IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1= 11.25 1^ lis IIIIIM 18 lA. 11116 V ere looked on by the law § 2.— Indeed, this doctrine of the trustce^canififr nf tUr. n v ^ § 3.-RepIying to what I then Baid, and admitting my facts as stat.d (^^ .- Attorney General did not precisely re-affirm his doctrine of 85 S/." quoted approvingly, and so in effect adopted, from O Ja 'sHi torv of CanV," the passage m which that writer (exaggerating it a littlc/rvs !! ' ^"''" cfSr?rdS^fr^^ •' stated, but I differ from liZlll^J::: ,' ,T%t' \'" " '° *^^ ^"'''^ "« ''- of Bill.^. reported io Quebec mZ^ ^SetfSS 'T/^ ",""' ''''''"'^ pamphlet ■'i)^4a/,» from Ca„<,J«n OffiJ p 18 '^ ' ^ '""'' ^'"'''"> '"" (c) Gabneau (2nd Edn.) Vol 1 n I "in ' Z\. i ■' in " Dibal,," p. 20. ^' ' '" """^ ^P«««l^-See Report ubi tupr^, a^d It i. obscrvablen^sLowlng ,Le W.e wa.in .hicb a .tate.ent of this sort can be hazarded 7V5^ ff"^ Ana on 11,. oH«r I,and, in U.e »,„o .pc-ech, alltr a,«,linj « f„„i tl,„, .. „,. h.npofl.,a„cebcn,gd.tc™inodupo„.acclingtl,««„le,„o„t„fu„„|,„j; e.ol«dnpong,.«i„g,l,e,„ .„ o„.p.™i» „ ^ mji.ijual^ „l,j.cl To .C " Lc premier fief dont lc8 rcgistres dn pays fasscnt menfion cat oeloi d« • • T^ " ' CAa«.„ i: „, vassaux recevait ordinairement 90 arp*n. d» tme el ^omarr^i, > A • entUre; ,1 iengageait d moudre J >on moulin, et d /„!• JZ Zur d^t , ^7 " • op„lar llngu,.ge is ca ied I-s domain as contr.anlistinguished from the rest of his ungranteS lands he h JPJTf"" ''•~^" '"""'' *'"-^ •'"'"^"'^ ''^'''' »° "" fe™"« but those nmde since the i:tr r." 'z^'-^'^ "-' ''-' -'- "^"-^^ ^ -^^ ^-'^ - -de (?) Proposition 26. (A) Proposition 27. (0 Propositions 28, 29, 32, 39, 40, and 41 (*■) ProposiVions 89, 40, 41, and 42. (0 Proposiliuns 9, 17, 25, and 45 I grain and c.n Lave no manner of r.ght ,n, to or from any realty in hi. Seigniory. beyond the value, m the aggregaH of thi, rent of 2 ,„U or los ..or arpont of tho casual nght. mcident thereto, and of the profit (if any) of this linnt'iba^'lit Jn ^'"^^'r i'- °'^'"^ ^"'^ '" *''° '™' °^ '^ ^''^ concession by tho Crown ) whose was the 8e,gn>ory.-tho domaine utile, in its largo entiroty.'^^f the w2 tr ct of land then granted under reserve .imply of the right. ;f th. Cro ™ which formed the domaine direct of the Crown ? (m) § 9.-Not the Seignior's own. For ho had nothing like the power of doin.^ as he would with it. All of it that he might take to his own u. .-all of i Z" he could hold for himself.-all of it that, as Seignior, he had the* ri^" to mak thssoi'ir' K ,': ''" '""^ "'"' ''^^° '"■■'■-^^-'' he is to build. rill? t""'? " 'f ''' '"'^' "■°'"^""' '^"^ '^'^'^ ^'^ '«°t.s, and contingon righU and profits, which he may realise if ho can. lord 'l7crZTir!'r\'" ,? T' '^"^' " ''^"S''*'°" ^^'^'^^^ '"« f«"^'>l «d T; f \" "'^ n'""^""* ''°'" '' °" ^^'^" *<"•'-. -hen thereto requested. I^or such charge or obligation could always be given up or relaxed of Tver! r -^ T^' '"^ enforcement ; could import no absolut; nullity Dvokell no '"^'^ ''^'"''^ ""^^ ^"* "''•^ to invoke, or should have invoked to no purpose, such enforcement. 2oln7i/aZl •'"""' ''T ''^ ^-«/^a,V,"_he holding in it, or in im^nC i ".'"^'^ '"'"g'n'Ty domaine direct, and the rm/tarr. an equally rZv • '! '^ "^'•\""'^>^iJ«'i ^"'"-'•'^ ««/. in his hands, and there is no u^o ho Seii,^ 'rt °' ''" '"'^ '^ offset from the larger rfo;.a»„. utile of the Seigmor by his contract of accensement with such censitaire. His .titVrl'jod I'rr^r'^ ''':",''• ''■'' ' ^^ M~possible)..oidbein,misunder- -e veHtarp^lilirth^S;^^^^^^^ t.e p.po.tioa tl.t .L Sei^Io« a. possible ^^L f^S^^lllZ'^^: "P'^'" "^^"'^ -''»' ■" "'"<' -^--- to then. " 'r«,^«f" TnTho relrt of r -^ « >'''/'^'''or*" «« coutra. "" '''"' "'''^ *^'*''«'''*«'l '^' ">P'>'' '"'" French y*r) rendered riltitriT 7"!;''"; -P---— d M being himself a law lished. PO"csseur,de franc al.u." I only saw the translation after it was pub- for the Seigniors tnl^tocli^rrhL'r"'' t b.,. been often aaid that my argumen tbbg ; and never wa. by J ,o"tI j i " " '> '^ " "^''" " "''"• " '"^ "" ''"'' I said. °^ '"^•°^'*''^J»«t»'«lm.t of such inferencflboin- drawn from what ' y< i 10 be or M 1„ L I , -^ J »nl,ngcM „,„(to„ p„p„,.,i„„, ^,„^ profiK out of thn:, "il h-l ''rr .""'."""''"« '"°''""""«l"«»'«»»'i 0.17 «.a.ive, r^V^J^TZX LTZt''''' 'I' """^ -""^ "^ liHlo ♦« k • /. i'^ui>i>08ing iiim to tako too much or ir ve un tnn ^i^^z^r '^"r "i"'" ""'"^ "^^""^^^^ of Lif po it policy. The TiSlTn . '"" '^'^ '"^'^ "' P"^^'« «""' °«' «°« of Public efend hLsel ' Tn T """P'""' ''"'^ '^ would bo for him then to as matfer of p blio n;i,Vv ^' '""'" ''"■° "' ''^"' "^^'^^ «"=»' -^'-plaint, apposed tit a an i 'T/"^ "'''' ""'"°' '^°™ ^^^^ «"PP°^«<1 ^-« ^^ tho of public policTT}.. ? . f. '°"'' "^ <=°'^*"^«°i"g « fundamental law Attorn IT ^T;'"'^"''^' ^^' ^'^^'"^^ conclusions now taken by the Attorney General may be maintained. On no other hypothesis can they t iS nt botwoon him lot j'ot existent, >ue might havo i partly held in itioD, theroaftor I'ator he might t as hiti own, — for distribution to pay himself lands distrib- ^ oiwontiaiiy a I, or by soreral d, some as the hole Seigniory by taking so luch ronta and it theory, the gilt, "?ouId be give up too lis position in me of public ' him then to e de cause, — Iters, — might ih complaint, terms of the )re8criptions, parties is to 8 pretension, vest in the ils by public 'nsitaire, or he Seignior rust for the sh and such [ually 80 of or-dealingB, i and them mental law en by the Q they be. Either the Seignior's grant, as first made, must have meant all this, and nothing more than this. Or, if it did not, logisiution must have brought it so to do. 8 15.-Tho Seigniors on the other hand submit, that this abHtrn.^t theory and Uieso practical conclusions are alike pR-posterous—Tho grant l.y the French Uown, of a . anadian Soigniory, involved no such extraordinarj- trust as this,- •nvolved no trust at all,-was a simple grant of a property. Particular titles may have had m thom one or another form of words importing more or h-^s of roquircment as to the matter of sub-granting. Butsuch caseswere tl,ee«opu.,n, not the rule. And even m such cases, this kind of clause could not possibly divi.io the property granted, between the Seignior and all the world,-or make him an.l all the world mcapable of so dividing it so as to let him havo mon- than . certiiin minute share of it,-K)r turn him into a trustee for every body,— or give every bo,ly a Vfstod right in it,-or do more than lay on him an obligation towards Uio Uon^, which the Crown alone could enforce, which it might enforce or not, which It has not enforced, which for the last ninety years and more it has had no machinery for enforcing,-or, in a word, at all affect his right of property, unless as this discretionary right of the Crown to hold him to his contract if it would may be held to have formed part of its dom0"iZ''>tion of Canada was begun after the French Crown had broken down the power of the great nobles, and when its policy (as this argument assumes) was consequently anti-aristocratic, and fa^^rabie to the development of the tiers itat ; that this development had even made conMder! ^progress; that the Custom of Paris, which the Crown introdu^ itt^ Canada, was distinguished among the Customs of Franco as favorable to the I!H ! 