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 CANADA 
 
 BIOLlOTHiyuiNAriONAir; 
 
 mi. U, MAUmCE BUCKE , 
 
 ox THK Ft:X(.TIOXS OF THE GIJEAT SYMPATJII^'HC NEItVoi's 
 
 ►SYSTEM. 
 
 Mit PuKsrp.XT .Ni, (^r;NTr,.:MKx,-Ip,.o],oso f;,,- sul.u.it to v..,.,. ...nsi,!,.,- 
 
 , u .fthev.nvsvvhK-l.I 1,,VH to I.rui.o,nul an. extnn„..Mt, I tVust tl..t vou 
 ^ ■ !kT TV^"" l.ast,ly, l„rt as n..-u Lelougia. to, ,u.a wo.tl.v ut; a liUu- 
 
 .1 lupt or n-jert tlic-in as shall ser-m to vour judun.ent best 
 
 Althon;,^!, It IS uemssnry tliat you sl.ouM 'liave a tuleraWv clear idea of tL.. 
 
 ru:ks"l'l"f "'"'"'" ^' '''^ "'"'^ «y"M-thetic in order {o follow .^^ ia l!; 
 . ...ks ^^h.oi. f prnposo to luake, yet 1 <lu not intend to .lo more than to reeaJi 
 l.uefl^ to your nimds the general outlines of this part of the suhject, with which 
 > on are a 1 of necessity n.ore or less fauuliar. Yon will reeoUe t that e 'm 
 .sym Mthetie cons.sts ,n the tirst place of a double chain of ga,..|ia over «t? , 
 -uun >erextondn,,fron. the base of the brain along the sides^.f the spinal eolum 
 
 (tei. cauhac the se.n.lunar, and innumerable others name.l an.l unnamed scat- 
 
 te ed an.ong the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic viscera ; an.l thirdly of in u. ! - 
 
 .be nerve cords, these h.st being capable of di^■ision into three clashes ; name v • 
 
 trh h's." L ""'"'' "", ^\''"l-^''"^'<^ ^--^^^ to one another, the,;, are not," 
 
 1 • ' net't'rl '"""V.'T'^' ^"^ ^T l'-^-'^-*-'- "^' *'- ^-'.^Ha in a cordliko 
 1 >iiu , (-) next tliose which connect the svmpatho.tic with the tvrebro-si.in-il ner 
 
 !, lb 1 e<l to he various orgens which are supplie.l with nerves from this ner- 
 
 ,f his tT; '■ ■' { "*''''■ ''"'■" *" ''^ ''^'''^^y •■^"^-•'^-^ -'">"t tl.e structure 
 
 ;. his great nerve is the immense number and great cmnplexitv of its plexuses. 
 Ihe.-,ele.xuses, speaking generally, are made up of m.rve cords from different 
 
 :^ • ni;:i^^w/"S ;•• ''• ''""-"^^ 'T^'^' ^™'" ^J*"'^' ""--' -•» <'thersZ 
 Kinial nenes , that is. in a given j.lexus there will unite nerves from „erha,.s 
 
 ULMes, and perhaps from one or two cranial nerves; from these plexuses the 
 nerves proceed to t^lieir ultimate distribution, the object of the piexi'^J !; 
 t. be to bring together and combine these various elements in o .ler to form an 
 .•xtremeiy cmipiex nerve. Xow as regards the ultimate di.stribntionof the re 
 sympa hetic, a matter of great impoit.iuce to us in deciding upon its fu ic-ti; n 
 rn^ie hrs iva^e It sends branches to all the spinal and Jlunial lu^ve w ich 
 •sumably follow the course of those nerves aud are distributed with them 
 e organs supplied with nerves by the cerebro-spiiial nervous system. Sec* n 1 
 It 1. probably distributed to the coats of all the arteries in the bodv, t o ,- 'h 
 te arteries carrying blood to the head, face, and glandular organs a I'e bett; 
 •Mpplied by 1 than others : thus the common, internal, and external camti Is 
 the ,.hrenm, the renal, the gastric, },epatic. splenic, sup^ior mesent^ic e . ' 
 nitenialihac, vesical and uterine arteries, are knowi/to be freelv supplS v 
 K. Ihi.lly the viscera, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic, are all s^.pp ild nunJ 
 o less .danidant y with .^-mpathetic nerves. I Jill mention the d ffe..." . " 
 g.msintlKnr order, acconlmg to the amount ■ of the supplv. relative to their 
 Muvss, winch they severally receive, as well as I have bej,'vi>le to a^i^^i^ 
 but 1 must warn you that this classificati " ' asceit^iu. it, 
 
 
 two such organs, for instance, as the spleen and j 
 
 hich is best supplied. Y 
 ihouirh imperfect, is somewhat important 
 
 on IS only ap])roximative ; between 
 
 tancreas it is impossible to sav 
 
 ou will see as _ we go on that this classification, al 
 
 be able to draw fr 
 
 the heart, for it not onl 
 
 m view of the deductions that we shall 
 
 .. ,,, . ^ }, , , >-" "* I'"- "leuuenons mat weslial 
 
 om It. ( 1 ) At the head of the list beyond all ..uestion stan.l 
 
 y rei.ei\es tlio six card 
 
 1' 
 lac ner\es fruin the uiinei 
 
 »-«*^' 
 
 .,/. 
 
 Y 
 
 upper, middle. 
 

 '•f 
 
 i! 
 
 2 n. M. m:cK\: ox -inr: svMi'ATiiKTic. 
 
 a.rl i„f,.,i.,r roni,.,! ;,'an-Iin, un.l l,,,s four plexuses tJi,. fu,, r-.,.]; i . 
 
 "1-1 in \t. suLstanc,. «-hi.-h uiv c n's " . f '" "."•"-■•ous .^jau^li., i,al„.,l- 
 
 <;5) TJuJ ti.o ; la^ 1 "" !,. "" ;^ 7,":;"" ;^'*' ?'^'''^'"^ «'"- -^ ^1,^ in. 
 
 -ua. o„a.s. lih Jd'^iHr;- ;.:;,.. L^,^;:;,,^:'^;: -;;!: ^f ^ ^'-^^ tL. 
 
 n.e o.-an.s nf special .seu.se, tlie eve tl,e i. te.' / , ■ ,' "'■■"■'^'"- <•'' 
 
 ••i-aue, a.1,1 tla. j.alate U\\ Vfte.- H, "'t"i'<«J ear, the nasal luue.n.s nuai,- 
 
 Mh.>i;iutestu.al t. ;, : , ^Vh" ' : ;: ^"^^"^ '"-V" ^t""? ?'" ^''"""^^'' *'"• 
 
 ti- to theii si., a n.n.I;Lu;i:'s;:laii L,;;^' *'"' ""^^ ^■'"^'' '■-•-■^ - 1--!-- 
 -•.■;;;:;;in -;: ■;;: Ss.;- :ur^.:^"r t.;':;i;;:t;;':f ;;V";'- -'--^ - 
 
 I'-" l-t relative, ,;„. as the syuH-atheth i 1 H e^t ^n l.':ri;^ T "' ''!'^"- 
 «I.iual hbirs inixe.l with it, sn a I parts ,sWu-h ar.\^,, , ".'''''•'' '"'« «-'«^:fiMn. 
 
