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v^ 
 
 PART E. ANNUAL REPORT, 1886. 
 
 aEOLOGIOAL AND NATURAL HISTOEY SURVEY OF CANADA. 
 
 ALFRED R. C. SELWYX, LL.D, F.R.S., FM.H.. In'aEcioR 
 
 REPORT 
 
 ON THE I ^ 
 
 aEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS 
 
 OF 
 
 EASTERN ALBERT AND WESTMORELAND COl NTIES 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK 
 
 AM) UK I'OUTIONS OK 
 
 CUMBERLAND AND COLCHESTER COUNTIES. 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 K.MBKAtlNC. I'Ht; 
 
 i 81'RI.\(i HILL COAL BASIN AMi TllK CAIiHoMFKRc .1 S SVSTF.M 
 
 ; NORTH OK THL CoHKi^llI) MolNTALNS. 
 
 HY 
 
 R. W. ELLS, MA 
 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. 
 
 Itlonttieal j 
 
 r>AWSON UriOTHKRa. 
 
 1888. 
 
 
iM***f*5f.i**f 
 
t 4 
 
 GEOMGIOAL AND NATUBAL HISTORY SURVEY OF CANADA 
 
 _ALPRED R C. SELWYN, LL.D., F.R.S., P.G.S., Dibectob. 
 
 REPORT 
 
 <'-t 
 ON THE 
 
 GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS 
 
 OP 
 
 EASTERN ALBERT AND WESTMORELAND COUNTIES 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK 
 
 AND OF PORTIONS OP 
 
 CUMBERLAND AND COLCHESTER COUNTIES, * 
 
 NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 EMBRACING THE 
 
 SPRING HILL COAL BASIN AND THE CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM 
 NORTH OF THE COBEQUID MOUNTAINS 
 
 mr 
 
 R. W. ELLS, M.A, 
 1884. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF PARLIAMENT. 
 
 DA.-WSON BROTHERS. 
 1888. 
 
' 
 
 Al 
 
 pas 
 ■Cui 
 Inc 
 in f 
 
 P.I 
 
 •ben 
 1 
 
 the 
 
 tioE 
 T 
 
 the 
 
 this 
 
 N. f 
 prir 
 the 
 JVdt 
 186i 
 Mr. 
 ^co( 
 T 
 
 liOg 
 
 Acoa 
 
Alfred E. C. Selwtn, LL.D., F.R.S. 
 
 Director of the Oeulogical and Natural History Survey. 
 
 Sir,— I beg to submit herewith my report on the explorations of the 
 past season in south-eastern New Brunswick and in the counties of 
 ■Cumberland and Colchester in the adjoining province of Nova Scotia. 
 Included will be found the results of a large portion of the work done 
 in former years by Messrs. Scott Barlow, and the late W. McOuat. 
 
 My assistants during the past year were Messrs. N. J. Giroux, C.B., 
 P.L.S., and A. E. Barlow, B.A., and for a short time Mr. E. E. Cham- 
 bers, B. A., of Truro, N.S. 
 
 The quarter-sheet map accompanying this report is No. 4, N.W. of 
 the New Brunswick series and completes the map of the southern por- 
 tion of that province. 
 
 The dips and bearings are given with reference to the true meridian, 
 the variation being from 21° to 22° west. 
 
 Various papers on the geology of portions of the area included in 
 this report, since the first report on the Geology and Mineralogy of 
 N. S., 1836, by Dr. A. Gesner, have been contributed from time to time, 
 principally by Sir William Dawson. These papers are published in 
 the Transactions of the Geological Society of London and in the Canadian 
 Naturalist. Their subject matter also forms part of Acadian Geology, 
 1868, and the supplement 1878. Other papers by Dr. Honeyman, and 
 Mr. Gilpin of Halifax, have appeared in the Transactions of the Nova 
 Scotia Institute of Natural Science. 
 
 The detailed measurements of the Joggins section made by Sir Wm. 
 Logan will be found in the Eeport of Progress for 1845, and in the 
 Acadian Geobgy, pages 156 to 178. 
 
 I have the honor to be, 
 Sir. 
 Your very obedient servant, 
 
 R. W. ELLS. 
 
REPORT 
 
 ON TBB 
 
 GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS 
 
 OF 
 
 EASTERN ALBERT AND WESTMORELAND COUNTIES 
 IN NEW BRUNSWICK 
 
 AND OF PORTIONS OF 
 
 CUMBERLi^ND AND COLCHESTER COUNTIES 
 IN NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 KMBaAOINO THE SPRINQ HILL COAL BASIN AND THE OARBONIFEaODS 
 ST8TEH NORTH OF THE COBEQUID MOUNTAINS. 
 
 BY 
 
 R. W. ELLS, M.A. 
 
 The quarter-sheet necessary to complete the map of Eastern New- 
 Brunswick, embraces a considerable portion of the counties of Cumbei- 
 land and Colchester in the adjoining province of Nova Scotia. A large 
 amount of topographical and geological work had been done in former 
 years, more especially in Cumberland, by Messrs. Scott Barlow and 
 W. McOuat, but the untimely death of the latter and the transference work 
 •of the former from the field staflf to the pc Uion of chief draughtsman, SSn^j""*'' 
 prevented the completion of their 8ur\ ji ,, and it therefore became 
 necessary, before these could be prepared for publication, to make fur- 
 ther explorations in that direction. The present report and map 
 gives therefore, to a large extent, the results of the work done by 
 these gentlemen, in addition to the conclusions arrived at from the 
 obsei-vations made dm'ing the past season. 
 
 To render the map more accurate a number of chained lines were 
 run, principally by Messrs. Giroux and Barlow, in oi-der to connect the 
 ■work already done with the Intercolonial Railway system extending 
 from Moncton to Truro, and which has been used largely as a base line 
 in ita construction. 
 
 The area between the Cobequid Mountains and Minas Basin, although 
 not included in the accompanying quarter-sheet map, has been 
 
6b 
 
 N«W BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOT.A. 
 
 Surrey of 
 OaaapeouII 
 ■River. 
 
 examined a8 for east as Truro Th- 
 
 '^ect.ons and to establish our connecirK T"''''*'"^ ^'^ *"''»P'«te ou,^ 
 
 north s.de of the mountain ranTand th ''''" '''' «"'^«^« <>« Z 
 
 In New Brunswick a large amount o^ ''."'* "^ *^« ^'^J^ «f ^ "ndy 
 
 Weryea,.i„theareaindudr rthe: '"' "^'^ ^««" ^on T„ 
 
 '•e«ult« of a part of this worJchlve al, "''"'"P''"^'"g «»"?. As the 
 
 Of Progress for 18Y6-77 and IsJ^S 7 ^ "P^'^'^ '" the Report 
 
 season were confined princioallv fl .k ' ^^^^inatJons of the Lt 
 
 «'ver including the copp^e^Corof'ca^r^ "^^ ^'^'^^ ^^"^-S 
 
 Vh:re:Tarofre^^^^^ 
 
 v^inityoftheVingHUir: frtheT' '' ^'^^'^^^-^ ^" ^he 
 extension of the thick coal seam.of fh„. ^"'P^'' "^ determining the 
 
 a micromr ^ /r rXf^tf T '""-^^^^ -'^ ^o- Scotia 
 -to the Matapedia W iTel tT?T"" ^''''"' -^-'^ S 
 wUh the Restigouche. This ^^done fo' ?f '^« "''^ "^-^ it« forks 
 the western extension of the inland 1- f 'P"'" «^ determining 
 
 t "• ^ "■ "^ — -~.- :«- 1- ;:-? 
 
 Triassic, H. 
 Carboniferous. 
 
 Upper, G 4. 
 
 Middle, G. 3 and 2. 
 
 I^ower, G i. 
 
 J)evonian, F. 
 Silurian, E 
 
 Igneous rocks. 
 
 I 
 
 Triassic, H, 
 and have their gi-eatest development tn^T ^"^^.^'^"^'^ distance inland 
 
ILK.] 
 
 irpPER CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 7 1 
 
 T to complete oui* 
 the surveys on the 
 the Bay of Fundy. 
 also been done m 
 »ng map. As the 
 «-ed in the Report 
 itions of the past 
 ofthePetitcodiao 
 uinand Dorches- 
 
 plorations in the 
 determining the 
 north and west, 
 
 nd Nova Scotia, 
 'er, which flows 
 i above its forks 
 of determining 
 escribed in last 
 asp^ peninsula, 
 Jf that locality 
 irst referred to. 
 
 n the present 
 
 the Salmon River for about six miles and extend northward to the 
 second bridge over the North River, about foiu* miles in a direct line 
 from Truro. Thence they occupy the country westward along the line 
 of the Intercolonial railway und for u short distance north, to the vicinity 
 of the Folly River via<iuct., where the contact with the underlying 
 Carboniferous formation is seen about 500 yards above the railroad. 
 From this point the area becomes narrower, the northern boundai'y ii;ra- 
 dually approaching the shore of the Uasin of Minas, which it reaches at 
 Five Islands. The continuity along the coast is broken in the vicinity 
 of Economy by areas of Lower Carboniferous sediments. Below this, 
 towaixls Cape Chignecto, the Triassic formation occurs only in irregular 
 patches upon the older rocks. The sediments are generally soft and 
 consist of reddish sandstones, shales and tine conglomerates, the Triiwsio rook 
 latter being found generally near the base. Traces of plant stems were 
 noticed on the shore at Gerrish Mountain. These were too imperfect 
 for determination, but from the chaiactei- of the rock and the presence 
 of fossils, it is possible that areas of Permo-Carboniferous may occur at 
 this point. The strata are penetrated by trap dykes, often of large 
 size, which, passing upward through the formation, have spread out in 
 sheets and overflows, often of great extent. This is well seen on the 
 shore at Indian Point above Five Island Village, where it constitutes the 
 high ridge of the mountain just mentionetl. as well as on the south side 
 of the Bay of Fundy, where it forms the long range of the North Moun- 
 tains. The contact of the two is also well seen at Cape Blomidon, where 
 the trap rests directly upon the sedimentary beds. At such plncos the 
 igneous rocks do not appear to have exerted any considerable influence 
 upon the strata in contact, the metamorphism extending in no case, 
 where observed, beyond a few feet. 
 
 be shores or 
 ance inland 
 U'o and for 
 he valley or 
 
 Upper Carboniferous, G. 4. 
 
 In the southeastern part of New Brunswick, the Carboniferous system 
 is represented by the three formations, the Upper, Middle and Lower, 
 the Middle, however, in so far as known, being confined to the Mill- 
 stone-grit portion. These three are well exposed on the shore of th , Awm of 
 Maringouin Peninsula, which extends southwesterly from Sackvillo ;?^"s i" °"' 
 between the waters of Chignecto and Shepody Bays. The strata of Brtm^wi^*." 
 the Upper Carboniferous, as developed in this locality, consist generally 
 of soft reddish or purple brown sandstone, grits and shales, which rest 
 unconformably upon the Millstone-grit, or Lower Carboniferous at vari- 
 ous points. They occupj' the central portion of the Maringouin Penin- 
 sula, from the vicinity of Green's Creek to the creek north of Wood 
 Point on the east side, and from Hard Ledge to the lower end of the red 
 
Thioknegg in 
 
 Maringouin 
 
 Peninsula. 
 
 M:W BBUNSWrOK AND NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 y ^^ZVleT:^:^:^^^^^^^^ ^est of SackviUe, 
 
 passes towa.-d8 Dorchester bonS I ^^^ Intercolonial Railway 
 ridge Of Westcock. whth ;ena "t'f tv '' ''"*' ""^ *^« MillstonS 
 The northern limi^ is rfinTbV ^ mV?* '""^ ''^* •>"«* ^«««"b^ 
 from Dorchester through Pat^t^ T 'f^ "'«« ^^^^^ e^^nds 
 
 Ea«t of Sackville this a^a t dt-JVT '^ ^P?^'' S«^^^'"«. 
 -tends no.th.easterly fi^ h^ hel^^ff^L^ .^r."'^«' -^-'^ 
 ail, witl, a breadth of about one milTt^i ^""^.^'^^"^ ^asin to Hall's 
 sweeping round the northe -n T ? ^ "''^ ^"^ » ^alf. Thence 
 
 extends across the bouTd ;\;rthr^thV'^^- '"''''' ''' ^«-««- 
 Scotia, where its distribution w II Z "^'^''^"""g P^vince of Nova 
 About the shores of Bav v ? ! Presently described. * 
 
 -ks have a considerlbt^dXlr t^^^™«"«-P-i-'a these 
 of the country to the north-eos ofTacLl^ ^^'^^^ '^' ^''^'^^ P«^t 
 Biver whence they spread Tt in ath r'^'"'*"^*'^«^^<'"«h4n 
 They here rest upon fhe Mills on ''L'' "" """^^ Tormentx^ie. 
 «ated by a low ridge of grey sandstof l!' Tu P'"''""'' ^^ ^^^^^ is indi- 
 Srit at intervals along the Hne of ?h« P ■ '^ °""'™"^ '^'^'^k^ of grey 
 nnderlying formation are well el! /'"'^"°* ''^- ^"^S^^ of^fa 
 
 On the western side Tt^e Ma^n • "'"' ^"^'^'^ ^^''"^'^ 
 estimated thickness of 1250 f^rS" ^'T""'' *^««« ^ocks have an 
 beach is about fifty paces east of Hard t Z TK'^'^ ^"^^^P «« ^^e 
 '«h-red or puiple sandstones rest fnconf ^7^"'"^' ^^"'^ '''''' b«>wn- 
 Millstone'-grit sandstone and s'!I e aho? H ""^'^ "P''^ P^'-P^^ ««d grey 
 and tree stems, the bark of bt'lattert"^ ^.''' "'"'''"^ «^ P'^^^s 
 ^oal. At this place they form a i!n "^ ^^'^-l^ently changed to 
 
 210 paces and contain a band of black rr'"^"'"'' "'*^ * ^-^^^h of 
 
 A space of 225 paces fh«n . limestone six inches thick 
 
 Of Millstone-grit a^e L^ T:;^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ -^ P-ple btds, 
 to the axis of an anticlini ? a '^"?t ^ ^'P »** *" angle of 35° to 40° 
 changest.N.25°E<1fLTrtirtr'':f- ^^« ^^^P then sudden^' 
 PalUpporCarbo„ife..„b;7n i,^,tl^^^ 
 
 «P to the „,o„.h of Johnstons Seek co-ir' T""'"' ''''''' '^^-^ 
 brown.sh-red, and sometimes gr^v sanLn ^^/^' '^' '»««tpartof 
 coarser beds being a conglomef^Cmlr '''''^' ^^™« '' «>e 
 
 of white quartz. Throughout th? . Presence of small pebbles 
 
 The western edge Of :?harwX^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Creek, the strata gradually cu^ roundT "' v "^ ^' ^^^''^''^ ^^e 
 E. < 5° and at the mouth to sT<5o 1^:^ f "^^ < ''' *^ «. SO' 
 a m.le north, the shores are low and I«H ' "'' * ^"'•^^«^- «Paee of 
 
 character of the soil and dr mthe 'h T "'"^ "'^*««««' ^ut from the 
 this age. ^"" *•*« underlying rocks are probably of • 
 
VestofSackville, 
 •colonial Kailway 
 he Millstone-giit 
 't just described. 
 %e that extends 
 I'Sackville. 
 ac ridge, which 
 Basin to Hall's 
 a half. Thence, 
 I the formation 
 )vince of Jfova 
 1 
 
 peninsula these 
 le greater part 
 leAboushagan 
 e Tormentine. 
 which is indi- 
 blocks of grey 
 [sedges of this 
 ■ner. 
 
 rocks have an 
 atcrop on the 
 «soft, brown- 
 'ple and grey 
 ns of plants 
 changed to 
 * breadth of 
 hes thick, 
 purple beds, 
 f 35° to 40°, 
 in suddenly 
 ftheprinci- 
 ucks extend 
 lost part of 
 ome of the 
 lall pebbles 
 m 10° to 5°. 
 pi'oach the 
 >" to S. 80° 
 31" space of 
 tfrom the 
 robably of • 
 
 CllS.] 
 
 UPPER CABB0NIFER0U8. 
 
 9 E 
 
 At this distance low cliffs of red marly shales of the Lower Carboni- Bistnbution 
 ferous occur on the shore and are exposed for thirty-five chains. Above *'^"' ^*°''^'""' 
 this for a further distance of ninety chains no ledges are visible, but from 
 the debris on the road and the general aspect of the country it is proba- 
 ble that Upper Carboniferous beds again come in and extend across 
 the peninsula to Wood Point, on the eastern shore, where they are ter- 
 minated to the north by the unconformable grey beds of the Westcock 
 ridge. The line of contact is here also probably marked by a fault. 
 
 The soil over aconsiderableportionof this area consists of white sand, 
 and the surface is largely a wet barren. Numerous pieces of sandstone 
 or quartz-grit, of a pinkish-grey colour, are seen, which are probably 
 derived from the upper beds of the formation as here developed. 
 
 In the vicinity of Sackville, Upper Carboniferous strata are well 
 exposed at several points. They are well seen in the quarry five-eighths 
 of a mile in rear of that town, on the road leadiner to Dorchester. The 
 rocks here are principally soft, brownish-red isj tone, containing, in 
 some bands, much white mica. Interstratified beds of conglomerate 
 occur, the pebbles being often of reddish shale, though some layers have 
 pebbles of white quartz. Plant stems of large size are seen and in places 
 much false bedding. The strata at'the quany dip generally S. 3"° E. 
 < 15°-20°. They resemble very strongly the sandstones and associated 
 beds of Capes Bald and Tormentine and of Prince Edwai-d Island. 
 
 Further west the Dorchester road passes over several ridges of mod- 
 erate elevation, the rock being the usual soft micaceous sandstones and 
 shales, underlaid by harder greyish-white sandstones, which have some- 
 times apinki^h tinge and are quartzose. These form a white sandy and 
 gritty soil like that of the area on the Maringouin peninsula. They 
 dip southerly S. 30° E. < 25°-30°, and at a distance of three miles and a 
 half from Sackville, rest upon the yellowish-grey sandstones and coarse 
 beds of tne Millstone-gi-it which form the extension of the ridge north- 
 east from Dorchester. On the road leading from Four Corners to 
 Memramcook, and about two miles from the former place, the contact 
 of the two formations is again seen, whence it extends through the west- 
 ern part of Cookville Settlement and gradually sweeps round to the 
 northward, reaching the Gulf shore near Cape Bald. In the flat country 
 or marsh lying between the town of Sackville and the Aulac ridge, no 
 outcrops are visible, but near its upper end at Midgic, and about twenty 
 rods east of the road at the post-office, there are ledges of impure 
 limestone or a calcareous conglomerate of a brownish-red colour, appar- 
 ently underlying greyish sandstones tinged with red. These are well 
 exposed in a small quarry at this place. Half a mile east, at a saw- 
 mill on a small brook, soft reddish and grey shales and sandstones dip 
 S. 65° E. < 2°-5°, with much false bedding. The same kind of rock is 
 
10 
 
 I in 
 
 All 
 
 
 half :""'.'''"""» ~* tS ."' ■"■■f~^ ' *•*«' "0 «».i 
 
 piobablj-verj thin at 7h ^"*'-« J^aJce. The tC ''^° °° *h«i-oad 
 ^^«"g the shore betl' ^'''*'- ^^''" ^«'-'>«nfferous ^^ 
 
 «J»««tones Jiice those 'Tp^^-'«*<>^ «* ^-^ttle Shemo 
 «^ ^-^P'-e^ontativerof ,, ?r ^«'^ «"d w"'^"^' ^^^^ ^^Wnish-red 
 
 • -^-^^ -«tv.a,.d t the :.S'«': - ^---Soir "' ''' »"^-"' 
 
 Ti»ree miJes east of Port p/ '^"'^^'^^ned by the ot ' "^^"^'^ of the 
 '^.quarry discloses thTlf ^'"' "° ^^e Emigrant TT"'''' ""' *^« ^o'l 
 mg S. 30O T^. 3?« P^«;nce of soft reddish b?' "" '^'^'^S for 
 d^tance of seven mil'es fT"""'''^ "^ *'^'-«. ^C th« ". '''*"'^«tone dip 
 
 ;%e of Mi„«tone- Jt R ^ "^'^^'^ ^'^^ p.-osenfe '' ""''^ ^'^^^^ of 
 fat of the Upper cZl^t ^^^«"*^ thi« point th! .''^ ^'^ "nderlyin J 
 
 ^«'^ Corner, t^ edd it^T"^' ""^ "««'• M ' B J' '.f^'*'" --'"'^^ 
 «a«d8tone and con^I.l ^'^^ ''"«* "Pon the Lh f"'^' ^"use.at Bar 
 ^^^tonesdipetttfe-^ -^'es^'l^tS^^? ^'""^^--^t 
 
 °>«"fne anticrina,. "^ ^ ^ "'^ ' "^^^'^ing the aoutl*^'': f^'* ^«''^^«d 
 
 owtHernsideoftheTor- 
 
:«' B'-ook, soft, darJc- 
 ■iW contain pjant 
 tWoint to Bristol, 
 
 '^'scloses the same 
 
 ^ff" south-east about 
 "''««"d a quarter 
 ^ on the bank of a 
 '°h flows into the 
 
 «PO''tedtohavea 
 '^«^er, the whole 
 "* nine inchea, of 
 ' associated rocks 
 'yg'-eyelay. It 
 ««on, and is the 
 "d to the east of 
 
 Ifenontheroad 
 carboniferous is 
 
 't bi-ownish-red 
 
 ''. the undoubt- 
 
 ^'""ch thence 
 
 ••thumberJand 
 extremity, ,-» 
 
 «nt Pleasant, 
 eeea. Over 
 'atureofthe 
 of the soil, 
 >pening foj." 
 istone, dip- 
 a further 
 ^ b'ocks of 
 •nderlyiijg 
 
 i-esembles 
 'e, at Bay. 
 
 stone-grit 
 dark red 
 " the Tor- 
 
 tlLS.] 
 
 UPPER CARBONIPEEOUS. 
 
 11 E 
 
 The i-oad alon^ the north side of Bay Verte shews the soft red strata 
 of the Upper Carboniferous on the shore, at intervals, to within about 
 five miles of Port Elgin. The soil then becomes greyer, and blocks of 
 grey sandstones, probably of Millstone-grit age, extend thence to the 
 head of ihe Bay. In the vicinity of Port Elgin also, and for two miles 
 and a half on the road to Bristol, the soil and loose pieces are grey, 
 beyond which reddish tints prevail and extend thence to the Strait 
 shoi'e. 
 
 On the roads extending north from the Emigrant road to Mount 
 Pleasant and Murray's Corner, a nan-ow belt of greyish soil, covered 
 with greyish blocks, occurs with a breadth of about half a mile. This 
 probably marks the direction of the Tormentine anticlinal, but the 
 lack of exposures renders accurate delineations impossible. 
 
 Between Port Elgin and Tidnish Eiver the country is occupied by 
 the soft reddish rocks of Upper Carboniferous age, easily recognized by 
 the scattered blocks and the character of the soil. This is the northern 
 portion of the great area which extends continuously from beyond 
 Sackville. 
 
 Passing the Aulac ridge, which is a prominent feature in the other- 
 wise flat country between Sackville and Amherst, we reach the basin 
 of the Missequash and Laplanche Elvers, the former of which marks 
 the boundary between the two provinces. These are probably occu- 
 pied by Upper Carboniferous rocks. They appear at Amherst in the Amherst and 
 vicinity of Christie's factory on the Intercolonial Eailway, the strata ""'""y- 
 being soft brownish-red sandstone, with pieces of red shale, identi- 
 cal in character with those of Sackville, and dipping N. 10° E. < 8°. 
 This indicates the southern side of the Amherst synclinal. Further 
 east on the road to Leicester, soft brown micaceous sandstones and 
 shales are seen on the Nappan Eiver above Curran's mill. They can 
 thence be traced along the road by the soil and debris for a further 
 distance of one mile and five-eighths, where they rest unconformably 
 upon limestone^ and shales of Lower Carboniferous age, the Middle 
 Carboniferous being, in so far as can be ascertained, absent in this 
 direction. 
 
 North-east from Amherst, on the Tyndal road, which extends to the Area north-ea» 
 Strait shore at Tidnish, similar soft strata are exposed near the point °^ '^™'"""'** 
 where the post-road to Pugwash turns off easterly, and dip northerly 
 at a low angle. Brownish-red sandstones are also seen at a brook 
 about one mile further north, but the dip could not be determined. 
 Between this and the shore of Bay Verte the country is but little above 
 the level of the sea, the soil is reddish and sandy, with fiequent 
 barrens and without exposures. The shore of Northumberland Strait, 
 from Tidnish Eiver to Pugwash Harbor, and the country for some dis- 
 
12 E 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Pugwaah to 
 Wallace River, 
 
 Wallace River. 
 
 u 
 
 tance inland, is occupied generally by soft brownish micaceous sand- 
 stones and shales which belong to the Upper Carboniferous formation. 
 They dip northerly where examined, at low angles, but exposures 
 inland are exceedingly rare, the softness of the strata causing them to 
 disintegrate very readily. The southera boundary of this area, from 
 the contact with the Lower Cai-boniferous noted on the road south-east 
 of Amheret, extends in a general easterly direction, crossing the 
 Leicester road about six miles from the forks with the old Economy 
 road, whence it keeps a short distance to the south of that road and 
 CYom> the Pugwash Kiver about half a mile above the village of Pug- 
 wash, svhere contacts with the underlying limestones and associated 
 strata of Lower Carboniferous age are seen. 
 
 On the west side of Pugwash Harboi-, accoi-ding to the late Mi. 
 McOuat, ledges of rather coarse dark grey or brownish-grey sandstone, 
 with scattered grains of reddish felspar, occur. Other associated beds 
 of greenish-grey calcareous grit dip N. 20° W. < 38°, but change a 
 little further west to < 25°. Thin limestones and limestone conglo- 
 merates occur about one mil* from the end of the ferry opposite Pug- 
 wash, along with massive brownish-grey freestone. The most westerly 
 exposures on this part of the shore are reddish shales with grey coarse 
 sandstone, containing gi-ains of reddish felspar and small pebbles of 
 vitreous quartz, dipping N. 20° W. < E. 26°. 
 