10 - oar y dnv, being there allowcTto t ' 1.^" Canada.-„obles, from -the two companies to which tho 1 ' derogation from their rank "'? companies, into .hill^lTj^Z 7' '"' '''''''' '^^"^ ^^ "^ 'nu.s.on wLich was granted them tol u """'''"^ ^"* ^'' *''« «PeciaI p^ «f those companies heaving bonecelV^f '"" ^^^ '-k,-the'direcfi^ tHe co„;u..on .e^- CltSe: ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^"'^ ^« -^e towards -^^"^C^:Std^:i::^;^^^ agg.ndi.ed itse. .nto notice,-that the Custom orSis o T ' '"'' ""' ^'(^^^^'^^S to r^ r ^ of tbe .an, other Custo: o r'a ^^^^^^^^ -- - advance e „p^ w- unavoidable, entered somewhat lar" ; 2 ^f ^'^V-^^' '"'""''• ^'«'-«° '" -d colo„..tion,-no such admission rat'begi^er""'^"'^^"^'^'- ^^^^^ § 19— Tbo policy of the French Cnu.. tenn. anti-aristocratic ; never sou'bt as " "T.""^' '° ^'^'^ ^'"° «^"«« of tb, <^ied, m the political or social system o uJ T "' '''™'"'' P^operJy so ^« consolidation and extension o'f is o.^nr ""f ''• ^'''' '' --ed at, wS f f 't ..evor lost sight for an h u^ ITZTV'^ '''''' ' «»'^ of th" and nval to its own) of the great nobles t ,"^ ^"'^^ *^^ Power (hostite generally, s. far as its one efd^uircd LT ."'t™'"^"^ '^'' ^^ ^''« "obla Crown every possible fragment I'l^l^f^^^'i-'-^l-ys drawing to tS ^ass coquetting by tun. witha lor j" a^s^^^^^^^^^ '"" *'^^'^°^'- of whatever and nobIcs,-it gradually resulted in a f Inn y°°""'°''*J''^^^3-ers, cle«fy r^oplo, an aristocracy as subser en to i: ^ "" T'' '''' «"«*ocracy Z ?h and a people as odiously opZZ tl'"" '",' '' '^^'''''''^ *« ^W^ well exist witb one another. ^' ^ '^''"' "°^ aristocracy alike, as couU § 20.— The terms " neonlr." nnj u j- far from moaning the lZ\Ct [Zt ' ".T"* '' '°™^ "^ '-^- -- compared with the great body of .i t v" f '"''^-" ™^" «'««« only, a« J-e become almost more a l': r ehs ol '^'."'"''^^^'^ «« ^^ "-« - " «t what may be in the strictersens cal d hi ""? ""°^' *''" '^'^ "??«' ^^^ P^^-V who formed the mass of he ^ oJT? " ?'^ "^^'""'^^^ *^ -- by no means risen with them ; wor d" lof' V"' ^'^^'^^ I>roper-had Ouston,s found them.-every' wl^ ^ si Ij tf^ifm "'^""^" °' ^'^ ^^^'^ »' jectb of all manner of exactions, feudal, 1 odious features of the It the roturier element Canada,— nobles, from ■ation from tLeir rank, ted, having been trad- ;ut for the special pei^ ' rank,— the directicti loft to roturier hands, e first been roturiera; ■nada were not meant or class in Franc^j. lid be made towards d aggrandized itself »8 beginning to rise ■«s an advance upon roturier element, as y of Canadian trade '6 true sense of thg cement of the tiers ™ent, properly so It it aimed at, was ower ; and of this the power (hostile that of the nobles ys drawing to tlw obles of whatever y, lawyers, cle;gy f aristocracy and 3ssive to the peo- cy alike, as could le in mind, were 0, the tiers itat all class only, as 5 far risen as to 1 an upper class '■uriers des cam- le proper—had 1 of the several actions, feudal. 11 justiciary and otherwise,-over a great part of the country, mainmmaUes even or absolutely serfs, (w) ' ^^ § 21._In fact, it was only in August, 1779, that the King by Edit abolished ^^ lamainmorte et condition servile, ensemble tons les droits qui en sont des suites et des dopendances," within the Seigniories of his own domain,-gave 1 ave other Scgn.ors t^ follow his example free of tax or indemnity to h.m.olf,-and supj,ressedthe ^^ droit de suite sur les mainmor tables" through- out France. T,ll then, even within so much of the Crown domain as fell under the miluence of the coutumes mainmortahles, the state of the rural population ^"^^"''^ "^^^""ntedth is description, copied from this Edit .— ^°^"'"*'^" (n) CnAMPioNNiias. describing tbe state of things on the ev7of theRevol^on, boj-s- ' Dauicr a tcl peut-6tre qui batera le povre laboureur avant la ^. .u moia. et auaiul le pov, e homme laboureur a puy6 d grand' peine U cote en quoi il itoit de «^ ^L prni L L,e tiera itat oubhait lour communautfi d'oriL'ine rt .na ,Ur..,i >. ■ 7 ^ " que 163 bourgeois qui I'avait &lu rp« t7 ,' ^ '' oroymcnt no representor '•bieueentiquoplusn cato ;roS„ ftfirP''"'"^ "^'^ '"»'°"'«"" ^tait .i "mune. soul l^ ir^::!:^ i^:^^'^^;;^- ^^ «g7.-evrdentlv lence. His words are not a lUtle Z l k?°^ ^'-''™""^'""l' «"^ t^^^-^vc; We been, almost if not ii oLl " «„ t^? V T''^"'^'^' " ^''^^ "« ^-^ ^o ^'e s.te. o. whieh ^^^^ ^^ ^^ Z^ ^1 " do toJtes paTT/ °^7''^"* P°'"* -^'-i --p'r- la l.bert^ qu'ils .Vntendaient prometh. : ITT' '''-'''' "^ I'A-Setti"^ tSd w Jr. ^"r ^'^'^^^■^ ^"■ •• Mam quand il s'agit de di^oiito- cettP rL^ ^".P'^Jf,' ^.'^"^ f"' P'-<58cnt6, declarant - • • L'asscmbl^e vota dans lanuicS.S ,!?"'"' ' '''^*°"'" ^°^'°' P'"« """if^te- " a.t ua i„,njense sacrificed la pa" dt! ' ""T} "'''" '^^°™'' <1- ^^^ «» compo,*: Allowmg for some measure of exa^^erationlrf *""' PP- 'O^.-VIO. ««-ibed to tbe ..«««,. and JerZZTtol^ qua..i-aristocratic attribute, here Jlucl. aseert that " /a domination ^lersTnl^'^Tr' ""'"'^' """^^ "" ""» »«« ^ord. d«tiaction here drawn between JZrZZiZ "^T f "' '" "'*'■" ''"^ --^ed «=«^ver8y. '"" ^'"^ '^"d «>« mass ci the French people, is beyond »re41agl,\be, sontrcgnnl^, 'e; que. priviTfl do la lihort^ It mis cia-memes au nom- "Bposor do lours biensnpri-a ils no peuTcnt pas mime 'ation upon this state of nt et supprimfi dans tout veritable domicile dans un srsonoe, de sea meubles, et leur situation ou par dea hat day, even this was I Hen-RIon DE Paxset to do in comparison est eulogy,— evidently manship and benevo- Ji as tliey are said to in sweeping away of 8t moment formed a sserrir les uns los autres, in roi. i cette loi dev«nir la loi isinuUles; en ferontile ihiersavaient generalc- entendaient promettre ts. • • les laboureurs Ifitruisant les archives, OS villes etfrayocs in- 'ut prdscnt^, declarant levint plus manifesto I qui tout en compm-t- las do nature d satis- , pp.700,— 710. !ratic attributes Lere ade in the nine words I villtt," the marked !h people, is beyond 139, and Henrion do lonrion de Pansey, § 22.-The decree of that 4th of August, 1 780, among other things enacted - ••.—.. et..ase.itiz=::;x^ 2.