 <'-ui.t .lo ..ceive so,ue ,iii..;,.,.s tviui' ^^i t;.!!,; ::s ^ ^t:,;'^ '^'f - 
 
 :'t'-^",Hll au.l few au.l are also p,o!,al,]v uuxUtied i . t ;> f • , "T'' '''"''^ 
 
 -'-;f'b-.-nneete,i as they ire witll s;:! I , . t . ;"; r;HW;i '"''r'' 
 puis tiierehjre mto thos.! su|.i>lie.l l,v l„,t), i^t*.,,, ■ i l^ •''\''^""' "t «',- 
 
 -.,.a.]u.ie aloa,., though ^^ ^..aIa^^^^^U^'^T^ "^'"''""' l'^' I'"' 
 
 iurly a.hl the l.ody of the l.h.Mer au-l of the uten'.s ^ '^^""^' ^ '"'"■^' 
 
 -Now as to the tujK'tioii.s of the .rr(>at sviiiiritl.^.f; . y ) •, ■ 
 
 ;'--i:i "'».! !-.« „,„,,, «,.,„ t,. „,„»i,i,.,." , i i;'l ; liotic",':;,!;''-;'?'''?.^;- ■- 
 
 the^veat uuu,l.er au,l extrainlinarv , it ^, ofts a S ^u' r''^ ^'"''' '" 
 
 1-ssej.ed l.y the tnotor ooutres of the eefebro-spinal sl-s;;:;;'- '''"'' ''"" ^''^'^ 
 VVhut then are the functions of the 8vn,pathetic Nervous Svsten,' I 
 
 ."M;voussysteu,,anaifso. iu .v|>a,t seuse^ 2)S™1 s it.ndowV "T ' 
 «Htu,n< (;i) Third, does it control the luncL^s : ' t . ^ ; ^ , I L^^ ^l'' 
 K;.stru., .utestn.al, salivary, and laclnymul, the liver, Icidue s n hma s T 't 
 ■ourtludoes.t influence the .ene^-al nutrition of the lid . ' ^ ' 
 
 >--..? (..) ,,fth. i. it the nervous centre of tl.e n.oraU^;.;- ^ L 
 
 J-ft us discuss these questions in t)-'ir ordei- 
 
 (1) The fir.. 
 
 if si) in wliat 
 
 4|/ 
 
 <lue-.tion is : J,s the 
 
 syuipatl ctic 
 
 neive 
 
 of 
 
R. M. liCCK-: !»N TlIK sYMI'aTH!': lIC. 
 
 :) 
 
 t0 
 
 tVulii 
 
 III.' 
 
 inotioi) ? Til.' only i.iiiscul.ir stnn ttiics v.l.irli i,.r,i,.. nnvrs 
 tlic s,viii])iitlifiir iiii.l 111)11.^ tVoiii tli<- <fivl,n>-.siii 11,(1 sv.st, m ;u-, 
 iMUsciilar coats of tli.' art.'ii.^s, tlip ra.li.-ifiuu' lilncs ,.f t),o 'iii... ;.-i.l tli." m,iiv. 
 ruiav coat of thf int.-stiii(«s. It uoiiM l„> aliaost tlinii.-h ,i..t alwol.it.'Iv ,onv.-i 
 fo iiu'hulo 111 tlus list tb- Ma.M.'r ati,l tin- ufnis. Anv ii.-vvo.is sti.niiiaf i.,„ ,, ■ 
 r.(MV.H hy these ninst tli.Mvfo, ,. 1,,. s,.,.t from tlw' <iu'<t NVinpatlirtic. an. I 
 that tli(!se stnictiims arc iiiHu.'iiw.l Iiy .s.)au- iicrvnus ,-,vstr!a 'is .vrt.-nn ;.s\n,. 
 shall see farther oil. We may tlierefoiv say i...sitiv,.|v" that tin- -r.-it symo;, 
 tiielie <loesaet as a uerve of motion. V,,ii will notice.' however, that a"l" tl,'-.. 
 ^truetures an. iMa.le iij. of uiistripe.l imis.nlar lihre ; I infer from this th;,t llir 
 -reat symjiiithetie is a nerve of nioti.iu to mistrii.ej laiiseje. In the chm' of th,. 
 he.-.rt wh.^^e umsenJMr tihres are stri|.e.l. rhoii-li thev are n,,t preeise v simil-,- 
 lo nr-lmary stniH-l musei-.s whieh are sn|.j.lie,l l.v the .•..)vl,rn-sj,inai system -mio 
 :Me nuchT the e...itiul .,f the will, there seems to me no ro.an t„ .huil.t that i\. 
 movements are niiluelleel l.y the -r.'Mt svni|.atl,etie, an.l this we must t,al<e as ., 
 • ].art!al eNe,.,,ti, „ to wl at I U'lieNr to I,, the ijtw. nam.-(v : tlnit tin- mo-.en.en-, 
 .4 strq.ed museie .are cni,tr.,lle,l l,v the eerela-o-.pinal nerv ons sxstem an.l the 
 movements of uiistni.e.| nnisde 1,- th.' nreat synijiathrti,.. The'cailv other ,n 
 .■e|.t!0(i to this law that I ;iin aw.tre of is tiie ea ,e of the eirenh.r tihre> ,,f rhr m^s 
 whieh liemu- niistrij.e.l mnvle are sipplie.l hy the thinl <iani,il ner\-. 
 
 (2) Jf we ajij.ly tla-s.tnu' reasDiiiie,' to the s.)lii!i,,n .,f Hi,. .,ii,.sri..n Is (h- 
 .yreat symj.athetie ,•!, seMS(wy inM-v.- .' --m,. ,h. nut -vi, ;i wiv cleur answer • p.its 
 .supphtMl ..njy l,y th.. ^^reat sym,,athetie as the jivr. khlnev... panereas M,pr-e 
 renal-eapsnles, ami o\aries. are pn.l.aMy seareelv if .•,( ,,11 sensitive. Annnnents 
 a^ to th<> .sensitiveness ,,{ these or.-.aus .li'awn I'n.ni their path.,ln,.i,,,i ,.,,n,lirinns 
 I .In not Ihinkol imieh vain... f.,r .siu'li ),ath.!l..-i,.,l .stales nsnallv inv..lv.. th.- 
 mvcstiii'^; meiiihrane of tliese oiv.ms, eith.-r hv .■om^.'stion of it. .vti'vteliim' of it 
 (M- 111 Mane other way, ami we know that this investing memhian... thepeiitn- 
 ii.nnn. is snpplie.l l.y eerehro-spinal imrves aial is x.-rv s..n.sit i v... On the oth.'r 
 l.au.i patholo--i..al cn.liti.ms of th.^se or-ans ^vhirl, <'h. n.a int..rf,.i<. with their 
 Jiivestm.^ meml.ran.>, as earner of the liver in eas.'s whei,. all th.. . j.neerors la, 
 • iales are buried in the sul.stan.-.. of th.; ova-.m an.lih, m.t eiK.r..a.'h up..n th.- oei i- 
 ()n.;am an.l many diseases hotj. of th.. liver. an.l ki.lnevs l..a.lin.r t., fatal .iisin/,...,-, 
 t.onot tissue are. iiiito painless. The ,a-ans whi.'h I'have menti.a„.d as h,.im. mii' - 
 J. I led .solely hygr.>atsym].ath..tie nervesai.-l.v th. ir positim, w.'ll ja-.-t.-. te.ll .ah hv 
 l.em- st»0Toun.l..d l.y .sensitive tissues and ..i-ans. and l.v l,..iie.- invest.-d hv •', 
 hi-hly .s<.nsitive m.M.il.ran.-. they .lo n..t th..,..f„r.. r,..p,i;.- f.,r Ua.ir prot,..-ti,.n 
 that tli.-y th.'m.s..Ives siamhl he .^-ensitix... an.l I .!,, n,,t l,..|i,.v<. thai lliev are s,, 
 Auotlier ta.t which l..-ars.aif this \ iew le.nains t.. l.e menti.aa.,1. When ..i- 
 ,-ans aiialao-.Mis to those of which we ha\.. lM.,.n speaking other ..lamiv 'is th.- 
 mammary, .salivary, t.-ste.s. .l-c.- ;.r,- pla.vd in .•.•q.,,...,.,l sitnati.ais 7hev aie'lh.-n 
 supplied with ce!,.l,r.)-spinal ner\.s ,-.s well as will, ih.ise from the svinpafhHie 
 - -th.,- sympathetu- tihi-s I,,.!,,- nmhail.tedlv int..n.l.-d t.) c.a.trol 1h,-ir fniation- 
 aml the cerehro-spmal lihivs lo make them .s..n,itiv.. an.l s.. pr,a...t them fr,>m' 
 iii.iury. F.a- if, on the on., haii.l. tin- jrreal sympatlarie til.r.-s were en.h)Wr..| 
 with s.'iisihility tla.re w.a.hl he no o,-..asi.,n f<.r a snppiv ..f .•.■reia.. -spinal n.-i-xes 
 to t a..se oi-i-ans ; or if, vu the olla-r Jian.l, th.. ..ei,.!,, ..-spin,d m-ixe. are ,K>t s.nt 
 t.. th.-n, t.. furnish them with sensihilitv hut I,.. .•,a,fr..l (a, s.,n,.- pl,v,i.,|o.riMs 
 luamtam) their s-.-retlu- ftim-tions. th.-ii ther.- w.aild he i,., appiovnt reason 
 why th.-y shouM h.' suj.pli...! hy t-ieat sympath.-ti.j neiM-s. All thin..s .M.n.si.l 
 ered th.'refoie I am imdined to answer this .|ii,.stion in the ne-ative ' I .1,, n..t 
 Indieve that th." j^reat .symi.athetie is .Mi.h.we.l with .sen.satinn. 
 