 Between Pugwash and Wallace Harbor, dull brownish-red sandstones, 
 with brick-red shales, the whole, with a few exceptions, micaceous and 
 laminated, occur. About two miles east of the former place these dip 
 N. 5° W. < 28°, changing three miles further east to N. < 26°. A 
 small seam of coal is reported from this latter point, but is unimport- 
 ant. These rocks occupy the coast to the extremity of the point, and 
 apparently the area north of the Wallace Harbor. 
 
 On the Wallace River, on which a section was made from the foot of 
 the Cobequid Mountains to near its mouth, the rocks of this formation 
 are well exposed. Lower Carboniferous conglomerates and sandstones 
 are seen in the river and on either side at intervals for two miles and 
 three quarters below the road to Wentworth station. Resting upon these 
 are soft brownish-red sandstones and shales, dip N. 5° W. < 10°, which 
 are identical in character and aspect with the beds of the north shore. 
 These are exposed for nearly five miles, the beds gradually declinmg 
 in dip to the centre of the synclinal, about two miles below their firat 
 exposure The thickness of the measures here seen, assuming an 
 average inclination of "J", would be about 1,200 feet. Below this point 
 the strata dip southerly at low angle. -.11 they rest unconformably 
 upon hard sandstones, shales and conglomerates of Lower Carbonifer- 
 ous age, which dip S. 40° E. < 4(.°. These lower beds have a breadth 
 
ElU.] 
 
 UPPER CARBONIFEBOUS. 
 
 13 E 
 
 iceous Band- 
 B formation. 
 t exposures 
 (ing them to 
 3 area, from 
 id south-east 
 srossing the 
 Id Economy 
 hat road and 
 lage of Pug- 
 id associated 
 
 the late Mi. 
 ty sandstone, 
 lociated beds 
 ut change a 
 (tone conglo- 
 )pposite Pug- 
 ttost westerly 
 bi grey coarse 
 ,11 pebbles of 
 
 sd sandstones, 
 licaceous and 
 lace these dip 
 !f. < 26°. A 
 is unimport- 
 ,he point, and 
 
 om the foot of 
 his formation 
 ,nd sandstones 
 two miles and 
 ing upon these 
 < 10°, which 
 le north shore, 
 lally declining 
 ilow their first 
 , assuming an 
 jlow this point 
 unconforraably 
 ver Carbonifei"- 
 have a breadth 
 
 of about three miles, extending for thirty-five chains below Kerr's mill, 
 where the soft brownish beds of the formation under discussion again 
 come in, dip N. 45° W. < 25°, the dip of the Lower Carboniferous at 
 the contact being N. 20° W. < 70°. Thence the dip of the upper beds 
 rapidly declines to 10°, and they apparently extend to the shore of 
 Northumberland Strait. In this section also, no trace of the Middle 
 Carboniferous is visible, the Upper resting in every case directly upon 
 the Lower. 
 
 West of the Wallace River, exposures are very rare. The character 
 of the soil, however, indicates that the basin just described extends in 
 this direction between the Intercolonial Railway and the Victoria Set- 
 tlement beyond the road from Thompson station to Pugwash. 
 
 The Port Philip and Pugwash Rivei-s do not attbrd good sections, 
 intei-vals of marsh being frequent ; but further east, on the French 
 River, the measui-es just described are well exposed. The character of 
 the country between the latter stream and the Wallace River indicates 
 that the Upper Carboniferous basin is continuous in this direction. A 
 paced section was made of the French River, from the New i^nnan 
 road to the vicinity of Tatamagouche Harbor. 
 
 The rocks at the bridge on the New Annan road are green schists French River, 
 and slates, which extend below the road for 200 yards. Red brownish 
 hard sandstone and red conglomerates of Lower Carboniferous aspect 
 then occur and form a naiTow band for 100 yards, and are succeeded 
 by grey freestone and grit, with abundance of plant stems, which dip 
 N. < 25°. These strongly resemble beds of Millstone-grit age, but may 
 mark the lower beds of the Upper Carboniferous, as they conform 
 closely in dip to the overlying strata of soft bi-own-red sandstones and 
 shales of the latter formation, and which come in a short distance 
 below. The dip of these latter is N. 5° W. < 25°. Intersti-atified beds 
 of fine conglomerate occur with the sandstones, but their bulk is small. 
 The brownish-red sandstones, grits and shales, with occasional grey 
 beds, thence extend down to the shore of Tatamagouche Harbor. The 
 dips are all low, ranging from 20° in the upper part to 5° in the lower, 
 or to perfect horizontality. Copper deposits occui- at several points in 
 the form of nodules of grey copper ore or copper glance, associated 
 with plant beds, and have been opened at two places, the upper of 
 which is three quartere of a mile below the New Annan road ; the 
 lower, one-fourth of a mile below the road at Porteous' mill. The 
 deposit, howevei', is probably too limited and uncertain to possess much 
 economic value, and operations have been suspended for some years. 
 The exposed breadth of these rocks on this stream is about five miles xhiokneae of 
 and a half, the dip is generally north, the strike being at right angles *'''""»''<"'• 
 to the course of the stream. Assuming the average dip of the measures 
 as 7°, the thickness of the formation here would be about 3,000 feet. 
 
14 E 
 
 NKW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Cnmberland 
 ooanty. 
 
 I' ■ ' 
 
 »^:err.;r'rr^^^^^^ - ...» t... 
 
 this stream, rocks, with deposits of copl?^' '^' ^'"""^^ «'>er. On 
 French River, are observed Prom thT ' '""'''*'' ^ '^^"'^ «een on 
 >t xs evident they extend into Pictou cour''^ ""'''" ^^"^^ ^-bo" 
 
 A second area of UnnAi. Pa,.K t "°^3 • 
 occupies the country CeS thTtl" iT ^" ^"-^-'-^ county 
 Mmmg Company's property. The foS ''' ""'^ *^« Spring HiU 
 along the the eastern shore of cLgnerL^H T"' '" ^''^ «''^ 
 foi-mer reports, 1845, by Sir Wm ZTl\l\^ ^'"^ ^'''^-'^'^ ^ 
 section was made. This was suls^qSv rtvi .? *^' ^'''' '"^^^"red 
 who re-examined the section in 18?"Tn ^ '^'^ ''^ ^ir Wm. Dawson 
 and who has since devoted michtfmetn 7^'"^ ^'''^ «"* ^^^^- ^Z' 
 
 Dimion I. From Shoulie to vicinlt, „f p„ ^ „ '«"■ 
 
 3. V.c.nit,ofB.gg^K^f^^-— ^™^. « 
 The lat.^r division is f^ut^A * ' 
 
 OoaH..mati.,andTp:rp;^^^^^^^^ 
 
 of the American authors, as it was ZIT ! ^^P"^ ^°«' foi-mation 
 The rocks of Div. 1, or the up„ernn . ''^*''^"^ ''^ ^ir Wm. W^ 
 grey sandstones, passi'ng in ol^aceS T ^'^f ■''«<^^«' -hiteTd 
 pebbles and with interstrat^.^ed bds of IVT'T^'-^^^^'^h quartz 
 the sandstones predominating. Fossils aie'? '"'* "'^"^"'^^^ ^'''"^b. 
 
 ^^rtrrkirfn ^^" '^""^^"^^ ^" 
 
 Bional reddish beds and red and gTeVshal!! ^?J ''''"^'^^^^, with occa- 
 in nearly equal proportions. Under clavr'nl '^"^^t^'^^^ and shales 
 division 1, fossils are not numerous ^ "' "' '^" ^«^«J«- As in 
 
 and/JiTL^^raJS^^^^^^^ 
 
 of beds of coal, all of small ^ cVnet and t"^' n* ""''*^°^ «* ^-t-^' 
 
 No 8ea„« of economic value have yet been f ""^"^ "^ ^^^''^^ ^^^'ity. 
 The rocks of this formation form a bLTn T''''^- 
 
 sourhern border extends eastwadpiv, "'"l''''^^« «'^«' ^^^^se 
 Sr 'I ^^« ^^'^^ *« within Zelt^'rf'^'^,'''}''-''yofS.nd 
 Thence It sweeps suddenly to the nortW aL ^^""^ ^"' »'"««• 
 intercolonial railway a short -^Z:^^^^^-^ 
 
cut.] 
 
 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 load from Tata- 
 atain, the soil and 
 bed, showing the 
 iugh fiiver. On 
 ' to those seen on 
 William Dawson 
 
 nbei-land county 
 the Spjing Hill 
 sed in the cliffs 
 en described in 
 s first measured 
 rWm. Dawson, 
 5ir Chas. Lyell, 
 working out of 
 meats and re- 
 7. 
 
 ■ as follows : 
 
 PEBF. 
 
 ^.. 1,617 
 •... 650 
 5k. 2,134 
 
 'f the Middle 
 3al formation 
 Wm. Logan, 
 ed white and 
 9 with quartz 
 olate shales, 
 tnei-ous, and 
 
 ', with occa- 
 ' and shales 
 f'els. As in 
 
 ich is grey 
 8 a number 
 •se quality, 
 
 lize, whose 
 ty of Sand 
 fill mines, 
 line of the 
 junctioD. 
 
 15 E 
 
 It then cui-ves again to the eastward and extends up the valley of the 
 Little Forks Eiver to a point about half a mile east of the old Economy 
 road leading to Amherst. 
 
 This basin is apparently underlaid on the north by rocks of the pro- 
 ductive coal measures, and on the south by those of Millstone-grit age. 
 From McCairn's Brook on the Jogglns shore the northern boundary Extension of 
 extends eastward in a nearly direct line, cressing the Intercolonial ""^ •'«'«'"» 
 Railway about one mile south of theMaccan station, whence it extends"™" 
 north-easterly up the north side of Little Forks Eiver to the point 
 already indicated. The southern boundary on the coast is not yet 
 definitely fixed, but is probably, as stated, not far fiom the mouth of 
 Sand River. Between this and Spring Hill it is difficult to trace, owing 
 to the great covering of drift, but at* nearly as can be ascertained it 
 crosses the Maccan Eiver not far from Harrison's inn, or about two miles 
 and a half north of Southampton Corner. The breadth of the basin at 
 this place is about five miles. 
 
 Owing to the soft nature of much of the rocks of this formation, ledges 
 are rarely met with. The surface is generally a reddish-brown, sandy 
 loam, except where the grey sandstones of the Eagged Eeef band occur, 
 the decomposition of which produces a grey, quartzose, sandy soil, differ- 
 ing in character somewhat from that derived from the Millstone-grit, 
 the beds on the whole being h.i-der and more siliceous. 
 
 What are apparently the lower members are seen in the cuttings on 
 the railway near the crossing of the Little Forks Eiver, and on several 
 of the roads in that vicinity. They consist of soft brownish-grey sand- 
 stones and shales, with layers of fine-grained flaggy grey sandstone, and 
 resemble closely the rocks of the northern area already described. 
 Similar strata with a greater thickness of grey beds occur along the 
 Little Forks Eiver. The relations of the productive and upper forma- 
 tions 10 the Millstone-grit suggest the presence of a fault along the upper 
 part of this stream, the extent of which cannot be satisfactorily deter- 
 mined. 
 
 On the Maccan Eiver and westward along the Eiver H^bei-t, grey Centre of bwin. 
 sandstones of the Eagged Eeef band are well exposed, indicating the 
 upper part of the foimation, and occupy the centre of the synclinal. 
 
 The inclination of the strata is generally low or from horizontality 
 to ten degrees. The centre of the basin is probably in the vicinity 
 of Eeed's Brook, one mile and a half south of the junction of the Little 
 Forks with the Miaccan Eiver. 
 
 Along the southern side of the basin, the Upper Carboniferous rests Contact with 
 upon the Millstone-grit at all observed points, no trace of the produc- ^'""'"''o-*"*- 
 tive measures being visible. This may be due to simple overlapping 
 or to the presence of faults, probably to some extent the latter, since 
 
16 E 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 I ill 
 
 :■ I:! 
 
 ( M' 
 
 I! I 
 
 111 11 
 
 Character of 
 beds in New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 will, however, be <le.oZaZZ7Tn " *'"' '°^'*''^^- ^hese 
 
 MII>I>.K ^-BONI.KHO.S-P..„,,,,^,,^„^^,^^.^^^^^^^^ 
 
 of the Middle Carboniferous il he 1 "n I' '^l'"* ""^ distribution 
 in the map, and then take up in deS k« ^^ B'""«wici. embraced 
 be ascertained at present, o/tl^o Smn^ Hi 'h •"''' ^" ^^ '"• ^ ^* '-- 
 In New Brunswick, the result of tt " ""'^ "^^'"^"^"^ *'•«««• 
 
 years has been to confirm the statol . '''r '"""«" ^^ the last few 
 the Middle Carboniferourwl;!^^^^^ '"•"«'• ^P-^^' thaT 
 
 and that if the productive mea „ts 1 .""V" "'" '"^^'- "'^'"ber, 
 bution ^as exceedingly. HmUeT T .," s'uU i K^"""*' ^'^^^^ ^^«^-- 
 
 ^•o. those o?^^^;;^^::^::-^^: ^'th^jt 'z ^^--' ««^- 
 
 gi-eater resemblance to those of tl e Unn«!^ P "^'. ""^ *^^^ P''^^^"* 
 out the measures, the grey tfrits w L^^ f '''^"'^''■°"«- ^hrough- 
 contain beds of chocofatfor p ' Te ''il "V^'' ^^'"^ «°d fine-grain!d. 
 their lower portions, beds "f^ ey Lh 2 , "'' '"' «-dstone%„d in' 
 of white quartz pebbles, and of conHil. 1^^'"' ^"'"^^'^ ^«^« "P 
 beds differ from those of the UppeTct J^^^ '''' P^^le 
 
 hen. greater hardness and coherence and ntK'""' just described in 
 large scales of yellow and whUe ml. . ^'""■"' '*'^^"'^^« ^^ the 
 
 ^Tte"' ^ne'rl^d" *'"' '^'•'^"' «h"^"« " '" *"' '^P" '"- 
 
 Bruns'^ckhal a^X^teVgiterLThe niw'^"'?' '"' ^'•^'^^•" ^«- 
 In general their inclination is sli^.^ the published reports and map. 
 Bay the dip of the beds iJ es ^ hi' ."'?^' '^' ^<'««* «f Shepody 
 considerable disturbance and probablo'I u ' 'f'""''"^ * P^"«^ ^^ 
 Westmoreland, their distribution fs «".!!?• , '" '''''''' ^''^''' «°d 
 well the extensive denudation wlU.^''^ "■'■'«"'"'' «^hibiting 
 SH-^™? Along the southern coas of All ^^ ^""^^ ^""" «^P««ed. 
 
 fo-aSiSia narrow belt fi-om CarEltfto h°""'^ J^^ '^'™^««° «-tends in 
 with an average breadth^•n land^of half^'"^!' "^he Shepody River, 
 dipisS.70°E.<60°,whichco„..««- r"'*'' ^t New Horton the 
 
 mity of Cape Enrag^, thfarg^^'o; liir"^ "'*''^*^'"«^ *« *»>« -tr' 
 with a local anticlinal, the strata fo.^ i"<»-ea8.ng midway to 80°-90° 
 westerly < 85°. The^-ocks of the " t ' '''''""^ ^'PP'"^ "0«h- 
 grey sandstone, grit and fine oonglomrate':!!"' *''^. ''''"'''' -« 
 
 giomeiate, with occasional beds of 
 
 Coast from 
 
ring Hill area and 
 It locality. Theso 
 
 Millstone-Grit. 
 
 oceding or Upper 
 t and distribution 
 nswick embraced 
 n so far as it can 
 I adjoining areas. 
 1 of the last few 
 ner reports, that 
 3 lower member, 
 ent, their distri- 
 se in the portion 
 
 ii- general aspect 
 Jy they present 
 i-ous. Through- 
 ind fine-grained, 
 indstone, and in 
 "•gely made up 
 IS. The purple 
 8t described in 
 I absence of thp 
 the upper for- 
 
 id eastern New 
 )ort8 and map. 
 8t of Shepody 
 g a period of 
 rn Albert and 
 lar, exhibiting 
 xposed. 
 on extends in 
 lepody Eiver, 
 v^ Horton the 
 to the extre- 
 y to 80°-90° 
 pping norih- 
 distance are 
 >nal beds of 
 
 ElU.] 
 
 MIDDLE CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 17 E 
 
 greyish shale. The sandy beds are often beautifully ripple-marked and 
 plant stems and large trunks of trees are common. In places irregu- 
 lar streaks of coal are seen from half an inch to two inches or more in 
 thickness, and have been considered, by some persons, of economic 
 value. In all cases examined the coal is simply the carbonized bark 
 of probably drifted tree trunks. Below Two Islands Cove, thin beds of 
 purple shale and sandstone occur with the grey. 
 
 Near the mouth of the Shepody Eiver, the rocks of this formation 
 have a greater superficial development, sweeping inland as far as 
 Harvey Corner. In this area, traces of coal, the carbonized remains of 
 tree stems, ai-e found, and have led to the expenditure of small sums in 
 the vain hope of finding a workable seam. Leaving the mainland, theMurfngouin 
 foi-mation includes Mary's Point and Grindstone Island, at both of which 
 places there are extensive quarries. Crossing the waters of Shepody 
 Bay to (Jape Maringouin, its continuation rests upon Lower Carbonife- 
 rous red marls, a short distance above Flagging Eeef Cove, or about 
 half a mile north from the southwest extremity of the cape, the beds 
 at the contact dip S. 10° W. < 40°, the underlying red marls dipping 
 S. 15° E. < 50°. The lower beds of the Millstone-grit here consist of 
 purple sandstone and shales with layers of grey grit, admirably 
 adapted for grindstones, which have been and still are quite exten- 
 sively quarried. 
 
 The formation strikes across the end of the Maringouin Peninsula 
 and appears on the eastern coast on the north side of the North Jog- 
 gins Cove, which is the indentation to the south of Peck's Point. 
 Thence, crossing the Cumberland Bay, it reaches the coast of Nova 
 Scotia at Boss Cove, where the contact with the Lower Carboniferous 
 is again seen. A second area, north of Cape Enrag^, separated from Second area 
 that just described by a belt of Lower Carboniferous rocks, occupies Albert' cof" 
 the eastern shore of Salisbury Bay, where it has a surface breadth, of 
 three miles and a half, partially concealed, however, along the coast by 
 overlapping Triassic sandstone. It extends north-easterly for six 
 miles to the eastern extremity of the New Horton Lakes, and is pro- 
 bably a thin in-egular capping on the underlying Lower Carboniferous. 
 But a third and more extended area occurs fui-ther north, flanking the „. . . 
 south side of the Caledonia Mountain range, and stretching from the 
 vicinity of Herring Cove below the Upper Salmon Eiver, with few 
 interruptions, due probably to unequal denudation and possibly local 
 faults, across the central and southern portions of Albert county and 
 eastern Westmoreland to the Strait of Northumberland. The outline 
 of this belt is very irregular from the generally horizontal position of 
 the strata and the extensive denudation. 
 West of Hopewell Corner, one-eighth of a mile below the road lead- 
 2 
 
18 s 
 
 N«W BBUNSWrOK .N„ ^OVA «C0TU. 
 
 
 n^antown mad .heyare much broken aid r" ^««'- ^he Ger- 
 pla^nly «een. '°'^«" ««d indications of a fault are 
 
 oWter"' /"'•*'•«'■ ^««t. ^here the second road f.-n 
 
 iSrttte cZ" "f '' ^''^ '^^«'- «»^ «f the at tl M^';? ^'^"^ the German- 
 
 tt m"m7"^ «'- in contact, both f^.^attl i """^"* ""' ^«^«r 
 the Milistone-grit underlvim. J T . '^'P^"'S >iouthevlY with 
 
 ,"P^^'7«^theI.werCarSrot"tr " ^""'^ a'nd a' 
 
 ^on thence occupy the road westward^J th" ' '' ''^ ^owcr form^ 
 Mountain, where they again shewTn . '■^'*'' "^ *^« 0^''« Head 
 
 «»on River, five milef difta't ^'^ '"' «"^«'^'^ ^^ence to SaT 
 
 Jlast of Hopewell Coi-n 
 
 Mountain 1 dges of Millsto;;;^,;tnrtif" '''^^'•^'^^ *« Caledonia 
 as the road leading across to Chaste SZ T"" '* ^"*«'-^«'« - ^^r 
 E.< 5°-30°, and the exposed bp^ '.k .t '^ ' ^^ere noted, being S 65' 
 Chester Sottlement ro^^ t^^:'^:^T^^ of . r;.ne. %VtL 
 
 Onrryville 
 Quarries. 
 
 I! ■! 
 
 Chester s..eni;;::;i:rs^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 ^n a narrow outcrop niar thT unn„ ^7"'^^'^' «««t, they appear 
 marks the eastern teVminltion of ^Vn' '' *^« «««'«"4 which 
 
 I asprob„blethatthefor.atrn,ashl^^^^^^^^^ in this diUcti I 
 
 of a shallow synclinal in the Lower Car ^7 P''^' ''''"?'«« the centre 
 
 wen H.li to Cui-ryville, they are fi..«V ^ *'''' ™«^ ^^'om Hope- 
 
 "dge in rear of Shep^dy Mountat aT''"' ''' *^« summit of the 
 romi sweeping round the northeTa'd T'"^ ^^^'^^^ to the Creek 
 and down the valley to the iZlXri"" ''*°'^« «^*h« «>«"ntaTn 
 flat, dipping S. 30° E. <- so-jo" j *''! f 7"^- The beds are nearly 
 occui. in this belt. East of this bJ '^^'"'"^ Onrryville quanies 
 
 country, forming a rido-i, nf « "''^"Pies the greater part of ♦»... 
 
!OTIA. 
 
 ich broken, contain a 
 "t. On the New Ire- 
 3ongIomerate, and din 
 rocks of the mountain 
 J'ook. Near the Ger- 
 cations of a fauJt are 
 
 t'> f.om the German- 
 *tone.g,-it and Lower 
 ping southerly, with 
 »g " fault and an 
 of the lower forma- 
 1- of the Owl's Head 
 Uend thence to Sal- 
 
 vej-side to Caledonia 
 3n at intervals as far 
 9 noted, being S. 65° 
 'Of a mile. On the 
 »« east, they appear 
 
 settlement, which 
 t in this direction, 
 occupies the centre 
 this structure is ap- 
 ii-of Hopewell Hill, 
 h-easterly through 
 selt is again seen. 
 I- one mile distant 
 nd thence occupy 
 Jods, nearly to the 
 
 road from Hope- 
 be summit of the 
 3nce to the Creek 
 
 of the mountain, 
 e beds ai-e neai-ly 
 rryville quarries 
 aiselle Creek and 
 Iter part of the 
 
 and extending 
 n Lower Hills- 
 > vicinity of the 
 the Lower Gar- 
 tner is well seen 
 
 Ellt.] 
 
 MIDDLE CARBONIFKROUS. 
 
 19 ■ 
 
 just below Edgett's Landing, in the clifF opposite the end of the road to 
 the mines. The grey sandstones and conglomerates here rest upon cntact of 
 the red marls with very little appearance of unconformability, both p;,'""^"^"" 
 series dipping .S. 20° E. < 5°-10'', though several faults of small R''"""- 
 extent are visible in the face of the cliff. 
 
 North of the great ridge of the Caledonia Mountains!, the belt of 
 Lower Carboniferous rocks which ir.vludo the Albert shales extends 
 continuously for many miles to the Petitcodiac River. These have 
 been fully desviibod In Bepoi-t of Progress, 1876-77, and in the map 
 accompanying that report, the general outline of the Millstone-grit 
 northward is given. The formation has its southeni boundary on the Extension of 
 west side of the Petitcodiac about one-lburth of a mile north of Stony •^""'*"""*- 
 Creek, whence it extends with a gradually increasing westerly direc- 
 tion to the Ii-ving Settlement P. O., in Baltimore, beyond which its 
 distribution has already been given in the published maps of Southern 
 New Brunswick. Northward it extends continuously to the Strait of 
 Northumberland. 
 
 In the peninsula between the Petitcodiac and Memramcook Rivers, « ,, 
 
 .1 -,••.,, . . . , , ' Momramoooii 
 
 tbe JM.iJl8tone-grit is developed in a long ii-regular area, extending ^^ Petitcodiac 
 northward from Folly Point, which is the southern extremity. In the 
 vicinity of Eockport and Boudreau villages, large quarries have existed 
 for many years, and the formation occupies the surface from shore to 
 hore, but north of this it recedes from the coast on either side and 
 with a curving outline extends through the centre of the peninsula to 
 the rear of St. Joseph College, about two miles from Memramcook 
 Corner. Another small outcrop, capping the Albert shales and red 
 marls, is seen on the road a short distance south of Beliveau Creek. 
 
 The southern boundary of the main area, which has been stated to 
 occur near Stony Creek on the Petitcodiac River, reaches the east bank 
 about one mile north of Dover P. O., whence it curves eastward in an 
 irregular line to the vicinity of Calhoun's mill on the Memramcook 
 River, which stream it crosses about three miles and three-quarters 
 north of Memramcook Corner. Thence it bends southerly and crosses 
 tbe Beechhill road one mile and a half east of the latter place. 
 
 Between this and Dorchester the outline is very irregular, the for- Dorchester 
 mation being nearly horizontal and occupying the high lands, while in ""'* *'<''"''''• 
 the valleys the Lower Carboniferous has been exposed by denudation. 
 Two and a half miles below Memramcook station, the Millstone-grit 
 ridge comes nearly to the railroad and the easily disintegrating con- 
 glomerates of the lower portion have been extensively quarried for 
 ballast. It, however, recodes up the Valley of Breaux's Creek or 
 Anderaon's Mill Brook, and curves round to the rear of the Squinel 
 Town settlement, at which place the Dorchester copper mine is located. 
 
