; flowed into Canada while a counter current has llowed into the States from the maritinu! Provinces. J>ut if the treaty has lieen a boon to Canada have we not also derived some benefits from a conunerce of fifty millions, three- fifths of whieh consist of articles of food and materials for manufacture ? Are wc not led to the conclusion that the treaty has brought to us S(mie b!(\98 00 1850, . 7,510,900 00 3,222,224 00 10.742,133 00 1857, . . 0,011,405 00 3,832,402 00 10,743,807 00 1858, . 5,975,494 00 4,224,918 00 10,200,442 00 1859, . 8,329,900 00 5,518,831 00 13,818,791 00 18G0, . 7,502,830 00 4,089,708 00 12,392,547 00 1801, . 7,1:53,734 00 \ 4,117,470 00 11,551,210 00 1802, . 7,309,905 00 4,040,813 00 11,410,748 00 18G:J, . 10,198,505 00 5,207,421 00 15,405,920 00 1804, . 12,323,718 GO 7,047,897 00 20,270,015 00 At least ten per cent, should be added to these imports, as tho Provincial manifests usiudly underrate tho amount of ship- ments from the Provinces, to that extent. NOVA SCOTIA COMMiiP.CE. 33 The touimgo of the vessels in the trade with these Provinces arriving; in the United States and clearing therefrom, in the year 1804, exhibits an anionnt of more than l,t!00,000 tons, and their commerce with the United States during that year, as shown hy exports and imports, was two-fifths of the amount of our average trade with Canada, while their po])ulation already given is less than one-third that of Canada. The vessels owned hy these Provinces exceed five hundred and fifty thousand tons. Were these vessels to he withdrawn from the British marine and added to our own, we should resume our maritime suprenr.iey, notwithstanding the reduction of more than a million of tons, by sales and losses, by the depredations of the Alabama, Sea King and other cruisers. The extensive coasts, navigation and fisheries of these Colonies, make their inhabitants familiar with the sea and they can furnish at least 30,000 seamen. Wc have considered them in the aggregate, but let us now glance at them in detail and examine their revenue and commerce. Nova Scotia. This Province, within one day's nni of Boston, with its capital, Halifax, a great naval station, with the coal mines of Capo Breton annexed, and prosperous, to say nothing of recently discovered gold mines, is the most important of these maritime Provinces. In 1802, Its tonnage was .... 277,708 tons. Imports, 88,450,042 00 Exports, 5,646,401 00 Revenue, 730,000 00 Its seamen employed in the fisheries, were in 1801, 14,522, which is four per cent, of its entire population of 330,857. The growth of its population from 1851 to 18(51, has been The progress of its fisheries has been as follows : Veuels. Boats. Hen. 1851, 812 5,101 10,394 1801, 900 8,810 14,322 Increa jC of men, 38 per cent. 88 3,655 3,928 .,.(,. 84 FISHERIES. ' I ^'l' The fislj tukcii ill its fislicrios, were — 111 I80I, mackerel, 100,047 bbls. ; herring, 15P,,200 bbls. 1801, " 00,108 " " 194,170 " Tlie vessels l)uilt in this Province, were, in 18.58, 10,800 tons. 1861, 2:5,034 " Our merchants who are engaged in the trade with Nova Scotia, and other British Provinces, complain of tlie charges for lights and pilotage, and represent that owing to the standard of measurement adopted in the Provinces, our vessels, in propor- tion to their capacity, are exjiectcd to pay more than the Provin- cial vessels; that the packets and other small vessels, wliieli run frequently from New England and New York to Provincial ports, retpiire no pilots, l)iit are oltliged to pay lor them. And that each of our vessels is reijuired to pay light dues for a year in the Provincial ports, although it may make but u single voyage. In our ports, no charge for lights is exacted, and it is just that this be reciprocated, and that no charge bo made for ])ilot- age to regular i)ackets, and no charge for anchorage or trans- shipment to our fishermen. A portion of the shipitiiig of Nova Scotia, is held by citizens of the Provinces, on American account, under the British flag, and intelligent merchants compute that one-seventh of the tonnage of the Provinces, is thus held for our countrymen. It is not imi)robable that several hundred thousand tons of United States sliii)i)ing, have, during the war been registered in Great Britain and her Colonies, to reduce insurance, in addition to all that have been sold, and I would resi)ectfully suggest to the Deiiartment, the policy of'pa^sing a special Act, allowing vessels that have l)eeii thus registered, to be registered again in the ports of the United States, u|>()ii paying a moderate duty, to be apjjlied to the benefit of the orphans and widows of tliose who defended our flag. This would do no injustice to our ship-l)uilders, and would take from the roll of England and restore to our own, a part of the ton- nage of which her cruisers have deprived our nation. Would it be well to exclude such vessels and com])el the owners to sell at low rates to the English , or risk their property? NEW BRUNSWICK. 35 The average of duties in Nova Scotia is not far from 10 per cent. The coal mines of Xova Scotia now produce ahout half a million of tons annually. Two at Pictou and Sydney are held hy an l']n_t one from Bangor, one of the two links that remain to complete the chain from Halifax to Kansas and Texas. The; Province has agreed to advance 810,000 a mile to aid this line as it passes through New Brunswick. It has also a mine of albcrtine, rich in mineral oil, which yields annually 15,000 to 20,000 tons and niturns very large profits. This is held liy our citizens. ♦ Letter of E. Allison, Esq., Nov. 16, 1865. 86 PRINCE EDWARDS ISLAND AND NEWFOUNDLAND. ' s and ice currents of the north. Hero cod ahound in water .'JO to 50 fathoms deep, on a holtom uhonndini^ in slu.'llllsh and fre(piented hy small lish in jrreat ahnndanci!. Cod are taken from hoats near tlie shore, and herrings, early in tius year ar(> taken in vast numhers in seines. and many vessels load with them as liait for our lisliernien. In 1802 the Imports were .... §4,02S,()(J(J (J() Ex|)orts, 4,G8-1,0U(J 00 Tonnajiie, 87,000 Revenue, $4.")2,000 00 Population, .... 122,038 As early as 1517, 50 sail of vessels fished on the banks. Duties 10 per cent. Vanx'ouver's Island. Tliis large and fertile island, with a soil and climatt; resem- bling that of Ireland, is situated opjiositc IJritisli Columl)ia. It has become the chief naval station of England on tlie Pacific coast, and occupies a position on that coast with reference to California, liki; that Nova Scotia holds on the Atlantic, with reference to the States of New England. Its chief city is Vic- toria, near the spacious harlwr of Escpiimault, and the principal imports from IJritish Columbia, and the exports of its gold, arc made from this city. In lUu-clay Sound, a London firm manufjicturcs annually, 20 million feet of timber ; autl in I80o, 22,000 tons of coal were sent to California from valuable coal mines of Nanaimo. In 180.3, the exports from Victoria to our States on the Pacific, were Imports — From our Pacific States, England, Sandwich Islands, ..... other places on Pacific Ocean, . 82,935,170 IG 82,230,501 00 1,432,521 00 113,480 00 101,294 00 Tonnage entered and cleared, . 12 J,877,802 00 . 93,132 88 DRITISII COLUMDIA AND HIIITISII FISHERIES. British Columiua. The chief sottk'iiKMits and mines of this territory are in tho vicinity of Frazcr's River. For cliniate ami s(jil it (dni])arcs favoralily witli Se()thin(l,an(l with resjieet to lislieries, th(j rivers and outlets sM|(]ily a'nnidaiu'e (jf salmon. Its riivemu', drawn principally from mines, annually exce;)ds half a million ol' dollars. Tni: UniTisu I'lfoviNfi.vL Fishkriks. It is imj)()rtant for oar g'overnmiMit, when adjusting a treaty which h(>ars on our iisheries, to h-arn what encoura.u'ement is given liy other nations to their fisheries iu the sanr.5 waters. (Jreat Ih'itain for many years paid large hounties to'her (isher- men, hut of late years has sulistitutcd for them what is more heneficial, — a system of liglit thities. The colonists of ("Jreat Britain enjoy great natural advantages. The fish are u[)on their coasts. Without loss of time or long voyages, like those mado hy the mariners of France and the United States, they can pursue their avocations upon their farms ; and when wind, weather and fish invite, (.'an launch their small hoats from tho shore, and retui'n weelcly and »jften daily to their families, and dry or jtack their lish upon their own land. (Jreat ]]rilain has cstal)lished ports for free trade ui)ou their coasts, and duties less than one-fourth of those wo have heen compelled to impose. Remissions, low duties and natural advantages confer henefits ou the Provincial of twice the amount of the hounty of *^4: per ton which tho United States grant to our fisheries to oducato mariners. The hest ostinuite of the i)rodiict of these Provincial fisheries which 1 find accessible, is the rejjort of Arthur Harvey Esq., statistical (derk in the finance department, Quebec. It is based \i\)on the census taldes of the several Provinces for 1800 and 1801. Vd/ue of Fish caught, 1800. Newfoundland (principally cod,) Nova Scotia (cod, mackerel, herring,) New Brunswick (cod, mackerel, herring, ale- wives and hake,) ...... 888,080 00 Prince Edwards Island (cod, herring, mackerel,) 272,o3:2 00 Canada estimate, 700,000 00 84,440,000 00 2,002,000 00 $8,302,917 00 FRENCH FISHERIES. 09 These fisliorios an; jrnvdiially incroasing;. The duty on moht articles used in this fishery is but one per cent. Tin: FuKNcii FisiiKiUKK. Frauec, two eMitiirics sine;', hidil Acadia, ami controlled \c\v- louudlaml. Ilcr ^'i-i'iit olijcct was to sccui-i! tin; tislu'i'lcs, which she considered a nursery of seanuni, and essential to her jtower. To insure tln-ir safely she, exjunided livi; millions of dollars upon Louishuru; ; and her (isheries more than a century since were estimated to produce one million (piintals annually. On the -0th I' Decemher, 1S')0, wIkmi the law whieli ^'ranted bounties t<5 the sea fisheries was expiriuii", the French Ministers of Marine and Colonies submit l-^l a report to the National Assembly, in which they uave th ; statistics of the ei)d-(i>hery, and stated that the averaj;e number of seamen enj^ajrcsd in them from 1841 to IHoO was 11,000, and the average bounty i)aid annually was 8TS0,000, or :],!i()0,<)00 francs, e(iuivalent to '"^•'"iVo ^^^' *^'^^^^ seaman ; and that France trains up in this manner able and hardy seamen for h<'r navy, who would cost the natiou nuieh more if they were trained to the sea on ships of war. Their statemeuts, ai'companicsd by a draft of a law t(» reninv the bounties, were referred to a couuuission ; and its chairman, May 3, I.Sol, made a report in which he states that tlu^ commis- sion had examined delegates fnmi all tlu; ports engaged in the fisheries, with the papers of a former commission, and those of the Council of State ; and, in coneurrenci! with the Directors of the Customs and the Ministcu's of Marine and Commerce, reports: '-That the intervention of thi! State in the form of aids and bounties can Ije justilied only Iiy considerations of general and puitlic interest;" that such imlustiial employments as can prosper at the expense of the pulilic treasury only should not exist' that although the industry exerted in the fisheries and the commercial activity that resulted from it gave employment to a large class of peojile, this was a secondary consideration ; that the encouragement given to the great lishcries was not an exclusive protet'tion or favor to any one form of industry ; that the law they had the honor to jiropose was not a commercial but a maritime law, conceived for the advancement of the naval power of the State ; that France, situate on thrco of the most «| IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) V. // {/ A A' ^? '^' ///// &? w- (./.. 1.0 lif I.I 1.25 M 2.2 1.8 1-4 IIIIII.6 V] <^ /i 7: y /A &s> 40 FRENCH BOUNTIES. !.. ii- important seas of Europe, must continue a maritime power ; that treaties which had become inevitable had robbed her of her colonies ; that coal belongs to the English, and cotton to the Americans ; and the shipments of sugar were growing less and less. The great fisheries still remain ; on them repose our hopes ; and to preserve them wo must continue the encouragement we have given them, even at periods when commercial and colonial prosperity infinitely superior to that now existing nmltiplicd our sljipping and furnished abundance of seamen. That the fisher- ies gave employment to a great number of men, whom a labori- ous navigation, luider climates of extreme rigor, rapidly formed to the profession of the sea. No school can compare with it in preparing so many and so well for the services of the navy. Tliat if the bounties on exportations were stopped, an insignificant number of vessels would be equipped ; that the annual returns averaged forty- four millions kilogrammes of dry fish (or one million quintals,) of which three-eights were exported under bounties " on expor- tation." The law continues the bounty of 50 francs, or ilO per man, engaged in the deep sea fisheries and establishes a bounty of 20 francs or ^-i for each French quhital of 221 lbs. avoirdu- pois exported to America. This is equal to $2 per cwt. The official tables annexed to this report, give the average number of tons of the vessels of French fishermen employed from 1842 to 1847. Tons. On the coast of Newfoundland, .... 21,195 At St. Pierre and Miquelon, 657 At Grand Banks, . ' 5,816 At Grand Banks without drying, .... 13,703 At Iceland, 7,794 Total, 49,165 Average from 1835 to 1839, 53,456 Number of vessels 1st period, 416 ; 2nd period, 389. Since the passage of this law, the French fisheries have materially improved. Larger and superior vessels are i:oed, OUR FISHERIES. 41 fivcraging 157 tons, or twico tlio size of our vessels. They carry 20 ir":i eacli. France had in these fisheries, 111 1858, 492 vessels ; 77,150 tons ; 15,280 men. During this year she paid in bounties, $735,000 equal to ^0\ for each ton in the trade, while our rate was but 81 per ton. The product of hor fisheries was 83,500,000, and she exported in that year to die United States 41,151 quintals. The French Dictionary of Commerce published at Paris three years since, remarks that " the Americans cannot continue their fisheries against the English, and against tlic Frencli aided by a bounty, without a bounty also." Tlic increase in the French fisheries since 1851 has averaged 8 per cent, per annum. TiFE United States Fisheries. The importance of these fisheries has not been appreciated by the Middle and Western States, although they have rendered such important aid to our nation, both in the wars of 177G and 1812, and more recently from 18G1 to 18G5, by men trained amid ice and fogs of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and upon boisterous seas to naval service. I have adverted to the services of these trained seamen in former wars, but many of them have in the last four years evinced their ability and endurance by maintaining for years, through storm and sunshine, summer and winter, days and nights, a blockade of 3,000 miles of coast, that Great Dritaiii considered impossible, and by the capture of 1,500 prizes. At Port Royal with wooden walls alone, they assailed and captured strong and well armed fortresses. At New Orleans they pushed aside the fire-rafts, and with their ships festooned with chain cables, assailed successfully both forts and iron-clads. They were among those who run the gauntlet of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, and opened the Cumberland and rrennessce Rivers, and manned the decks at Mobile, when Farragut, who fought with them in 1812 on the Essex, lashed himself to the mast. The history of the past teaches us their value in the future. The American fisheries are not only the chief nurseries for the '■•■■•H ■'- l: '•'-: M 42 AMERICAN TONNAGE. mariners and potty ofiiccrs of our navy, but tlicy are the scliools from which spring the most able and enterprising mates, cap- tains and mcrcliants who conduct the foreign commerce of the nation, Tlie deep sea fisheries of the United States, at the present moment, altliough opjirc-sed by heavy duties; although deprived of a part of the home market, — are still alive, and their returns for iSi),') exclusive of the whale fishery, are more than tlio whole returns of the British North American fisheries. Tlie tonnage engaged in the United States fisheries has been as follows : — I) ATE. Tons in tho Cod Fishery. In tho JIackcrc) Kislierv. Aggregate. 18G2, 122,803 80,590 203,459 18G3, ..... 117,290 51,010 108,309 1804, 103,742 55,494 159,230 The return of fish and oil from this tonnage for 18G2 con- siderably exceeded fourteen million dollars — drawn from the rich pastures of the deep. AVe l.\a,ve not exact returns of the fish or oil landed on our shores, for these arc not recorded in our official reports ; but we have proof that in 18G2 and down to the i)rosent hour the trade has paid fair profits beyond outfits, repairs, insurance and other disbursements, and tliat these average more than 8H0 per ton for the vessels and boats in service, or more than $13,000,000. The aggregate produce of tho French, British and United States fisheries on the coasts of America at this time, must 3xceed 825,000,000, of which, about one-half belongs to the United States, and our proportion of the men in the service, averages at least 25,000. Our conclusions are drawn alike from the tonnage employed, the men required to navigate it, and tho necessary expense of sailing tho vessels, and from evidence taken.*" The progress of the American fisheries, down to iSol, * During the present season many Beverly fishermen have averaged more than 124 quintals of dry fish to the ton, caught in less than G months. The ircscnt value of such fish exceeds $8 the quintal. PROCEEDS AND VALUE OF FISHERIES. 43 is well rccouiited by W. A. Wellniau. Esq., lato Assistant Col- lector of Boston, in Senate Document, No. 112, for 1852, to wliicli I refer. The Treaty of 1780 expressly stipulated that the people of the United States shall continue to enjoy unniulcst(!d the right to take fish of every kind on tlic banks and on the coasts, and on the bays, harbors and creeks of the British doniinloiis in America, and under its provisions the fisheries were revived and rajudly increased. A bounty was allowed on the exportation of fish as a draw- back of the duty on salt which subsequently took the form of the [)resent allowance. Until t]m embargo of 1808 fell with crushing weight upon the industry of the North, the fisheries grew rapidly. During the embargo and the war, when bounties were dis- continued, the export declined to less than 8100,000 in 1814. But the navy was manned and cnaVdcd to cope successfully with the frigates of England. Tlic Treaty of 1814 was silent as to the fisheries and we resumed our original rights, and the bounties were renewed, but our commissioners in 1818 having imprudently renounced our right to fish within three miles of the shores, harbors and bays of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island, and the Imperial Government having subsequently undertaken to draw a line from headland to headland and exclude us from tho bays of Chaleurs, Fundy and the Strait of Canso, and to seize and con- fiscate our vessels, our fisheries, which had gradually progressed and reached 145,000 tons, again receded and became nearly stationary from 1838, until negotiations for a treaty were com- menced in 1851. The tonnage then began to improve, and continued progres- sive uutil 1862, as appears by the followhig table : — 1851," 1852, 1853, 1854, 1C55, Tonnage of the United States Fisheries. 129,000 175,000 169,000 137,000 125,000 133,000 185T, 1860, 1861, 1862, 18bi, 1864, 147,000 163,000 181,000 203,000 168,000 150,000 ' !■'■ :.# -■,■'. -i'l 44 TONNAGE. :''^ The trade culminates with the return of 203,000 tons- It has been reduced by the high duty on nalt and outfits. But aided by the higli prices of the present year and increased demand it is recovering, and will, if i)ropcrly sustained by Government and freed from oi)pressivc taxes, probal^ly again become pro- gressive. It suffers for the moment a temporary check from the duties on salt consumed, which have been as follows, by official returns : DATE. Duties on Salt Consumed In the Unltcil States, chiefly In the Fisheries. Remissions of Duties tenncil Bounties. Seamen In Fisheries. 1859, §100,905 00 §420,962 00 21,758 18G0, 210,331 00 458,394 00 22,611 18G1, 194,300 00 407,834 00 20,575 1862, 418,084 00 429,550 00 28,048 1803, 1,211,997 00 350,135 00 23,222 1864, 887,003 00 352,854 00 21,925. The salt consumed by the fishermen is at least 1,400 pounds per ton, and ranges from 8600,000 to 8700,000 yearly. The lisheries break in at least 5,000 new seamen annually. The number of vessels in the fisheries has ranged, since 1850, from 2,414 to 3,815 in 1862, beside boats in the shore fisheries. Six hundred sail of these -essels have in a single season fished for mackerel in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Bay of Chaleurs, and taken fish to the amount of 84,500,000.* f The change of measurement reduces the amount of tonnage in the fisheries, as most of the new vessels are clipper built, and can make the run from Boston or Gloucester in three or four days to the Strait of Canso ; but its effect is not to reduce their capacity to carry, but capacity to draw bounties, and as the bounty is not well imderstood, I would respectfully suggest the change of its name to what it truly is, a partial drawback of • * Sec Appendix., page 84. rt Nearly one-fourth of our fishing fleet, with a tonnage of 40,000 to 50,000 tons, worth f 5,000,000 to $7,000,000 annually, fish near the three mile lino of the Provinces. ~" / ROUTINE OP FISHERMEN. 45 duties on salt and outfits, to vessels engaged in the deep sea fisheries. This will save valuable time and prevent misapprelieusion. Let lis glance for a moment at the routine of tlie fisherman. In January ho repairs his vessel. In February the fleet sail for George's Banks, where in a deep and turbulent sea they fish for cod and halibut, while a i)art run to the banks and shores of Newfoundland. In May, t\ie mackerel strike the coast at Capo Henry, and the fleet divides — some vessels seek the fish off the Capes of the Delaware ; some run through the Strait of Canso to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, where they fish for cod until the last of Juno, when many of them pursue the mackerel until the approach of winters, along the shores of Canada, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edwards Island. In November they steer towards home, while a i)ortion have fished for cod on the banks and coast of Labrador, and a portion have found the mackerel on the coasts of Maine and Massachusetts. By December the fleet returns, the fishermen pack and divide the spoil, take a brief respite, and then prepare for the resumption of their perilous voyages. In 1851 more than 100 vessels were driven ashore in a gale, and 300 lives lost, on the coasts of Prince Edwards Island ; the fleet faced the storm rather than risk detention in port for an infraction of the treaty. In 1852, says the " Gloucester Telegraph," the mackerel taken fall short one-half from the supply of the previous year, because the vessels were obliged to keep further from the shore, and were prohibited from fishing in the Bay of Chaleurs, where full fares would have been obtained. Many vessels pursue the cod for four or five months, to secure the bounty, and then return or follow the mackerel, and by combining both make the season profitable. All consider the perpetuation of their ancient rights -to the shore fislieries as of the highest importance. The people of Prince Edwards Island, where the best fish abound, do not object to the fisheries. Their season for agriculture is so brief and time so valuable when the fish strike their coast, that they cheerfully resign the fish to their visitors, and are happy to sell them milk, butter, vege- tables and poultry. In the winter they devote themselves to ship-building. 13 s- ;f>l';' 46 WHAT IS TO BE DONE .1 '■■' ti' '' ■ f!i Franco gives a bounty to licr fisheries, to sustain her naval power. Nature gives a bounty to the Provinces, in tlieir proximity to tlie fishing grounds. The jwlicy of Enghmd cooperates witli nature, l)y remitting duties on all the fisheries require. This the French term pro- tection. This is better than bounties. And wo, who have both distance and adverse influeiujcs to counteract, impose duties on hull, rigging and sails, on chains, cables and anchors, on seines, lines and fish-hooks, on tea, sugar and colTee, on nearly everything the seaman eats, drinks or wears. Wiien these, too, were at the highest, wo have, by change ol" measure- ment, reduced one-fourth the drawback avc have given for the last fifty years, in the shape of a bounty or allowance of four dollars per ton, and while we diminish it to one-fourth the rate paid by France, and import her dry fish at a duty of fifty cents per (piintal, after they have drawn a bounty of fourfold that amount, we continue a tax of eighteen cents per 100 pounds, or more than 200 per cent, on prime cost of salt, a most 0})pressivc burden on our fisheries. When Avc consider what the fisheries have done for our com- merce and our country, and reflect how cheap and useful is the food they furnish, indispensable on certain days to Roman Catholics, and renovating to all, as Agassiz states, from the phosphorus it contains ; when we reflect, too, upon the great market the fisheries furnish for the beef, pork and flour of the West, the question may well arise, — does the nation deal fairly or wisely with its fisheries? They consume at least 75,000 barrels of beef, pork and flour, annually, according to the computations of the fishermen, while the wives and children of those fishermen, doubtless, consume a much larger amount. Whether we ti'eat or not, the duties on salt and necessaries should be remitted, and the fishermen protected. We have tluis taken a brief but comprehensive glance at the inland commerce with Canada, the trade with the maritime Provinces and the fisheries; and the question recurs, What is to be done ? Arc we to go back, with contiguous and growing Provinces, more populous than the United States in 1783, to a system of retaliation and restricted commerce, to ports closed as they were before 1830, except during the embargo, when Eng- , ■* BOUNTIES. 47 on ■ '.5 lanci opened them ? — are we to come to blows with her for rights won by the sword in the war ol' the llcvohition, which improvident commissioners liavc impaired or put in jeopardy, or shall wc make a treaty ? AVe nuist either risk onr mackerel fisliory, treat, or annex tlic Provinces. We may not be ready for the latter, and can oft'er more indncemcnts and attractions at a future day, but wc are in a strong position to negotiate. Shall wc try negotiation or duties restrictive of commerce ? Lord North tried restriction and coercion, and they cost him the Colonics. Let us pursue a different policy. Let us treat the Provinces as friends and patrons, as valuable customers, and if they join us let them come as friends ; we desire no unwilling associates. Thus far the Provinces, and more especially Canada, have found reciprocity teeming with benefits. It is to them eminently beneficial ; without it their agriculture and commerce must lan- guish, and their lumber, coal, fish, canals and railways probably decline in value. Wc can properly demand, and it seems to mc they must and will grant terms that will satisfy our country. It would be most unwise for Great Britain, with 83,000,000,000 annually afloat, on foreign voyages and in her coastwise com- merce, to risk a collision with our fishermen, and the war to which it would in all probability lead, in the present state of public feeling in this country.* Navigation of the St. Lawrence and Ship Canals to the Sea. There is another subject in Avhich the West takes a deep interest, which w^as discussed at length before the convention at Detroit, and should command the attention of the com- missioners who negotiate a treaty. In the language of the Resolution adopted unanimously by the Boards of Trade and commercial representatives of New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Chicago, Cincinnati, Detroit, and fifteen other large cities, " the treaty should include the free navigation of the St. Lawrence and other rivers of British North America, with such improvements of the rivers and enlargement of the canals as ♦ Will it be the policy of Great Britain to allow 38 millions of our people inured to war, to contrast much longer her apathy in the case of the Alabama with her alacrity in the case of the Fenians and Jamaica negroes i '■ ■ ■<' ':L- ,- shall render tlioiu adequate for tlio requirements of the West in communicating with the ocean." Tlie "West, with its soil of exhaustless fertility, stimulated by tlie jn'ogress of art, finds all its outlets insuihcient and its gran- aries overflowing. The enlarged canals of New York, the railways of our great seaports, prove inadequate. It requires Lake St. Clair to be deepened and ship canals to bo constructed for large steamers, to enable it to send its freight •without breaking bulk, both to the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. In the discussion at Detroit the Provincials urged the import- ance of a direct route to Liverpool to a market, which in ordi- nary years absorbs breadstufis to the amoinit of £26,000,000, and to a country ready with low duties to send any quantity of manufactures in exchange. Other gentlemen proposed to send flour and provisions by this route to the West Indies and South America, and receive back sugar and coffee in return. New York and Canada both favored the opening of a ship canal from the St. Lawrence into Lake Champlain; other States urged the importance of lines from Green Ijay or Lake Superior to the Mississippi and the enlargement of the canal from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi. The United States and the Provinces are alike interested in these measures, and it is respectfully suggested that they should be embraced in the treaty. At the present time the Erie Canal admits no vessels exceed- ing two hundred and twenty-four tons, the St. Lawrence Canals, with small locks and ten feet water, are restricted to three hun- dred tons, while the Welland admits vessels of four hundred tons, drawing nine feet only. The West, through Mr. Joy, of Detroit, asks for a depth and width sufficient for vessels of one thousand five hundred tons, of sufficient draft to navigate the ocean safely, and for such vessels twelve font will be required. Through the six months of sum- mer and tuitumn the run from Montreal can l^e made to Liver- pool with dispatch — the distance is less than the distance from New York. It would be reasonable to ask Great Britain to perfect that por- tion of the route which lies between Lake Ontario and Montreal. She ought also to be called upon to aid in deepening Lake St. J m 1 tc fil di to in ra til w S( ; vc m be cr fr W tb G ai ai C '- ¥ CANALS. 49 i A :i I % 1 i Clair, for it will benefit the commcrco of both countrios, She has proposed to make a ship canal from Lachine to Lake Cham- plain, which may be effected for three to fonr millions, and carry large vessel? laden with the cereals and lumber of the West to Burlington and Whitehall ; and such a step would induce New York to enlarge her Champlain Canal, and thus carry largo steamers to the deep waters of the Hudson. While these steps are approi)riato for Canada, the United States might stipulate to aid in deepening St. Clair, in enlarg- ing the Michigan Canal, and to build a ship canal on her own territory around the Falls of Niagara with a depth of twelve to fifteen feet and a capacity for vessels of one thousand five hun- dred tons. They could anmially apply two or three millions to these great objects of national, and more than national importance, and in a few years -they would be accomplished. The St. LawTcncc route would relieve the existing canals and railways, and the route by Lake Champlain would compete for the direct trade to Europe and suj)ply our Eastern seaports, while the Michigan Canals would attract the commerce of the South and the West Lidies. It is proper also to remark that a very valuable suggestion as to these public works has been made by one of the ministers of Canada. It is that they should bo made neutral in case of war, and that all vessels and prop- erty of both nations passing through the same shall Ijc exempt from seizure. Provision would thus be made both for the Provinces, the West, the South and the East, and the great home market of the East is not to bo forgotten. The Provincials, when presenting to the West the market of Great Britain for breadstuffs, urged as an argument for a cheap and direct route that we should meet there some competitors, and the following table was submitted by G. H. Perry, C. E., of Canada West; viz. : — Percentage of breadstuffs imported into Great Britain from, — Russia, 19J- per cent. Prussia, ...... Mcchlenburg, .... * Hanse Towns, .... France, ...... 31} 8 4 (( ^ (( ':a- 60 SOUTIIKRN OUTLET FOR ST. LAWRENCR. •>* per (( n (( 111 u 2} l>( Turkey, . I'^gypt, • United States, Denmark, Other countries, These prove his case, but he omitted to state that while wo shouhl divide the profits with otliers abroad, and find prices less than in former days, there was a home market in our Eastern and Central States v.'hcre 8i',000,000,000 of domestic manufac- tures were exchanged for the products of agriculture, to which easy access might be had by the placid, clear and safe naviga- tion of Lake Champlain, and the railways that radir'o from Oswego and Ogdensburg, Luke Champlain and the l^udson. With these improvements made, all the Provinces and the States would be interested in the completion of the Northern Railway from Lake Superior and the Mississippi across the Red River of the North to the Pacific, and the growth of the "West would still give a large trafiic to the canals of New York. The propellers on their way down the lakes would rarely take fuel for more than two or three days' consumption, and on their arrival at the ports of Montreal or New York would land there portions or the whole of their cargoes for distribu- tion, and replace them with coal for a fortnight's steaming and freight to Europe. Let lis give the St. Lawrence a Southern outlet.* In case the old treaty expires, there arc those who desire to place heavy duties on the exports of Canada. They urge that she gave her sympathies to our foes and allowed them to organize and assail us across the frontier. That nature has interposed our country between Canada and the sea. That we should avail oiirselves of our position and draw a revenue from her commerce. That her natural market was our home market, that her Provinces were nearer to the seats of our commerce and manufactures, than our Western States. That her lands, forests and mines depended for their value in our markets. That we had inciirred debts to preserve the latter, and if Canada is to use them she should, like our States, contribute to the cost. * See Appendix, page 83. ' DUTIES. 61 That kIio could easily do so, as slio had access across the lakes to our canals aud railways, and that under our treaty her animals and coarse f^rains were worth more at Kingston or Toronto, than ours at the West. Tiiat the nations of tlie old world coin their natural advantages into money. That Russia, France, Holland and Great JJritain in her East India i)ossessions, imi)0sc duties on the exports that they monopolize, and exact tril)ute from other countries. Hut may it not be urged that some allowance is to bts made for Colonics lilce Canada struggling to reach the octian, to break the icy fetters that bind them half the year, anxious to obtain favor from. England and rival the im])rovements of the great Republic on their borders, and to meet the interest of a debt wliich seemed to us immense before we had contracted our own ? And may \vc not ascribe the tone of the frontiers to the emissaries of secession and the leaders of the London press ? Would it be wise to incur the ill will of a Province whose frontier for three thousand miles borders on our own ? Would it be politic to stimulate illicit trade at a time when wo require high duties to meet our engagements ? Again, let me ask, is it desirable for us to have a Province on our borders with property depreciated and trade languishing — and should we not participate in its prosperity, if we give life to its connncrce — or should we divert business from our canals and railways to a new and circuitous route across New Bruns- wick ? And if New England and New York lie between Canada and the sea, does not Canada lie between us and some of the States of the West ? If the revenue of Canada now enables her to recede from her duties on our products ; if she sec3 that they give no commensurate benefit ; if she has inexhaustible forests and fields on our borders ; if under the guidance of England vslie has not yet learned to manufacture largely and is willing to exchange her staples for the products of a country like ours, more advanced in the arts ; if our manufactures bid fair soon to overtake our agriculture, — may we not profit by a fair ex- change and may we not forget the errors of the past and welcome the friendship of the future. It is doubtless desirable for Canada to reach our home market and to gain a direct route, summer ■ ' IH VI>PP> wn 62 CANADIAN EXPORTS. ",5'K and winter, to the sea, but she has open to her half the year the route of the St. Lawrence, connected by a series of canals and railways, with tlio lakes. And is it our policy to turn all her trade tha*^i way, or through the wilds of New Brunswick? These are important questions. Canada sends to us under the treaty many animals. Among these in ISGo were 19,835 horses and 21,605 cattle, and 71,000 sheep, which aided us in finishing the war. The aggregate value of all such animals imported from Canada was last year, more than $5,000,000, but we send her beef and pork to the amount of nearly $2,000,000 and she exports beef to Europe. Should we impose heavy duties on lioises, sheep pelts or wool, would she not send cattle in their place ? If we tax the cattle heavily, would she send the animals across the border, or ship their beef to Great Britain and compete with our beef in the Engli'oh market ? Many of her chief products now stand upon an equipoise. We send her cheese and she sends us biitter, but more than half her export of butter is to England. Two-thirds of her surplus peas and beans go to Europe less than one-third cross our lines, and the lumber we exclude by an onerous tax might meet ours in South America or the West Indies. Canada migiit thus suffer, but our canals, railways and commerce, would partake of her losses. Again, we have a large manufacture of wool, which had risen from 805,000,000 in 1800 to $122,000,000 in 1804, requiring 152,000,000 of pounds, nearly half of which was imported, and Canada su^iplies us with 5,500,000 pounds of combing wool the present year, of a quality we do not produce, but which we require for our new fabrics for our mousseline delaines, alpaccas and bunthig. In the recent very able address of J. "L. Hayes, Esq., to the National Association of Wool Manufacturers, the above facts are stated. It is also stated : " That in 1800 we imported $15,000,000 of worsteds, principally from England. We made only $3,000,000. To replace the English Avoisteds we have absolutely no raw material and depend wholly on the Leicester and Cotswold wools of Canada." The success of the Lowell Manufacturing Company in fabricating alpaca goods from I \ I BREADSTUFFS. 68 M Canada lustre wools has demonstrated that the wool docs not deteriorate. The Canada wool has been found efjual to tho best English lustre wool imported for comparison. The freo wool of Canada has been an nicstimable favor to our worsted manufacturers. It does not comijetc with the productions of our own farmers, as we raise little more than 200,000 Dounds of long wool, while Canada consumes J'jOO,000 ])Ounds of our clothing wool annually. It is not possible that our production of long wool can keep up with the demand. Would it be wise, while Avc are competing with Europe for the production of $15,000,000 of worsteds, to check Mio introduction of the long and silky fleeces produced in the cold and moist climate of Canada, and send that staple abroad to aid our rivals ? In four years Canada can furnish all we require for the fJlojOOOjOOO of worsteds. There arc few of the great staples of the Provinces it would be wise to tax heavily, should the chance be afforded. It would be unwise to tax the minor articles, and most unwise to tax those which would be diverted by a duty. The field of inquiry is limited to the great staples of tho Provinces — wheat, oats, barley, coal, lumber and fish, and, possibly, horses. We may dispose at once of wheat ; Canada sends us the flour of her white wheat, and annually takes in return an equivalent in the red wheat of the West, most of which she consumes. This is a fair interchange. As respects the flour " in transilii,''^ each country hivites to its ports for shipment to Europe. With respect to oats, the production in Canada is immense, having risen in 1860 to thirty-eight millions of bushels ; and our importation of oats from Canada was, in 1804, over nine millions of bushels. But, under our system of free trade, half the oats exported from Prince Edwards Island seek tho market of Great Britain ; and a duty exceeding four cents per bushel, would probably either diminish the cultivation in Canada, or send a large portion to Europe. Barley might possibly bear a duty of five or seven cents per bushel, but a higher duty would probably send it to the still or to Europe. Tho coal of Pennsylvania meets the English coal at Montreal, and our exports through the lakes, including Lake Ghamplain, 14 54 COAL. rango from 103,000 to 171,000 tons annually, between 1861 and 18G4, wliilo wc receive from Canada, annually, 100,000 to 150,000 cords of firewood. Tliis interchange must progress with a return to specie payments, and the extension of coal railways to Rochester and Oswego. But we import coal from the Provinces, as well as export to them. Nova Scotia has extensive coal mines, once held in strict monoi)oly by the Duke of York. Most of them have reverted to the Province, and grants arc now made to individuals, reserving royalties. Some of our own citizens are opening mines in this region to supjily our home demands. The chief mines at Sydney and Pictou arc within nine miles of the seacoast, and nearly free from the charges of raihvay transportation. The freights to the New England coast are often as low as the freights from the Chesa- peake, and, in ordinary times, Provincial coal can be laid down hi the seaports of New England, for live dollars per ton in specie. It would seem as if nature had designed this region for tlie supply of our north-eastern coast. The coal from Nova Scotia is bituminous, and tluis, differs from the coal of Pennsylvania, and is adapted lor other uses, in gas-works, forges and furnaces. At least half of it is used for gas. Fifty thousand tons are annually used by one gas company, in Boston. It is used, also, to a considerable extent by the steamers which run to foreign ports. While wc place a tax on our own coal, it is doubtless just that this coal should contribute as much, or more, to our revenue ; and, doubtless, a moderate duty of live or ten per cent, might be hazarded on this coal, on which we pay both cost, and a large })roportion of tlie freight, to foreigners. The importation annually increases. But we must not forget tliat if we impose a large duty, it must fall in part on the consumer ; and whatever falls on the Provinces may ciieck importation. That the Eastern States require cheap coal to impel their engines, to heat their furnaces and set their steamers in motion, as well as to meet the severity of their long winters. That if wc are to compete in steam navigation with England, whose coal is nearer her ports, wc must have cheap fuel. Wc have already resigned to her our passage money, freights, and ocean postages, to encourage packets con- LUMBER. 