 p) The tliird .ni.^sti.,n is : Does the .an-at svinpat h.-ti.- exeivise a .■.ailml 
 Im- inHuenee over the funetions of the seei-.-tiii;.- u'lamls .' J think ih.-re ii.-e.l !„• 
 n.) hesitation Mhont answerin-r this .,nesti..n in ' th.' atlinnatix e. The onlin,, v 
 fnm.tnai ofthes,. .rlands mi,i,dit 1..- snpp,,.s,.d t.. he .-arii..,! ,ai iml,., .,.h.ntlv of 
 U'Txous luHiieme altoy.-;h..r. tl ..ngh I .1 .t ihinh ir ;,il |ik..!v that it is \ny ., 
 
'.'• M. l;(VK 
 
 ^' <»-N run SYMi'x 
 
 i" tllf. Ilf.;,!,! 
 
 mi/ni: 
 
 ii'''l on witi 
 ^* ''icli the 1 
 
 ',> l-olidhi,,!, (,t li, 
 
 '■'•tt'ivtic; t(, ,,tl 
 
 '">'1\ tl,, 
 
 '"H-tI(»li vt' 
 
 '••I- parts U..si,J 
 
 ^•'cretui- j,ir.i.,.s.s .,f 
 
 ''■'• I'it'tN of tJu 
 
 ».i-''^»'a;-lau.| ,,,ul.l I 
 
 ^•■'^ itscit; su tl 
 
 i-Vi-ry ..Jan.? 
 
 "■''"'t-l tn,.,,..i.. ,,,„, 
 
 it-re seuins no i 
 
 :r;r'^ ""i" ■'■™.«i. .i:.r:: :'";?!".'" -i- --i" 
 
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 H,i.'.;iicy of a ,„.,.v 
 
 !l)ll (,t' 
 
 lirTcs,sity 1h- tj 
 
 ' itiiy lUT\,,ii.s sv 
 
 ,l,'fll(.T' 
 
 (ii" 
 
 ous system .ii.s 
 
 w )i(. iiifiii 
 
 glVitt 
 
 «t<'iii i)fH;,i7us tl 
 
 we I„uy „.se tJ,,,(^ 
 
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 MVl-etill;. jrla,,a 
 
 ysjs tiLiii ,ij 
 
 ■^j'liial 
 
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 s<'aM' 
 
 •"•"it t«r; (A) t; 
 
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 UllCtlOMS of tl 
 
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 f'lf iiidi 
 
 SODS : 
 
 "• .'^•■civt ii.ir ^rlau.l.s ; (2) 
 
 If nird the f 
 
 111 
 
 •■^;l'sM-.l.ut...| to all tl 
 
 >"''<••■■ As f,„- tl 
 «laii| 
 
 ill i\- 
 
 ;ivatsvr 
 
 M">te as ^^eIlas^^•|,ea,I 
 
 N III soil 
 
 "' <;ist'.s (if tl 
 
 iii-.iHiL, th,. li 
 
 "l"ttll<-tlc- iHtlleoi.lv- 
 
 'inctioii of til 
 
 1. 
 
 "S ot t<-ai's ii 
 
 '■"lotumal stati 
 
 ""<'<--"i iuui sal 
 
 ill most ai 
 
 riiet. ..f 
 ivaiy secreri., 
 
 H- e\tr 
 t 
 
 ^•''' aiiil kidi 
 
 •oi'diiiarv 
 
 it-ys i( 
 
 '••'I'voiissv.st 
 
 »" ceiclic, 
 
 actiDii 
 
 ve]\iii<,' nerves iV 
 
 fill whioli 
 
 '■^. t"i; ••x.iiiij.l,., til 
 '•"'i;,'*'!-; and 
 
 ly iiiai 
 
 •■"tl'I'iltlOM (it I 
 
 ■ke.l 
 
 •■lll"tlnlial 
 
 salua ill 1 
 iix in teiTor, tJ 
 
 w w.uit of acti 
 « exi-essive seeret 
 
 OM O 
 
 oiiverselv. tl 
 
 ion (»f mi, 
 
 Ola no 
 
 lese 
 
 uid 
 
 I'iiije: tl, 
 
 "■ I'lamtiiai'v 
 
 t'Xfitemeiit, tl 
 
 '^^ arrest of the .Wi 
 
 '« arrest of tl, 
 
 •■oiiie I 
 
 ^f caimot I 
 
 •^••^■IVlloii fi 
 
 W'*ll know 
 
 le seeretioiis fi 
 
 "• '■■^I'Jained 
 
 ■'>"i tiie iniii„.iK-e of t 
 
 r':;::r^r^^"' -'■«'- .ia-d 
 
 \vitl 
 
 'out referi 
 
 11 iiiereasp. 
 '''■'•or, mati 
 
 (iiii 
 
 '••■asoiis, tlmt ( 
 S"li)e of tiics, 
 
 '-) an ! i„ til 
 "•■'■^■<'s loall nf tj 
 •^I'l'l'iied l.v tl 
 
 ''■■^ '"-rvous .svstei 
 
 in 
 
 "»A' them to the inl] 
 
 arrest, and 
 nial 1 
 
 unl 
 
 ■S as the kid 
 
 '» IS tl 
 
 •l"i^^tion. 1 think. { 
 
 seei 
 
 "'<! j.lae,. th 
 
 ■■"'•' SU|l!)j 
 
 'ion 
 
 lem. 
 le ceielii 
 
 It d 
 
 "<'.\s, receiv 
 ,i.'ivat s 
 
 '5 'Vrnpathetie: (hj,. tl 
 
 or tlie foil 
 
 ove. 
 ueiice I if 
 
 "••'•• ii"t send 
 
 \ la 
 
 no other tl 
 I'atheti 
 
 OWjJi^r 
 
 '•' <ii-st jilaee 
 
 •lorves 
 
 in a 
 rereivr , 
 
 l';''"'i I'V if ()„t| 
 
 o-siunal s\st 
 
 em 
 
 '"''■ves to tl 
 
 ami 
 
 "f.U'ans 
 n-st 
 
 l"-'-vi.Mis|,aov„fthis 
 '" nerves !,;,[ t 
 
 '•' i-ontraiv, if 
 
 Veiy f,. 
 