»f 
 
 »«W »BC-N.w,rK A«D „OVA 8COTM. 
 
 ^anngouin 
 
 nniainrtt 
 
 •rea. 
 
 Bztensjons 
 nwth-eagt. 
 
 Coast of North. 
 
 nmberland 
 
 Straits. 
 
 """ ""V-A 8COTM. 
 
 Theno*. it trend, southweeteil .m r f 
 
 come« to thn vicinity of the Me ' ™' ," ^'^ «««a'pmont whieb 
 
 tHe ridge terminates, it is N ako r^^ ' ^'^''^ «* Hall's Hill w},m.„ 
 
 dip N. 10° E. < 80° and fj,! ^® ®*«^®''n extremitv fK« , 
 
 I'ost.on. There is evidently a ll . "' '" ^ "^^''^y horizontal 
 V'o.nity, by which the lower bids « ^'^^'^^^ble ein.i .'"""^^l 
 pos..on. beds are brought into theu prUt 
 
 J-he country to the north nf iw 
 extendi^g,,,,, ^orthumberl d ^T' ^^'^ ^-^^-ter, and 
 th>s formation, which are the extenl' '' ^'"''f^^ »>y the rocks of 
 vioimty of Moncton. and which cont '' f *''" S''^*^ «rea in the 
 
 g^ej t'"'.s. sandstone and p7bb,y ToZT *^'°'' ^ ^^^^diac. Coarse 
 
 bT^f Z"^-*^' position' ^^"Tp^B^id^^^^^ 
 
 ^ ', as generallv sandy and „«.•!!!??. *^" ^^^^^ forma- 
 
 ts general! V sandy and „ • . ^ *^' ^°'^"^' «>'-°>a- 
 °dy and uninteresting. Several out- 
 
 It 
 
OTM. 
 
 'Id escarpment which 
 vor, near Doi-chehior 
 ^118808 about one mile 
 "68, 80 ft, a« can be 
 31-land Strait, west of 
 
 ilistone-grit are hooh. 
 , has been already 
 icinity of the road» 
 Ige, and rests upon 
 foi-ming the north 
 
 ;ion of the Peninsula 
 t three-fourths of a 
 '7 Ci-eek to Green's 
 'ai-ently nearly con- 
 
 V^-<70°-S0°, while 
 ^•<75°. At the 
 xtend northeast in 
 ing directly in the 
 le anticlinal struc- 
 
 the two extremi- 
 Hall's Hill, where 
 'he thii-d area on 
 >rn side with that 
 51-n mai-gin is at 
 
 village, thecon- 
 'etl on the shore, 
 hich includes the 
 erminates at the 
 3mity, the rocks 
 ^pper Carbonife- 
 aarly horizontal 
 
 e>xt<'r,i in thff* 
 o theii pr«r,ont 
 
 5oichester, and 
 >y the rocks of 
 *t area in the 
 lediac. Coarse 
 intervals in a 
 le soft reddish 
 e lower forma- 
 • Several out- 
 
 ••] 
 
 MIDDLE CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 21 ■ 
 
 crops of coal are reported along the northei,: margin, one of which, 
 near Tidnish or Dupuis Corner, has boon referred to in Report of Pro- 
 gress, 1880-81, page 6d. What is probably the oxtensi )n of the same 
 seam is seen on the Aboushagan River, where it iw exposed in the bed 
 of the stream for some distance. Its further extension on the Cobourg 
 road has already been noted. The general thickness of this seam is 
 from two to four inches only. 
 
 Eaatwar-i, in (lie Tormentine Peninsula, the occurrence of a low 
 ridge of giey sandstone of this age, terminating at Bayfield, has 
 already been referred to in the section on the Upper C;arboniferous. 
 This anticlinal is probably the extension of that seen on the Aulac 
 '■idge. 
 
 In the formation just described, minerals are rare. Extensive 
 deposits of excellent building stone are however found at various 
 points, some of which have been worked on a large scale for many 
 years, and will be referred to under the head of economics. Truces of 
 copper are found at several places, among which may be mentioned **'""'■'''''• 
 Cape Enragd, New Horton and several points on the Maringouin Pen- 
 insula. At all these the quantity of ore is inconsiderable and the 
 deposit of little or no economic value. The largest, and by far most Dorchester 
 important location, is that known as the Colonial Copper Mine, about *"""" ■"'"*• 
 three miles and a half north-east of Dorchester. At thin place the 
 escai7)ment of Millstone-grit, which extends north-east from Dorches- 
 ter, rests upon red marly shales of Lower Carboniferous age, for some 
 distarlce. The existence of the copper, which occurs near the contact 
 of the two formations, was first dl^ jovered by the presence of bare 
 spots on the hillside, where the vegetation had been apparently 
 destroyed by the action of some mineral solution. Upon examination 
 of the locality, deposits of grey copper ore (copper glance) with much 
 green carbonate wei-e found in the lower beds of the grey sandstone 
 and conglomerate. The ore was especially abundant and lich where 
 the plant stems were numerous. The face of the escarpment was care- 
 fully prospected, and the ore found at intervals for a mile and a half. 
 D ing the past year a company has commenced its systematic extrac- 
 tion. Commodious buildings have been erected, and improved mining 
 and hoisting machinery introduced. At the time of my visit in 
 October, forty-five men were employed, the men working in shifts of 
 eight hours each, and a large quantity of hard grey silicious sandstone 
 had been tjiken out. A portion .f this contained plant stems upon 
 which the copper was deposited, and the remainder was stated by the 
 manager to carry from 4 to 5 per cent, of copper glance in a fine state 
 of division, scarcely visible to the naked eye. The quantity of nodular 
 ore in connection with the plant remains did not seem sufficient to war- 
 
ir i 
 
 22 x 
 
 »»^ICK AND NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 A'bertite. 
 
 rant the ^^^^ ^^^"^^ 
 
 reanlts of which hive " ot 7 °'^ ^«'"^ ™^e by the' / '''"''^• 
 shaft, which had bT.u l ^^^" «'«<*« Public l/tlu"''^'"'' ^^^ 
 Coniferous had »!« ^^^ "^ ^«<> ^^^^ the ,-ed mart *he bottom of the 
 "nconformable th^ ''''^''- ^^« two 1™^;-"' *^« I-owe. Car- 
 
 Albertite is found in V ■ ^''"'' *•* 
 
 UndiL faL °J'^™'*''7. »»« mile aL?!'?/' """*"" Albert 
 
 M<ithecoa8t«™» """"'"'-iMwera,™ , , ^°° '"«'' »» »« 
 „ The «2«Tf Thilfc °*° '" '^•AX ''"■" »' ^""So.ln 
 I>o«he.te,. from th. '"""'"■>■' •« developed o= ,h . 
 
 Intei-colonialZn °™'''<' "f *« synoZll ^"^""«"-™« M, of 
 
 south of th! f ""' °™ ""i'ed, but l„ : ""P^""", after leavin. 
 
 5?>>okne8« in 
 
 Jjoinityof 
 
 Borohwter. 
 
?OTU. 
 
 "ne process Of concen- 
 'can be „,ade available 
 'r should be realized. 
 
 I" the bottom of the 
 ■J« of the Lower Oar- 
 
 -^» , while the lower 
 
 at Beech Hill, in rear 
 sionoffrom four to- 
 
 f« of this formation 
 ^ at the East Albert 
 If west of Edgett's 
 «^Oi-ked for a time 
 
 athelackofmate- 
 ^y in small strings 
 
 f productive por- 
 in this area. The 
 
 'otia strike too far 
 a portion of the 
 ras high as the 
 Id at Maringouin 
 
 3 shore south of 
 niferous beds of 
 > vicinity of the 
 ■68, after leaving 
 bout half a mile 
 point probably 
 i-thern slope of 
 'f the grey con- 
 
 'ns of the Mid- 
 •tion given in 
 tive measures 
 'aim's Cove to- 
 incipaliygre^ 
 ition contains 
 however, toa 
 outh Joggins. 
 
 IIL8.] 
 
 MIDDLE CAHB0NIFER0U8. 
 
 23 E 
 
 several seams occur which have been worked somewhat exten- 
 sively for many years. The character of the measures and their con- 
 tained coals have been so minutely given in the report of Sir Wm. 
 Logan, 1845, and subsequently by Sir "Wm. Dawson, in the Acadian 
 Geology, 1868, that it is not considered necessary to devote fm-ther 
 time to their description. 
 
 The lower or Millstone-grit portion of the Middle Carboniferous is, Di^i,io„, ^„j 
 in the work already refen-ed to, divided into three sections. The first {.Jjj^ns"' ""'he 
 portion consists of reddish shales and red and grey sandstones, with- ''""'""'°' 
 out seams of coal and with a thickness, according to Sir Wm. Logan, 
 of 2,082 feet. It represents the upper part of the Millstone-grit. 
 
 The second division has many beds of coarse sandstone and much 
 red shales and contains nine thin seams of coal. The thickness of this 
 division is 3,240 feet. The third division consists of red and chocolate 
 shales with red and gi ey sandstones, conglomerates and thin beds of 
 concretionary limestones, forming the base of the formation and having 
 a thickness r^f 650 feet. It may be mentioned that a remeasureraent 
 of the measures was made by Mr. Scott Barlow in 1875, but without 
 appreciably changing the thicknesses of the various formations as 
 above stated. 
 
 In the sections given, the northern side of the synclinal has in all 
 cases been examined. The same regularity of measures does not 
 appear on the south side, and, in fact, with the exception of several 
 small seams, most of which are near the base of the Millstone-grit, pauu, on south 
 no traces of the numerous coals seen in the joggins section are to be jj.^jn"'*'"''^ 
 found in this direction. It is probable that this area is profoundly 
 affected by faults, indications of which are visible at several points. 
 
 In the vicinity of the South Joggins, the productive measm-es have 
 a superficial breadth of about two miles, their dip being jegular 
 throughout. They extend eastwai-d in a band of uniform width for 
 eighteen miles, and, in so far as can be ascertained, terminate a short 
 distance east of the Economy Eoad, on the Little Forks stream, Extension of 
 being cut off in this direction, probably by faulting, as they come !n^''aSu'?^"Sf the 
 abruptly against what is considered to be a ridge of Millstone-grit/"**""' *"°* 
 They are overlaid to the south by the Upper Carboniferous of the 
 Little Forks and Maccan Eivers already described. Along the northern 
 margin a number of mines are located on what is the extension of 
 one of the thicker Joggins seams, but as these have never been traced 
 continuously, it is exceedingly hazardous in the present state of our 
 knowledge to affirm decidedly on which particular seam these col- 
 lieries ai'e placed, since they are known to change their character at 
 various points. 
 
 It seems, however, probable from the explorations of Messrs. Barlow 
 
if 
 m f 
 
 
 111!:: ' 
 
 Spring Hill 
 3r«a probably 
 djstinct from 
 
 i li 
 
 P«neral struc. 
 '"••e of the 
 JOKgins urea. 
 
 iJlaok River, 
 
 24 £ 
 
 •"fEW BRUNSWICK- -»«T. 
 
 «»d McOuat that the • ^''^ "'^^ «°«-^-- 
 
 T^« southern «ide Of th " '*^^«« ™'"e, a.e all on 
 
 not entirely cut r.ff k . '^^'nclinal of thn r. i 
 
 tl.0 Maccan Ki *™? "" ™»«"e on tie MilL *' ^i'P'"- Cm-bonife. 
 "»" in thi» d -I ■ ."*' •"■ V"S Hill .; *'" «"™»tion of 
 
 *h« View of doSLTn " "' ''" ^^"'^t^y to tht'l'fr^^'-. *« '"^ke 
 
 «-- in this d^ttC S Z '''-''''' *^« iZ^^^ -'-^^ 
 
 gi-eat amount of wol, ''*" *^ '"ake uvailab^f ? . ''^''^ ^''^at 
 M«Ouat,totheformerorV^ P'-^^'^"« Je^' bv m; P"^^**-« the 
 of tmcin;^ out th ^ '^''^"^ '^«'onff8 a la 1 "^ ''™- ^"'''"^ and 
 
 *« *>•« attempt to e,?^' ^''■"'" '' ^'^^ «eal" f ' f ^'''"^ ^11 basin 
 ^ a'- Of the'sprinr^'n' '''' ^^''^^t'"- both tTT; '''^■^'"•«' ^^^-^ed 
 
 I^^avzng the belt of Mi?,l '''' P°''"«^ «f the country will u 
 sni-es at the FiM ^"'stone-grit which imHo .• "^ "' °°^ he given 
 to Little Fo.5vr"«' '^"'^ ^-"^' down the b'-o'I *'? P-^-tive^mea 
 
 ^aohingtheLittlelCsR" "'"'^ "« «^« Styles sea" '7^"'^«d in 
 <13° occui., which «.''■' «'"«^ sandstones dinn •^"'* '^««>^-e 
 
 avoid the spur of au'n 1''°' ^^^^t where it ZlJ ' "'^ '"^^^^^ are 
 ^•<I2M6? Thisn .^^''■«'''^« quarry, thrd?-"'"'^'^«"''«"d to 
 ti« Little Forks 7ir' '' *^' •"''«« "'^d ^ ha /Z '^ ^ ^'"""^ «• ^0° 
 the soil is g,e ' ' ** Stewart's. Thence to the l-"" ^' ''""''^^S of 
 ^-m thf cl;:nr,,"''^ ^'"tty. *^« ^'-'-ty of Black uLr 
 
 easterly to the old V. '"''"'^ "'''"th of Black RJv 
 
OOTfA. 
 
 »^,vi.., the Scotia, the 
 styles mine, are all on 
 
 the Upper Carbonlfe- 
 ««o-grit formation of 
 traces of it can be 
 
 of t.eJoggi„s«hore, 
 'w.th the productive 
 
 tter area, embracing 
 ^ thirteen feet in 
 important mining 
 therefore, to make 
 5'-th and west, with 
 o" of these great 
 ■foi- publication the 
 Messrs. Ba.-low and 
 
 •tion of the credit 
 Spring Hill basin 
 thoi-efore, devoted 
 ' 'loj-th and west, 
 
 vill now be given, 
 'productive mea. 
 'ich flows thence 
 Id shales dipping 
 n recognized in 
 '^- Just before 
 ' south-westerljT- 
 • Cai-boniferous, 
 
 Claremont and 
 Economy road, 
 '^'•ejish sand- 
 no ledges are 
 "dden bend to 
 Jnerallj S. 7o° 
 >e crossing of 
 f Black liiver 
 
 d runs north- 
 ' about three- 
 
 ELIS.] 
 
 MIDDLE CARBONIFEROirs. 
 
 25 E 
 
 eighths of a mile above the Forks of the Chase Lake Brook. Along this chaao Lake 
 road the soil is generally reddish, indicating a change of formation, and "''""''• 
 a prominent ridge or escarpment which keeps along the north side, 
 marks the limit of the grey sandstone in this direction. Between the 
 i-oad and the Black River, as well as in the bed of that stream, red Lower 
 Carboniferous sandstones and i-onglomeiates, with large pebbles occur 
 dipping S. 20^ E. < 16^-20°. These extend up the Chase Lake Brook for 
 fifteen chains, to ledges of grey sandstones, shales and conglomerates of 
 Millstone-grit aspect, which uro a portion of the ridge ciossed by 
 the road from Little Forks stieam. They dip S. 50° K. < 15°-20\ and 
 further up stream are associated with purple sandstones and shales, 
 which dip also in the same direction at an angle of 20°. It was form- 
 erly supposed by Mr. McOuat that the grey and purple beds, just des- 
 cribed, belonged to the Upper Carboniferous, and were the equivalents of 
 the Bagged Reef sandstones, and that the Lower Carboniferous of Black 
 Liver was brought into its present apparent position above the newer 
 beds by a fault of great extent. The examination of the past season 
 tends to confirm the opinion held by Mr. Scott Barlow, that the ridge Ha«cf "'"'"■" 
 under discussion is much older and is a true portion of the Millstone- 
 grit formation. 
 
 The presence of the Lower Carboniferous along the Black River 
 and its vicinity, in a generally undisturbed condition, proves the 
 thinness of the overlying formation. The lack of exposures on the 
 road crossing the ridge prevents the conclusive evidence of its anticli- 
 nal structure in this direction being observed, but it seems j)robable 
 from the overlying members of the Upper Carboniferous on Little ^^I'llloSSijIrit, 
 Forks River, that a reverse dip occurs, and that the true structure of 
 the ridge is that of a low anticlinal, capping the underlying Lower 
 Carboniferous conglomerates. Evidences of this structure are appa- 
 rent on the Intercolonial railway, about one mile east of Spring Hill 
 Junction, where a reverse dip to that noted in the quarry on the road 
 s met with. 
 
 The various cuttings on the railway, between Salt Springs station 
 and Spring Hill junction, also throw much light on the structure of 
 this section of the country. West of the crossing of the South Branch 
 of Black River, grey sandstones, shales and conglomerates, bearing a 
 strong ra>emblance to Millstone-grit sediments, appear at intervals for (Contact of 
 three miles. They dip generally N. to N. 10° W. < 15°-20°. These ffiowe/"' 
 represent the western prolongation of the ridge already described. A ^*''^''""■''""^• 
 quarjy is now worked in these sandstones about two miles west of 
 the Black River crossing. About one mile and a half beyond the 
 quarry hard grey quartzose sandstones, altered and slickensidod, show 
 in a cutting, dip west < 5^ though apparently much broken. The 
 
26 E 
 
 "'" — XCK ... ,,,, ^^^^^^ 
 
 111 
 
 nearest exposure of th. mt "^• 
 
 ^-babie r.„u. Where they dip jj 10o^'i'!?"« ^"* ^a^d^tones is half -. 
 
 baWj indicaffi fK ^- < 20°-25°. These Ji \ * '"'^o «««t, 
 
 the e^xistenee of ! T^'^'P ^"^'^^ ""''erJyi'rLowrp T'^^^'^^^ P'-o' 
 course of Z '"' ''^ ^«"^t ^t this po nf luu ^^'^^''^f^rous and 
 
 -u;^:'rderrir ^^"^^^-^^^^^^ *^^ 
 
 culvert mark thli ^°^® ^««t, at 1 440 nnnl ^ "*'"®^' P'-e- 
 ftoe bv th. fi.; 1? °°"'°''' "Wch ■nayh.v. T , P^ence of a 
 
 i; I'.. 
 
 that the meamn.. '''^ direction, and onnfi ^ "'^ ' indicating 
 
 thiclfness, and thaf f», ^^®^"'^Seal''eadvdesf.,.Jh^j u 
 
 i« «o far as can at ^'''^"'*'^^ ^^''^^ation is ' "k K, *^' °''^^-««* 
 direnH.„ ''*" ** P''«8ent be asce.f„.-„„,? .'' P^^'^ablj, or at least 
 
 i« «o far as can af P'"^"«tive formation is nrohT, "^^ "'^ ^'"^^^ 
 
 ha, a .hict„e„ o^L^SfT 7 """ «»""» »f ooa °L*7^"'" 
 "•".-lyaWgbt easteHy"^- ecul^™'°"'»"'''»™"»«« runs i„ . 
 -tlill raih'oflrf t^ 4.V. ""^I'lion from the toi.,«- " "^ » 
 
 «■• tend Of i„!: :??■ '-T' "f^'-" B'v-Tb'h U*" '"-'"^ 
 
 Fault, 
 
ICOTU. 
 
 ;«« i« half a milo ea«t, 
 altered sandstones pro- 
 ^ver Carboniferous and 
 ^'^'h 18 cHrectljr on the 
 'P"ng Hill mines, pre. 
 
 ces, a small brook and 
 *'^«^- At this place 
 '. associated with beds 
 
 top of the grade east 
 '•ous along the north 
 ■f the presence of a 
 » brought to the sur- 
 
 shale at this place 
 tie gypsiferous belt 
 '"•Oct line of strike. 
 
 gi"ey sandstones of 
 ^- < 16°, indicating 
 "ng the hypothesis 
 "bed have no great 
 obablj, or at least 
 'y wanting in this 
 
 ^nd I'arrsboro', no 
 « and a half fi-om 
 ntly strewed with 
 Between a East 
 the east slope, a 
 3il8 comes to the 
 3rook shews sev- 
 »'; one of ,vhich 
 Mestone referi-ed 
 ■ous area which 
 Janks the high 
 e conglomerate 
 
 area j-uns in a 
 on the Spring 
 it crosses near 
 lult are clearly 
 lown as Deep 
 'es and shales 
 ^- 10° W. to IV 
 
 III*.] 
 
 MIDDLE CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 21 E 
 
 < 45°. Thonce eastward, the boundary of the Lower Carboniferous 
 gradually curves to the north along the west flank of '^llaremont Hill, 
 till it reaches the Eiver Philip road about one mile and a half east of 
 Salt Springs station. 
 
 Ee8*ing upon the Lower Carboniferous bods, at the mouth of Deep 
 Brook, are ledges of grey sandstone and sandy shales. These, on the 
 east side of Dixon's pond, are underlaid by coarse reddish grits and 
 conglomerates, broken and slickensided, indicating the presence of a 
 fault in this direction. The grey sandstone and shales resemble the 
 lower members of tht Middle Carboniferous, and contain an abundance- 
 of plants from which a collection was made by Mr. Scott Barlow, and SoSth BSn^h 
 examined by Sir Wm. Dawson, the results of which also tend to estab- °^ ^''"''' ^^'^' 
 lish their horizon as that of the Millstone-grit. One hundred yai-ds 
 below the mill there is a seam of coal of excellent quality, one foot 
 four inches thick, and three chains and a half further a second seam 
 with a thickness of two feet six inches is seen. This was opened 
 during the past season (1884), and a considerable quantity of coal 
 extracted. The measures at this place dip N. 10° W, < 40°. Thence 
 to the railroad, grey sandstone and shale occupy the stream. 
 
 The structure of the area just described is plainly a shallow syncli- Synclinal 
 nal, the revei-se dips being seen to the north of the Intercolonial, and"""""™' 
 bounded on both margins by Lower Carboniferous sediments, of which 
 that noted at Stewart's meadow is the northern outcrop. From the 
 character of the sediments, and the contained fossils, it is doubtful if 
 the true productive measures appear at all in this direction. That the 
 thick seams of the Spring Hill basin are absent is quite manifest. The 
 eastern extension of this synclinal is somewhat difficult to trace, owing 
 to lack of good exposures, but from the outcrops of gypsum and other 
 Lower Carboniferous sediments along the north fide of Claremont Hill 
 it appears to terminate about one mile and a half east of Salt Spi-ings 
 station, beyond which the Lower Carboniferous formation apparently 
 occupies the surface between the River Philip road and Black Eiver. 
 The structure of the Spring Hill basin is exceedingly complicated, 
 owing to the presence of several faults which have seriously affected 
 the regularity of the measures. The eastern and southern limits Lave 
 been carefully traced by the examination of all the available outcrops. 
 
 Beginning with the southern boundary, it may be generally stated g„ut^ ,5^^ j,,. 
 that the contact of the Middle with the Lower Carboniferous is not far ^p''"* Hill 
 from the line of the Maccan River in its upper part. On the south" ^^ 
 side of this stream exposures of rocks of the lower formation are seen 
 at intervals from the line of the railway from Spring Hill to Pan-s- 
 borough, below Halfway Lake, forming a belt from a mile and a 
 half to three miles in width, and resting upon the northern flank of the 
 Cobequid range. 
 
< I 
 
 Boundan- of 
 
 28 E 
 
 ^*^ BRUNSWICK 4vr, 
 
 «^P08ed at an oJd^^'*'"^° ^'^e'' to Five I«.„ w 
 
 "'Jidham Will _ ^. ^"' mines fifiA.-.. „... ^ • *^ vF. <- oao *^ 
 
 I 'I 
 
 Streams 
 surrejcd. 
 
 lection on 
 
 toT ^?'-^- ^'Z'nZ :iT'^^ --:.'7 - *^i« cii..eetiot 
 7'' '-^dge and c,-oss,..7k ""''^^^ ^'on^ the p„ ?•"''" ^Ving Hill 
 
 H^i mine. "'^ «» the railway between the iunT^'"'^^ ^'^^^^ 
 
 ^h« Pi'incipal «ti.'«„ ^''^ J«nct,on and Spdne^ 
 
 h«5 « mile north of tblfT'' '"''' *"" ^^«" exZf/ """^ sandstone 
 7^^ «'•« overlaid a itl f "' *^« ^'^^d- ST T '"^''^ q««rry 
 gJomei-ate confn ^® ^"^'ther on h^ i ^ ^'^ ^- 35° W V i«o 
 
 veenivhich and the ,.o-! "^ °^ sometimeH fi,- ! ^^e^ice to 
 J -ook, which runs north '^"'^ "« '^dges Te ^''^'^^'^'^^d, occur 
 ft er z-oad a short d°Ban7''*'^''^ ^^^"^^^ tt fo' l!^^"- ^he Battlinl' 
 section of the rfln! "*^««« "Oi-th of the ,.. i ^""''tion and crosses tu 
 
 2:^' i«'-e observed lav 1^*' ,*^« ^•''-••«ctera^nd de '• ' "^^^« »«ted 
 »■• V. Ifc0„«,_ """J ""'""op .„d taken f^^"'" °«""i"»S ort«. 
 
SCOTU, 
 
 ^t cTosses the south 
 ''\ «'do of the Sp1;i 
 
 f. '''«e«tone a/readv 
 ^J»nction and Spring. 
 
 -can -R.ver, along the 
 I '^^ East Brook? 
 ^"^^ «nd roads were 
 
 '.^rf- ^cOuat- 
 the Upper Jtfaccan 
 ?^thoi. Several 
 ;"« of the Parrs. 
 
 ''* and sandstone 
 at a small qu' 
 
 es of coai-se con- 
 ■' and containing 
 .^*f Thence to 
 '"-bedded, occur, 
 '• The Battling 
 and crosses the 
 « "8 a very good 
 ider discussion, 
 
 ••to those noted 
 '•options of the 
 
 '««• The dips 
 cending o«ier 
 'tea of the late 
 
 renaceous 
 
 ' ELia.] 
 