55 it i vertiblc into frigates, and now it is not easy to regain the ground we have lost, if we relinqnisli clieap fuel. Such considerations will, doubtless, prevent a heavy impost on such a necessary — which we take in i)ayment for our brcadstuifs — from shores adapted by nature to supply New England. LUiMBER. Another article, on which we might impose duties, is lumber, which comes to us in the various shapes of timber, plank, boards, masts, spars, railway tics, laths, shingles, clapboards and saw logs. It comes principally from Canada, as New Brunswick sends most of her surplus to foreign ports, (where she competes with Maine,) and less than twenty million feet to the United States ; while Canada sends us luml)cr to the amount of five million dollars. An average duty of one dollar per thousand, board measure, woul add materially to our revenue, and with a less impost upon our own lumber, miglit enable us to raise annually, from this article, six or eight millions of dollars ; as our bomc pro- duction was found, by the census of 18G0, to exceed ninety-live millions of dollars annually. Nature has made on the lakes and rivers of Canada an immense provision of pine, which may be easily floated to our borders, and thence to our great centres of production ; and its bulk, and the rapid diminution of our home supply, would, doubtless, prevent a diversion, if we impose a moderate duty. There arc strong arguments for a moderate duty. It will fall in part on the producer. We arc wasteful in the use of lum- ber — we expose it to moisture and quick decay in fences, walks and cellars, where hedges, stone, or brick would render more service ; and if a tax checks consumption, it will keep more in reserve for the wants of the future. There is, too, no reciprocity as to lumber, for we export little or none to the Provinces, unlcs^s it be a small amount of yellow pine and oak, for ship-building, and some staves and clear pino from the West. Mr. Skead, of Ottowa, estimates that Canada has, upon lakes and rivers, easily accessible, 287,000 square miles of pine forests, and a large supply of valuable wood ; less than one-tenth of her pine forests have been cut over. ?v. * b6 DUTIES ON PISH. Fisii. Anotlicr subject for duty is fish, not tlic white fish, sahnon or sahiaou-trout, sent fresh to market, and caught upon the lakes and rivers of the Provinces. Not the smoked salmon or her- ring, which come in small lots to market, or the fresh herring imported from NcwfoanJIand for bait, but the dry cod-fish and packed mackerel, such as arc the chief product of our deep sea fisheries. France gives a bounty to her fishermen of 82 for every quin- tal they send to Boston or New York. Nature gives one to the Provinces ; Great Britain another, by the remission of duties. The combined effect of these, aided by the pressure of our duties on salt, enabled the Provinces to send us, in 1864, fish to the value of 81,370,704, while France sent us the less amount of $32,410, on which we realized a duty. To meet the privileges of the Provinces and the bounties of France, we allow our vessels Avhich pursue the cod-fishery for four months, a remission of duties of 84 per ton, a remission which is reduced by the new measurement. We accompany this by duties that average more than three times the amount of our remission. Thus do we meet the rivalry of the world in conducting our great naval school of seamen. To meet the privileges and bounties of other nations, our fishermen had their native energy and their home market left. We admit the foreigner to the latter, and now they have nothing to fal back upon but that native energy of which no one can rob tnem ; which these amphibious men, alike at home, at sea, or on shore, have ever exhibited. Is it just to give again the great home market for fish to the Prov- inces, while wc place a duty of fifty cents per quintal, in gold, on the French fish, and tax our own fishermen so severely? Should we not have full equivalents for admission to the home market, and should not some of these accrue to the benefit of our great college of seamen ? Wc have never resigned our rights to fish in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the Bays of Fundy and Chaleurs, which are not bays of shelter and repairs, and exceed six miles in width at their outlets ; and our country will never resign them. The only right we have resigned is the right to fish within three miles of the coast and ports for shelter on the shores of Canada, Nova Scotia, Prince Edwards Island I CONFISCATION ILLEGAL. 67 ^ and Now Brunswick. But few fish arc taken witliin a marine league of the coast, Init it will often happen that when a fleet of several hundred sail are in pursuit of a vast shoal of mack- erel in the open sea, and loading their vessels, the fish will pass the invisible lino, and a fleet manned by three thousand to six thousand men in close pursuit may follow. If the fish bite freely the fishermen rarely stop to measure distances. While the decks are piled up with fish there is little space to use the theodolite, and under such circumstances the claim of the Prov- inces of a right to confiscate the vessels for such harmless and accidental trespass is one which our country will not readily tolerate.* Such trespasses rarely injure, and the world is bene- fited by the * addition to its food. Until we have a treaty, lot the nation make reparation for injuries sustained in such cases as one gentleman makes reparation to another, if he jiasses his boundary in the chase, but let the nation insist that the penalty shall not exceed the offence. Does the forbearance of the maritime Provinces to insist upon claims to the exclusive use of great arm:: of the sea, in which our ancestors have fished for two centuries — such as the Strait of Canso, the great Bays of Fundy and Chalcurs — or their forbearance to seize and confiscate the vessels of one- quarter of our fishing fleet, for trespasses often involuntary, entitle them to the posseseion of our home market, for admis- sion to which we imi^osc heavy taxes upon the fisheries of France ? If it docs, let the Provinces have a full equivalent, but if they attempt again to seize vessels five or six miles from the shore, or even nearer, dismiss the crews Avho sail on shares, in a state of destitution, strip the vessel, and when she is acquitted, return her to the owners, on payment of costs, witli her salt melted, her lines, sails and rigging gone, and the voyage ruined, and deny redress, the fishermen and the nation have a right to demand redress. f If the treaty * Such confiscation is not sanctioned by the modern law of nations. It was abolished by Franco as a punishment as far back as 1790; is pronounced an outrage on the civilized world by Chief Justice Marshall in United States vs. Contcman, Peters' Reports, 7, page 8G, cited as law by Philmore on International Law, vol. 3, page 743. Wheaton, 595. t The Hon. Mr. Sabine gives me such a case, occurring prior to the llecipro- city Treaty. 68 MAKEWEIGHTS FOR A TREATT. expires find is not renewed, I would respectfully suggest that the Government should despatch a squadron to tlic fishing grounds, to sec that our vessels are not molested, and that our fisheries arc not destroyed. If tlK>y do not, we may well expect the fishermen who have been south under Parragut, to follow the advice of General Dix, if any one attempts to haul down the American flag. Has England suffered from the Dutch, who have for centuries caught lierrings on her coast ? Ilavc the Provinces suffered loss by the occasional capture of a few fish near their shores ? If they have, let the nation recognize the claims, and assume the debt, and thus sustain the treaty, but the great fact stands out in bold relief, that luidcr the treaty of reciprocity, for the last eleven years, the fisheries have been pursued outiidc and inside of the three mile line, the fishermen have enjoyed all their ancient rights, and no serious claims for losses have been made public. Should we admit the fish of the Provinces, at a duty of ten per cent., they will still have a decided advantage over the fish of Franco, while the small duty that protects the fishermen during the period of high taxes, will aid the revenue. If a new treaty is made, the commissioners will doubtless examine the sources of revenue to which I have adverted, but if Avc ask concessions we must be i^reparcd to concede also, and apj)roach the subject ii. a kind and liberal spirit ; and if we can obtain the more important olrjccts of the treaty, the extension of the free list, the safety of the fisheries, the protection of our present revenue, and the reduction of expenses on our frontier, we can afford to resign a part of the income, to whose sources I have drawn attention, and still have a treaty beneficial to all the contracting parties, although it may leave the Provinces some reasons for a still closer union. Under our present tariff, the productions of the Provinces, now free, will be subjected to the following duties : — Bituminous coal, per ton, . Leather. Timber, . . . . . II 25* 35 per cent. 20 per cent. • In currency, $1.80 per ton. REGISTRY AND COASTING TRADE. 59 Manufactures of wood, Wool worth over 32 cts. a lb., Salmon, per barrel. Mackerel, per barrel, Dry fish, per quintal. Wheat, per bushel, . Oats, per bushel. Barley, per bushel, . Flour, ad valorem, . of) per cent. . 12 cts. per lb. and 10 per cent. $3 00 2 00 . • • • . ou cts. '^0 ct'? • • • « • A.\J V/lrd* • • • • » X.\J \j \jii» 20 per cent. Under such duties it is safe to predict that our commerce will rapidly diminish. Tlio duty on dry fish is the only low duty among them. That duty is less than ten per cent, at present. Registry and Coasting Trade. There is a strong desire on the part, Ijoth of Canada and the maritime Provinces, to secure admission into the coasting trade, and the privilege of registry for their vessels in the United States. We have a vast coasting trade, and an important trade around the Cape with California, and they have no equivalent of equal value to offer, but we should at least allow our own citizens who have placed their vessels under the Brit- ish flag, to avoid the cruisers of the enemy, to register them again under our own, and at the present time, when wc arc suffering from the loss of so many vessels, and coal freights between Pliiladelphia and Boston have risen from 82 to ^4.75 per ton, it is an important question, whether we might not admit, at least for a brief period, a supply of vessels from the Colonies, at a duty not exceeding $*5 per ton, without injury to the shii>builders. This Avould replenish our stock of vessels and alleviate the charges for coal, now selling- at $15 per ton in the ports of Maine and Massachusetts. I am not, however, prepared to recommend such a step without further considera- tion. It will be difficult to adjust all pending questions without a treaty, and such a treaty should secure to us the right of imposing taxes on articles imported from the Provinces, when we impose taxes on the same articles produced at home. in 60 EMIGUATION FROM THE PI10VINCE3. "», The treaty, too, must be one of equivalents, so tliat no other nations may claim a reduction of duty under any ajucreement to lilace Ihcni on tlie looting oi' the most favored nation. If \vc exclude our chief imj)ortations from distant nations from the free list, and re(;[uire equivalents, they will sec iio favor in the treaty, and the treaty might provide that any article for which such claim shall bo established may be stricken from the free list. Tliero are a few opponents of a treaty who fear that a new treaty Avith the Provinces may tempt our citizens to cross tho lines and establish their mills and manufactures in Canada. It is doul)tless true that we at this moment tax production and locomotion most severely ; that the amount of our imposts on manufactures and freight, with tho state of our currency, deter our iidiabitants from liuilding ships, steamers, mills and houses, of Avhich there is, at this moment, a great deficiency. But the return to specie payments is already foreshadowed, and there is reason to hope that the able commissioners who have, with indefatigable industry, examined the sources of our revenue, Avill soon recommend the removal of all charged on production, will liberate entirely our coal and iron from internal duties, and adopt the recommendation of our President, in his late message to Congress, to remove all taxes upon railroads. If they throw, as we may well presume, half our taxes upon cotton, liquors and tobacco, and the greater portion of the residue upon the luxuries we import, if they tax licenses, -stamps, petroleum, lumber, banks and dividends, the taxes upon our farms and mills will be so light, and our climate, soil and capital bo found so much superior to those of the Provinces, that we shall tempt their citizens to emigrate.* If, under the treaty, our commerce with the Provinces has, in twelve years, increased threefold, and in that commerce the tonnage arriving and departing from our ports exceeds 0,600,000 tons, if in this tonnage wo have tho preponderance, if our country has made rapid progress both in population and wealth, is there reason to dread tho operation of a new treaty more favorable to our own productions than the treaty expiring? I i • It is reported that out of 20,000 emigrants from Europe to Canada in 18(55, 18,000 have come into the United States. COMMISSIONERS. 61 H Commissioners. Tho commissioners to negotiate a new Treaty of Reciprocity with Great Britain, should be men wlio arc conversant with commerce, the fisheries and treaties, and men wlio will leave no questions for tho future. We owe to John Adams, oi Massachusetts, the incorruptible patriot, tho founder of our navy, tho treaty of 1783, which secured the fisheries. Although his colleagues were lukewarm, he appreciated their value ; and although his native State was exhausted, and owed debts that exceeded the value of her property, he told the British commissioners he would fight on until our rights were admitted. His treaty preserved them entire, as our fathers held them. • At tho Treaty of Ghent, in 1814, the treaty of '83 was considered the basis of our rights — tho quitclaim deed of Great Britain. Our commissioners took the ground that we should consider all the rights it granted established, and Great Britain acquiesced. But a few years afterwards Great Britain denied those original and fundamental rights we had won by the sword and treaty, which she had once abandoned, and then recognized as our own ; she told us we had resigned them by the Treaty of Ghent. She molested our fishermen and denied them shelter in her ports. We were obliged to treat again. A convention was made with her by Rush and Gallatin in 1818, and to secure shelter, and under the pressure of unjust claims, they resigned our right to fish on certain shores, within three miles of the coast, inlets, harbors and bays, stipulating that we might enter those inlets, harbors and bays for shelter from storms or for repairs. For many years Great Britain acquiesced in our construction, but subsequently set up a new construction, and seized our vessels, molested our vessels, and our fisheries, instead of keeping pace with our national progress, actually declined a third, and we were thus com- pelled to fight or make aivother treaty — the Trqaty ol Reciprocity. The value of our fisheries was appreciated in the early days of the Republic. The " Federalist " speaks of our three great rights — the right to the lakes, the right to the rivers, tho right to the fisheries. 16 62 CONCURRENT LEGISLATION. ;.,» :!li It has been suggested that wo may regulate our intcrcourso with the Provinces by concurrent legislation and dispense with a treaty, and this suggestion must be treated with respect, as it might enable us to alter our duties. But how are wo to legislate in concurrence with five dilTcrent Provinces, each of which may repeal to-morrow the act of to-day ? — Provinces whose interests are ditTcrent and sometimes conflicting? — who may require months, and possibly years, for their union unless we accelerate it by refusing a treaty ? One is absorbed in the fisheries, another in agriculture, another in commerce and mines, another in lumber and ship-building, while a fifth has little to do with mines, and still less with fisheries, but is devoted to canals, railways, forests and agriculture. One cares little for the three mile line which encircles some Provinces ; others deem it important, and the great shoals of mackerel may cross the line of three Provinces in a day. One Province controls the mouth of the St. John, which flows through the land of Maine and Massachusetts ; another the St. Lawrence. One has free ports on our borders, and no charges for lights or anchorage ; others oppressive charges for lighthouses, pilotage and anchorage. With proper reservations in a new treaty we may provide for future duties, or for the termination of the treaty itself on six months' notice ; and if England perseveres in her refusal to do us justice, and compels us to make reprisals on her commerce for injuries done to our own, and war ensues, it will terminate the treaty, unless we neutralize the rivers of the Provinces. If we have other questions to settle with England, will not the adjustment of one pave the way for the adjustment of all? ■ I British Treaties. By the Treaties of 1783 and 1814 the boundary lino was to run from the source of the St. Croix, to the north-west angle of New Brunswick, then Nova Scotia, and thence by the highlands that divide the waters running into the sea, from those that flo^7 into the St. Lawrence. But Great Britain subsequently discovered that these high- lands came near Quebec, and a distinguished surveyor told me at Quebec in 1838, that England would never allow us to come so near their chief fortress and the great highway of BRITISH TREATIES. 68 Canada. Such was the vcsiilt. England could never find the north-west angle of New Brunswick, although the line between Canada and that Province was discoverable and has since been discovered, and tlic line running north from tlio sources of the St. Croix was determined, and those lines, protracted, necessarily intersect. Regardless of this, England put forth the pretension, that the Highlands we claimed severed the waters of the St. Lawrence from those of the St. John, and that it did not run into the sea, but into the Bay of Fundy, although most of the rivers of Maine pass through bays on the way to the sea. By such constructions, by great urbanity, and our desire for peace. Lord Ashburton obtained the territory in dispute. By this Ashburton Treaty, Maine and Massachusetts were to have the free navigation of the St. John River for their timber on its upper waters, but New Brunswick, with the express or implied sanction of Great Britain, deprived us of the right, guaranteed by treaty. Slie exempted, as Mr. Sabine, secretary of the Boston Board of Trade, informs me, her lumbermen from the license money previously paid on Crown lands, and in place of it imposed an export duty on American and British lumber, thus exacting a tax nearly or quite equal to the value of the British timber, as it stood in the Crown lands of the Province. Mr. Everett urged its remission, but failed to obtain it, and on his return stated to a gentleman, from Avhom I receive the infor- mation, that Mr. Calhoun, of the South, then in office, instructed him to press no further for a remission. Under the Ashburton Treaty of 1841, we resigned also British Columbia, including the gold mines of Frazer's River, possibly within our lines, and Vancouver's Island, in part, south of 49 degrees — to a large part of which our right, was conclusive, and now, in con- struing that treaty, Great Britain wishes to deprive us of all right to the main channel and the islands between such channel and the main. Then we made the Reciprocity Treaty. In making it wo were assured that Great Britain and the Provinces were inaugurating the system of Free Trade, that the duties on our products were low, and we could pay in goods for the breadstufis and raw material of Canada, and we in good faith executed the treaty. u?:^' 64 THE RECiniOCITY TREATY. i ■•„ .'!!! J P It took cfToct March ITtli, 1855, as ))oforo stated, and Canada with tho iinpUcd consent of Great IJrituln, contrary to tho understanduig of tho nej^otiators, began to raise her duties. By 185!) they were generally advanced. Again, by this treaty tiie citizens of tlie United States woro to navigate the St. Lawrence and British canals as freely as British subjects, but under this treaty, the citizens of the United Sttites, who passed through the Welland Canal to tho American ports of Oswego and Ogdensburg, have been comj)ellcd to pay ten times tho tolls that arc paid by tho Provincials and others who passed down to tho British ports of Montreal and Quebec by tho canals of Canada. Again, in tho importation of foreign goods into Canada, thoso imported by the St. Lawrence or Grand Trunk Railway, have been charged a lower ad valorem duty, than those which camo via Boston or Now York. It is to bo hoped that wo shall hereafter, in making treaties with the Provinces and Great Britain, cover the entire ground, and make treaties that admit of but one construction, and do our country justice. If Great Britain desires to propitiate this country after all that has occurred, would it not be her true policy to cede to us a portion of her remote territories, valuable to us but of littlo value to her. Were she to cede to us Vancouver's Island, and British Columbia, so important to our Pacific coast, and so remote from England, and settled in great part by our own citi- zens, might she not easily bring our claims to a peaceful solution, and would not this be preferable to a specie payment or reprisals for tho ravages of her cruisers. Might she not thus remove the precedent of the Alabama, so dangerous to her own com- merce ? She has of late reduced her estimate of tho value of foreign colonies and advised us to divide, and may she not bo tempted to resign Western Columbia and a distant island, if she could thereby retain our commerce and avert the ultima ratio regum. I respectfully submit this to the consideration of the Govern- ment. Great Britain could afford to give Austria such a precedent for resigning Venice, and thus induce Europe to promote trade by reducing its standing armies. I assume, however, that Great i ! DASI3 FOR A NKW TIIEATY. 65 Britain will conclude to do us justice and will \inito with the Provinces in making an equitable treaty of reciprocity, under which our seaboard States to wliicli th<^ I'rovinces send most ot their animals, coal, coarse grains and timber, may pay for them as they pay for produce from our Western States, with their varied manufactures. In conclusion allow mo to suggest the policy of adopting as u basis for a new treaty with Great Britain and the Provinces, the following provisions, or as many of tlicm as can be obtained : — First. That neither party shall establish or maintain either in the Provinces or on the waters that flow into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, or within fifty miles of the same, any free port whatever. Second. That each party shall make all reasonable exertions to discountenance and punish illicit trade between each of the Provinces and their vessels and the United States, by allowing no shipments except by proper manifests and documents, and with reasonable security against smuggling. Tliird. That each party may impose any duties and imposts whatever upon spirits, malt, malt liquors, wines, cordials, tobacco and its products, silks, satins, laces, velvets, sugar and molasses from the sugar cane, coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, broadcloth, and cotton cloth Avorth more than one dollar per pound, witli this proviso, that each party shall impose duties of at least sixty cents per gallon on spirits and cordials, of at least fifteen cents per pound on manufactured tobacco and tea, and four cents per pound on coffee, spices and cocoa, and two dollars per pound on silks, satins, velvets and lace, imported into cither country. Fourth. That the schedule of articles to be imported free, bo changed as follows, viz. : the articles of cotton, lumber, fish and coal to be taken therefrom and the additions made which are suggested in the annexed draft of a treaty. Fifths That specific duties of $1 per thousand, board measure, on lumber, ten per cent, on coal and fish be imposed. That no duties exceeding twenty per cent, be imposed on any products of each country not enumerated. 60 BASIS FOR A NEW TREATY. Sixth, That any citizen of cither country may take a patent or copy-right in the other by one proccLs not more costly than the process here. Seventh, That goods received in Canada, through or from the United States in original packages, shall be valued in gold for duty at the cost in the country wlicrc they were produced, as if they had come direct, and vice versa on importations through Canada. Eighth, That no diminution shall be made on tolls oii Cana- dian canals or railways in favor of vessels or goods passing between Lake Erie and points below Ogdensburg, as against parties using the Welland Canal only. That no export duties or charges of any kind be imposed on American timber from Maine, descending St. John River. Ninth, That navigation for vessels drawing 12 to 14 feet each be secured through Lake St. Clair around the Falls of Niagara, down the St. Lawrence and into Lake Champlain, for both countries, and that the canal from Lake Michigan to the Illinois River be deepened. Tenth, That vessels built in cither country may be sold and registered in the other, on payment of a duty of five dollars per ton, for a limited period. Eleventh, That the treaty be extended to Newfoundland, Western Columbia and Vancouver's Island. Tioelfth, And if possible, that the rights to the fisheries con- ceded by Treaty of 1783 and re-established by Reciprocity Treaty, be made perpetual. And if as an inducement for this treaty and in settlement of Alabama claims we can obtain a cession of Vancouver's Island or other territory, it wiU be a cr summation most devoutly to be wished for. Such a treaty would be indeed a treaty of reciprocity ; under it our exports to the Provinces would rapidly increase. The export of our manu- factures, which from 1856 to 18G3 dwindled, under onerous duties, from seven and one-half to one and ojie-half million dol- lars, would doubtless soon recover the ground it had lost, and a growth of eight or ten million in our exports would diminish the call for specie to balance our account and give our mer- chants facilities to make further purchases in the Provinces. Canada under such a treaty would doubtless prosper. Return freights from this country would reduce the freight of bread- CONFERENCES. 6T stuffs, the ships wo should reccivo from the Provinces would swell our marine, instead of that of England and contribute something to the National revenue, without injustice to our own ship-builders. Under such a treaty there would bo a fair rivalry between New York and Canada for the improvement of their respective canals, and if Great Britain should aid Canada in opening ship canals from Ogdensburg to the city of Montreal and Lake Champlain, and it should be the policy of our country to carry a ship canal around the Falls of Niagara, New York might bo stimulated to connect Lakes Ontario and Champlain with the Hudson by ship canals or railways like the Reading railway, with a regular descent to the deep waters of the Hudson and the Tunnel route to Boston. Should such measures be adopted we may place our trust in tl\e advantages which climate, and open seas, and safe navigation and harbors, rarely closed by icCj give to our great seaports, and may safely rely upon the future of our counti*y. Most of the views taken in this Report have been confirmed since it was written by a conference with some of the most able and influential men in* the Provinces, and there is no reason to doubt that a treaty can be negotiated more satisfactory than that repealed. There is reason to believe that most of our productions may be placed on the free list, that the free ports may be dis- continued, that duties imposed for revenue may be assimilated, and discriminating tolls and duties, if any now remain, be dis- continued, and possibly some revenue drawn from several of the important staples of Canada. And after the conference I have held, it is but just to Canada and her ministers to say that the duties imposed by Canada may be in part ascribed to un- favorable seasons between 1856 and 1863, and to the pressure of a debt of seventy millions incurred in great part for public improvements, still unproductive, and to an extreme solicitude to develop trade and revenue proportionate to her largo ex- penditure. During this conference the idea of extending the treaty for another year to give time to negotiate and to avoid a collision in the fisheries was suggested. It will be difficult to have a new nT^ 68 CONFERENCES. treaty ratified by all the parties before the 17th of March, 1866. And I respectfully recommend that power should bo given to the President to extend the Treaty of Reciprocity for a single year if Canada shall before the 1st of April next discontinue her free ports and check illicit trade by raising her duties on spirits to the point at which our Revenue Commissioners shall recommend our Government to place it, and shall repeal her duties on the article- named in the annexed draft of a treaty. Such a repeal she is disposed to make, and it would be an earnest of a better treaty.* I submit with this Preliminary Report a series of tables, some valuable documents, and the draft of an Act for the temporary extension of the treaty. I have the honor to bo, very respectfully, E. H. DERBY, Commissioner of the Treasury Department. Boston, Mass., Jan. 1, 1866. * The St. Lo'vrence, for more than nine miles below Montreal, to a width of three hundred feet, has been deepened seven feet, at a cost estimated at less than $1,000,000 for moving five million yards of earth. Less than one-eighth of the Lake freight goes down to Montreal. For ten years, between 1845-1855, the charge for freight from Montreal to Liverpool, averaged twice the charge from New York to the same port. TEMPORARY RENEWAL OF THE TREATY. 69 APPENDIX. AN ACT To Provide for the Temporary Renewal of the Treaty of Reciprocity with Great Britain and the British Prov- inces OP North America. Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled: Section 1. That the President of the United States is hereby authorized, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to enter into a Treaty with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and with each and all of the British Provinces of North America, cither severally or in their aggre- gate capacity, for the extension of the Treaty between said parties and the United States, to regulate the trade between said Provinces and the United States, which was ratified June 5th, 1854, for the further term oi' one year, from the 17th day of March, A. D. 1867, when the same shall terminate. Section 2. Such extension shall not be made until the Province of Canada has repealed all duties and taxes whatever on the following products of the United States, that during such extension shall be imported into Canada, or shall be held in bond when such extension shall • take effect, viz. : Salt, cars, locomotives, vehicles of all kinds, machinery, furniture, tools, implements, soop, starch, boots, shoes, leather, horse-shoes and horse-shoe nails, harnesses, tacks, brads* watches, music and musical instruments, clocks, tin and wooden ware, mousseline de laines, coarse shawls, satinets, and sheetings and shirtings ' Drth less than one dollar per pound, and has raised her internal tax and duty on spirits to at least seventy-five cents per gallon, wine measure, and discontinued her free ports on Lakes Huron and Superior. Section 3. Said Treaty for extension shall also provide that the United States may impose any internal taxes on the productions of the Provinces which they levy upon their own pi'oducts of the same kind. Section 4. The President of the United States is hereby authorized to appoint two persons, of suitable character and ability, commissioners or envoys, to negotiate a Treaty with said United Kingdom and with said Provinces, either jointly or severally, to regulate the commerce and 16 :■! : 70 TONNAGE. navigation between the respective territories and people of said Province and the United States, on terms reciprocally beneficial. Section 5. It shall be the duty of such commissioners to provide, if possible, for the pennanent security of the fisheries of the United States, to secure the free interchange tn the chief products of art and manufacture, as well as the products of the forests and agi-iculture, and other products, between said Provinces and the United States, to secure, if possible, the discontinuance of any free ports that may endanger reve- nue, and the assimilation of duties or articles taxed by the two countries, and the removal of all charges for lights and compulsory pilotage, and all discriminating tolls and duties, and for improved navigation between Lake Michigan and the Alississippi around the Falls of Niagara and between Lake Ontario, Montreal and Lake Champlain. Section 6. A suitable compensation for said commissioners, and for their clerk hire, office rent, and other expenses, not to exceed in the aggregate , shall be fixed and determu.ed by the Secretary of the Treasury. Section 7. All articles produced in any of the Provinces, which, under the provision of tlic Treaty for extension, if made, shall bo freely admitted into Canada, from the United States, shall, during the year of extension, be freely admitted into the United States, from Canada, if produced in that country. TABLES. Tonnage entered inward from United States in all the Provinces of British North America. TEAES. Tons. U. states. British. Total. 1816, . 1820, '21, '22, average, 1830, . . 1840, . 1850, . 1864, . 75,807 66,029 54,633 357,073 994,808 1,665,494 18,378 10,464 20,755 401,670 972,327 1,446,347 94,185 76,593 75,388 758,749 1,967,135 3,112,541 ll IMPORTS, EXPORTS, AND TONNAGE. 71 Imports into the Provinces of British North America in different years. DATE. From Great Britain. From UnltcJ States. Total. 1840, .... 1849, .... 315,385,100 00 11,340,334 00 80,100,501 00 8,842,520 00 1)21,485,007 00 19,688,854 00 Exports and Imports of the same in Commerce loith the United States. DATE. Exports to United States. Imports from same. 1860, 1801, 1862, 1863, 1864, ?4,989,703 00 4,417,476 00 4,046,843 00 5,207,420 00 7,947,897 00 $8,623,214 00 8,383,755 00 8,236,011 00 11.382.311 00 12.328.312 00 Aggregate Tonnage of the Provinces of Canada, Netv Brunswich, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Prince Edwards Island, at various periods since 1800. 1806, tons, 1830, '' 183G, « 71,943 176,040 274,738 1846, tons, 1850, " 399,204 446,035 Tonnage of new Ships built in the above Provinces in several years since 1830. 1832, tons, 1841, " 1849, " 33,778 104,087 108,038 1850, tons, 1862, " 112,787 109,212 Tonnage owned in Great Britain, built in the Provinces in 1847. Built in Canada, Built in Nova Scotia, Built in New Brunswick, . Built in Prince Edwards Island, Built in Newfoundland, 154,930 103,319 228,368 56,079 5,631 T^ ( 72 TONNAGE AND COMMERCE. CANADA. Entries from Canada in Clearances TO Canada TUB United States. Fiiou United Statei. DATE. American Foreign American Foreign Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. 1851, . ■ • 1,364,390 1,047,628 900,988 770,450 1860, .... 2,617,276 058,036 2,678,505 896,124 1861, .... 1,990,892 084,879 2,025,670 731,123 1862, .... 2,487,373 683,411 2,398,924 742,732 1863, .... 2,307,233 743,136 2,181,065 987,797 1864, . .. . . 1,411,913 959,049 1,429,347 1,143,609 Maritime Provinces — Commerce loith United States. Entries. Clearances. DATE. American Foreign American Foreign Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. Tonnage. 1800, .... 184,002 475,051 291,812 599,430 1861, .... 196,709 475,051 297,172 509,928 1862, .... 240,821 397,702 292,449 352,391 1863, .... 213,251 420,961 260,280 428,662 1864, .... 254,281 487,908 339,901 581,304 Imports into Canada from abroad. DATE. By St Lawrence. By United States. Total. 1850, .... $8,540,000 00 $7,404,800 00 $15,945,600 00 1850, . • • Exports from Canada. $7,474,496 00 $5,813,500 00 $13,287,896 00 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 78 Value of Breadstiiffs and other Articles exported to Canada from United States, in different years. DATE. BreadstufTs. 153,880,098 00 other Articles. 817,003,143 00 Aggregate. . 1856, . . . . !i}20,883,241 00 1857, 3,418,066 00 13,156,849 00 16,574,895 00 1858, 4,198,282 00 13,830,972 00 17,029,254 00 1859, 3,510,038 00 15,430,154 00 18,940,792 00 1860, 2,913,139 00 11,169,975 00 14,083,114 00 1861, 5,172,588 00 9,189,270 00 14,361,858 00 1862, . 5,416,853 00 7,425,651 00 12,842,504 00 1863, . 9,588,390 00 10,310,328 00 19,898,718 00 In tlio. above columns arc incluclcd,- 1860, specie, 18G1, " . §14,444 00 18G2, specie, . 8G3,308 00 18G5, " $2,530,207 00 . 4,051,079 00 Of above breadstiiffs the following amount was exported by St. Lawrence : — 1860, 1861, $1,840,402 00 3,103,153 00 1802, . $5,320,054 00 Coarse Grains exported from Canada to the United States. From Official Returns. DATE. Oats, bush. Value. Barley, bush. Value. 1860, . 6,788,351 $4,182,856 00 — _ _ 1861, . 3,654,380 1,509,277 00 - - - 1862, . 1,671,223 483,862 00 2,090,279 $1,089,589 00 1863, . 2,563,323 1,050,803 00 1,810,589 1,509,978 00 1864, . 9,549,994 2,960,737 00 2,814,289 2,904,124 00 Value of Manufactured Articles of the United States exported to Canada, and paying duties. 1850, 1859, 1860, . $264,451 00 . 4,185,516 00 . 3,548,114 00 1861, 1862, 1863, . $3,501,042 00 . 2,596,930 00 . 1,510,802 00 74 CANADA. CANADA.— Vessels hiiU. 1832, tons . 4,414 1859, tons . -_i. . 17,036 1838, « . G,91G 18G0, « . 23,993 1841, « . 20,707 18G1, « . 33,187 1847, " . 38,489 CANADA, — Entries and Clearances of Ships via St. Lawrence Gulf and River. Tonnage inward and outward by sea at Quebec, for several years. DATE. Inward. Outward. Total. 1844, tons, 451,142 453,894 905,036 1845, " 570,541 584,540 1,161,081 184G, " 508,225 574,372 1,142,597 1847, « . 479,124 489,817 968,941 1848, " 452,430 457,430 909,866 1849, " 405,088 481,227 946,315 1850, « 464,804 494,821 960,625 1851, " 533,821 580,093 1,119,914 Tonnage, via St. Lawrence, to and from the Sea. DATE. Inward. Outward 1857, 748,425 731,367 1858, 613,813 632,646 1859, • ••••• 641,662 640,571 1860, 831,432 821,791 1861, 1,087,128 1,058,667 CANADA. — Imports and Exports in Commerce with the World. DATE. Imports. Exports. 1850, 1851, 1859, 1860, 1862, 1865, §15,945,600 00 24,006,028 00 33,555,161 00 34,441,621 00 48,600,633 00 44,620,469 00 (113,287,996 00 11,341,728 00 24,776,981 00 34,631,890 00 31,679,045 00 42,481,151 00 IMPORTS, EXPORTS, AND TONNAGE. 76 Imports and Exports in Commerce with the United States. DATE. ImportD. Exports. 1860, 814,083,114 00 ^18,861,073 00 18G1, 14,361,858 00 18,645,457 00 1862, 12,842,504 00 15,253,152 00 1863, 19,888,718 00 18,813,840 00 18G4, 16,658^429 00 30,974,118 00 Statement of the Tonnage on the Canals of Canada for four successive years, 1860 to 1864. 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863, Welland Canal. tons of fi'eight up and clown. u it ii u tl St. Lawrence Canal. tons of freiglit, u ii (( tons of freight, CJiamhly Canal. 'a'- ii • . (( (( 944,034 1,020,483 1,243,774 1,141,120 733,596 886,900 964,394 895,133 217,117 110,239 148,291 253,319 Tonnage hy Canadian Canals. — Movement of Welland Canal. 1859, tons transported, .....' \ . 709,611 1860, tons transported, 944,884 Comparative tonnage of American and Canadian vessels, passing through the Welland Canal in 1863 :— 3,474 American vessels, tons, 808,289 3,425 Canadian vessels, tons, 521,808 Movement on St. Lawrence Canals. 1859, tons transported, 631,769 1860, tons transported, 733,596 TTTV 76 TONNAGE. I :*; Tonnage by Canadian Canals — Concluded. Receipts in Montreal, by the La Chine Canal, in 18C2, were, — Wheat, bushels, 7,779,727 Flour, equal to bushels, 3,8G1,935 Indian Corn, bushels, ....... 2,091,261 Shipped, 11,202,728 Tonnage by Grand Trunk Railroad. Average movement in transit trade, via Grand Trunk, from England to Canada, from 1854 to 1864, $4,500,000 per annum. Estimated earnings of Grand Trunk, 1865, $6,200,000. Cost of line, $82,000,000. Coal impo rted from Maritime Provi 'nces into the United States. DATE. Tons. Value. 1856, 120,440 f5303,671 00 1857, 133,218 396,222 00 1858, 136,733 387,710 00 1859, 122,708 372,154 00 1860, 149,279 497,359 00 1861, 204,420 702,165 00 1862, 192,544 614,057 00 1863,. 282,767 757,048 00 1864, • 317,500 883,779 00 Freight from Pictou to Boston has averaged not far from $2, in gold, per ton, during 1865 ; less than the freight from Baltimore to Boston. NOVA SCOTIA. DATE. Imports. Exports. 1829, 84,730,064 00 $2,639,093 00 1832, 7,380,509 00 4,717,387 00 1838, 6,139,531 00 4,902,989 00 1843, 4,221,163 00 3,408,782 00 1848, 4,024,382 00 2,514,100 00 1861, 7,613,227 00 5,774,534 00 1862, 8,450,042 00 5,646,461 00 EXPORTS AND IMPORTa. 77 PRINCE EDWARDS ISLAND. DATE. Imports. 1815, 1850, 1801, $121,937 00 030,475 00 1,040,075 00 Exports. $70,204 00 300,405 00 815,570 00 NEW BRUNSWICK— Shipping built in various years. 1833, tons, 183G, 1838, 1839, 1840, 1843, 17,837 184G, tons, 29,643 1847, « 29,1G7 1848, " 45,8G1 1849, " G4,104 1859, « 14,550 18G1, " 40,270 53,372 22,793 3G,534 38,330 40,523 Exports and Imports of the Province of New Brunswick, at different periods, in its commerce ivith all places. 