 '"11 ^vmiiathetic 
 •^<'»<ls a lil^ral .s„,,plv:„' 
 "^io ^'lan.ls whirl 
 
 ><>:i will 
 
 ^^' or n,,„f t< 
 
 "■<'ordii|.,r to tl, 
 
 '■■'', o\;ui( 
 iefei\iiiy- II,, 
 •^"I'la renal ,■ 
 
 ■s.tli, 
 
 roil) tht 
 
 'l"antity of s 
 
 ''f^say yon ^vill 
 
 I'l^ca 
 
 II 
 
 ■siieh ,i.dand 
 
 1 are not 
 
 s as 
 
 .;-'''''at symjiaih.'t 
 ynjialhetie 
 
 f^f-«- that tl 
 
 '" attempted elussili 
 
 »'i-«' the kidi 
 
 ran 
 
 i'-ys whii'h 
 
 ;^-'n.- and intestinal Amd 
 
 -\ 111 
 
 .Ua.is a 
 
 II 
 
 tp<id. 
 
 pat her 
 
 aUM 
 
 "■ '"•'•ves than d( 
 
 s a J 
 
 »<'iv.s whid, tl 
 
 '" till' sove;,th ord 
 
 er 
 
 .Iv I; 
 
 iVlSi- 
 
 >, a,i I s „,„. ,,j' f), 
 
 llVer 1 
 
 tl 
 
 ^•o'.K. l,Horc the kid 
 
 ley feeeuc — th 
 
 fA'eive no 
 
 lese-ot tJiese 
 
 'I'I'i 
 
 "•<' I'oitaiiilv inrt 
 
 y ot I 
 
 iei\e,s f. 
 
 thefi 
 orhor 
 
 "" 1 if the 
 
 iien.-ed 1]\ 
 
 'I", as the test 
 '"'" this svst, 
 
 ^■'''■••'"•o-sj,inal ] 
 
 ney.s 
 organs the Dy 
 
 11 
 
 OS am 
 111. 
 
 '•■'■Ves, hut the otl 
 
 emotio 
 
 If tl 
 
 astrie ^laiul 
 
 as a 
 tries. 
 
 n;r oy- 
 
 •S receive a tol 
 
 '■•■asonahle t( 
 
 ornans who.,,, t 
 
 ,V''at sympath.^t 
 
 unctions ai 
 
 ""j 'States throujL^d. tl 
 ii- IS snpj.li,,! just 
 
 '•'", some seoreti 
 
 ei'- 
 
 )•• medium of tl 
 
 u^' ori'aiis 
 
 til 
 
 !'oil;.h ti 
 
 coneh,,],. that 
 
 e al 
 
 tl 
 
 o iiiHu 
 
 le ni 
 
 l!iit thi 
 
 '•• .i-^''''at syi„j,,theti,. tl 
 
 ''oiiiia IS th 
 
 "'liced l,v 
 
 't'* cojiiously, ,,r 
 cnictional st:,t( 
 
 s IS not 
 
 II. W'el 
 
 lat 
 
 iii-r 
 
 '"''^•'"osup,,I,Vd with 
 
 lave se,-,. 
 
 •■niOtlOll; 
 
 anie m all 
 
 aliove 
 
 to thed 
 
 ■-r,v 
 
 "laminary ojim | 
 
 vl 
 
 spinal hi) 
 
 s ai 
 
 ^^•'•'lo the homol 
 
 tt all. 
 
 leir ex 
 VNelltsii 
 
 •■••rel.,o-s|,i„al I 
 
 tl 
 
 " condition 
 
 I'ases, an<l that 
 
 iH .sympa- 
 I'lore so to 
 •**> is it not 
 
 lat It i 
 
 •^ afii-et th 
 
 lerves CO 
 
 s a strict 
 
 posuivt,, i,,j|l,.v ,■ 
 
 piously ,„■ th 
 
 rule that 
 
 It is 
 ■'^•'cj-etions/ 
 
 (secret in 
 
 I'i'lioil. v\hile thek 
 
 '■ 'III without, ti 
 
 leverse 
 
 ». too. the teste 
 
 KllieVs 
 
 "■'^ the.sali 
 
 accord 
 
 tl 
 
 "' ""f iiand w.tl 
 
 •'p'N oi^ans in the f;.„.„] 
 
 Ills l,ave 
 
 IW\-I\ 
 
 lOlIt SI 
 
 •"lit t 
 
 ■xpl, 
 
 inyt 11,,,^, t,,d 
 
 ipp.isiiig that tl 
 
 •And 
 
 111 
 
 111 tl 
 
 » «ith thei,. f 
 
 "■'• >^'lpplied uiti 
 
 ■tl 
 
 le cei',.1,1 
 
 • III I inerriTciv 
 
 varv and 
 
 1 ceivii] 
 
 ciiocei-el 
 
 ic ovaries 
 
 •J-npnial n,.|. 
 
 '0-, 
 
 'iiii-tions. U-, 
 
 ipmal nej.\Hs 
 
 "■'■ ""t. So that 
 
 ,ulands wl 
 Ihlt tl 
 
 ' 'I"' tunetioiial ,,1 
 
 '•'•'tW hand we have ;i 
 
 .'oin- to these 
 
 '•"" "" icrstand ^vhy tJ 
 
 no- 
 \es. 
 
 on 
 or- 
 
 'icii a,.,. 
 
 lenoiii 
 
 ena ( 
 
 lelf i> 
 
 ( 
 
 still 
 
 111 tho, 
 
 VN hici 
 
 'f th 
 
 loui, that tl 
 
 lev an 
 
 "'■,i;ans. for tl 
 
 "'.V arc not iiec-d,,,! 
 
 ercla-o. 
 
 in tl 
 
 ■■spinal nei 
 
 '"'other Word t 
 
 le <.ase. f 
 
 ^P II I 
 
 liiorax, il 
 
 or iiistai 
 
 -^ ai-i; eiti 
 
 o sav 
 
 '/'.'•''. ""^'^"I'plio.l Withcerei 
 
 icse are fh^. 
 
 lu 
 ■aiiif^ ill 
 
 "I' ner\, 
 
 ".' '^"pport of this 
 
 "••)->ipinal hl.r 
 
 lie V, 
 
 s iieriv. 
 
 "■^■. of i|„. , 
 
 '^ ol seiisat 
 
 d t 
 
 l-Ol! 
 
 sensory „,. ,„ot 
 
 "'■^i' iM'aiiches uln\-| 
 
 ih 
 
 iiamiiiarv i;l; 
 aliieri 
 
 ion oi- , 
 
 ^'t'«. Jind it is tl 
 
 "Id whu'h i 
 
 i"i-\ cs of rnot 
 
 'es. 
 lis. 
 
 iwii. 
 
 .\, 
 
 I aie 
 
 "■ and latei-al eiit, 
 
 S ■Clftll; 
 
 f 
 
 or liel \e-; 
 " 'il 11- of ll, 
 
 X 
 
 ovv jf 
 
 "istril.iited toti 
 
 .inland 
 
 We 
 
 ^^c iiMisr 
 
 ■suppose that tl 
 
 '■'luer sni 
 
 >-Mpp!ied witlnrrei 
 nil •(HIS iierxc^s of th 
 •'f are eith 
 vcs cond'ol til 
 
 '•^ "lamiiiiM-y ^dand 
 
 lese n,.,. 
 