-L0 droU exdusif des fuies et colombie™ est aboU ■" etc ' • 3.-Le droit exdusif de hi chasse et des garcnncs ouvcrtes est pareillement sboli - >t. "-l.-To„tes!esjusUces8eigneurialessontsuppHm£.e8,"ete ^''"^'^' ''^^ ' -^■ ^' 7.-La v6nalit6 des offices de judicature et de municipality est .upprim^,- etc " niOro et dans^Se form:?eI " "'"'"" '' "' '^"^ '^ '"^'^ "'^ >« -^- - " d6«,geance^(rj '^''"'""•1"*'' «'"'" «' ^'^^^^ et nuUe profession ntUe n'emportera J'nC^ZX'^:ntt^' '7 -'?-' '"^ ''»°-' « ^--'^ ^-. whoso vast prop rt and la^fh T T' '"°''''™ '^^"'"^^ «"*^ ^'S^^<^ taxation to tLC an unlvot'm " 1"^ " "'' '' ""'^'"^ ''^ *^« -^^^ on whom almost eve y burttn of t^^ " '"^ were a degradation, but of municipal and judLal offiTl """ '"'''^ "^ ^''^ ' ''^^^ P"^"^ '™««» fn,//«mor« '-^lord at all, but WRo.xBON-K.uu.-CoIIeetion 06n. des Lois, etc., Vol. 1, pp. 12-14. 14 ^^^^^;-^^'''^ -^^ °^P-^-^^'"-ty. in hCdin, that be, ana were, . noaS - a^^ L 1^?^ e""'"''" ^l" ''^""^"^ ^^^ --' *<> h.vo been in France ? ^ ' ^"' ®"S"'"" «°^ '^'''^''«^>''« are known to tl.is,-.and it is a conclusion too , h n tin . , ^'^' '"•■' *° '"''•^'- ^'■°'" '' J« the doctrine adverse to tLen; v e Lc nroT, " ''''■' " "" '"^--'---tl.nt upon tr..t; tl.at son.othin. o otL • ' T T/"'' '^ "''' ''''''' '° ^^ '''''^-" inade good, for it to rest nj^. "■"^' °^^"'' ""'^' ^° 1"" ^^^^'^nl and The Seignior, grantee of the French Pm^n meaningless) of 3omething,_nr«v 7 "^T"''"' ^""''" ^°^^'^ '''■- proprietor, as truly holder L-L-CTf';- '"^ "'° ^'^'J' ^''^'^ "« "'"ch Crown, who never yet was cal e n ' '"?r^'''"''°' '''"'''«''''' '^ *''« «an.e heldfo,oustedof4.. ;:teS^^ f ",f '""^'^'''-"^ ^^ ^« ^^ aorr.. cause shown why he shoulTbe '"'"^' ''" ^''^'''^ ^^''" ^-^-^^ ^<^^^ § 2r.-Where, then, is such cause to be found ? folding, n,„st be traoeblo to solef t ' - / T" '"T '''''^'^ '" ^'''^ ^^^'S"*- '« of the -nure as first introdCdll Z f '^^ ^^ "'« P"^*^'^ F^-^'' '"w Franco-Canadian law, includin.und r thr ''~'r' "^''" '"'^^ ^° ^''»''«d it« «I1 local laws, and al regula 1^1 ist f ""^ t '°™^ °' '^*^ g^->'«. "^d in Canada, through tho^ e ;h' Cr^ ^.^w' "'^""^ ''''^'"^^ "tanner) may be called its Tnlc nl , I"«tory,-or of what (in like from something ia the law of f^ee afh" u- ""' ^""'^' ^" "^'^^^ ^""^s, thing done here, or by the author S in Fr?"' It '^^'"^''^'-''^ ^^"^ --- from something don'e since ^ZZ^^'tT''" T/''''''^' qualification can be made out by reference fof. '""'' """'•'>''°" «f sources of authority, it cannot b'e mldeTut atT "" " "°" ^' '''''' ''^^^^ eve^L'-mXf wa^ntS^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^-'i«eatlon, tending Attorney General's Proros t^ns now betrT'."' '"°'""« ^-«'°P^ ^"""''""^ desMnta,e», rcte, oucen» " ' nm/ sur ce gu'il aliine/ "^ "''^''' *' «''^'*"^ '''•''" "«>"««n«/ a don>a- " nninhabitad and uncuUirated rell wl ^ ^ ^ " ""'""■°'" Population, to a n«w, " words. tl,e granting of C^ iZ^^^t^Z^r''- ° ''"'''" •"'^^^«"'>''"-. "^ in otbe " all proprietors officfir ^ P"' '^^'^ '"'*' "^ "'"'^ ^^^ cultivation, binding on ■■.S:;^:i;;rrTai7a':rn^^^^^ "","°"^^'"' •"-•^^ - «7«t.a:af^dal.n '• des habitants pour I meUrf ea^^^^^^^^ " '""*•■" ""'^ "^ '^"''-*'- ^^^ *"-- a ■•et.useerappSrtler..ir^.^--SS^:-:;:--^ I >' 16 " et dea mtondants." «<««'««8'od. 1c3 ordoDuancca «t jugemenU du oonseil .upfirienr ";Z"s'eS:--f'^^^^^^^ -., o..,e thop^opHeto™ of ■• thereto required ; .„d was their nSp'o":^^^^ 'iereJevance.,) when " such obUgaUon to concede themf" ^^ ^ "'" ''^'^^ "«'"<"«J and limited by • 8«i..7 with™. ,^^ u, a,. Jd".°Xl r„, ,K '"""'"" •'"?*/"«i S.I. ■ « «'« quasi^efid ligation is held to invol^; ^^caX ^f ehe' tT"^ .""T- "'"P"'"*"'" " t''"' -^ "bS- grantd/«« de «] rench law, — being slation. [Second DOS as to the nature ' three quasi-defini- I n that such obli- otherwise than by . 86, 82, 89, 40, 41, t BO much, and on 17 tJiorcunto required"] restricted andlZui V l ^' ■•«Ievan,.es) w}>e„ e.iaW.h.l ly local legislation or .uasZZ^nhr^,'"' '" ■ '""^'•^'"^ '"''^'^ ;^^j^ .. rre.ch la.,....:, .;:;£r' !::;!-- 'h';::z »yste,n involves as necessary. To sav tl 1 1 v H T ; .'''° '"'''''''' "^ *^« into CaMada, sub-grantin. L arriir/fifor! '' '^'""'^"^ "' ''"'•''^'"^^J feudal sptem, is To say tMt bvTl at hw , T"' "" '^*''° ^^^^'^^ ^^ ^''^ «7stom absolutely re^ni 1^ , t 1 1 " r"'"' "" ''''''' '''" ^-'^'^^ «.r...//«r..,,;ontheSei.nirr Tl 11 «'^-tence,--„ade obligatory, ex "nplied by the acknowle'rment b n •^' r'"'" "'^^ "° '^'^"^' '" ^ff^^t Attorney General's 6th pCt'" 1T '"f-f-'b' --'e or not, in the . Canadian Seignior to sub-Tnt o sit W 7 '" "'''^''' '""^'^''''^ °*' '^'^ differed fron. that of fZ^ l^ u^'Z,''' ^""^■'^'^°' '»>« '"^^ of Canada n-ade by the learned Counsel w , . '"' '""=' ^<^°" ""equivocally t-tb, the point coJL :rt:Teef^^^^^^^^^^^ ""T"' "^"-'^'- ^^ pretend to say, that by the J^F^TtJ^Z ) "'' T °"^ ^°"^^ a-y Seignior was ever obligatory on h bn -that L ' ^"^■S^-'''"g ^y e-ee^the.uda,syste.n.ia4thin;b:;o:::f:;3;L:S:: ir '' ''' i4^2bie^es !r:^r :e;:;f ^°^"^^ r^--'^ ^--^ons, it i, this of a fancied obligation on theFrr « '"' ""°"'"" '''"''"•^^ "<^""°» besides ;>y ;;.eir author for sngge^-:: to^l^i t;.^^^^^^^^ ^ -^'ed out (still m reference to this same French hw o thV ^ ? ^°'' °" '° "^J^' " was the alienation of the fiefZZTth 7 «'^^«»''^«"th century.) «„„rf answer was not to have befl" /. T^f ''T''"^' '''' Z-*''^'^- -^"-The could it be-" Yes?" If .i,Vn .• , , '""'''' '' '■'•^''"' ^"""^rh. Jiut how rosing it, was forbidden wl;" tt 1^'^ Z "'^ T' '''' ^^ ''' '^'^ -- -anner) of such land, be enjoll" 1 tf tf'"'"-^ or alienation in one certain -ust have thought that in t ^ e ve t , !?" ""' l""' '^''^'^ ' ^he writer tion,-a view taken by no known auhoHt! T «»b-granting was no aliena- -eant to ask the Cou Jt to sayTh L 2 T "T" ' '''' '"' "'"'^^ ^-« composing it, otker^cise thai 1 1 t! • "°. '' '''' ^'^' '' '' "'« '-^s r»'eei.se counterpart and fittl f . ^ ^^' "'"' f^^l^^J-'^n.