1828, 1834, 1830, 1830, 1842, 1840, 1848, 1849, 1851, 1802, DATE. Imports. §3,089,188 00 3,749,001 00 5,997,777 00 7,203,378 00 2,593,473 00 4,972,870 00 3,021,158 00 3,330,847 00 4,852,440 00 0,199,701 00 Exports. $2,397,704 00 2,778,738 00 3,122,952 00 3,932,530 00 2,339,899 00 4,250,402 00 3,008,155 00 2,887,017 00 3,780,105 00 3,850,538 00 Duties, in 1850, on anchors, canvas, cordage, cables, copper bolts, seines, nets, sails, rigging and tar, one per cent. Tools, bread, biscuits, &c., ten per cent. Boots, slioes, vehicles, clocks, chairs, brooms, musical instruments, wooden ware, matches, &.C., 20 per cent. Other articles, in part free, in part under a small duty. ' 17 ■'*' 78 EXPORTS AND iMPOllTf, FISHERIES. Exports from Newfoundland. 17G3, quiiituls of lisli, . 380,274 1830, quintals of iidh, . 948,043 1785, . 51)1,270 1835, . 712,5SH 1705, . 000,000 1837, . 524,090 1805, . 025,1)11) 1840, . 1)15,795 1815, .1,180,001 1841, . 1,009,725 1820, . 899,729 1848, . 92O,3G0 1825, . 973,404 United States Vessels enf/nged in the Fisheries, exclusive of (he Whale Fishery. 1815, tons 1820, 1825, 1830, 1835, 1840, 20,510 00,812 70,020 97,500 137,800 104,300 1845, tons 1850, « 1855, u 1800, u 1802, u 18G3, u 91,238 143,758 124,552 102,703 203,459 108,000 r^ 7^ The vessels arc sailed in shares, ami all are interested in the voyage. The owners provide vessel, tackle, stores and outtit, and receive half the fish taken ; each man claims half the (ish he takes. The annual suu) piiid out hy tla^ owners, includini;^ payments of shares to the men, repairs and renewals, and all disbursements, are eouiputed to exceed S80 per ton, — and as tiie business makes some returns on capi- , we may estimate the gross produce for 1805, as above S14,000,000. In 1805, vessels in the cod-fishery are estimated to average; li'uin 800 to 1,000 quintals of dry lisli. In tlie_jnackerel business, irom 500 to 700^ barrels. Dry fish are now worth $8 to $9 per quintal, and mackerel $12 to $15 per barrel. Number of Vessels engaged in Cod and Mackerel Fishery, as estimated at the Register's Office, Treasury Department, November, 24, 18G5, by J. A. GuAilAM, Assistant-Register. 1850, 2,680 1858, . . 2,877 1851, 2,591 1859, . . 3,044 1852, 3,202 1860, . . 3,168 1853, 2,996 18G1, . . 3,666 1854, 2,027 18G2, . . 3,815 1855, 2,418 1863, . . 3,196 1850, 2,4U 1864, . . 3,000 1857, • 2,460 I'ISIIEIIIRS. 79 Fish and Products of the Fishm'rs, imported from the Maritime Pro- vinccs into t/ic United States. I8.j(;, . Sl.'iO.VJCn IHGl, isr)?, . 1,HG7,2.V.) 1HG2, 1858, . 1,714,704 18G;3, i8r)i), . 2,1.00,420 18G4, 18G0, . 2,110,412 $1,710,813 1,020,208 908,024 l,.'J7G.70i Estimate of the Fisheries of the United States for 1859, bi/ Hon. L Sahin'k, Secretary of Jioston Board of Trade. The tonnage alone is ofTicIal. Tlie scii and whale are estimated on olTieial data. The yhell, lake, river, «S:e., rest on some well ascertained facts. Sea, as cod, hake, liaddock, mackerel, halibut, jwllock, and sea herring : — Tonnage,* Value of lish and oil, .... Capital invested, .... Tonnage, in whale fisihery, . Cai)ital invested, .... Value of oil, bone, and sperm candles, Shell, as oyster, lobster, turtle, clam, &c., &c.. Lake and River, Brooh and Stream — say salmon, shad, white fish, river herring, alewives, trout, pickerel, &C', &c. ........ Fish taken purposely fur manure, value. 175,300 $0,730,000 00 _7,280,000 00 185^8 $23,850,000 00 19,280,000 00 5,325,000 00 2,375,000 00 200,000 00 Cod, &c., . Whale, . Shell, Lake, river, &c.. For manure, Total, Summary of Annual Products. • • • • •' • $0,730,000 00 19,280,000 00 5,325,000 00 2,375,000 00 200,000 00 $33,970,000 00 f^ * The official tonnage is less. Tlie diflcrence is added for boaU employed ia the shoro / fisheries, which are neither enrolled nor licensed. .v^:'.-.i / 80 CfflEP CANALS OP CANADA. ERIE CANAL. Tonnage arriving at tide water by Erie Canal, from the "Western States: In 1840, 158,148 tons; in 1845, 304,551 tons; in 1850, 773,858 tons; in 1855, 1,092,87G tons; in 18G0, 1,89G,975 tons; in 18G2, 2,594,837 tons. The revenues of Eric Canal were : For 18G1, $3,402,628.30 ; for 18G2, $4,854,989; for 18G3, $5,042,005. Revenne of Champlain Canal, $103,000; tonnage, 058,000. Between 1851 and 1854, the tolls were removed from the Central Railway; and the New York and Erie, Ogdcnsburg, Baltimore and Ohio, Grand Trunk, and Great Western Railways were completed. The tonnage of the Central, and New York and Ei-ie lines was, in 18G2, over 3,000,000 tons, and has since greatly increased. Length, Dimensions and Lockage of Chief Canals of Canada. The "VVelland Canal, between Lakes Erie and Ontario, — Length, 28 miles ; locks, 28. Fall from Lake Erie, 334 feet. Locks, 180 feet by 27 feet; depth 10 feet. Admits vessels of 400 tons, drawing 9 feet. St. Lawrence Canals. — Length, 44 miles. Locks, 27. Ascent from Montreal to foot of Lake Ontario, 222 feet. Depth in locks, 9 feet. Admit vessels of 300 tons. Vessels drawing 20 feet water, now ascend to Montreal ; but, as the depth of canals is determined by that of Lake St. Clair, which does not admit vessels drawing over 9 feet, it is pro- posed to deepen these canals to 10 feet, and alter dimensions of locks to 250 feet length by 50 feet width, which will admit vessels drawing 9 feet, and cf capacity of 750 tons. The Caughnawaga Canal, which it has been proposed, in Canada, to construct from the St. Lawrence to St. John, at the foot of Lake Cham- plain, by one route requires five locks, by another, requires but two locks, and would be 30 miles long. It was proposed to have locks 230 feet long by 30 feet wide, and 10 feet water on the sills, admitting vessels of 850 tons. From Wliitehall, at the head of Lake Champlain, to West Troy, the distance is 07 miles ; the lockage, 204 feet. The locks admit small vessels only. As the summit level is but 54 feet above Lake Champlain, the lake may possibly be used as a summit level, and there are great facilities for a ship canal. It has been estimated that $12,000,000 will carry ship canals and navigation from the St. Lawrence to the deep waters of the Hudson. ILLICIT TRADE. 81 A ship canal from tlic St, Lawrence to Lake Champlain has been recommended to the Canadian Govemment by Messrs Younj; and Rob- inson, Chief Commissioners of the Public "Works ; also by Mr. W. II. Mcrritt, in his report upon the public works of Canada, and by a nearly unanimous vote of the House of Assembly of Canada. It has been recommended, also, by tlie Boards of Trade of Boston, Kingston, Montreal, and other cities. The route has been surveyed by J. B. Mills, Esq., and by Messi-s. Jervis, Swift and Child, Civil Engineers. Such are the levels that a dam in the Hudson, at the Highlands, of 150 feet in height, would send back the stream to the St. I/awrcnce. The estimates of Mr. Jervis for a ship canal between the St. Law- rence and Lake Champlain, ranged from $3,500,000 to $-i,500,000. Mr. Swift's estimate was but $2,083,000. BOSTOK The commerce of Boston, affected by the Treaty of Reciprocity, exceeds $27,000,000 annually, vii : — Imports from and exports to maritime Provinces, $0,000,000. Outfits and returns in deep sea fish- eries, $11,000,000. Imports of wool, grain, and animals, across frontier of Canada, and entered there, with returns, at least, $10,000,000. Record of Smuggling Cases since April 1, 18G5, at Detroit, Michigan, Furnished hj J. B. BnOAfN, Esq., U. S. Assistant District-Attorney. December 3, 18Ga. Number of arrests made, . of indictments found, . of convictions, of indictmcp*s undisposed of, of acquittals, Amount of fines imposed and paid, of costs imposed and paid, . of fines imposed, yet unpaid, . of fines imposed and remitted by President, Number of libels filed, Amount of personal property seized and forfeited, about 120 94 38 55 None. . $1,925 00 . 553 80 . 3,335 00 . 500 00 38 ut $12,000 00 ?•. ,1 82 ANNEXATION. ANNEXATION. [Extract from Speech of J. Johnston, Esq., of Miiwaukce, at Detroit Convention, 18G5.] Tliero are tliose who think that, while tlic closest conimercial inter- course with Canada is desirable, yet hope, by stopping tliat intercourse for a few years, to compel the Canadians to sue for annexation. Vain delusion! Every link between the United States and the Provinces that is severed, tends to strengthen the connection between the latter and the mother country. Annexation will never be brought about by force in matters of trade. Why, the independent existence of this great country ai'ose from the attempts of Britain to coerce the Colonies in this very respect. No, sir, if Ave wish to annex the Provinces, Ave have to assimilate them, by luu'cstricted intercourse, to our habits and our man- ners of action and feeling — Ave have to Americanize them. That Avill assuredly be done far sooner by reciprocal trade and by Conventions like this than by non-intercoTU"se. P^very railroad that is built, every telegraph that is erected, rve>" ship that passes between the two countries, tends to bind them closer in the bands of brotherhood. The opponents of recipi'ocity tantalize us by parading the millions of revenue Avhich Ave AA'ould have obtained from the articles noAV being imported from the Provinces, had they not been made free by the Treaty. They forget to tell us that this great trade Avould not have existed had it not been for the Treaty ; and even had it existed, and a large revenue accrued from it, Ave Avould have been the persons Avho would have enjoyed the privilege of paying the duties, and not the Canadians, for it is the consumers of commodities Avho pay the imposts upon them. But, think you, Avould the people of these Northern States be more able to pay their taxes after this immense and profitable trade is destroyed than they arc now? [Extract from the Speech of Uon. Joseph Howe of NoA'a Scotia, before Detroit Convention.] No considerations of finance, no question of balance for or against them, upon interchanges of commodities, can have any influence upon the loyalty of the inhabitants of the British Provinces, or tend in the slightest degree to alienate the affections of the people from their country, their institutions, their government, and their Queen. There is not a loyal man in the British American Provinces, no man Avorthy of the name, AAiio, Avhatever may happen to the Treaty, Avill become any the less loyal, any the less true to his country on that account. There iu not a man Avho dare, on the abrogation of the Treaty, if such should be its fate, take the hustings and appeal to any constituency on annexa- tion principles throughout the entire domain. The man who avows OCEAN STEAMERS. 83 such a sentiment will be scouted from society by his best friends. What other treatment would a man deserve who should turn traitor to his Hovereign and his government, and violate, for pecuniary advan- tage, all obligations to the country which gave him birth? You know what you call Copperheads, and a nice life they have of it. (Laughter.) Just such a life will the man have who talks treason on the other side of the lines. (Applause.) The very boy to whom I have al Hided as having fought manfully for the Stars and Stripes, would rather blow his own father's brains out than haul down the honored Ihig inider which he has l^eeu born — the flag of his nation and of his fatherland. [Extract from Speech of G. II. Peuuy, C. E., of Ottowa, Canada West.] The blessings which unrestricted commercial intercourse would bestow upon both nations are incalculable. As friends and neighbors, it would improve the good understanding which should exist between people having so many interests in common; and it would prove a blessing to the vast mass of the overpeopled countries of Europe. Hostile tariffs will not produce any of those cffwcts which the advo- cates of protection desire. They will not develop any of the resources of the Western States, nor will they add to the wealth or happiness of tiic vast mass of the people, or the prosperity of the general commerce of the country. They will not bring about the consummation so cai'uestly desired by your extreme politicians, of annexation. Content with our lower political life and greater personal freedom, wo leave to the aspirants after new nationalities the higher political life they covet, nor do we regret the accompanying concomitants, in our content with our own condition. OCEAN STEAMERS. [Extract from the Speech of Duncan Stewakt, Esq., at Detroit.] • I consider that, with twelve feet six inches to fourteen feet w^atcr, down the St. Lawrence, it will always be more profitable to transfer at INIontreal or Quebec, than attempt to cross the ocean with lake-going steamers. The reason of this is, that in reaching Quebec, they need not put on board fuel for more than a run of two hundred miles at a time, thus saving a vast amount of freight room ; wherca.s, in crossing the ocean, they must put fuel on board for the run of twenty-five hundred miles, and a surplus to cover contingencies. It would bo unwise to have that surplus less than enough to run three thousand miles. Every gentleman who has any experience in this business will see at once that it would take fifteen times more tonnago ■ room for fuel to cross the ocean than it would take to run down PITT 84 FISHERIES IN GULP OP ST. LAWRENCE. the river. In going down tlie river, there would be no need to have over twenty-five tons of coal on board at any one time, including the surplus, because twenty tons would be sufficient to run a scrcAV steamer of one thousand tons cargo capacity, with a low-pressure engine, two hundred miles, leaving nine hundred and seventy-five tons for cargo and twenty-five tons for coal — only two and one-half per cent, of the carrying capacity being reserved for fuel; whereas, for the ocean voy- age, it would be unsafe to leave port with less than two hundred and fifty tons of coal, or twenty-five per cent, of the carrying capacity — leaving only seven hundred and fifty tons for freight room. I think this clearly demonstrates the economy of a transfer of cargo at either Montreal or Quebec. FISHERIES IN GULP OF ST. LAWRENCE. [Extract from Letter of Messrs. Dean and Law, dated Cliarlottetown, P. E. I., July 3, 1865, read at Detroit Convention.] For some years previous to the time the Reciprocity Treaty went into effect, the Americans fishing were embarrassed ''^ consequence of the three mile limit, and the construction put npon it by Colonial oflicers, that it meant three miles outside of a straight lino from head- land to headland, which, in many localities, where the buoys were deep, Avould make them many miles off, and the continual harassing and capturing of our vessels — so much so as to nearly ruin tlie business as a whole — the tonnage engaged fast depreciating, and at tlie time the Treaty went into effect the fishing fleet in the Bay and Gulf of St. Lawrence was much smaller than it had been some years before. We think that, for one or two years previous to the Treaty, there could not have been more than two hundred and fifty sail of American vessels in these waters, averaging seventy-five tons each; value, three thousand dollars each, and manned by eleven men each, with an average catch of mackerel of two hundred and seventy-five barrels each ; estimated value, twelve dollars per barrel, gross, and ten dollars net — Gloucester having a majority of the fleet, being most daring in the pursuance of her business. In the last two years, we think, there have been employed six hundred vessels ; average tonnage, ninety each ; value, five thousand dollars each, and manned by fifteen men each, with an average catch of five hundred and twenty-five barrels of mackerel ; estimated value, at the time of landing, fourteen dollars and a half per barrel, gross, and twelve dollars net. ■I^^I^ REPORT OP LAST YEAR REVIEWED. 85 BRITISH CRITICISM SEMI-OFFICIAL. [Extract from " London Morning Popt," March 12, 18GG.] In the presence of subjects possessing more immediate inter- est it has probably cscai)ed the attention of the general public, that on Saturday next, by the terms of the notice given by the American Government, the Reciprocity Treaty, regulating the fisheries and trade as between that country and the Provinces of British North America, will expire. The subject has been so little discussed in England, and the importance of the treaty, as affecting our relations with the United States, is so little appreciated, that it will not be out of place to give some account of the various phases through which the question has passed, as well as of its present position. It is to be observed tliat the important part of the question — and, indeed, the only part upon which difficulties can arise — is that which relates to the right claimed by Americans of fishing in the seas adjacent to tho Provinces ; and the nature and extent of those rights, which have hitherto been regulated by the moribund treaty are such^ and are so differently regarded both by Americans and the Pro- vincials, as to have led to a long course of disputes and conflict- ing claims, which, it is to be feared, will be now re-opened, and which, unless they arc treated on both sides with a disposition to make mutual concessions, in accordance with the liberal spirit of the times, will do more to endanger the friendly relations between tho two countries, than any question that has of late years arisen, not excepting even the cases of the Trent and the Alabama. When negotiations were opened at the close of the American War of Independence, one of the points most strongly insisted upon by John Adams was the recognition of the right of Ameri- cans to fish in all the seas adjacent to their country. So much importance did he attach to this right, that he declared lio 18 8G BRITISH CONSTRUCTION OP TREATIES. WGukl rather " continue the war forever " than abandon it, and the treaty of 178-) accordingly embraced a clause recognizing the right of the inhabitants of the United States to fish " wher- ever they had fished before."' The question was re-opened at the conclusion of the second American war, and the right claimed received for the first time a limitation by the treaty signed on the 20t]i October, 1818. Messrs. Rush and Gallatin, the commissioners on behalf of the United States, while retain- ing the right of entering bays and creeks for the purpose of repairs and of curing their fish and drying their nets, and also the general right to fish, abandoned its exercise within the limit of three miles from the coasts, bays and creeks of the Provinces. This state of things continued for some twenty years, but, in 1841, complaints began to be made of encroachments and tres- passes by American fishing boats, and, among other things, it was asserted that they had transgressed the treaty by fishing within the three-mile limit in the Bays of Fundy and Chaleurs, and in the Straits of Canso. It was contended l>y the Provin- cials, that in the case of the Bays of Chaleurs and Fundy, (tho latter of which measures sixty miles across,) the threc-milo limit must be measured, not from tho coast itself, but from a line drawn across the bay from headland to headland, inside which it was asserted no American fisherman should be allowed to come. From this construction, which was eventually endorsed by the law officers of the English Crown, (though in terms which seem to make it certain that they had not even read the treaty,) arose constant disputes, which at last gi'cw intolerable, and, on the fifth of June, 1854, was signed at Washington the conven- tion now about to expire, known as the Reciprocity Treaty. By this, in addition to the powers claimed and admitted by tho treaty of 1818, liberty was given to the Americans to take fish throughout the seas contiguous to the Provinces, without any restrictions as to the distance from the shore. In return for this, British subjects were allowed the same advantages on all American shores north of the thirty-sixth parallel of latitude ; and, l>y Article 3, a reciprocal free list was established, which opened tlic markets of each country to tho most important products of the other, but of which, from the nature of the case, the great advantage remained with the Provincials. The advan- tages which have sprung from this treaty arc enormous : trade TREATY TO BE CONSTRUED LIBERALLY. 87 between the two countries has increased enormously, and tho fisheries have received a development almost incrcdil)le. But for the American civil ^ar, a convention so materially advanta- geous would have certaiidy been left undisturbed for many years to come ; l)ut the United States government, to provide for an enormous debt and an increased expenditure, has thought proper to raise a large amount of revenue by heavy custom duties, and cannot consequently maintain the free reciprocal trade provided for by the od article of this treaty. In a few days, by its termination, wo shall be thrown back upon tho provisions of the treaty of 1818, with all the bickerings and heart-burnings which prevailed from 1845 to 1852, and tho government will have to consider what construction of that treaty it will maintain, and what action it will take. Were tho question capable of being settled by the governments of Great Britain and of the United States alone, it would probably not bo found to present much difficulty ; but it is complicated by tho presence of the Provincials, who are, not unnaturally, anxious to keep the fisheries to themselves, or at any rate not to admit tho United States to a share in them without receiving compensating advantages in the shape of a free market for their products. Their cllbrts will thus be directed to as strict an interpretation and as vigorous an enforcement of the treaty of 1818 as they can obtain. By an Act of Parliament passed in the reign of George Third, and also by Provincial Acts, power is given to confiscate absolutely all vessels, with everything on board of them, found fishing within the three-mile limit; and it is cer- tain that there will bo every disposition on the part of tho Provincials to enforce the law to as full an extent as will be supported by England. On the other hand, it is scarcely possible to exaggerate the importance attached to the right of free fishing by the Ameri- cans. A very exhaustive report has, Avithin the last month, been ]n'escntod to the United States Treasury Department, by Dr.* E. 11. Derl)y of Boston, whose opinion is, that " we, (Americans,) must either resign our fishery, treat or annex tho Provinces." In another part of his report, he says that '' the American people will never resign their fisheries," and whether r * The British consul, who sent over my report, confers this title. w 88 CONFISCATION ABANDONED. this be true in its full sense or not, it is quite clear that an insistancc upon the observance of tlie treaty of 1818, »vith the construction put upon it in 1845, would gravely endanger the friendly relations between this country and the United States. The p]nglish government thus finds itself a party to a triangular duel, in which it has nothing to gain itself, with the disadvantage of being a target for both the other combatants — a situation neither pleasant nor profitable. It is exceedingly doubtful whether it is desirable for a;iy nation to maintain in these days the policy of excluding anybody from the privilege of fishhig in the sea. The Commission which recently sat to examine the question as aflccting seas nearer homo, has reported against the maintenance of any restrictions whatever. Negotiations are even now being carried on with the French government with a view to carry the recommendations of their report into practical effect, and it is scarcely probable that this country would make any great sacrifices to support several thousand miles away a principle which it is doing its best to abolish on its own shores. It is intelligible enough, that the Provincials, with the prospect before them of losing the advantages they derive from the Reciprocity Treaty, should Avish for support in enforcing the penal clauses existing under the former state of things ; but, although they will bo supported by this country in whatever is just and proper, it is not to be expected that they will be sup- ported in the assertion of principles which have been already abandoned on this side of the Atlantic. RIGUT TO FISU IN THE BAY OP PUNDT. 89 REPORT OF A DECISION OF THE COMMISSION ON CLAIMS Under the Convention of Fcbrnarij 8, 1853, between the United States and Great Britain. Transmitted to the Senate, August 8, 185G. Schooner Washington, Construction of the treaty of 1818 relative to fisheries on tho coasts of North America. The clause in said treaty, in which the United States renounced the liberty " to take, dry and cure fish on certain coasts, l)ays, liarbors and creeks of his Britannic Majesty's dominions of North America," held not to include tiie Bay of Fnndy. The Bay of Fundy is held to be an open arm of the sea, so as not to be subject to the exclusive right of Great Britain as to fisheries. The schooner Washington, while employed in fishing in the Bay of Fundy, ten miles distant from the shore, was seized by her Britannic Majesty's cruiser, and taken to Yarmouth, in Nova Scotia, and condemned, on the ground of being engaged, in fishing in British waters, in violation of the provisions of the treaty relative to the fisheries, entered into between the United States and the British government on October 20, 1818. Claim of damage was made before the Commission, on the ground that the seizure was made in violation of the provisions of that treaty and of the law of nations. Thomas, agent and counsel for the United States. Hannen, agent and counsel for Great Britain. Upiiam, United States Commissioner. In 1813, the fishing schooner Washington was seized by her Britannic Majesty's cruiser when fishing, broad, as it is termed, in what is called the Bay of Fundy, ten miles from the shore. This seizure was justified on two grounds : W^-' 00 BAY OP FUNDY. 1. That the Bay of Fuiidy was an iudcntatlou of the sea, cxtoudiiit^ up into the land, both shores of which belonged to Great Britain, and that for this reason she had, by virtue of the law of nations, the exclusive jurisdiction over this sheet of water, and the sole right of taking fish within it. 2. It was contended that, by a fair construction of the treaty of October 20, 1818, between Great Britain and the United States, the United States had renounced the liberty, heretofore enjoyed or claimed, to take fish on certain bays, creeks or har- bors, including, as was contended, the Bay of Fundy and other similar waters within certain limits described by the treaty. The article containing this renunciation has various other provisions, suj)i)0sed to throw some light on the clause of renun- ciation referred to. I therefore quote it entire, which is as fol- lows : " Whereas ditTerenccs have arisen respecting the liberty claimed by the United States to take, dry and cure fish on cer- tain coasts, bays, harbors and creeks of his Britannic Majesty's dominions in America, it is agreed that the inhaljitants of the United States shall have, in common with the subjects of his Britannic Majesty, the liberty to take fisl; on certain portions of the southern, western and northern coast of Newfouudlaml, and also on the coasts, bays, harbors and creeks from Mount Jolly on the southern coast of Labrador, to and through the Straits of Belle Isle, and thence northwardly indefinitely along the coast ; and that the American fishermen shall have liberty to dry and cure fish in any of the unsettled haijs, harbors, and creeks of said described coasts, until the same become settled. And the United States renounce the liberty heretofore enjoyed or claimed by the inhabitants thereof, to take, dry, or cure fish on or within three marine miles of any of the coasts, hays, creeks or harbors of his Britannic Majesty's dominions in America, not includ- ing within the above mentioned limits : provided, however, that the American fishermen shall be admitted to enter such bays or harbors for the purpose of shelter, and of repairing" damages therein, of purchasing" wood, and of obtaining water, and for no other purposes whatever. But they shall bo under such restrictions as may bo necessary to prevent their taking, drying or curing fish therein, or in any other manner whatever abusing the privileges hereby reserved to them." ARiMS OP THE SEA OPEN TO ALL. 91 The first groaiid that has hocr taken in tho argument of this case is that, independent of this treaty, Great llritaln Iiad tho exclusive jurisdiction over tlio IJay of Fundy as part of her own dominions, Ity llio hiw of nations. As this matter, however, is settled by the treaty, tho position seems to have no hearing on tho case, except as it may tend to show that the United IStates would ho more likely to renounce tho right of fishing within limits thus secured to Great IJritain by ^hc law of nations, than if she had no such claim to jurisdiction. But on this point we are wholly at issue. The law of nations does uot, as I believe, give exclusive jurisdiction over any such large arms of tho ocean. Rights over the ocean were originally common to all nations, and they can be relinquished only by common consent. For certain jmrposes of protection and proper supervision and col- lection of revenue, the dominion of the land has been extended over small enclosed arms of tho ocean, and portions of the open sea, immediately contiguous to the shores. Hi eyond this, unless it has been expressly relinquished by treaty or other manifest assent, the original right of nations still exists of free navigation of the ocean, and a free right of each nation to avail itself of its common stores of wealth or subsistence. (Grotius, book 2, chap. 2, sect, o ; A^'attcl, book 1, chap. 21, sects. 282 and 283.) Reference has been made to the Chesapeake and Delaware bays, over which the United States have claimed jurisdiction, as cases militating with this view ; but those bays arc the natural outlets and enlargement of large rivers, and arc shut in by projecting headlands, leaving the entrance to the bays of such narrow capacity as to admit of their being commanded by forts, and tliey are wholly different in character from such a mass of tho ocean water as the Bay of Fundy. There is no principle of the law of nations that countenances the exclusive right of any nation in such arms of the sea. Claims, in some instances, have been made of such rights, but they have been seldom enforced or acceded to. This is well known to be the prevailing doctrire on the sub- ject in America, and it would have been surprising if the United States negotiators had relinquished, voluntarily, the largo por- tions of the ocean now claimed by Great Britain as her exclu- *'/;"( 92 nxl'OSITION OF TREATY. sivc right, under tlio provisions of this treaty, on tho ground that it was sanctioned hy tho hiw of nations. It v.'ould bo still more surprising if it luid boon thus relin- quished, after its long enjoyment by the inhabitants of America in common, from tho time of their first settlement down to tho Revolution, and from that time by the United States and British Provinces, from tho treaty of 1783 to that of 1818. I see no argument, in the view which has been suggested, to sustain the right of exclusive jurisdiction claimed by England. 2. I como now to the consideration of the second point taken in the argument before us, which is, that by the treaty of 1818 the United States renounced the right of taking fish within the limits now in controversy. This depends on the construction to be given to the article of the treaty which I have already cited. In the construction of a treaty, admitting of controversy on account of its supposed ambiguity or uncertainty, there arc various aids we may avail ourselves of in determining its inter- pretation, " It is an established rule," says Chancellor Kent, " in tho exposition of statutes ;" and the same rule, I may add, applies to treaties, " that the intention of tho law-giver is to be deduced from a view of the whole and of every part of a statute, taken and compared together, and the real intention, when accurately ascertained will always prevail over the literal sense of the terms." Ho further says, " When tho words arc not explicit, the inten- tion is to be collected from the occasion and tho necessity of tho law, from the mischief felt and the remedy in view ; and th' ition is to bo taken or presumed, according to what is ..lit to reason and discretion." — (1 Kent's Com. 4G2.) ow there arc various circumstances to be considered in con- icction with the treaty, that will aid us in coming to a correct conclusion as to its intent and meaning. Thcs J circumstances arc tho entire history of tho fisheries ; tho views expressed by the negotiators of the treaty of 1818, as to tho object to be effected by it ; the subsequent practical con- struction of the treaty for many years ; tho construction given to a similar article in the treaty of 1783 ; the evident meaning to be gained from the whole article taken together, and from niGHTg IN THE FISnEBT. 93 the term " coasts,'" as used in the treaty of 1818, and other treaties in rclbrencc to this subject. All tlioso combine, as I believe, to sustain the construction of tho provisions of the treaty as contended for by the United States. It will not be contested that the inhal)itants of the territory now included within the United States, as a matter of history, have had generally the common and undisturbed right of fish- ery, as now claimed by them, from tho first settlement of the continent down to the time of the Revolution, and that it was subsequently enjoyed in tho same manner, in common, by tho United States and the British Provinces, from tho treaty of 1783 down to the treaty of 1818. This right was based originally on what Dr. Palcy well regards, in his discussion of this subject, " as a general right of mankind;" and tho long and undisturbed enjoyment of it furnishes just ground for the belief that the United States negotiators would be slow in relinquishing it. They certainly would not be likely to relinquish more than was asked for, or what the United States negotiators a few years before contended was held by the same tenure as the national independence of the United States, and by a perpetual right. In the negotiation of the Treaty of Peace in 1814, no provi- sion was inserted as to the fisheries. Messrs. Adams and Galla- tin notified the British commissioners that " tho United States claimed to hold the right of tiic fisheries by the same tenure as she held her independence ; that it was a perpetual right appur- tenant to her as a nation, and that no now stipulation was necessary to secure it." The negotiators on the part of the British government did not answer this declaration, or contest the validity v,t the ground taken. Afterwards, in 1815, the consultations had between Lord Bathurst and Mr. Adams, the then Secretary of State, relative to the fisheries, show on what grounds negotiations were pro- posed, which were perfected by the treaty of 1818 ; and that tho renunciation desired, from tho treaty of 1783, consisted of the shore or boat fisheries, \f\nch are prosecuted within a marino league of tho shore, and no others. 19 94 COLONIAL JEALOUSY. At the first interview of the commissioners, Lord Batlmrst used this distinct and emphatic language : " As, on the one hand, Great Britain cannot permit the vessels of" the United States to fish within the creeks and close vpon the shores of the British territories, so, on the other hand, it is hy no means her intention to interrupt them in fishing anywhere in the open sea, or without tl\e territorial jurisdiction, a marine league from the shore. '^ Again, he said on a subsequent occasion: "It is not of fair competition that his Majesty's government has reason to com- plain, but of J pre-occupation of British harbors and c reeks. ^^ — (Sabine's Report on Fisheries, p. 282.) It is clear that it was only within these narrow limits the British government designed to restrict the fisheries by the citizens of the United States. The views of Messrs. Gallatin and Rush, the American nego- tiators of the treaty of 1818, appear from their communication made to the Secretary of State, Mr. Adams, immediately after the signature of the treaty. In this communication they say : " The renunciation in the treaty expressly states that it is to extend only to the distance of three miles from the coast; and this point was the more important, as, with the exception of the fisheries in open boats in certain harbors, it appeared that the fishing-ground on the whole coast of Nova Scotia was more than three miles from the shore." It tlius appears that the negotiators of both governments con- curred, at the time of making the treaty, in giving to it the intent and meaning now contended for by the United States. It further appears that such was the intent and eflect of the treaty of 1818, from the fact that the construction practically given to it for more than twenty years, and indeed down to the year 1842, conformed to the views of the negotiators as thus expressed. — (See Sabine's Report, p. 294.) There are certain circumstances also appearing in the case, which show the evident reluctance of the British government to assert the exclusive pretensions ultimately put forth by them, and that they had been goaded to it, .against their better sense, as to the construction of the treaty, by jealousies and laws of the Colonists of a very unusual character, and which Great BAYS AND CREEKS. 95 Britain was slow to sanction. And when she ultimately con- cluded to assert this claim, she tendered with it propositions for new negotiations, by wliich all matters connected with the Colonics should be amicably adjusted. I shall now consider the construction given to similar words of the treaty of 1783. It will not be denied that the words used in the treaty of 1783 and tlic treaty of 1818, where tliey are identical, and where express reference is made to the provisions of the former treaty, mean the same thing. When the United States are said, in the treaty of 1818, to renounce the liberty heretofore enjoyed and claimed^ it means the liberty heretofore enjoyed under the treaty of 1783, and the liberty then enjoyed was to take fish " on certain bays and creeks," without any limitations as to distance from them. Now, what were those hayn and creeks on which — that is, along^ the line of v)hich — drawn from headland to headland, the citizens of the United States were allowed to take fish under the treaty of 1783 ? It cannot be pretended that bays and creeks there intended were any other than small indentations from the great arms of the sea. They certainly did not include the Bay of Fundy and other large waters. Because if fishing was allowed merely on that bay, as is now contended, that is, on and along the lino of the bay from headland to headland, then all fishing within the Bay of Fundy would be excluded. But it is a well-known fact that the suggestion never was made, or a surmise raised, that the expressions used in the treaty of 1783 permitted the fisliermen of tlic United States to go merely to the line of the Bay of Fundy, and restricted them from fishing within it. A practice, therefore, for thirty-five years under this treaty of 1783 had determined lohat classes of bays and creeks were meant ' y the expressions tliere used. Tlic treaty of 1818 renounced the liberty heretofore enjoyed of fishing on these identical bays and creeks — that is, imme- diately on the line of them ; and also further renounced the lib- erty of fishing within a space of three miles of them. But the bays and creeks here referred to were tho same as those referred to in the treaty of 1783, and neither of them ever included the Bay of Fundy. 96 BAYS FOR SHELTER. The express connection between these two treaties is apparent from the face of tliem. Reference is made to the treaty of 1783 in a manner that cannot bo mistaken ; the subject-matter is the same, and the terms, as to tlic point in question, identical. I contend, therefore, that the governments, in adopting the language of the treaty of 1783 in the treaty of 1818, received the "words with the construction and api)lication given to them up to that time, and that neither party can now deny such construction and application, but is irrevocably l^ound by it. There arc other portions of the article in question that aid in giving a construction to the clause iinder consideration, and that irresistibly sustain the view I have ado})ted. Thus it is provided, in another portion of the same article in reference to these same creeks and bays, that the fishermen of the United States shall be admitted to enter '■'■such baijs'^ for the purpose of shelter and to obtain wood and water ; thus clearly implying that such bays are small indentations, extend- ing into the land, to which fishing craft would naturally resort for shelter, and to obtain wood and water, and not large, open seas like the Bay of Fuudy. There arc numerous bays of this character along the coast, within the Bay of Fundy, such as the Bay of Passamaquoddy, Annapolis, St. Mary's, Chignecto, Mines Bay, and other well known bays extending up into the land. There is a further argument to sustain the American construc- tion given to the treaty, derived from the meaning affixed to the term " coasts," as applied by the usage of the country, and which was adopted and embodied in the various treaties between France and England from a very early period, and has been conthiued down to the present time. I have not seen this argument adverted to ; but it seems to me important, and indeed of itself quite conclusive as to the matter in question, and I shall now consider it. The term " coasts," in all these prior treaties, is applied to all the borders and shores of the eastern waters, not only along the mainland, but in and about the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and around all the larger and smaller islands where fisheries were carried on. These coasts are thus defined and specified in the Treaty of Utrecht between Great Britain and France in 1713, of Paris in TREATY OF PARIS. 