 ilu- 
 
 er 
 
 tJiat 
 
 a motor neivi 
 
 IS 
 
' -rf 
 
 R M. BUCKE ON THE SYMPATHETIC. 5 
 
 able to tako on thi« ft„.ctk,n wind, does not s«.n likelv. or we ,„u.st s„p,h>so 
 
 t ,„ accomphshecl ,y a seuHo.y nerve, un.l in tl.ut Vase we n.nst h ,^ « 
 
 that the ne,ve« m qnestiou a.,. m,,able of ctnyiuK the cnnt^nt w id h [ tZ 
 
 .uHuence on the gland the .^ve.^e way to it« onIin.uy use.-^ the 1^ n „t it 
 
 >ous influence o whidi there is now q,ie«tion, How« alon.' U.e nerve ftu m X 
 
 >ou will have no d.thculty m ayi-eeiug to the following nroDositions. (l) Tlw.f 
 
 he grea sympathetic can and does exerd.se a controlling ii fluence ove the e 
 
 cretion o some glands, as the kidneys, which receive notther i^^iTes 4 Til 
 
 inrinc2LT.t T^^ "PJ'T *"■'';" J^'^"'™' ^* in«"enoe« their sicix^t- 
 anntl?p . ol ?■ i^^^ "'' «^'«^'-«-«P'--aJ »«fvt>H when sent to glands have 
 
 .w!l7;^S;tr^r ^'--^-•^r>inal systii'n^nordoTnHu^tS'e 
 
 ^. controls nutrition 'm'ust 1. uni^ei;:, lit'e nut" ' ttL ilth-r'uTvVrX 
 the great sympathetic nerve is distributed to the whole system whl n..^ 
 parts are not supplie,! by the cei-ebro-spinal system. Fc^^^ nlTSu .m u3 
 
 ^vnlpathetic iiLves which are disSb iL t the Lt sX wWcrt^Tr •"' '^ 
 meaidte ettects of the or«3)-ation are as follows : The corresrondinLr side of iL 
 
 j,'ous organ], and judging from this .fact the j.rocess of .u-tiVti^.-rrii'^^tf "'^'": 
 vision of the sr 
 
 si4>en 
 
 sympiithetic system. 
 
6 
 
 R. M. ni-CKI-: ON TilL .SVMI'ATHKTIC. 
 
 li-v.. it is. An.l H,.,t it will ,^ . ,;,J^r^^^^^^^ ,T^"\"* ^''" ""•'•='' -t.u./ I u. 
 
 ;y .t s<.„..,tl.inu,,uito .Ii.sf,Kt fro.n tlj/ , I ' T, u!!;'' l'* ^■""'?";' ^'"'^ ^ -"" 
 
 t.onsof thm, two, the intell. vt. m i ...I'T "" ^'""' ''"^t tl... ...Hnife.st, - 
 
 -is- at o,. .,.o„t th. s;„.e ti„.;;ovI: ;: r^r't;;;; " ''■•■""^ "»• ->- ^-'i 
 
 npiH-aranc,. th.- i.lmau.l feoH,,. ;ni,.. to., -tl hv ,.i '*-' '."" ''^'''^''''^ '""' *" ''" 
 
 '-■"m.et vi.sv to talc.- of th. U ", ,.t a^ T /.''"" 'T '' *'''''^ *'''^ ^'^ '-* th. 
 
 •••'"I tlH-n th,. fe,.|in,. which ZT « ,i ' V^"' '''^ ' ^-t '..i-s.-s 
 
 "Hsen primarily it-ith,.,. s .'ell th, 1 .. hv " "' 7 "'"' *'"' *""''"« ''-i"^' 
 
 '•"•loml l.y it to a ;r„.„t,.ror less ,|,..m; "V,, ,"!"'* r/'"' *'^'''";,' 't is all th,- saiiu- 
 khul an.l .lecM^-eof tla,u.h 1 ft^^^^^^ ,: ! V"'"''''^'*""' "atur,- i.u.lu.le.s ,.ve.v 
 MHtuml thin;,; to the iniu.l to tl „o .T '"■"■^''"^".^""' "^^ t'.e i.na,.. of ;. 
 i^H -HviHi,>ns'',,ercopti,>:^t, ^.^o, "nir'T '■""^^'"/"«' '' '■"•l-l- 'Unon, 
 son. alKstmcti,.,, anil j.u -MuetTu-Z; ' ''''■''" '•«'"^'»>'-n,'. co.npa.i: 
 
 -ither ,,a,ss.on.s or eu.otions. such as futhTm!^ ^' i "■^' '"'^ '■'"^■'^'•'' ''^ 
 
 «itaK,suo of th,. .livisions of tho . o a ;,,;':;, ;';.^'*'"'"' = ''' »» i-'co-nplot. 
 I«.rt]y id,.atio„al ,,a,tlv en.otio„al I , ' 7''">'"^' -•>".« co,„,.ourul staf. 
 
 antithetic e.uoti,>rlH i./juxta,,; bn W nl^ ";;.;'"' ' 'Tl"r^>- '''"- *''- 
 M.Hp.c,o„; Joy. grief ; hi.h iirits. low ^li, ^U ;r^";'"*'^• i*-; tn.sU 
 'Icspair; teiule.ues.s, .snHin,.,ss • .ntiei.fe ;• "' ''^'l«-^'<*"; triunn.h. 
 
 "1 .le^M-ee; that for instan,;,- there is .m , fff-t V \''^ *'''"'" '» ^^'•''•' ''"'-"• 
 
 ->.! the most intense lovo; 'Z^ T^tTu'' '^•"'\'-*r^-" " --"^1 likii.;. 
 I'ate; between the faith that nke s .t t h " 1 ^ '«!'ke and the l.itte.vM 
 "■^v dollars, au.l tlu. faith whd en blftl . T'' "^ an ae,inaintanee for,-, 
 stake; l.etwe,.n the fo,.lin J.f l^' h , ^ t 1 "'^^^ """^ exultin-My to tie- 
 and the agony of extreme terror .nds^ t 7'f '"".^,/""y ^^ goi.ig wrong, 
 
 "al Hnd nmral natnres I'ein.' .'r ; Aak, . l^T '"" ""■ .^•^" *''^' '"^^"1-^- 
 '■or.ten.l that they are functi^ s Vt v<> H f . '"•-»'"«"*. 'l"«>'ed as alH.ve. L 
 ;^- the san.e o,^„, Ibr Tl biw ..^^.^r"*,?;^'^' ^ '^^^^ '>i«erent pans 
 tional .states and a eontinnous enrrent of o.\ /• f '''"*""'""'' cnrre.,tof ide,.- 
 tlowon t<.gether without Tte f,n , Wt} o e Tu '*"*"' ^""'^tantly exist and 
 eiathm of certain ideas witjl ;;;.; i^ I ,: ^^ ^^^^^ "^^ ^'"-r^' ^'''^ ^^^"- 
 assocjate,! with almost any ...notional sf, rur\ '^^^ '^"^ '''^'" '"">' ''-^i^t 
 
 ;:leas „n.l emotional state.; sud" f u^ ouuV he fThe; '" 'T;''"'" '^*^*"" 
 tmu-t.ons of one organ. U) Any idea ml ■ 1 • , • ^^"""^ *'"' ^""^'"'TeMt 
 ♦•■notional state (7,) \„ !.;',,? . ' ''''"* '""''"'"^ *'"' «^««xistonce of anN- 
 
 natnres being for these reasons .-UL \ ^"^ '»t^"«^t"al and the moral 
 n..rvous syst^n, or of dirt" i::^^::^ ^^ Lri:?r:e:V' uT ''" '-^^ '' '"• 
 temu. what part of the neryons systen^the ^:^ ^l^l^el a fe!^ '^ '"■ 
 
 two J;;onrs.:ett?sr^h:;";s^^ '^a;^ ''^•^^ " ^"^ ^-^^'-^ ^^-' 
 
 the,.lim.n.nt ways I,- .hid: em^'^s"^ '^„i^^f i:^,;? ^-- *" --;'- 
 
 i,n«,t »v,„,,„ll,e,i,. C ; ,"' . i'^'*'"-''''"''' '"■'■™"» »y.ste,„. or ,„k,„ ,|„. 
 .■..u,i,l,.V tl,e eHiot of t i e;,;;tb,wm ille!'' """""",I"*>K «"ted »e i„»e t„ 
 
 r, 
 
 I 
 
 . I 
 
R. M. BUCKK ON THK SVMP ATllKTlr. 
 
 wiiul 
 
 fKTVi.uH sy.st.'iii :iif (liu-e \slii.-ii 
 
 
 rr tliosf orjjitns Hiijiplu'il l»y tli»- (■fr..'l<iu->|.iiiii 
 *rf tirst ami most Htfwtfd. 
 