 -MIDDLE CARBONIPEEOUS. 
 
 29 B 
 
 Grey sandstone. 
 
 Coarse greenish^y sandstone, soft argillaceous sandstone, mottled 
 
 red and grey. 
 Bluish-grey, overlaid by thin-bedded red sandstone 
 Fine red.lish-brown sandstone, with greyish bands.' N. 60' W < 25° 
 Grey sandstone, mostly flaggy and coarse. N. 56° W < 43° " 
 Reddish sandstone, mostly in thin beds, underlaid by red shales. 
 
 TndstoTr''^ ^""'^ '''^°''' ""^''■^'''^ ^^ ''^'^'''^' argillaceous 
 Grey, moderately fine sandstone in thin beds, passing upward into red 
 
 sandstone and shales. Dip N. 45° W. < 25°. ^'"'"^"nrorea 
 
 Measures concealed for forty chains. 
 Soft red argillaceous sandstone. N. 40° W. < 15° 
 Coarse grey conglomerate, 40 feet thick, with thin bands of coarse grey 
 
 grit m upper part. " ' 
 
 Measures concealed for ten chains. 
 Coarse grey conglomerates and grey sandstone. 
 Measures concealed to railroad thirty-five chains. 
 
 The brownish-red sandstone and shales are similar to the purple 
 beds described elsewhere as a portion of the Millstone-grit series 
 
 The upper part of this section is seen on the East Brook below the 
 Etter road and consists of 
 
 Coarse grey sandstone approaching a conglomerate in thin beds, inclin- 
 ing to brownish-grey shales at top. N. 28°W <10° 
 Grey sandstone. • ^ • 
 
 Coarse conglomerate and grit in large blocks. 
 The last exposures half a mile north of the railroad are red sand- 
 
 Thence for one mile and a half along the road no exposures are seen 
 to the crossing of Coal Mine Brook, where soft, brownish-red sand 
 stones ot Upper Carboniferous aspect are noted, dipping N 65° W <-8° 
 
 tlbShtf r"^ ^'..'\'Tf 
 
 es abhsh th. .r horizon as that of the Millstone-grit, and the unconform ^it**'"^'"''" 
 able supeiTosition of the Upper Carboniferous at Coal Mine Bro^k 
 tends to confirm this view, and. as on the Maccan Eiver further west 
 
 inZs dhlcUon'"' P'''^"""^" "^'^^"^'^^ ^"^ °«* ^PP^^^' at the sm-face 
 
 The Mountain road runs parallel to the Etter road throe miles fur- 
 ther east and about two miles west of the Spring Hill mines No 
 ledges are seen, except at the crossing of Harrison Brook, where pui^ 
 pie shales and sandstones dip N. 65° W. < 20°. On this stream, how- K°"'' 
 ever, exposures ai-e quite numerous. The strata dip uniformly ioi^I 
 
'1:1 
 
 I 
 
 NBW BRtlNSWlOK AND NoVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Westerly <- 30'-50" anrf 
 
 described on ^W'^nJ^^TZtT^^^^^ r"/""*"^'^ «^ *h- 
 and gnts with red and purp e Zh .^ ^'"^^ ^°*^« ^^ conglomerates 
 faults are seen at severarp^res'tnTrf th"' ^'f"" ^"^^-tions f 
 
 r ' '" *^'^ ^^'•«"'"' though ndicatLnl 1/ ^''^'"'""^ ™«^»-« «•- 
 been noted in its upper part '"'''«*"'"« ^^ «oal in thin seams have 
 
 -lUe Spring Hill and, Parrsboronrrh , -i 
 
 . extent of the Carboniferoi , e,!, '"^"^ '• ^^'^^ *'-«^«''««b a large 
 
 very few rock cuttings, gives « at 1 '" ^^^^''^^''^^on. while shewing 
 
 - the attempt to wofk o1/the iTu' 'o';^!^ T '"«*--' -«-tanc! 
 
 Fault in the T^'' Z '' '^*«'™'"« ^^^h JZZ\f, '^' ^P'"'"^ ^^'^ ba^in. and 
 
 l^oniferous limestone, already descrilL u u "*'"''? ^^ I^owerCar- 
 one mile north of the east slope lie e-I "^^'""'^^^ '"^^ ''-'-"^ 
 as they approach this outcrop' apfi' TuITZ '"' ""^^^'^^^^ ^^-^a 
 or more, and in the underground wi^J'"'" '^^ '*"^'« ^^ din to tO» 
 are stated by the manager^o bfteTmtS I *'^'^^''--*'- the coals 
 tone the rocks near the contac bSf /"^"^ "«"'"«* ^^e lime- 
 line of fault, the course of whi hat th.^ 1 ""''^''''^' "^dicatinga 
 be S 280-310 w. magneticUi 8 eo^Jo r^'^.^'j;^ "-^'-e'-ity is found^to 
 meiidian. It is very evident that ihfr ""J.'^ "'^''■«'»«« to the true 
 tbe Spnng Hil, basfn in tit itVtt?""" ^^^•^-'^■-- outlier enl 
 Fault on Mill's /°® ^ault just mentioned is well «n«^ . ... 
 
 which flows across the measu,t mM \' '"^'^"^^ «» ^'"'« Brook 
 «'opeB. Descending this 7ZZ limi edT ^'""" ^'^^ ^««* ^^ --* 
 productive measures, which 2XteTT *'' '*'*''' '' '""^ 
 are seen for 1,970 paces from the rll J ''""^^ «^ ^^is area, 
 thirteen chains beyond whereThe reTrnTu". "'"""^ "' ^ « P«-^ 
 ?fiO= r«.'o'^^ ^^^^ ««»dstones and pZle r ^^f^^^h«'•« ^be strata 
 <60° to 85°, the underlying beds of th«* f ^^ ''^"'"^ ^'P N- 82° V7. 
 
 By this fault the beds of^h!itrl"'"'-''PP^^^ <''< 
 thrown upward and cut off the coal sT^ ..!''"''*''"' «''« apparently 
 Mill'sBrook the rocks aresim,a?^re^:'i'r'T ^'^^ ^-^ 
 Bcnbed, consisting of coarse and flnel. ev ' .' " ^'''^' ^'''^^^ de- 
 which are white quartz, coarse and «fe IreyTr'T' '''' P^''^'^^ ^f 
 purple sandstones and shale The ffr^^ "'^ ''"*^''«"««' with 
 ranging from N. 60'-75° W "<- Ifi" qno T «°"°'*""^ north-woste.ly 
 Wonta,orS.^<., ,<,,^^ 
 
 »-B^k. to the Athol road few fedges are snA^ f "^"'' ^""^ ''^'^^ 'bis 
 ledges are observed, but fridge of Mil,«tnl 5 *'' ^^^* ^''-'^ -^ 
 
 ge AWlstone-grit sandstone and con- 
 
CCLS] 
 
 MIDDLE CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 31 E 
 
 glomerate extends between the two branches north-easte.-ly to the line 
 of the Spring Hill railroad. 
 
 On the .ail way to Parrsborough the limit of the Spring Hill coal basin Fault on the 
 to the south-west is clearly seen at a distance of 512 paces west of the 5"'"?;^ '° ,. 
 crossing of Coal Mine Brook. At this point, ledges of hard git sand "°" 
 stone, gi-it and conglomerate are brought up by a well defined fault 
 against the productive measures. The older or ovei'lying portion at 
 the line of contact, dip N. 70° W. < 85'-90', the inclination decreasing 
 in fifteen paces to N. 55° W. < 60°. The ridge caused by these hard 
 grey rocks is seen to extend across the Athol road, beyond which it is 
 concealed by the intervening forest. 
 
 The line of this fault is also well seen in the Coal Mine Brook about Fault on Coal 
 seventeen chains below the railroad crossing, the hard sandstones ''""''"'• 
 dipping N 55° W. < 45°. If we connect the several points thus indi- 
 cated It will present a nearly straight line between the northern and 
 southern extremities. It is presumed, therefore, that u line so drawn 
 will determine approximately at least the western boundary of the 
 Spring Hill coal field, ^ 
 
 Descending the Coal Mine Brook, the rocks of the Millstone-ffrit 
 brought into view by the fault just described, are seen almost to the 
 crossing of the Athol road. They consist of hard grey sandstone, 
 gnt and conglomerate, interstratified with beds of purple shale and 
 sandstone Abrupt changes of dip are seen at several points. At one 
 of these, half- a mile in a direct line from the railway crossing, heavy 
 beds of red shales much polished and slickensided are brought into 
 contact with grey gritty sandstones, the former dipjjing N 20° W < 
 75 -80°. The course of this break is apparently nearly east and west 
 magnetic, or nearly along the course of the stream. Below this, brown 
 t uo ^^° ^ < ^^°' '''""«'"- « -'^"'^ ^"''tl>«^- ^o^vn to N. 85° 
 
 Succeeding these bods, heavy masses of coarse grey sandstone and«„ 
 conglomerate, the latter with white quartz pebbles and of Millstone ^^'^-°^"T' 
 gnt aspect, dip N. 40' W. < 15 -25° and continue to^the last exposures S"?-"' 
 on this stream. The great similarity of the rocks on all these brooks '"'•""'^"""'• 
 will be readily recognized, the heavy beds of grey conglomerate bein- 
 a prominent feature, while the absence of any measures to the north 
 and west of the faults just indicated, which may properly be said to 
 belong to the productive formation, will be easily seen. It is supposed 
 that the overlap of the Upper Carboniferous upon what is here 
 regarded as the Millstone-grit is about half a mile west of the forks of 
 East and Mill's Brooks. 
 
 Along the south side of the Spring Hill area two faults at least are Faults o„ «outh 
 visible. One of these was definitely located by Mr. Scott Barlow and HulaLI?""* 
 
32 j5 
 
 *fEW BBUN8W1CK AM,^ 
 
 ^■« '«id down on hi 
 
 ""d drift bjy JMwraine, o>vi„B to ,1,7 "■ '" ""»' Po,i. 
 ">e W„, Ji"" * ""'tofMiile,., C„,.„e, ■, 1°" '"'™""' »' Black 
 
 SW quite dltinct i'l ^"•'^r''^'-^- *« ^h ";; ;" ;he -oks of this 
 Bo«8'sp,ace. ThehL ' ""^ « ^«"^-th east of tK ' *"*^^^" ^^'^h 
 
 portion and the gneirj''.^"* ^'om the sj^llnal T"""^ '* ^^^-^^^^ 
 
 portion andTh;".;^;^ T^.^"* ^'om the^^^'eii^r'r"^ "* ^^^-^^^^ 
 geneial horizontalitv nf +k •^^'"'**' structure of th,-« 
 «; the extension of th« ? • ^® "Measures that nn 
 »JJ seam of dirty coal i f'"^ ^'" ««««« - thk ,, '^^'^ 
 '«•% be the b/oZV:^"' *«. *h« east of t^e tlT''^^' 
 
 *hi« section bio„ .« "if^"""" ^* '« ^"-^7 tVe shanl '''™^ «^ *'^« 
 
 Jying MilJstone-gl fol '"'' °^ *he SpiL h n"""^ ^^^l^nal in 
 
 i« its regular n.l ^''''"**^o« comes in under fh ^'"^' *^e "nder- 
 
 SouthB:::" t:rf ^^^'•^'- theWe'caT^.^^'^^'^^^-'i 
 
 Vingsandonth ::th"'?^-«^"-^onthe?o;^^^^^^^^ «^ ^''^ 
 
 at the railway. ''"''^ ^«"^ ^^ the limestone rid 'wh"?'"^ *" ««'* 
 
 The structure of the S • '' '''^^ ^^^''h terminates 
 
 Snstro? tr '-"^^-'^-'i^^^^^^^ T: -^'^^-^ -, i^cor. 
 
 S:cf-::r --^^^ ^f?---, t?j 
 
 doubtless been'IternT ''^"^"^ ^eet af^thT?? ^^^^^^^ *<> 
 -est the producTeZtlTr'' '^ ^«"«<^ «« - To tlr'^'^^- 
 «t the surface, the Til .. "''*' «« already stajw °^''*'* ^"'^ 
 apparently rest nl on !I^^S".,^"'*^"°^^«rous in a] nt' *^"'° "PPear 
 It would be ral t^ t" ^'"«*«°e-grit. "" ^''^^^ved contecte 
 
 "» indication, ™7„, *° "^ '^''"•eeii ths »■ '""« »!! coal 
 
COTU. 
 
 f«hed. This had the 
 
 ;*'«"• Jt« exact poHi- 
 
 ;neraj covering of «oil 
 
 :o"h Branch of Black 
 isclearJyseen. Here 
 
 ^ip S. 10° E. < 80° 
 3dipS.30°\\r.<j,^o' 
 
 ^«'-'y it thirty-five 
 
 «*«•; or less extent 
 ' «tr,ke of the irm- 
 
 ^seenonthero^ic-'fo 
 ' the rocks of this 
 
 nd east is evidently 
 hallow basin which 
 
 road at Thomas 
 dipping at angles 
 
 structure of this 
 •«« that no space 
 '^ this dii-ection. 
 *e South Branch 
 hin seams of the 
 ^iow synclinal in 
 nines the unJer- 
 'uctive measures 
 niferous of the 
 
 leading to Salt 
 hich terminates 
 
 >ed, will, if cor. 
 of finding the 
 md west. By 
 and south, the 
 >U8 appears to 
 
 1 seams have 
 'he north and 
 again appear 
 'ved contacts 
 
 ng Hill coal 
 1 Athol, bat 
 d. 
 
 '"••] LOWER CARBONIFEROUa. 33 g 
 
 The country lying to the v-est and north of the Millstone-grit up- 
 throw is occupied by what in apparently the eastern prolongation of 
 the great Joggins basin, the seamH of which, with the exception of 
 those of the Joggins mine and its oxtonsion eaHtward, are all, in so 
 far as can be learned, too thin to bo economically valuable. From 
 the remarks already made on the character of the area in the valley 
 of the Black and Little Forks Rivers to the north, it is evident also 
 that a repetition of the Spring Hill basin can not reasonably be looked 
 for in this direction. 
 
 Eastward of Spring Hill on the River Philip, a detached basin ofMin«tone-grit' 
 Middle Carboniferous sediments is seen, the western boundary of which Phiii?^-^"" 
 18 the ridge of Claremont Hill. The strata, which contain one or two 
 thm seams of dirty coal, belong, without doubt, to the Millstone-grit 
 portion of the formation, and rest upon Lower Carboniferous rocks on 
 all sides. Outcrops of coal are seen at two points, one on Polly Brook 
 a short distance from its junction with the River Philip; the second 
 about half a mile east of Oxford station on the Intercolonial railway. Coai near 
 At the latter place two thin Reams are seen, separatetl by about four and ^""^""^ "''"°°' 
 a half feet of grey sh.ilo. The thicknesH.of the upper seam was about 
 fifteen inches, and of the lower two foot and a half, but the coal seemed 
 dirty. The dip of the strata in the opening was S. 30° E. < 15°-20° 
 
 On *e south side of the Coboquid Mountains the areas of the Middle Areas south'ofi 
 Carboniferous are apparently very limited. They are, in so far as ob-ttuih>s — 
 served, confined to the lower or Millstone-grit portion, and occur as 
 small patches at intei-vals along the shore of Minas Basin and Channel, 
 between Five Islands and Advocate. 
 
 Lower Carboniferous. G. 1. 
 
 By reference to the Report of Pi'ogress, 1870-77, it will be seen that 
 this formation, as developed in Albert and Westmoreland counties, is 
 divided into five groups. These in ascending order are :— 
 
 1. Basal conglomerate, sometimes wanting ; when present, usually 
 
 of a dull greenisli colour, nuido up mostly of slate frac- 
 
 ments ; thickness, presumably about 2OO Divisions 
 
 2. Calcareo-bituminous shales, from grey to dark brown in color, " NewBrM^idck 
 
 including the so-called Albert shales 350 
 
 3. Grey bituminous and micaceous oiMxmring sandstone, and 
 
 lower conglomerates, in massive bods, usually of reddish 
 tint, less rv.bbly and more calcareous than those of No. 
 1, and unc mformable to the preceding 700 
 
 4. Red and grey cahareous, sandy and argillaceous beds, in fre- 
 
 quent alternations, with thin beds of conglomerate, and 
 towards the top, heavy beds of flue rubbly brownish- 
 red shales ^qq » 
 
 5. Red and grey conglomerates, grey and flaggy limestones and 
 
 3 SyPS"" 1,950 
 
 I 
 
34 I 
 
 "" '^''^ ''OVA soOTfA 
 iMinn n ... 
 
 I..flroa.,e<I 
 tnicknes.v 
 "f No. 5. 
 
 I -J>/: 
 
 ^" '^^ '««t division n 
 
 •»"« "f Capo Ar„",n, '"' »P«™ a„j .T ^"" '» "'e i»l „,„,.!,. 
 
 * second •),. no ^t ^^'^^"cJndirer.riifii . " • \ 30°. ' 
 
 *he vaJIey of th« r '^^ ^ Head, and th<.n. ' ^'^" ^'onies to thp 
 
 ^-t^onofShepod/Mtm^';^^^ '"' *«^-"»^ 
 
 -re noted on the ro^'^frn'^i^ '*« «a«te.n portiT' VCT'' *^« «^- 
 niidwaj between P,!. . f ^opewelj Corner tl\ , ^® ^^^^ outcrops 
 
OOTr.A. 
 
 '"^••e than 50-73 ibet of 
 
 j;«^ the Albert mines 
 'jomn Peninsula will 
 
 - ''-.3IiIi.to„e-,, -i 
 '" ''« fe'iven later. 
 "' ^viDert county 
 
 o"thern coast, fvom 
 
 pe Kn.-ag,5, reddisi, 
 ' " ^'ook at an oM 
 «v^Horto„. They. 
 ff'';t which occuny 
 ^"•^a'ongtheroaJ 
 t^^ey u.-e ovea-Jaid 
 
 ; ^'^'^'thou^, ha,-<l 
 ^'f' indications 
 ;'^'»« of limonite 
 -' the rocks are a 
 "ts, but north of 
 merates, occupy 
 Qglo and direct 
 I't'kness of the 
 
 ie contact with 
 a "ne of fault, 
 
 |ady described 
 '^ tomes to the 
 easterly along 
 '•> and termi- 
 'i»des the ele- 
 fij'st outcrops 
 ^i^er, about 
 "'•:>• Bay, the 
 '°g upon the 
 'auit at this 
 "•e few, but 
 
 Ell*.] 
 
 r-owEE <"ARno.\rFERoi;s. 
 
 35 E 
 
 the ci.aractor and color oftho .oil indicate tlio extcnsi.>M of the r.j.-ma- 
 tion ,n this direction. East „t Hopewell, a .i^ood secti.m is afforded on 
 Saw Mill Creek, which crosses the road half a mile west of Hopewell 
 Hill. On this stream, two miles and a half north of (he ?. O Lower 
 Carboniferous conglomerates rest upon the ui)tuined slate>of the ( 'ale- 
 d.mia Mountain, and dip S. 20° K. < 5°-10°. Thev are wHl exposed 
 to the junction of the Middle Bran.-h, sixty chains below, where a 
 reverse (lip to N. r,0" W. < 3" in Haggy brown sandstone is observed 
 helow which the dip gradually changes to N. 20° W. < oqo in,\ic-it\u" 
 the presence of a shallow synclinal. Gypsum occurs at several places, 
 in this vicinity, the most westerly being on the banks of the Sliepody ■"""■ 
 Eiver, near Eiverside. 
 
 Shepody Mountain, 1,050 feet high, is a rugged i.eak which forms a-^'-P^lv 
 prominent landmark for many miles in all directions, and was one of*^""""'"' 
 the signal stations for the Admiralty survey of the Bay of Fundv It 
 IS composed largely of red conglomerates, which are well exposed on 
 the east flank in Robertson's Brook and its branches. A deposit of 
 reddish impure limestone lias boon opened up at this >}lace fur a mar- 
 ble quarry, but the rock was found to be too much sliatteied to be of 
 great value. The limestone contains a small quantity of manganese 
 Ihe rocks of the mountain rest upon a small outlier of the talco'-ohlori- 
 tic schists, which shew on the road to the north, leading to Curryville 
 and are flanked on the east by the grey sandstones of the MiUstone- 
 gnt On the north-west side, a large .leposit of manga. ese wasMa„,.nc-o 
 worked for some years, a tunnel being driven into the mountain along 
 the contact with the underlying schists for nearly 1.000 lect The ore 
 which consisted of pyrolusito and psilomelane, occurred at the base of 
 the conglomerate in irregular pockets. Operations have been suspen- 
 aed for some years and the workings have all fallen in. At the mouth 
 of the slope the conglomerates dip N. 15° E. < 15°-20°. 
 
 Along the valley of the Demoiselle Creek, between Curryville and 
 the Albert mines, Lower Carboniferous sediments are also found On 
 the east, between the creek and Petitcodiac River, they are covered by 
 the overlying ridge of Millstone-grit, but on the streams flowing in 
 from the west, they occupy a considerable extent, forming the pro- 
 longation of the area of the Albert mines. The rocks are principally 
 red and grey marly shales and sandstones, but on Wilson's Brook large 
 ledges and cliff's of gypsum from 80 to 100 feet high are seen A fine r, 
 quarry of reddish grey limestone was opened in the vicinity some years 
 ago by Mr. McHenry, and a large quantity of lime of excellent quality 
 Jias been burned. 
 
 On the west side of Cape Maringouin Peninsula red marly shales 
 •and sandstones of the Lower Carbonifei-ous are in unconformable con- 
 
Section on 
 
 Maringouin 
 
 Peninsala. 
 
 Copper< 
 
 ^^ ^ NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 tact with the Millstone-grit, which forms the extremity of the penin- 
 sula for half a mile. The Lower formation extends along the shore, 
 obliquely to the line of strike, for sixty-five, or directly across the' 
 measures for twenty-seven, chains. The following section was made : 
 
 Red marly shales and sandstones, the latter often greyish but 
 
 distinct in character from the Millstone-grit 1518 
 
 Measures concealed, red clay, probably the same 729 
 
 Reddish and grey fossiliferous limestone 130 
 
 Gypsum, ^yith red and grey marls, much twisted, and actual 
 
 thickness very uncertain— Exposed breadth 500 
 
 Thence, measures concealed to small brook, on which gypsum 
 
 again appears, along the beach, for 1188 
 
 Measures concealed, thickness unknown 2II2 
 
 Red marly shales, S. 5" E. < 85°-90°, to axis of anticlinal.". ""204 
 
 Red marly shales, vertical, to contact with overlying Millstone- 
 
 g"t ." 1650 
 
 Further north, one mile above Johnston's Creek, similar red marly- 
 shales crop out on the shore, dipping N. 5°E. < 35=. They are exposed 
 for nearly half a mile and represent, in this place, a thickness of 1,150 
 feet. Still further north, at the creek below Dorchester Cape, red 
 marls and dark red conglomerates with beds of sandstone are again 
 seen, dip N. 15° E. < 30°. They are exposed for seventy-five chains, 
 and, measured directly across the strike, have a thickness of 1,250- 
 feet. No gypsum is seen in this direction. 
 
 East of the Memramcook Eiver, between Dorchester and Calhoun's 
 mill, the denudation of the horizontal beds of Millstone-grit has dis- 
 closed the underlying Lower Carboniferous measures, and produced a 
 very irregular and sinuous outline. The distribution of the Albert 
 shales which form a conspicuous feature in this area, and other mem- 
 bers of the formation, has already been given in the Eeport of Progress 
 1876-7t, pages 371 and 3^8. , ' 
 
 On the east side of the Maringouin Peninsula, the Lower Carbonifer- 
 ous rocks are exposed on the north siue ot North Joggins Cove, under- 
 lying the Millstone-grit. The measui-es are the same as those - 
 described on the west side, with the exception of the limestone and 
 gypsum. They dip S. 5° E. < 40°, changing at Peck's Point to S. 20' 
 E. < 40°. Plant beds are numerous at several places, and where found 
 often disclose traces of copper which are, economically, unimportant. 
 Fi'om Pock's Point the measm-es strike directly across Cumberland 
 Bay to Boss' Cove, on the south side of which the contact between the- 
 two formations is seen. 
 
 North of the creek above Peck's Point, and thence up to Harvey's 
 Creek, the Lower Carboniferous beds dip N. 30° W. < 75°-80°, indicat- 
 
HLte.] 
 
 LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 31 E 
 
 ing the presence of an anticlinal, which is the extension of that noted 
 in the section on the west side. A short distance north of Upper Eock- 
 land P. O., they are overlaid by Mi i' stone-grit sediments already 
 described. 
 
 On the north side of Peck's Point, near the upper limit of the expo- 
 sm-es, a bed of very fine grained red sandstone of peculiar texture is sandstone 
 found. It has been quarried to some extent and shipped* in all direc ^uS^'"* 
 tions for grinding and polishing marble, for which purpose it is pecu- 
 liarly adapted, and commands a high price in the market. The merits 
 of this stone were first pointed out by Mr. H. J. McGrath, marble cut- 
 ter of Dorchester. Since 1876, in which year the report on the Lower 
 Carboniferous belt was written, extensive explorations, more especially 
 in the group of the Albert shales, have been carried on, involving the 
 expenditure of largo sums of money in the search for albertito and 
 petroleum. The celebrated Albert mine became entirely exhausted Albert mine, 
 at a depth of a little over 1,500 feet, the vein gradually thinning out as 
 traced downward. Explorations were made in various directions by 
 the Albert Mining Company in the vicinity, but no other veins of 
 workable size were found, and the mine has accordingly been dis- 
 mantled and allowed to fill with water. 
 