97 to of in 17G3, and other treaties to the present time. In tlic treaty of Utrecht, between France and England, the, liberty of taking and drying fish is allowed " on the coasts of Ncwfonndland ; " provision is also made as to the fisheries on the coasts, in the month, and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Reference is also made to these " coasts " in the same manner in the treaty of Paris, which took place after the conquest of Canada. The French are permitted by this treaty to fish in the Gttif of St. Lawrence at a given distance fi-om all " the coasts " belonging to Great Britain as well as those " of the continent," as those of the islands situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The fishery also " on the coasts " of the comparatively small island " of Cape Breton out of said Gulf" is regulated and pro- vided for, and further it is provided " that the fishery on thp coasts of Nova Scotia or Acadia, and everywhere else, out of the said Gulf, shall remain on the footing of former treaties." Now I regard it as utterly impossible for any one looking at these treaties, with the map of the islands and waters in the Gulf or Bay of St. Lawrence, and in and around Nova Scotia, referred to in these treaties, to doubt for a moment that the term " coasts" was designed to apply, and did, in terms, apply to the whole contour of the mainland and the islands referred to, including the entire circuit of Nova Scotia on the Bay of Fundi/. These expressions are continued in the same manner in the treaty of 1783. The United States ase there allowed to take fish in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, " on the coast of Newfound- land," and also " on the coasts, bays and creeks of all other of his Britannic Majesty's dominions in America." • Again, in the preamble to the treaty of 1818, which we arc now considering, it is said to have been caused by differences as to the liberty claimed to take fish on certain coasts, bays, har- bors and creeks of his Britannic Majesty's dominions in America, and by the treaty provision is made as to the fisheries on the coasts of Newfoundland, and on " the coasts, bays, har- bors and creeks from Mount Joly on the southern coast o^ Labrador, to and through the Straits of Belle Isle, and thence northwardly indefinitely along the coast ; " and then follows the renunciation of the right before enjoyed by the United States " to take, dry or euro fish on or within three marine miles of f Mi 98 COASTS. any of ' the coasts,^ bays, creeks or harbors of liis majesty's dominions in America." It seems to mo undeniable that the term coasts in all theso treaties was well defined and known. The outlet of the St. Lawrence is equally well known by the term Bay or Gulf. The shores on that bay or gulf, and on the islands within it, are uniformly spoken of as " coasts ; " and the same mode of desig- nating the shores along this entire country is used in all theso treaties in reference to the various waters where fisheries wcro carried on. "The coasts" named in these treaties were not only tho coasts of the Bay or Gulf of St. Lawrence, and of the island of Cape Breton, but extended from the head of the Bay of Fundy along the bay entirely around Nova Scotia to the Gulf or Bay of St. Lawrence. There never had been any misunderstanding as to the appli- cation of this term, or denial of the right to fish on these coasts, as I have named them, under all these treaties down +o 1818. The term " coasts," as applied to Nova Scotia during tliis long period, was as well known and understood as the term "coasts" applied to England or L-eland, and it included the coasts on the Bay of Fundy as fully and certainly as the term coasts of Eng- land applies to the coasts of the English Channel. It was a fixed locality, known and established, and the right of taking fish had always been " enjoyed there." When, therefore, the treaty of 1818 " renounced the liberty, 'heretofore enjoyed,' of taking fish within three marine miles of any of the coasts, bays, creeks, etc., of his Britannic Majesty's dominions," the renunciation was, for this distance from a fixed locality, as fully settled and established as language, accompa- nied by a long and uninterrupted usage, could make it. " The coasts" named are those of 1783, and of prior treaties, and the renunciation of three miles was to be reckoned from these coasts. The Bay of Fundy was therefore not excluded from the fishing grounds of tho United States. I am not aware of any reply to the points here taken, that I think can at all invalidate them. From the papers filed in the case, it appears that in 1841, tho Province of Nova Scotia caused a case stated to be drawn up LAW OFFICERS OF THE CROWN. 99 ty's tics. ,tho 1 up and forwarded to England, with certain questions to bo proposed to the law officers of the crown. One inquiry was, whether the fishermen of the United States have any authority to enter any of the bays of that Province to take fish. These officers, Messrs. Dodson and Wilde, reply that no right exists to enter the bays of Nova Scotia to take fish, "as they are of opinion the term headland is ..^ '' '. ~ +ho treaty to express the part of the land excluding the interior oi the bays and inlets of the coasts." Now it so happens that no such tc/ " . used in the treaty, and their decision, based on it, falls to liic ground. They were also specifically asked to define what is to bo con- sidered a headland. This they did not attempt to do. The headlands of the Bay of Fundy have never been defined or located, and from the contoiv of the bay no such headlands properly exist. These officers h<:.a that the American fisherman, for the rea- son named, could not enter the bays and harbors of Nova Scotia. But the Bay of Fundy is not a bay or harbor of the Province of Nova Scotia, and was never included in its limits. The Bay of Fundy is bounded on one fide by Nova Scotia, and on the other by New Brunswick, and it is not clear that cither the question proposed, or the answer given, was designed to include this large arm of the sea. It is also said that Mr. "Webster has conceded the point in issue in a notice given to American fishermen. The claims now asserted were not put forth till many years after the treaty of 1818 ; and it was not till 1852 the British government gavo notice that seizures would be made of fishermen taking fish in violation of the construction of the treaty of 1818, as then claimed by them, when Mr. Webster, to avoid the collisions that might arise, issued a notice setting forth the claims put forth by England. In one part of his notice he says : " It was an oversight to make so large a concession* to England ;" but closes by saying: '' Not agreeing that the construction put upon the treaty by the English government is conformable to the intentions of the con- tracting parties, this information is given that those concerned in the fisheries may understand how the concern stands at present, and bo upon their guard." TTTT 100 OPINION OP BRITISH COMMISSIONER. Mr. Webster subsequently denied relinquishing, in any man- ner, by this notice, the rights of the United States, as claimed under this treaty. Detached expressions quoted from it, to sustain a different opinion, can hardly be regarded, under such circumstances, as an authority. I have seen no other argument or suggestions tending, as I think, to sustain the grounds taken by the British government. On the other hand, 1 have adverted, briefly, as 1 proposed, to the history of the fisheries ; the views expressed by the negotia- tors of the treaty of 1818, as to the object to be eriected by it ; the subsequent practical construction of it for many, years; the construction given to a similar article in the treaty of 1783 ; the evident meai\ing to be gained from the entire article of the treaty taken together, and from the term " coasts " as used in the treaty of 1818, and other treaties in reference to this sub- ject ; and the whole combine, as I believe, to sustain the construction contended for by the United States. I am therefore of opinion, the owners of the Washington should receive compensation for the luilawful seizure of that vessel by the British goveriuncnt, when fishing more than three miles from the shore or coast of the Bay of Fundy. Hornby, British Commissioner. * All opinion was delivered by Hornby, conflicting with the views and conclusion of the United States commissioner, and sustaining the position taken by his government, on the ground that Great Britain, by virtue of her ownership of both shores of the Bay of Fundy, had exclusive jurisdiction over the w\aters of the bay, by virtue of the law of nations, applical)le to such sheets of water, and cited various claims that had been put forth to a similar jurisdiction. He also held that the provision in the treaty by which the United States " renounced the liberty previously enjoyed, to take, dry or cure fish on, or within ilireo marine miles of any of the coasts, bays, creeks or harbors of his Britannic Majesty's * The opinion of the British commissioner in this, and some other cases, was to have been drawn up at length, and furnished, to bo placed on file. It is to be regretted that these opinions have not been received, and that, after this length of time, they probably will not be. DECISION OP UMPIRE. 101 dominions in Nortli America," excluded by its terms, and by a just construction of the treaty, fislicrics of the United States citizens in the Bay of Fundy. • Bates, Umpire. The schooner Washington was seized by the revenue schooner Julia, Captain Darby, while fishing in the Bay of Fundy, ten miles from tl^o shore, on tho 10th of May, 1840, on the cliargc of violating the treaty of 1818. She was carried to Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, and there decreed to be forfeited to the crown by the judge of the vice-admiralty court, and, with licr stores, ordered to bo sold. Tho owners of tlic Washington claim for the value of the vessel and appurtenances, outfits and damages, $2,483, and for eleven years' interest, 81,038, amounting together to !i^4,121. By the recent Reciprocity Treaty, happily concluded between the United States and Great Britain, there seems no chance for any further disputes in regard to tho fisheries. It is to be regretted that, in that treaty, provision was not made for settling a few small claims of no importance in a pecu- niary sense, which were then existing ; but as they have not been settled, tliey arc now brought before tliis commission. The Washington fishing schooner was seized, as before stated, in the Bay of Fundy, ten miles from the shore, off Annapolis, Nova Scotia. It will be seen by the treaty of 1783, between Great Britain and the United States, that the citizens of the latter, in common with the subjects of the former, enjoyed the right to take and cure fish on the shores of all parts of her Majesty's dominions in America, used by British fisliermen ; but not to dry fish on tljc island of Newfoundland, which later privilege was confined to tlic shores of Nova Scotia, in the following words : " And American fish- ermen shall have liberty to dry and cure fish on any of tho \insettled bays, harbors and creeks of Nova Scotia ; but as soon as said shores shall become settled, it shall not be lawful to dry or cure fish at such settlement, without a previous agreement for that purpose with the inhabitants, proprietors or possessors of the ground." The treaty of 1818, contains the following stipulations in relation to the fishery : " Whereas, differences havo arisen 102 OPINION OF MR. BATES. respecting the liberty claimed by the United States to take, dry and cure fish on certain coasts, bays, harbors and creeks, of his Britannic Majesty's dominions in America, it is agreed tliat the inhabitants of the United States shall have, in common with the subjects of his Britannic Majesty, the right to fish b\\ certain portions of the southern, western, and northern coast of New- foundland ; and, also, on the coasts, bays, harbors and creeks from Mount Joly, on the southern coast of Labrador, to and through the Straits of Belle Isle ; and thence northwardly inde- finitely along the coast, and that American fishermen shall have liljcrty to dry and cure fish in any of the unsettled bays, harbors, and creeks of said described coasts, until the same become set- tled, and the United States renounce the liberty heretofore enjoyed or claimed by the inhabitants thereof, to take, dry, or cure fish, on or luithin three marine miles of any of the coasts, bays, creeks or harbors of his Britannic Majesty's dominions in America, not included in the above mentioned limits : provided, however, that the American fishermen shall be admitted to enter such bays or harbors, for the purpose of shelter, and of repair- ing damages therein, of purchasing wood, and of obtaining water, and for no other purpose whatever. But they shall bo under such restrictions as may bo necessary to prevent their tak- ing, drying or curing fish therein, or in any other manner whatever abusing the privileges hereby reserved for them." The question turns, so far as relates to the treaty stipulations on the meaning given to the word " bays," in the treaty of 1783. By that treaty the Americans had no right to dry and cure fish on the shores and bays of Newfoiuidland ; but they had that right on the coasts, bays, harbors and creeks, of Nova Scotia ; and as they must land to cure fish on the shores, bays, and creeks, they Averc evidently admitted to the shores of the bays, &c. By the treaty of 1818, the same right is granted to cure fish on the coasts, bays. Sec, of Newfoundland ; but the Ameri- cans relinquished that right, and the right to fish ivithin three miles of the coasts, bays, Sfc, of Nova Scotia. Taking it for granted that the framers of the treaty intended that the word " bay or bays " should have the same meaning in all cases, and no mention being made of headlands, there appears no doubt that the Washington, in fishing ten miles from the shore, violated no stipulations of the treaty. RIGHTS OP THE UNITED STATES SUSTAINED. 108 It was urged on behalf of tlio British government, that by coasts, bays, &c., is understood an imaginary line, drawn along the coajit from headland to headland, and that the jurisdiction of her Majesty extends three marine miles outside of this line ; thus closing all the bays on the coast or shore, and that great body of water called the Bay of Fundy against Americans and others, making the latter a British bay. This doctrine of tlio headlands is new, and has received a proper limit in the conven- tion between France and Great Britain of 2d of August, 1839, ill which " it ie- agreed that the distance of three miles fixed as the general limit for the exclusive right of fishery upon the coasts of the two countries shall, with respect to bays, the mouths of which do not exceed ten miles in width, be measured from a straight line drawn from headland to headland." The Bay of Fundy is from Go to 75 miles wide, and 130 to 140 miles long ; it has several bays on its coast ; thus the word bay, as applied to this great body of water, has the same mean- ing as that applied to the Bay of Biscay, the Bay of Bengal, over which no nation can have the right to assume sovereignty. One of the headlands of the Bay of Fundy is in the United States, and ships boiind to Passamaquoddy must sail through a large space of it. The island of Grand Mcnan (British,) and Little Menan (American,) arc situated nearly on a line from headland to headland. These islands, as represented in all geographies, are situated in the Atlantic Ocean. The conclusion is, therefore in my mind irresistible, that the Bay of Fundy is not a British bay, nor a bay within the meaning of the word, as used iji the treaties of 1783 and 1818. The owners of the Washington, or their legal rcprcbentatives, are therefore entitled to compensation, and are hereby awarded not the amount of their claim, which is excessive, but the sum of three thousand dollars due on the 15tli of January, 1855. 104 THE BRITISH EMPIRE. EXTRACTS FROM "THE BRITISH EMPIRE." BY E. II. DERBY. — 18GG. Far to the north of our iiortlicru bouiulary, under the high latitude of 54, wliich a few years since we claimed for our fron- tier line and reluctantly resigned, lie the British Isles. Hemmed in by the Atlantic on the one side and the German Ocean on the other, with an area of less than 110,000 square miles, less than that of New Zealand, and little more than that of Japan, they fall below several of the States in our western constellation. Small, however, as may be their area, there arc few parts of the earth's surface which would leave such a void as they would were they suddenly to be submerged by some convulsion of nature. The British Isles have a climate so humid that in ordinary seasons neither maize nor the grape can ripen there, the soil so cold and forbidding tiiat even wheat is a precarious crop unless aided by drainage and artificial stimulants ; but the climate is hivigorating, the soil is underlaid with minerals more valuable than those of California. The genius of the people is directed toward mechanism, and art has triumphed over nature. Watt and Bolton have set that mechanism in motion by the invention of the steam-engine, and Arkwright and Davy have, like Aladdin in the Eastern tale, evoked the genius of the lamp and the genius of the ring with their Briarean arms, the one to explore the caverns where the black diamonds sparkle, the other to ring in the artisans and set the looms in motion to produce tissues and draperies for the palaces of the world. The improvement of the soil has kept pace Avith the advance of mechanism. Skilful drainage, importations of guano and phosphate of lime and linseed have given it fertility and greatly increased its productive power. Highways, canals and railroads, stone docks and piers have given facilities to commerce. Iron ships and steamers have St. PRODUCTION AND WEALTH. 105 L'lng in have s have taken the place of ancient lighters and colliers, and the naviga- tion of the cnipiro now exceeds six millions of tons. The nianulaoturo of textile fabrics of silk, cotton, linen, wool, flax and jute, approaches a weight of two thousand millions of pounds. Ninety-five million tons of coal are annually raised, and ten million tons of ore are annually melted into five million tons of iron. In 1770, when Great Britain was shorn of her colonics, exhausted by her long struggle and loaded with a vast debt, it was supposed by her foes that she would sink into a third-rate power, but such was her vitality that she soon recovered her energy and began again to extend her dominions. Asia took with her the place of America ; her shores were kept inviolate, her naval power hicrcased. For twenty years she was engaged in the great European struggle. With her fleets, subsidies and expeditions, she baffled the power of NapoleoU; and finally caged the conqueror of Europe iu a sea-girt prison. Emerging from this struggle with a debt of four thousand five hundred millions, eighty per cent, more than our own, and with a population less than half that within our borders, she has gradually increased her wealth and population until she now meets the entire interest of her debt by a tax upon suj)erflui- ties, by duties on malt, spirits and tobacco, leaving the revenue from all other sources free to defray the current expenses of tho state. Such has been the growth of commerce, that the wealth of the Empire was rated, a few years since, at 830,000,000.000, and the annual growth of wealth at $650,000,000, sufiicient to extinguish the national debt once in six years. In place of the thirteen Colonies, with, their population of three millions, lost in 1770, Great Britain has jilanted colonics on all the highways of nations. Gibraltar and Malta frown upon the Mediterranean. Aden commands the outlet of the Red Sea. On the coast of Africa, we find her island of Mauri- tius, producing unmally its 100,000 tons of sugar from a sur- face of 700 square miles ; beyond it Natal, with its sugar, wool and cotton, the Cape of Good Hope, Sierra Leone, Lagos and St. Helena. Proceeding cast, we encounter the Isle of Ceylon, with its cinnamon and 50,000 tons of coffee, and the great Provinces of Bombay, Madras, Bengal and Burmah. Beyond lOG FIFTY COLONIES. them arc Singapore, Labuau and Ilong Kong, on tlio coast of China. IJumling our course still further cast, we reach Aus- tralia, New Zealand and Van Dicman's Land, with a British population half as large as that of the thirteen Colonies at the time of their revolt, endowed with mines of gold, and sheep- walks yielding a hundred million pounds of wool. If wo double Capo ilorn, wo find a post at the Falkland Islands, in convenient proximity to the great river La Plata. Following the coast of lirazil, we come to Guiana and Demarara, then to Honduras, a cluster of isles in the Caribbean Sea, and tho fortresses of Bermuda and Bahama- Proceeding north, we reach the great naval station of Hali- fax, and come in contact with tho Provinces of British North America, with a population and commerce exceeding that of the old thirteen colonics, and beyond them lie British Cohimbia and Vancouver's Island, colonics upon our Pacific coast. Whciever green pastures, fertile soils, valuable timber or coal- fields, or commanding sites for fortresses invite occupation, there the red cross of St. George and the morning gun of England salute the rising sun. And now, before tlie close of the first century that has fol- iDwed our Revolution, Great Britain, with a stronger hand and increased naval and military power, by the official returns of 18G2, has, in place of her thirteen revolted Provinces, no less than fifty flourishing Colonics, with an Area of square miles, . Population, ..... Colonial Revenue, Colonial Expenses, Colonial Debt, .... Colonial Imports, Colonial Exports, Colonial arrivals and clearances, tons Joint Revenue of United King- dom and Colonies, . 4,34G,99G . 152,774,672 8200,000,000 00 291,000,000 00 71:3,000,000 00 541,000^000 00 474,000,000 00 , 21,550,755 $640,000,000 00 Great Britain while creating this empire has done little to conciliate the United States. It is true we inherit from her our language with the rudiments of our laws, and for these we aro INDIA. 107 grateful ; but she has left on our shores few luomorlals of her kiii(hi(*ss, and one legacy which like the robe of Hercules nearly proved our ruui. It is true that she fought with us against France ; but then we fought for our homes and altars ; she contended for empire ; sho ever held our interests subordinate to her own, she repressed our cnter[)risc both in commerce and nKinufactures. When we had broken her fetters on the continent, sho compelled us to fight again to avoid vassalage on the sea ; and when our national life was enihingcrcd by an institution she had founded, she alono broke our blockade, carried munitions to our foes, sweeping our ships from the deep, and prolonging the war. Our nation, while it sympathizes with her masses, holds her government accountable for this injustice and will insist upon redress. It is the part of wisdom to examine her jjosition, to measure her strength, and doubtless we shall find that the gigantic empire she has founded has some vulnerable points and rests ou some frail foundations. ittle to ler our we aro India. We have looked at her colonies grouped together ; let us take a brief view of some of her largest outlying Provinces. The chief is India, which embraces the great basins of the Indus and the Ganges. Here Great Britain, commencing with a com- pany of merchants, and a few trading posts on the coast, by superior tact and wealth, and in great part by native troops, has gradually subdued kingdoms and principalities, and extended her dominions to the border of AlTghanistan, Thibet and Chinese Tartary. . Here less than a quarter of a million of Englishmen control a million of sqiiare miles, and one hundred and forty-seven millions of unhappy subjects. The climate of India is £? dry one, and its fertility is duo in great part to irrigation. Many of its ancient rulers have improved its plains by canals, tanks and reservoirs ; but Great Britain, having won from the natives a title by conquest to the soil, was for many years intent on revenue rather than improvcraGnt, and suffered many of these works to go to decay. At length howc ver, sho discovered a military necessity for rail- ways, and found remunerative returns in works of irrigation, 108 EXPORTS OP INDIA. W^W and of late years has given them her support. A groat system of railways, comprising 5,000 miles, has now been in progress for nearly twenty years. A line of 1,100 miles has been opened from Calcutta to Delhi, another is advancing from Bombay to intersect the Calcutta line. Other lines will connect the waters of the Ganges with those of the Indus. The government has guaranteed five per cent, and half the surplus profits to these lines, and the Calcutta railway in its first year has a revenue from traflic which exceeds the guaranteed income. A novel policy has been adopted on these lincb.. While first and second class carriages, with English charges, are used in a few express train?^, the masses of the people are transported in open cars at the low rate of half a cent per mile. And this living freight, which loads and unloads itself, IS the chief source of revenue, yielding on the Calcutta and Delhi line more than a million per month. When the English first landed on tlie coast of India they found it the chief seat of the cotton maimfacture. Beautiful lawns, calico and muslins of exquisite delicacy, gave employ- ment to populous cities. But the manufactures of India have succumbed to the power and policy of Great Britain. The shawls of Paisley, the prints and lawns of Manchester have superseded the shawls and muslins of Deliii, and the manu- facture of India has been gradually reduced to that of the gunny cloth which envelopes our grain and cotton. The Indian widow, as if in mourning for the past, sits upon the ashes and weaves her sackcloth. Great Britain uses India as her plantation to raise opium, indigo, llax, cotton, jute, hemp and wool, and various dyes for her commerce or homo manufacture, and with them has created a commerce of great magnitude and rapid growth. The exports cf British India wei^ in 1835, 1855, 1862, $40,500,000 00 101,000,000 00 185,000,000 00 And during these 17 years the importations of India have risen from $31,000,000 to $186,000,000. COMMERCE OF INDIA. 109 The tonnaffo which cleared for foreign countries from India in 1802, was as follows : — British, . United States, French, . Native, . 1,156,709 tons. 220,310 " 152,343 '• 124,350 " Tlio debt of India in 18G2 was $537,000,000, and its revenue some $5,000,000 short of its expenses was in that year 8219,000,000. It has since exceeded its expenses. This revenue is drawn chiefly from the rent of land, export and import duties, and the monopoly of opium and salt. The duty on spirit is 81i per gallon; on wine, 81 ; on tobacco, 12 cents per pound. India annually absorbs about 870,000,000 of treasure, prin- cipally silver, and its circulation is estimated to exceed 81,000,000,000. The commerce of Lidia, like that of the other Colonies of Great Britain, is almost equally divided between the mother country and other nations and colonics. Great Britain relies upon opium alone for more than one- sixth of her Indian revenue ; she requires the people of certain districts to pursue its cultivation, and takes it at fixc(' prices, yielding them small remuneration, and has compelled China to receive it at the point of the bayonet. The revenue from this drug, now 835,000,000, is annually increasing at the rate of one or two millions. The opium ])ays for the tea of England, and this is her favorite beverage. When we consider that this revenue is wrested from the industry of one race, and vyrung from the ruin and impoverish- ment of another, its pcrmanenoe may well be questioned. Tlic British Empire in Asia stands upon no firm foundation. It may be better than the anarchy that preceded it ; but it is not founded on the love of the people, and is guided by the interests of a distant state. Australia. The first settlements of the English on the Australian conti- nent were mado since the ado])tion of our Constitution ia 1738. 21 ■'fpl' ' 110 CANADA AND NOVA SCOTIA. .^••:ii In 1839 the colonial population had risen to 160,000, and now the population of this continent and the adjacent isles has risen to 1,400,000. Their revenue has grown, also, to $140,000,000. In 18G2 the importations of the Australian colonics were as follows : — From Great Britain, From other countries, Aggregate, . . 870,000,000 00 . 78,500,000 00 . $157,500,000 00 Their exports, which were at first of little value, have, by the great increase of sheep and the discovery of gold, been carried up to 8133,000,000 annually. Tho commerce and wealth of Australia have taken their entire development since our Revolution. Canada, Nova Scotia and other Provinces op North America. These Provinces, in closo proximity to tho United States, had little commerce and a small population at tho closo of our war for independence ; but now their territory and population both exceed those of the thirteen colonies in 1776. Tho population of these Provinces is equal to one-tenth of our own, and will reach four millions in 1868. Their annual arrivals and clearances in commerco with us exceed 6,500,000 tons, and their annual importations from all countries exceed 868,000,000. Their revenue is at least 814,000,000. The great staples of tho export trade are grain, lumber, fish, coal and provisions. Wo have traced tho outlines of tho great web which tho Brit- ish spider has spread over tho globo. Let us now return to tho British Isles ; let us walk into tho parlor of this industrious artisan, and test the central supports of his structure. Land and Agriculture. One of tho great distinctions between Great Britain and tlio United States is the treatment of tho land in the two countries. It is tho policy of the former to break up tho small freeholds, and to accumulate lands in tho hands of tho gentry. Tho law of primogeniture, tho law of entails and settlements, favor thifl TENURE OP LAND. AFFORESTING. Ill accumulation, and in Great Britain not one person in three hundred has a permanent interest in the soil. The reverse of this is true in the United States ; our laws favor diffusion, and would give to every one a sure and perma- nent home. Primogeniture and entails have been abolished. The settler on the frontier has been favored by pre-emption and grants of homesteads and extremely low prices for the public domain ; public grants have been made for railways, and the facilities of transfer by sale or mortgage are so great, that the masses arc tempted to become holders of the fee. It is the policy of our laws to elevate the masses, to exempt their homes and furniture from attachment and distraint for rent, to make them feel that they are a part of the state and have an interest as well as a voice in its management ; and this may explain the unanimity with which the people of the North sustained the state in our late conflict. The policy of England which gives the land to the few, and to the few with the land the controlling power in elections, gives less vitality to the state. In America men aspire to wealth for its comforts and distinc- tion, and would share it with their offspring. In England a man aspires to land and a family to perpetuate his name, and sacrifices his younger children to pride. Our policy elevates the many, that of England elevates the few and strips the many. Our farms remain of convenient size, and are usually occupied by the owner ; but in England many farms are held as investments by one individual. Twelve fben own half of Scotland. Two hundred hold half of England — a most remarkable contrast, since England is deficient in land, whilo our supply is ample, and hero a farm is rarely let to any one.* In Ireland there has been in the last quarter of a century a serious decline in agricultural productions. McCulloch, a standard authority among Englishmen, informs us that the agricultural productions in grain, potatoes, cattle, in Ireland, were, — In 1830, 8222,000,000 00 * Wliilo we " deforest" America, the nobility and gentry of Great Britain, like William the Norman, "afforest" large tracts of the Island for hunting and shooting. 112 CONDITIOM OF IRELAND. E t r ,, ir— i«,,^^^._ Since then they have declhied, — In 18r)9, to . In 18G3, to . 8198,000,000 00 107,000,000 00 Tlie population of Ireland has declined in nearly the same ratio,* while that of England and Scotland shows an increase more than commensurate with the loss across the channel. IIow arc we to account for such a decline while Eaglaud and Scotland have been i)rogressive ? The pages of McCulloch to which we have referred, present a melancholy picture of the condition of Ireland in 1839. The population of the island, he says, is now eight millions. Of these, six millions live chiefly upon the potatoe, one and an half millions on oatmeal, and half a million on other food. Fifteen persons out of sixteen eking out a miserable existence on food inferior to that of the Snalte Indians, infinitely worse than that of the slave. This wretched population living in turf cottages, without chimneys or windows, half naked, grew in their misery to nine millions. Then came the famine and the fever to sweep away a race whose condition was a disgrace, not merely to the empire, but to humanity itself, and then the exodus to America. Contrast tlie condition of the Irishman of 1847 in his broken hovel and tattered garments, liable at any moment to bo set adrift Avithout a home or a bed, meagre from the wretched apology for food upon which he lived, and now emaciated by famine and disease, and contrast the condition of his family with the average condition of each family in the United States where, by the census of 1800, the returns of our agriculture were so ample that they presented an average for each family in this new country, of 1 horse, 4 cattle, 4 sheep, G swine, 28 bushels of wheat, 2(> bushels of potatoes, 28 1)ushels of oats, 140 l)ushels of corn and nearly a bale of cotton, and ample straw and fodder, beside sugar, tobacco and other productions. The conversion of Ireland from oat fields and potato patches into fields of flax, and pastures with the growth of people • The population of Ireland is now reduced to five millions. More than one-third of the people nre Protestants. Between 1500 nnd 1700 nine-tenths of the land was confiscated and the proprietors deprived of their homes, property and civil rights. LIMITED MARKET. 118 in the sister isle, requires a large importation of food into Great Britain. This, in 1805, amounted In grain, corn and flour, to . . 8130,000,000 00 In rice, to 0,000,000 00 In j)ork, beef and dairy products, to 44,000,000 00 8183,000,000 00 Tliis opens a market to the competition of this country for its supply with France, Germany, Egypt, Russia, Spain, Italy and Turkey, but did Ave have exclu.'^ivo access to it, such a markot would absorb but a small percentage of the 83,000,000,000 of breadstufis and provisions produced by the agriculture of the United States. In 1839, McCulloch estimated the return of agriculture in Great Britain and Ireland at 81,000,000,000. The decline in Ireland has probably prevented any large increase since that period. Our returns from agriculture rose to 8-,GOO,000,000 by the census of 18G0, and are now at least threefold those of Great Britain. The surplus in this country is our safeguard in case of war, but the dependence of the British Isles on foreign nations and distant colonies for the food of five to ten millions of their people puts them under heavy bonds to keep the peace. British Manufactures. McCulloch rates the annual value in 1839 of the chief manu- factures of Great Britain, viz., cotton, wool, ilax, silk, hats, paper, glass, iron and earthen ware at 8583,000,000, and the value of the minerals produced at 8100,000,000, an aggregate of 8383,000,000. "\Vo must have i)assed these points long since, for the census of 1800 presents the amount of our manufactures at nearly threefold that aggregate, and they arc still progressive. The English question our right to include lumber and flour among manufactures ; but it is diihcult to see why the grooved and often planed board, the finished shingle, lath and clap- board, or why the bolted and barrelled flour, as well as refined oil, ai'e not as much manufactures as pig iron or castings. If our manufactures arc sometimes stated twice ; if the leather, for instance, ii included a second time, in boots, shoes or har- nesses, does not English hardware include pig iron, bar iron and 114 BRITISH MANUFACTURES. steel ill English manufactures, and do not their fabrics of cotton' wool and silk, include in their amount the foreign material ? In certain branches Great Britain still surpasses America. Wo manufacture but 1,500,000 tons of iron. Great Britain makes 5,000,000 tons ; but we consume, chiefly in other manu- factures, three-fifths as miich iron as Great Britain. And while her pig and bar iron are worth less than 8100,000,000, our manulacturos of iron exceed 8200,000,000. In 18G0, Ave spun and wove four hundred and thirteen million pounds of cotton. Great Britain one thousand one hundred and twenty millions, and not the larger quantity stated by Sir Mor- ton Peto, who sets down all imported as manufactured. lu silk, flax, jutcj wool and hemp, and earthen ware. Great Britain still excels ; but in nearly all other branches we are in the ascend- ant, and whatever advance Great Britain has made since 1839, our aggregate from the returns of 18G0 in minerals and manu- factures, unless, as she suggests, wc strike olT great branches, must exceed her aggregate of manufactures and minerals. For instance, in leather, boots, shoes, harnesses, carriages, engines, cars, sewhig-machines, musical instruments, arms, can- non, agricultural implements, India-rubber goods, ready-made clothing, paper, paper collars, manufactures of wood, files, screws, and many minor branche s wc are aherfd of Great Britain, although in tissues we may not manufacture the amount she produces. In future the rivalry between Great Britain and the United States will be in the last named articles. Both nations arc preparing for the contest. While Great Britain is doubling her production of pig iron once in thirteen years, wo arc opening vast deposits of iron ore superior to any that she can command in Missouri, Tennessee, and on the shores of Lake Superior. Wo are erecting new furnaces, and already produce a million and a half of tons, or more than England made in 1845, and have carried our manu- facture of iron in its various forms above 8200,000, drawing less than one-tenth of the i)ig metal from Great Britain. If the cotton tax shall be sustained by Congress and a remis- sion of duty bo allowed upon our cloth exported, wc may expect a rapid increase of the manufacture both at the North and the South ; wo now consume two-fifths of the qurftitity of cotton annually used by Great Britain. AMERICAN MANUFACTURES. 115 "With respect to wool, our manufacture has doubled in less than ten years, our woollen machinery is equal to the manufac- ture of 200,000,000 millions of pounds of wool, and wo import and produce nearly that amount in 186G. Delaines, worsteds, and mixed fabrics of wool, silk and cotton, bunting, felted cloth and other new fabrics arc now well established and progressive.* Each nation is largely embarked in manufactures ; each guided 'y a different theory. Tho theory of Great Britain is free trade. Reduced to practice it is tho exchange by com- merce of the raw material to which she has given new value for the rude products of other regions. Strong in her insular position ; enthroned on her beds of iron and black diamonds ; relying on her command of the sea, on her intellectual power and artistic skill to guide her low-priced labor and varied mechanism ; trusting in her accumulated capital to crush com- petition, — her aim is to keep down labor by cheap food and beer at home, and to crush rivalry and adverse tariffs by the weight of capital abroad ; to sell below cost to-day, with a view to large profits to-morrow. In' her eye tho laborer is but a machine, endued with life merely to do tho bidding of capital, which absorbs the profits while the mechanism is merely kept, like tho engine, in repair. The debased and illiteiate masses have no interest in the state while they stand on tho verge of pauperism. Our policy is the reverse. It is to create and educate men, or import them ready-made, in the full vigor of maidiood, instead of importing their manufacturas ; to use them to subdue the asperities and improve the gifts of nature, and to allow them a full participation in tho result, and to hold a part of the coun- try they benefit. To create a vast home market in which the industrious artisan may exchange, at fair prices, his surplus products for those of the industrious farmer. To give him a moderate protection against the capital that directs the brute force of Europe. The slave, in his early manhood, was worth to the master, in this country, at least one thousand dollars. The free laborer or artisan brings with him, on the average, his $08 ; but ho is worth, to tho state that receives him, twice tho price of * Tlio number of shc^n in Great Britain is less than 24,000,000, and tho wool annually manufactured there Is little more than that manufactured here. Wo have more sheep than Great Britain. IIG AMERICAN FEEEHOLDS. tho slave. Capital, with us, doubles in a decade. In tvrenty- fivc years the industrious settler or artisan has raised a family, and converted his original capital of 82,008 into three or four- fold that amount in the shape of an improved farm or other property ; he has become a freeholder, a portion of the State. In the happy words of another: "Ilcrc is tho great land of free labor, where industry is blessed with unexampled rewards, and the bread of the workingman is sweetened by the conscious- ness that the cause of the country is his own cause, his own safety, his own dignity. Here every one enjoys the free use of his faculties, and the choice of activity as a natural right. Here, under tho combined influence of a fruitful soil, genial climes and happy institutions, population has increased fifteen-fold within a century. Here, through the easy development of boundless resources, wealth has increased with twofold greater rapidity than numbers, so that wo have become secure against the financial vicissitudes of other countries ; and, alike in busi- ness and in opinion, are self-centered and truly independent. Here, more and more care is given to provide education for every one born on our soil. Here religion, released from polit- ical connection with the civil government, refuses to subserve the craft of statesmen, and becomes, in its independence, the spiritual life of the people. Here toleration is extended to every opinion, in the quiet certainty that truth needs only a fair field to secure the victory. Here the human mind goes forth unshackled in the pursuit of science, to collect stores of knowl- edge, and acquire an ever-increasing mastery over the forces of nature. Here the national domain is offered and held in mil- lions of separate, freeholds, so that our fellow-citizens, beyond the occupants of any other part of the earth, constitute, in real- ity, a people. Here exists the democratic form of government ; and that form of government, by tho confession of European statesmen, gives a power of which no other form is capable, because it incorporates every man with the State, and arouses everything that belongs to the soul." An English statesman suggests that each loom set in motion at Manchester, sets twenty ploughs in motion. The policy of America is to place the loom where it can move the American, not the French or Russian ploughs, and to place AMERICAN FREE TRADE. 