 (A) W'f liaVH tlu'ii to c<,iisi.|.-i- in flir il,s,t j.hice ciinitinnal .xrit.iiiH an.) 
 to try to il<-teni)ine from tli-ir M.-i.r urn! natiin- wliid. lowvoiis sv.-,tfm if is tlii.t 
 ti.ey net iiiHMi in giving' .ise to mm .•moti..i..il stiite. xVow .•iti.".tioii.s ori-im.ir 
 (\) spontam^ou.sly, that is fit>m soiiu; cMn.litioM of tli.- I.u.iy or [.art <.f the lio.lv : 
 (jj) tlif'V an- fxdt«d l.y thoughts tlmai-h its>..cM:iti..iis fWiiu-.l in tli« (Kist ; (.•'.) 
 tli»-y ar»' cxfitt'il \>y inii-n'ssions hmmmw.,! tlir.Mi;:;!, tlif .vushs witlnMit tli.- in(».r 
 vi'iitiou of thou;,'ht. 
 
 (I) A complete li.M of tlu- itistaiuTs in nliidi .■nioti,.-.s , •.rise .spontane- 
 ously, or from some .oiMlition of tlir Im).|v or part i.f tin- Lo.'v. woni.l 
 l.e nuiol. t.K. lon^^ t,, I..- recitr-d linv. r uiJl tir.>r mt-ntioi, one" or two 
 •.Iiysiolo;,'icai coiulitioii>, and tli.-n piixc.d to tic- patliolof,'ical. 'I'},.- 
 must lu-omiiifut amonx tliesc physiolo^iral condition, wliidi "ive ri^p to 
 '•motional stat.-s is nndonbt.-diy tliat set whi.-li .ind.-, ji,.., tlm d.-vdoi- 
 m.'nt ..t sc.vnal pussion. The material pan of tiiese .-.(nditioiis is certaialv an 
 iu'tive and he.dtiiy state of the testes or. .vari.s: foi' if ail the other conditions 
 he prest^nt iiiid this organ ahjm' ],v vltU.-v al.sent, or m afiiallv iuj. ivd l.v dis- 
 ease, or immature, or afopliit-d, or fuuetionally ineii iioni ;i;,'i..'or a.iv'other 
 «'.'iusc, this [.articular emotional stute cannot be pn.duced, %s],il" the al-stjue or 
 d-sease of m. other orgaii vulj op.-rat.- ns a lH)sitiv.- l.;,r to its .jAi^t.-nce. Tl,.- 
 l-rosenee in the tuind of the ima^'.; of a pt-rson of the opiH.site sex. althomd. to 
 the iMitliM.kin- it seems to he the chief factor in the j-roduction of tJiis emotion- 
 M stiitehas ri reality nothiu;,' at all to do w ith it in anv fundamental sense, for 
 lie feelini; niiiy ex-st without any s.idi ima-;!.- lK•iu^' pi -sent, an.l the fedin-- 
 lieiUK t"";Ily nroused it may with many pe.iple he .".■adiK tr.uisfe.red from mi^ 
 mental iina;,'e to another; whereas if the feeliii^^ were deooiident upon the im- 
 M^'e th.s»eouhl not happen. It is in this way chat we mav accovnt for those 
 ea-.es tre(|uently .seen in which a niiui upon a \erv short aciuaintame marries a 
 .second woman upon tiie hreakiug otl" of an .•n:,'a,i(emeiit wi.h a lirsi. A,'ain. in 
 the higher animiils -iu whom we mu.st admit a psvcoloyical condition iirse-c'ual 
 matters almost if not .piite identical with on.- own- thoii-fh .some of them 
 ^v '1 not tnmsfer their atVections from one object to another, or will do so onlv 
 with -o-eat ditKculty aii-l after a certain pei-iod of inmirnMi;;, vet in others tliei'e 
 seems little or no cohesica between the mental imaire and' tlie emotional state 
 so that the sexual ylaiuhs l)eing active and the emotional condition in (Oieslinn' 
 being present, the i'ldividiial uj^oti whom the .sexual favours ruty l>e bestowed 
 IS a matter ai.pareutly of entire Midifforeuce. These consideratioi.s .see.n to me 
 conclusive aga'Mst the ilexry that the emotioud sate is depemlent upon the 
 mental image, and the grounds given abuve seem also to establish the position 
 that the state of the sexual secreting glands is the rea> determining cause of (he 
 Amotion. This being the case we have n<-xt to ask with which ner%ous svsteni 
 a-e the.se glands most intimately connected .' You know- what the answer to 
 tl 'scpiestion is. Theovarie.s receive no nerves but from the sympathetic, and 
 the t-stes, as we showed above, m-eive nerves from the cerdno-spinal system 
 only because they are expo.sed a. id require to be en low.'d with sensibility for 
 tlieir protection. But if .sympathetic nerxes l)e the connecting link between the 
 organ whose coiulitioJi excites the emotion and the nerve centre in which that 
 emotion arises, that ner\ous centre must be the .sympathetic ganglia. 
 
 Hunger and tliitvt are probably true emotional states, anl 
 the arguments which follow would apply to them as well hs 
 to other emotiotial states having i'oi- their basis certain conditions 
 of the stomadi, but a.s they are not hy anv means univers,iJly 
 hioked ui^n as emotions I shall pa.«s over them ami proceed to di.scus.s those al 
 terations in the moral nature ^hich are .lue to fullness and erni.tine.sii of the 
 stomach. 
 
' R. M. BITC'KE ON THE SYMPATHETIC 
 
 Me of influem-in r tli.> t^.i„..>.. v Tu ^ ^ "^* "**** "» * ^^"se is cap- 
 
 mrnsmm 
 
 bmi™" Vo» l.n,f .1 *""■■'■ i?»«t""«. we «« similar emotional <li»tui' 
 TiZL t„™Vr r "°T '"" ■"'«"' I»"«'logioal co„,liti„,» of ,|,e ston Jl, 
 
 his sufferincr ii 1 .fT ^ ^V'l ' .• **^^^'« **'«''«^ ^''^ "O tears in his eves thou"li 
 
 u,.o>XLsrn.f '"''"'* ??^^^ ^""*''^'«" "' which the iLou weeps 
 Z t 1^ r- Tr ^* *'"' «t...e a h,r.o .p.antity of .ale urine s 
 
 £ vl,M^^ \v sh V V ?" "^'""r ''"'""' '"^'■•"'^'' ""^* *•'« '^^^'''-^k passes ofl'. 
 
 h.^oJo '^ tl rittrt ■ "fr /' *'"'* ."" «Ustt,rl,iU.ce of function ai-ompanv- 
 ;Zf?, V I •'* ihsfcurbance of functions presided over hv the svuina 
 
 iioti.n is Hiamst ^rf. K 1 . ^ <limn»ution and nicrease- -tlie heart's 
 
 Isu hoi 11 ^ • "''''"" '''*"*'■"' "^ ^''« «yn.patl,etic, and it is «reatlv 
 
 H)d -the niiud is clear, tl 
 
 <v)wtiol oi the will 
 
 Aous syst^^ni is in no w^u' iuterfemj' wltlir'and 
 
 li<^ r.Msoiunrf and iHjrceptive faculties perfect, th, 
 
 over tlie voluntary muscles throuyh the niediinn of tl 
 
 lo uer- 
 
 , 
 
 uieiitioii iuvolvi'.! that as I liav,. state,] 
 
 in fact so little is the coritix^ ,)t 
 no mental image is asso<M«ted with the 
 
I 
 
 : 
 