 The explorations on the adjoining or Princess Alexandra area, where Princess 
 borings were made to a depth of over 1,100 feet, were alike uni^uccessful min™"'^™ 
 in finding any vein of economic importance. In the western part of the 
 county, at Elgin, where the shales are also well developed, several bore 
 Jioles were put down, but Avithout meeting with albertite in any quan- 
 tity. East of the Petitcodiac River, on the Beliveau Mining Company's 
 property, both at Beliveau and Taylor village, extensive explorations 
 were carried on for some years. At the former place a shaft was sunk B«"vcau mine, 
 to a depth of 500 feet, and tunnels driven in different directions, involv- 
 ing an outlay of over $40,000. In the latter, the operations were carried 
 on with a diamond drill, several holes being put down. In both places 
 only small veins were found. 
 
 Boring operations have been carried on for years, both in the vicinity 
 of the Petitcodiac River, near Dover, and in rear of St. .Joseph's college petroioum 
 at Memramcook, in the hope of finding petroleum. A small quantity of 
 oil is reported in several of the holes, but the amount so far found has 
 been insignificant. 
 
 In Cumberland county the extension of the Lower Carboniferous 
 anticlinal, seen on the southern part of Cape Maringouin, after crossing Extension in 
 •Cumberland Bay, reaches the Joggins shore, as stated, at Boss' Cove, and co"iInty.' *" 
 ■is thence exposed northward along the beach, to a point half a mile 
 beyond Downing's Cove, with a breadth of two miles and a half. There 
 it is overlapped by the Upper Carboniferous of the Amherst basin. 
 

 B 
 
 38 E 
 
 NEW BRLTNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 Tatamagouehe Bay Th L d^^ ^n ^"P^.^^'^^^^h, on tho north side of 
 Cumberland Coal basin '" '"""" *'^ "^'"^^ ^'^e of the Jogginso; 
 
 av\^^'^:,;? ^«^«' ««ven «.iles north of the end of rl! pk'^'"'''" ^"^' '^^ «P'^«'-'« 
 
 boni.e.J- to the coast it has an oxposm^;! ou^ioo ''^^T" '^'"'^ ^^ ^«-- 
 
 ^spi-eads out, including the viir^e of F f, m, '' ^"' '°'""^ '* ^'^P'^ly 
 
 ft-om two to four mites, Lep a on! fh .kY"' ^'^^ ^ ^'"^'^^"^ of 
 
 vange nearly to its eastern eS,em'ty "''' '""^ '^^ *^« ^^^^equid 
 
 -Hi Upper CarbonifLt ed r n^ S"tf '''^' *'^ "^"''^'-^ ^''^'l'^ 
 tinct basins. sediments being thus separated into two dis- 
 
 ™«V .espoc^ ,„ those of M^Cuin ™l uf'" "'T "'■" ""■""■ '" 
 
 »<! h..-<l, wi,„ band, ofln'ilZe a u ie |hr""'"l,*" ""»-" ■ 
 
 le«. for the ..ogion ,ve,t ef a,H„ 'S tZ^ '"" ''"'"""^ «""'■ « 
 of tho valloj. of the south braVch „f sLt B ^ """T '"^ '''•«"""• P« 
 a. Claremont and Windham Thl ■ "' ""'' ""' '■'■=!«« k-own 
 
 area u apparently X'Z atao rtoTeT '?.' '"™" *"'"> '— "■" 
 The section on (hi, ,t«aM to not o^t t „ ^ "' """ ^"<" l"""'?- 
 ilivcpu,,,. »" first seen about three-fourlhs ofl^T' .'■J""'*'™'' """l SypMm 
 ™ilw.v c,-o.,i„g, „„a the comtrvt,,, "^ "■" I"'««<>l°»ial 
 
 ;v«ti.ooc„pied1„rgely„ithft«^r 1 Vhrh'e*" "" '"' ""* 
 
 - .- .»ou.h.t,hi,e tho r ST;:t.c^;'3rt;^ 
 
I' and forming an 
 tho north side of 
 )f the Joggins or 
 
 ■ms the southej-n 
 Bay, at Spicer's 
 Where it comes 
 nhmd it rapidJy 
 ith a breadth of 
 f the Cobequid 
 
 ed by tho elevji- 
 ^erlj-ing Middle 
 )d into two dis- 
 
 ns are reddish 
 compact lime- 
 3 in their lower 
 Is. 
 
 are very abun- 
 wh. This area 
 ven at the be- 
 are simiJai* in 
 acter of rocJc 
 to its eastern 
 
 iting or vei'v 
 
 1-' 
 
 often coarse 
 3]y represent 
 
 3 formations, 
 ^IJy given, at 
 greater part 
 dges icnown 
 ilip road the 
 Hver Philip, 
 ind gypsum 
 ntercolonial 
 e east and 
 •es are rare, 
 icliiials, the 
 een Oxford 
 o* far froitt 
 
 Eiis.] LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. 39 E 
 
 the vicinity of Oxford itself, the exact position being conceiiled by tho 
 thick mantle of drift. ' 
 
 Tho Pngwash River further oast also shews but few exposures. At 
 the crossing of Grey's road, three miles north of Thompson station, p^jg^y||g|jjj.ygj, 
 large outcrops of gypsum occur, which extend down the stream for 
 several hundred yards. Those mark the southern limit of the southoi'ly 
 anticlinal in this direction. Exposures below this on the sti-eam and 
 roads are very few, l)ut from the character of the soil and tho loose 
 pieces, it is probable that this formation extends continuously to the 
 lower part of Pugwash Basin, as limestone and gypsum are well 
 developed in that locality Ijoth to the east and west. 
 
 The Wallace River, the next stream to the east, aftbrds a fine section 
 
 of the rocks of this formation, underlying the Upper Carboniferous 
 
 basin already described. On the north flank of the Cobequid Mountains ,„ 
 
 ^ fxT ^ ^ t . , , , , , , , Wallace River 
 
 at Wentworth, brownish and grey sandstones and shales rest upon tho 
 
 Silurian strata of Whetstone Brook. They dip N. 5' W. < 30°-45°, 
 
 the underlying Silurian at the contact dipping S. 20° E. < 40°. The 
 
 sandstones are also well exposed at an old quarry on Caldwell's Mill 
 
 Brook, just beyond the end of the road leading down the mountain 
 
 from Wentworth station. 
 
 Thence down the Wallace River for several miles exposures are few. 
 Where seen they cons>ist of red conglomerates, often coarse, dip N. 10' 
 E. < 10°. These also show on tho roads down the east side of the 
 river, and they extend northward to the vicinity of the road leading 
 to Swallow Settlement, where they are overlapped by the Upper Car- 
 boniferous. 
 
 The finest exposures of the lower formation are about eight miles 
 north of the road to Wentworth station and five miles from the mouth 
 of the river. Hero a continuous section for over three miles is exposed, 
 the beds being inclinetl at a high angle, generally from 60° to 80°, and 
 the dip very imiform in direction for two miles and a half The sec- 
 tion is a descending one, the beds being unconformably overlaid by the 
 soft red sandstones of the Upper Carboniferous, and is as follows : — 
 
 FEET, 
 
 Red sandstone and shales, 8. < 40" 330 
 
 Hard, dark reddish grits and fine conglomerates to head of pond, Section in 
 
 S. 20' E. < 40° 200 VValliice River. 
 
 Coarse grits with fine red shales and red conglomerate bands, the 
 pebbles often coated with red hematite and polished or 
 slickensided, S. 40° E. < 45° 150 
 
 Coarse grits and conglomerates in alternate beds, the latter with 
 ixjbbles of grey quartzite, felsito, granite, etc., coated with 
 hematite and with a bed of greyish-white marly clay, 
 ;> to 4 feet thick 200 
 
40 X 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA 
 
 S;rcr„:rotrarx^^^^ as^ 
 
 ^ ^^ glomerate with thm bands of sandstone, S. 40" E 
 
 grits, the latter S 27^'"' '^°"S'°"^«'''tes and 
 
 brown shales, with lit. , T' ^"-^^^^h-grey and 
 
 "es, with grits and conglomerates. ... q^^ 
 
 Greyish and brownish-grey sakd vVh,Tl 860 
 
 plant Stems, S.VR<T5f^*l''^"^^ sandstones Mith 
 
 Brown and grey sandstones and shales * *hV V. '■"^': ^^^ 
 
 < 70° snaies, in thm beds, S. 40° E. 
 
 Soft brown shales and gVJy l^Vd^and^to;;;' V.^o'e "".'oV'Tn^ ''' 
 to foot of pond and Howard's mill ^ ~^^ 
 
 r,!"°™ "-".wS^°j!!n r" •"" """'■ '"»"»■ 
 
 Probable fault -reportsd ailrer n.inV "» 
 
 Brown shales and sandstones win. • 2430 
 
 sandstone, S. 20° r< 8;J-9r"'"'' '""' ^'^^'"'^ ^''^^ 
 
 To axis of anticlinal at Kerr's mill.' ^"30 
 
 Then foi- a further distance of innn 
 ubove described are repe til witrnorheTl T' *'^ ^^""™' ^'^^ ^^^^s 
 80°. when they are again oveXped bv T^ "'''' n ''"^'^'^ '' ^'' *« 
 ments which form the shore aria ^ ^^'' ^''"'^^^^^^^^'on. sedi- 
 
 . «-^^5ni:;:c.:^- :-<« 5r ""• ^"^* --«p ^» *^e 
 
 would give a total thickness of 13 000 f^/'' . ""V'''''^' ^'1^ «f ^0°. 
 be entirely unprecedented forle 'w *, ^^ .*i"« ^^-kness would 
 can only ,uppo«e that the various mem l"''''''"^ '«'™''t'«»' ^e 
 Unfortunately there is no cont Zu.^ ''° '" ^^'''' ^'^P^'^ted. 
 the east or west, to compare wh that .w"" '' """ ™^'^^' « 't- *« 
 of jyfalagasli Point, a Sartial section t J '' ^''''"- ^"* «" «»« shore 
 t»re of this belt. ^ ''*""" *^^'«^^^ «««»« ^fe^ht upon the struc- 
 
<EL18.] 
 
 LOWER CARHONIFEROUS. 
 
 41 E 
 
 385 
 
 S. 40° E. 
 
 76 
 
 polished 
 tes and 
 •ey and 
 
 • 660 
 
 > 
 
 'ne of the con- 
 
 PEBri'. 
 
 3S and 
 
 860 
 
 i Mith 
 
 1600 
 
 40° E. 
 
 ■ 210 
 
 0°-70° 
 
 350 
 
 E.< 
 
 360 
 
 r and 
 lales, 
 810 
 
 ■ feet 
 
 .... 640 
 
 later 
 
 • • • • 2430 
 rrey 
 
 ••• 3730 
 
 am, the beds 
 le.s of tO° to 
 ferous sedi- 
 
 tcrop in the 
 ' dip of TO", 
 vnesN would 
 •inution, Ave 
 s repeated. 
 ^s, either to 
 the shore 
 1 the struc- 
 
 ', comes to 
 Poiht, the 
 
 axis itself being concealed in a salt marsh, the strata on either side of 
 of which dip, respectively, N. 10° W. < "74°, and S. 10° E. < 65°. It also 
 appears on the shore in a depression on the north side of the point, 
 about midway between the end and the entrance of Wallace Harbor, the 
 opposing dips being well seen. On the north side of the anticlinal, 
 the portion corresponding with that to the north of Kerr's mill, shews 
 the presence of several faults. Gypsum occurs at several places on this Gypsum. 
 portion of the coast as well as about Plaster Cove, just inside the 
 entrance of Wallace Harbor. 
 
 Brownish-red and grey micaceous sandstones and shales, apparently 
 in small outlying patches, rest upon the gypsum and other Lower Car- 
 boniferous rocks of this area. These are unconformable and probably 
 are limited exposures of the Upper Carboniferous. Their inclination 
 is generally low, from 16° to 18°. 
 
 As on the Wallace River the Lower Carboniferous sediments of Mala- 
 gash Point consist of dark greyish-brown sandstone and shale, with Malagash Point 
 interstratified beds of moderately coarse grej* grits and grey lime- 
 stone. These contain traces of copper at several places near the 
 extremity, in eveiy observed case in association with plant stems, as^''''^®""" 
 on the French Eiver and elsewhere. 
 
 In the Wallace River section, the upper portion, to the bridge below 
 E. Howard's mill, at several points shews slight local changes in dip, 
 but just in the vicinity of the bridge a more extensive line of fault pro- 
 bably exists, by which the measures, seen on the lower part of the „ ^ . , 
 
 stream, are rei)eated, a general similarity between the members of the thickness in 
 
 1 • ^ ,.,,.,, , , , Wallace River, 
 
 two sections being apparent. On this hypothesis, the beds on the lower 
 
 end of the section from Howard's mill to Kerr's mill would have an 
 aggregate thickness of about 6,800 feet, while the thickness of the por- 
 tion lying to the south of the bridge would be 6,200 feet. 
 
 In the upper part of the lowei- portion, a band of limestone four feet 
 thick occurs with red conglomerate. No limestone is found in the 
 upper portion, but further east, in Dcwar's River, near the head of 
 Tatamagouche Bay, a similar band of limestone is seen, having the 
 same thickness. This marks the southern limit of the Lower Carbon- 
 iferous in this direction, and if extended west, should cross the Wallace 
 River a short distance south of the beginning of the outcrop of the 
 Lower Carboniferous on that stream, thus rendei-ing the parallelism oi' 
 the two sections more complete. It may be added that the section on 
 this river was made by pacing only, and the thickness of the various 
 anembers is, therefore, merely approximate. 
 
 East of Wallace River, along the flank of the Cobequid Mountains, 
 the Lower Carboniferous belt quickly narrows, being overlapped by 
 !the beds of the Upper formation already described. On the road to 
 
42 E 
 
 «BW BRUNSWIOK AND P,0VA SCOTM. 
 
 V„ 1 '"*•* SCOTIA. 
 
 ^>eAv Annan but one Hm nil „ 
 
 load. The dip was .\ortherIy < 35^'^ ^?'' ™»'«« «"«* of Wallace 
 ^ivcr a .small band of red-brown Z ' , ^"^ ^"'^^ ^''^nch of French 
 
 oecupyin.. the entire surface '^f'r "' "" ^'^^'^"^ive development 
 MUlstone-grit already de ^ be" t^ 1?"^'"- ^^ the small aCs " 
 T r-r Carboniferous basin of ^V WalteT "^P^"''^"^''^^ «*' ^1- 
 "• ^ntam range almost to the mout^if th! p!'''''^«"^ «'« ^ot of the 
 'r ."measures, if deposited in thTarea f l'''' ^ ^'"j^" ^he pz-oduc- 
 ^•^PP-g Upper Carboniferous fo^ioL " """^^^' '^^^ *^' -- 
 -~;r%r:r^tr^^-----n the.i...p,,, 
 concealed by the upper b",, f ^ "7^ "" '^^'"' ^^ 'W-ently L 
 f« ^t cloes not, in so far as call T '" '^' '^'' ^' that place 
 beyond, the whole coast, from the h 'TTT"^' ''^^P^^^' «" the si o7e 
 being apparently occupi;u7t bodl of'^Tr '^""^^ '^ ^^'^"-« %■ 
 
 On the line of the Intercolonial . .' ^^P^'^" <^'"''boniferous 
 
 -d Wentworth, several tiC'^'t^ 'l"^''" ^^^^P^" «taiion 
 all m rocks of Lower Carbon f! ^'^served. These are anparentlv 
 
 .;ey sandstones. On ^ rrLroV^^lr^r^- ^^'^^ -' 
 
 to the north of Gi-eenville also ovl.ll ^''"'''' ^^^'«»- those are 
 
 -d bed, of the upper formation ""'' "^^^--^bly, by the slfl 
 
 ^n the south side of th^ n 1 " 
 fomation has a considerable dtXlZ^'^ ^'^-'- ^'-boniferous 
 continuous belt from the coast wLTnf ^""^ ^PPa^'ently extends in ■, 
 North River, in the vicinity of S!;;[,^,^;;«^^^« harbor eastward to th 
 Devei„p,„ent. direction terminated. Sections t ' ,^'^ ^"'' ^'laminations in this 
 -mber of the ^treaJllZTl^^^rT ''' — -^ 
 including the Chiganois, the DebertP- S ^'''^'' ^"'^ ^^^^ Inlands 
 and Economy Ri^L. ihe rocks on a^sh "'^' '^^"^' ^^'^^ ^i"age 
 frequent and abrup- chan^esof din '''''"'^^"'•«'"« disturbanfe 
 
 of greater or less Len° A thinT ' ?""^ *^« ?'•«««»«« of faS 
 in their lower portion, genetltltr f '""'' '^ '^«" "^^-'''^•-I plact 
 series along the flank ofth^ t'^.ntainT Ti *^?«°^««t^ith the oldoT 
 points fromKemptown on thrpTctou , w ^ ^^^"^Pe«ed atsevei^ 
 character of the coal seam at alf he nl I '''' ^'''"^ «"'«'•• The 
 
 much the same, and it is appar "n ; otb: mtP '"^^' ^^P^^^ *« ^^ 
 Tbe structure of theformLon on^lfe S^r ^T^J^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Exposure on 
 Intereoloniiil 
 railway. 
 
 Distribntion 
 Muth of the 
 Cpbequid 
 -uountains. 
 
 Coal, 
 
ELIS.] 
 
 I-OWER CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 43 E 
 
 in aquan-y on a 
 east of Wallace 
 Ji'anch of Fi-ench 
 aces north of the 
 sadtJi of only 75 
 ion in this direc- 
 
 measiii-es wore 
 ivo development 
 le small areas of 
 ongation of the 
 the foot of the 
 >• The produc- 
 ed by the over- 
 
 ' Kivei- Philip, 
 Ppai-ently also 
 of that place, 
 on the shore 
 Wallace Bay, 
 Coniferous, 
 apson station 
 i"e aiiparently 
 3 and red and 
 ''er these are, 
 ' by the soft 
 
 'ai-boniferouis 
 extends in a 
 tward to the- 
 tions in this 
 asures on a 
 'ive Islands, 
 Bat Village,, 
 listurbance, 
 !e of faults 
 era! places 
 h the older 
 at sevei-al 
 ver. The 
 loars to be 
 alue. 
 3h a care- 
 
 ful micrometer survey was made from the mouth to within four miles 
 of its source, is evidently a double synclinal, and as the character of 
 the strata varied but slightly on the several streams, the description of 
 the rocks here seen may be given as fairly illustrative of the whole. 
 
 The first exposure of Lower Carboniferous strata is s-ien in a limited 
 outcrop near the mouth, at the crossi g of the river by the road lead- 
 ing from Truro to Economy. Here at 100 paces below the upper of ^p^ji„„ „^ 
 the two bridges, ledges of hard, bright red sandstone, strongly resem- D'^''*'^' ^iver- 
 bling in color the sandstone of the Triassic, come up abruptly from 
 beneath the soft sandstones of that formation, the strata of which 
 thence occupy the stream upward to the Intercolonial railway. Their 
 dip at this point is K 5" W < 60°, and they are associated with red, 
 grey and purple marly shales of Lower Carboniferous aspect. A band 
 of impure gypsum is also noted on the lower of the two roads at this 
 locality. 
 
 On the east side of the river these shales and sandstones dip S. 5° 
 E. < 60°, thus indicating the presence of an anticlinal at this place. 
 Twenty-five chains below the lower bridge, on the west bank of the 
 stream, beds of greyish and buff-colored limestone, overlaid by a bed 
 of fibrous gypsum about four feet thick form the upper part of a cliff. 
 They dip N. 20^ VV. .:^ 40". The red sandstones extend from this place 
 westerly to the Folly Village, where, on the south side of the Folly 
 Eiver, they are well exposed for some distance and have a high 
 northerly dip, the reverse dip of the anticlinal being seen a little lower 
 on the stream and the formation is overlapped by the soft beds of the 
 Trias. West of the Folly River the Lower Carboniferous beds of this 
 area do not appear. The outlier has an exposed length of a mile and 
 a quarter and a general breadth of forty to forty-five chains. 
 
 The Triassic sediments which occupy the Debert River from this out- 
 crop to a point one mile north of McCulloch's Corner have a geneial 
 dip S. 10° W. < i^-T. At the point indicated, bright red, hard and 
 coherent sandstones and marly shales, identical in character with those 
 just described, appear from beneath, with a southerly dip and shewing 
 the presence of a synclina^basin in the intervening space. These are 
 exposed foi- 240 yards and are underlaid unconformably by hard grey 
 jointed sandstone or quartzite, which has a bi-eadth of forty-five yards 
 and rests upon black carbonaceous shales. These latter are apparently 
 identical in character with a band which is associated with or accom- 
 panies the iron ore deposits presently to be described, and which has 
 been traced continuously along the south flank of the Cobequid range 
 for over sixty miles. 
 
 The black shales at this point have been opened, apparently in ajj,,^|.,j ^^^^^ 
 vain search for coal, and, to all appearancec, form one series with the 
 
44 E 
 
 ''-v Barr^swrcK ,,, ,ov. sooru. 
 
 "Tz,t: "'«-* le":;;!:*"^ "-^ ''■«'« - "^i.^ 
 
 rp, ^ , "^"J'^i-ijing strata at this 
 
 The conglomerates are Bunor. . i 
 
 -^30,,nd,cating another anti- 
 
CL18.] 
 
 LOWER CARBONIFEROUS. 
 
 45 E 
 
 to clip generally 
 ne gvey and are 
 atity of iron ore. 
 
 about fifty feet, 
 
 :es of grey shales 
 S.10°E. <35°. 
 y ironstone. In 
 'n on the Pictou 
 
 unconformably 
 i i-eddish-brown 
 lickensided and 
 ■tes resembling 
 described. An 
 
 strata at this 
 
 up sti-eani by 
 fredconglom- 
 
 are grey and 
 e were noted. 
 t<i ai-e brown- 
 nd thin bands 
 ^ 80 yards fur- 
 'lants, dip K. 
 ) feet fui-ther 
 i sandstones, 
 fine grained, 
 
 fifty chains 
 
 'hich brown 
 i, occur and 
 paces more, 
 >°- A little 
 ■ anticlinal. 
 < 30°, the 
 
 ^ry similar 
 t- At the 
 ihe shales 
 
 I the west 
 ther anti- 
 
 clinal at this point. They here contain a seam of coal which is under- 
 laid by grey clay, and where exposed in a slope on the west bank showed Coai scam. 
 a thickness of 12 to 14 inches, associated with black and grey shales. 
 The coal was apparently dirty and of little value. 
 
 In the vicinity, or a little below, several openings had been made 
 and shafts sunk for a short distance. These, though tilled with water, 
 showed small quantities of coal and black shales at the surface, and 
 were, in so far as could be ascertained, sunk on the same seam but on 
 the southern side of the anticlinal. No other seam could be observed, 
 either at the surface or in the bed of the river. This place is ten 
 chains below the back road leading to Cotnam settlement, and no ledges 
 appear on the stream between the coal opening and the bridge. 
 
 Above the bridge, the measures are concealed for nearly 200 yards. 
 Then ledges of grey sandstone and marly shale are exposed in a small 
 outcrop dipping S. 30° W. < 30°. Measures are again concealed for half 
 a mile to ledges of red and greyish-brown conglomerate with thin bands 
 of sandstone. The conglomerate contains pebbles of slate, quartzite, 
 felsite, syenite, &c., and dips S. 20'' E. < 35°, underlaid by others, which 
 are coai-se and irony, and like that noted at the anticlinal near the 
 beginning of the section. These are in turn underlaid by greyish-brown 
 coarse grit, and line brown shales, dark red-brown conglomerates and 
 thin bands of red sandstone, dipping S. 45° E. < 45° to black carbonaceous 
 shales, dip S. 30° E. < 90°, like those first noted on the lower part of 
 the stream, which complete the section. They are much broken and 
 become grey in their lower part, and are exposed at intervals for 
 thirty caains, having Midway an outcrop of hard, greenish-grey rock, 
 mottled with dark shades and containing a small quantity of calcite. 
 This is probably a fine-grained diorite. The slates in this lower portion 
 are graphitic, and dip S. 5° E. < 40°. Greenish-grey and purple altered jf„„ ^^g, 
 slates and quartzite containing limonite and spathic iron ores directly 
 underlie the black slates, and are apparently conformable, dipping S. 5° 
 E. < 40°, These are the eastern extension of the iron-ore belt of the 
 Londonderry mines. 
 
 Throughout this section no rocks which could be recognized as be- 
 longing to the Middle Carbonifei-ous were seen, the strata throughout 
 have a marked Lower Carboniferous aspect, and the coal seam, instead 
 of belonging to the productive measures, is much more likely to be one 
 of the thin coals, found in the lower formation at intervals along the 
 north side of the Basin of Minas. 
 
 On the Pine Brook, a branch of the Debei-t Eiver, a similar syncli- 
 nal structure is found on the portion of the stream to the south of the Pino Brook, 
 road from the Cotnam settlement to the East mines, and about one 
 mile and a half west of the section just given. The strata are brown 
 
4(J E 
 
 N^W BBUXSWICK AND ^OVA SCOXI.. 
 