117 the artisan where ho can, in time of war, unite with the yeoman in sustaining and defending the country. Great Britain requires less than an eighth of the products of our agi'iculture, and the competition of other nations will sup- l)ly the larger part of this fraction. Were we to abandon man- ufactures, and convert our artisans into farmers, how could Great Britain absorb or consume the products of agriculture now used by our artisans, and those in addition that they would produce as farmers ? Divert them from the loom, the sjiindle and the forge, and their indusstry would depress the value of our wheat and provisions, and enrich the foreigner. "While it is the wise policy of our country to invito the indus- trious artisan and yeoman from abroad, and to encourage man- ufactures, it may safely be conceded that it would be most luiwise to erect an adamantine or Chinese wall around our country to exclude the products of other nations. Great Britain requires a portion of our cotton, tobacco, petro- leum, flour and provisions. Nature has placed the fossil salt, coal, iron-stone and materials for carthcn-warc, and i)orcelain near her seaports. All these should pass our custom-house at moderate duties, for they give return freights to our ships, and add thereby to the returns for the products we export. The iron and steel, too, will meet the iron and steel of America in our Northern seaports, and there keep up a healthful comijcti- tion with our own. We shall, too, ever require many new and costly fabrics from Great Britain, which wo may well import, and, by duties on these and her other fabrics produced by cheap labor, may add to the revenue of the nation and give a stimulus to our own manufactures ; but were we to abandon our water- power and our mechanism, and rely upon England alone for our sui)ply of cloth and hardware, we should bid adieu to our gold and silver, if not to our national obligations. move place Commerce. Our free trade is upon a gigantic scale in the free commerce wc conduct over the principal part of this continent by rail, canal, lake, river and coastwise navigation. That of England is very extensive, but limited by foreign tariffs. Her imports and exports have tripled in the last twenty-three years as shown by the following table : — oo fl '•M" 118 nniTisii EXPORTS and imports. Exports and Imports oj the British Isles. 1842, 8055,000,000 00 1853, 1,285,000,000 00 18G3, 1,975,000,000 00 1865, 2,150,000,000 00 And singular as it may scorn the imports during this period have exceeded the exports by 87,500,000,000, nearly twice the amount of the national debt. AVith respect to the amount of exports the chief cities of Great Britain represent the following amounts for the year 18G2 : Liverpool, 8250,000,000 ; London, 8150,000,000 ; Hull, 800,- 000,000 ; Glasgow, 830,000,000. The exports for 1803 arc classed by R. IL Patterson, in his recent work as follows : — IS Manufactures from foreign materials chiefly textile fabrics, . . . . . Jiletals, machinery and hardware, and manu- factures of British materials. Articles not included, Importations. For food, corn, flour, provisions and dairy products. Sugar, tea and coffee, . Wine, spirits and fruit, Tobacco, .... Wood, .... Oil and tallow, . Materials for manufactures, Guano and oil seed cake, Manufactures, Spices, and articles not enumerated, 8500,000,000 00 180,000,000 00 52,000,000 00 8732,000,000 00 8183,000,000 00 135,000,000 00 40,000,000 00 15,000,000 00 64,000,000 GO 20,000,000 00 514,000,000 00 16,000,000 00 30,000,000 00 235,000,000 00 81,248,000,000 00 The value of the manufactured goods imported falls below two and one-half per cent, of the entire importation. Among ^1 DESCRiniON OP IMPORTS. 119 the chief exports of the Britisli Isles in 1805, we fiml many coarse articles wliich give employ men t to ships while valuublc goods arc sent by steamers, viz. : — Coal, (Tons,) 9,189,000 ; Value, 822,000,000 00 Iron & steel, " 1,015,000 ; " 107,000,000 00 Soda, " 120,000 ; " 0,000,000 00 Among the imports vrc find — Copper ore, (Tons,) 222,000 Guano, (( 237,000 Flax, (( 100,000 Hides, (• 40,000 Espartcro fo r paper, '• . 62,000 Hemp, (( 50,000 Brcadstuffs, (Bushels,) . 100,000,000 The principal exports were made to the following comitries in their respective order : — The United States, Germany, Turkey, India, France, . Egypt, Australia, Holland, Brazil. Great Britain accumulates in her warehouses large quantities of foreign goods, and has on hand or upon the sea more than a year's supply of tea, coffee, spices, tobacco, spirits, wine and brandy, and largo supplies of timber, sugar, cotton, wool, and other staples, so that she is well prepared for a temporary inter- ruption of her commerce. It was not until 1862, that she felt severely the effects of the interruption of the supply of cotton. Her annual consumption of tea, coffee, sugar, wine, brandy and wool, is estimated as follows : — Tea, (pounds,) . Coffee, " Sugar, " "Wine, (pipes,) . Brandy, " Foreign wool, (pounds,) 100,000,000 28,000,000 1,125,000,000 114,000 23,100 107,000,000 I fl' r^ 120 CRITISU DANKINO SYSTEM. B.VNKS. Tlio coramcrco of Great Britain is facilitated by numerous banks. The aggregate circulation is restricted to 8188,000,000 while the metallic circulation of gold and silver in the two isles is set at, 420,000,000 Aggregate, . 8008,000,000 •ii In addition to this a considerable amount of exchequer bills and bills of exchange at thirty to sixty days is circulated by merchants. The whole number of joint stock and private banks in the sister isles exceeds five thousand, and the aggregate amount of deposits is 81,500,000,000. There arc in England sixteen hundred joint stock l)anks. Of these sixty-one are auwiiorized to issue bills to the limited amount of 810,000,000. One hundred and forty-two private banks arc empowered to issue bills not exceedinfr in all 810,000,000. The Bank of Engla..a may issue to the amount of 870,000,000, and beyond that amount, in case a pound in gold is reserved for every pound in currency. The chief institution of Great Britain is the l^ank of England, which is closely identified with the government and manages the national debt. Its capital is 870,000,000, its reserve of profits is 815,000,000 more, but all the capital and reserve excepting 830,000,000, arc borrowed by government and arc useless for discounts. Although permitted to issue notes to the extent of 870,000,000, it is required to keep in reserve specie to the extent of its issues beyond its loan to the government, but it is not restricted as to its rate of discount. The average deposits with this institution, including govern- ment bonds, are 8100,000,000, and its profits range from ten to twelve per cent. The bank pays annually to government 8000,000 or less than one per cent, for its privileges. In former times the banking business of London was con- ducted in great part by private bankers, but of late years many of their firms have been superseded by joint stock banks, which do most of the business of London. WEAKNESS OP BRITISH DANES. 121 jtctl There arc now in London twelve joint stock banks, witii au actual capital of $30,000,000 in addition to reserved profits, an(J their deposits amount on the average to 8400,000,000 and their discounts are often more than ten times their capital. To secure deposits they allow interest to the depositors. Their profits have been as high as 30 i)er cent. In addition U> these l)anks are several discount houses that keep accounts with the Bank of Englf d and discount short bills of exchange. In Ireland there arc six joint stock banks authorized to issue six millions of currency. In Scotland, banks have been established for one hundred ond fifty years ; they are now thirteen in number, six of which may issue a circulation of 822,000,000. The stockholders in these Scotch banks arc all liable for tlie engagements. They are so cautiously conducted that none of them has ever failed to pay its bill-holders and depositors. It is their i)racticc to keep a reserve equal to one-third of their notes and deposits and to allow an interest of three per cent, to their depositors upon their daily balances. These l)anks have no less than six' hundred and fifteen branches dillused through all parts of Scotland wliidi attract from the formers and small traders their accumulations and transfer them to the commercial centres where they an; profit- ably employed. These facilities have done much to stimulate the growth of Scotland, which, under a sky of steel, a harsh climate, with great asperity of surfiice, has in the last century made more ropid progress than any other portion of Europe. Much is due to the nlanagcment of its banks and bankers, to cash credits and allowance of interest on deposits which empty the till and the stocking into the vault of the central banking house, which collect and gather up nd utilize all the dew-drops, rills and rivers of wealth, and j.^ar them in fertiliz- ing streams over tho country. They may well be copied in America. But while we find much to admire in the banks of Scotland, tho banking system of Great Britain has no form or symmetry, presents many imperfections, and is inferior to tho new system of the United States. The circulation is anomalous and irregular, based partly on public securities, partly on the strength of joint stock companies %ur 122 OUR STSTOr SUPERIOR. ' -t subject to few restrictions, and partly on the credit of individual bankf^r.s • and no institution, except the Bank of England, makes any i .tr/n to the State for the privilege of creating a currency. While our national currency pervades the country from the Bay of Fundy to the Rio Grande, from the highlands of Nevcr- sink to the Sierra Nevada, the bills of the private banker rarely circulate beyond his own city or county. The active capital of the Bank of England and of the twelve joint stock banks of London, in the aggregate but 802,000,000, is an insufficient and luisafe basis for $500,000,000 of deposits and a still larger average of discounts. An average loss of ton per cent, upon the paper discounted would submerge all the joint stock banks of London, and such losses may be anticipated in commercial rcvulsioi.s when wo see cotton decline thirty-five per cent, in less than six weeks, with an attendant loss to the British merchant of more than $100,000,000. The perils to which the nation is exposed by such a system of banking arc "llustratcd by the suspension of the Barnard Banking Co., Overend, Gurney and Co., and other joint stock banks, with liabilities of 8130,000,000, based on a capital less than one- tenth of the amount, and by a panic to which the Bank of England itself was obliged io bow. Again, the permission to raise the rate of discount to ten per cent, or more accorded to the Bank of England, makes it the policy of the bank to keep up interest, while profits of 30 per cont., in a country where consols pay but three, stimulate gamblmg. If a profit of thirty per cent, can be made from the deposits or circulation of the banks, should it inure to the benefit of the nation, or to that of adventurers or gamblers ? Panics are, and well may be, prevalent in London. The nation relies upon for- eign nations or distant colonies for its food, and at the same time intiusts its national credit to institutions which take risks unprecedented in America. American Banking System. Let us contrast our system with that of Great Britain. Our banks, sixteen hundred in number, arc all homogeneous, and based upon the same statutes. SAFE BANKING. 123 Their capital is Hmitod to 8400,000,000, and their circulation to 8300,000,000. They arc required to make monthly returns to the National Government, and a summary of these returns showing the amount of their circulation and deposits, is pub- lished and circulated quarterly. A late quarterly return exhib- its their deposits in round numbers at 8o00,000,000. The law requires them to protect their circulation by a deposit, in the National Treasury, of United States bonds with a margin of ten per cent. It requires all the banks in the chief cities to hold in specie, greenbacks or oiher legal tenders, twen- ty-five per cent, of the amount both of their circulation and deposits. Their circulation is apportioned and their bills arc issued to them by public officers, and arc receivable for taxes and liy all banking associations. No panic or rc\'ulsion sends them home, and they have the same currency as the legal tender. As they arc amply secured by a deposit of stocks and bonds in the National Treasury, the reserve to meet them becomes applicable to the deposits, and these national banks, with an aggregate of 8300,000,000 circulation and 8500,000,000 depos- its, amounting to 8800,000,000, twice their capital, must keep reserves of 8200,000,000 in gold or legal tenders, sufficient to pay at once two-fifths of their deposits. In no former panic, before circulation was secured, have our banks been required to pay out two-fifths of their aggregate deposits. Now, to meet this amount, they have not only two- fifths in reserve, but all their discounted paper, and the margin of their stocks pledged to the government. Taxes and Cuarges. It is cstim I ted by those who are conversant with banking, that the annual cost of conducting a bank in the United States is 2^ per cent. uix)n the amount of its capital. This covers salaries, rents, postages and losses, and this must bo deducted from revenue before a division of profits. Under our banking law, a further deduction of ton per cent, on profits is made, until a surplus or contingent fund of twenty per cent, is rcali/od. But in addition to these necessary deductions, a largo amount is required by government for the privileges conferred. 124 CONTRIBUTIONS OF OUR BANKS TO THE STATE. The govcrumont calls upon the banks, — I of 1 per ct. First, for a tax of 1 jwr cent, on circulation, equivalent to an average on capital of . Second, for a tax of J of 1 per cent, on average deposits, equivalent to TJiird, for a tax of .] of 1 percent, on capital not invested in national securities, Fourth, for an income tax of 5 per cent. 0)i prof- its to be paid to shareholders, estimating these at 10 per cent., The State, County and Town tax on the stock, including that on banking houses in 18G5, in Massachusetts, exceeded . . . .1^ per cent. u 1 u i <( <( (( u Aggregate, ^\ per cent. Let us assume earnings of the United States banks to have been, during the past years, — From Discounts, From Coupons and Bonds, 8333,000,000, Profits on sale of Gold, and other items. The aggregate is 849,000,000 00 20,000,000 00 1,000,000 00 $70,000,000 00 Seventy millions arc equivalent to 17^ per cent, on capital ; and if we deduct charges 2|, taxes 3^-, and percentage of one- tenth the profits carried to the surplus fund, say 1 per cent., and a half per cent, for contingencies, the residuum of ten per cent, remains for dividend. This residuum is of course subject to the deduction of any interest allowed to depositors. Wo arc led by this analysis to the conclusion that if money continues to average seven per cent, the banking system of the United States can return three and one-half per cent, to the governme, t, an aggregate of ^14,000,- 000, and iaw per cent, to the stock-holder with a reserve of one per cent, which may possibly be offset by some concessions to the depositor. Wo have adverted to one feature in the banking-law which secures the depositor tho reserve of twenty-five per cent, in legal LARGE RESERVES. — VALUE AND UTILITY OF OUR BANKS. 125 00 diicU legal tenders, but wc liavc not adverted to the additional rcvcnuo this gives to the government. It places in the vaults of the banks 8200,000,000, or nearly that amount of tlic national debt in the shape of legal tenders as a corps de reserve, and the gov- ernment thus saves the interest. This is equal to a further tax of three per cent, on bank capital. Thus directly and indirectly will the government realize $20,000,000 annually from the banks, an amount equivalent to six and one-half per cent, on the aggregate capital, and nearly nine jjcr- cent, on the circulation. In our revolutionary war when public credit was exhausted and colonial and continental bills had ceased to circulate, the little bank of Robert Morris rendered invaluable aid to the country, and with its capital of $400,000 enabled Washington to take the field and make his last and most brilliant campaign. In our last protracted struggle the country lias again been obliged to fall back upon its banks, and to inaugurate a National Banking system, which has rendered service still more valuable. The bank of Morris sinks into insignificance when wc com- pare its capital of 8400,000 with the $400,000,000 of our national banks. The nation has grasped this capital, converted it into national bonds, based upon it a currency of $300,000,000, and devoted this to banking purposes. Not content with the first loans it has required the national banks to take $200,000,- 000 more of legal tenders and hold them in their colTers.* Not content with this it has called u})on them to contribute as a return for banking privileges the interest of $230,000,000 more in taxes, for the support of government.t Again, it has employed them to collect without charge all the little rills and streams of revenue, and pour them in large rivers into the National Treasury. Again, it has called upon sixteen hundred national banks to diffuse its bonds over the whole surface of the country, and to gather in loans from every shop, farm-house and cabin, the savings of industry, to sustain the armies and navy of the Republic, thus utilizing all the resources of the country, and devoting them to the service of the nation. Let due honor bo given to him who inaugurated our national system of finance ♦ A part of these legal tenders, as compound interest notes, have thus far drawn interest, but the interest will cease January, 18G7. I The tax on stamps and licenses is fr> be added ; it will amount to three- eighths of one per cent, on circulation. 23 '^K 126 STRENGTH OP GREAT BRITAIN. which has not ouly sustained the State, but has given to its com- merce a uniform currency from Maine to Texas. If it is not perfect, if it requires any further expansion, any restraint upon its discounts, any relief from taxation, let the nation still study its improvement. Nil actum reputans si quid restat agendum. Conclusion. The ministers of England annually congratulate her pooplo upon the progress of the nation, and under their guidance, England, although sorely troubled by the affairs of Denmark and Italy, has most wisely refrained from involving herself in Continental questions. It must be confessed that there is much to encourage England in her onward march. Tlie sanguine Englishman sees, in his dreams, all the nations of the earth in caravans or long proces- sions, in fleets of shi[»s, and bearing all the riches of the earth moving to the great temple which England dedicates to com- merce ; but sometimes, in his dream, an unseen hand writes upon the wall, " Mene, mene," and it is for the interpreter to say whether it be the Median or Fenian who is to shatter his portals or whether his empire is secure. We have glanced at the foundations of England's greatness ; lot us present our conclusions. The strength of Great Britain rests First. On its insular position, defended by seas that have kept its shores for centuries inviolate, and prevented the devastation that war has occasioned on the Continent. Second. Upon its salubrious and invigorating climate, which has produced and nurtured an enterprising race, but partially educated, whose latent power still awaits the development of the future. Third. On those ancient institutions of learning which have cherished religion and science, and cultivated the faculties of the privileged classes. Fourth. On the great development of agriculture. Fifth. On her unremitting efforts to maintain the dominion of the sea, which enable^ her to maintain a growing population while depending upon remote regions for a largo part of their WEAK POINTS IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 127 have tics of food and materials, and gives security to her remote colonies and wide-spread connnerce. Sirfli. On her vast stores of mineral treasures, easily accessi- ble and already opened to use, sullicient for at least a contury to come. Those, with her active capital, are the chief bases of her manufactures. Seventh. On lier vast capital, the accumulation of many cen- turies, which is the life-blood of her manufactures and conunercu, which enables her to trade with distant regions and to invest in the most lucrative enterprises, and tlius to maintain in affluence a large portion of her peoi)le who can supply the sinews of war ill any collision witii other nations. Eighth. On her manufactures, in the aggregate of wliich she surpasses all nations of Europe. Continental nations may rival her in silk, wool or linen, but in metals and cotton she has as yet no rival. Ninth. On her vast navigation and external trade. In a recent financial statement, Air. Gladstone informs the world that the external trade of Great Britain exceeds tliat of Franco and the United ►'^tates combined ; and this is doubtless true. If we add to the exports and imports of Great Britain the exports and imports of the colonies, which do not touch the Britisli Isles, we have an aggregate of more than $:5,000,000,000 annually. Tiuis, external trade sustains a navigation less before the late war than our own, but now by the absorption of one or two million tons of our shipping carried up to at least six million of tons. Let us now glance at the weak points of this gigantic emi)ire. It aj)pears, First. Tliat its legislation is so improvident as to degrade and impoverish the great mass of its people for the })enefit of a few privileged classes. That not one person in three hundred has any interest in the soil or fixed capital of the country ; that nearly half the population of England can neither read or write ; that unwise laws are gradually concentrating the real estate and personal property, and with them the offices of church and state, by entails not easily broken in the lianus of the privileged rlasses ; that the suffrage, instead of being extended as with us, to six millions of men, most thcra freeholders, is 128 INFERIORITY OP THE BRITISH NAVY. ooiifiiicd almost entirely to the rich lamlholdcrs or their ten- antry, thus making the land the groat controlling power of tho state. And if, by chance, the poor man acquires wealth, tho aristocracy opens to absorb him and estranges him I'rom his follows. Tho government rests in Great Britain upon the privileged classes and not upon the interests of the many. It resembles an inverted pyramid with the base overhanging ; it rests upon traditional respect, " Stat nominis iimbra,''^ As in India the few control the many for the benefit of the few, and neither in India where the hidden fire still glows in its ashes, nor in Ireland where the masses arc still imbued with a burning sense of injus- tice, nor in Great Britain itself, where nim^-tcnths of the popu- lation are landless or disfranchised, can tho imperial government call to its aid in the hour of trial, as we ha%o done, the masses of its peoi)lo ready to face any danger, to sacrifice any i)roporty, children, life itself, for the national flag. Can it lind such a material in the alc-hoj»scs or gin-shops, or in the asylums for the poor to which it has doomed so large a part of its j)Coplc by vicious legislation ? Second. The strength of Great Britain rests upon its navy ; but is that navy to-day in its iron-clads, in its models, or tho calibre of its cannon, in the discipline and experieuce of its officers and men, a match for the navy of the United States ; could it against that navy either alone or combined with that of France or Russia, defend all the ports of Great Britain, most of them unfortified, or all its colonies, or all the commerce that floats between them ? Third. Great Britain has colonies, and many of them furnish coaling stations in time of war ; but are these coaling stations in her colonies impregnable ; may they not be appropriated by the power, which shall in either ocean obtain the ascendancy ? Does not tho very extent of tho British Empire, the very mag- nitude of its commerce constitute its weakness? And if ono Alabama, one Shenaudoali, and one Tacony have deprived us of one or two million tons of shipping, what would be accom- ])lished by tho hundred and fifty armed steam-ships which the United States now have in commission or nearly ready for sea. Fourth . Her banking system is weak and defective. Ours the reverse. BRIGHT SPOTS. 129 It is due to Great Eritain, when pointing out her grave errors and defects, to concede that she has of hite years evinced t^omc interest in the masses, and more sensitiveness to the claims of humanity than ever before. She exiiibits this in her liberal contributions to missions and bible societies, by larger appropriations for cihication, and pro- visions for the support of religion. She has freed her slaves and assumed a moiety of the loss ; she has conceded to the Jew and the Roman Catholic the rights of citizens long withlield, given schools to Ireland, and grants to Roman Catholic Col- leges. It may be that all this does not originate in pure benevo- lence ; that enlightened self-interest may have something to do with it ; that the priest, as Sir S. Morton Peto tells us, may march to the polls at the head of his flock, and vote \vith them for the Government ; that he may discountenance the Fenians ; that the dilTusion of knowledge may teach the poor to respect superiors, or to communicate with friends across the sea, and aid them in securing hajtpier homes and in realizing better fortunes abroad. Ijc this as it may, the movement is in the right direc- tion, tends to ameliorate the laws, and gradually improve tlic condition of the jwor on both sides of the channel. As respects the extent of our foreign trade comj)ared with that of England, Mr. Gladstone wun no doubt right in Jiis report to Parliament ; but he on itted, as well he might, to draw atten- tion to the development of our vast inland commerce by sound, river, lake, canal and railway. In British commerce if a vessel crosses from England to Cicr- many or Portugal she is met by duties ; the trip is a foreign voyage, and both the cargoes transported enter into external commerce ; but if our ships make voyages to the Delaware or Chesapeake, or the Atlantic cotton ports, or to the Gulf of Mex- ico, a distance it may be of a thousand miles or more; or if they round the Cape and run seventeen thousand miles to Cali- fornia, Oregon or Washington Territory, all this with us is coastwise or internal commerce. In this great home trade we exchange most of our importations as well as manufactures for the productions of oar mines and agriculture. Their aggregate amount by the census of 18G0, was nearly live thousand mM- liona ; and now with Jue allowaiicc for the war they must exceed six thousand millions. Concede that the foreign trade of 100 AMERICAN AGRICULTURE. — INDIAN CORN. — COAL. ami ' .!■ • Great Britain is nnmially 82,000,000,000 ; conccdo that 81,000,- 000,000 more of the commcrco of her colonios and furoigu pos- sessions is not included in licr returns of the conuncrci^ of tho British Isles, the aggregate is but half the amount of the inter- nal commerce of the United States, the great free trade of America. . The United States have, for their agriculture, an urea thirty times as large as the British Isles, which yields the rice, sugar and toljacco of the South, with the wool, dairy jiroducts, ani- mals and cereals of the North, most of which, from JIaine to Texas, is competent to i)roduce its harvest of Indian corn. When the Englishman is told that there are vast tracts in tho West, on the borders of some of tho rivers, that for half a cen- tury, without any fertilizer, have given the cultivator an annual crop of fifty bushels to the acre, and yield tho nation annutiUy 1,000,000,000 bushels of breadstulTs, he is slow to realize tho fact; still more, the well authenticated fact, that a single acre of maize has yielded two hundred bushels, and anotlicr 100,000 pounds of green food, and the same acrt; ;>.j,000 pounds uf dry fodder, and (hat its husks may l)e converted into cloth, pnper and mattresses. When, in the remote future, population shall prees oven hero upon the means of subsistence, wo have a plant which can provide, from a single acre of highly-cultivati'd land, a man and his wife with cloth, paper and beds, with milk, cheese and butter, with animal and vegetable; food sullicient for thv'ir main- tenance. It is a further satisfaction to learn, that nature has been alike liberal in her mineral Imunties. Not only has sho placed beneath lis rivers of oil, but gold, silver, mercury, lead, coj)per and iron. Mr. Gladstone, in his recent statement to Parliament, sug- gests the policy of reducing the national debt before labor and active capital shall be withdrawn from England to other and more favored regions, and reminds his country that in less than a century its coal-lields, the chief source of its prosperity, will be entirely exhausted, if consumption continues to advance at its present rate of progress ; and at tho same time api)rizes it that tho area of our coal-fields is at least thirty-seven times as largt! as that of the coal-fields of Great Britain, while wo still resort to the forest for our fuel, and to our cataracts for water- REDUCTION OP OUR TAXES. 131 power, and consume annually less than one-tbird of the coal used in Great Britain. At the present moment our nation calls upon each of its inhabitants for an average contribution of fourteen dollars to meet our expenses, the interest of our debt, and to reduce its principal, while Great Britain calls upon each of her people for eleven dollars only.* In two or tlirco years more we shall have reduced our inter- est-bearing debt to less than §'2,000,000,000, and our annual interest to 8100,000,000, our expenses to $120,000,000. With a population of 40,000,000, we shall then require but live dollars and a half from each of our people, or one-half the amount contributed in Great Britain. Before that happy hour arrives wo have reason to anticipate the retirement of France and Austria from our Slexican frontier. It is safe to predict that wo shall then be ready to adjust our unsettled accounts with Great Britain. This nation will not tamely submit to gross injustice, or invito a future repetition of national injuries, however desirous it may be to preserve the peace. Relying upon the justice of its cause, it will, for the last time, ask redress of England, and that redress, it may be predicted,will be given. * By the issue of our bonds at par, wo vaiscd nearly as much money as Great Britain raised in her contest with Napoleon, but by 18C9 our debt will be half that of Great Britain. oad, EUg- and and iliun will CO ut zes it OS as still ^atcr- ffff "^ 132 OUR EXCLUSION FROM PROVINCIAL COASTING TRADE. CONSULATB or THE TJnITED StATES OP AAfERICA, At Halifax, N. S., i;3lh Nov., 1800. B. IT. Derdy, Esq., U. S. Commissioner : Dear Sir: — It having been clalmetl that tho coaHting-trade of the British Provinces is conceded to vessels belonging to the United States, I deem it important for the information of onr government and people, to call your attention to the Imperial Act upon this subject, which absolutely prohibits American, as well as all other foreign vessels, from any participation in the coasting-trade of an>/ of the British possessions. The language of tho Imperial Act, (10 and 17 Victoria, Chapter 107, Section 10.'),) is as follows: " No goods or pas- sengers shall be carried from one part of any I]ritish possession in Asia, Africa or America to any other j)art of tiio same pos- sessions except in British ships.^* It is true that American vessels can go from one British colony to another as, for instance, from Halifax, Nova Scotia to St. John, New Bruns- wick, and from St. John to Melbourne, Australia ; but each of these colonies, although forming a part of the British empire, is under a separate colonial government, and has its separate tariff, separate currency and separate custom-house regulations. And in each and all of them, by the Imperial Act, American and other foreign vessels are prohibited from carrying either goods or passengers from one port to another port of the same colony. It may be important to add, that although American vessels may to-day proceed from province to province, yet should tho confederation of the British North American Provinces now proposed be consummated, even this limited privilege will be liable to be taken away, unless some provision bo mado to perpetuate the rights which wo now enjoy. I am, with great respect, Your friend and obedient servant, (Signed,) M. M. JACKSON, U. S. Consul. Vancouver's island. 133 EXTRACTS FROM "VANCOUVER'S ISLAND AND BRITISH COLUMBIA." BY MAGPIE. — LONDON, 18G4. Victoria is more liourisliiiig and j)opulous tiian any other centre in this or the sister colony, and is palpably marked out by the unrivalled advantages of its geographical ftosition for the grand British mercantile emporium of the Pacific in coming years. Nothing could exceed the loveliness of its environs. Whether approached by land or by sea from Esquimault, the gentle slope on which it stands exhibits, with fme etfect, the buildings of all forms and colors that continue to rise in quick succession. Large patches of excellent land exist in the vicinity, and in whatever direction the admirer of nature turns, his vision is charmed with scenery charmingly diversified. The climate of the island is rendered proverbially genial, productive and salubrious, from an interesting variety of causes. The temperature of the Pacific coast generally is known to bo much milder than that which obtains ou the corresponding shores of the North American Continent in the Atlantic. Tho isothermal line Itelonging to latitude 40° in the latter ocean passes through the parallel of C)b° in the former, thus rendering the climate of Fort Simpson ecpuil to that of New York. For lucid illustrations of this principle, the reader is directed to consult the instructive work of Lieut. Maury, entitled " The Physical Geography of the Sea." But the insular position of this colony, with other local circumstances, combine to secure for it a climate of singular equability. The salt springs existing on Admiralty Island and at Nanaimo, have already been referred to in this volume. A gallon of water from the latter place, when analyzed, produced a pound of salt, while sea-water only yields 4^ ounces. Tho spring on tho island is capable of supplying a gallon a minute, the specilic gravity of the water being 10.00. 24 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I |M 1.8 1.25 1-4 IIIIII.6 V] 7 °w /A '^ T< :\ ^q\^ \ ^\^ #> ^^..''; ^'^l^ 4"\.» r^^ \S' fe (? V^' 134 PACIFIC NAVAL STATION. After passing about twenty miles of coast-lino from the north end of ibis island, wc arrive at Nanaimo, which is distant sev- enty miles from Victoria. The harbor of this infimt town ranks next to tliat of Victoria in importance, and affords accommoda- tion for a large number of vessels. Brine springs exist hero also, and the analysis of their waters gives a result of 3.44G grains of salt to the imperial gallon. But it is to the extensive coal formation in the vicinity that Nanaimo has to look for its ultimate expansion. The coal-mines here, even at their present early stage, give steady employment to several hundred men. Formerly the property of the old Hudson's Bay Company, they were recently transferred to an enterprising joint-stock association in England, distinguished by vigor immeasurably beyond their predecessors. Other compa- nies have set to work upon seams contiguous to those of the Nanaimo concern, and the period cannot be far removed when a large export trade in this article will be carried on between American territory and the Colony. In pursuing our course along the south-cast coast of the island, we pass the agricultural settlements of Sooke and Met- chosin ; the former, within the past few months has, by the dis- covery of coal and copper, but especially of gold, been changed from a scene of rural quiet into a hive of busy industry. Soon we come in sight of the magnificent harbor of Esquimault, dis- tant eight and a half miles from Race Rocks. It is two miles by three in extent, with an average depth from six to eight fath- oms of water, and affording unquestionably the most perfect shelter to ships of large tonnage that can be obtained between this locality and San Francisco — 750 miles farther south. In this capacious place of anchorage, a portion of II. M. Pacific squadron alroady lides, and eventually Esquimault is certain to assume the position of chief depot for the Royal Navy in that ocean. Here, steamers from California land freight and pas- sengers, and in future years the present village will expand into the dimensions of an important town, whose wharves will be gay with the shipping of all nations, and lined with numerous wholesale warehouses for the accommodation of merchandise from the East and the West, to be distributed to every country on the North American coast of the Pacific. ^ VICTORIA. — HUDSOiN's BAY COMPANY. 135 Three miles eastward of Esquimault arc the city and harbor of Victoria. The entrance to tlie harbor, wliich is narrow and intricate, may, without the least danger, be approached by ves- sels drawing fourteen or fifteen feet of water, under ordinary circumstances. At the top of spring tides, vessels drawing sev- enteen feet can enter. A dredging-machine has been procured, by means of which the depth will be increased ; and arrange- ments are about to be made for blasting some rocks at the mouth of the harbor, which constitute the principal obstruction to its safe navigation. The inlet which forms an extension of "Victoria harbor, is several miles long, and at one point is sep- arated from Esquimault harbor by a neck of land only GOO yards in width, tlu-ough which it is not improbable that, when the growing necessities of commerce demand, a canal may be cut, so that the two ports would, in that event, be conveniently connected. Those anxious to see British Columbia and Vancouver Island colonized by emigrants from Great Britain, hailed the recon- struction of the Hudson's Bay Company as likely to bring about a solution of the difficulties that had so long retarded the set- tlement of the interior, and to inaugurate a policy favorable to the realization of hopes deferred, respecting the formation of a highway from ocean to ocean. But the remarks of the governor of the company. Sir Edmund Head, at a meeting of the shareholders, held on the 28th of November last, are calculated to excite the inquiry whether the dependence Ave have been encouraged to place on the liberal promises of the company has any solid foundation. In reply to the question of a shareholder, as to the intention of the directors in reference to the opening up of the territory east of the Rocky Mountains, Sir Edmund, with less official reticence than might have been expected on such an occasion said : " They (the company,) Avould do all they could to open the territory, and to cause roads to be made, on such terms as the company could atTord ; but it was not intended by them to sacrifice the fur trade." He asked, " Were the proprietors prepared to sacrifice that trade, producing a certain income, and to go headlong into another, as a speculation ? " s 136 BRITISH PACIFIC RAILWAY. In the earlier part of the proceedings the governor said that : — "At the present moment the fur trade was not a failing trade ; on the contrary, the proceeds had been increasing for some little time back. The actual proceeds of the fur trade in 1861, amounted to £210,509 195. 2d. ; in 1862, to X 216,708 95. M. ; in 1863, to £222,729 155. bd. ; and in 1861, to £262,869 45. 4^. (Cheers.) " At that moment they had every reason to think that the imports of the present year, (not yet made up,) would consid- erably exceed those of the last. Tliey would probably be £30,000 or £40,000, above the imports of the last year in value." " Some exertion has been made by the British government during the last forty years, in aiding the passage of needy sub- jects abroad ; but it has generally been confined to periods of famine or industrial distress, and as much care has not in all cases been taken as concern for national advantages should have prompted, to give our colonies the benefit of this tide of emigra- tion. In the year 1847, and subsequently, the bulk of emigrants from Ireland were sent to the United States. It is probable that those objects of British bounty would be the last to find fault with their destiny in this respect." " That, under these circumstances, the railway will be made sooner or later there can be no doubt. With interests so numerous, so vast, and with such means at command, the diffi- culty of constructing this Hudson's Bay Railway ought to assume the most moderate proportions. Great Britain, Europe, Canada, the States of America, British Columbia, New Zealand, Australia, the Hudson's Bay Company, and the International Financial Society, all want the railway, and would all gain by the railway ; and it would be amazing if, Avith such interests and such resources, it could not be made and made properly. In India, state guarantees have been given, and are promised upon railway capital, sufficient to construct this line ten times over ; and it is a question whether any one Indian railway is more useful than this, even for State purposes. " Here, where the climate is the mosthealthful of the Continent, within territories still acknowledging the flag of England, still BRITISH PACIFIC RAILWAY. 