-a doctrine the TLo French Sei^Lor^ s bSZ^^ f '^''^^ '^-' - to go with i, toal^^e eiU.rthef^or the ^^Z!;^:^::^:;;:^' '''' '''''''^ ■iho former of tbesn f«.i., a^ . • , \ ^ "^' '" ""y o'^er way. r ™,l„ be g^,e„„,,„ argument. Tie I.lter, „i,„ 18 the time o.tnc for fyling his Propositions, co,.Icl not lo «o much as printeninant, .ispos, of th anJscornponn, U, otherwise than by ,neans of suUnfcudation or hail d cens ) to declare tlus,-"e< le j>roprUtairedufefnej,ouvalt,sa»> le cons J. mcntdc son Sjncur Bomtnaut, disposer dcs tcrrcs ,iui le composaient, a.trcrrunt qu au moycn dc la suUnfeodation o« bail d ccns^ Quito another thin. For here, the supposed prohibition of the law is not made to attach to any niode of ahenation ,vhatever of the whole fef under any circumstances,-nor vol to any alienation otherwise than by sub-granting, of the lands of the >/, if only th. beignior Dominant be a consenting party. But again what a man cannot do,-still taking the received moaning of words,-is what .t is not possible for a man to do. To say that the Seifjiior could not, without the consent of his Seignior Dominant, 'alienate the lands of his Seigmory otherwise than by sub-granting them, is to say, that without such coiisent such alienation otherwise than by sub-grant was impossible, could not . take effeet,-, attempted, would be a nullity. Of course. Counsel could no more argue before this Court for this doctrine, than for that of the obli.ration to sub-grant which had been put into print with it. And therefore, thouch it may not have been in the same express terms given up, it must be enou "h here to have noted the strange fact, that two such theses coild possibly have been so laid down as these have been. § 36.-Another point, however,-invo]ved in the Attorney General's tenth Proposition.-remains to be noticed. It is there laid do>vn, that the oblirration alleged to attach to the Canadian Seignior, while established by local legislation or quasi-legislation, had its origin in the provisions of the French lawmohibi- tive of the dimembrement du fief As there defined, this obligation merely is "to concede lands either en arriire fief ox en censive;" but from the tenor of Uie Propositions read together, this is obviously not all that is meant The obligation alleged involves (as has been shown) concession on certain' terms most restrictively fixed as against the Seignior, and which neither he nor any one else can vary in his favor. And this is held to have had its origin in the J^rench law as to the '' demembrement dufief" The text of that law is in these few words : •• ai^I^:'^ "' ^'"' ddmembrer son fief au prejudice et sans le eonsentemcnt d. ,on -forming part of Article 51 of the Custom of Paris ; which (by the way) with Article_62, is appended bodily to Proposition 5, as if the two doctrines of that Proposition were to bo found in them. So that, at all events, they were under the eye of the writer of this tenth Proposition. To any one v ho had never read a book on feudal law, or who had forgotten all that he inight have ever read in such books, these words might seem to import a prohibition of the alienation of the lands of a fief unless with the content of tne Seignior Dominant; and if so understood, the supposed trustee- ! 80 much as printed. of tbo uiiarisw t-rod ; 1 heen—" a )id con Id >r Dominant, dispose in/eudation or bail d "ait,sa)i» le ronsente- nposaient, antmiunt anotlier thing. For acli to any moJe of :e9,— nor yot to any tLo Jicf, if only tha iceived meaning of tbat tlio Seignior lionate tlic lands of , that without such ipopsible, could not Counsfl could no )f the obligation to >re, though it may be enough here to bly have been so y General's tenth Jat the obligation y local legislation inch law prohibi- igation merely is, from the tenor of is meant. The 3n certain terms iitlier be nor any its origin in the nsentemcnt d« eon •y the way) with doctrines of that they were under had forgotten might seem to unless with the ipposed trustee- Ij^^tlon of the Canadian Seignior might be thought to have had its origin i» si:Lifs:r;:;:e^F^^^ ;. r»rt of a /./, as wont to afT. h .^t he'^!;:; ™/^' '* ^'''^ ^' "' d.«ros,,ion ofeither as afTected merely the roV/'^ ""' "^ ''''^ ing, tacitly if not in so mnn„ , , ^ °"''«/'C/; m a word, lecogniz. ^'^'^n.o.lAl^^LT' ''' ^'° "--'-ted doctrine laid do wt by " 'er par parties. 11 n'cn m nns do ZT .• "" '" """P' ^■'' *"*"''t^'- °" ''« '« divi- " ft il „ e,t plus du pouvoir du ^ L" Je ,e J ' " "\ •^?.,""""«-"'"^. -" c)o division. " j"g-t A prop..., ,0 domaine du f f " i Z:^"' ''"""' P"^'"^"' """""^ "» '« " CO ti.ro n'«,t po t L? d i C , ''f •^"'''",:'« '" «— ''. et t-utos les ol q o o^^'M^:::Z:rC^ :; ' '■^' '■- ''-'-' «^ ^"-'-ration of the .V. ye, ALf the'i^S^i:::-::,:;:^-^^^ ^:snf r'-- = -- purport to effect it, ifnot null rblrSr "''""* ''' '^°"«'="*) ^'-'W otl>ers but only ^^againt h^ llti^^E:;- ^ ^^ them and tbeXiT:,earat'h!i::;,::ilr'' '^^n^ 'r o^^'^'-'-^-^^. .hich .t. only, in\he mere nterel s w '"'^r;"'^^'^' f ' "'"''^'"■'" ^^'^'^^ '''- On the other hJ^l^^^T'^f'''''^^^^^^^^ Seignior, which is hllonecess^i^J^^^^^^^^^ -stee-obl gation of the Canadian certain way, and to leave h T^no c a J tj 7,"'' ■'? -^-"''^■VV in one which has nothing to do with thr7his>71^^^^ '^ "'"^- '^''"^^' -'^ ^ts ongin in the former. It is not easy to sef ;^7w " "" '^ '"'^ ^^«^' un!;!s!:rftt;itct:aref nf"T^ ^^"^^'^''^ ^-p-^- «. /A TI., 7 H ~ i^_ r pp. 476 • ""• § 38. — Was there, then, in the liw nf p,„„ i . . thing .l,»t.,er ,1,.,. L, .„ „.,,,,:,; fh';"!:"".'"""-'" ■";" <'«■'''. '"J .^,.„*ut,,,..,,4::s:^:Ci-::---^^^ The more onrofully the law and hutnrt. «<• t.' Lead, the more clearly wi 1 tT.o nt v„ r . "'' ^"'" '"'"' "f"'" ' ^'» n.oro clearly will it be' se ot 1 X 1 r.^T'T, "■""" "'^f'"""' ' ^^« what that of Canada is sa 'to h u^YI^ '•' '""''"' '''^' "^^'•""^^' ^"« "«* it. but that it was venVfil'; \: r": '" !'"^ p-/' "^ - "- least like antap miIbI to it ' '" '^""'''^''^ ""^^ ^«'""' irreconcilably territories of the CustonX ^ 'n "o^LVt ""^'-ff ""'''' "■'''■"" ''^^ varieties of tenure of real estaV onl J o . , 77 "' '^''''~''' f'""'^''r'*' le said to have involved Z:.^^::::::;^^^^ tr'' '- enjLc Oku M, en allv witlT^^ "'1 *'" consequence. For the holder and unwritten, and to\h tner.l 7 ^^"^ °' ,"*" '^''' '' '^' '"^^' -'■'"«" property; and so, c ul oM J.^v t° M /'' '/'^ '" ^P^^' ^^ -ch Lis .ui,^ht be inclined to do /) n Ss , \ T^"^''^ '""^ *^'^'^'^"""^' ^'-' ^'^ Lad its li,„itations and nlifi L J! ''"!'' "'"'-''°^'^' ^^•^" '^■« --'fe'''' "^ Proporty citizen of a State ul^t^^^:^' TT^'' "^^ '''''' ^""'''''^ ^ ^ He could keep or he could JirlTT^^^ °"'^' >' ^'■■'d none, as against all 'ho wor d .o Z ' ' "'"^^"" '' °^'"""'^^' «' 1'''^-"^^, in hi; land, superior Li 2 ,f: '"°^ "°^', '''' "' ''^''^'^^''P ^^'^^ "^ Propert; nobility of titl -tl at ^'w, ^"."^ "'"' ^''^'^'^' '''' '*'-*'''''' i^I^'reut and it '(so to s^ak 1 r r.trr-^/;" '^^^''^^;'''^^.-wl^ich qualified him by proprietors who sltulin%ptitt':T; '" 7^f .^.P-^' - -gJ^t be, u u uo m a position of feudal inferiority to Liiuself. (t) So much 80, tLat even Rovalt^ „„ . .. ^v '■ ', ~ ' ~..