 Chiflranois 
 Itiver. 
 
 and brownish-grey sandstone and «hale of T 
 
 '■esembling those on the Debert but the ' ''' ^"'■»^«"'f«'-o«s aspect 
 ^"'■l>ed; the dips on the south s^de of tho''T "'"^ ™««h less dS 
 are generally N. 50-10° W. < SoLgoo atlT "" '" ^^"^ ^^^ ^r^t 
 fo.mat,on from the contact 0? the T Has to h ''^"^^' ^^''^^^^h of Ze 
 ■^ eighty chains. The dips on the nrnt? ''"*'"'' "^ '^' 'y^^lC 
 ox end to the band of Idacl ca bo ceo s Z "'°' "''^^ «PP«-n I7 
 
 4*t2i:j:-r:'TS:i^ -- --s ... 
 
 north of Belmont Comer an/! ""^^'"^ ™md (or one n,i ! 
 
 plants These are much shatte.-ed but fn o. '.''"^"'""^ ^"'"^'"^ «f 
 Simdar beds, with occasional band 7"' ''''^ ''^^ ^- < «5°-90°. 
 extend up stream with a uniform din tf i ^'^^ sandstone and shale 
 ninety.five chains. At th.s .1 . ^ ^- *« ^- 20' E. < 50°-60° fl 
 a.o in a bed Of ,..y tL^^^ J -.shaft was sun^stL'^at 
 15 Ay. < 50". Small pieces of co«l "'^ '^^'«' ^^"eh din N 
 
 the shaft, and a thin sLm of dirtTciroc?^^^^ ^^^of 
 
 this for sixty-flve chains in a st^lt ioT ' ? '^'^ P'^^^' ^^ove 
 dip IS pretty uniform. A rever 17 ?, "'" ''^"^' ^^^^ stream this 
 mdicating the ])resence of a ' n,r^ f ^^'^ -«» *« S. 35° E. <' ejo' 
 
 The character of the sediments is ti ^'^e^- and Pi„e b^-ooJ, 
 
 brownish-grey sandstone, ZZ aJ 1'^ ''"'''^'■' being mostiv 
 the mill, at the end of the 0^ ?, ^f omerates. Abovf Zlo 
 - ^ore disturbed, freque„V;n^ a W et^ '^*'^'"^°*' ^^^ '^LL' 
 
 150yards above, harf,' ^er^^t^^^^^^^^^^ '^eWtheXXo: 
 
 and with interstratified beds of black shZlu''^ «"d ^^ales, 
 of remains of plants in some of th« ,! ' '^ '^'^*"'° abundance 
 Bo^e of the featu,.es of MillXne * • 22 "^T' "^"« P'--t,n; 
 Phical position without doubt oldei and n'Tkr" ^''""^ *^«"- «tratigra 
 Lower Carboniferous formati^ l^^aft h^'^r'^^^^^P-^^^of^^^ 
 
 ^sftatt has been sunk in a bed of 
 
 Coal Bonm, 
 
boniferous aspect, 
 ■e much less dis! 
 n the Pine Brook 
 'd breadth of the 
 of the synclinal 
 ^iiich apparently 
 • the foot of the 
 f coal are visible 
 
 ed sections wej-e 
 nd for one mile 
 dip. They rest 
 and sandstones 
 '5°. These are 
 
 •"•e like those 
 valents. They 
 
 angle decreas- 
 ire unconform- 
 ing remains of 
 N. < 85°-90°. 
 >ne and shale, 
 < 50°-60° for 
 ik some years 
 which dip Jf. 
 the mouth of 
 lace. Above 
 
 stream, this 
 !5° E. < 60°, 
 'S) the exten- 
 Pino Brook, 
 sing mostly 
 >ovo this to 
 ') the strata 
 eing noted, 
 
 perhaps a 
 nill, and for 
 . dip S. 40° 
 *nd shales, 
 abundance 
 presenting 
 
 stratigra- 
 •tionofthe 
 
 ft bed of 
 
 '•] 
 
 LOWKR CAKHONIPEROirs. 
 
 47 E 
 
 black shale just above the mill nt this place in the search for coal, but niaek r-imio. 
 without discovering any. 
 
 This shale lies between thick beds of hard green conglomerates of 
 Lower Carboniferous aspect, which rest upon greenish-grey and jiurple 
 (juartzite, containing spathic iron, the representatives of the iron ore 
 bell in this direction. 
 
 The green conglomerates can bo traced eastward through the 
 Delany Settlement and across the road lending from Onslow to Judge 
 Monro's house. Between this point and McCallum's mill, on the south 
 l)ranch of the North River, a small seam of coal occurs, which was -, , 
 
 ' ' Coal. 
 
 opened many years ago, but found to be of no economic value. This 
 is, probably, the extension of the seam soon at the Debort River. 
 
 The section on the west branch of the North River reveals strata Nonii Uiv«r. 
 similar to those already desciibed. A well defined anticlinal is seen 
 sixty chains north of the upper bridge, eight miles from Truro, 
 between which and the iron ore bolt, near McCallum's mill, the struc- 
 ture is a synclinal. The Lower Carboniferous, as exposed lower down 
 on the stream is a good dcnl disturbed. Westward, on the Folly River 
 and on the Intercolonial railway, north from Londonderry station, 
 good sections of this formation are atlbrdod. The synclinal structure 
 already noted is evident at both places. On the Folly River, the con- F.iiiy River, 
 tact with the overlying Triassic bods is near a small brook from the 
 east, 500 yards above the railway viaduct. The first exposures are red 
 sandstone and conglomerate, like those of tlie Debert outlier, which dip 
 S. lO'-SO" W. < 50°, the upper nioasuros being nearly horizontal or 
 dipping southerly at a low angle. Underlying these red beds, brown- 
 grey sandstones and shales of the same character as those alreadj' , 
 described on the other streams dip S. to S. 30° W. < 30°-80°, and 
 extend up stream, and at forty-five chains fi-om the overlap of the 
 Trias show an anticlinal structure, tlio opposing dips being S. 20° W. 
 < 80° and N. 20° E. < 50°-60°. Thence to the centre of the syn- 
 clinal a breadth of seventy-five chains is occupied by similar strata, 
 dipping generally N. 15°-20° E. < 45°. 
 
 Above the road from Folly Mountain to the East mines, the strata 
 are much disturbed and the dips irregular. A series of grey sand- 
 stones, shales and conglomerates are exposed for twenty-five chains 
 which very closely resemble the lower portion of the Millstone-grit. 
 They are unconformably undei-laid by hard, gi'con Lower Carlxmifei-ous 
 conglomerates, which form high cliffs and extend up stream for twenty 
 chains, where they rest upon the band of black shale and associated g,,,^,,^ g,,^,^ 
 iron ore rocks. A fault is evident here which throws this band back to 
 the north for twenty chains. Should the rocks above the bridge be of Fi""- 
 Millstone-gvit age they are exceedingly local, since no trace of them is 
 

 48 E 
 
 i m 
 
 ml 
 
 '^'^^ "H^^SWICK- AND XOVA SCOTM. 
 
 Contact of 
 TriMsic ami 
 
 Lower Carbon- 
 iierous. 
 
 >IU.un,li,™lyS.30»£ <4(,i.5;o" "-"P"-"'' "' ««™™1 place. Th.y 
 
 ;je.™: ris;;:-,:-- J** """ ^"- -'»»■ 
 
 to lolly Ri,e,, »,„,„ ,^ L„m 3.:°"'', "■"» "'"' " «>"«l. we,, of 
 The road from Great Vll 
 
 ^o^U„.o„Uer„.T^eco a^t with the Trias is near a 1^1,, t f'^f " ^'^ «««««" 
 2 "''"' "^ *''« '-^^^J loading to heTn . T '' "'^^"^ « -'«"'-tb of a 
 outcrops, underlying the Triassic . « 1 ^^ ""'^'''7 station. The first 
 
 101 I960 paces to a fault, the din h. "^"^ **'^®- These extend 
 
 or 200. Xorth of the fau ho 'dip'l'^'""^"^ ^^'"^^^'^ ^^ - « ^^ 
 
 angles of 40° to 50°, ^hich continue to hf '• °"''"''^ ^'"^^-n a 
 
 hi" f '' ^''^ '"•'^^^ village the ]lst:r"^'^'^'^^''»«*^™«eh 
 ■^ha o a„a ,,„j^,^^^^ ^.^^.^^^ ^^ , ^the last^^Iedge consisting of brown 
 
 . W,S: :?^- ^ttlhtr ^' ^^^'^^ - ^-y^ coarse gHt ar. eon 
 
 f-m the Lower CWb^n fl^us J.rar'?'^ ^''^""^"^ ^ ^h-S 
 strong Devonian aspect. These be^'! ?"*^^ ^^^^"'^^^1 and have a 
 road and the foot of" the dump whte tZ T ''''' ^'"^-'^ between the 
 of the stream. Patches of r d W r V'"v ' '"^'«" '^^ ^vost s de 
 unconformable upon them in places h.?;","''''""^ conglon.erate Zl 
 road round the spur of the hH r'th: t't'^^^^'^ ^*-"- -nd n tie 
 from the manager's house. Two di ' ncX "'' '' *^^ "^«'-' "o* far 
 
 ij ing beds which are like those of th« . , , ' < ^^ • The under- 
 n^Sinrl'^^'-''-^ P-^b'^tl^e e^'/i;^^^^^^ Truro and the 
 
 no ed m the lower part of the Debert S . ^^"' ^^^^'^^^^e beds 
 fm-ther west, in the vicinity of Tolo ''.'"'• '^^'y «'«o occur 
 
 rektions to the unconformably ove Ivin 7 '""^ ^'^^ ^«'«"ds. Thdr 
 ^vHl be presently desc.4bed.'^''^^'^^^^^^^-^'''^-boniferousmeair;i 
 
 Tbe w:. trrut r rn- "^-'•' ^^« -p-- - few 
 
 indicated by their presence on he ror;"""!;^'^' '"^ *^''« ^-ect onTs 
 S-ment, and westward at ^^^ S^f ^ ^f ^^f^ 
 
 Londonderry 
 mines. 
 
 Londonderry 
 fflines to 
 Dconomy. 
 
ril 
 
 ' the direction of 
 
 boniforous snnd- 
 1 places. TJioy 
 
 I^owof Carbou- 
 i» fourth west of 
 "itielinul struc- 
 10° and K. 30° 
 
 3^ keeps along 
 ■ good section, 
 ta fourth of a 
 ion. Thelirst 
 •ates and sand- 
 Thoso extend 
 'y at an angle 
 y direction at 
 i East Branch 
 ng of bi-own 
 
 ?rit ar-1 con- 
 ften of large 
 in character 
 
 and have a 
 
 between the 
 he west side 
 Jnierate rest 
 I and on the 
 ^er, not far 
 ' formations 
 The under- 
 iroand the 
 rtzose beds 
 
 also occui- 
 •s- Their 
 8 measures 
 
 m are few. 
 section as 
 istlereagh 
 ^f Upper 
 
 till.] 
 
 LOWER CARBONIPEROrs. 
 
 49 E 
 
 The sections on the Economy River and in the roads in the vicinity, roikIup 
 display a considerable diversity of lithological character in tho various ^""""""^ ^'" 
 groups exposed between the Economy falls and the shore. On the 
 road leading back from the shoi-e road, one mile west of Upper Econ- 
 omy, after passing over the Trias, which has a breadth of three-eighths 
 of a mile north from tho main highway, we ascend a ridge having an 
 elevation of 450 feet. On the south slope of the hill, reddish-brown 
 sandstones, shales and conglomerates are exposed in the gullies along- 
 side, with a southerly dip at angles of 45°. These extend for about 
 fifty-six chains to brownish-grey altered shales, which dip N. 55° E. < 
 40°. The exposure here is limited, but along the top of the ridge, 
 pieces of grey quartzite and slates, of a much older aspect than the 
 rocks first seen, are met. These extend down the north slope of the 
 ridge till we approach the valley, when bright red sandstones and con- 
 glomerates, the extension of the upper members of the Lower Carbon- 
 iferous from the east, come in. These have a breadth of a mile and a 
 half, and occupy the valley of the east branch of the Economy Eivcr. 
 
 The road up this stream keeps close to the west bank for a couple of 
 miles, or to the bridge, where it crosses to Pleasant Hill. Here the ^tu'""' "'" 
 bright red sandstones, just noted, are again seen, and have a breadth 
 on the river of 120 chains, and thence extend west to Five Islands. 
 The dip at the bridge is N. 30° "W. < 40'. One fourth of a mile below 
 this bridge the rocks, which constitut , tli ua, , described on the 
 other road are met, and consist of gn hales and hard, brownish- 
 grey and grey quartzite or quartzoso sandstone, distinct in character 
 from the beds of the Lower Carboniferous of the sections to the east. 
 They are distinctly unconformable, not only to the bright red sand- 
 stones and conglomerates of tho Pleasant Hill settlement, but also to 
 the ordinary brown sandstones and shales of the formation in rear of 
 Upper and Middle Economy villages. "Where traversed by the river, 
 they present cliff's of con-iderable height, and have an exposed breadth 
 of twenty-eight chains. They dip generally at high angles, 75" to iW, 
 and their strike is the same as on the top of the ridge two miles east. 
 
 At the point where the sharp bend occurs in the stream, one mile Faults. 
 above the Economy road, a fault occurs, the rocks on the opposite side 
 of which dip S. 15° W. < 50° to 80° and S. 80° W. < 40°. Below this, 
 brown sandstone and brown and grey marls and sandy shale of Lower 
 Carboniferous aspect, are exposed for twenty-seven chains, below 
 which the country is flat to the shore. 
 
 The portion of the Economy Eiver directly below the falls, which Economy River 
 are four miles and a quarter north of Central Economy P. O., is occu- 
 pied for 1,900 paces by brown sandstones, shales and conglomerates of 
 the usual character, having a southerly dip at high angles, and rest 
 4 
 
50 E 
 
 Iron ore rooks. 
 
 ''^ ««^-«WXCK A.B .OVA SCOrXA. 
 
 fnoonformity. 
 
 Three unoon- 
 i^fmable series 
 below the Trias, 
 
 Probable 
 Devonian areas 
 
 North River. 
 
 UDOn fK. • "^^ SCOTIA. 
 
 "pon the iron ore h^lf „« 
 
 It i. evident fe„ „,, .„„ "'° ""^ " '""P 
 
 "■« *e.™.,^,„ ™,**™7 in the character ot the root 
 onconformablo „ • "° "liTOraitv of din. .1, . °™ "" 
 
 portion ofVewlrt'""" »■«' «o»«loml>,f/ . r'/\» °PP». 
 
 '«-««ti„Ji7^*-»d»ore.o,a„*La4ttl?Jr 
 quartzite. Thfl.. o -^ ® """^stones nuarf7n«« 7^^^' ^^e shales 
 
 altered shaVer h'''"'"'""*'^"' ^«^«ver. tW 2 f '^T'^">^«^''>»« for- 
 
 ^ne strata aro well 
 
•ELL8.] 
 
 DEVONIAN— SILUBIAN. 
 
 51 E 
 
 I'side to the west, 
 the lower part of 
 'I7 100 yards. A 
 or«i- The hard 
 ^mablj by the 
 eady describea. 
 es of the ridge 
 side of a steep 
 
 'f the rocks on 
 at least three 
 'se, the upper, 
 undoubtedly a 
 Viassic uncon- 
 e brown and 
 md brown-red 
 istone portion 
 »• The third 
 le other two, 
 'ct, the shales 
 often a true 
 ' of the ridge 
 :e valley and 
 'hey contain, 
 >Ie resemble 
 of southern 
 8 sediments, 
 irboniferous 
 >ni beneath 
 th of CaiT's 
 seen in the 
 Between 
 ig, but the 
 ^ the con- 
 iver it has 
 ted by the 
 
 n-ington's 
 hich have 
 srous for- 
 'e mostly 
 'e series, 
 are well 
 
 exposed on the stream between the road and the falls, 130 chains up, 
 or to the contact with the old schists of the Cobequid series, and are as 
 follows : — 
 
 At the road, and for ten chains north, fine red conglomerates, sand- 
 stones and shales of presumably Triassic or Carboniferous age. Then Rocks of 
 hard brownish quartzites, with sandstones and shales containing traces Spec"'*" 
 of plants, cordaites, &c., identical with the quartzite series south of 
 Ti-uro, dip N. 30° E. < 40°, with grey, micaceous, sandy slates and 
 slaty shales and sandstones, in places a hard quartzite also containing 
 plants, same dip, to centre of synclinal basin. 
 
 The exposed breadth of these rocks is sixty chains and the esti-TliJokneM. 
 mated thickness is 2,500 feet. 
 
 On the north side of the synclinal these beds are repeated, the dip 
 ranging fj-om S. 10°-20° W. < 30°-'70°, and are distinctly and con- 
 formably underlaid by the gi-eenish-grey quartzite and slates of the 
 Londonderry mines series which here carries veins of iron ore of con- Iron ore. 
 siderable size. The black carbonaceous shale band is here a part of the 
 series which holds the iron ores. 
 
 West, on the Harrington Eiver, near the crossing of the road to 
 Parrsborough, similar greyish and brown quartzite occur, the exten- 
 sion of this area. Both lithologically and stratigraphically they are 
 distinct from the ordinary sediments of the Lower Carboniferous in 
 this direction, and are, as stated, more like beds which have been 
 designated Devonian in New Brunswick. 
 
 Beyond this, in the direction of Parrsborough, the two series have 
 not yet been separatod. 
 
 Devonian. — F. 
 
 No rocks which can be assigned to this horizon were observed by us 
 on the north side of the Cobequid range, but on the southern flank at 
 several places, strata, intermediate in position betweeu the iron ore 
 belt and the Lower Carboniferous, and distinctly unconformable to the 
 latter, occui-. They have a strong Devonian aspect, but as their char- 
 actor and relations have been pretty fully considered in the last chap- 
 ter, and as further examination will be necessary to fix their precise 
 horizon, their further discussion may be for the present deferred. 
 
 Silurian E. 
 
 On the north side of the Cobequid range, the only area of this age 
 recognized by us was at Wentworth station, on the Intercolonial rail- 
 way, and for rather more than a mile west. As here exposed, the fol- 
 lowing characters are presented ;— One hundred paces south of the 
 
52 E 
 
 NEW BnvmmcK and nova scotia. 
 
 Wentworth 
 station. 
 
 Dykes. 
 
 Fossils. 
 
 «v^vA auoTIA. 
 
 s^tes are somewhat difficult odetezl'ne h f 1'°' ^^ *'« ^ossiliferoua 
 them unconforraablyand belong n^' ^"* *^^^ P^'^bably underlie 
 ceeded directly to th^e soutfa'tTtet' ^T.^^'^^P- ^^^^ -« - 
 the station, a cutting occurs in soft J T "^ '^' "«"°t'^'"- West of 
 Wy shales, which are traveled bv!!'? '"'* ^^'"^ »>^»i«h-grey r„L 
 -k,oftenepidotic.(di:C)'^Trercut^ 
 have shattered and otherwise altered Lk '^'^^ transversely and 
 contact. The fossiliferous rocks a' th ^^'' ^^*^ ^^^''^ ^^ey ^-e in 
 well's Brook, 112 Chains froTSe^f^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Lower Carboniferous is seen i^ the t'l '''.'"" ''"*'^''* ^^^^ *!>« 
 most westerly exposures consist of L H ""''''" *^« ^'^^^oad. The 
 with a yellowish tinge in Zee and ! '^"''' '' ' ^'"^^^^^ «olor and 
 those near the eastet end ofTseo "'^^^^^^^^ 
 and on Caldwell's Brook have at ?A ^^^^ ^'P «• 40° E. < 30° 
 tern.inat«i at an old Jl iZstr^Znt'T'' '°'' ''' ^-^^S 
 syenite. On Whetstone B.U, twenl ^ e?'^ '^^''^" ^^^^^^i f 
 these rocks are observed for oZflTTf T '^''' ""^ '^' '^tion, 
 having a dip at the northern edge of S 20^1? "'"^ "^^^^ *^« ^'-^^-7 
 forks of a small branch from thf west bfL 5 T ^^'« ^'^ at th^' 
 ous sediments occupy the stream. ' ^^'^ ^^'^^ ^«^«'- Carbonifer- 
 
 The Silui-ian rocks of this locality lie inih.f 
 reverse dip to the north being ,eenn fK«*''°' «f « ^ai-row baain the 
 The fossiHferous beds, thereffreTfratl^^^^^ 
 
 £-^.::r^:-rt^--;-easMh^^^ 
 
 boniferous beds. '''^®' ^^^ ^^e overlapping Lower Cai? 
 
 From the collection of lossils mo^ • 
 McOuat, tl. age of this ou"er"wt "ete''' 'j ''' ^^*« ^•- ^• 
 Billings as probably that of the Clirt^n %'''^''''^ ^y the late Mr. 
 him m Mr. McOuat's collection were as fni?^ '^'"'"^ ^^cognized by 
 gress, 1874-6, page 10.) ' ^ ^^"^^«- (See Beport of Pro 
 
 Graptolithus, allied to Gr oiu*^ . 
 I'ingulaoblonga. Conrad"^"^'^" ^«"- 
 Xej,^^a <ram<er5a;«. Dalian 
 Strophomena corrugata. Coni-ad 
 Mynconella Eva. Billings 
 ^trypa reticularis. Linn«Eus 
 
^EU8.] 
 
 SILURIAN. 
 
 53 E 
 
 re indistinotlj- 
 »e fossiliferous 
 bably underlie 
 They are suc- 
 ain. Went of 
 lish-grey rub- 
 ?reen dioritic 
 isverselj and 
 h theyai-e in 
 'oint on Cald- 
 -act with the 
 ilroad. The 
 'h color and 
 altered than 
 >° E. < 30°, 
 '■aids, being 
 9 of reddish 
 the station, 
 he railway, 
 i is at the 
 ^arbonifer- 
 
 ^ basin, the 
 he station. 
 i centre of 
 i^est, prob- 
 
 lese rocks 
 18, nor do 
 'ok, being 
 >wer Car- 
 Mi-. W. 
 late Mr. 
 oized by 
 t of Pro- 
 
 Fi'om a small collection made during the past summer the following 
 species were detennined by Mr. H. M. Ami, B.A. : — : 
 
 Lingvla oblonga. Conrad. 
 Strophomena rhomboidalis. Wilckens. 
 
 Orthis. Sp. undet. Fossils. 
 
 Leptocaelia. " " • 
 
 Atrypa reticularis. Linnseus. 
 These confirm the conclusions of Mr. Billings in 18'73. 
 The same view has also been taken by Sir Wm. Dawson in the sup- 
 plement to the Acadian Geology, 1878, page 75, where a list of fossils 
 similar to those above enumerated is given.* 
 
 On the south side of the Cobequid range the belt of rocks containing 
 the iron ores of the Londonderry mines and vicinity have a veiy exten- 
 
 , , n iroii ore suriea 
 
 sive development. They were found during the past season to torm a of liondonderry 
 continuous band, from the road leading from Truro to Tatamagouche, "*"*"• 
 west to the Harrington Eiver, good exposui-es being seen on every 
 stream section, and fro-r the observations of Mi-. Scott Barlow, further 
 west, it is evident tJ;- ' i2.tend almost to the extremity of Cape Chig- 
 necto. Throughout v.v whole extent, the rocks can be easily recog- 
 nized, not only by the presence of ores of iron, in greater or less quan- 
 tity, but by their lithological character. They are greyish and brown- 
 ish-grey quai-tzites, with grey and bi-own shales, and others of green- 
 ish shades, while a belt of black graphitic shale is found along the 
 southern border almost continuously throughout its whole extent. 
 
 No fossils have yet been observed in the area examined by us, and it 
 is, therefore, very difficult to pronounce definitely as to their age. In 
 lithological characters they very closely resemble Devonian rocks of 
 other parts of the province as well as of New Brunswick. The 
 researches of Sir Wm. Dawson and Dr. Honeyman in the county of 
 Pictou, on what they consider the equivalents of this belt, tend, how- 
 ever, to shew that they belong to the horizon of the Silurian, but as 
 this area is for tlie most part beyond the limits of the accompanying 
 «heet, discussion as to the exact age of the i-ocks in question is deemed 
 unnecessary, pending further examinations during the coming season. 
 The characters of the rocks and associated ores are given in detail in 
 Acadian Geology, 1868, and Supplement 1878, also in Eeport of Pro- 
 gress, 1872-3, page 19-31. 
 
 The fossiliferous Silurian strata of Earlton, referred to by Sir Wm. 
 Dawson, supplement to Acadian Geology, page 75, have not been seen 
 
 • From a paper on this locality read by Dr. Honeyman of Halifax, in 1873, (see Transactions of 
 ■the N. S. Institute of Natural Sovonoe, Vol. Ill, page 3.53,) it will be seen tiiat that gentleman 
 disients from the views above expressed and claims that these rooks should be assigned to a lower 
 horizon, probably Hudson River. 
 
54 E 
 
 in the chapter on 
 The pre-Oambnan ^, ■^^*'««^^~A. B. 
 
 Hopewoil Co.r:Tr'''"^ "^° ^^^ ^^e loaTTeT'' ''^^''»«^«- 
 
 Caledonia Mountains if ^r^" ^^''' ^^ioh c.'; ^Jl"^' ""^-^^^ «■«« 
 
 Characters and St TnK,. ««"*ins. In Character thflv o. • *°® '"ange of th^ 
 
 iornblendic 8v«nU ' ^'"tjfelsites and fi^l . ' **'^<*-chIoritic 
 
 - here disXyZTZlll " f'" ^^^ -'''ao tf^j;;-?-- ^^ear the 
 
 50°. would present he :2 '^''" '"^'«^^' -^^eh, v th tt *'^^^ ^««^«' 
 f^-eis, however problh,""^ *h'«^^ne8.s of is gnn ? T'^^" ^'^ ^^ 
 to be the case In j^ f ^^^•^'f » overturned synclinal! f*' ^^« '''^^^- 
 
 Hopewell Hill o P '" '^"^« ^« also seen on iU 
 
 «i«t of purS aid ■'•''^'"'' ^" ^•«''»'' of ShCod; ^^' ^"^'^^ '^^-^i^g from 
 
 *«-in/eSte aT° ^h'oritic and talcose'^^.^^'J^^^'"- ^^^^ «on- 
 
 CVbonifeL* '" "'«»' o-b', and a, „2"; ' ™ *«»'» *'» «.■« to 
 
 constat Of drift '°'"' ""■"<"■• Bee.xm"„: ""•■*» ^eech Hill 
 
 In the province of Jf •""« '""nation („ ,,, 
 
 ««' '"'opSu °No5° 7*-"«' «'"„!; :fciT'? t"-"'"' 
 
 « "b„„t eight mile»3 *"»» '*'""■ '"« -^e CSoJ .T-T^' 
 
 loge, and flow south to- 
 
Eiie.] 
 
 PRE-CAMBaiAN. 
 