137 forming part of the empire, the most interested of any nation in quick and in secure communication with the East, and in what- ever tends to advance tlie cause of civilization and of commerce ; here nature lias marked out the line across the continent, and has abundantly combined every facility for its completion. Whether onr })lacc of .starting be Europe, the west coast of Africa, the West Indies, or the eastern coast of the North American Continent ; if our goal be the Pacific or the East, our best route, nay, almost our only one, is across the great plain of Central British America. There is, in fact, the point of junc- tion where all the traffic of the continent from the South, from the East, and even from the North, most naturally unites ; if its destination be the yet further West, until that word is lost in its aim and goal, the East or the antipodes. We are hemmed in to this position. We cannot alter the earths spheroidity ; we can- not change relative distances ; wo cannot do away with the physical conformation of the earth. We cannot, though wc may nearly double the distance, get rid of the great arid and rainless desert in the territory of the adjoining I'epublic. Adjoining are the new territories of the United States, ready to pour in their contributions and their wealth. Whether from Minnesota by the Red River, or by the Mississippi from the States of the South, and from any point, in fact, between New Orleans and the northern extremity of Maine, from Canada, or from the Gulf Provinces ; even if we look to the far north, if the utmost abbreviation of distance has been the object, and the far East the goal, by taking advantage of the proper season wc may shorten the distance from Europe 1,500 miles, by proceed- ing across Hudson's Bay. But from wherever we may come, we necessarily unite in that great stream of traffic that, bound for the Pacific or the East, meets on the plains of the Red River? or the Saskatchawan. It is a simple fact, but one that must exert an irresistible force in favor of this route." Mr. Mac Fie gives the following extract from the speech of the late Mr. Benton, in the Senate on the Ashburton treaty : — " When the line reaches the channel which separates Van- couver Island from the continent (which it floes within eight miles of Frazor River,) it proceeds to the middle of the chan- ir. I 138 BUFFALO REAR THEIR YOUNG IN THE NORTH. ncl, and tlicnco turning south through the cliannel Do Haro, (wrongly written Arro on the maps,) to the Straits of Fuca ; and thence west through the middle of that strait to the sea. This is a fair partition of those waters, and gives us everything that wc want ; namely, all the waters of Pugct Sound, Hood's Canal, Admiralty Inlet, Bcllingham Bay, Birch Bay, and with them the cluster of islands,* probably of no value, between De Haro Canal and the continent." EXTRACT FROM THE VOYAGE OP DISCOVERY OP A. Mackenzie. From Slave Lake to the Pacific — 1793. " Peace River, Lat. 5G, Long. 120, May 10. " From the place which we quitted this morning, the west side of the river displayed a succession of the most beautiful scenery I had ever beheld. The ground rises at intervals to a consider- able height, and stretching inwards to a considerable distance ; at every interval of pause in the rise, there is a very gently ascending space or lawn, which is alternate with abrupt precipices to the summit cf the whole, or, at least as far as the eye could distinguish. This magnificent theatre of Jiature has all the decorations which the trees and animals of the country can afford it ; groves of poplars in every shape vary the scene, and their intervals are enlivened with vast herds of elks and buffaloes, the former choosing the steeps and uplands and the latter preferring the plains. " At this time the buffaloes were attended with their young ones, who were frisking about them ; and it appeared that the elks would soon exhibit the same enlivening circumstance. " The whole country displayed an exuberant verdure ; the trees that bear a blossom were advancing fast to that delightful appearance, and the velvet rind of their branches reflecting oblique rays of a rising or setting sun, added a i-plcndid gaiety "' It will be seen by the map, that this cluster includes San Juan. COUNTRY CROWDED WITH ELK AND BUFFALO. 139 to tho scene, which no expressions of mine are qualified to describe. " The east side of the river consists of a range of higli land, covered with the white spruce and the soft birch, while the banks abound with the alder and the willow." " Lat. 5G.1G, Long. 122, May 17th. " Mr. Mackay and one of the young men killed two elks, and mortally wounded a buffalo ; but wc only took a part of the flesh of the former. " The land above the spot where we encamped spreads into an extensive plain, and stretches on to a very high ridge, which, in some parts, presents a face of rock, but is principally covered with verdure, varied with the poplar and white birch tree. Tho country is so crowded with animals as to have the appearance, in some places, of a stall-yard, from the state of the ground, and the quantity of dung which is scattered over it. The soil is black and light. " Wc this day saw two grizzly and hideous bears." ■■«■:;*/; y;''!f r^ •rr 140 ELECTRIC EFFECTS OF RAILWAYS. RAILWAY EXTENSION AND ITS RESULTS. DY R. DUDLEY BAXTER, M. A. [Read before the Statistical Societj', November 20, 18G6, Col. Sykes, M. P. in the Chair.] ■ ^ " '. *.'. > ', ' VIII. — IIailways in Belgium and Holland. Belgium is one of the most striking instances of the benefit of railways. In 1830 she separated from Holland, a country which possessed a much larger commerce and superior means of communication with other nations by sea and by canals. Five years later the total exports and imports of Belgium were only £10,800,000, while those of Holland were double that amount. But in 1833 the Belgium government resolved to adopt the railway system, and employed George Stephenson to plan railways between all the largo towns. The law authoriz- ing their construction at the expense of tho state passed 1834, and no time was lost in carrying it out. Trade at once received a new impetus, and its progress since that time has been more rapid than in any other country in Europe. The following table shows the activity with which the lines were constructed. We must remember that Belgium contains only one-tenth of the area of the United Kingdom, and that to make a fair comparison with our own progress wc must multiply the table by ten. Miles Constructed. YEAB. Miles open. Increase per annum Mllca. 1839, 1845, 1853, 1860, 1864, • • • • • • • • 48 45 78 STIMULUS TO EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. 141 ■ 1 i> lines ntaiiis lat to iltiply )T annum Ilencc, the progress for a State of the size of the United Kingdom would have been, — 1839 to 1845, 1845 to 1853, 1853 to 1860, 1860 to 1864, 250 miles a year. 480 " 450 750 " A rate of increase which is as great or greater than our own. The results on commerce are shown in the following table :- Exports and Imports. YEAR. Exports and Im- Increase per cent. Increase percent ports. per annum. 1835, £10,760,000 15,680,000 > 26,920,000 [ 47,760,000.1 72,120,000 { 97,280,000 > 45-72 11.43 1839, 71-4 11-9 1845, 77-41 9-67 1853, 51 7-3 1860, 35-88 9 1864 I need scarcely point out the extraordinary character of this increase, which is enormous in the first ten years, and far beyond either England or France, and is not inferior to us in the latter period. In the thirty years from 1835 to 18G4, Belgium Increased exports and imports nearly tenfold, while England increased hers only fivefold. If we have increased our com- merce in the same ratio, the English exports and imports would now be a thousand million pounds sterling. The proportion between exports and imports and means of communication is shown in the following table, which differs from those of Eng- land and Prance, in the rapid increase per mile : — 25 ::ii:. ., 1 !■ > <»• M^' 142 EFFECT ON BELGIUM. Proportion of Exports and Imports to Railways and Navigation. YEA u. Canals (AlO miles) and Kalhvaya open. Exports and Importx. Exports and Imports per mllo open. 1839, . 1845, . 1853, . 18G0, . 1864, . 1,055 1,205 1,590 1,907 2,220 £15,080,000 20,920,000 47,700,000 72,120,000 97,280,000 £14,862 22,340 30,037 37,818 42,919 This enormous increase of Belgian commerce must be ascribed to her wise system of railway development, and it is not difiicult to sec how it arises. Before railways Belgium was shut out from the continent of Europe by the expensive rates of land carriage, and her want of water communication. She had no colonics and but little shipping. Railways gave her direct and rapid access to Germany, Austria and France, and made Ostend and Antwerp great continental ports. One of her chief manufactures is that of wool, of Avhich she imports 21,000 tons, valued at X2,250,000, from Saxony, Prussia, Silesia, Poland, Bohemia, Hungary, Moravia, and the southern prov- inces of Russia ; and returns a large portion in a manufactured state. She is rapidly becoming the principal workshop of the continent, and every development of railways in Europe must increase her means of access and add to her trade. Now look at nolland which in 1835 was so much her superior. Holland was possessed of immense advantages in the perfection of her canals, which are the finest and most numerous in the world ; in the large tonnage of her shipping; in her access by the Rhine to the heart of Germany ; and in the command of the German trade, which was brought to her ships at Amsterdam and Rotterdam. The Dutch relied on these advantages and neglected railways. The consequence was, that by 1850, they found themselves rapidly losing the German trade which was being diverted to Ostend and Antwerp. The Dutch Rhenish railway was constructed to remedy this loss, and was EFFECT OP RAILWAYS ON UNITED STATES. 143 partly opened in 1853, bnt not fully till 185G. It succocdetl in rcgaiuing part of the former connection. But now look at the result. In 1S;J9, the Dutch exports and imports were .£28,500,000, nearly doul)lo those of Belgium, In 1862, they were ^59,000,000, when those of Belgium were £78,000,000. Thus while Holland had doubled her commerce, Belgium had increased fivefold, and had completely passed her in the race. Before leaving Belgium, I ought to mention the cheapness of fares on her railways, which have always l)ecn much below those on English lines. A further reduction has lately been made, and I see by a French paper, that tiie result has been to increase the passenger receipts on the State lines for the month of April, from 7G,93G frs. in 1865, to 198,345 frs. in 1866, of which 168,725 frs. was from third and fourth class passengers, a fact which is in favor of the plan of Mr. Gait. But it must be remembered that Belgium is the most densely populated country in tlic world, having 432 inhabitants to the square mile, while the United Kingdom has only 253, and England and Wales 347. IX. — Rail.vays in tue United States. In any paper on foreign railways it is impossible to omit the United States, a country where they have attained such gigantic proportions. The increase of United States linos is as follows : — Miles Conslructed. h her res in most >ping ; in the ships these LS, that trade Dutch lid was Y E A K. 1830, 1840, 1845, 1850, 1855, 1860, 1864, Increase per an- num—Miles. 215 465 590 1,984 2,274 1,272 ''■<' 144 INCRKASB OP EXPOIITS AND IMPOIITS PROPOUTIONATK. Tho mileage here shown is something enormous ; four limes that of Franco, two and ii half times that of England, and nearly as large as the total mileage of the United Kingdom and Europe, which is about 42,000 miles. In so young a country inland traflic gives these lines the greater part of their employment, and there are no masses of expensive manufactured goods as in England, or Belgium, to swell the total value of foreign trade. Foreign commerce is still in its infancy, but an infancy of herculean proportions, as the following table shows : — Increase of Exports and Imports. YE AB. Total Exports and Imports, Increase percent. Increase percent per annum. 1830, £31,000,000 . 45,759,000' 68,758,000 > 11 1,707,000 > 158,810,000 > 47.00 3.40 1844, 50.00 8.33 1850 02.60 12.52 1855, 42.00 8.40 1800, The advance in tho annual increase is very striking, being from three and one-half per cent, per annum in the infancy of railways to eight and one-twelfth per cent, when their extension was proceeding rapidly. Before the introduction of railways America possessed a very extensive system of canals, which amounts to nearly 6,000 miles. At the present time both canals and railways arc crowded with traffic. The following table shows the relation between the growth of trade, and the increase of means of communication : — Proporaon of Exports and Imports to Railways and Canals. YEAR. Canals (6,000 niiloB) and Railways open. Total Exports and Imports, Exports and Im- ports per mile. 1880, ..... 6,040 £31,000,000 £5,130 1844 10,310 45,759,000 4,437 1850 13,475 68,758,000 5,102 1855 23,398 111,797,000 4,778 18G0, 34,770 158,810,000 4,567 AMERICAN PACIFIC RAILWAYS. 145 rays rth of I and Im- ,130 ,437 1,102 ,778 .567 Thus, in tlio United Statos as well as in England, Franco and Belgium, the exports and imports bear a distinct relation to the miles of communication o[)en, but lower in amoimt than in tho European countries, as was only likely from the thinner i»ula- tion. Vast as is tho mileage of the American railways, i is by no means at its highest point. I must not omit to mention the great Pacific railways, one of which is now being constructed from the State of Missouri for a distance of w,400 miles across Kansas, Nebraska, Utah mid Nevada, to Han Francisco in California. It receives from the general government subsidies of £3,300, £0,000 or X9,900 per mile, according to the difficulty of the ground, besides enormous grants of land on each side of the line. When this railway is completed, the journey from Ilong Kong to England will be made in thirty-three days, instead of the jiresent time of six weeks, and it is anticipated that a large portion of our Chincso tralTic will pass over this route. No one can study the United States without being struck by the great railway future which lies before them, when their immense territories arc more thickly i)Copled, and their mineral resources and manufactures have been developed. The distances to be traversed are so vast, and the traffic to be carried will be so enormous, that the railways of the United States will far exceed in extent, and in the trade which will pass over them, anything which has hitherto been known in the history of the world. X. — Railways and Free Trade. In the preceding sections I have endeavored to describe the progress of railway extension in England, France, Belgium and the United States, the four countries where it has received the greatest development, and I have pointed out the very great increase of commerce and national property which has been its result. But in the case of England I am bound to meet a very probable objection. I shall be asked. Why do you attribute this increase of commerce to railways ? Was it not caused by free trade ? The general opinion undoubtedly is, that free trade is the principal cause of the immense increase, since 1842, of Eng- lish commerce. We sec this opinion expressed every day in newspapers and reviews, in speeches and parliamentary papers. I hold in my hand a very able memorandum, lately issued by ^•!! ^MonEi 14G RAILWAYS PREFERABLE TO FREE TRADE, the Board of Trade, respecting the progress of Britisli commerce before and sitice the ado^'tion of free trade, in which the same view is taken, and which the statistics of the exports and imports, since 1842, are p-iven as mainly the result of free trade. It is true, that there is a reservation, acknowledging " that the increase of productive power, and other causes, have materially operated in effecting this vast development." But in the news- paper quotations and reviews this reservation was left out of sight, and the striking results recorded in the memorandum were entirely ascribed to free trade. While acknowledging to the full the great benefits and the enlightened principles of free trade, I have no hesitation in say- ing that this popular view is a popular exaggeration, which it is the duty of statisticians to correct ; and I think that my reasons will be considered satisfactory by this society. Ill the first place, the development of English commerce began in 1834, before free trade, but simultaneously with rail- ways ; and between 1833 and 1842 the exports and imports increased from a stationary position at £85,500,000 to £112,- 000,000, or 31 per cent. In the next place, from 1842 till 1860, England was the only country which adopted free trade. If England had also been the only country that made such enormous progress, we might safely conclude that free trade was the chief cause of so great a fact. But this is not the case. England is only one of several countries which made an equal advance during the same period, and none of those countries except England had adopted free trade. The total increase of exports and imports from 1842 to 1860, in the first three coun- tries described in this paper, and from 1844 to 1860 in the United States, was as follows : — OOUNTRIES. 184S. 1800. Increase per cent. England, .... £112,000,000 £375,000,000 234 France, 80,280,000 232,200,000 169 Belgium, .... 19,400,000 72,120,000 •272 1844. ISOO. United States, 45,757,000 . 158,810,000 305 ;,-.' STEAM THE GREAT LEVER. 147 aso per cut. 234 1G9 Thus, tho English rate of increase is only third in order, and is exceeded both by Belgium and tho United States. If the latter country is objected to on account of its rapid growth in population by immigration, still Belgium remains exceeding tho Englisli rate of increase by 36 per cent. Look at the argun,;nt by induction. Here are four countries under the same conditions of civilization, and having access to the same mechanical pov^ers and inventions, which far outstrip contemporary nations. It is a probable conclusion that the same great cause was the foundation of their success. What was that common cause ? It could not be free trade ; for only one of the four countries had adopted a free trade policy. But there was a common cause which each and all of those four countries had pre-emi- nently developed — the power of steam — steam machinery, steam navigation and steam railways. I say, then, that steam was the main cause of this prodigious progress of England, as well as of the other three countries. But I will go a step farther. Steam machinery had existed for many years before 1830, and before the great expansion of com- merce. Steam navigation had also existed for many years before 1830, and before the great expansion of commerce, and steam navigation was unable to cope with the obstacle which, before 1830, was so insuperable, viz., the slowness and expense, and limited capacity, of land carriage. I come, then, to this further conclusion, that the railways which remov d the gigan- tic obstacle, and gave to land carriage such extraordinary rapid- ity and cheapness, and such unlimited capacity, must have been the main agent, the active and immediate cause, of this sudden commercial development. Each expansion of the railway sys- tem has been immediately followed, as if by its shadow, by a great expansion of exports and imports. We ought to give railways their due credit and praise, as tlic chief of those mighty agents which, within the last thirty years, have changed the face of civilization. r-. 'i72 305 148 COMMERCE OF PICTOU AND CAPE BRETON. United States Consulate, Pictou, N. S., > November 17, 18G6. j" E. H. Derby, Esq., U. S. Commissioner. Sir, — In accordance with my promise, I send you a few statis- tics which may be useful in your forth-coming Report to government. Since the abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty, the falling off in the amount of importations from the United States is very large, and the amount of exports of the great staple (coal,) falls far short of what is has been in former years. The trade at this port has undergone a very great change. Up to the present year, we have had iipon an average eighty American vessels here, in a season ; this year there have been but seven. This is owing to the heavy duty on coal, (81.25 per ton in gold,) and the low rates of freight. The amount of coal shipped to the United States from this port for the year ending September 30, is 117,676 tons, falling short of last year about 47,000 tons. Cape Breton Mines. Lingan Mines — Imports from United States, . . $700 00 Exports to U. S. (47,442 tons coal,) 107,644 00 International Mines — Imports from United States, 1,000 00 Exports to " " 30,000 00 Little Glace Bay — Imports from United States, . 4,070 00 Exports to " " (coal,) 78,000 00 Cow Bay — For quarter ending 30th September. Imports from United States, . . 298 00 Exports to « « . . 101,405 00 I give you, as my private opinion, that a reduction in the tariff of the United States, would have a tendency to increase trade and bring about a better state of feeling ; the duty on coal is exorbitant, and operates adversely to the interest of our coun- trymen, as the largest portion of capital invested in coal mines, in this province, is American. EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OP NOVA SCOTIA. 149 Previous to the abrogation of the Reciprocity Treaty, thou- sands of barrels of American flour were imported into this province ; since that event, we cannot count by hundreds ; Canada has now the monopoly. American apples were shipped to this port formerly in large quantity ; this year not one barrel has been imported, the duty here being one dollar in gold. If I can furnish you with any further facts, I shall be most happy. I have the honor to remain, Your most obedient servant, B. HAMMATT NORTON, Consul. Principal Imports iiito Nova Scotia from the United States of articles free of duty, in eleven years, 1854 to 18G4, inclusive. Apples and Pears, (barrels,) . 42,979 ; valu e, 8120,805 00 Beef, " . 13,879 (( 157,147 00 Butter, (pounds,) . . . 571,849 u 105,789 00 Cheese, " ... 294,993. u 35,916 00 Flour, (barrels,) . . . 2,262,G62 ; li 14,584,182 00 Lard, (pounds,) . . .1,783,800.; a 178,380 00 Pork and Hams, (barrels,) . 57,583 ; a 987,778 00 Total imports from United States, . • 35,450,108 00 " exports from Nova Scotia, to U. S. . • 21,854,518 00 \'.l Principal Exports from Nova Scotia to the United States in the same period. Coal, $4,503,707 00 Codfish, Herring, Mackerel, Potatoes, 1,030,252 00 497,185 00 1,225,014 00 1,373,372 00 150 PROGRESS OP POPULATION IN THE PROVINCES. STATISTICS OF THE PROVINCES. COMDENSED FROM THE YEAR BOOK AND OTHER SOURCES. CENSUS OF BRITISH NORTH AMERICA. i'iA'Ki I. — Enumeration. The last Census of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island, was taken in 1861 ; that of Newfound- land in 1858. The population of these colonies was then found to be : — Males. Females. Total. Upper Canada, .... Lower Canada, .... New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, .... Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, .... 725,575 507,804 129,948 165,584 40,880 65,118 670,510 543,702 123,099 165,273 39,977 58,170 1,390,091 1,111,566 252,047 330,857 80,857 124,288 Totals, .... 1,694,969 1,600,737 3,295,706 Since the previous Census, the population had been increas- ing at the annual rate of: — In Upper Canada, . Lower Canada, . New Brunswick, . Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, . 4.34 per cent. 2.50 2.60 1.82 2.07 1.50 Supposing the increase to have since continued at the same rate, in all the colonies excepting Newfoundland, where excep- tional causes have interfered with the progress of population, PROPORTION OF NATIVES TO FOEEIGN BORN. 151 the number of residents in British America in January, 18G7, will be about four million, distributed, — In Upper Canada, . Lower Canada, . New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, . Total, 1,802,056 1,288,880 295,084 368,781 91,443 130,000 3,976,244 Were the same increase to continue until 1,900 — just one more generation, the population would be 11,977,000. The natives of the Provinces largely outnumber those born abroad, the proportion of different origins being, — Natives of British America, of Ireland, of England and Wales, . of Scotland, . of Foreign countries, . 79 per cent. . 9 • H 4^- o 100 i, *■:, The numbers are shown in the following table :-r- Ci (m to « 5 W a « 5 > n "O a a a 'A 2 w o CO J. o Si o It 'A > o 'A 3 Upper Canada, . Lower Canada, . New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, . 911.903 1,017,925 208,100 299,335 00,800 111,874 114,914 13,821 4,909 3,188 2,019 3,910 191,431 50,337 30,179 0,313 5,171 7,733 98,892 13,204 5,109 16,395 5,903 624 78,891 16,279 3,594 2,626 364 141 1,396,091 1,111,566 252,047 330,857 80,857 124,288 Total, . 2,616,003 143,367 294,104 140,217 101,895 3,295,706 It is not easy to ascertain with certainty the descent of tho native population. w 152 NATION AND CREED. Those of French origin -were enumerated separately in the census of Canada and Nova Scotia, find Mr. Rameau, in his work "£ft France aux Colonics" gives a careful estimate for the otlier Provinces. Putting together the figures obtained from both these sources, \vc have as of French origin, — In Upper Canada, Lower Canada, New Brunswick, . Nova Scotia, . Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, Total, 33,287 847,320 25,000 20,859 15,000 20,000 961,466 At the date of the last census, there were probably, in the various provinces, a million of people of Irish descent, and the remainder — say a million and a quarter — were about lialf of Scottish, half of English parentage. II. — Creed. The census table gives at some length statements of the reli- gious belief of the people of the Provinces. Condensing them into ten heads, we have the following as the proportion in which various creeds are held : — Church of Rome, Church of England, . Presbyterians, . Wesleyans and Methodists, Baptists, . Lutherians, Congregationalists, . Miscellaneous creeds, Of no religion, . Creed not stated, Total, The respective numbers are as follows : — 44^ per cent. 15| 151- 14 5f 1 I ^ 1 2 \ 100 RELIGION AND OCCUPATION. 153 1-* O t>- t^ b- 00 CO OS O TP lO lO CO o O O O CO (X/ !7I t- es so i-c CI o o-* Its 05 .-H O CO 00 Ol Ci s CO f- 'M CO r-l CI 1 f-^ r— 1 CO ^ CO CO t-.Tj< CJ 1 r-t aJ '3 CI d <-i -^ CO t- £■ cj 1-^ f o eo i-T CI = -3 CO ira ci t- jI " rH , CO t-o 1 1 1 o « § t~ 1-1-1 o c 5 CO ti 00 sf t>.I-( CO r-< tH S 3 « CO <-( -^ CO >ri th m .-( 05 O O <-i Tt< CO t~» O «0 r-l O t>- S o s O 05 IM eo f5 CI O CO Tt< o li CO 05 CI i-l CO t-t c a 0'1 1 g O >C »-i CO in 1 « CI CO 1-1 CO CO i iS -^ T^ C3 1 s CI CI ! >^ O^OOO 1 o ira lO CO rf lO CO M in t- I- o th m 5* »-( t> t- CI CO CI o io CO OS 1-1 s 1 CI o t- >n TTi o CO I- CO CO lO o o CO S c c IC CO O O CO o CO s " 5 •-H O O Tti o o CO •^ CO C4 CO CI m CO ^ •«*< lO CI >!5 CI 00 o >» en CO CO t>- >fl O CO "*i CO t-O t-OO CO CO en <1 CO CO CO CO lO CO ^ o-^i^co CO CI Ci CO tH o r3 lO t- CO r*< m O CI J- a O CO 1-- •^ CO 00 ■^ o 5 in '3< I-' I--. 1-- •-I m 5 w i-i CO CI b- CO o t-T >-l CO TJI Tt* Tt< 1^ CO o i .-H CO CO rH CI •* a o rt< iC CO CO iC i-H t— .3 *> .-1 CI CI CI CO CI C5 2 3 CO CO iC CO ifJ h- in 2 2 m 'ti CO 00 CO o o J5 HH CI Ci '»< y 1-t • •••»•• • n d cd • • • • en ff - '■^ r— ^ «^ 1 « fe § i rt 5 -s-^^ rn 1 « 4) T (9 CJ « &.& ^ > a ? &i c « o "E oj &^»;zi(i.K o H o o O 03 m C5 CO o CO 00 rf* C5 CO m o CO rH CI CO CO CO oi 1-1 l-> oo 00 oco -f t-» t>- o CO »Ti t- 00 CI 50 eo fc« eoci 00 a o CI CO CO t- 1 1 CO Cl 1-1 OC5 rt< •a CO t- m o in CO CI 1-1 Cl o £^ f-l rH CO J^ "3 a 00 t- -^ >o o CO !>. o ^ C5 "*! O 1-- O r*l CO a 3 CO CI CO rH 1-1 i-H dO fi S Tjl CO rl 1-1 o 2 <-t Pi o CO -»< in 1 1 t>. 2 "Si CO CO o o V CJ 1-1 rH CO Cl r-{ ^ E g t>. o in i>. o cj rH « _i S in rH CO !>• O 'tl m a ^ 5 rH rH t- C5 CO CO o S5 « J5 T-i 00 CI CI CI Cl C5 i^ e rH CO CO c 3 CO CO rH 05 O -t< CO a " 'Jl 03 O Cl O CS . o CO "SI Orfi O OS -Tl a in rH o Cl o CO O isl cfco in t-To T-( Cl CO o CO 'ji Cl -Tl rH rH ^0 ra • • • * • * C3 " cS ^ *-t « *> ^ rt « *{- • o.^ ^ > a ^ Q,0 « O'C « t3^5z;;z;p:;;z« m.^ ■]■ 154 PUODUCTS OP AGRICULTURE. H W Q is fa o 03 H U « o > •-^ > 00 o T-l <2 o a> 3 en ^ H c; u ft> 0) e Ch , (h -3 s a o ^ Cm >% O o b-. rt 1.J «*- to o S TS •*-» a u 3 -^ 0) -a ^ fri o Cm -iM O m S tc 'S >t s "Ta ^ s cS en O P ■3 C) t- a o S ts > o »:. t^ rt PU J3 ^ 1-1 o %-> ^ O fr rt a (U ss £ >< o (U ^ -f-' 3 ^ 1 .2 l8 3 S» 00 rt (!) - CO CO eo CO os_ ■^ co_ 00 co_ 'Jj^ (M t^ ■^ Ol l^ t^ uf c>rrjreo"cr lO so to" o lO cT CO O iH O OJ 05 «0 (M (71 Cj_a0 ^ire ira CO »^ I— ( (M eo (M' I I t» lO iH O t-» CO . CO 00 t^ 05 00 CO i>- CO oq_cj_oo rH lo o_ o .-To CO oo'cT CI ifS lO l>. .— ( Cl,».0 «D_C^CI^ i-^^t-rcfi-rcf C)T-t CI Tj< 05 00 ira eo <0 t- h- l>. 05 CO i-^ T-^ ^ Ci> eo CI 00 05 50 CI 00 ci^ CI CI cfcf o o CI o cr o co~ «tl «o_ eo «o o 00 CO o CI o cf C5 o to »o "*i lo 1— ' ira o CI IC 1-- CO CI o '*^CO_t^O_rH 0_ o TiTorcro »-i" CI lO h- t-t rt( CO o CI eo eo -)5'cf ci o CO t^ CO rH CI CO CJ • • • ■ pg • , J • • ► • I— ( • • rt rt u ^rs w rt » « S § c c " -s i; :2 P hM M «e ii 'c ft.^ ^ (* = ^ o ocs o © o es O OCO o o o CO 00 CO i-i o o o in 1 00 C5 CI o o o f i-H OS o o o CO id eo CO CO o c i- T- O t^ « 05 ir: i^ r-( 0" Ph coco eo l-H eo oo t". o oo i-t .j; CO 00 IfS o o o iH •9 i^ eo t- o o o CS , Ob-CO O O O iQ CO eo o o CI eo CO «» CO t>. C4 Cl t CO >-( t>r ^ O t- t-H 1(5 00 rS >i CO ^ t>- .-H 00 CO s CI.C5_rl<^t-^'^C5^ 00 *> - CO co"^cr<-r-ir lO V CI O Ci CO i-< CO ■2 00 OS O lO 1-- tH !>• CO lO'-^Tji cf CIr-l ia T*! t>. O h- 00 h^ eo * ■^ l^ O CO CO OS 0 CO CO 1— CO CO OS CS^TjJ^CO^CO^l-^OO^ CO J2 co" cr ■^'' "*" oo" cf cT aT o CS eo O •* rl ^ o< CI 00 CO o eo CO e go" •I CI cot^t^eo 1 1 eo ■g CS i>- r- eo 00 CO t'^co^eo f-t i-Tod"© 1-^ cf OTt^ desig- uently ton of nd the tween Upper Canada, Lower Canada, New Brunswick, . Nova Scotia, . Prince Edward Island, . Newfoundland, Total, . . 121,200 square miles. . 210,020 " " . 27,105 " " . 18,GG0 " " . 2,100 " " . 40,200 " « . 419,345 " u If to this be added the area of Vancouver's Island, 20,000 square miles ; British Columbia, 200,000 square miles ; and Lab- rador, the Hudson's Bay, and North-West Territories with, say 2,750,000 square miles, we have a total for British North America of no less than 3,389,345 square miles. The climate and productions of the Colonics are more dissim- ilar than might be inferred from the latitude of their settled dis- tricts. In the extreme west of Upper Canada, Indian corn can be raised with profit ; peaches, grapes, and melons grow luxu- riantly in the open air ; but the district favored thus is small, and although the greater part of Canada is a suitable region for growing all the cereals, while wheat can be raised with care in every settled part of every colony, we find by the time we travel farther eastward than Quebec, that the people depend less and less upon the soil, until in Newfoundland they arc almost exclusively concerned about the waters, and buy from other countries almost all their cereal and animal food. The winter's cold varies even more than the summer's heat. Snow rarely lies more than a month in the west of Upper Canada. In some parts of Canada East and the Labrador, it lies for five or six months every season. 160 DIVERSITY OV UKSOURCi:^. Tho divorsiiy of the mineral rcsourcos of the scvoral Colonies is no loss tlian tliat of tlicir ap^rieultural productions. Tiic western peninsula of Up[)er Canada as yet alone yields pctro- leuir ; It has many valualdo (piarries, but few mctallie ores, These, however, the sliores of tho upper lakes, central and east- ern Canada, Nova Scotia, and probably Newfoundland and New lirunswick abundantly supply. Especially valuable are the coj)- pcr mines of Canada and Newfoundland, and the f!;old and coal of Nova Hcotia. Prince Edward Island i;s the worst off in this particular. It had to import I'rom Nova Scotia not only tho plans for its sole stone building, (the House of Parliament,) but even the materials. This diversity is, however, a happy thing for all the Colonies. While the general severity of their climate enforces activity among their j)eople, the variety of their resources prevents their inhabitants from confining tliemsclves to one branch of industry. BALANCE SHEETS OP THE SEVERAL PROVINCES, Or, the Assets and Liabilities of British North America. I. — Condensed Balance Sheet of the Province op Canada, ON June 30th, 1865. Dr. Direct Debt Funde'l, viz. ; — Inincrial Guaranteed Loan, 4 percent, int., Debentures and Inscripticns, 5 per ct. int., (( (( t( (I u " " " various rates. 8081,333 34 33,743,540 88 20,070,510 25 385,400 00 $00,880,784 47 857,806 04 • 4,402,677 13 4,135,331 39 794,515 76 7,121,836 57 Indirect Debt, Funded, .... Indebtedness to Trust Funds, viz. : — Scbool Funds, Indian Funds, MlaccUaneous, $2,090,003 37 1,050,940 39 055,073 37 l^^ank Accounts, Miscellaneous Accounts, .... Consolidated Fund, Total, «78,190,011 06 CANADIAN DEHT. 161 lialancc Sheet of the Province of Canada — Continued. Cu. Sinkin}^ Funds, ..... Public! Works, viz. : — St. Lawrence Canals, Wellaiul Canal, CIiauil)Iy Canal and Richelieu River im provenicnts, ..... Burlington Hay Canal, Lake St. I'eter improvements, . Ottawa Works, Improvement of the Trent, HarlmrH and Lijihlhouses, . Roads and IJridj^es, .... liuildinj^s at Ottawa, (Parliam't House, &c.,) Loans to incorporated companies, Miscellaneous works and buildings, . Due l»y I5uildinff and Harbor Funds, Railway Accounts, viz. : — Grand Trunk Railway, (Jreat Western Railway, . Northern Railway, .... Due by Trust Funds, .... Municipal Loan Fund Accounts, Bank of Upper Canada — special account. Bank Accounts, including Crown Lands Accounts, Miscellaneous Accounts, . Consolidated Fund Investment Account, Total, $7,41:5,423 48 7,;J8a,545 51) 43.3,807 83 308,328 32 1,1 .07,235 08 1,208,308 37 .')58,500 20 2,.'5G4,()8G 70 1,723,()97 71 2,071,095 17 142,154 .')2 1,75!),755 98 !?23,902,403 41 3,727,082 85 3,.504,.52(J 90 181,200,000 01 700,509 91 $1,520,148 91 20,727,000 89 857,800 64 31,131,013 16 890,849 34 13,255,950 10 1,900,509 92 1,222,305 31 089,035 09 $78,199,011 96 |7 13 )l 39 |5 76 57 II. — Balance Sheet of the Province or New Brunswick, on Oct. 31st, 18G5. The debt of New Brunswick lias been incurred almost wliolly for the construction of" railroads. It is of two chief kinds — Debentures, held almost exclusively in England, and all bear- ing per cent, interest ; and debts to the Savings Bank Depos- itors at home, who receive 5 per cent. The financial year ends on Oct. 31st, and the following is a statement of the assets and liabilities at that date in 1805, since which time very little change has taken place : — 1 96 162 DEBT OF NOVA SCOTIA. ■ii-.>> ' : Dn. Debt — Funded : viz., Debentures, G per cent, interest, " Floating : viz., to Savings Banks, Sundry Special Funds, Cr. Public Work : viz.,* European & North American Railway, Stock in the New Brunswick & Canada Railway Invested on account of Savings Bank Deposits, Sundry Bonds and Interest, .... Cash and Bankers' Balances, .... Balance not represented by any Assets, . ?5,052,8S0 708,5G5 101,810 85,923,255 §1,491,280 240,000 8G,875 61,624 156,979 886,497 $5,923,255 * The Lighthouses do not appear in the Provincial Balance Sheets, tliey being kept up out of a Special Fund by tonnage duties. Tlie Province owns no i'tcaiiiers, piers, or wharves. All the ordinary roads and bridges belong to the Government, but have been built from the annual revenue, and tlicir v.ilue does not appear on the ISalance Sheet. If it wore so included, It is probable tliat the balance would be on the otlier side of the account. III. — Condensed Balance Sheet op the Province op Nova Scotia, on 30th Sept., 1865. The debt of Nova Scotia has been incurred almost exclusively on railway account. On Sept. 30th, 1865, the account stood as under : — Dr. Debt — Funded : viz., Railway bonds, 6 p. c. interest, " Floating : viz., Borrowed from I'rov. Savings Bank, 4 per cent., $640,000 Treasury notes, no interest, 492,458 Miscellaneous, undrawr, moneys, &c.. Cr. Public Work : viz., Provincial Railway, la hands of Public Accountants, Cash in hand or in Bank, Balance, $4,495,000 1,132,453 347,625 $5,975,083 $4,319,507 295,207 503,691 856,678 $5,975,083 Against this balance the Province owns a number of light- houses, and several Public Buildings. No means exist of deter- mining from the accounts the cost or value of such assets. DEBTS OP PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND AND NEWFOUNDLAND. 1G3 >oo )5,000 (5,083 19,507 )5,207 33,691 56,678 r5,083 IV. — Condensed Balance Sheet op the Province of Prince Edward Island, Dec. 31st, 1865. Prince Edward Island shows a somewhat singular balance sheet. On the one hand more than half the liabilities are " unpaid warrants," and the funded debt is almost nominal. On the other hand the greater portion of the available assets are cash and bonds given by merchants for the payments of duties on imports. The figures at the end of the last financial year, Dec. 31st, 1865, were : — Dr. Debt — Funded, viz. : — Debentures at 5 per cent., • 546,560 do. at 6 per cent., . 57,600 Debt — Floating, viz. : — - 8104,160 Treasury notes, . $36,800 Unpaid warrants, •. 179,640 216,440 Debl — Deposits in Savings Bank, (5 pr. ct. Interes to • 20,600 Total, .... 18341,200 Cr. Bonds in Treasury, (duties,) .... , $48,824 do. in hands ol' Attorney-General, (duties,) •. 2,234 $51,059 Cash in Treasury or in Banks, .... , 51,293 Balance against the Colony, .... • 238,848 Total, .... $341,200 The regulations • respecting treasury notes are, that if pre- sented they must be redeemed in gold, and if there be no gold in the treasury they can be funded at 6 per cent. In practice they never are presented. Against the above " balance " the Province owns eight light- houses, worth about $30,000, the Victoria Barracks, worth say $25,000, and a market-house, worth 85,000. V. — Debt of Newfoundland. The debt of Newfoundland, on December 31st, 1865, was: — Funded, $911,564; Floating, 8250,076 ; Total, $1,162,243. The Province owns several lighthouses, and has expended considerable sums on improvements in St. John's. We have no detailed returns for this year, but the greater part of the float- ing debt consists of deposits in the Government Savings Bank. w w^ 164 DEBTS OF THE PROVINCES. « h- o in o CO CO eo o m o ■13 o in t- eo o CO Ttl l-H o CI. o _• «t H i-T r-T C5 m « o o eo CO o eo CO 00 05 CI rH e eo t- in eo t- CO in in. «> to »+r eo eo 1 - «& 0> "O -+< o -+< s to o eo <4 1 lO 1 1 1 o 1 in a 3 f-H o 1—1 «-( in eo .o o» CJ 1-j. IS (© r-T .«• e& if, ■2 o o o ^ o a o o o o eo & ■ 1 in co_ 1 eo 1 00 in 5 -o eo t>r o eo t-T TM in CJ eo CO O m e^ .-« U i-i e© *C P4 o o 00 CO « o o in in 3 1 1 o 1 1 o Tt< ■^ o u in o c» i^ M C5 rt< crs CI •1 TJJ_ eo rfi o > o "Si" in « e& «> i o in in CO eo Tt< 1 1 1 CO 1 m 1 1 TJJ_ B9 in CO eo r-T CJ n o l>- CO in in" e& e& 'A eo •-H i> o fH eo "*< t>- o m A 00 in eo •«!*< 1 1 1 eq^ f-T eo TjT in '!j5' 00 -^ eo CO Tf< 3 «D t>V OS eo tr u «& eo eo • (8 3 5 ^ -§ ^ <; < S (» M H a s CANADIAN REVENUE. 165 PUBLIC REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. CANADA. Receipts, 18G4-5. Customs revenue, .... Excise, Post Office and Ocean Postage, Public Works and Prov. Steamers, . Territorial, Minor revenues of the Consol. Fund, Debentures and Stock, . Municipal Loan Fund, ... Municipalities Fund, ... Education and School Funds, Indian Fund, Miscellaneous Trusts and other accounts, Deduct — Debentures and Stock, . Ordinary revenue. Payments, 1864-5. Collection of revenue, — Customs, Excise, . Post Office, . Public Works, Territorial, Miscellaneous, Interest on public debt and charges, Redemption of public debt, .... Civil Government, including pensions, . Administration of justice and prison inspection, Legislation, Education, grants to Literary Societies, Geological Hospitals and Charities, Militia and enrolled force, .... Agricultural Societies, grants to, . Public Works and Buildings, &c., . Redemption of Seignorial rights, Advances, &c., Postal Subsidies account, Municipalities Fund, Indian Fund and annuities, .... Minor payments, $397,086 174,446 483,270 256,792 134,735 79,031 Deduct— Redemption of Public debt. Ordinary expenditure, . ?5,660,741 1,302,975 540,809 429,524 830,892 405,775 1,074,609 270,883 148,835 141,757 180,606 522,462 $11,509,868 1,074,609 $10,435,259 $1,515,360 3,768,773 1,355,620 501,137 998,518 473,158 603,642 310,088 756,933 108,419 1,523,021 199,190 125,238 139,229 145,045 366,940 $12,890,311 1,355,620 $11,534,691 28 IS-: 166 REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE. M-:-: ' A similar statement prepared by "Mr. Gait, when Minister of Finance, supplemented by the Miscellaneous Statistics of the Auditor, furnishes us with the figures from 18G1 to the end of I860. YEAR. Ordinary Revenue. Ordinary Kxpcndl- turc. 1861,. 1862, . 1863, . 1864, . 1865, . Total, $9,890,275 8,408,444 9,760,316 10,918,337 10,470,608 $49,456,980 $12,003,902 11,116,092 10,742,807 10,587,142 11,056,363 $50,100,371 This shows that an increase in the Public Debt must have taken place in the five years of nearly seven millions. It is argued, however, that the increase of the population of the country is more rapid than that of the public burdens, so that the charge per head is somewhat diminishing. Almost the whole of this increase was represented by increased floating debt, and diminished cash balances. The government, however, took means at the last session to meet both the floating debt and the debentures falling due by laying their hands upon the cir- culation, so that in future the amount will be represented by Provincial notes. Recapitulation. "We throw together some of the preceding figures, to illus- trate the relative as well as the absolute position of the various Provinces : — 4) > c . 0. S bi <» J. . a ^ Rec'd from De- bent's or Notes sold, ISG5. Paid for Deben- tures redeemed, 1865. Canada, New Brunswick, . Nova Scotia, . Prince Edw'd Isl., Newfoundland, $10,435,259 1,070,604 1,517,306 217,732 482,460 $11,534,691 1,168,074 1,470,306 214,396 579,453 $3,768,773 360,596 284,338 17,816 49,744 $1,074,609 17,200 659,544 2,251 115,442 $1,355,620 25,930 28,038 Totals, . $13,723,361 $14,966,920 $4,481,327 $1,869,046 $1,409,561 NEW BRUNSWICK. 167 ^ a •o 6 3 a V t3 u ^ ^ . n 2 a ■3 2 1 ^ The Revenue, Expenditure, and Interest on Debt per head were, therefore, nearly as follows : — Ucvenuc, per licad. Expenditure, per head. Interest on Public Debt per head. Canada, New Brunswick, . Nova Suotia, Prince Edward Island, . Newfoundland, 53 45 3 70 4 20 2 45 3 70 $3 80 4 00 4 10 2 40 4 40 $1 1 25 25 80 20 38 NEW BRUNSWICK. The Public Accounts of New Brunswick do not show the total revenue or tbe total expenditure, because several services are under the control of Boards, who only return their net profits or deficiency. This difficulty meets the inquirer not only in New Brunswick, but in several of the other Provinces. The latest statements published are those for the year ending October 31,1865, from which we prepare the following statement : Receipts, 1865. Customs Revenue, — Import duties, §589.578 Railway duties, 124,459 Export duties, 61,904 Light-bouse Duties, Seamen's Fund, Buoy and Beacon Fund, Casual and Minor Revenues, Net earnings of Railway, Balance of Savings Bank Deposits, .... Debentures sold, (Railway,) Payments, 1865. Collection of Revenue, .... Interest and charges on Public Debt, viz.,- Ordinary, Railway, Redemption of Debt (Savings Bank Deb's,) Civil List and Pensions, .... Administration of Justice, Legislation, Education (including $264 Geol. Survey,) Lunatic Asylum, Militia and Military, .... Agriculture, Public Works, including Railway Surveying, Post Office, Miscellaneous, $63,518 267,978 Total, -$775,941 33,494 55,982 38,591 22,575 17,200 $943,693 $42,198 360,596 25,903 46,229 21,438 48,874 114,424 18,000 30,816 10,229 183,333 22,500 101,992 $1,026,532 i --I, WF 168 REVENUE OP NEWFOUNDLAND. It is impossible to recast this account with strict accuracy. Wc find, however, that the gross railway receipts should be given at $133,408, and expenditure at 894,907 ; the gross receipts of the Post Office, $71,779, and the payments, $72,538, in addition to the above $22,500 ; while, perhaps, the total receipts at, and withdrawals from, the Savings Banks should be stated. Omitting, however, this last item, as also a few sundries (such as the expenditure and revenue of the Marine Hospital, &c.,) and making the requisite addition for the others, we find as the Total Revenue, Deduct Debentures, $17,200 Deduct balance of Savings Eank deposits . . 