-.ui.it.ui^'r,r,;trssiS-^^^^ its own merits, inJ»- en of if, in tlin nnti- ieigniors is l,y f,„. too ess of what luny have ?ht into Canada, nnj pon tlie Suignior, of his Iioliling, over so avo been tho germ, iw may Imvo haj its ono into, upon . jis c'oinu ni)pareut ; the w of France was not nor in the ionst liko etaii, irrocoucilably •h law into Canack, cularly. within the lass,— six principal ranc aleu noble, can ship of it. n may bo taken to !e. For tho holder o tho law, written respect of such his everything that ho s riglit of property his position as the Illy, it had none. Jrwise, at jileasure, over or property it, — that inherent lich qualified him irts, as might be, to himself. leurie honorijique for it, and thore- rts, as he might 'West aku posiible, le larger and more to be more hedged 21 t:^:;::^C^:^::xz ;™:,!;S': r -' "' ■•• - - § 42.— The poBifion of the Ecrlosiasticnl Hodv J, n noW.r roJnrUr., (as might bo.) ditlered ;. n' t i ^t{:^{'T'r ''''''' ^ pond.ng/r«„, „/,„ tenure, in tin's -that sm. . . , , .' ''•'' *'^° '""'^^ Seignior J.on.inant ; for .'hom, ^ w „ 1 a f ' S t " ""^"^ '' " ^'-''. - to Offer prayer ;(.) and who, wh'eneve L", . t" n'^I^J' '' ^''^ ^'f'^ ^"-1 l-ave been alienated in any way by suel hohW ^ n', ""-' ''''"' ''^ ''• ^''°"l ''f ''™" *''*^ ^''^"''^'^ ^ody hold in whole or part by propr Lto s r,fn f 1',""' '" ""^''* '"''^^ ^he land it could not. ^ Pf°P"etors its own feudal tenants, while by the latter fcecnme that par ..n.c« ,/,W„, assimila n' Te^ n 1 "^"'^ ^"^ determiuate. the tenm-e and between it and they!./ or censivTZZZ.^l Z '""^■^'''"''''o ""'"^"^ on the one hand naJ^-See Hk.h.o.^. LLr, S^JXyo; 2 Vp'^Sr^ ^fZI"' ^"'""'^^ --^■ body 1- b,lX°ia^^^ tho grantee r.lig.ous duty, the tenure retained the eLe thl Lr!5 •?.""""'"'• ""^^^ «''''' f"' P-ely Hi=NE.o.v VE Pakskv, i,;„. ;.,„^.^ y j Z^/^1 °[""^^' ""t '«''« b^en granted by it.-S*e '-"« again •.oid';f j.i J ,/;!;::'': "'•^•■'Vf!''!' '«-' (- -'-i^ or iL) Vf-f^y, or. U.alneuUl,. ilJ^ZL ""^^"•'"' '"'°^i«'-«- I>"t In« right of the. Of.., ,,„.:, Lu ii :!::;;•:; : z-s?''* -^ ^" -" ^' Mmo. nt each st..p ..nVlit ha™ l„.nn J . "^ rarnmout.t.-ai. (he "-«^-" ^>' '1... Lstt;:: z^zx^:tr' r "■;«"' •'- '■'"""^^' P'nerally that of .xactinir so ,».„.|. 1 . ? . ""'"e'lmte lor.I, thero was accruing, and to what " : ^ ? ""r'- •'l"'^'"' '" '"''' """• ^^''^'--^ ne, therefore, cou ot Z^ " '".'T 'V '""^ ^'«'" °'" '^''^J''^^'^- ''--"• l.e was lH,,iaos much n.o o T! T . '"^■^"'""'- ^"^'' «" « ««"">-«' "ile. ofhis lord. Kg ::;::;?' "'t "'"" ''^ ^•"^"'' •^■^ "- ■•"'"-' ">•>' vassal's ; his 10..,.;^ ; ^ ^ ^:;:f '""'r "'? • ^^ 'f-^"-''' ''-'^^ '•'^" ^''« cu..tances-b,far\Lo least do^::rofl^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ""dor very peculiar cir- tLl:t^f:::;:;;'^Jr: ;;;--'-^o. the e^enty .a., in a. of to 8ub-,rant fcudailv tiri i^' ' :. 1 ')' 'T'^'^^' '"^"^'^'^''^ ^^ ^''« ''^'J^' tLo sameapparo. ;« a t Is '"*^'"'•'^';^'''> ''«^' "'-«)« o( necessity one and real estate.'n'o I^U^T^TZT''' T''i ^°"''^'' °' ^'^''^ ^'^'^ ;;; Which, .here holding ..;^;;.:::t i^ ::^:i:r"^ ^^ r- ^'-^ -:.ai„edL other ha„d"ha:i;;f ^ ''"^ ^''"^'° ^' ^" ""'"-^'^ ^^-i-^O ".iglit or might not have this eharact la . hlu 7'~ ' ^"''^''^' ''"'■' otherwise. "'' " ' '■ ' '° " '"^'^'^ P«"niary point of view.-but not ^ !< -! ■iffTi'or Pominnnt ; wlio, ■And, liko tlio hoIJer a Htignevrie hotiorifujue Innd (ill whole or pnrt) riors. Itut 1,;^ right of ii'toil rliaracter; being '••to lord, ns well n» by ■d riiramouiit,— n» flie nt, or niighf bo imj.lied rnedinto lord, tlioro was nfit ujion nliormtionn, to siieli fine, wliorevor 'lo rigbte oftlioiordor te, 08 ho might soo fit. limited iis to his right a groalcr extent) held \v highur lords,— and lit of property the' ein. d, as a general rule, y the reserved rights logetlior less than the Jr very peculiar cir- ntial want in all of pacity of the lioldcr f necessity one and ited of certain visible to such holder, but was really no more irming a part of the imeuble incorjwcl) —from the ofsenfial -the prfip,srty he'd matte) ', ,- ,xj|jj e corporel, or might or might not con- \che aumOne, noble lecial cases, and mor« i in its nature, might re hght, it might b« t of Tiew,— but not 83 of'r'etr'f? '"f-^r '" "f" ' "'''^'" "'" ^' ""^''' --i< i" whole nr p.rt -:^^::;:::r: :: s;r'^:;S ':t ^^-'^^ ""• -' - ""'""^-^ noble or ,„ M whetllrT '^ " '-'"/I' -n^'. ".'.un, either , .^franthr anm.Ue "oblo temiros, answering to tie, 1 V T thod.st.nft,.,,, between the three •uperior or suporiorsVlZ: ■''■'" •^'■'''''''" """"'"'- J""'^'^ "ith a .urorio.s who held an inf^ r^ ^ Ire' 7 ™ '^'^' ^'"""'^ ^^"' " ""f"^''"^ ^ -ow...e„tasthatheL;:;'r::;!r:;:i;r-^^^^^^^^ il'o not hoMing, ; to tr " r '.""'T'^''' '" '"'''""^' "-' ""' ""- -i.ichn.ay he^^alleculc:!^: :^;:;:^^;'!^''^f^^^^^^^ there was another. >*^V<- ,uightulso beheld Iv» 1 .' ;""■'' "'"' ^^'"" ^^'"' "'^"""J in the>... :;.;:;, ;;^,:;;7^ '-^ -rds to state exactly. It import. haute, rno,n,ne I ZlTlfu -'T "' ^?'' '^"''^^^'^^ «-«'''li"g - it was incidental to his ex oil of s"ch r 'f ^ ^'^ *" "'"° '^'^'^^^"^^ '"-" - '- eruing, whether fromTs ij ' 7 " """"■^'""'^ °^ "" ''^°«''^ ""■"- "°- vanoty.fothe r rnueaorfr ""^ ^'"' " °^''-vise,_the ownership of a «"doi,.sclJ^ r-Id i^or^^:^^^^^^^^^ exactions mostly, of anomalon, Leld) generall the own ; ^/'''' °* ^ '■■''"'=^' "' '^^'^^t, if not (.« some writer, Bupela'd dir^^ • to ;: rto'ti.: r'""' "■"'"•^' '^ '""^ «•■ --"'^'^ -'v-/ property, like the seon^Z!2^ "^ "•ff"?'"-- '^''"'^ '»-' P'-'-'i-' kind of unlike the sci.neuric iZ JZlf'"'^ '""'^' *^"'^' ^'^ ''^''^^ ^^^ "°l>''« tenure ; but. Theiand-hoiL.„ ::::fr:^^^^^^^^^ hold it, or might not "ts U^JtoH , r . T"f ''"'"''" ''''^'' ''""-^'f' ""S^^t description oflnl prolt p " "'f f ' T ""' ''''""•'^"'^^ '^^ those of any were unatiected by ^^ or w e a«> ^17 ■"''' ^'""^ °' J'""'''^' «"'> 1'—' particular cases, it'w^ eve he I? '; " 77 '''"^"^ ^^'S'^- ^nd in - e-'^M as might b" T^ ;^r ''' °-'»/--/'-«-^- noble, - g ■^"' t>y PaH.es havmg no ,a^„.,w. />o norij{,jue de VhinUuje, Latiu,-" Lord." in English.) which fott' dl i r t"^""""' ^"^"'''"•" "P'""< in by a sort of licence ns'd t^ ^n a m t p^^L ^^ T' «^7^""— "'-t"' --times proprietor of the higher class, one whoClZw ^aT il^ °' ''«'' "^""' '" ^^-^ « pr«/e " of the thing owned should bv . ; , ? »".'r«c«rie " as the mere "pro- the noUon of a somLly n'tt^C:;::; -rrirr ° '" "^"^^""^ *° ^-'^'^ ^"^ 24 the icl a of i^ S^^^^^^^ "^J^-. - small as to make selves; others son^.Tr '^{', '' ''"'^'''' «till smaller tl.nn them- the no .le cl^; oTn f ' "T '"'"' ^'""° "'^ ---^--or no dependency of whatever mt eZ T" t"'^ "' ""•""' "° ""^''''"^^^^ territory or domain hadZfero?