 R. M. BUCKE ON THE SVMrATHETIC. 9 
 
 .motion of tcmn-, the man suffer, simply from fear, not from fear of sometLin- 
 It seems then ear to me tJiat t].e gi-eat symj)athetio is the nervous system 
 acted niyon by the abnormal condition of the stomach, which in its turn reacts 
 upon the economy, and that consequently the ten-or in question is one of its 
 unctions The lungs receive a very small supp y of sympathetic nerves and we 
 know that long contnuied disease of their tissue ending in death wiJJ often 
 scarcely give rise to low spirits, never to extreme depression or violent emotion 
 ot any kind. The heart receives a very large supply of sympathetic nerves, and 
 .ts diseases as tatty degenemtion of its substance, and calcareous degenemtiou 
 ot its arteries, are accompanied by very great depression of si.irits and often by 
 Hgonies ot terror. The common forms of so-called heart disease, that is, impei"^ 
 fections of the car.hac valves, and contractions of the cardiac orilices, are not. 
 in the sense in which I am now speaking, disease at all ; for there is in these 
 cases no tissue change, there is simply a change in mechanical conditions. The 
 hver IS moderately well supplied with sympathetic nerves and there is a moder- 
 ate amount ot disturbance of the moral natui-e in disease of its tissue as in can- 
 cer, and in impairment of its functions as in congestion ; but as disejise of the 
 liver, either structural or functional, seldom or never occurs without either struc- 
 tural or functional disease of the stomach accompanying it, it is difficult to es- 
 timate the amount of the disturbance of the emotions «iused by the hepatic con- 
 ditions themselves. Emotional conditions excited by disea,ses of the kidneys are 
 undoubtedly due in great part to the destructive changes going on in these or- 
 gans, but they are also to a certain extent due to the uremic iK)isoning which 
 necessarily accompanies them, aiul so tlie effect of the blood change and that of 
 tlie organic change mask one another. But the case most clearly in favor of 
 my argument is beyond question Adison's disease of the supni-renal glands 
 lou Icnow that the number and size of sympathetic .. es sent to these small 
 bodies IS extniordinarily great. You also know that they receive no cerebro- 
 spinal nerves at all. Any of you who have seen aises of this disease or wlio 
 have paid atteiition to the literature of the subject, are equally aware of the ex- 
 tmordmary effect pmluced by disease of these }>odies iqion the monil nature 
 l^ng iHjfore the ))a,tient is obliged by the extent of his illness to abandon hi.s 
 usual occupations he is greatly troubled with listlessness, languor and low spir- 
 its ; as tJie disease advances these symi)toms increiwe and attacks of terror and 
 ••xtreme low sjiirits are common. Now to return to our old argument^the mor- 
 bid action is m the supni-renal gland, the nerves which convey the impressions 
 Nvhich excite emotional disturbance are necessarily here sympathetic nerves-- 
 I he nerve centre m which the enu)tional disturbance takes place is therefore the 
 sympathetic gfrngha-therefore the sympathetic ganglia are tiie nervous centre of 
 emotional states. 
 
 (■2) We ought next to consider the excitation of emotion by thoughts from 
 aRS()ciation formed in the past of the species, or of the in.lividuai, but this 
 su .;e;t IS so large and in a condeu.sed form would bo so little satisfactory that 
 I fiav(; reluctantly conclmhid to omit it altogether. 
 
 (3) The third and hwt cla.ss oi emotional excitants which we are to con- 
 sider IS sense imi)ression8 acting uimn the moral nature without the intervention 
 ot tli,.u,'lit. l.ie proper consideration of this part of the subject would alone 
 occupy .«evenil Mich essays as I have time to reiul. 1 shah merely glance 
 hastily atone instance of the class m.mtioned, namely: The excitation of 
 cm.tions by sounds. AH the inHnite variety of soun.ls that strike u|K)n the 
 Human ear may be divided according to their effect uiKm the human 
 _''- rfrt .IT. .i.is.,e,., ^a; tijr^.~e, naim-ly, which, pninanly exciUt 
 I'lCMs and (f)) those which primarily excite emotion. The noise of a camago 
 ..n ttie street, of fowl in the yard, of steamboats and trains pa.ssing, these 
 ami thousan.l.s of other ordinary souud.s, simply excite a ment,vl lecognition of 
 what the sound proce.Mls from. But if you lie under pine trees on a summer's 
 <lHy and hear, without listening, the wiml sigh and moan through the 
 
i : 
 
 10 
 
 R. M. BUCKE ON THE SYMPATHETIC. 
 
 l)ouglis the fmotionitl nature is movocl irrospectively of anv ideas tliat may be 
 exciteil ; so at the bedside of a sick child its moans and cries of pain affect us 
 quite out of proportion to and iiTesjxictive of the value our mind may set u\Kn\ 
 them, for even if we know the chikl is not dangerously ill, nor 
 » iHering very much, still we cannot pt-event, as is said in common language, its 
 cries going t<i our heart, — and they do goto the heart, or at least to the centre of 
 tlie enrojional nature, direct. So a ciy of pain or distress heard sudilenh' 
 awakens a coiresponding emotion in the hearer before any thought Is aroused. 
 
 T 1 ; pen of these two classes of soun 1 are, on the one hand sicken lai:- 
 guage, and on the other hand music. Tiie formfu* we know appc^als directly to 
 the intellect and does or does not arouse . emotion, according as the thought 
 awakened is or is not associated with an emotional state. The latter, we also 
 know, api)eals directly to the emotions and on'y awakens thought secondai-ily if 
 it doi^s so at ail. Now does that class of sounds which appt^als directly to tin- 
 moral n-iture possess any quality which the other class does not jwssess whiclt 
 ■■vould make us think that it rathei' than the latter acts u^wn the sympatlietic '. 
 ft has one such quality, namely: rythm. AH music is rythmic, and all lan- 
 guage which appeals directly to the feelings, that is to say all poetry, is also 
 lythmic. Now rythm is one of the leading qualities of the functions of the 
 great s\ m[)athetic. All motions governed by it are rvthnn'c, the heait's motion, 
 and the motions of the intestinal canal, the contractioTis of the uterus in ial)or. 
 I myself have no doubt that tlio duration of pregnaTicy, the determining cause 
 of which has pnzz'ed the world so much, as well as the periodic recuri-ence of 
 ovulation are lx)th due to the same cause, namely; the rythm, or perioilicitv of 
 function of the ^reat sympauhetic system. Doubtless the chief advantage of 
 rogular'ty o^ time in taking meals is due to the fact that the gastric and salivarv 
 glands and other o'-gans concerned mi digestion, being governed by the synip; ■ 
 thetic, theii- functions are l)est performed rythmically. (.'omparing the twentv- 
 four hours to a bar of music the three nu'als and sleep ai'e foiu- notes which niakr 
 up the bar and they require to be struck in ti-ue time and with the same inten- 
 sity day by day to keep Lhe music of ihe system true. 
 
 (B; The oidy thing that remains for me to do to complete this very shoi't 
 and impel feet sketch of a most important and much neglected subject, is to 
 consider briefly the expression of the emotions to see if we can determine from 
 Nvhich nej'vous syst'^m these phenomena proceed. As we cannot pretend to dis- 
 cuss the whole of this branch of the inquiiy I shall limit the few remarks I 
 have to make to the expression of (l).)oy, (2) grief, (S) hate, (•!•) fear, (o) and 
 to the expression of, or rather the effect of, long continued excessive passion of 
 any kind. 
 