22,575 Leaving an ordinary revenue, . . . * . Total expenditure, Deduct Debentures redeemed, 81,110,379 39,775 $1,070,604 $1,193,977 25,903 $1,168,074 The Revenue of the Province for 18GG is considerably larger, and is believed to be in excess of the expenditure, even after paying for the heavy cliargcs consequent on the threatened Fenian raid from Eastport. NEWFOUNDLAND. The Revenue and Expenditure of Newfoundland for the year ended December 31, 1865, were : — Receipts, 1865. Customs, Excise, . Post Office, . Crown Receipts, Light Dues, . Proiits of Savings Bank, Miscellaneous, Loans and Premiums thereon, Total, . . . • Deduct Loans, Ordinary Revenue, $425,800 1,709 4,965 4,432 23,158 8,000 14,396 115,442 $597,902 115,442 $482,460 EXPENDITURES OP NEWFOUNDLAND. 169 Payments, 1865. Collection of Ilevenue, — Customs ?31,925 Excise, 120 Drawbacks, . . • 7,n00 Interest on debt, viz., — Ordinary debt, ?47,G95 Sewerage debt, 2,049 Redemption of debt, Expenditure as per Financial Secretary's statement. Total, Deduct Redemption of Debt $28,038 Payments for Permanent Objects,* . . . 100,000 Ordinary Expenditure, $12,345 49,744 28,038 587,304 $707,491 128,038 $579,453 * We have to estimate the amount, as the Financial Secretary's Statement, coutaiuing tlic details of Expenditure has not as yet been printed. Tho Rcveiiuo and Expenditure since 1854 has been as follows : — TEAR. Revenue. Expendl- tarc. YEAR. Revenue. Expendi- ture. 1854, $405,030 $387,463 1860, . $668,040 $633,768 1855, . 632,242 604,631 1861, . 450,217 633,766 1856, . 594,158 529,228 1862, . 584,648 690,293 1857, . 746,621 983,743 1863, . 565,170 576,125 1853, . 705,641 869,825 1864, . 625,793 525,795 1859, . 623,975 572,995 1865, . 597,902 707,491 The Revenue has thus been nearly stationary for a number of years. It rises or falls according to the success of the fish- eries — as yet the single source of the wealth of the Province. NOVA SCOTIA. If it is difficult to make out a detailed statement of the Rev- enue and Expenditure of New Brunswick, the task is still more so in the case of Nova Scotia. The Report of the Committee on Public Accounts differs from the accounts of the Receiver- General as to details, although the Committee state the accounts rrri 170 REVENUE AND EXPENSES OP NOVA SCOTIA. i of the latter to be correct. The Railway Construction Account, the receipts from Treasury Notes, and some other revenues, have to bo added from independent sources. The figures for the year ending September 80th, 18G5, are, however, very nearly as follows : — Receipts, 18C5 Customs and Excise duties, . Tost OlTicci Revenue,* . Publit! Works, viz. : — Bo.ird of Works, . Light Duty, .... Signal Stcitions, ... For the maintenance of Refugees, Sable Island, Lunatic Asylum, . Road Service, Railway Revenue, . Territorial, viz. : — Crown Lands, Gold Fields Royalty on Coal, . Licenses to search and work, . $1,386 38,945 902 2,000 21,405 3,349 183,954 $44,305 18,059 57,524 12,050 Railway Bonds, Treasury Notes, Miscellaneous, Deduct Deb's and Treasury Notes, Ordinary Revenue, Payments, 1865. Revenue Expenses : — Customs, Drawbacks, . Mines, . Crown Lands, Post Office, . $63,750 18,720 13,000 17,213 93,170 Interest on Public Debt, viz. : — Ordinary, $23,609 Railway, 260,729 Civil List, Judiciary Expenses, Prosecutions and Inquests, Legislative Expenses, Education, Hospitals and Charities, Militia, Agriculture, $1,047,891 00,700 252,031 131,998 024,544 35,000 24,686 $2,176,850 659,544 $1,517,306 $205,859 284,338 63,113 5,761 44,320 99,663 19,030 81,000 16,000 * The Report of the Committee on Public Accounts gives $30,700, to which we add $30,000 for certain sums which do not find their way into the Treasury. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 171 Public Works, viz. : — Board of Works, .... Roads and lirid12 109,000 41,315 1,720,922 248,016 $1,472,306 PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. The Revenue and Expenditure of Prince Edward Island, for the year 18G5, were as under : — 284,338 03,113 5,761 44,326 99,663 19,030 81,000 16,000 Receipts, 1805. Customs,* Licenses, Post Oflice, Public Works (Light and Anchorage Duties,) Territorial, Interest on bonds, Education (Land Assessment,) Miscellaneous, • . . . Ordinary Revenue, Add Debentures, &c., sold, Deposits in Savings Rank, Total Revenue, Payments, 1865. Interest on Public Debt : — Funded, $5,644 Floating, 12,232 Civil Government, Administration of Justice, Legislature, Education, Hospitals and Charities, Militia, Agricultural Society, 1163,048 2,005 6,208 3,525 34,209 3,812 3,525 800 $217,732 2,251 20,579 $240,562 $17,876 21,658 14,268 12,182 46,188 4,842 3,426 9,039 * The Revenue from Customs includes receipts on account of the Cd. per gallon excise on spirits distilled in the Colony. The amount is not large, and is indistinguishable in the Public Accounts. "it . w^ 172 PUBLIC WORKS, CANAD.\. lloailti, Uritlpcs nnut few of the mines have as yet attained the point of profit, and no complete vstatisties can at present 1)C obtained. "\Vo subjoin, however, a few notes which may be relied on with regard to the results at some of the most important of these mines. At tlic AVest Canada Company's mines on Lake Huron, the average production for tlic ' >t live years, has been about 3,000 tons of 20 per cent, ore, with a force of from 2o0 to 300 hands ; the whole of this ore, which may be valued at 8250,000 annu- ally, is shipped to England, and this company's operations arc reputed to be highly remunerative. At many points on the north, or Canadian shores of Lake Superior, rich lodes of copper and lead (some of the latter being highly argentiferous,) have been discovered, l)ut are for the most part as yet undeveloped. Ill Central Canada, copper and lead ores arc found in promis- ing quauiiiies in the counties of Hastings, Leeds, and Lanark, but no very extensive or systematic mining oiterations have hitherto lieen instituted. The copper mines of the eastern townships have attracted much attention during the past six years ; and their value has been, in too many instances, unduly inflated by interested speculators; but, although in such cases, considerable disappointment has been experienced by over-san- guine capitalists who have embarked in such undertakings, sufliicient lias been developed to prove that, in several districts in this part of the country, copper mining may be carried on successfully on a larger scale. The Acton mine, which for three or four years produced very largely with a very moderate expenditure of capital, is now comparatively unproductive. On the other hand, the Harvey Hill mine in Leeds, tlie St. Frencis mine near Richmond, the Lower Canada, Capel, and Albert mines near Shorln'ooko, and the Huntington mine in Bolton, are all highly prosperous and promising undertakings. During the year 1865, the Harvey Hill mine yielded, with a very insignificant force, 390 tons of CANADIAN GOLD MINES. 189 20 per cent, ore, worth about §25,000, and during the present season the produce of this mine will reach 600 tons, worth 8o2,000. The 8t. Francis mine is also being systematically developed, although the number of miners employed is very small ; a shaft has been sunk upwards of 240 feet, and levels driven to the extent of upwards of 600 feet. The ore incident- ally obtained in thus opening up the ground, has averaged about 55 tons, of 10 per cent, per month. At the Lower Canada mine, with a force of 75 hands, 480 tons of per cent, ore arc extracted monthly ; the Capel mine, with a force of 50 hands, has yielded about 500 tons from 5 to G per cent, in their exploring works from May to September of this year, while the Albert mine upon the same veins, and intermediate between the two last named, affords an equally promising appearance. The Huntington mine in Bolton is even richer than those mcntioaed, yielding about 10 tons of 10 per cent, ore per fathom. Gold probably ranks next in importance among the metallic productions of Canada ; the alluvial gold diggings of the Chaudiere Valley having been pretty extensively, though unsystcmatically, prosecuted during the last few years. In the Report of the Parliamentary Commission on the Canadian Gold Fields for 1805, the production of the previous year, in the Chaudiere division, is given at 8110,000, which is estimated to yield four dollars per day, as the wages of every man employed. The largest nuggets found have been worth about $300, and most of the alluvial gold has been obtained within a very limited area. In this district also, and at other parts of Canada East, gold-bearing quartz veins have been discovered of sufficient richness to pay a very handsome profit upon the cost of crushing and separating ; for which purpose several mills arc now in process of construction and erection. In the counties of Hastings, Leeds, and Lanark, as also in the Ottawa district, marble, phosphate of lime, and plumbago, have been ascortai ed to be very extensively diffused. The latter mineral is now attracting much attention among mining adventurers in Canada, which bids fair to become the most important source of supply perhaps in the world. Recently processes whereby the plumbago may bo economically and on the large scale separated from earthy impurities, have been 31 1W_ 190 NEW BRUNSWICK. introduced into Canada ; and one establishment of this kind, situated in the township of Lochabcr, 25 miles below Ottawa City, is now in successful operation. The only other minerals of economic importance at present being worked to any extent in Canada, are building materials, roofing slates, and gypsum ; but of these we have no statistics to offer. There are three quarries of roofing slate in the eastern townships, in successful oppcration. Rock oil^ has been very largely produced in the townships of Enniskillen and Zone, in Canada West, but no statement of the actual amount produced can be made. New Brunswick. .iic mining industry of New Brunswick is, as yet, in its infancy. The Provincial Geologist, De Gesner, reports it rich in several metallic ores, such as iron and manganese. Gold exists in places, copper in others, but no important workings arc now going on. The brown building-stone of the head of the Bay of Fundy is a very important article of export. The following details relate to the mines now being worked : — The " Albert Coal Mining Company " was incorporated in the year 1851. Its paid-up capital is 8238,720, in 5,008 shares of each. The quantity of coal shipped annually is from 15,000 to 20,000 tons. In 1865, there were 15,790 tons shipped to the United States, 2,2G0 tons to St. John, and G08 tons to Nova Scotia, amounting to 18,058 tons, valued at the shipping wharf in Hillsborough at $180,658. This mine is situated in the parish of Hillsborough, Albert County ; was first discovered in 1849, and was worked with but little success for six or seven years, owing to a long and expensive lawsuit connected Avith it, the want of mining experience brought to bear on it, and the value of the material not being sufficiently understood. Since 1857 it has been doing a good business^ raising from 15,000 to 20,000 tons annually. The price of the coal for several years was 815 per ton, delivered at the shipping wharf ; but for the last two years it has ranged only from 89 to 811 per ton. The dividends, when the price of coal was high, were 115 per cent. ; in 1865, about 31 per cent. There has been considerable difference of opinion amongst scientific men, as to whether the material raised from this seam ALBERTITE. 191 or vein is a ti'uc coal or an asphalt, or solidified oil. For com- mercial men, the term " Asphaltic Coal" (applied to it shortly after its discovery,) appears to have more sij^nificancc than the term " Albertitc," given it by scientific men, as it is applied in the same manner as coal for the purpose of gas and oil making, while it has none of the properties of the asphalt of commerce to make it a substitute for that mineral. The gas made from this coal is of the most brilliant descrip- tion. It produces about 15,000 feet to the ton. The oil made from it is the best of all coal oils, and it yields about 70 gallons of rectified oil to the ton. The seam or vein lies about 25 or 30 degrees off the perpen- dicular : the depth now sunk is about 800 feet, and the average thickness, which is very irregular, is about feet. The Com- pany have three very powerful engines for raising the coal and keeping the mines free of water. Several companies have been formed, and shafts sunk in the immediate vicinity of the mines, for the purpose of finding this coal, but no scams of sufficient thickness have yet been discovered, although the parties arc yet sanguine of success. But little of this material has been found out of Albert County, and none out of New Brunswick. The coal mines at Grand Lake have been worked for thirty or forty years. The coal is bituminous, and most of it highly charged with sulphur. It is chiefly used in the Province for blacksmith's purposes, and a portion of it is shipped to Norva Scotia and tlic United States. It is found near the surface, in seams of about 20 inches thick, and while several shafts have been sunk to a considerable distance, no working seams have, as yet, been found. In 1805, 529 tons were shipped to the United States, valued at 82,590, and 453 tons to Nova Scotia, valued at 81,907 — or about 84i to B-") per ton. The " Albert Manufacturing Company," of Hillsborough, Albert County. — This Company was established about 1849 for the purpose of mining and manufacturing gypsum, which they did to a large extent, until the war in the United States pre- vented any being gent to the Southern States, where the con- sumption was the greatest. In 1805, the Company shipped to the United States 4,900 tons of the rock gypsum, valued at $4,409 ; ground gypsum, 470 tons and 480 barrels, valued at 192 GOLD AND COAL MINES. — NOVA SCOTLV. $2,375 ; and of plaster of paris, 2,400 barrels, valued at $2,400. Of plaster of paris to Nova Scotia, 348 barrels, valued at 8400. The quantity of this mineral is almost inexhaustible, and the quality of the best description. The " International Manganese Company," formed for the purpose of mining manganese, own lands near Sussex, on the lino of railway. Their exports for 18G5 were 222 tons, valued at $3,85G. Several other manganese mines arc being opened up in the Province. There are several Companies who quarry building stones for export. The quantity shipped to the United States in 18G5 was 6,975 tons, valued at $44,185. Nova Scotia. The Gold and Coal Mines of Nova Scotia are now one of tho chief sources of the wealth of the Province. Gold. — The earliest discovery of gold in the colony, made known to the public, was in 1800, near Tangier Harbor, by one John Pulsiver, of Musquodoboit. In April, 1861, tho Govern- ment formally took possession of the district and commenced laying off mining lots, of which about a hundred were soon leased. A Gold Commissioner was then appointed, and annual reports began to be issued, the first of which is for 1862. From these reports we collect the following statistics, which will illus- trate the condition and progress of the gold-mining industry of Nova Scotia : — ■ ; ■ • 1 GOLD MINES. 193 •uoj joa (W816 ;b -boui OAp.iH iOJ UtlUI iod pioj.t oao.AV ?i a a J T^ & a ^ •a >> o -3 o H S 3 o a 2 o O 3 It GO u § 2 go •asAioj JO}«AV uojttoj; lUBojs auiijstijo JO -ox ■pa^oidiuo uaiu JO 'OX oaojOAV o o CO CO CO <5e> o o o CO C3 O CO CO CO o o o O rH o o CO CO CCI o O i-H 00 o C5 o CI o o »>. O rH O 1-1 J^ O CO CO ci^ o lo oo l-» «ii" -si" TjT »-l i-H CI o o eo O eo o —t O T-i CO CI o o CO i-i eo rt< o o CI CO O CI OS o I-I o O lO O r-( o o o o O Tt< Tt< ,-( O rH r-t I-I •-< <-< CO ira O O »-» eo Tij^ o eo_ 00 co" bT lo" eo" iH rt Ol C, r-t o rH CI rH o I-I CO I-I CI eo CI eo CI O eo in eo eo eo eo CO 'SI Jo o eo 00 CI o CO CI CO CO eo CO CO eo eo CJ tc B '5 a . u 13 v CJ Q tc c « v «3 O eo a, v M3 .tc rs c v en O S « B CO 00 o eo c -> o o o .s 'S £ o a o 2 fl 2 g •5 to -3 o o "g ^ "- .2 " s '^ 9 ^ — •^ ^ ch> rt ^ S g -^ ':3 -C E ^ cs <=^ w B " B w -^ t'-' " o 'Z3 1:< f^ w tH ri o :; rt .-S .S P- i^ -^ t,r r f= i^ fco >; to ^ o c3 e? = T! ^ '3 tw-^-S y: 3 g ^ ^^ g - o a rt "^ fc< ^ S .in -^ o cJ c^^ *^ •i 1 o I § •3 ^ O rt « B ti_i -i-> +j T3 s 2 s § « e_ (« '^ O 3 -i3 -i-j li ^ O o ^ 2 -= 'TJ rS C- r:^ =" 5 h^ o -=< o o C4H »3 e3 J, S O «3 g rt C3 ^ O . '^ a> Zi 7 652 43 331 37 1 370 40 1 444,878 25,000 9,453 4,978 0,152 3G9 411 479,331 • In addition to these are Tress Messages and Check Messages on Company's own busi- ness. Some twelve or fourteen Journals are furnislicd witli di.simtuhcs twice nnd tlirce times a day. During the current year, 1800, the Vermont and Boston Company have withdrawn, their line passing into the hands of the Montreal Telegraph Company, and the Provincial and Mon- treal Companies have considerably extended their wires. The capital of the Montreal Telegraph Company is 8500,000, all paid up: usual dividend, 10 per cent. The Montreal Telegraph Company own the following cables under the St. Lawrence : one at Cap Rouge, Quebec, | mile ; one at Bout do Isle, .] mile ; one at Prescott, \ mile ; two at Blackrock, Buffalo, .] mile each ; one at Sarnia, ^ mile : besides nearly a dozen at various canal crossings. It connects with its New Brunswick lino via Campl)clltown, and with the States at numerous points along the frontier. New BiiuNSwiCK. There are four telegraph eomi)anics owning lines in Now Brunswick. The New Brunswick Electric Telegraph Company's wires con- nect the United States and Nova Scotia, with branches from Salisbury to Harvey, and from Moncton to Shcdiac. Capital, $128,000 ; dividend, 4| per cent, half-yearly. mm 200 TELEGRAPHS. — NEW BRUNSWICK. It . ,• The line of the Frcdcrictoii and St. John Telegraph Company connects St. John with Woodstock, N. ]}. Capital, $48,000 ; dividend, 4 per cent, iiulf-yearly. Both tlu; above arc leased and worked by the " American Tclo^n'a])h Conii)any." The Montreal Telegraph Company own the lino from Sack- ville, N. 13., via Shediac and Cliatham, to Campbelltown, with a 8ubniiuine cable at Dalhousie half a mile in length. The New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraphic Com- l)any have a lino between Sackvillc and Tormentine, N. B., con- necting with the cable across Northumberland Straits to Prince Edward Island. The following table shows the length, Sec, of the wires of these several companies : — * Supposed ; returns not giving tlicsc particulars. There arc no means in New Brunswick of ascertaining the number of messages sent during the year by the companies leasing the various lines. Nova Scotia. The lines of the Nova Scotia Telegraph Conjpany arc leased and managed by the American Telegraph Company for 5 per cent, per annum on their capital. Mr. Jesse Iloyt is tlic Presi- dent, and Mr. W. II. Wiswell, of Halifax, tho Secretary and chief executive officer of this company. The following are the statistics of the Nova Scotia lines : — I . ^] Number of miles of line,* .... of miles of wire, .... of offices open, .... of instruments, .... of public messages, per annum, about, * Sec further Newfoundland. . 1,198 . 1,405 54 m . G0,000 TELEGUAPIIfl. — NOVA SCOTIA. 201 Tlicso lines include a mile and a half of heavy submaiino cable at Capo Canso, half a mile at Pugwash, and one mile at Arichat. The Nova Scotia lines connect with those of New llrunswick, (also for Canada, the States, and Prince Kdward Islund,) at Sackville, N. D. ; with those of Newfoundland at Port Hood, Cape lireton. It is claimed that the tariff of charges is cheaper in Nova Sootia than in any part of the world. The charge for short distances (in one ease about 100 miles,) is only 121 cents. Prince Edward Island. There are two lines of telegraph in Prince Edward Island. The New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Com- pany were induced, some six years ago, by the guarantee of .£200 a year subsidy for 20 years, to lay down a sulnnarinc cable from Cape Tormentine, New Jjrunswick, to Cape Traverse, Prince Edward Island, a distance of 10 miles, and to connect that point with Charlottetown, oO miles. They have a station at Charlottetown, and in winter keep up another at the Cape. Another wire has been stretched by other parties along the posts of this company from Charlottetown to Cape Traverse, and is continued thence to Summerside, 20 miles. The telegraph statistics for the Island, therefore, are: — Miles of line, cable, . land wire, Miles of wire, .... Number of stations, (constant,) . of instruments. . 10 . 50—00 90 o 3 The number of messages sent is not ascertainable. Newfoundland. The New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Com- pany have the permission of the American Telegraph Company to maintain three stations in Cape Breton, to connect with the continent of Amcric. The connection involves a length of line of 140 miles, including a cable from Aspey Bay, Cape Breton, to Port au Basque, Newfoundland, of 85 miles in length. Wv 202 TELEGRAPHS. — P. E. ISLAND AND NEWFOUNDLAND. II i:- Recapitulation. Tims nil the Proviuces of British North America compare as follows ill respect of their electric telegraphs : — S <4 > ri S " it ." a f o •c >- V y V. /< c< ^. H LeniTtli of Line, miles, 4,978 7C0 1,198 GO 500 7,496 " of Wire, miles, 0,152 890 1,465 90 500 9,097 Number of Stations, . 309 31 54 2 15 471 " of Instruments, . 411 38 GO 3 20 538 Nova Scotia is better suppled with telegraphic facilities than any otl>cr Province. Nova Scotia, 1 station to 0,500 people. Canada, i a a g^oOO " New Brunswick, . . . . 1 " " 0,000 " Newfoundland, . . . . 1 " " 10,000 " Prince Edward Island, . . . 1 " " 45,000 " The increase of electric telegraphs has been rapid and con- tinuous since 1847. In that year, both the Montreal Telegraph Coujpany and the Toronto, Hamilton, Niagara and St. Catha- rine's Electro-Magnetic Telegraph Company were incorporated. The latter company's line was built first, and was the first line put up in Britiih America : it was a simple, insulated copper wire. RAILWAYS. Canada. The railways of Canada have all been constricted by private companies, assisted in most cases by advances from Govern- ment, on which they have undertaken to pay interest as upon other stock. In the case of the Grand Trunk Railway, — tlio largest in the country and the one most essential to the develop- ment of its commerce and its military defence, the Government lien has been postponed, i.e., it is not to carry interest until the road pays o per cent, to the private bond and shareholders. RAILWAYS. — CANADA. 203 From tho statement recently published by the Auditor, wo glean the annexed particulars respecting the roads therein mentioned, for 1865. 1 •a a Ij M g fl 1 i RAILWAYS. SI 1 c a ^3 5 s S .-51,515,!)95 6 » Great Western, . 345 S23,855,881 83,370,037 2,851 Grand Trunk,* . 1,377 80,704,095 0,470,998 4,932,704 5,370 London & Port Stanley, 211 1,032,850 33,191 20,044 38 Welland, . 25l 1,022,843 100,010 09,740 56 Northern, . 97 5,457,789 500,748 275,941 446 Port Hope, Lindsay & Beaverton, 43 1,503,530 94,021 I 78,123 130 Cobouri^ & IVtorboro',t 73 400,000 03,814 Port II. & Pcterl)oro'4 14 900,000 21,098 18,450 18 Brockville & Ottawa, . 801 2,002,024 80,575 05,814 108 Prescott & Ottawa, 54 2,008,904 80,120 05,137 138 Carillon & (Irenville, . 13 95,077 10,380 5,784 13 Stanstead, Shertbrd & Chambly, 44 1,210,000 58,420 44,133 70 St. Lawrence & Li- dustrie, . Totals, 12 51,100 8,048 0,500 20 2,148^ $121,543,189 $10,910,078 $7,134,102 9,258 • lucludinp; tho Slontrcal and Clinmplain, and f lie lUiflalo and Lake Huroii Railways. t Not includinf; cifjlitoon miles in common with the P. H., L. & 18. lliiihvay. t This is tlie length of tlie section from Cobourg to llice Lake, the only one now used. We further learn from tho statement that the total amount paid by tho roads for dividends, leases, interest, &c., was $3,558,284, or very nearly 3 per cent, on their total cost ; that they own 420 locomotives, 201 first class, 204 second class, 4,054 freight, 2,007 timber and platform, and 319 other cars, not including hand-cars; that they carried 2,4ol,3()5 passen- gers, and 1,943,903 tons of freight. "Accidents" killed 02, and injured 04 persons during the year. Tho Erie and Ontario Railroad has been rc-buUt and re-opened during tho past summer, but wo have no official figures respecting it. Tho Canadian Railway gauge is 5 feet 6 inches, tho American being 4 feet 8^ inches. Tho ea.cv;ptions are the Prescott and Ottawa, Grenvillo and Carillon, and St. Lawrence and Industrie 204 RAILWAYS. — NEW BRUNSWICK. roads, which have the American gauge, and the Montreal and Champlain Railway, which has a third rail from the St. Lambert Junction, to connect with Montreal through the Victoria Bridge. New Brunswick. There are two railways in operation in New Brunswick — the "European and North American " and the "New Brunswick and Canada" lines. The former of these is a public work, and the Province owns stock in the latter. The St. Stephen's Branch railway, 18 miles long, will proljably bo opened towards the close of the year. Preparations are being made for the building of several others. The following statistics relate to the affairs of these companies : — European and N. American Railway. N. Brunswick and Canada Railway. Total. Length of Lino, Cost of Construction, .... Gross Revenue, 1805, .... Gross Expenditure, 1805, 108 §4,747,713* 133,409 94,907 88 $2,750,000 53,904 38,019 190 §7,497,713 187,313 133,520 Net Revenue, 1865, Number of Passengers carried, . Tons of Freight carried, Passenger Fare, per mile, 1st class, Passenger Fare, per mile, 2d class, §38,502 144,336 44,518 2 cts. ab'tl^cts. §15,285 8,038 41,508 2^ cts. S53,7&7 152,374 86,080 * Tills amount sllglitly dlfTcrs ft-om thnt glvpn as the value of the road In the rrovlncl.tl balance slietf, by reason of the premium at which the debentures were sold appearing in thiii account und not in the balance sheet. The New Brunswick and Canada Railway was originally pro- jected for the purpose of connecting Quebec with an open sea- port at St. Andrew's ; and when tlio Grand Trunk was opened to Rivi(^ro du Loup, the intention was to connect with it, thereby continuing the line from Richmond, the present terminus, via. Florcncevillo, Grand and Little Falls. Distance from Rividre du Loup to Richmond, about 185 miles. The lino is owned by the debenture holders, who reside in England. NOVA SCOTIA RAILWAY. 205 The net revenue of tlio E. & N. A. Railway is thus | of 1 per cent, of its cost, and that of the N. I>. & C. Railway about the same. Nova Scotia. The Nova Scotia Railway is a Provincial work. It runs from Halifax, on the Atlantic, to Windsor, on the Bay of Fundy, with a brancli to Truro, whence it is being extended to Pictou, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It will eventually connect with the Intercolonial line. It was opened to Windsor and Truro, both in 1850, since which time its gross earnings have steadily increased from 8102,877 in 1859 to §183,954 in 1805. It, nev- ertheless, only just pays working expenses, the net revenue even in the latter year being but one-half of one per cent, on the cost of the road ; so that, although it is undoubtedly of great advan- tage to the Province, the public exchequer has to make good 5^ per cent, of the interest on the bonds. The following are the statistics relating to the line for the year ending 30th Sept., 1805 :— Length of line, (Halifax to Truro, 01 ; Halifax to Windsor, 45 — 13 common,) .... 93 miles Cost of construction, $4,319,507 Gross revenue, 1805 — passengers, §82,073 ; horses and -wagons, $18,244 ; freight, $80,422 ; miscella- neous, $3,213 ; total, $183,954 Gross expenditure — locomotive power, $47,803 ; cars, $33,440 ; maintenance, $06,248 ; miscella- neous, $11,572, 159,009 Net revemic, $24,885 No. of passengers carried — 1st class, 52,874 ; 2d class, 08,098 ; total, 120,972 Tons of freight carried — eastward, 29,430 ; west- ward, 14,703 ; total, 44,138 Mileage of trains, (miles,) 158,422 Accidents — 1 fatal ; 3 slight ; total, ... 4 Engines — passenger, 10 ; ballast, 4 ; total, . . 20 First-class cars, 10 ; 2d, 9 ; freight, 34 ; horse and cattle, 21 ; platform, 100. 83 w 20G PROVINCIAL SHIPPING. SHIPPING OWNED IN THE PROVINCES. Upper Canada. It is no easy matter to make an accurate statement as to the number and tonnage of vessels, owned in Canada, for the system of registration is imperfect botli on the part of the private own- ers and the public officers. The most reliable record of the Sliipping of the Lakes and River St. Lawrence is that contauied in the Register j)repared by Captain Thomas, for the use of underwriters, condensed into the following table : — •o ■a a rs a i (0 s t « S c cq NUMBER. i s 1 g z 1 1-^ Is 2 e s a 1 o a 5s II 2 m 3 a V — V n a '•-> ca a n •< H H > Steamers, . 18 56 30 17 121 33,383 •■31,786,700 Propellers, . Barkcntincs, 6 25 24 21 4 80 16,044 906,700 .- — J) 40 1 50 18,091 542,300 lirigantincs. - - 12 7 - 19 4,903 89,700 Sloops, 1 4 - - - 5 285 4,100 Schooners, . 37 88 102 23 - 310 44,503 1,040,200 Total, . 44 135 263 121 22 585 117,209 « 1,369,700 Add barges — carry ing capacity, 1 ,837,650 bu shcls. 175 31,979 5445,700 Separating the figures for Upper and Lower Canada, wo have : fi i B S e i c i C M e o. la m a ec i 2 r JS I ^ I Upper Canada, . 53 37 48 17 4 273 432 83,580 52,620,000 Lower Canada, . 68 43 2 o 1 37 153 33,689 1,749,700 SHIPPING. — CANADA. 201 / To this statement for Upper Canada should, perhaps, be added a number of vessels of less than 50 tons, which tlie Insurance Register does not mention. Wc estimate this at 7o sailing, and lo steam vessels of 1,400 and 500 tons respectively, making for Upper Canada, besides barges, a total of: — Steam vessels— No. 08, tons 23,200 Value, say )t!l,131>,700 Sailing vessels— " 454, " 62,234 " 1,557,300 Total U. C 522, ii 85,440 82,097,000 Lower Canada. At the Port of Montreal, the register under the Provincial Act shows a total of 75 steamers, and 355 vessels not steamers, with a tonnage of 0,205, and 31,737 tons respectively. These are chiefly tugs, dredges, scows and barges, cngoged altogether in the inland navigation. Perhaps they should be almost entirely left out of this account, which is only intended to include vessels fitted for the navigation of the sea or of the lakes. Under the Merchant Shipping Act of 1804, there are registered in the port 05 steamers, of 15,704 tons, and 148 sailing vessels, of 28,038 tons. Six of the sailing vessels of 4,594 tons arc owned abroad, and should be taken off for the purposes of this account. This would leave 207 vessels of 39,808 tons. Ii» Quebec the register shows : — Of 50 tons and over Of less than 50 tons 472 vessels, 83,123 tons. 287 " 9,758 tons. On the north and south coasts of the river and Gulf below the port of Quebec, (which extends to Bi(f,) about 170 vessels are owned, with 12,300 tons. Adding all these figures together, wc have as a total for Lower Canada, 1,130 vessels, of 144,989 tons. Th^so include the fleet of Canadian Ocean Steamships. New Brunswick. The returns of the Comptroller of New Brunswick, who is also the Registrar and Surveyor of Shipping, show the tonnage registered in the Province on the 31st December of each suc- cessive year. The figures arc as follow : — 208 SHIPPING, — NOVA SCOTIA. w-^:^ No. Tons. 1 1 1 No. Tons. 1854, . 878 141,454 1860, . 825 147,083 1855, . 866 138,292 1861, . 813 158,240 1850, . 892 164,220 1802, . 814 157,718 1857, . 857 100,508 1803, . 891 211,680 1858, . 812 139,095 1864, . 958 233,225 1859, . 811 134,055 1865, . 1,019 309,095 The number and tonnage of the vessels owned in 18G5 was thus distributed between the three Ports of Registry : — No. Tons. St. John, Miramichi, St. Andrew's, Total, 628 263,783 146 21,139 245 24,773 1,019 309,695 Nova Scotia. The Nova Scotia Returns only enable us to carry back the statement of shipping registered in that Province to the year 1857, statistics having been little attended to there unil of late. The following is the account from that period : — Vessels Registered in the various ports of Nova Scotia on Sept. 30th :— YEAU. Number. Tons. Value. 1857, 1,994 183,697 96,731,080 18.'J8, 2,107 185,080 6,471,780 1859,* — — — 1860, 3,118 234,743 6,096,780 1861, 3,258 248,061 6,487,490 1802, 3,408 277,718 7,417,805 1803, 3,539 309,554 8,005,959 1804, 3,718 305,503 11,392,857 1805, . . 3,898 409,409 13,347,509 ISLAND SHIPPING. 209 Prince Edward Island. The shipping owned in Prince Edward Island can now bo stated with accuracy, for the vessels wrecked, broken up, or sold abroad, which had not been properly written off the books for nearly 20 years, were so written off in 18G5. The account — supplying the value, which is not stated in the Island returns, at $35 per ton, — stands, Dec. 31,1805: — No., 272 ; tons, 39,549 ; value, $1,384,215. Newfoundland. As might be expected, the number of vessels owned in New- foundland is considerable. The account showed on December 31st, 18G5 (supplying the value at $40 per ton) : — No., 1,48(3 ; tons, 87,023 ; value, $3,480,920. Seven only of these vessels appear to be steamers : 2 of GO tons, employed as tugs ; 2 of 117 tons, as mail-boats from St. John's to the outports ; and 3 of 535 tons, as sealers. Recapitulation. The above statements show, as the shipping owned in British North America : — PBOVINCE. Ko. Tons. Value. Upper Canada, Lower Canada, New Brunswick, ..... Nova Scotia, Prince Kdward Island, .... Newfoundland, 522 1,130 1,019 3,508 272 1,48(5 $85,440 144,089 309,095 303.008 39.519 87,023 82,007,000 5.700,500 11,000,000 11,070.758 1,384,215 3.480,020 Total, 7,943 1,029,704 830,338,453 The average tonnage of the vessels owned in the various Provinces is : — In Upper Canada, . Lower Canada, . New Briuiswick, . Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, . Newfoundland, . . 1G4 tons. . 128 . 304 . 104 . 145 . 58 Ui .' ■( 210 AGGREGATE TONNAGE. The tonnage owned, per head of the population, — taking as the popuhition the numbers estimated in the article on the census to bo living in the Provinces in January, 18G7, — is : — Upper Canada, . 0.05 tons per 1 Lower Canada, . 0.11 " New Brunswick, . . 1.05 " « Nova Scotia, . . 0.98 « « Prince Edward Island, . . 0.43 " « Newfoundland, . 0.04 " « Average for all British North America, 0.20 u u .jug Great Britain. Sailing and steam vessels registered in the ports of the United Kingdom and the Colonics on 31st December, 1804. (Com- mons' paper No. 331, shipping 1805) : — Sailing VcMeU. Tonnage. ' Steam Vessels. Tonnage. England, Scotland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Channel Islands ^ Small, • } Large, 5 Small, ■ i Large, 3 Small, ■ ( Large, 5 Small, ■ ( Large, j Small, ' ' I Large, Small, Briti-sli Possessions, < ■, In the British Islands, In the Colonies, Total, 7,290 12,916 1,073 1,953 989 1,054 277 48 208 354 5,717 0,012 20,142 11,729 37,871 229,577 772 3,815,420 1,135 32,771 100 i 575,778 295 28,434 47 165,317 127 6,848 — 4,047 5 5,720 1 66,295 2 150,520 112 1,232,015 325 4,930,219 2,490 1,388,541 437 0,318,700 2,927 17,973 510,470 2.709 112,5.-)9 1,263 50,595 1,509 10 181 3.224 60,823 697,281 70,047 707,323 Ni>TK.— Thu " Small Vessels" are of less than 30 tons burden ; the large ones of 50 tons cr uiurc. .'■(• NEW BRUNSWICK SIIIP-BUILDING. 211 SIIIP-RUILDING. New BiiuNswicK. The following return of the new vessels registered in the Prov- ince of New Brunswick, and their tonnage, in each year from 1850 to 1804, including vessels built for owners in the United Kingdom, and sent home under certificate or governor's pass, shows the extent of the ship-building industry of the Province. Almost all these vessels were built at St. John. Since the estab- lishment of a system of surveying by Lloyd's surveyors, the quality of the ships built at New Brunswick has very much im])rovcd : — Y E A n. No. Tons. YEAR. No. Toni. 1852, . 118 58,399 1859, . 93 38,330 1853, . 122 71,428 1860, 100 41,003 1854, . 135 99,420 1801, 80 40,523 1855, . 95 54,561 1862, 90 48,719 1856, . 129 79,907 1863, 137 85,250 1857, . 148 71,989 , 1864, 163 92,605 1858, . 75 20,263 i 1865, 148 65,474 Since 1825 (41 years,) there have been built 4,317 vessels, measuring 1,649,800 tons register : averaghig 104 vessels, 40,240 tons, for each year. The vessels registered since 1st May, 1855, were measured under the Merchant Shipping Act, 1854, which reduced the tonnage by about 10 per cent, as compared with the Act previously in operation. Nova Scotia. The following figures show the extent of the ship-building industry of Nova Scotia for the past six years : — Y E A K. No. ofVcg. icls built. Tons register. Estimated Value. 1800, 1861, 1862, 1863, 1864, 1865, 233 218 201 207 304 294 20,684 23,634 39,383 46,862 73,038 56,768 8852,831 972,448 1,566,168 1,962,814 2,943,204 2,481,752 rrr 212 NOVA SCOTIA SIIlP-nUILDING. Very few of these vessels — not more than 40 per annum, were sent abroad for sale. They were built at almost all the ports, and are chiclly ves- sels of small tonnage, as will be seen by the following table, relating to the ships registered in 1805 : — Forts wrkre m a d * 4) a o giJter. i IUUI8TEKID. § 53 § CO 1 1 1 1 i3 Annapolis, . 5 2 3 _ _ 10 1,535 .?74,000 Arichat, . - 12 3 — — — 15 1,512 04,400 BaJdcck, . - 1 - — — — 1 81 2,916 Digby, . 1 4 7 1 1 — 13 2,554 130,200 Guvsborough, . Halifax, . - 4 1 — 1 — 730 20,300 1 33 10 5 8 - 03 10,357 414,320 Liverpool, - 7 7 — - 20 4.198 270,000 Lunenburg, - 9 3 - - ^ 12 915 49,140 Parrsboro, — 8 10 2 o — oo 3,884 155,300 Pictou, . - 4 7 - 7 1 19 4,983 198,350 Port Ilawkcsbury, . - 6 1 - - - < 498 10,930 Pugwash, . - 4 4 2 1 11 1,750 74,050 Shelburne, - 8 7 — 4 - 19 3,202 170,000 Sydney, . - 5 - - - - 5 320 12,700 Windsor, • - 10 18 O 42 9,948 397,920 Yarmoutb, - 8 5 - 13 3 29 10,271 409,500 Total, 1 128 91 19 49 G 294 50,708 92,481,752 Prince Edward Island. Statement of the number and tonnage of vessels built since 1850, with the estimated value thereof: — ;;.4 • V-l\-h ■l. YEAR. No. 93 Tons. Value. Y K A K . No. Tom. Value. 1850, . . 14,307 $.')02,845 1858,. . 69 13,073 5457,.555 1851, . . 89 15,721 550,235 1859,. . 01 11,004 387,240 1852, . . 70 10,748 370,180 1800,. . CO 12,030 442,200 1853, . . 70 13,340 400,900 1801,. . 67 12,732 445,020 1854, . . 100 24,111 843,885 1802,. . 89 18,418 044,030 1855, . . 80 15,559 544,505 1803,. . 100 24,991 874,085 1850, . . 51 22,781 797,335 1804,. . 119 24,088 804,080 1857, . . 104 24,000 842,100 1805,. . 130 26,193 910,755 MONTREAL STEAMSHIPS. 213 From two-thirds to three-fourths of these vessels arc exported annually, the figures for 1H05 being: Transferred to ether ports and sent home under governor's jjass, No., 89 ; tons, 18,270 ; value, 80130,000. For so m\a\\ a population as that of Prince Edward island, these figures arc very remarkable. Newfoundland. Newfoundland buys ships from Nova Scotia and Prince ]''dward Island, but a large number of small fishing craft arc built there. In 1805 these so built were, No., 71 ; tons, 2,010 ; value $80,400. MONTREAL OCEAN STEAMSHIP COIilPANY. This Company was formed in the year 1850, and its first steamers were employed in the transport service in the Crimea during the war with Russia. The arst trip to Canada was made in 1854; but the regular Mail Service commenced in 1850. Tho service was then once a fortniglit, but in 1859 it was increased to a weekly line, and has now run with regularity ever since. The Company's vessels now comprise the following : — Mail Line. Austrian . Ncstorian . Moravian . Peruvian . . Hibernian . . . . 2,050 tons. . . 2,050 " . . 2,050 " . 2,500 " . 2,500 " Nova Scotian . . Belgian . . . North American . Damascus . . 2,250 tons. 2,250 "■ 1,708 " 1,000 " Glasgow Line. St. David . . St. George . 1,050 tons. . 1,430 " St. Andrew . . St. Patrick . . 1,430 tons. 1,200 " The Glasgow Line runs once a fortnight from each side. The average length of passage made by these Steamers has been nearly as follows : — 34 214 STEAMSHIPS OP MONTREAL. Mail Lino Westward, do. do. Winter, do. JOiistwanl, Suinnior, . do. do. Winter, Glasgow Lino, Wcstwanl, Siinuncr, do. do. Winter, do. Eastward, .^uninicr, do. do. AVintcr, 10 to 11 ( lays. u to i;j 10 12 12 to 1:5 15 to 1(5 11 to 12 l:J to U The capital of the Company in steamships, tenders, lighters, workshops, and other plant, may ho estimated at ahout one million of pounds sterling, or 8">,000,000. The individuals forming the Company arc also the owners of twenty-five sailing ships, of an aggregate of 20,000 tons. Of these, six are built of iron, and the remainder of wood, and they trade to all j)arts of the world. The Company keep con- stantly in their employ about three thousand men, thus being the means of support for about fifteen ^nousand people, besides the large number of persons constantly engaged in l)uilding new vessels and repairing others. Tho magnitude of this Company's establishment may bo a surprise to many in the Colonies and elsewhere. There a.o not many people prepared to learn that, taking in their sailing vessels, there are only three or four larger companies in tho world, namely, tho Cunard, the West India lloyal Mail Company, and one or two others, which are a little larger. The lumau Company is about equal. IMPORTS OF CANADA, 1830 TO ISGj. 215 ;crs, ono sof Of and [jon- .'ing ides ling this the trod )nly the two is .5 1 .•5 V V ^ =5 ^ fc ^ ^ -^ 8 S 3 -^^ Ui '-^ oj §^ '-S( •>» •is; 3 w r;^ Q » t < •0 k s 5i H 21 5z; < C4 g hH ^ ^ I ^ ^H ^O ?^ ej o ii t* o CI CI -< c o n « cs r« n ■» CO O O S O X '/J O ^ "T O CS f 1- « 1- »n 1-^ o_ 1-. 5^ t-. (» o, ?c, CO ^ — , '^ "^ ^v ^ ^ ^ cf rT 1-^ t' cT o x" >o' w^tS-iS r cf ci* o' rf «D -r o -* « Ti 5 -?! ■« « <■: -o n !r *-r ri ^ c» rs -H 30 o ift a r? ^ I- I-. -J — r '^^ 3 1^ ci 71 91 ^' ^ « Tp so rs' ■<»? -^ -r ~ in' «' o" '9 O « O <» ^ O •♦• I'. -t< » «0 « t- — • O 1- Ct '/5 — t- 1 ^ •4 CI cj ' ' ' ' ' ' cs o — r; Ti o 'o CI rs i-.e to 4 w. « »;?. a o cF « c -* •?« o cr .-<«-»• 3 > o" o o" d CI M ^ O^ «f» CI 1" rj -i if5 O 1- QO CHO ^ — « » CI -H o o o re CI » x cs o .^ « '-r « o ^ o 1- vr "T -r rr -N -c i.-s oo o '»t-',c» ci i- « cT — » — ' OS » -« o' t>r Iff cF o — ' c r w' — T ifs cs X) -o CI CO CO rj 1^ 05 -< m 35 '^ O 'O !>• cj CI .» o o i.c ^ o o -f< t>. >j5 r? «»< CO _ D i,d r^ «o ~o«oo«c:c5«c-t«e5>.'5r->^c> •-•cicisO'j'eOTrwciececrj^TfiCieo «oaco«c»cs«o-H-ce>5Q«-*<.-(0'»< »-.o»--l-^ •»<-»< 1 !i Cl,CI.O O -^ C5.I'; Cl^ C>. 3D C^ =5 /J » 'T -O •c 1 o o « -I*" o' rs" o' CO c r cc o' co' wT -^ »t<" -«r 1 O 1- O I-. 1-5 l- ^ O so O O C5 1- CO -o 1- a CO i.-ti to o so o -QOt-csi-iooi;?ooeo — r>. CJ t- 05 f 05 t- O O O O <0 CO » CO O I'. • ■<»^C5^0i-<00»00»OCI^OO»0--<<^iO A *rf cr>crt^crco'co''-~ -r o cfoo'»'crt-cro s t- CO t>. CO rr CI o CI so cj o c -f< lO o CI o ^ eo 05 'itl':.>^«.*l'^'^l'-l'-''^*l'^l'* ^ ^'-^ £. £ zi o t-T co"^ .-T 1 rf o c r o o t-^ t>^ cT c r -/T i>r -»r a «» t-t ^H CJ CI CI r-HH fH CI CI r-l t-l ^ i-( lO »(5 CS CO ira •«»< CO fC CI ^ -^ >0 CO C» s « lO CI r-» 1^ 1- CO " CI CO O 1- O C! r? CI K ► i^ Tjj^O ^-^0^0-/3 1 uO CO CO V? ^ CC SO 3 ;5 ^3 3 ■^ f3 tn to c-i 'f t^ racO'^'»oo«*i>-C5«^o H ti Cll- ifJ O i-H CO CJ CO O t- 50 h- so —I CC I'. s C>.SSOi,Wr-«C5»nu0SO5>S-^^'»»^l-.COl.'