*^ "-^''f' "='•"' "•'-I-'^t-«'y of every other quality, so^ pertv or r f ■ 1 ,7 " •'"''''' ^^''^'^' ^•■^'^ ^"''^ ^ ^'^"^I'^d fif 0. other pro- n 1 o?t7' f 'r 'r^^'^'^''^-^- -' -^/orotherwise) extended over" /7fe I .nrnf " ^ ^^^''^^'^^ P-I-'^i-- «'-- among the number; there, a ieZt iLJryTT'' ''''' '"'" --ther,-or was, partly or in whole, exempt tromall;M8<,ce but that of the Crown. back toT« - ';0'"Fehend this anomalous ^tate of things, one must refer the hw S'V T"^'" f"'' "'"^'^' ^^^^* '^^ ^^y t''o theory Uielaw ^laid down by the feudists generally, traced the relation of feudd uiriSzrjXnrt::::;"^^^'^ « r^con,ponsc a^Ssle do ce aZ 7 T'^^t'"' "'"' P""' "'^'^'^ '« *-' - b'*^- " en a. Biuo„." etc. ^ ' ""'"' '" ^' '"•P^"* «° *<="•'«« 'J" '"^njo fief, si tant y Again, in Art. 17, outhe same subject-- erritory that foil within ith fiefs of nil Jescrip- m the Crown, or other t extent, consisting, — large and small, im- , mills, gardens, parks, ir domain, — secondly, racts as variant in di- franche aumdne or en at all, as niii;lit be, — ;hts over numbers of them en franche au- 3r extent, but almost so small as to mate ? to a farce,(.r) — yet, 1 smaller than them- •or no dependency of ' territory or domain )-granted territories, other quality, some one. Here, with a th a largo one, no i fief or other pro- se) extenddl over a e number ; there, a partly or in whole, gs, one must refer :etly the theory of relation of feudal iom of Paris contain gnnntledit manoir, ir lo tout en baillant mdmo fief, si tant j of consistant seule- nance," etc vassal, so doit le ■ au dire de gens d 25 dependanco (whether as affecting the noble or the r,nn «.n * its incidents, to the assumed fact ^f a direct 'an n I T'fi "'*^ '" to the inferior, such assumed fact inT a /e 2l "'r^ ^ "^'™' being historically true. ^ proportion ot cases was far from § 50.— In the first days of the feudal sr^t^m -i ., cium or/./passed to the vassal, n^ ^^rty TuU mtf"' "' ''' *"^^' and when /./. (at least, generally) we ele ^ 'a" L ^ ^ :"'°- '"' ""''"^ «>vereign leader, to his most powerful chiefrald if \'''''''^'' ">' "«- ^^^ of bysuccessivetxirriiirrr^^^^^^^^^^^ others and for themselves and TtllM '1' ''"f" '^ *''' ^°'' '' ^''' <"«' and slaves of the old le ° ol ^ "^ t?' f '" '^' ""''' """<^^°-' '^^ -^ not,-the prope ty P rhap ' of men f ? ' f' "'' °""^^ ^^''^'^ ''' «^^«" was upon the Leln a d Tndusry of .IMh f"" 7 '"' "°' ^"" "'<^ «"•'• ^* tions of all kinds that coZiTLI ^"'^^'' "P"° '^'' '«"*« «"d ^^^- Jtef of this old tim and 1 foltr'" "' •*^' ^"• ^^''^' ^"^^ S™'^- ^^ *»- any productive indu:tr;1rt;^;r::?Z:":r ^'^"^^"^^^' '''' -' "^" oni::^^r:;z;:::^-^^^^ wnters,) the leaders, picked men and privates of /l-H'''" "^ ^^'''™ •ub-vassals in descending de J aTd t ol "'"""°^ ''^^''- '•'^'l'' «««W., serfs and so fofth. W L tl e t a T.''""' '" '""^ "'^^ Bub-infeudation could not havebin a e^l ^ f'''"^^' ""J' ^^7- --ct might be something, thougr::^! ^:t;tr:if ;:i;i: wero hardly tLat way. iena(„icic-= aud Ujoso ol tue ago '! i 26 with every change of master of eve " ,? ^ '* " "^ '^ ^"'"^^ ' ^'^ would have lapsed leavZi to ^ -^'^'/''"'^^e-- it« grade, every sub-grant to re-parcel ou't 1 1 1 2 Bes dlT" ''• "i'' "^^ '""°^^^^^ 1^-"-% - no part of the style of l„„h oAh " '" ""^ "'^ °^^^"'^'° ^'^™«^ follower ; nor wa it ,^ the £ U^VT''^'^"^ '"'^ °'^^^*' ^ ^^ ^heir population upon whom tl y let to ' T"? '" °*'^" ''^^P^'^'^- ^ho ordered body of eensuZ^Z se r* r::l""''^V°. ^'^'^ '^'^"'^ <» -" completely conquered, of variant or I's .^ 7 ' ^°^'''^'''''^ ""^'^ «' '««» with, others far enough from te . o Ani Tl '""^ "''' °"^"-'' *° "^^^^ was not the easiest In the wo Id The fcd^; '" '' ''"^°"^' ''" *'^'^™ were not too strictiv bound down t'o th vltl '''''^T'''^ '''' ^'' ^^''-^'^^^ Pire de famine. They were fo 1 I ' \t'°™' "''' "^ ^•'y^o;to//o« .« 6.;, "ot to be thei. for long To" '^'dl^ c J """' ^f ^ ^"'^^^^"^" ^'^'^^ -- cost a price that they rf her liS ,av T.^Trf ™'^""' '' ^'^ grantor of the /?./, when he wanl 1 7' J ° ! ^ °' *''" ^'^'^"■°'- ^^ominant, %'.ting on their oU core for theJ;'"' T '.'' "' ''""^''* "^ '^^ ""'^ by- -y one, unless to the relt ^t pa/e 17' I "' ""°""' ^'^ ""^^^'^-^ ^ %hting could seldom comoTmir u T''""''- ^" <^'' "^^^ «f ^he >/, without. But, fo lis IrS To 1- °f " '"" '" '"^ '""-^ *"- ^« do- country. The lord of th lAi to " >" "' " '^^''"^ ""^^ '" * hostile J-ge, he might have o g^lo '1^"'"", ""'' ^'^°"-^°'^- ^^ '^^/C^ was live, they must be togethl, or neTrfn sul T "' °' '" ^^^^'^ ^^^ *^ allotted any part of hfs ,?./to7f . T T"^^'"' "' *° '^'^ ^«f«- If ^e place in tu^rn.' The b Ik^fthe ll^^^^ such dependant must garrison his "ot be -let go from g rril c ut^^^^^ l^imselfinacantonofhisown. '"^■™''' ^^^^ P'^^i^g lord by -lUy tttei;^^^^^^^ ^'^^^.^ ^^' ''^ -'^- -'-* -y now so be was no of those iITwI! ^r"""'° f'°"°''"" '" '^^^ ^•'"'^ «f P^^P-ty population of erprlSlrjr ™? ''^ T''' '""'°'^' "'''' '^ -"^'-ed of the earlier age m^ b 'sj^:!' T'' T 'T' '"" '^''"'^ '^'^^^ P-P- words, the lot or^onL of hnd .11 '^' "''"'"' °'^-"'' '''•' '"^ o'''^' leader of mark- who aJrlt, ? '" T^""'^' '' ^ ^P°" °^ ^°"'l"«^t. '« the what he would 'tmtoThm'r'^ ""' ' '"^^ ^"""^'^ ^'^^'^ -^---"g more of his fav rti „„' ''ll'^T' P^^ °^ ^* - ^ to son. few of « territory, that one or othe loca r ""' ' '"" ' '""'*^^^' ''' *''^ ^^'*^" *>f charged properly with its me ' ! , . °'" ^""°''«"^'-y ^^ tl-e fallen Empire, in the later days T the Empl s^'T^ " '"' '^'^""^'"^ *° *^^ «-- ''^d not lost at the Lnds of if "Z, orT A '." ''"'"° ""^ ''' ''' °'^"' ^'^ ^»d territory (or debris of te rlrZf onl" T''™"' '' "'■" ^'^"^^'^ the possessions, once, of theXdel ofl e j;'''^^. ^^'^t ^"''^"'^-.-princely tative of its old owners not dini ,.''"'" 'he hand of some represen- kinds of property, .lZ::^^t (aUfC "'T' '' '' ^^^ o'n or tliat of their respective properties, at entlj absurd. Re-distri- business of its lords ; for s grade, every sub-grant !w followers presumably, "larity of system formed ordsof/^/i,orof their 1 in other respects. The led to their hand a well •pulation, more or less ne easy enough to deal ' be imposed on them tuary and his retainers of exploitation en bon f a possession that was less of violence, it only he Seignior Dominant, Jought of any little by- Dues, as unwelcome to In or out of the Jtef, ny long time be done iting men in a hostile iiold. If his /e/ was • of his people had to IS to bo safe. If he ant must garrison his nere retainers; could sach playing lord by vhat may now so be at kind of property •, with its conquered hich the >/ proper off-set ; or, in other 1 of conquest, to the ugh (after retaining fief to some few or >ry, or the debris of the fallen Empire, ■ing to the fisc, had f his own, and had was veritably the i/tindia,— princely i of some represen- > lords of all these 2tive properties, at 27 least vied vith one another in the eagemes, of their appropriation to themselves and the>r mgher dependants, of all sorts of titles of honor, Roman and Barbaria^ -in he number and m.htary organisation of their retainers,-in the rapacity " w^d tl t?T " '?t '^^'^^— ^ - the contempt with which they rnerr of T T '"" P^^^^-^y and their wealth. Not, of course, that every LmTl-1 <="^^^.