 (1) If joy is at all marked in degree it alters the heart's action — if excessivi' 
 and sudden it arrests it nunnentarily, if more moderate in degree it makes it 
 move freqi'ent and sironfier ; excessive joy causes palloi- for a short time and 
 tlien'slight flushing, moderate joy heightens the complexion. If joy is at all 
 extreme i^ excites Ipchrymation in persons of mobile nervous organization. 
 Sudden and great joy destroys the apjtetite, apjtarently by checking the saliv- 
 ary and gastric secretion '^ — moderate joy stinndates the appetite doubtless by 
 exciting lhe secretions w'.dch assist in digest ijn. Now all the above are dis- 
 turbances of functions which aie controlled by the sympathetic — but we know 
 tliat joy a'so gives rise to movements of various kiiuis, for instance, laughter, 
 chipping of the hands, stamping of the feet. The i)eculiarity of these )uove- 
 niputs is that they are all rythmical and we know what a tendency there is foi' 
 the fvuiciions of ^he sym))atbetic to be ]>ei'forauHl rythmically. Now I tlo not 
 mean to ar^vie that it is the great synqtathetic which excites the nuiscles to ac- 
 tion in t^ie production of tlies" movements, but what I wouM sugge.st for your 
 consideration is that the great ._ mpathetic being the I'cvi-vous system primarily 
 excited it excites the cerebrospinal system by nutans of its elaborate connection 
 
 \ 
 
R. M. BUCICE OX THK syMrATIL'TlC. 
 
 n 
 
 with the 1 itter, and the cerehro-s^iiiiiil svstem, iictliij;,' iiuih-r tin- iuiliii'n t- of t]n< 
 ^veAt sympathetic, — the chjinictiT uf iictioii ut' tliu forauor is ^TaiiiiH-J Ky tlic iii- 
 riiience of the hitter. 
 
 (2) Grief is expressed by tears, ptlbr, loss of Hiip.'titf, fimctious contrnJlc 1 
 by the synipiithetic, by so)»bing,wi-iiii;i.,guf hands, swaying to and truof licad and 
 body, oerebro-spiiial motions whiol' ire rythmica!. Exci'ssiv.' ;^rriof kills. I 
 have known of one death from tJii , u -.e. Tli.' fatal result o\' !;rief is duf to in- 
 terferecoe witli nutrition or witii l: heart's action, the e\cnc in either ca.-c 
 ! ' ;^- bi jiight about through tiie sympathetic. 
 
 (3) Hate or rage if intense is nii^rked by jviUor and partial arrest oi tlic 
 heart's action ; if moderate l)y tlushing ; if considerable but still not intens<' tin; 
 ilushiug is extreme, the face becomes purple, the v(>ins of the neok find forelica I 
 .swell. Monkeys as well as men are said to reddfu with jmssion. Some aii- 
 tJiors say tJie pupils always eontrtict in j-jige, and this we can easily underst^ind 
 for if the innscidar coat of tl e arteries is relaxed as it is shown to be by theili.-.- 
 tention ot the ve.ssels, then the radiating Hbi-fs of the iris whicli are also sup 
 ])lied by the .sympathetic, would l»e e(piaily in a sen i-paralyzcd state,and the. cii- 
 cular tiiires which are supplied l»y the tliird nerve would have h-ss than usual 
 to antagoaize their ordinary tonicity and the pupil would contract. In <>reai 
 rage there is often trembling ; this ]»hen((menon J. shall considci- further nudci- 
 the head <}f fear. The above mentioned are the primary signs of rag*; and tln-v 
 jire all brought about through the symj)athetic. Other signs of ra'^c assiiarliii':. 
 setting the teeth, clenching the tists. etc., are manifestly secondaiv ; thcs ."siili 
 from intention iu our.selves or our ancestors of doing soniethiu" in conseoiiencc 
 of rage and are not tlie direct effect of tlie i)assion itself. 
 
 (4) The disturbanccis of function whith accompany fc;ir are fre<|nejit and 
 feeble action of the heart, pallor, dilitation of tlu- pu|)ils. (1 wish von particn- 
 iarly t-j remark that wiiereas in rage there is Ilushiug of the tkctiamlcontmctiou 
 of the pupils, as I have shown aliove. in feaj- there is jiailor of tlie face and dili- 
 tation of the pupils- -the nuLseular coats of the arteries iiud the nidiating hbres 
 of the iris both being supi)liefl l)y the sympathetic, and Ixith being .stimulHted to 
 contract under the intlueuce of terror, and lioth being ivlaxed in rage.) Jn feai- 
 there is also suppression of the .salivary and gastric secitaions— extreme drvness 
 of the month, and alisolut** abeyance of the apjKtite there is fieipiently increase, 
 sometimes very marked of the urinary and intestinal secivtions. 'JVendiliug is 
 one of the most charact(M'istic signs of fear. This is a movement of tlu.' volun 
 tary nuiscles, but it is not a volinit^ry movement, the will having no control 
 whatever over it. Trembling occurs in other emotional conditions besides fear, 
 as in joy and ra ,.• — the shaking of ague though not associated with any ono- 
 tional state is, 1 have no doubt, closely connected with emotional trenilding. 
 No author with whose works I am acipiainted gives any exphmation of this 
 l)henomenon. Were I to attempt one myself it would be that trembling is the 
 peculiar movement of the voluntary muscular tissue when thrown into action 
 not by its own proj)er nervous system, the cerebi-o-spinal, but by tlie sympathet- 
 ic ; aufl I world argue that this was the correct view of the case— lirst, liecaus'' 
 it is certain that trembling occurs when the sympiithetie is highly excited ; sec- 
 ondly, l)ecause the cerelao-.spinal system cannot as far as we know cause such a 
 movement, and cannot control it when caused ; and thu-dly, because of its pecu- 
 liar rythmical character which allies it to other movements originatiri"- in the 
 sympathetic, if I had time, which 1 have not at present, f could snpjiort these 
 a,rguments by showing, I think conclusively, that ague, of which a iKH-nliar 
 trendiling is one of the most |»roJui.ient symptoms, is certainly a functional (lis 
 order of the great sympathetic ; and it is upon this fact that its peculi.ar p(>ri(,Mli 
 city df>pends. With regard to the sweating ot gi-eat fear I have nt) ex|tlanatiou 
 to otter, I will simply I'emai'k that when by division of sympat]ieti(; trunks .i 
 part of the surface of vhe body is deprived of its e(aineeta)n withthe sympa- 
 tlietic centres that pari of the surface is batheti in sweat. I have<pioted veiy lew 
 
«■ Jl. BCCKf OX THE SVyiMTHtTlr. 
 
 
 
 ■ ""^ ... tl,„ ,l,,l,K.ti,.,„ V,-, , t 1 '"7,", "";' / 1"" "'T liWeCt 
 
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 H:'ti:i,:i;'."t' rr 'r„r! '-'-v ■> ■ 
 
 ., " , 8uclj^rneu are <l»nigerou8. 
 Would he were hitter* » I 
 
 * lie loves no play.,^ 
 
 V I J , '' ''«"•* III! innsie 
 
 ; ". ly Hs . b Huy two t.,.,Ms iu the Juncr, H. *';j^/'^t«'»< jolly j.,, together as 
 
 -•»n« with it. I>„t we tincfi ' S t rtl T ''"•^'^'"'•'' "^ -thev^'law t.t' I 
 P^'ssioii. Ik., it «ex„„l love, hat^ ^envv n • • '""''^ '«»^'-c«>utin,.ed ii.onli .ate 
 
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 tie Novma (hxauu.u ,lia „ot rwh,ce £o '« . ' ^^""' '*• The writin., of 
 
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 J'aps, of more ideas than the pre^n mu V .'"' ""^ '^ ^^'"« a ti.ne ,er 
 
 wos a well nourished ,..a, Tlie n or ^« l^Hleon.^elve.s in this res, ec 
 
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 P'VMt syn,).ath,.tie is a nerve of n,o L ^ <".''WHrd, are as follows : 1 Tl e 
 
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