? a "C lo w" c" cr «;:> o cf-^co -Jco C5 ic cTcc •-<" cocooocoi-^eoscirscicoooco-^O'-t » o a e0'^T»<»«000Ot>.Tfccococo-»r c r "<»!" in t-^ — T o i-T .-J" Em «&"Hrii-tCI»-ti-t«HfHtHF^i-iCldi^CI «' .£ ^ • ••••••■•■••a •r** M o •«1 a ..••••••. .....M.<^ •••••*', s 're o — CISC — ire^h-aooio— «cicc— "n •re ic ire >re ire ic ire ire o ire «o co co co cr -o 00 X X » X X » X !» XI » O CO CO X) -JO r^m 216 EXPORTS OF CANADA, I80O TO 18G5. •^.-> . H O J5 "« .It -.* "< IS s ^ .a 5 ? 2 ^5 o o QC 1^ 6 s: "^^ ^ ^ .£2 © I.. a a t- 1 1 r 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (M CO CO h. M eo -H •a . 1 10 (M ^ OS CO C5 S a ^ . . CI <0 OS Tf 1-1 r-l 1 * ' ' 1 ' ' ' 1 1 CO cT^' 00 .o-^r^o- a T? a& CO t* i>. CO CO C< <-! i>. 0_ tj '^ rH^ 1-h" CO CO 1 "5 — T" -^ •* c u> »-l % 2 r- cs 00 t- 25. c > 3 < »^ r>r «p ^ CI CO ? <» IC-*4b.?00-.-*OCSCl'MCOOC10 C: OS 55 ^ CI CI CO CI CI rt» CO i^cococc<-itioooeo«oo^i-Hcoos i»« CO r^ ^ .x j^ «o CI CO CI OS t^ CO CI (t •T'-OO'-'CO^OI-.COTflCO.-c-ri^O cs_aD co__ao -^ '■^^'t.'^'^^'^l'^'t'T H cF CO*" lo" CO co" x' c r t^ cr" »*r »tJ' CO CO CO cT • r^ ^ »-i CI CI CO ci CI ci CO CO eo ^ — 1 ■^ .-^ »ti 1(0 'f C5 CO m C5 CI CO C5 lO CI CI OS , CO »t< 1- CI CO 1- OS CO CO OS in CI '.O " 1 CI rH ni OS M 10 f. CO >!»< CO CO CO CI CO = 5 CO -tTco oTio cTeo co'o ^-iJ'i.o 5 £3 CO 00 CI CO CI CO CO •»< 10 1 - OD 10 -tl OS CO ^ 3 —1 1-( .-( CI i-< rji CI CI CI CO CO CO ira CO CO £ &> t3 cocsioiracoi-iTf<^^coi>.oO'+- — < CO » CO ;^ CI, •"c^ r-<_ Tij^ co^ ci_ co^ CO »- cs rr^ CO CO iq cs^ to ^ m co' i^ CO 1 "f x" c r CO c r co' ce" CO 00" cf c r cd' " .J eo^cocii-iO'-coi-cocsirscOi-ici-^ G» « cs_C5,io i>^Tfi_o ci_t>^co 10 » i-^cs cs c- CI 5 ^ > ^jT t>r ^ co" in CO co' C3 CO -»r g a» t-( 1-1 CJ CJ i-< i-i ri CI ^ i-H CI CI ♦* CO CI -H OS CO 10 CI 10 CI CO CO i I-..-HCO COM<0 CI COI>.-»<»-<.-l ^w ^^ eo CS.O 1 o.t^co^ 1 1 1 CO h- m CO 7. c Qoeoco cdcoo i-T cf co t-rT»<'--r flO l-H iH i-t i-H in r-( ^ cocsescoiot^r-ioseouo-Hosi-icoob- A A ij i^t-icocot^-'t^feocib-cocot'.ocsio H t- y 1^ lO rH rt< CI,»JJ.O CJ,-^ •<*<,iC OS.CO i-J^O *C CO i^TcrocTco co'o ci'co co in ooio CO «-! 30 CI CI CO I-. CO -t< Cl CO CI CO f CO •^ < coo»eoinooaooscoi^Ooooseoo H , 05^t>.QO<»t«»H^inf-tcoi-icioco^oo c '2 in "-1 ^f "t" ti tH OS OS CI in -f lO f1 CO "^ 00 ^t< t-^^CO CO ^CO_iO_r(J_CO CI^.-< *c CO ^ CO 1 CO co' r-^ c r od" CO oT i>^ in -T r>r C3 cciinoi>-cocoocsr>"tico«t^C> x^l-^CO u -- co' CO -^ CO -^ CO r>^ c f 00 I n t-T V -15" 5 tf^ t-H rH I— 1 »-H 1-t i-H t->( t-H i—t ^ .•■•■•••••••••da e: -o "C lO m CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO X' CO Xi X X X X X X X CO X CO CI o >5 NATURE OP EXPORTS. 217 ^« as »J ^ S ik * c ^ »<; *. s ?^-^ r s: ►^ ^ ^ -^ 5^^ O to '"^ "C CO s I— ■■>* ■a 3 '^ <=.^ -. ^ »** "^-j c -*j ^ :! -« -CJ « 1^ - 15 *«* 2! O « "C ^: «» C _ • R ■< o a. I'^ w ^., V. b -TS C O ^ a- w H S?5 V «o ^ s o ,tc c 5 '■o <^ A, C0'^WM'-<"»*.'5»l-O(MO« coco«t-co>-ioo-Tio«ti'X)-tiosci O 30 » O-W O O CI.OOtJJ^O OO 50 G>l_ c r > "T »-<" cT cT 1 rf co" o" « "^ o o' 1 -T c? o" « 'iujn)a)i lioiis cc -ri i.": 'JD o o r? 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CO_^ O IS_ ^i >0 r-J^ Cl^ 1 o CO «o C5 cT i>r -■" ^ cT o' " cf o c c -sT -tT flC* 1— t 1-1 f— * ^-i ^1 cooi-.coi-iotoi;3 0GOOcoci-*<^cs o CI lO T< CO o I', ci o « cu-1 c re C5 o ■DjnHii3 co^co T^>.o .-1 -9<_^ci^co_^^i-^ci '»^~^^co "O. .9vjoii»aiipo4j t-T-iTic cf » o'crcr-tTcTcs co'^' cPr/T^" rr o ci CO 1-1 CO t- '/) o CO IT CO — < 1- o lo CI.X 1- O CO O O 50_^Ci.CO_CI CI c -*^co -*<_ •-<" CO*" Tji' oo' t^ CO -^ co' I -T t C -»; co' 1 o" co' -^'' o" 1 . 3 I O lO "tf C^cieo-tii!^cot>»X'OCi-icico-ti-*i »S ic ic o 4C 1": o ic i.T lO CO to CO CO CO o OC 00 CC X CO aC -JO CO 75 CO '» ••» CO CO CO «> '1.^ 218 TONNAGE OP CANADA — INWAllD. Vi.^ < O o CO s S a I "5. 5> s: e? csiMOo«^cscioc5-JOO i OO O O CI -f rs Ol «D (71 'JD O M C» oS O O <-i eCi O CO O i-H Tl « l-» O 30 ^ M S ^ ••• :i w -^ 05 «) ao«.-i'»t« oc? i^cs o ^ •9 3 H C/J IS -^ 1— 1 O to O X O i-i O lO i-i 1 F a » 1^ ««oowT}»TtieowwT>iror-iTji 1 It <^ >fi CI t- Q h. 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CO CO i< oi ire o 1- r>- ^H irecoireffli>.^iret-oo«) o cs o ci t-*. 1: . ,-( 00 05 CI 00 CI 03 CO e> »*v' ^ .-1 ire o « 00OOCI>-<»H00'*<«0»-iCIC0Cli-i^-.»t.cociJo^cooo u o h. o so i-^o a5 cs.^i» <-<^.-H o^i-^T»<^cs oc i- o C5 •JS -lino:) u--*|OJo.i ci cT ire 's'' ^ t-^ ure o 00 ire cf ^ T»r o' cf cT /; < o 00 s J3l{)0 JOJ SIIOX t-l 1^ rH eo CI » cici-^o^prtospo«oeocs»*<-^ci i-«h-oci»tieo»tioe3 0i <^ •«9JM''^'*^-^C''»^°oco«' o X •.0'^ ©^ •«aiuoio.> ^ vnwa ioj «uox 00 ^ -*r CO*" t^ i>r *" CO ^ o r o r .-5" -fT ^ od" ^ .-ieocisoeocicici"'i'coeoTji'«j<»»o^^ire»».C5t-C5»f.Tf,............. ...........1 ^ 0.-icieo-t. S' ^^"^ 8 ® ^ 00 ^ l-H s s ^1 ^ § 3 *» S "S ^ s •a* a 4> 49 a -" "S 9« j S ^ •- 3 -5 ?» ■^ -B « ^ S sag c o ^ "2? I ~ ■^2 3 =*^ S ? 5 "1= ^ 6 •§ O o s c( s tli -3 a o 3 r n » 2 a rj o o o l-i O >-i CI (M -H ?1 O -r ^M Ti -« I— CO 50 « o w •^od" CO f* ^ M H U H CI »-i « .^ CI o a CO C CI TI-4^ X t-.o o TC lO •— I CI —!■:■?«-»< fC^Ct^O CO_ -^ 1-^ ci" rn o ec <-^ o CI 1—1 O '^ •-< "-0 "J •-< Tfi <-( OJ I-- o -r vo o CI W O •« 1^ ^ o t- lO '/5 C: C CI -«« l>. « c 1^ C5^ cc^ c ^ ■:? CO ■» o^ -« t>r cc^ CO r? --r ^ cT O CC TC O I- O CO Ti t-H CI CI I'- « -f I- O -n CO «>o CJ^ cro O i-i o o ^Cl I I CI I eo-N 00 CI o I I 1^ I 'r I o -o CI 3 1- I I I CO I I'S to O CO C3 '^ — ~. I - o CO eo>— 'coococccto eo ci_ CI CO "O cc t; CO ci^ eo" cfo't^cocro •-I ci I- I I lO o «0 I US I o o I rH lO CI rl §lO !^aDi-<0^i-^cC'r?_ Cl cf CO b^i-^Cl'ci CO" CI •>* CO iO 1-1 » CO o «<5 00 no "H oo 1^ CO to fi»co'co CO OS CI O ."O ^ o »-< o O I-- lO «o rH ri eo o r-t CO I'- © CI 00 •»< o o 05 CO «0 I ~ CO I h. O !>• I- CO C0_^0 CI^»*J •0^t-^C5_CD_ -*<' cT Co" r-J »-^ r^" I'T i-T eo CI CI ti o o CI f-H iM r-1 O -fl © < CI f < eo f-< CI « CO o cs -f< CO eo tH I- O "-ii-t «>-i.'cr eo 1-" eo lO CO eo to I 0-t< I VH CI 'Jo CI o eo o I- oo cT O) I CD eo CO >-< 1— I eo »o CI_CI, I- O O CO O O CI 1^ CO in CI CO 00 CI '.O o in i-t CD T}< o o •♦• >o I". ^^ lO o ^t-T-c to" CI O rH 4» O CI CI 'O C5.CO i-Tco CO lO eo CO CO CO C5 1^ lO o CO Ci Cl^OS^h^CI, eo "-rcPio" o CO o o eo rH o CO CJ CI rH CO -»< CO lO o rH t- I- CO eo CO C5 t- CO^iO CI i.O lO ""il-^O^ c" CO c I co' eo' eo rH eo O O CO o 'O o o © f-H rH fTI t-l CI CI CS CI © OS o •V CO CO o co'c i-^orT 00 r^ t- rH rH^ r- CD b» '-I O ic^eo iCeo CIrH 00 CO rH cF o OS m OS I- CO -H CO co^Tjj^e'j lO^ CO rH © cT O OS rH •rfl CO rH rH rH_ rH »f CM- O TO O f CI CO -H I- eo t— es r-t !■• C5. O CO CO_^ lO O CO eo' o' co' CI C3 o cT cs" CIC5COrHOCO»r»H eo rH © «o eo CI f CI * »i CO ._ «a , 5 rt -, %\ o d ^^©^=lci J a. •g ^ «-■ & 2 ° ^' i u^.V' ^ CO o^'ra cT .r tTeo -3 a -I lO O C o I i a S O CC 75 o o m o o CI <4 <0 r 3 O c< ee e-.E-H 13 ;joo 31. "'.3 M a * '^ S "" o '" — 3 a '•a a a * exjrt u •{3 fie ■1 COUNTRIES FROM WHICH IMPnRTnn. 221 1— I rr Ti ^2 CI — c: ^ 1^ © O • -x CT o I'. « ■ I - -w o s: o 1': o -* 1-1 — /D )": crj r; Ti ~ ~. "-^ 13 r^ -r :r irr .— «3 w ic CI I"? t1 CI ?? ~ -C '"t -1» CI 71 rr C3 O CI O CI I i~ I- -^ — I- floo ic lO 1- ■r^ t^ ^ a n t-m ^"1^ I— ■ c; o cT ~ o rs CO t-^ -"' — ' cf ic :-3 •*> tC O » iC »*< C I- X *- 1- i-C CI X CI -*• •" c " CI i~ -- i" ■" C7 ^ 77 '-A C I t ? iC — "'iC— ' — ' t- i-" CI CI CI r- 1-1 I I CC I I I I I I I I I « IC CI I- iC I- « CI — I I C CI C5 CC « CJ *C IC •-" -O .—1 CC «0 CI O » O Ci l- CI^XC-^C'CO ci i-f c I"' 1^' o cT Ci cc r- :t -JO CI ec o I I rr ' 'I ' ' '^ rr I X X 1— C5 o 1^ O © CI X CiTCI~-fO-^" O C5 CI i5 -f CC IC CI C. »♦< X I'-cs CiX icciocct5*ccc o t-^ x" 1-^ c' Tc cT x' •-i t^ tS r^ r-i X --I CI CI CT O C. ^ »L> CI r- ^ — ic — -ri c. CI 1^ i~ 'J ~ <- rr »-. » o <-i CI c; I- ic 1-^ ic i-:.*^ x'— 'ci c; -r — 'i- — :c .-> O I- •"". '" ' - •'v — ' I-— 't- X — X -1 CI 1-1 CI £J ' ' ' XCI I I I CI «> IC 00 ei X irTcP C I'. I I t- crs o o O T}<_ II I I ec III t I IC 1— t 1 f c « l-O 1^ cc c: 1^ IC. 1 1 ^^ 2? ct 1-1 f-1 f-> l^CI «> X o I- «r o »♦» o i" CI « "ti fC — -n C;__0,ci.i-H o -ti » IC O 'C 1— 1 ci *T ii O CS I'l C5 X 'C « O O CO rH — I- I- X I- O X CI o I- ^ ic c: c: 1-1 — > 1-1 ci X C CI O rr 1-- o e rt J" o C -5 3 ;^ o ' Ci 2 o o CI to CI ' ec X 1^ o •s. e 2 'J5 ■5.1 CI rt 3 O S a rt in C3 :^ ?? :; o o -- a -x :: ? u- 3 • • "^ T- — ^5 o .si ^.= i; ■5J «. " ■- O rt "^ ^ c 5 c of Jf * ,■ « t. ■'■ 2 -• — -S r? S - •/. ~ r: II ^. t; -- -n 0.610 II o • - c " "I I 5 J 3 " C > '^ • - . ■« ec •' t •'• ■- r» ■ ' — -^ *' /;: ^ ■« X "^ ;, -^ j: JS yj 'S •5 ^ >- rt - 3 ^ fl -a v^"^ 222 ]■■} IMPOllTS OF UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 6 is ft n < 35 'J t s ' g - U H M o o I I OC CO I- I- o CI ?i c? tr «o I I I CO CI iC I I I I I ^ I I- '^c; ' I I o I I «o I I c; CI I O O CI CI I I l-H CO cc 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 "-^ 1 CI 1 1 1 1 1 <£ 1 X CO CO O 1 1 1 1 o cc O CO CO -H o O, r?l IC O I- CI 1—4 iJ" «» O 1— 1 o cf 0"5S"CC ■«f r^-^CICI CI lO 1- CI » CI X » 1^ CI — — X C-. CO i- rr c -r !>. IC -t« o -^ o CI C5 CC O X c: 1- o CO CI CO o C5 oo cc o o lo :r ic ' V — , '-v "— , "^ CC x^ c: o o X i>. :c I'. -r I- i-C CO >c cf '-'i-^ cTirrt-rc: X c CI ci i^ ci c. cc !c CO i.c cc cc c't^Tx'io I* CO c •— ' "^ so — CI c: o « lO cs cc 1— ' cc CI = cc o cc *tl CI '■^ »-H ^^ CI eo w r- cc l- CI 1-H -ji C1 1-1 cc ^ <» i-i'ci' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CI 1 1 1 1 CO 1 1 1 r- CI -f .:: r- 1^ 1 i cc c: cc CI -* X cc C5 -tl 1 CI 1 1 ^ C5 Cll- r-l C CI CI C5 cc '/D "?< X 1- ^ c Jr.o r^ C5 O CI.O «c cc IC 1—1 CO o •«r cT lo cto" f^in^^ cc CI cP w C C5 »-( i-< ec —1 ec o CO c^" CO CC O II- 11 lO cc CO CI cc CI f CO CI X •-" — 1 -HCC 1- CO C5 'H XCCrr a0Ot>.«CCOC5O-r- -t< CI r?i -ti .-1 cc TJ1 CI rt cc «> O 1- 00 -^ C5 -^ t-- « cs 1- CI c: Ci o cc. o X — < r- "HI x~«^ o X C5 o^ -r CI »-i ^- lO -t-H TJi CI CI 1-1 •* c — CO i>- CO f CI i-( cc i-< X CI 1-1 CC -Tl «^ t-Tci • • ^ w en • • • • * {J^ • • ^ "3 ^ s K .a ^ a O tn rt - 5 ZS'S «*4 O V: 1:3 3-H ' i' ' • • . c . . . 3 -co • S • I'T , to rt • • " (A re ■ ' ' "2 • ^^1 • CI u e o cira CI c ^^ c.'i « c 11 . o . . . 5 s . ~ "-^ O i X - rT^ c — .i /.£ .;£ tv "c X «^ 5= „' '^ C c = ^ r*^ fc^ ■— w Eiil ^-4 — ^ ^H V— »^ » ic fl a -H i . . > « c ::- '/} 73 y: v: E- H H ? AMOUNT OF IMI'OIITS, 180G. 223 ,0 flo ao o I": X "s vd 00 1— I rj X in I'. ?i o ?r !o X :r -ri » — < I-: v- — — - 1^ If? 1 - !-._ r ~ ■:•: c, o £ >- ~i fr o C C. CI cP I I 1'' X o »-' 1'^" «0 <-! CI, I I- I- C[-r CI --I ^71 •»*! iM ^ yj ^ CI I i>- ic »♦< I— ( I r? I >- i~ X ic CI •V '^ -t o X ~ tc ?3 s; I •— ' tc ec "r_ic ■^ ir> x " «"0 l- '■/.> X TC CI, .y.«_ rr cj o eo CI •(-^ o' CI •3 ' CI l- *c 10 cT I—* X <— < w*« — CI c: CI IT cs ic CI -^ ~, « I'- c X Tc •-I ^ — < X fC o" 'i^ rr .-< i>. ic ^ :5 X CI >c i-T -j' — ' -j' ci .-? — ' ic X x^ re X CI 1- CI t'. X ^? cs •^ CI 1— C r-t It •— ?C 1^ «> '^' -^ cfi.cic" re" CI r-. • 7 !i^ o c '^ ' 3 o X ai - -s «/ - e a p». i «■■»-":; rt CC iC O >' S C .- CI. ». IC CI CI ■■ :-■•-— VI B B •I" to , s 'A ■a o o CO 5 o ■i o 6 I' c c o c^ 1- ^ ? V , I 'I . , 'I 22t u P i Sea CANADIAN KXPOUTS. e u. I I I I I I I- a 'A I I I I I I i' =? '^ >5 -;; — 3 ■* I I <— 1 W C» -t" I" •-< 1-1 <-i CI «r -« I- i> '/I CI -^ W — • -r tr O -r CI *• Cj' I- r4 ^•■ I I CO -»« O -*« fC T — -^ I »» O I VD -o c: c Ti Ti r — . ^ -J c !-• c\ c i/r I r '-s -o^ -r r? — < i-« TC ci I-' c; I- icT cT M U «c «o (?io oo5occoomcc-f.cs w"j_ '",'- ^. ''1.'^ '■'v'^^'^l'^l ~, '" '", ''v -. '": 't -t-'cT ic "' z:' I- r/fi^^i-T 1":' t^' r/cTi- ~i vd' •— ^t> ~j — o »- r> CI /i ^ :r' -r c/D .— I I I I -f o "O « :0 rr ya^ «r 71 «.• •^ M CI -^ c? 1- <^\ ^ '>^ rj -J.' -4' I I n o w t- X -- -^ — CI -r v3 C5 CI '*• Ti irr o -r C5 CI 1.-5 © »« •-< t-- C» »♦« « •♦< CI •« «3 'J h» —• CI I -* I -t" X c; cs x -T< CI — I- o >c »-« Tc »^ '.3 ''l '^^ ^.. '"i ^ "v '^, ~v '^I t — . •', '^. '"v ■» rfcT ^' c i ~' rT v:T 1 ^ trT — ' ~' — >' ^" rs I - •-• X 1^ c X 1- r I- - ro '-« — < 46 CI « C '-t CI -^ c: *» cf -' cs -^ « '^ cs -♦< -s — ec — ' X CI « ■•: » >c c *-5 •♦ C5 X •-• cs c t~- w ts rr a o r? I- ::? o X rs c -j^ »- 1^ -^ ■*% *. '•''^'^^ — ; r; ::^ c r ic — '-,«-„ TT cf c: •o" >"" ~r 1"; cT — ' -r ir x' ci r? ci — x' x" ^^cc '^c•— • *Jr?'C-HCi~»»«Oi:r^x — iTc;^* CI 1-^ I— •-< C5 ■— CI I'- cr 1." J? CI c: » -r ■— 1 1-1 ^H r- -« CI — t- t— cc w o « t- ^ I- CI r? X i o rcic "— rs ri^xciiCtC'— '-^'"^'^rs-T' cc er tn c? X 1 - i- -r c c; :^ -r — c: X — X cc ec >.C I- O c: ^ c: "* O iC CI X cc iC O !>• X — CO CI CI O >^ X LC W -n I- CI fi4 ^ -C CI 1-1 . «r w «S . . . . I -?' ^' a • = -3 - . ^ . . . . g^'.^^ • • • ^- c ^ -^ s «= •;: I- ~ S c •; g'-H 5 I 5 -s „' I S; i- — i *» — a. ^>- C3^X •—73 _60O -^ O 5> Pi CAN.\U1.\N K.Xl'UHTS. 225 I I I I I I I I- 1 I 1 I I I I 1 1 I CI 'C CI I I- I i"c re I I rf cT I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I till I O I I I I I I CO I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ^1 -*<•*« CT) ^-^ f^ "SI ?o cc ^' 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (III 1 1 1 1 00 o o 1 -* 1 O 1 O 1 00 iC M CI -H O i •— rl CO W o cc -< « ^ r i-r ' « CI c o 1 X) •+< C5 CO ^O C5 lO 1 CI •♦< t>. 1 ^ eo ._ r>. CO o -H C5 :=> « cc rs 1 1 CI CI CI «0 1- 'O O 1- -t< •»« •— 1 »c CTl O 1- CI -X •"I C5 CO — ' 7D 1 CI l^ C5 e O CI O O IQ ,-H O •!»< o rM-. w — r- CI 1- <» LC CI o 1— I l-H -« f — cc CI tc -.a o Cl — x> QO O <— 1 CO <— I f— c -H -H ;o-H I-^ . 1 1 1 1 1 e tc — CI 1 1 -K 1- X> 1 >~ 1 — 'O rr CI i5 — -*< CI t? •-< cc c:: CI o —1 — VD 1^ t- — *, 1- -/D — iC CT — . CI CT C? 1 .» x- c^ — o O 1- O ..., t^ ta o C5 CI iO cc -" CI C5 »f c cc -« Ofi c. CI .— ' •— • 3 V *A' IC CI ' ' '/3 I'- 1-H c ;c C5 CO ^ CO »-1 -H 1 — I- CI O w X CI flO — . - — - . - - — cs |." o" .£3 a S 02 5 = -:.c r-. •ti r; f cc -< 1- ic r; CI ^ cF X' — ' o -^ '-1 1^ cc i: X cc >C iC -*< -^ ir t-H rH i^j vr -^ CI ^ -jJ I.T r-i ^cc CI c; vc r- — c 1 — cc cF ^H ,—1 CI CO «! w ;j is i~r«r otC CI -T< cc tr* 1 CI — < X c o LC CI l-l- rH f » 30 OO' -^ r- — •r 1-t — < QO 2 '^ 1 1 o 1 cc o ec l^ 00 I- — — .CO — ciccoco Ci ~ ".C X ^ — — CO •-< CM-C Tj" — — < 'C i.C O — iC Cf O cc C5 Ci o c; o o ic o "* eo r?_ CO «3<_ "^«o ;3 'ji' »Hcr 1 1 1 1 ifi !X) l") •— •O'-'I'C'??'— 'fM (•— ^ ■»■ t^ ■^ ^^ ^ ,-^ OI '^ '^ -^ 'fJ '^ 'yt I'i CI I- « CO c: o -/I -< CI <-H rr r- -ri^^ ^o CI C5 c: o I -< »- I CI c: ci o CC VD ?■? o'l-T CI M< « cs o es o I CI .— M CO C5 M< -f C5 I- M « 1-1 'O Xi o o -t< !>• 1^ o o rr o lO -t< lO <-" O I- f/) I- o lO ec 1-H CO c^ ~_ i^C5_o .-• r-i »- rr CI 1— 1 71 l-' f4 cf — I o CI o' I- l- « I Ci n flC" » I I'. lO •-^ «.> lO CO CD C5 cc o o I- cl «> CI •s> flO CI o" l- I- o s <5e» v.» o. cT t— * •HE* O <-i C3 M -*< "O ^ 4-5 t- <~i cn crs f' n c. •-< o w_c:^o_C,o »^co^ ci o'o'cr^mi'TaD" CI CO -T< 'JD o X' c; o "Ti m CO C3 <^^C5 ■^v'-' cfcfo cT I I I I I I I I •J o O CO Ci CO CJO CC—I CO CO CO I-. -n *f* 1 1 CI 1-3 CI, o o ' I "J - s § 2 c- 'e ''I CCS O c 4) c o (- •2 o 5 ^ 1-^ ^^ (1) ^- '-' S.- 2 a o =5 Oi > 5 o H o a a it 73 9 a 2 SI to t-. a 3 w a .a to a *u 3 W •3 EXPOHTS I'ROM CITIES. ^'aluc of Exports from Qucltec, . Montreal, '. f'asjMj and outsorts " Riniousici, " " Now Carlisle, . Total from Sea Ports, . inlaml Ports, as rei)ortC(l, a Ivstimated amount short returncl at Inland Ports, Goods not the j)roduco of Canada. 7 • • • Grand Total of exports for fiscal year cndii "0th Juno, 180G, .... 31 »S 227 $!»,02!>,821> l),8ol,(j;)r> 88(3,:}(;o r.7,8l)!> i,r)87 8it;,7s7,.'no 8o0,2r)(j,8r)2 4,18;},()1)2 t,877,S;!(i 8oG,328,.380 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 7 A >" €iA Q, y. C/.A 1.0 li: I.I 1.25 IIM M 2.2 1^ 1^ U IIIIII.6 P^ 'W- V] /'^^ 'c^l % % O-^ iV d '^ i-V \\ ■%^ ^%^ Ft? ^fri 228 NEW DRUNSWICK IMPORTS. i-j 1 c; ^ -^ 1^ — cr -tH C: 1^ -fl 00 ci 00 1 -- ■?? r- ^ 1- o i= CO -t< -** 1- CO -^ • •rH O CT »^ »^ "^ O -;< 10 CO c CO 1-1 H •^ 1 1 1 ** 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 •■ " 1 -^ t- 1^ r«i O -^ CO -M ■ 1 ' t^ 1 1 1 1 1 cfcP eo" 1 1 CO CI CO I— 1 — < r- 1^ T-i 05 IQ Cl^ CI "-I o cT i-T eo «& ( lo »-i o ci CO oi 1- 00 «■* 1—1 ccrco^aTcT •»S1 CI CO (M r- ci -« ci CO CI \o t-CI 1- CO CI C5 r- CI 1 1-1 o o CO i>. rr Tf o lo f-^ . 1^0 . . '^ ire CI ira 1.0 =^ . ^ c» 1 1 1 '^ 1 1 ** 1 1 1 •> 1 CO CO ira rH Cl O TJi t-l ' 1 ' ' ' r-l 1 ojco CJ 1 1 5-, 1 9 Cl 1-1 -^ 1-1 1— 1 o CO 1— 1 t) iO_ CI "-1 ^ CO 1 fo" i-T « CO t>" CO •«+l O f- • ■»+< CO 10 CO ire -•o 1 O O CI O CO CJ CO UO 1.0 1—1 CO CO CI CO 1 CI^O to C0__0 CI. CO . . I— 1 '^i i-< CO 1 '^ t " 1 1 •* 1 1 1 1 1 1 ** 1 1 "^ 1 2 ^ i-H t>r r-T CO^ -h" ' t-l ' 1-1 ' ' CI 1 1 1 1 1 ' t^ 1 ' ' e CO 1-1 1-- O C5 1-H rH ire 1 « lO r-( '^ O. H cP i-T eo 1 -* CI CI O CI CI 0^ CI CI irtiCJ ^^ 1 CI C-S t^ Tl lO Cli-(CI CO 001 'tl CO 1 O O O CI o r-( t- in LO ^ 10 CO CO I- . : a 1 1 1 " 1 •* 1 1 1 '^ 1 1 1 " 1 in c: — 1 ' CI 1-1 ' 1 1 ' t^ 1 1* ' 1 ' C5 1 1 1 ' 1 9 C3 rH C5 CO CO (N l-l C3 go O. iH CO o» w 1— ( CI t• r-^ l^ ire «H !^ 1 e 1 r #- 1 •" 1 1 *^ 1 I 1 " 1 " 1 O t^O TIi'tO tC 1 ' UO CI 1 ^ >rt< 1 1 •*) 1 1 ' CO 1 CO ' 1 ^ CO 1-1 O CO -^ 1— t CO o ' ' 35 H CI t-i 1— 1 C5 CO •40 cr co" •~ €& «s CI O CI — O CO C5 o~ CI CO ire h- •~z> ^ CO Ci C=> CI l^ CO CO «+l rH CO 001^ ire , '-V ""J- ^, """^ "^^ '^^ CO I— 1 rH CI COCO « 1 "^ 1 1 ^ 1 "^ 1 " 1 1 •^ 1 1 '•* 1 §^ cTi-Tis co'cT'O ' 1 i-C ' ' 'tl ' -^ 1 l-( ' 1 1 1 1 --> 1 11 •-T 1-1 m c; o CO »H CI ^ , Ci, 1-H CO co" ^ ¥& I— CI ic ci m !■-. t^ CO 1- i>- t^ to S ' 1 O f h- CO ^t< 00 CI "-H 00 10 Cl ire I~ ] CI IC^'^^^t^OrH Tft l-^ "!f< CO •* CO 1 ^ r' 1 •* 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 * '" 1 i 1 «) o ::f CO in'oFirT ' ' C4CI1-I lO ' Ci 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 y^ 1 1 15 CI lO C5 CI eo •S * t^ r-( CO l^ ,•2 , 1 ^ cf ^ i m^ Ci ^ O C5 CO CO CO-* C5 CO CO CO C5 CO i-l CI CO O CS CO t- ■«*< r^ •^ 1 C I-;, 1>^ 1^05.0 CO CI 1 1 1 "^ 1 r 1 1 1 ^- 1 1 r-i 1 '~^- 1 *r cc 10 cocr-*< ' ' co" i 1 1 t 1 1 ' -tl 1 1 1 CO ' n 1^ CO I- CI rH CO CO r^ HD lO^ 1-1 t- 1 '^ cT eo o c» t^ , CO , '^^ , « ^- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cT I H CO CI X iro^ TJJ, f^ cP 00 «©■ " cj • • • • • • • • • • • • . , . ' • r4" ' ' ,<^ r. 2 • ■ • ■ • ■ • '3 . § • • • * , a ^ „ a •4-1 a c 3 a — H • • • « c.S u to i fc. W = 3 rt .00 rt 3 C 4J -«>-* ^ 3 -% p ;j ;2i p^ ;z; tt (:qH<;?^v2«<« 72 pqpqpMccp^ Ot;3:2 4i'. ".I m NEW BltUNSWICK IMPORTS. 229 o' I -r I rT I cj a »o ^ S 1 OC5 o r-t t~. 1 1 '^- 1 1 1 1 C^ CO 1 I rt 1 1 1 1 1 1 CO S O i-i ec* 95. 1 CI IM CO » ' irj pj i o o «0 » Oi eo CO CO ic ' ' cr 1 1 1 1 CO CO e& ci 1— 1 OS oj CI -l-^L ^ti rti -H lO 1 1 1 1 1 1 G©C5 CO • f^ 1 CO o ' CO ' > 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C5 ' €l& Ci l-H co" CM 0) CI 1^ CO CI C5 1 "^-^ CI o ' CO I 1 1 1 1 1 1 *^ 1 CO CO 1 «» ■* CI m lo ■ ItJCOco CO eO^i-H CI r-l CJ C5 lO CO CO o CI -H rC e& !0 «D~ €o m t^ lO b- CI , ^<^> C5 • CI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 cs O ' ^ cn CI o o CO ' ID • 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t— ( 1 €©^ CO g© •^ CI «5 , ^^^ Ss' ' eo f 1 1 r 1 1 1 o" 1 S^ CO s& -h CI O f— * ' "tt CI CI CO O 1 n 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ®'^-^^- •!tl « r> ' ' ' o r- o ^ . ■h" 1 CI CO -H C D o CI C ■o t ^ 'Mi ' to • ■ ^ Martinique, . Urajiuay, Mexico, . ■ . B. N. A. Colonies British W. Indies Other B. Colonic Foreign countr except U. S., > * - 3 0) 3 P ■i cr .9 o- 1 ^1 • • I 3G W;H\ 230 EXPORTS OF NEW BRUNSWICK. I !■' Y^W' s 42 o CD 9 CD iH C5 t^ C» OO r-< o t^CO h- h. CO O Ci CO in CO CO O -T< 1-^ i.O I- O o 1- CO CI o o • '^ f" CI O lO C5 !>■ CI O o CO o CO 00 c:> •* 1 1 1 •'1 w r~ »• w^ t 1 1 " " 1 1 V #• 1 1 n -ti ' ' ' CI ' O CI C5 C5 ' CO" 1 1 1-1 irs ' cP ' ci'io" ' OJCI 1 1 ^ CD C5 CO i-H o o CI 1-H T^ H o CO o CO ti 1- — -r ir? o a CO O CO o "~o ^ I-- CO 1^ CI -ti » --o CI c: -f O CO -f o o> CI »o o I- CO C O r- CI Cl -J C5 00 o o-+« 00 c» I— •s 1 ^ I 1 •■ ^ .- r- » . 1 1 1 •* 1 '^ 1 1 "^ •X CI ' CO ' ' uc o t^ 1": -^ Id CI 1 1 r-^ ' 1 30 .-Ht^ 1 00 ' CO 1 ^^ <9 CO o CO '.•:> ■^ TTI I-H CD l-^ o H 9& Cl CI CI CI .-1 f-^ O O CO CO O o CI CO o o o CO CO f-i CO l^ CI O 1^ l—t «— 1 r-tCI o CO CO O CO t- '*' . O rH CI 1-- lO CI CO O O . C5 a> •«*< i-HO m c» r-^ •^ 1 1 1 " 1 *~ 1 § CO ' ' ' ' i-H CO CI CO o i-i ci CO .-c ■ COi-t ' rM ' coco O rH 1 .-T » CO rri »-i c; o CI CO 1—1 I-H CD CO ^ '^ or «> lO iQ O uO CI t^ "iS't- O CO ■n CO OD a^ CO o C5 O CO CI 05— 1 I-H C3 lO l^ •»*• CI l-CO O CO o o 00^ CO -* I— 1 C5 eo CI 00 *. vs 1 III •^ r- » «^ 1 r- 1 •< »^ 1 1 *^ 1 " 1 "^ 1 « CO lO ' 1 ' ■ CO r-l O -H ' lO r-H ' ,-H O ' ' o ' -tl 1 t>. 1 1 1 9 CO Tfi i-H CO -n CO CI I-H X oi ro H 05 O CI CI o o rH ■* OCI tH o 1 CO O OCO t-.-H CO I-H CI CO T« (^ o c- CI rt< 00 O CI •<*< O '^ CO ^^ III •< •» w^ ^ 1 1 ■^ 1 1 •• 1 1 — 1 *- 1 1 1 1 t>^t- ' ' ' ' TdOOCSO ' 1 CI ' • ro ' 00 CO ' CI ' 00 ' 1 i 1 t^ lO rH lO OO OO CO CD o CM !>• C5 CO f-H lO CI CO •^ CI CO COlO "+1 CI t-H C5 ■* CO o> CD eOTt* . 05 00 t^rH , o . o . «> CO *x «« 1 III r-*k«vr.| 1 1 1 1 ** 1 1 •* 1 *^ 1 '^ 1 1 1 1 § Oi-i ' ' ' ' ■>* 00 t^O ' 1 1 1 ' -^ ' ' Oi ' o ' •* ' 1 1 1 1 e CI rfi 1— 1 OO O CI 1—1 i °c o CO i cr 1 CO CO CO CO CO CO Tfl 1—1 -rtl O "*l OD t>- CO 1 O CO O C5 «0 t^ I- Ci C5l^ O -+( o o OO CO C5 M' CO i-^ i-H CO CO I-H CO CO . o CO 1 ■> v^ *> *« #H 1 1 1 1 1 •* 1 *^ 1 1 1 1 i ? conT 1 ' 1-iire o CO 1-1 ' 1 1 1 ' Od Orji ' CO ' CO ' 1 1 1 1 i« CO coco o o Tjl t-l (ft •^ CO H '^ OO lO OO Ttl t-l CO CO 00 IO OO o I-H lO rs o »o ^ »-i t>- ^J> •Tf m CI -tH CO CO • 1 1 r> 1 1 r< r> v« 1 1 1 '^ 1 1 1 1 CD o~eo~ ' ' ' m co>-iCi o ' i 05 ' ' t^ci in 1 1 1 o ' 1 1 1 !2 O i-H coco OO CO ca « l.O CI IN 1 9& CI 1-H O w o -ri CO O CI CI t^ CO i-i 00 CI 1^ CI T CI c; t- •-H C5 00 CO CO CO CO CO lO M •^ I- l^ . '^'^ . C5 , O I-I . O CO . . ■^ l^-^l ' ' rji 'ti i-i t- CO ■ \r^ ' ' CO 1 i-c CO ' 1 rH ' ' ' CO Ci I-H CO i^ i>- ■«*< l-l rH Ci co CI ei» CI a CO 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CO lO % o 4) ^ .<*$ o I-H I-H CO M- r3 * * * rt tC 33 o <^ CKj o en — < tn is as -="2 ,23 i . - S2 cf § niii ^ "2 S3, .5 h •= .- S ■:=; rt ^ « i^ " a ■ c s r;; n" u S rt 4) . O i « C a c^cjut.sOi.aci^o^ rt ea ;j O o O M < u ^2; =H J2; s; s; 1^ Ol O o O Ol Ci Ol O I— ' c; "r« I I I I _'■ o o C5 00 ir: o o o ("/J CO t-- •— I O r-( CO CO Ol^ CO O C1_0 i-H OI —T ' i-T ' -*^t>r^rr^co^ lO I I co't^T I I I I I GO o -tT 8© O ^ I I I r< O I^ CO CO 1- CI <-< -Tl |>. CO lO CO -f -t< O O C5 o ci X 01 o ^ ' ' rH CO I,. CO CO CO I I I I O rH CO O lO rt< €©-^ CO CO CO CO lO m 00 eo" o in o I or ' I I CO 1— I O UO rH CI_OI_ •<# "^ ' ' cPi-T ' cT"* I I CO CO I-- (M C5 CO o CD~ CO CO ■f. lO m co~ cs i eo o - CO CO CD 2 SP <^''-' ^'^ » ' ni ' ' oi ^ I -tTc^" I „- I CO I I I I SW CO CO ft I I I Ci CO CO 1^ ' >n r-T CO •Tf CO t-H —t OCJ of CO I I I I I I I I CO 1^ «» o o o O CO co^TjT •o O CO O lO . . oi 00 I I rt' I o~ • I I CJ CO CI I I I cr I I I I I I I I » I „'^' CO 00 6& C CO CI CO CO o C0^05 T-^ 1-c c3 O in 00 C5 CI c3 "3 CO 'P CO o" o«3 o a ■ .y o 3 ^ O.C^« o S J flT sT o" o S .5 «- « o- • CL< 53 3 3 5'^ M m 3 . t 3 03 (rt O • in • •§lJ§af ■— t r^ »r-< ".M • CO ^ •« y ^s;^o;^ccaoM«sd;^o;^^;:q:5cf^ CI cP 1.0 CO CO o CI CO o ■^ 6©^ CO cP 1—1 CO cl o CO > a a 3 CT' & NOVA SCOTIA IMPORTS. Il I.- NOV A SCOTIA. -Imports. — The Imports into Nova Scolia since 1852 have been of the undermentioned value in Ilaliftix dollars : — YEAR. Value. YEAR. Value. 1 1852, $5,970,877 1859, ,93,100,955 185a, 7,085,431 1860, 8,055,439 1854, 8,955,410 1801, 7,603,227 1855, 9,413,515 1802, 8,445,042 1850, 9,349,100 1803, 10,201,391 1857, (!) months,) 7,240,390 1864, 12,604,042 1858, • . • • 8,075,590 1805, 1 14,381,002 I MI' OUTS FROM 1804. 180.>. Great Britain, 1 ; $5,407,843 §0.315,988 Canada, . 403,950 508,935 New Erunswick, 375,307 094,159 Newlbiindlani], &c.,. 220,960 186,308 Prince Edward Island, 188,843 203,371 British West Indies, 440,767 667,206 Dutch West Indies, . 1 f 069 French West Indies, V 1,123,557 ) 12,105 Spanish West Indies, 1 1,273.247 St. DominjTO, . J L 3,870 United States, . 4,303,016 4.325,857 Brazil, .... - 0.493 France, . . - . - 48,513 Madeira, . 0,236 5,239 Mexico, .... - 1,061 Portugal, . 9,567 40,428 Prussia, . - 125 Holland, . 17,076 25,445 Spain, 39,.523 52,337 St. Pierre, 1,991 4,476 Total, $12,604,642 814,381,002 The duties on these imports were, in 1864, 1904,432,70 ; in 1805,$!, 040,583.. The nature of the Imports in 1805 is sliow:i by the following tabic : — IMPORTS 18G5. .'.) n (r Total Imi-orts. A n T I C L E S . ■ Quantity. Vnluo. Ale and I'orter, 103,330 gals., . 1 ! §54,1 71 Animals, horned cattle 8, 118hrses,331 sheep. 1 12,518 Arms and Ammunition, lbs. 7,745, 4,082 pks., • 10,048 lieef. Pork, Hams, care. 221, 570 lbs., 12,891 bbk, 1 212,077 Bread, line, .... 80,353 lbs., . ! 8.813 Bread, Navy, pkgs. 048, 109,107 lbs., . 7,737 IJurnin<,f Fluid, 1,549 gals., . . 1,930 Butter and Jiard, pkgs. 13, 224,891 lbs., . 33.923 Candles, Tallow, . 01,809 lbs., . 9,334 " other. 29,127 lbs., . 5,974 Cheese, 73,271 lbs., . 9,890 Chocolate or Cocoa Paste, 159 lbs., . 37 Cinnamon or Cassia, 1,097 lbs.. 320 Clocks, .... 710 pkgs., . 5,473 Coal, chald. 510, . 8,980 tons. 57,092 Cofiee, green. 317,500 lbs., . 51,004 " roasted. 15,507 lbs., . 2.817 Cordage and Canvas, . _ 423,704 Cotton, Linen, Silk, &o., 13,037 pkgs., . 2,020,400 Cotton Warp, &c.. 370 pkgs.. 40,215 Confectionary, 743 bs., GOO pks., . 11,072 Drugs, Dyostufls, &c., lbs. 444,520 8,393 pks.. 117,002 " Patent IMcdicines, GO lbs., 071 pks.. 13.700 Earthenware, Glass and China, 200,085 pkgs., . 121,205 Flour, Wheat 355,358 bbis., . 1,875,104 " all other, bags, 555, . 20,943 bbls, . 100,570 Fruit, Apples, Pears, &e., 3,312 pkgs., . 17,302 " llaisins, .... 398,530 lbs., . 39,804 " other, including nuts, 19,500, 310 lbs., 2,520 pks., . 19,009 Fish, dry fish, 3,244,-578 lbs , . 80,250 " Herring, Alewives, boxes, 10,991, 88,051 bbls., . 143,022 " Salmon, Trout, boxes, 1,591, 2,130 bbls., . 48,588 " Mackerel, Shad, &c., . 3,900 bbls., . 25,954 '• Shellfish,&c., bushels, 1,401, 5,011 pkgs., . 32,959 Groceries, lbs. 5,080, gls. 12,709, . 11,207 pks., . 80,882 Ginger, Pepper and Pimento, 7,415 lbs., 1,335 Grain, Rice, lbs. 143,537, . . 1,994 pks., 18,899 Grain, other than Rice, bushels, 209,951, 342 pks., . 117,794 Hardware, 1st, lbs. 9,235, 09,508 pes. and pks. 004,347 2d, lbs. 1,571,437, 238,055 pes. and i)k3. 473,497 " 3d, lbs. 700,030, . 13,312 ikgs,, . . i 271,045 Hats and Caps, 1,003 pkgs., . 1 05,022 Hides and Skins, undressed, . No. 35,311, 240 pks.. ' 64,053 India Rubber manufactures, . 032 pkgs.. 1.5,225 Jewelry, including Watches and Toys, . 492 pkgs.. ; 01,801 Leather inanuf'actured, including Furs, . 4,159 pkgs., . 214,334 " Sole, 290,791 lbs., . 71,700 IMolasses and Treacle, .... 2,008,345 gals.. 425,432 Naval Stores, inch oakum, lbs. 58,058, . 5,500 pks.. 27,583 Oil, Rock and Coal, .... 205,384 gals., . 93,718 " Fish, 62,034 gals., . 43,397 TFir 234 NOVA SCOTIA EXPORTS. TOIAI, iMfORTB. '\ .' •* " '. ', ARTICLES. Quantity. Oil, Linst'cd, etc., pk^^s. 477, . Paper iManufacturcs, includ'g Stationery, Printed Books, ytc. Paint and Putty, . Spirits, IJrandy and Cordials, " (it'neva and Whiskey, " Rum, " or Strong Waters, . " Wine, dozens, 3,437, Sugar, raw, .... " refined, Salt, pkgs. 1,059, . Stone, manufactured, pkg. 1,073, " unmanuf'ac. includ'g lime, tons S Tea, black, .... " green, .... Tobacco, viz., Leaf, pckgs. 4, " manufactured, " Cigars and Snuff, . Vegetables, Onions, pkgs. 157, '• all other, pkgs. 448, Woodware, manufactured, . " unmanufactured, Unonumcrated articles, . u U Sundries from Warehouse, . Total, 103,909 gals., . 3,133 pkgs., . 3,852 pkgs., 562 lbs., 1,825 pks., 59,942 gals., . 110,613 gals., . 292,752 gals., . 185 gals., . 90,917 gals., . 13,415,781 lbs., 795,953 lbs., . 1,004,333 bush., 1,704,002 No. . 27G,u39 pc. 10,351 pi 1,540,075 lbs., . 1,183 lbs., 507,989 lbs., . 317,029 lbs., . 508 pkgs., 090,014 lbs., . 155,073 bush., . 37,505 pkgs., . Value. .S72,509 08,717 114,455 14,422 92,014 65,445 132,708 455 130,327 794,954 76,214 334,134 17,766 25,479 515,890 825 54,150 98,404 28,034 12,330 52,480 131,115 105,138 34,523 1,585 2,443,632 $14,381,062 II. — Exports. — The value of the total Exports of Nova Scotia ' since 1852 has been : — YEAR. Value. YEAR. Value. 1852, .... 14,853,900 1859, aO,889,130 1853, .... 5,393,535 1860, 6,019,539 1854 0,238,340 1861, 5,774,334 1855, .... 7,301,075 1862, 5,046,967 1850, .... 0,804,790 1863, 0,546,488 1857, (9 months,) 5,135,940 1884, 7,172,817 1858, .... 6,321,490 1865, 8,830,693 NATURE OF EXPORTS. 235 Tl)c countries to wliicli the Exports were sent in 18G4 and I8G0 were : — 1804. §330,523 180iS. Great Britain, $764,742 Jersey, . • 20,219 20,017 Canada, . • 330,587 438,191 New Brunswick, 643,699 477,944 Newfoundland, 477,455 408,609 Labrador, 6,310 49,473 Prince Edward Island, 255,970 315,950 British West Indies, 1,899,031 1,960,459 Dutch, .... ] r 1,617 Banish, . 9,009 French, . ^ 644,255 i 153,275 Spanish, . 380,894 St. Dominjio, . 21,007 United States, 2,446,770 3,019,797 Brazil, 20,203 12,000 Montevideo, — 507 Africa, 2,890 45,090 France, . — 2,500 ^Madeira, • 6,293 8,870 JMexico, . 11,485 14,331 Italy, 17,883 18,101 Portugal, . 12,180 9,160 Belgium, . — 3,070 Spain, 15,582 10,280 New Hebrides, 855 » Mauritius, 6,340 _ St. Pierre, 17,572 18,884 Total, • • • • $7,172,816 $8,830,693 III. — Nature of Exports. — The Exports consisted chiefly of Fish, Coal, Lumber and West India produce. The values of tlie principal exports in 1864 and 1805 were : — 1804. I805. Fish, Fish Oil, . Coal, Lumber, . Sugar, ^lolasses, . Horned Cattle, Butter and Lard, $2,946,540 101,702 800,314 880,550 279,306 254,086 226,116 149,823 $3,282,010 194,-505 1,253,650 776,034 588,753 3f.0,600 2J1,948 114,133 w^ 23G TONNAOE. — PRINCK EDWARD ISLAND. IV. — Tonn(tiJ!;c invutrd and outward. — The Tonnage inward antl outward in 180') was : — VCHClS. Tons. ('rcw8. Inwards, Outwards, 1 6,834 929,929 1 49,683 5,681 1 772,017 40,393 Of tlic above there were British vessels : — Vessels. Tons. Crows. Inwards, Outwards, 4,412 5,189 535,666 643,704 30,424 36,090 Prince Edw^vrd Island. I. — Imports. — The value of the Imports into Prince Edward Island since 1860 has been : — Y K A II . Value. Y E A K . Value. 1860, .... 1861, .... 1862, .... $1,150,270 1,049,678 1,056,204 1863, . . . $1,467,156 1864, . . . 1,689,639 1865, . . . 1,905,075 Imports of 1864 and 1865 were from the following countries :- 1S04. 180S. United Kingdom, Canada, . Nova Scotia, . New Brunswick, Nowibundland, "West Indies, . United States, . St. Pierre, $770,767 22,957 290,169 137,933 15,195 33,543 418,303 772 $800,655 30,820 350,840 221,990 15,555 23,900 454,000 1,255 Total, • $1,689,639 $1,905,075 The detailed imports for 1865 arc not yet made up, but the loading articles imported are dry goods, tea, sugar and cordage. l)«^. V':- I'UINCi: i:i)\V.MlD ISLAND KXI'DIXS. 007 II. — Kxpoi'ls. — The oxjiorts of riinco Edward Island ^Incc 18G0 have been of tho following values YEAR. Viiliic. Y K A K. VttUio. 1860, .... 1801, .... 1862, .... 81,007,171 81.\572 752,745 1803, l.S(il, 180.5, f?l, 017,303 l,ol;),340 1,512,825 Theso were sent in 18G4 and 18G5 to tlio undermentioned countries : — 1804. 1805. United Kingdom, Canada, . Nova Seotia, . New Hriinswiek, Ncwibiindland, West Indies, . United States, . St. Pierre, '• 6185,403 2,930 244,77:5 03,4 5S 55,297 38,501 387,213 5,700 6327,050 10,080 27:5.805 129,075 72.295 :57,035 054,820 7,765 • Total, • • • Sl,,013,3ll 61,512,825 These values do not include the value of sliips sold and trans- ferred, which was, in 18G4, 8Go9,GG0; and in I8G0, 118 vessels, 22,700 tons, 8737,750. III. — Nature of Exports. — The staple exports of Prince Edward I^land are oats and potatoes. Tiic returns do not show the value of tho total exports of particular articles, but a tabic was i)ublished in 18G4, giving the following as the quantities exported from 1860 to 18G3 : — YEAR. S .a 1' 1- V .3 n 3 uniips, bushels. atmcal, tons. 1 11 a » ^ H e- e- " 1800, . 1,290,002 103,756 519,193 45,108 190 12,908 14,972 2,209 1801, . 948,020 48,411 419,801 30,792 235 13,754 10,030 2,048 1802, . 913,109 59,220 327,91)4 17,045 219 6,931 4,753 2,380 1803, . 1,459,130 74,959 408,122 9,893 201 15,080 7,570 491 m 288 TONNAGE. — NEWFOUNDLAND. IV. — Tonnag'c Inward and Outward. — Tho tonnago inward and outward at tho various ports of tho island in 1804 and 18G5 was : — iNWAno. OCTWAllD. VcstcU. Tom. Crewi. Vessels. Tons. Crowi. British, . Foreign, 1,411 47 157,402 0j496 7,797 401 1,483 45 170,070 0,480 8,173 421 1805, . 1804, . 1,458 1,200 103,898 138,012 8,198 0,850 1,528 1,334 182,550 102,759 8,594 7,853 Newfoundland. I. — Imports and Exports, — Tho imports of Newfoundland in 1865 were of the value of $5,299,603 ; the exports of the value of $5,493,005. Tlic details not having yet reached the main- land, we give the table which shews the direction of the trade in 1864 :— ':'■■ ■'■ ■;<* COUNTRIES. Imports. Exports. United Kingdom, .... $2,270,540 00 $1,415,615 00 Jersey, .... 71,040 00 10,045 00 Canada, .... 226,250 00 63,605 00 Nova Scotia, 509,295 00 108,005 00 New Brunswick, 12,705 00 5,395 00 Prince Edward Island, 44,250 00 6,385 00 British West Indies, . 76,960 00 409,665 00 Malta, .... - 8,425 00 Hamburg, . 204,895 00 - Spain, 29,165 00 1,214,020 GO Portugal, . 37,170 00 912,835 00 Italian Statet, . - 194,005 00 Sicily, 3,450 00 - Sardinia, . 450 00 — Greece, - 8,000 00 United States, . 1,534,255 00 208,870 00 Foreign West Indies, 300,705 00 208,110 00 Brazil, - 776,345 00 St. Pierre, . 8,120 00 105 00 Totals, . . . $5,335,310 00 $5,556,630 00 Bii TTIADE OP NEWFOUNDLAND. 239 ll.-Miture of Trade.-^Tho imports of Newfoundland arc chiefly brcadstufls and animal food. In 1804 the im])orts wcrc- Of Flour, (bbls.,) . . 202,718 ; value 8012,2.30 00 Bread, (owt.,) . . 35,773 ; " 13' ''.OO 00 Pork, (bbls.,) . . 26,157 ; « 40. 55 00 Butter, (cwt.,) . . lo,53G; « 254,500 00- besides the usual assortment for a population of consumers only ot dry goods, groceries, &c. The exports were cxelusivcly of Fish, and the products of animals living in the water. In 1864 the chief exports of this nature were : — Dry Cod, (qtls.,) . . 849,339 Haddock, (qtls.,) . . 1,024 Herring, pickled, (bbls.,) . 40,290 Salmon, (trs.,) 1,763; (bbls.,) 1,251 Cod Oil, (trs.,) . . 2,253 " " refined, (trs.,) . 171 Seal Oil, (trs.,) . . i,c05 Seal Skins, (No.) . . 125,950 value $3,977,300 00 136,590 00 151,085 00 46,600 00 568,785 00 131,900 00 381,235 00 94,465 00 (( (( a u (( u (( m.-Tonnag^e Entered and C/eared.^Tho tonnage entered and cleared at the various ports of Newfoundland iii 1864 was: Vessels. Tons. Crews. Entered, Cleared, 1,115 HI 148,834 132,319 8,627 7,712 ':ri^'- 240 KEW BRUNSWICK SrillTlXG HKGISTKIIKD. 5: I" CO <£. )k w 01 T— 1 »S J^ "«f ;j g « In ^ n ■h^ tj CO i» 'A eo '♦^ V. O 0) Ui i«0 a ^ o ^ V,,' « r o 1 :t3 &■ 5^ H CO s « s tW .1, J, ft:) i s ti ?> S..S OS & ? 1^ I- Oj a o H 123,425 14,910 8,748 147,083 d 'A TJ1 1- CJ ■o CI ri s •12,420 13,550 8,079 o ■^ CO i-H 'A C5 O O — < CO CI Cl 1-1 •^ 1— I 1— 1 CO 1 • H ri B O H 114,457 14,925 9,713 o o cT JO 6 05 i-l C5 'SI -- 1— ( Cl CO H ri 1 133,GG9 18,3G3 8,47G CO o ■o o" o 1—1 ■ 6 'A CO oo ■5ti CI CO O I— 1 1-i CO 1 ri c o H 135,713 1G,051 12,4G2 o Cl Cl •• •^ o iH ^i >o o r^ uo 1-1 m O i-H l-l Cl Ci 03 H O Saint John, MiVamichi, • • • • e «3 .a , CO CS CO lO 1 CO CO I- C5 1- •— I- •o C^ ^^ -*i C5 § O CJ Cl H Cl Cl i ^ 00 O lO C5 o Cl ^-*^ -^ *— 1 /, W .-H C) f— 1 coo lO O "f t- CI cn l~^ "^ o CI IC ^ U) CO • H CO Cl Cl CO * I— ( Cl « CD ^ o loeo CO o i-,^ ^ lO /< O 1-1 Cl C5 o •♦< C5 b- CO 1^ O CO ■ 1— < C'. : — ' o -Tl O Cl 1— t • H 1^1-ICI 1— t 1 H T-( Cl O 1-1 o o t-l o ClTjiCO CJ S^i lOi-i Cl CO h-ccio 00 ■^ Cl -n 1— ( • Cl CO CO t^ 1 lO Oi-i t^ • ^ eo rH t-l lO , e» 1-1 iH . o X i '^ »nci t^ •* 1 o t-- CO o 1— ( i 'A Tfl 1-1 Cl 00 CO CO C5 o t- CO Cl t< 00 CO o Cl l^ O 1-1 CO • H eo 1-1 LO H r-i iH cs « H CO of^ CO o CO Cl o rH >!i ■«J< i-(Cl 00 • • • • • • • • • • • • tn H B3 O Ph • • • ^ CD c -^ I'-S 2 13 .si"' E? ^I.' ! NEW BRUNSWICK IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. 241 Total value in dollars of the Imports and Exports of the Province of New Brunswick at each of the ports, in the year ending 31s< Decem- ber, 1865. Imports. Exports. Saint John, $5,373,605 §3,510,978 Dalhousie, 75,302 114,508 Bathurst, . 110,033 103,749 Campbelton, . 17,110 3,953 Caraquet, 47,389 70,960 Shippegan, 20,850 42,050 Newcastle, 139,080 100,870 Chatham, 207,280 239,012 Richibucto, 08,173 155,090 Buctoucbe, 709 36,742 Shediac, . 122,301 149,924 Bay Verte, 4,361 « North Joggings, 150 3,774 Sackville, 37,357 . 10,184 Dorchester, ] 7,990 25,775 Moncton, 74,026 9,193 Hillsborough, . 0,494 171,597 Harvey, . 4,900 9,911 Saint George, . 33,884 134,709 Saint Stephen, 232,805 84,990 Saint Andrew's, 289,513 359,479 West Isles, . ' . 32,909 38,796 Fredcrickton, . 100,057 97,020 Woodstock, 1,951 778 Grand Falls, . 1,312 « Tobique, . 328 - $7,080,595 $5,534,720 Sterling, £1,476,374 £1,153,068 1 •;•'♦:■■. ■■•'■■''(■ r ,')^i 2i2 VALUE or IMPORTS AND EXPORTS. Tb^a? Fa/Me in Dollars of (he Imports and Exports of the Province of New Brunswick from and to each Country, in the Tear ending Z\st December, 186u. Imports. Exports. United Kingdom $2,284,449 $2,594,651 Jersey, .... 17,631 - British Asia, viz., Bombay h • - 2,189 Africa, viz., Morocco, - 4,993 Canada, .... 247,374 80,237 Nova Scotia, . 1,071,463 569,301 Prince Edward Island, . 115,.'370 99,548 Newfoundland, 4,117 12,569 Barbadoes, 17,947 25,953 Saint Kitts, 940 1,277 British Guiana, - 2,697 Bermuda, 3,064 _ Nassau, .... 94,439 8,755 Turks' Island, . 550 - France, .... 32,375 15,068 Spain, . . • 909 9,.326 Portugal, 3,070 2,899 Holland, .... 9,074 2,077 Italy, .- 14,308 United States, 3,056,362 1,737,208 Mexico, . - 7,910 Cuba and Porto Rico, 121,799 300,528 Hayti, 2,019 5,266 Saint Martin's, 1,295 - Saint Pierre Miquelon, - 4,080 Saint Thomas, 2,148 4,729 Guadeloupe, . - 1,600 Valparaiso, - 7,947 Montevideo, . - 12,354 $7,086,595 85,534,720 Sterling, £1,476,374 £1,153,068 The duties in the Maritime Provinces are generally low — ranging from 3 to 18 per cent. SHIPPING. — LUSTRE WOOL. 243 SHIP BUILDING. A first-class ship now costs per ton, — At Boston— Currency, $100— Gold |75. At Bath " $84 " 163. At St. John, N. B., about u The Boston ship, however, is usually finished more expen- sively than the Bath ship. The Bath ship is worth when built 10 to 20 per cent more than Provincial vessel. The diffcrenco is chiefly in the material of the hull. In American vessels, oak takes the place of Provincial beech, birch, spruce, and hacmetac. A first-class St. John ship rates at Lloyds, A 1 for 7 years. A first-class American ship will rate A 1 for 10 to 12 years. The American ship is superior in strength and durability, and if duties on iron, cables, sails and rigging, arc reduced, and we again return to specie, ship-building will revive. Intelligent merchants estimate the duties on a ship built at this time in the United States, at 30 per cent, on her cost. These duties must be reduced, or we cannot compete with the cheaper vessels of the provinces and North of Europe. Some of our merchants have recently built vessels at Quebec to sail under the British flag. LUSTRE, OR COMBING WOOL. During the war, many worsted mills were started in tho United States, and supplied with the long wool of Canada, produced by the Cotswold sheep ; very little, if any of which has been raised in the United States. We formerly imported worsteds to the amount of nearly $30,000,000 annually, and it has been computed that we were making nearly half that amount here when the treaty was repealed. The heavy duty now imposed has given a serious check to this important and growing branch of manufactures, and is compelling tho new worsted mills to discontinue their business. The duty benefits no one. 'i4''. yy.. ■ tit 4i' ■>■;•: ■ ■ ■ '■>• ■'. ;'t. ' 244 COMMERCE OF ST. JOHN, 1866. a, s J5 a o i-s H o fa o tn H CC 1 ! 1 • % H (H M O IH H a< •qDJiasuox 00 to CS O-*" o J^ TO TO 1- O 1^ r-l © r-l •anij suoi 50 o ire IS on CO rH O r- TO lo •>1« r~ ire ire. r-l 00 TO T-t 1 1 •gpaooa I? IBIoyjadiig 85,307,995 9,735,958 13,727,697 4.046,135 30,131.247 7,213,003 150,762,035 •saox c- es ire to o h- r-i O C 00 1- o rH rH 1-H eOr-l T-t TO -H TO r-l •sdms ire 00 o 50 fM CI r-l r-l TOl r-l 00 01 1 • DC H t» •i H !h o IK » s 03 •qajiaBUOi o eo re o TO o 1^ OO 00 C: rH 0,r-l r-^C,00 tre •«t' r^'r^' rn" oo" •oaijsaox © oeoire rH 1 ire CI oo «>_ csci oo_^ Cf T-l" to' T-t 2 TO> oo" rl •spjBoa y 6100(1 }3DJ iniaBiadns 79,540,000 22,131,0.58 12,349,459 1,244,442 35,517,933 7,815.027 © rH i.re, -f rH «D, IX O 1-^ (M ct •^ "ii r- o J- tM C O -.= (M •saox 5-5-2-to'-'" "* o o o CO c: " rH Oi I— ( CO tH T-1 © 00 00^ rH* r-l CI r-l 1 1 o 1 ^ B •UDJiasuox © to r-< ire 00 o 1 1- m o -H tO_ TO_TO^ire o g CT s ■oni J suox 13,602 50 695 343 2,090 TO, r-l •spjnoa 7 tvii.-iBaailns 73,092,655 15,454,100 14,712,498 3 893,620 40,058.558 7,098,772 cT T-H -)l ire r-l •snox r~t-. TO r-CO C5 h- ire r- l~ -f CI © C rH C) TOO, as""©'— ';o r-'cT © C< C< •* r1 ire o <» CJ r-l CI •sdiqg te ire © CJ © TO C Cl -"li rl CS ff< r-l lO 1 H M O At To Liverpool, London, . . Brit. Channel, Ea.st Coast, , Ireland, . . Clyde, . . . • •B3100U8 5,038 212,344 ' oo TO, r-t CI •«mBi -K 9,614 10 ire •>* r-l © © 1- © •bSuiib.i -15 © r-< © irerH c< © ire -1< TO 1-i © •epjBoa 11,468,660 3,337,350 3,860,862 4,869,862 3 to" CI •suox OOrHCO r-l IC © TO_ro^-^ oTr^'ire" TH rH © o ©" TO -*i © cf •Bduis T-t gl TO 00 CI © 8 ©. ire 00 •SJlooilS •sms-i -K s3uUBJ -K ■spjBoa •saox •sduiS ©-X ©CI I otTcT "5 O t-© CI r-TO-H CI ■^ rH CI S2 TO © TO © © CI CI re t^-t< re ci 00 © ire^-* od"-»>"cf h-TO © CI CI^TO^ cf ©'cf TO TO © to" © 00 © 00 ©^ ire" rH -t ire rH rH 1— o ire ©_^ire^co -^^^ co'©'to" es reel rH © 00 © © 00 I^OOrH rH « « a (H O a •sxooqg •sino'l •!« •sSuiicj 'K © 00 o © © CI rH c © o TO re 1 1 CI rH CI CI CI CI •spaBoa •suox 00 rH CI Cl C TO ire -t" I- 5C 1- t~ (z ~ ~ ' - ~ oo_ rH'©'-i IC I.-'— ' TO r- oc o Cl ire LT Cl 1- -t © rH rH ire © h- -H «0 I- © OC -t" TO © •^_^©^©^© •*.r-l cfodiT cf -*ci •Bdms TO © 00 rH © r-l ire CIrH C) t^ Tl( rH ire H o "rt ■fj o . r iU ii cs'-c i ^ s • — .^ C f/, C rg £5 3 1" S - s) ir. •*H O H ^ s © © © © 00 ire ©~ to a COMMERCE OP BOSTON WITH THE PROVINCES. 24 o (M oo S CD 00 CI n a 00 C3 CD C5 o 00__ oo" t- lO" oo C5 o CI I- tD C/2 o 8 00 s o o o o oo COMMERCE OF BOSTON WITH THE PROVINCES AT THE CLOSE OF 18G6. While the imports and exports of this port continue to increase when compared with tliose of tlic corresponding montlis of 18G0, the trade witli the Maritime Provinces continues to decline. For the quarters ending Dec. 31, 1865 and 1866, the imports and exports at tlie port of Boston have been as follows, in trade with the Maritime Provinces, viz. : — IMPORTS. Fourth quarter of 1865, . of 1866, . Decrease, 21\ per cent., . EXPORTS. Fourth quarter of 1865, . of 1866, . Decrease, 13| per cent., . . $1,357,302 983,199 . $374,103 $991,653 857,321 $134,332 A large part of the exports in 1866 consisted of Canadian flour, in bond. Deducting this, the diminution will be 26 per cent. If the high duties on Provincial wool are continued, a diminu- tion in the import of wool may be anticipated, and its increased cost must add to the cost of our manufactures. CANADIAN RAILWAYS. o 8 n Receipts for 1866, for 1865, Increase, . 38 $10,968,963 10,793,378 $175,585