«-•*«.7 - property of the first magnitude; so as ti we^e of ml ^"^ J^^V'^'*''-'" ^'"P^^"'-' ^^'"»^' ^^"k° - Count. They mint r; ' '^"'" ^""'""^ ''' ''''' ^°"'^ °^ ^-'^ ^"'i consequence) we e lords' f'rt": T f^t ^''''"'''''' ''' "«' ^^ "^^^'ry of their own were lords of the land and of those who tilled it,-not simply land-owne.^ who . tilled or saw to the tilling of their land themselves. i i'm^eliZoT '"'r'" "'"P''^'"' '^''' ""'y ^1"^"y ^'^ «-^' to have heRrannerlT ;rT°i '""'' «""'^" -^ates or fragments of estates of tXZZ'oZt' 7 "'; '' "-''-^P—d representatives of their old whom here' "^^^'1'"'^^%'' ^^'^^ ^^'^t-- - the hands of ex-slaves or c.fo„,, loweHn! othe' '' f-""' '' ''^ times might have raised instead o lowermg, o hers, fragments of tVee Barbarian allotments; and others perhaps ' ^;:^:T::::'£'; ''- 't -' ---' -'-• ^^-^' p-^'^' ^^ labor ofacWnn T' '""' "'"^'^ ^''' ^<^^" ^'"'^'-ted »>y ^he actual tlittr"""'"?!"'""™"'''"''™'' "'""»'■'•. i' i» '"""St to MV that it for any ownenll or 1 ' , ^ ' '""=" '"'''' '"' ""»» ""' ''» !"«'■. »»' not hi. "^ ° "^'"^ """'■'« »f " "'" "«» i« «»y K»» nofatw!".™: l'"' '!" ",''" '" ''°' "' "'I"' »' "" f""' "•■" Ibe n,l. ; the */ ' 1 i''f'i ' ' if I |i 28 tentance, and at last, into a nron^rfv .v J ' ""*" *° "^''''te of in- whether noble or ro/.ncTbecame l ' T °'' ''°'''"' "^"^'^ «« '^« «'^«''-«- • class had before been towa^ Z ,re VdtT ^^''^V'^ "'^^''^"^ ^' "-* right, b,.t of power and wrong. In m nl rT *^'"''-^^'^'"'"«'"otof lawand strong am,; their own. or thSr ntighbo^u / T^t f"^'^''^^^' ^^ ^ «- each must buy help. And the feudaf tie n^:i» T °"" '"""^h Limsc.lf, ofthe>/,ofieredeverpvl,ereo tetopH^^^^^^^ one, and armed himself against others bvt "''"'' ^''^ ^««^' ^eased himself; who in turn not only stren'l^en,".^ """''^ '^ ' '"''^Ser than but if not thereby strong enoug soulhTf n™l' ^^ '"'"^ ''''''^ ''« «-"'' g^t, ofsome one stronger. Cwt^nlir " ''' '^ -aking himself vafsal raised, and his vanity gratified 11; ! T^ T'"'' ^ "^'^ ^'^^ -^ Violence even becam'e^mmo; L the mT "^"'''"^^ ^' ^■'^ --'«• into vassalage. ^./, ;„ g Jt^J", ; 7T'T ° '°"'"^ ""^ °^ '-an, by a process quite other than thaHf oncessi ^"^V ", -T '" '' ^^^^^ federations all added to the inducement forLr '7 '^' *''' ''"^^ ''«"- [n favor of men already holding othertroroH^^ ""T? '^ ^'-^^ ^^ ^°"^^^-A but whom for any reas'on it m g' be LJuITr^'l '""'°" ^'"^'^'^ ^ ^^"'^ iflto that position. (^)-With l.;l. ^ "' *"* *""P^' *^^" *« f^ to force the true presumption as to tenure a,^d Zv r ^ fn ' ^^^ "^ ^'^°''«' '^^•^'^i'* Cheney of the M, unless shor^ iS rt' Tm "'^ ''^^^-^^^ ^^^" process of sub-division of the fief hetLZl ""^ ^°'^"*'^«' ^b" ^cry tion; the younger sons or othfl Ssof thf"'",?""', '"'^' ^° «"^-'"^-^- -Ives to hold of the eldest son oro htbo Id of the ?• fT "'"'"'"^ ^'^- ;"g to hold with him of their common lod-El 'f?' '"''^'^^ °'<^'«''"- large/./ were fast resolving themsXs i, t.^f T ^'' "'" ^'''''"' «^^« «°<1 -ne>/./. The smallest propert el^^^^^^^ T?'"'^ ^'•^^-^* -^^ be held divisible in the way of sub ™Tn I «^'l"«''fi«d,-and as such to process of sub-granting raTlost subs^Z ^k ~''- ^'°P^"'«« ^hat by the were yet granted in tlfeirfnX s^.^ e^^^^^^^^^^ T'^'V '""'« ^^ ^ts, leotsomuch as savoring of real ty immreabLff T- ^°°°T«r«aI rights, -;.. .o..7«.., pensions, offi S oTp o f 3'^^^^^ of t^^.e state, were even granted as prope ties ^ ^'^ IT '" ''^^ '"""^^ ^^*^° with, for the consideration of vassigrt he giv^f;;' " °""^^ ^"^ ^-^^ 0) " Enfin, ils aehetSrent des vassmis ,.n ,i.„ ^ (o) See Heevb, Vol.1, pp. 123 e^,,y.. »ey. ; also BacssEL, pp. 4I ct .eg. ; and 396 et uq. 'ocial systora, wbich by lien into an estate of in- fer wo*, there camo into axtensive, changes. ' tlie proprietor class (in- ei-fw^/, as the a/f «/ordepen. ij localities, the very Jnded to sub-infeuda- res submitting them- lare, instead of claim- the franc aleu and oplexityof/e/g and 3d,— and as such to •operties that by the ted into mere rights Incorporeal rights, ^r-rentesfonciireB, in the service even ' owned and dealt irargent,oucnpajant ' and 396 e< My. 39 -retimes in tbe lord's; JeZlltt^'.Uy^^^^^^^^^ Bon.etimes not at all ; sometimes the fai conta t ^f M f ^ "' "" ^'"'^^ balf-yie.ding of a beaten man to a yoke that he 1- t '? "' "'"''"'"" **'• be can ; often not faithfully recorded often on .' "^ "'^ ^''^ '"^^^"t not faithfully adhered to. ' Thlfl; 1' ? Z " '''"' " "° '^"'^ vassal, of his lord; but the manner anTexS it 1.^^' ''T'"" ''^ '''' tl« age of anarchy, and disappearinrwitht ♦)! ^ .' '"^''^'"^- '^"'"'''"•^I^ measure of militar; obligation buf Til' Ju' ''""' °' ^°"™^' ««-« there would be casual rS Lo'f tSe I T' T ^" '"^*^'"-'?- ^^^'""-"'j. *>«m.> of the usufructuary 11 ; t 2" n "^^r"'^^--- ^y way of what mutations, what rights, anTh;^ general, there would hardly be fixed I ! \ f' ^'"'" °P'" '1"'^^''°»«- J" might be, without limit of Lount or ot " tt"' "''"^' '"' ^'"'^'•^ «'--^- •ttir.t might have been r^nt A , °°^<^^°^ ^" «I"'« •^^-Sf't be, ^r later, often'and long, lord and vassal ml'tT "t "" ""'■^°™'-''""^ -no; or as to what it was or shoul^L 1? , '' ^l^^"- controversies of every kind «on,ehow,-but not alway bythe same'm ""' ''"' ""'"^"'^'^^ ^'^^ -"'-1 times, by fighting and defeat o he 1 ^ "" • " '° ''^^ '"°' '"'^ '" ^°'"'*- defeat; sometimfs, wit ut fi.^ n! if^Z'^rT''^ ''^ ^°™P--"- ^^^o- turn ; sometimes, by such show oM • f T ■ ""' "' °'^'^'"' «^ ^^ ^^'^ i" .ometime, by in;orfL e (tied o il''' f t-'^'^ " "'° ^''"^-^ ""''^-<^ ' feudal superior; sometimes -11 " "^') '^f/"™^^. enemies, neighbou.^ or interested in a like way -byVote^^^^^ ^TT' "' "'''^'•^ '^"^^^^^ -«••« tboreon of assise, charier or ler L, T ' "' """'" "' '""""'^ ^'°" to be carried into practte afterward! ' ^ ^'°"' .'°""'' ^"^°' ^'"^ «' -"Peror, the other, on thisUc^le th^ ' :itr hT 'f ^l '" '^'^ °"^ ''"'^^^ ^ neighbourhoods alike, no one nelhWho^^^^^^^ " "''^"^' "° ^- mobile as to make it impossible to I that ' "« "T ' '^■"■^' *''"'-^ ^ where at all. When at las the . f ?^ ""' ''"' ^•"^''^ '"'« o*" ^^^S>^ any tl.e process. The onf „ f T?. "" "^'^' '''^ -"'' "- '^.na to° natch was past tracing here. ecord o ,.f / ^"^^°'"^' '^'^^'^-^-^ everywhere, be made. Her^e and the e "^ f Lr ir""" '' '''^ ^""" ^'^•^^^-"'^' -* -rt of rule, particular Cu:!: stt! X:^^^^^^^ °' "'^ ™'"^'^^ '^^^''"^^ ^ countable restriction. But sucl Custlf ° '°"'' °"' "'" "'''^'' ""^- bad to be,-and the Custol of Pai fuH T T'^'^r '^''^ ^'^"^'-'- the tenure in each case were what b/ V ^^"."^ '''~'"' '^"^ '•°"^^'^'°"^ ^^ bave made them; that the pa^tTesco-ni " ^"^^ would; that in deVault of beC l^f .