 55 £ 
 
 underlying the 
 he8 being talco- 
 ^ tie chapter- 
 
 on 
 
 braced in the 
 and represent* 
 'f tfae southern 
 ■estofDemois- 
 Jfe' north, from 
 i-ange of the 
 'iose in Kings 
 i'eports, 1877, 
 
 alco-chloi-itic' 
 gneiss, often 
 with green, 
 •n the south 
 ei-, near the 
 these rocks, 
 ej'age dip of ■ 
 The struc- 
 t'een shown 
 
 iding from 
 They con- 
 times con- 
 of a mile 
 ts on the 
 lerates of 
 
 ^rence is 
 •ech Hill 
 is area to 
 n to be- 
 
 '■mation 
 untains, 
 county, 
 his belt 
 Qewhat 
 made 
 aumer- 
 uth to. 
 
 Minas Basin or north to the strait of Northumberland. Among those ^J^JJ^ 
 on the south may be mentioned the Chiganois, Debert and Folly, east examined, 
 of the Intercolonial, while to the west, the Great Village, Economy and 
 the streams in the vicinity of Five Islands, were examined. On the 
 north, sections were made on the Mill Brook, which heads near Debert 
 Lake, and on the several branches of the Fi-ench Biver, as well as on 
 the Intercolonial railway. On all these streams excellent opportunities, 
 are presented for ptudylng the structure of the mountain chain, as well 
 as along several of the roads which cross its summit. 
 
 In general, it may be stated tha*; in lithological character, the Cobe- StaUanty^of 
 quid series is almost identical with the pre-Cambrian of so^^'^^ern .wies^o^the^^ 
 New Brunswick, consisting of a great thickness of crystalline rocks, of New Bruns- 
 Among these are large areas of syenite and diorite, the former both 
 red and green or the protogine of the New Brunswick series, often 
 epidotic, red crystalline felsites sometimes porphyritic, schists of 
 various kinds, chloritic, talcose, micaceous and hornblendic, quartzito, 
 gneiss and hard green slates with crystalline limestone. The schistose 
 portion apparently rests upon the syenites and diorites, which seom to 
 constitute the bulk of the central and northern areas. On Khe north 
 the series is overlaid, at Wentworth, by the fossiliferous Silurian just 
 described, and. elsewhere, by Lower Cai'boniferous sediments, while 
 on the south the belt of rocks containing the iron ores extends along 
 its whole length in unconformable contact. 
 
 The upper part of the Debert River and the road connecting with '1,*^''^^,^ ^^^^r. 
 New Annan shew well the character of the rocks now under consider- 
 ation. Beginning at the contact with the iron ore belt, we find — 
 
 Hard green felspathic slaty schist, in places slightly pyritous. Dip 8. 
 
 to S. 10° W. < 80° to 1)0°. 
 Hard greenish and greyish felspathic rocks, in places a pure felsite, 
 
 chloritic, with masses of diorite and syenite, the former often 
 
 coarse. 
 Brownish-grey and reddish-grey felsites, Bometimes schistose, green 
 
 schistose slates. Some of the beds a white felspathic quartzite, 
 
 with coarse grey diorites and fine reddish syen'teJ^ 
 Felspathic quartzite, whitish-grey felsitic schists and diorites, in upper 
 
 ortion the felsites are gneissic. S. 35° E. < 75°. 
 Hard '.greenish felsi.ys, greyish gneissic and hard, whitish-grey, 
 
 felsites, with guartz. Tlie felsite much jointed in sharp square 
 
 blocks. Hard green felspathic schist. S. 20° E. < 75. 
 Grey felspathic gneiss, with diorites and schistose slates, to falls over 
 
 fine-grained, massive green diorite. 
 Gneissic felsite cut by diorite dykes. 
 Fine-grained syenite (hornblendic). 
 Eeddish gneiss and protogine syenite. 
 Protogine granites, green slates, and fine green diorites. 
 
56 £ 
 
 
 DebertLake. ^""'^ ^^°"*^' ^'th occasional bands f u 
 
 road in iTest New ? ™''"''°' '» »"«» a short !■ . "" ** ' ""WS 
 Tte syenites "f °™»«°"«1 bands of green 'k^ .?''"«■ 'y^'tM and 
 
 l>«l«.rt, «l»n »rn„*, ""• "'"' «■>" green 'd2f '"'"° '''"'I»'«kic 
 0" the ZySiTT '° """•■■ "Pecf '°*' ^i^ »" all 
 
 ™»» of While quite'" "^ '""•"teodlc ,cln.ta, wi,h ,„„, 
 
 Pine Brook. 
 
: schist; S. 15" 
 ic slaty schist, 
 
 ins' mill. 
 
 inds of schist to 
 > section to the 
 
 i at the cross- 
 / lai'ge ledges 
 ■40°, resting 
 » of the rear 
 syenites and 
 St, are seen, 
 irotjgine of 
 ' at several 
 
 'ck is finely 
 •d with red- 
 rhe diorite 
 
 Wt River, 
 '6 justdeg 
 felspathic 
 felspathic 
 as on the 
 se are all 
 
 ediments 
 mountain 
 gi-eyish- 
 have; 
 
 )ritic 
 nine 
 
 mail 
 
 *IL8.] 
 
 PBE-OAMBRIAN. 
 
 57 B 
 
 Green and grey, hard felspathic schist. S. 40° E. < 45°. Schists, 
 chloritic, micaceous and homblendic, with slaty diorites. 
 
 Thence to foot of Folly Lake, hard, green diorites, mostly fine-grained, 
 hard, green slate, and occasional bands of chloritic and horn- 
 blende schist, occupy the stream. 
 
 A similar series of rocks is found on the Intercolonial railway in the section on. 
 several cuttings, south of the Lake, except that fewer schists and slates railway." ' 
 are visible, the cuts being principally through the crystalline volcanic 
 r)ortion, fine-grained diorite, epidotes, &c. 
 
 A paced section was made along the railway between Wentworth and 
 Londonderiy stations. The portion between Wontworth and the Folly 
 station, which embraces the northern and central portions of the range, 
 discloses pi-incipally syenitic, dioritic and felspathic rocks. These are 
 often intei'sected by transverse dykes of gi-anite. The prevalence of 
 «pidote will be at once seen by reference to the section below. The first 
 rocks, after leaving Wentworth station, are apparently : — 
 
 FACES. 
 
 Syenitic, hard greenish-grey and dark gray, composed of quartz, 
 filspar and hornblende, then hard fine-grained diorites, 
 with reddish-brown felsite, sometimes porphyritic, the whole 
 series containing epidote in considerable quantity, and 
 
 extending 655 
 
 Noexposures 794 
 
 Fine epidotic and red porphyritic felsite 224 
 
 No exposures to large brook 83 
 
 Hard, green diorites 532 
 
 Eed, moderately coarse, syenite ;260 
 
 Red, fine syenite, almost a pure felsite 122 
 
 Hard grey diorites, red syenites, felsite and epidotic diorites to end 
 
 of cutting. 330 
 
 No exposures ^ 341 
 
 Fine-grained diorite, with veins or dykes of red felspar and fine- 
 grained granite <50 
 
 No exposures 580 
 
 Hard coarse diorite, with large crystals of black hornblende and 
 felspar— bright red felspathic granite with scattered grains of 
 
 quartz, epidote and hornblende 220 
 
 No exposures 70 
 
 Eed felspathic syenite and fine green diorite 535 
 
 No exposures 414 
 
 Hard, fine-grained red felspathic syenite 1330 
 
 Fine green diorite and red, fine-grained syenite, almost a felsite.. 1100 
 To head of Folly Lake. 
 
 The red syenites of this section are largely composed of red felspar, 
 ■with very sparsely disseminated grains of quartz. In places the rock is 
 a red felspar porphyry. These are apparently cut by dykes of fine green 
 
 riim!ivv''vm^rmmwmi'w' wmMm i!K!F.f.!'iiffm'' 
 
Breadth of 
 fie Cobequid 
 series. 
 
 Soadfrom 
 j^-ort-au-Pie to 
 fc;UKarlo8f 
 ■Mountain. 
 
 58 E 
 
 ° b uui ih H^e have— ""*' "'Ppmg S. 35° 
 
 *'aj^, fine ffr<i,„„j .,. 
 
 «»«!, fine grained diorif« 
 
 '''> w lateor extend , . 
 'be farm o,- „ p™""* ^ "■ttin a ^il^ „, ,. 
 
 ^^^''^ of this th« , '''''"'^ '^ *'^« county 
 
 -o'^al bands ofl:L^-'T. «PWotic dio .ite^rd .r ^""^«-»«> »>«' 
 ^.^-JapoftheLoCSarh '^' *^'' "^««^ norther""'' ^"^ °«c- 
 
 northern and centl, • ^^ ^'''^"'t«« "i'd d ! , *^^''« ^^'^nds 
 
 flanJc. '^^"*^-' P--tion«, while the i' ' ".r'"^^'""^ ^^e 
 
 railway.*"^" locke undei'IiH.. ..I P""i Hi! and Ph.... I 
 
 'Spathic, weatieS't jf"'-*»'- ~uth thVlnt ' h'T "" «'"" 
 
'«'•" flank appear 
 stratigraphicaJJj 
 
 «ge from Went- 
 
 )lt i« 640 chains 
 
 'tic and syenitic 
 
 ^Pose the south 
 
 !>i"eaclth. 
 
 >n on the ix)ad8 
 
 'Oaf Mountain, 
 •'endic gneisH, 
 Wing S. 35° 
 
 •] 
 
 PRE-CAMBBIAN. 
 
 59 E 
 
 6- Here on 
 the reddish 
 3xceedinglj 
 ' extending 
 portion of 
 the county 
 
 8 the road 
 ei'ous, but 
 '^ith occa- 
 y at the 
 is sixteen 
 'ip- The 
 5 Islands 
 King the 
 >e south 
 
 the first 
 u-e hard 
 d with 
 le moj-e 
 ainated 
 ar por- 
 
 phyry- Large veins of white quartz occur at intei-vals. In the vicinity 
 of the lake, near the lower end of the pass, red felspathic syenites and 
 fine green diorites are seen, and at a mill on a brook coming from the 
 east, green chloritic schists of pre-Cambrian aspect appear. South of 
 this, the only rocks on the railway are apparently reddish felsites, often 
 hard and poi-phyritic, a true felspar-porphyiy, in some places having 
 a purple tinge. They extend to the flat which lies between the mountain 
 range and Parrsborough village, where, owing to the dense covering of 
 gravel, no ledges are visible. The schistose belt, so conspicuous in all 
 the eastern sections, is here largely wanting, owing probably to the 
 denudation of the southern slope of the mountain. 
 
 The western end of the range on the Bay of Fundy discloses a series 
 of rocks very similar to that between Wentworth and Folly Lake, 
 except that the crystalline felsites are more extensively developed. 
 Like the last, the schistose portion is lai'gely wanting. The first g .^^^^.^ ^^^ 
 exposures ai-e on the south side of Spicer's Cove and consist of hard k^*"^.- -^ 
 crystallme and porphyntic red felsites. Between this and Cape 
 Chignecto, felsites and syenites, with occasional large masses of 
 epidotic diorite, occur. Dykes of fine-grained syenite and felsite also 
 cut the rocks along the shore and extend inland for some distance. 
 Bands of dark-green d»ritic slates and schist occur at intervals. 
 At Spicer's Cove the dip of the felsites seem to be S. 25° W. < 80°, 
 and this is the general inclination along the whole of this section. 
 This portion of the coast is so rough that accurate measuring along 
 the shoi-e is impossible, and the strong tidal currents render boat navi- 
 gation dangerous. 
 
 In the Cobequid series just described, no reference has yet been 
 made to the crystalline limestones. These occur at several points, more 
 particularly in rear of Five Islands on the North Eiver and between 
 Londonderry mines and Port-au-Pic. At the former locality the Crystalline 
 marble is found in the stream about two miles from the mouth and y^e'isfan/sr 
 330 paces north of the main fall which marks the boundary between 
 the pre-Cambrian and the iron ore belt. The rock, much of which 
 is beautifully white and crystalline, is associated with red syenite, 
 green felspathic schist and hard slates. Small dykes and veins of 
 diorite have so shattered it as to render the ledge practically valueless 
 for obtaining large blocks. A short distance further up stream the 
 marble is greenish-grey and serpentinous, and in places traces of asbes- 
 tos are found. The width of this ledge is from ten to twelve feet, but 
 it has not been traced beyond the bed of the river. The marble of this 
 place occurs associated with green talco-felspathic schist, probably as 
 an integral portion of that belt. 
 
 About four miles west of Londonderry mines, on the property 
 
60 c 
 
 A \r/% -•- _ 
 
 '"neetono near ' -^ '''^ I^- and A \r<. • "^^ JM. 
 
 ^2^^«- "from the new ^ineslr^'"' Cun,bei-Iand road and ... 
 
 «f that in fhT ' ^^'^S® outcrops of whif«T' t? *^"* t^o miles 
 
 schists. A Jn J *"'' °^ the mountain „ '"°''^'«^' are seen. Jt 
 
 :^et been made of j^V .u' ^ ^°« ^"^Jity of uL\)V^^'' °^'°««- It 
 I* Will be oLer ' /? ^'* ^^^'P^^^- * ' ' ^'"^« "«« ^^^ a. 
 
 Of southern UI'^'b*. "^'^^'^^^ similarity to he 1 Tff '"' ''^^'^^^^'-e 
 coarse grained „,,. '""' '•"« grained and .„iH„„. T" 
 
 ''»nali»al*~° '"°'"". often fiLr™ '!f ' "-^Wline and 
 
 -.^:s?;rori^/--cr,4nr,t:t^^^^^^ 
 
 '•A considerable fK;„, ^''' 
 
 generally Cn^ ^''"''*^"«' *>oth white anH 
 
 *»<! Wotaity.' north side of the r ^ '^ °^ ''^''^'> i« seen a 4' . 
 
 ^^'-eady des<: -b^; ^^t?'^' -^ich res'embLin .^^ ^"^°' ^" *^« 
 ous in-egnlar qu^t. I ^ ^'^ **'"««« '-^"d chloritio „ 7 "^^""^ *^o«« 
 They are weZxr^ ?"'''"''"« «f which are^l,,^^^^ ?* ^-^ """"er- 
 «-er, and on the"!:: '^k^' ^'^"'- ^"« CkTb \^' '""^^«''<'««- 
 %er's mill th y ^Th ?"^'" ^^ *^« ^ench ZT 1 "^^^^^'^ 
 west face of whir-h ^'^''^"oo ^nown aa R« 7 ! ' ^" ^«ar of 
 
 ^'r T/e^1/72"oy^"fd^font o^errr^^r-' *^« 
 and extend north ^.V 7 ' < ^^ • Thence tf,«T "'^^^^^ ^i^I 
 
 >""««. On the etrf ^^ ''^ ^''^ direction of wZ ''"'' *^« «*ream 
 ''Pon trappean Zi T^ *^«^ ^^^^e a breath T^"^'*^ ^^^ ««^«ral 
 
 «hangin,r:r;tiLtet " *^« ---t?;^^ ?o"r^ -* - 
 
 "^«intained. though the'efs T'^"^*' ^^'^h difeclf .Z' < ''°' 
 exposure. ^'^^^ « a W anticlinal abourmidCafoT^hr 
 
 ^^5S£^^^;^, 
 
bout two miles 
 sembling much 
 . are seen. Jt 
 oveilying the 
 > foi- use at th(; 
 6w mines. It 
 'tie use ias as 
 
 of the Cobe- 
 ino structure 
 pre-Cambrian 
 rement of th« 
 
 of red sye- 
 stalline and 
 spidotic, but 
 ade. These 
 
 es, gneisses 
 ? generally 
 'so at some 
 
 ^> resting 
 
 an, on the 
 'cts those 
 'y numer- 
 iiriferous, 
 Waugh's 
 1 rear of 
 tain, the 
 er's Mill 
 ' stream 
 
 several 
 'nd rest " 
 
 <40°, 
 nerallj 
 on the 
 
 iron ore 
 vioiai ty 
 nnined. 
 
 ELLS.] 
 
 lONEOUa ROCKS. 
 
 61 E 
 
 This belt is separated from the syenitio and felsitic masses of thexraprook. 
 Cobequid series pi-oper by an area of truppean rocks which appear to be 
 of more recent date than the schists, and to have been thrust up 
 between them and the red feleites. Their contact with the latter is 
 well seen in Irving's Mountain and at the forks of Byei's Lake Brook 
 and Whirlewha Lake. They extend from the road leading to Ti-nro 
 from Tatamagouche, north-westerly for over six miles. The trap varies 
 considerably in character, in places being reddish and felspathic, while 
 the great mass is cither rabbly and irony or dark greenish-grey and 
 amygdaloidal. At the contact with the schists on the east branch of 
 French Eiver, at Mr. Swan's mill, there is a bed of decomposed trap or 
 red ochre with lumps of ironstone, the whole being two to three feet 
 thick, separating the two formations. On the old Chiganois road, 
 now abandoned, these rocks have a breadth of over two miles, but 
 their outline is very irregular. 
 
 IGNEOLH Rocks. 
 
 Trappean rocks of various kinds penetrate sediments of Triassic and 
 Carboniferous age at various points. In New Brunswick the only 
 observed exposui-e of this kind in the area under discussion was noted 
 some yeai's ago by Prof Bailey on Calkin's Creek (Demoiselle Creek ?) 
 a short distance back from the road leading from Hopewell Cape to the 
 hill. The rock is aoarse, dark green, nodular and columnar, and con- 
 tains small veins of magnetic iron of an inch in thickness. The dyke 
 penetrates reddish-grey shales which at the contact have been altered 
 to the aspect and hardness of chert. 
 
 On the north side of Minas Basin and channel, aa-eas of trap are Areas of trap 
 found at many points, among which may be mentioned Cape d'Or.B^'iS. ""^ 
 Spencer Island, Cape Sharp, Partridge Island, Clark's Head, Moose 
 Eiver, Gerrish Mountain and the chain of the Five Islands andPoi t-au- 
 Pic Mountain. These are separated by areas of Carboniferous and 
 Ti-iassic rocks, and though now detached are without doubt the eastern 
 extension of the great trap overflow, which has foi-med the North 
 mountain range of Kings, Annapolis and Digby, on the south side of the 
 Bay of Fundy. Beautiful specimens of the various zeolites, calcite, 
 amethyst, agate, &c., are found, as well as veins of magnetic iron, some-j^^^^j^ 
 times of considerable size. The latter has been opened in GeiTish 
 Mountain, near the road from Economy to Five Islands, and a quantity 
 of the ore extracted and sent to the Londonderry mines. The cost of 
 transport would, however, seriously ail'ect its economic value. The 
 trap area of this locality has an extension of five miles and a quarter 
 from Indian Point to its terminus, midway between the villages of 
 Central and Lower Economy, and forms a prominent ridge with an 
 
62 X 
 
 ff. /IRA ^ ^" 
 
 ■Oerriah 
 ^fountain. 
 
 jPprt-au-Pio 
 •Mountain. 
 
 "> the Silurian. 
 
 f -Ion or 300 .0,50 fee/ 7 """°"^- 
 
 .^•^aeh at the neck of tC ^1 ^^"'"'^"^ ^e^cendL t!K •'''"^^'"^ ^''^ 
 '««^«^- portion. neJl/^\ ''^''^' ti« ^-ed ^frS., u'i ''^'^'' the 
 ^« 100 chains. " ^' '"^««* b'-«dth of the oZTI "^l ''^^"P^ *h^> 
 
 Moose Island anrl « ''" ^^^ mountain 
 
 '^oth foundations; t "e t™"' ''^'" °' ^^e chain to th« 
 
 Port.au-PicMount«.n , ^'^ ^'^^ sha-'.^ and 
 
 egg-shaped mas. of u '^" '"^'^s ^ast from th- 
 
 ;^ at itHa: e I^r V 'T'' ^' ^^^^^a '' t '^'^'^y 
 
 the Minan Basin somJ " ^iaracter it is j,)'? ,. * '"''^^^th of 
 
 ««"l^ed on the soutlT r" "^^^^^oidal, a^ o ^ "" '"''''■ *-P« of 
 the lowest membosonhe;;''''^' ^•«"^'«'n--att'Tj^^ ^^ - 
 
 -j;-t oHha, fo™.atLi';STh:V""«*^--' »>"*"; L ir '"-^ 
 
 The characters and dist^butl ofT ^^'•''^nift'o^s '^"^'^ *^« 
 
 "lew intrusions aj to Iff™ "«w 'n 'tese strata^! j ' ""^ be 
 J'-agiou. .h:?a^:fX"°««»e™,e:::" ^--"-h .o 
 aie common. In +k« • • "® ^heguids h;«,.:*- 
 
 «- Of the nJ:^:j;T^'y ^^^entVrl'htt: ^ 7""^^ ^^^e^ 
 ^e^-«eJy across Silu'L^ tL-^^^^^ '^'^^^e^tly conS f '/'^^™«^-. which 
 ''^ar the contact. ''^^'^^^rons rocks, airing 1'^'?^*^' ^"' t^ans- 
 
0"gh the group Of 
 
 section p/usented 
 
 t>'»-«t througl, red 
 
 ao-CMrboniferou> 
 I then overflowed 
 t the two forma. 
 ; 'Occupying the 
 'It reaches the 
 beds occupy the 
 n the mountain 
 
 ^est, show also 
 thosha'r-sand 
 
 > J8 a roughly 
 1 a breadth of 
 other traps of 
 ashive. It i^s 
 'h may mark 
 far from the 
 
 B upper part 
 ^^y given by 
 ineralogj of 
 ' "Acadian 
 
 considered 
 
 they must 
 *ve broken 
 ®^ points. 
 ass is veiy 
 ore than a 
 
 e iron ore 
 er set of 
 'haractei-. 
 le nature 
 may be 
 
 much to 
 
 ic dykes 
 ", which 
 t trans- 
 extent 
 
 VILI ] 
 
 SUPERFICIAL OEOLOGT. 
 
 63 E 
 
 iyenite of 
 laremoiit 
 
 In many cases the dioritic and syenitio masses appear as an integral , 
 part of the mountain series, having a marked resemblance to similar 
 rocks recognized in the pre-Cambrian of New Brunswick and of 
 parts of Nova Scotia. They often constitute large areas and are well 
 exposed on the railroad between Wontworth and Ijondonderry stations. ,Vinritc»mi 
 In places along the railway, dykes of red felspar, porphyry, and reddish olhequi'i*''' 
 grutiite, cut the dioritic and syenitic rocks. The same is also seen on "*"'*'• 
 the coast in the vicinity of Cape Chignecto. Large masses of diorite, 
 generally tino-grained, greenish and grey, avo also found associated 
 with the schistose series of the south side of the m-'m+ain rantre. 
 
 In the vicinity of the Spring Hill mines, the v,■^l,r^. r,, Hie east, known 
 as Claremont Hill, though for the most pat i ? overod with Carbon- 
 iferous sediments, is undoubtedly a mass of re' syoriii.>, as can be, 
 ascertained by the quantity of debris along the /'>Md up l!ue west slope <^'.a"' 
 of the hill. The conglomerates of the northern >• e and summit are 
 also largely made up of large angular blocks of syenite in a reddish 
 syenitic paste. It does not appear to be connected with the range of 
 the Cobequids, but is apparently an isolated mass. 
 
 The area of trappean rocks in New Annan has already been rofeiTcd Traps of New 
 to at the close of the chapter on pre-Cambrian. Their age is uncertain, ^""''" 
 but from their amygdaloid character they more closely resemble the 
 Triassic traps than the fine-grained diorites of the older formations. 
 Where observed, the trap was in contact with talcose schists, on the 
 one hand, and hard crystalline red felsites on the other. 
 
 In New Brunswick, the area of syenite on the Memramcook River 
 has been referred to in the Geological Survey Report, IStG-T, page 378. 
 The rock is reddish, partly fine-grained, but generally coarsel}'^ crystal- 
 line and porphyritic. It is pre-Carboniferous, as the lower beds of the 
 Lower Carboniferous in this district are largely made up of its debris. 
 
 Superficial Geoloov. 
 
 This branch of the subject has, to a certain extent, been discussed by 
 Ml'. E. Chalmers in his report on the Superficial Geology of New 
 Brunswick, and all the data obtained by us, relating to striae and ice 
 action, have, in so far as relates to that province, been given to him. 
 In Nova Scotia, north of the Cobequid range, striae, with a direction strite in the 
 S. 63° W., were observed on the road from River Hdbert to the South [he joreiL. 
 Joggins. This may indicate the course of the ice sheet which assisted 
 in the denudation of the upthrow of the Spring Hill coal seams, and 
 which, like those whose traces are seen following the valleys of the 
 Potitcodiac and Memramcook Rivers, and in the vicinity of xiulac, 
 joined the main l tream which flowed down the Chignecto Bay and out 
 by the Bay of Fundy. 
 
64 E 
 
 «I=W BRXTNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 inrough ( 
 CpbeQuid 
 ■Mountains. 
 
 Stria in New 
 Annan. 
 
 Character 
 of soils. 
 
 of fj, 8i,iated m an east and wef^t ri;..l!l- ^ „ <- ^^^ » has its face 
 
 ^ept „„ freshly m.covrL^tL!*.?''''''"^''''''' «- 'eadil7tt« 
 absent. The Km^,kB omvfZ^ ' ""^ ''™ >PP"ently e^tirelv 
 
 *« Upper Carbooifer«LTbv«,.°°'''?''''' '^ "-"o" '<«' ™ck. of 
 -nl. sMe or .he Sif oTS„'^ *B«"'^.f ""^"^^^ "^H: 
 
 -■»« around its base. ' ^ ''°°'' ""S'^'^l «>.• the more fertte 
 
 Phce. ihere .,. extensile i",'!™'":' ""» »"»«™lly iy, and i„ 
 
 Cape Maringouin, and in L' of Sack'vil^^ k" "'^^ ^^^'^ «* P'aces on 
 
 P™«.P»%co.eredb,.de.eXrS^;ro---J^-f 
 
bj the railway 
 in the course of 
 f" of the latter 
 Pi-obably the 
 ^ Mines, west 
 °> has its face 
 ng the course 
 >to which the 
 
 gwoves and 
 »■ down the 
 
 oftheCobe- 
 enerally soft 
 eadily that, 
 t>7 entirely 
 >f ice sheets 
 cotia. The 
 east, to the 
 on, such as 
 
 d rocks of 
 limestones 
 The same 
 along the 
 ^obeqnids 
 sat depth 
 of maple, 
 I'e fertile 
 
 rits and 
 ': and in 
 t)etween 
 
 lartzose 
 If band, 
 aces on 
 occurs, 
 settle- 
 unties, 
 shore^ 
 i now 
 1 size. 
 
 EI.18.] 
 
 SUPERFICIAL OEOLOGT. 
 
 65 E 
 
 Gravel ridges are not very numerous, and in the flat country on 
 either side of the mountains, not many stray boulders are seen. 
 When found they are generally derived from the Cobequid range and 
 consist of the hard rocks of that series. 
 
 A prominent ridge, however, extends northward along the west 
 bank of the River Hubert, producing a marked feature in the other- 
 wise generally level country. This has been referred to in Acadian 
 Geology, page 82. It was examined during the past season by Mr. R. 
 Chalmers, whose observations are herewith appended. 
 
 " A singular gravel ridge or kame called the 'Boar's Back' occurs Bo 
 on the west side of Hubert River, Cumberland county. About a mile 
 to the north of Half-Way Lake, near the foot of the Cobequids, its 
 southern end is reached, whence it extends northward seven or eight 
 miles and is distinctly traceable to Atkinson Eiook, near the head of 
 the tide on the above mentioned river. Although its general course i i 
 nearly in a straight line, it has numerous local cui-ves and sinuosities 
 which give it a striking resemblance to a winding river course. Its 
 height above Hubert Valley at the southern end is fifteen to twenty 
 feet, at the northern, probably forty or fifty feet, the bottom of the 
 valley having a gradual descent down stream, while the summit of the 
 kame, which, by aneroid measurement, is 100 to 110 feet above high 
 tide level in the Bay of Fundy, appears to be nearly horizontal. The 
 kame follows the river closely and is continuous except where inter- 
 sected by small streams. Branches run off from the main ridge at 
 intei-vals, either extending along side of it for short distances, or 
 diverging nearly at right angles therefrom and, after a few hundred 
 paces, sweeping round to the general coui-se of the principal ridge, 
 enclosing hollows which usually contain peat bogs. The crest for fully 
 half its length is little more than wide enough for a wagon road, but 
 in other places it spreads out into terrace-like flats. As a rule, both 
 slopes are steep— as steep as declivities, composed of sand and gravel, 
 will remain stable under atmospheric action, without the materials 
 sliding down fi'om their own weight. Gi-eat quantities of boulders, 
 from three feet in diameter downwards, wholly of local rock, that is, 
 of grey Carboniferous sandstone and conglomerate, are interspersed 
 through the sand and gravel. Generally speaking, they are well 
 rounded, but a few were seen to be angular. 
 
 " The width of HcSbert Valley is from a quarter to half a mile, and 
 its depth, which increases northward, is, perhaps, 50 to 100 feet. The 
 summit of the kame is, therefore, below the general level of the 
 country on both sides of the valley. 
 
 " In the absence of any knowledge of its relation to the other 
 Quaternary deposits of the district (our examination being merely a 
 5 
 
 3 Back. 
 
66 E 
 
 NEW BRDNSWICK AND NOVA 800TIA. 
 
 Joggins Coal 
 mine. 
 
 Riror Hubert 
 mine. 
 
 and indicate, „.oreover, C H bert eTv« "^ ^'^^'^^ ''^^^"^ ^«te™- 
 been instrumental in it; forma^on/' '""'*' '" ««"^« ^^^>'. bave 
 
 Economic Minebals. 
 
 Joggins and Spring Hill basins In thlf ^ ^^ Cumberland and the 
 a- the South Joggins, Minudie or W hI ^ ^7""^^' *"- 
 The output from the forme.- duHnf t\l * *°^ *^« Chignecto. 
 
 1884, was 25,034 tons, but chants in th« ^T '°''°^ ^«cember31, 
 he mine have lately been made^ whthTh f '"' "^^-gement of 
 to 300 tons per day. The new wo,L t, . '"*P"* ^"° ^« ^"^''eaeed 
 east of the wharf, are down fl ^«^^^«' ^tich are one mile and a quarter 
 With the landing lyL'^Z ^^Zl^f, J'^^^ ^f -^ are contS 
 hauled back to the slope, theTade;!;^^^ ^^'«,^/^^ 
 The parting of shale between tWn « ^f '^^^^^^ ^.y gravitation. 
 m thickness to the east. ^"^ '"^"^^ ^^'^ ^^^^^ed is decreasing 
 
 The Minudie, ov Eivor tt/sk * ■ 
 ;junng the past year to 10^23 1""^^,™';^^""""^^ ^*« -^'^t 
 the extension of the lower or Ha^ Sc^^hl "^ '° ^^"^^ ^ P'«ba% 
 
 ^'f three feet nine inches. "^ ^''^'''^^^ ««««^' having a thickness 
 t^nignectomine The onfnuf^ „* al ^. . 
 
 At the Milner and Mapmn «^ii- . ^"'^ P^^* of the time, 
 raised; at the former isitonsani .T' T"*" •J"*""*'^^ only were 
 Wm. Patrick, a short di Lnee 'weeJ 'of th' 'TV''''^ opened byT 
 tons The seam at this Ace i 1 1^ ''.' ""'^^^^ "^^"«' ^nly 94 
 relations of the seams on which thl n- '^'' ^"^^ ^'^^ ^^ick. The 
 Joggins seam has never bel t ' IJv ^ ^^ T ''l" ^ *^ *^« ^^- 
 from two to four feet, but they are cani, l^'.'^' '^''^''''' ranging 
 amountof coal if economically ,Z of yielding a coneiderlblf 
 
 The Spring Hill collierv is L f«wi 
 of the province, and though ^^^ tork^rVT^'^* '" *^'« «-«on 
 output during the past year exceZJ^w *" '''!f '^^^'-^^7' the total 
 other colliery either at Pictou or cte ^rT ^T' *"°« *^«* ^^ •'"y 
 known as the North, East, West and ^. I '^ ^^''' ^' «^"r slop^ 
 a.;e situated on the bwer 'seam the tto"fn ""' ''"'^ *^« *-« '-'^^ 
 The thickness of each of theseTs' eleven f T"I ^" *^" '^PP^'' «eam. 
 a vertical thickness of ninetTfret iTjrir ,.'''^ "^ "P*^**«^ ^'^ 
 
 xu aaaition, there are two seams of 
 
 Milner and 
 Alacoan mines 
 
 Spring Hill 
 mines. 
 
 ELLS.] 
 
ECONOMIC MINERALS. 
 
 67 E 
 
 "gin of the 
 
 respect to 
 
 ? it, give it 
 
 ing waters, 
 
 way, have 
 
 i*t are, in so 
 Qd and the 
 1 coUierieH 
 ^hignecto. 
 ember 31, 
 ?ement of 
 increased 
 a quarter 
 sonnected 
 V cars are 
 ivitation. 
 3creasing 
 
 ts ontpnt 
 probably 
 hickness 
 
 ted only 
 
 'y ivere 
 
 hyUi'. 
 
 only 94 
 
 :. The 
 e main 
 anging 
 ierable 
 
 lection 
 e total 
 )f any 
 slopes 
 latter 
 seam, 
 edby 
 msof 
 
 
 
 EL18.] 
 
 thirteen and si. feet overlying, and other, of f"- f-' ^'l^^^", 'j^J 
 and a haif -«^^^-,/'';rZreCX.t^;;rrr w. 
 
 ^Z^^^y .^ p. T- capaeit, - ^;-^j 
 about 2,000 tons por day and the quahty of the coal generally 
 
 sis Ig. -ine was ope„«l by a T™ro company dnnng t p*t 
 
 =L,trerafo„rgtS'^£ir'i^^^^ 
 
 e«pha. a thickness of '""'f » 'f ^^. ^ w^. Barlow and Mr. 
 
 not to increase in valne, but rather the opposite. (F«. details, 
 Xeolfo7ra:;-Z"r;rr:!nn;:slibed in the Chapter on theo...... 
 
 '''^::Z^U::Z Dehor. River ar^a wiU ho fonnd in the chapter on 
 
 Lower Carboniferous. . :^ +v,a nvpn eixaminedl^ndondcrry 
 
 /« (>res.-The only deposit o^econom^^uem^e,^^^ 
 
 during the past .un^mcrw^^^^^^^^ 
 
 extension east and west. Cai eiui sui v «^ vicinity of 
 
 both a. .he .«. - rh^rr^frrla^et::""^:^^-'-. 
 
 Progressfor 1873-74 pp. 231-233^ ^^^^.^^ ^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Full descriptions of the area have oeen giv« _ 
 
 r;«9»^qi qnd in the Report of Progress, lV,ll-d, pages i^oi 
 
 '^riHrtut:i::rinrxi=-s.-^^ 
 
 Xtith''^ ln.tco,onii at East Mine, st^or. while a narrow- 
 
 «^::::^:r;u:i.r:;.rr::twtj^^^^ 
 
 three miles south of Brookfield, or «l^v«" ^^^^ /^^™ iggraccoi^- 
 amount of iron ore used during the yorn- ending ^ec- Sl^MJ^, a^^^^^^^^ 
 +^ tha rflnort of the Department of Mines, was 54,855, and 5, ^) J ions 
 "fCk 1 C p'^^^^^^^ of pig iron per day for t^e two furnaceB 
 was aCuO tons,'but one of the furnaces was closed ^--^^^^ latter 
 was Huuut , _,,„v,er of men employed was about 800. 
 
 ^"C'l-Tre°Sepo! . ^f tsmLer... .ho^ .un,e™u, are for .he 
 „»T^rt of li..le''econcn,ic value. The n,os. important ,. .hat n«.r 
 
68 E 
 
 NEW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA 'SCOTIA. 
 
 Gold. 
 
 Gypsum of 
 Uillsborougb 
 
 a»or^' Dorchester, already described in the body of this report There is h.r. 
 a Bha noo f t indepth, with galleries in^all directioL, Ip^ ; ;! 
 45 men, and the mine has a good outfit of running makinery The oul 
 
 extent with copper glance in a very fine state of division. A larire 
 amount has been extracted, but no returns are to hand regardlni Us 
 
 treTheor^'^'' "t' ""' ^«P-d entirely on the abilityVco„^en 
 tiate the copper on the spot. 
 
 The openings at Malagash, Greenville, French Biver and other points 
 seem to be abandoned, the irregular distribution of the ore being much 
 against its successful working. ^ 
 
 Gold was reported from a quartz vein found in sinking a well in New 
 Annan on the property of Robert Wilson, French River The vdn! 
 cut green chloritic and talcose schists, but are generally small and 
 
 stith ^:i^c ^^^" ''' ' -'' ''^'' '- ^'^^^^' " - 
 
 ■ rou?rreT ''if r'T "' """"{ P'^°*' throughout the Lower Carbonife- 
 rous aiea. In New Brunswick, the great deposits of Hillsborough have 
 long been worked b^ ^^e Albert Manufacturing Co., whose woils have 
 a capacity of 600 barrels per day of calcined plaste , and giTee tp lov 
 
 liCouinX"" TV'. *'"P'^'^'- ^ ^'^'''' '- 'he west side of 
 
 Js^f::;r^-^-rtsteS;^^ 
 
 OxfoM^tr' ^T'^'.f" ^'^"^' Claremont Hill, River Philip, near 
 from tr ^^^^"•^y'.^'^'oria Settlement, at the crossing of the road 
 from Thomson station, Pugwash, Wallace Harbor, and Ma Jash 
 immense quantities of this material are exposed. They are pTctt 
 
 market can be more cheaply supplied from the immense deposits of 
 the Miuas Basin and Cape Breton. ^ 
 
 Limestone is quarried to some extent in the vicinity of Pugwash and 
 shipped to Prince Edward Island, where it is burned"^ Locatlnns are 
 
 Sedt r™' T"*^' '''' *'^ "PP^^ «^ ^'^^ ^-"g P-ctic:ily z 
 hm ted the demand is not great. The largest deposits observed were 
 
 Blanch railway and in the vicinity of Pugwash and Wallace River 
 On the south side of the mountain, the large deposits west of Londoni 
 
 Hme'lurng. " " *'" "^'*'""' """''"'' "^ '^^"^^'^^'^ '^^ 
 
 On the Demoiselle Creek, in Albert county, N.B., large operations in 
 
 oeiw.'] 
 
 
 Limestone. 
 
69 8 
 ECONOMIC MINKKAL8. .^lon.B I>e--eUo 
 
 «'-'-8-l „ „ ,,„orH The stone belongs f,^^^^_ 
 
 „„» buying have W-n^-lo^fc^^rjr .esulttag «- '-^ 
 L the Lower CBrbomferous f"™' ,''•,[ <„er the ooimtry. The 
 
 :rterarfe:.e^«e"»F^^^^ 
 arg; sound blocks very doubtful. ^^.^.^^ «f excellent BuUdin«stoues 
 
 Lwin, Stone and ff^^^^.'^i'^Je found alLnypom^^ 
 <iuality and of established ^ep-tat-n "« ^ ^^iek ^^^^^ ^^^ , ^^^ly 
 out the Carboniferous area In New ^ ^^ ^^^.^^^.^^^ ^^ ^ther , 
 
 confined to the ^iU^^"-^?,' ^^ ^t Boudveau and Eockpoxt on tl.e 
 places along the »«"^°f «"'„f '^'Memramcook Eivei^, and at Mary s 
 point between the Petitcodiac ^^^ M^^^. , ,f ghepody Bay. xa the 
 Point and Grindstone Inland xn th« JP«; ? ^, ened some yeai^ ago 
 rpper Carboniferous formation a ^^a- w J^ ^^ ^^^ ^.^,^ and 
 at Wood Point, below SackvU «, wh.ch U ^^^^^^ ^^ ^oney wa. 
 
 the color, promised excellently, *^<^/ ,f b,,ie9 of soft red shale, 
 p UTn developing. The Vr^^:-^^^'^ affect the value very 
 however, was found tx) be «« P^^;^ * The color of the stone xn the 
 seriously, and the quarry J-«"jf;tbrown, and at some of the qua. 
 Millstone-grit area vanes from ^^y^o ^^^^^ 
 ries blocks of any required size can o ^^^^ ^^'^JT 
 
 In Cumberland county, N^S <^-^^'' f,,^ation on the Wallace 
 principally in what is regarded ^ the upp ^^^^ ^.^^.^^ ^.^d 
 
 Cer and at several places f ^^gj^^^;^',^^ ^nd generally . excel- 
 .Sltward. The stone is ^^^^^XvTSefnworkod in the MiUstone- 
 lent quality. Fine quarries also tavf> J^e ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 U near the Int-ol^^^;^^^^^^ -- l^ ^.^^..^n footprints was 
 
 .:i:St trslabs at these .-ie^^^^^^^^^^^ . be opened 
 
 'Te building of the ^-'^]'^'^^:Tl^ryi^^^^^ a very excellent 
 
 rd^.r;^1rofC.=lworkedtoalimitedex^ 
 
 „, local orders. ,,^ ,, .argequanti^^ 
 Grindstones.— i-^66Q •*^^^^^^^__________ ^ 
 
 ♦ Recently re-opened, 1885. 
 
10 E 
 
 EW BRUNSWICK AND NOVA SCOTIA. 
 
 ?«tro!eam. 
 
 Albertite. 
 
 Infusorial 
 earth. 
 
 Folly Lake. 
 
 theoufputforthelfsCwL-^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 stones 2.000 boxes, valued at «2?; 400 ri 2,000 tons, and of scythe- 
 are „.ade, are the outhern eJrem^^^^^ "'^"^ ^""'^^^^^^^ 
 and several places alon^ f L l! ^ f ^^ ^^ ^»""gouin, Port Philip, 
 
 1^0 returns tle^Z'Z^^Tn "' T? ^'*'^ "^^^^^ ^--^ 
 totals must be considerable "' ^^'*'"^ ^''''- *^°»g^ ^t^' 
 
 sandstone.. ..nd the bor ' hlf ^f ' "'^^ '''°'^"*^ bitunnnor,. 
 
 not far from 2 000 feet ^"Z^ '"^ T""' ^^^''' ''^"^^^ ^ ^^^^ o,' 
 several boresfCcS wa. oH t ' "'f ' '"^'^ "^* ''^ ^^^'"^^ if the- 
 
 time bv shafting and W?^ ' f ^''° '^'"''^ ^° ^^"^ «">« ^o 
 
 mineral at po nfs o'trTbaf ^^'i^Fi^T '''°''"^ '^P'^«^*« ^^ «»- 
 have been spent, at 'if, .l^^ ^f.^t T^'^^''^' --« ^^-onev 
 found, except as mere^ScIs ThouS Ti. k T ^'P"'^*' ^"^^ ^^^ ''^^^^ 
 occurs have a verHx en«L i^ f '^'^'' ^'^ ^'^''^ *^« ^^^ertite- 
 
 1876-.). the^r^lLrXoIstl^aH^^^^ 
 
 great vein at that point was foZ^H 1 .* °''°'' ^^ ^^^^^ t^« 
 
 w... Numerous IZ TjTol'r^Cl tt ^""^ ^ 
 small strings of Albertite and nothing more ' ' ^'' "'^'^ 
 
 Ihe exhaustion of the ffreat vnin «+ +»,.. aiu ^ . 
 «go, cl«e,i one of the mo«fZflI!w, ? ' ""'"'■ "'™™' y™ 
 
 Minion. The wXe-Hr !k'l f ff'-^ '""T""™ "f the Domi- 
 
 ..a,e, .« UfSf^t^ TITo*: tr';:""';'"' !; *-'■ 
 
 decreeing downward, as well as at h^h .v7 '•. '" e"''"""^ 
 
 t-e^nd Which, beco.i;,nn;l:^:,';:l'rntS*" '°" '""""■ 
 
 .o^"^:'a;?ndr=rii-tvr '- ''-^~ 
 
 Scotia, although occurring at r tl. ? ™''" '"'P''^*'- ^^ ^ova 
 
 quality is excellent, and considering [he 7arL . ^^"'''- ^^^ 
 this material can be applied 7^ f { ""^ "'^' ^^^ ^^^^^^^ 
 
 yet been made towardTl^:'' Xir J^^^^^^^^^ 
 earth is specially adapted for the m. / cL 'f boTer and t"'' ''' 
 coverings, fire briclc, tiles, &c., bei.g .. .X^^^^^::- 
 
 It, is D.l'.o lavi 
 
 r«l»catfj of ■}< 
 
 absorbent in 
 
 conductor, >t 
 
 safes, and «h 
 
 that in rega 
 
 lating medi 
 
 action of tl 
 
 yet beer asi 
 
 Lately, a 
 
 Ptwid Oral 
 
 rd\er Phili 
 
 and in lai 
 
 about eigb 
 
 the same d 
 
 greater or 
 
 region. 
 
EOONONIC MINERALS 
 
 71 E 
 
 '"--- ^ fnr the manufacture of water glass solub « 
 
 It is .1.0 largely used for t^« ^J° of dynamite, as well as na 
 
 .ilicac. of ..ia) and - *^^^ ^^^Hlnm-es Beipg a perfect non- , 
 absorbent in ti.. preparation of fash ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ f 
 
 conductor. H ^ould seem ^^^.Mty /regards electricity be equal to 
 nafes, and .tv'aid its ««^-«<'^'i,^f J^^i^ be greatly increased as an insu- 
 tbat in regard U> heat, its -^-^J^^l\^;^^ ^f Legraph wires. The 
 lating medium in the -•i-f;^^;^,^^'^^^ «o far as I can learn, not 
 action of the material in this respe 
 
 yet beer ascertained. .^ ^ been found by Mi-. 
 
 'Late)y,avery valuable depoB^toft^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ,,ad to—nUUe 
 
 Pftvid Grant, occupying the bea ox remarkable pui-ity 
 
 Si^er Philip (West Chester Mouf^^^^^^ It is 
 
 and in large quantity, and the lakers ^^ po^t-au-Pic, and 
 
 about eight miles ^^"-^I'^ZeZ^^^-^^-y- 0*^«^ "^P*^"^ °' 
 the same distance from the I^^^^f^^^^^,.,^, lakes of this mountam 
 greater or less extent occur in the nume 
 
 region. 
 
 the 
 
?:/^^jj^, _ 
 
ALFRED 
 
 N.W-. 
 
(fifulogicd anit Natural lifsIiTrn5*>urwn n 
 
 ALfRCDRCSCLWYK lUX, FRS fc OlttCTOR. 
 
 N- 4 
 
 IvxplHiiHtinn 
 
 urCnUilirH 
 
 
 ftir60ni/tfrmf.r. 
 
 I A'tliirutn 
 
 /Vr (amAnait. 
 
 
 Jewish y 
 
 
 (inliigimUy. Sunryrd by Mrssrx Saitl liurlow.W,\l':Oimi ami RM: Jills. ' ' """ "^"3'"" ''""^ '' 
 
 
 mOMSVIi nrNOVA SCUTIAmo PAHT OF NEW Hi 
 
 Nat. Seal.' zSsW. 
 
led anil ^jUural IwsliTri^^imjfn itf C%iwba. 
 
 *lfRED RCStLWY»> lUX.rCS k OUKCtOR 
 A Hvr. 
 
 NORTHUMI 
 
 ssTm 
 
 1-8W 
 
 norm i. 
 
 Thf troo <jre dep«,« t '.»f ili(» I-nnaoodPrry Minfx 
 •E'l v!,mit)r occur 111 . w^U-doflnM b*lt of rr-cki 
 HMi n I &^- ud for mar.) mUei kiott^ 'be loiitb fl&i>k 
 c? ![!.• (.-.fj-riimd MoiinS-i(n t*na'- dtj »Ho Uaw 
 a cun>i<1t>rKbI« tl'vi -pfaeot li. tou Co , wh«rB 
 
 Uifir Btratltfrapbi' k i.'uBlltnii ii mon euUr dsler- 
 mlD^. Thoimli In. 11 ores o?rur id OiIr ("unty In 
 formatlnut of v.i.rlou« m*- the ifrle* of rr>ck«, 
 Urgfli' t'^tt and Ljiarl/ '■', wbleb cooUln Ui« 
 LuuduiKlirrj- oret and ih<-, -fiiulviiJeati e]w«h'«r->. 
 Are DOW irvDerally regar<T>--; jjs of MUldte or Vau 
 Bllurlao ■««. (S«c b'l.^^etacnt Ac«d. n<<.l \. 
 pktf«>80and U'J. Tr;. < N. S. loit , vol. <» , pa^- 
 S07.J Tlie lams view - ,.- pretebtrd by Mr aiipli: 
 In bla fi\i^r beforo i' \tufrU'ta Inat Hlmaw 
 Ell)/., It^^ Thrir exact rioriion cannot yft h*> t/i'«o, 
 but tbey inny be itatcd to he Inttrnii-dlatti bdwvan 
 the fo«»i;tfcrom I'pper dilurlan aiwt the goid- 
 bearlui) strata of the sMulb coaat/of Nova Scotia- 
 A abort dtatance wt-st of tUv Loadoodfrrjr MIqos, 
 li>(«i b(^) I'lf hlrihlr cryRlallfae llmeitonoa ocour, 
 asnwuicd wltb black «1at«s, which appareaUf 
 acx-ompauy thts belt of rocJta ttirou«bout a trraat 
 IJUl of Its (tztent. 
 
 + N*E NOT! g. 
 
 The ngt of th* rocka cnoipotlng the Cobeqmd 
 M'ltintulD rauue baa b«eo for many yeui a vexwl 
 QMrtlion. They w.-rt' for a Icntf time regarded aa a 
 lower jM)rtl'n of the I pper bllurtan, until the dU- 
 covcTy of foiitUftfTous rocks of tbia a^c on their 
 nortlitni flank, at Wentwortb, prov*^ them to 
 b*!' ntf to a niuch lower horlxon. In Trans. N. & 
 luit. of Nat. 6ci ,Val. ill., page 348, ibtoldermi'tft- 
 inorpbic and largely volcanic portlont of th« range 
 wi'rt c^impared by IJr. Honi'ytnan to the altnrcd 
 Qu"1.«h; group, and lubneiiueutly In vol. V, page 
 271, he claimed fur them on Arrbnan ([jmrentlan) 
 auc. In Suppleutant Acad. Qeol., 1878, and even aa 
 far back ai 1866, (teeOba. on Oeology. Southern New 
 Bniiiswif k, Bailey,) Sir Wm . Dawion pohilt-d out 
 tholr great retemfalance to the Kingston group of 
 N?w Brunswick, thi* Huronlan or Pre-Cautbrlan age 
 of which waa aubae^uently clearly Indicated by ih(. 
 preaenc* of iincoMf*>riaal»ly ovi-rlytng areas »>f fti- 
 mordlal rocks. Tb« i ..tMHjuM scriet underlie ■•m-<m- 
 foriiiiiily ihe rocks of the Iron ore belts whk;' flank 
 tbt- fi ,-• no the south, aurl wlilch are prf^uraably 
 of Cambro-tiUurlanagp; but ihr-ir close iii'ologlcal 
 TMscmblauc* in many rt-apects to Prc-Oambrtan 
 rocks, both m New Brunswick and fape Rreton, 
 has led to their being assitni^d to the sama low 
 {Miltktn tu the gaologtoal scale 
 
 ft' opyoVA SCiiT/AAxn PAlir opNKW BHl'XSWWK, 
 
 ToU/iuifratr ixbrMessrs Stntt /farf>^- WM^Oimf aod H.WEJislSTZ-im, 
 
 Km. Scull' sssfwo. 
 Smif ! l miUs to one intK . 
 
 ^Fr/nvj9(iiri9>pfr. Xt-MttMan^fUVA-^ Hia tiy/Mimt ^ Pimsili