^T settled the question of what then/^ . ""'''°"' ^'^ ■'^'='^^'""^^'^) merelyshowidwhattheyh d r sumdl" '' ' *'"'' " '*^ ^"^"'=^' C-'°- bad no reference to publfc or ^^ u^' ir' '""^'f ''' ^" ^ "°''^^' ^'"'^ '' rew into form in times whcnC • I' ''"'" ''' ^"'"'^^ P"™'° contract.-It when the idea of a public or general law was unknown. § 69.— Another chan'^e im-iilnnf * ,i tiou, was that which brfu 'i tie ,^ "'"? '^"" '' ^''-^^^^ -^ after transi- t>rou,ht the ccnsm into existence as a property in the m Bomet..:, of their h'o° Ton! t:o^^^^^^^ T"'^^ '^'^ -- land d litre dc pricaire and navZ hi " '"'"^ °" ^'•''- '"^^'s hi.nself a., but his ^^:t^^^X^^r^^''':^ -'"'' '^ be looked upon a, a .an\vl!: 'LIV:::^^:':^^:^:, '' T'' ^ not to be dispo^essod, .hoso possession^Lh ^t 1) i' b! i^ ,"7" even alienated, as a vested right. Impercontiblv fL .1 f "'^ °' serf, a .«.-„.o...i/. ; the i«m.,or. tTT ! L; he I? became a serf ; the C.U.I ngh,,; .nfu : «!L J 7ur; * ,"."'^' l"«™»-%. i" service, (of ll,e ignoble l.i„.fl , il , "f ,'»,"? '"»«■ r« and result, the history ohZ ^llrZntZl'Z^'''^' ''''' ^" P^^ chapter of the «««Ve m the CusZ! ^70 inures corresponded. The of the Jief. Equally dear of iT e"" "" '""'"''^'^ '^ ^"'^ «' "^^^^^ «« 'hat .ore lifted e.tent of t£r^::---rlf;-: -:^^^^ (b) That is to eay, when first fixed S f became greatly lighter. Indeed even'fnr u-i. [ "' I ''f * ^''"^ ''" """■"y- ^''^^ "^ «"""« work, which makes a nominal yf^; rlT fi' " '"'' *'" "'-^ ^^ "^'^^y^ «* the inoreasing value 0/ the renCd popenr "'' ' ''"'"^ ''"'' ''^ ''"^'^ °' Iiurch, and tho grownur le proprietor class relax •om living on his. lord's wJmtever they might be, lain cnmo by degrees to d on that condition wan s) might be inherited or lave became a serf; the colon, a censitaire ; th« ind while one class thus out rising, or even with iudal contract, men of md they freely contract- were forced to become under the influence of -es held so to be. I'he uited for in all sorts of supposed, as might be, !en made, or had come of honorable recogni- ictive of a rank below t had, presumably, its nit. Fixed dues and equired, though they 3y generally were,(J) r, observance, subjec- nior's profit or grati- M on the Seignior's for, unless by special proprietor,— in res- ch the censitaire did iigniories, or even of parties were free to It stint. In process 1 corresponded. The rule or order as that ic law, the contr.act lower quality and and conferred. aoney, tLey of course le rule was alw.iys at ig rent, by reason of 31 coutractuiil and private. ^ 'aw, --was all irregular, Canada the feudal s . em w s n,H o." •?' ""'' "P'" ^''^ P'^^^"'''^'^'' ^'''^^ i" l-ere be given. As iT The lin "! T"^ ""^' P"^'"'= ''^^' '^<^"« ^0"^ I tl.ose whose names, on the sulject. are of the tirst aulh^.^; ' .igit have bee:,-D Jo::;::;;:: ^^^^^^^^^ "^^^ ""^^^^'' ^^'^^^-- ■'^ *-- "altoriuseorum tnntum. quia ^rd pc dct AvT Tf ^ " "^^ ''''"''' "'""'• «' "«" " tractu ul.ro ci.roque obligaLio /So 8 TT ""'"'' '"'' ''"°^'^' •=' " ^«'° «""• " qui eonstituit fcuda sicut vul t, dare .^ ? Ldl S '."^"k ':'"■' '"'^^ ''^ ""'"^ ''°"""- • Bive cohoerentibus, quia destinaLnrvcw! A ^ • ^"' ''""' "' ^'"^■'- «'^« "i.tantibu. "enim est iu.elligeudum rat ^neinid .""'"' '°° ^'' ^''^^"' *=' f'^'J' «"■"•■ hoc «coucessionisu.a\initioad bere^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ T""' ' *^"'"'"°' "3- P"**" " a CO., eed non respectu p«f (TXlT an. 1 di ' "' '""'*"-^ * ^''^'- ' '^^^'»- •• uisi secuto consensu vasahi. quXtononr^r !'"''' *^"'' °°° '""^""'"^ "J^sse, § 3, GI. 4, No. 30 : Vol 1. pp.S?, g " """ ''""^"'^ ""'"""^'^ «"' 'Jerogar*. —and D'ARGENTHfi, thus :— " Imbcnda ra.io possessionurinTu IL n^ ™ "^ ' ^'" °"° '^"''''''- P""^'^''"'' « .ionibu« et acJalibus prrt^lTbus t Zr 'TT '""^""^ '""'^'' 1""' ^ --g""' •' is dctorminatur d possession's ut I If ■'"''• '^"'^ "^' '^'"^"' "«" ''^'^'"ditur. " accipiuut. * • ■«<=««'on'bus, ut 6 contra cum apparet titulus, possesaiones ab eo leg.m 31 :oH-,i.H'«.j,,,,,:;r:;::i;;::™: ;:™^^^^^^ - Jumresul«rem,mtm„m?„'l r P'«'es«.„n.., ju.lica.ulum eat 'l"' J'^'t s« wunifester de la maaiirc co„vemc."~Yol 1. " Jeconelus de tous CCS caraetc'^rpg ' ^•^ P''^-'^^'^^' °f converting-the /^/int^ a cemn-e, or the c.««.c into a A/. To cite again, from Domouuk :- I •, ut po3smt otiam naturalia noc juBta eatprobfttio po*. consuctudo, i\ qii;l ro-alari^ fur. Est tjuim imtura fen- t""'"'" " non e.t ita ; in,6 remunot v.tua feodum .1 ccn 1 • ne; di t^' I "'""r?"."'^'"'- ^^'^ " mutata dumtasat."_g U, Gl. 2, n„. 5 , v„,. 1, ,, ^U. ' -'" '" 'l"'^'"'" — or from I'ocquet de LivoxiAue :— "Si e'e.t - vec connai,sanee do cause et sciemment, que le aeigneur et le auiet ont v „ 1 pon.a„on d'autroa devoir, .cigueuriaux dont le eoje. a e,o d.". C" u ' " ''""' """" tage. quo le eons. Si au contrabe le aureona a eto niun. . "" "'''"'- "di^tinctedu premier cen. il n'oat nln, nnnTl • ^ '"" ""° """^''•■"'^ '=^'^'5'^ — or again, from IlERvfi : •• niera deuombremens „o seroi; p J il ! t .;' " '" '''T ''' ''"'''''' '^'"" '- 'I- " dea titres constitutifa. quant ZZn~to '""'T^' '' "' '"''''""'' "" '"-»'= '""P^ ■ m«. „.iiui ,„•„ ,t,to..; "11"!" rr """""'•" """' °"""'» •"• I CS-Asain, for the general eom|.ari,on of the two tenure, ~a m«i,,., , by.ieg™„.ij:c 3;,r: ^;:'';:vn:T°?"""'"»'" c.n.otbe„,.,.,it.i„.,l,t.keuL.,^;;^p^™•^i:_ ' ' '='™'"» S4 " lui-mi'me qu'un seignour utile vis-A-Tis do cclul do qui il tient don li<5ritngo en fiof, n^ian- " moiiis Cftto Hcigueurie uf'e qu'il ft, n'cBt jmn hnnttu il ce qu'il y n do puruincnt utile daiM " laseigncui-ie; I'llu renforme auusi uuo scignetiric Imnoritiquo do riii5iitn;^n, quoiquo nubor- " dorniL'c i\ ofllo du soignour de qui il rcliivu en fief." — /Xi Cens, Clinp. Prel. " Lii Ffigntiinio utile du oolui (jiii tiont uu lioritngo a titro du fief n quelqui^ clu'so do plus " quo colle dc oclui qui lo tient i\ titro de ecna : celui-ci n'li que I'utiiiti'! picuniiiiro do hii chofle, " ctuo pout so ricn arrogcr do cu qui consiBto plus on Ixmnour qu'on utility pc'foutiiftiic. • • " Da 111 rjiiit cttto autre dilTorcnco entro eelui qui tient uu li^ritiige en fiof ct colui qui ie tient "4 cons ; pftvoir, quo cchii qui le tiont u conn no pout paa sous-buillor ilccns, * • Au con- " trnire, celui qui tient un Loi itage i\ titro de fief jieut lo doiiuor, suit il pared tilre de tief, " Boit a titre de cens."— />e« Firfs, Part 1, g 8. CnAMi'iosxifeuE's comparison, more historically stated, may be nJiled :— "Ku f,'ijn<'Mid,— !o droit du posso-iseur dos consiveB fut tnujourfl pltm pr(''Ciiii'e ct moins " pui'sant quo celui du posscsseur d'un fiof; co fait so rnttrtche i\ plusioui-s causes; d'libord, " riiif.';riorit6 dos pernonnes; le fouclataire fut originaiicinent un railitnire, par consequent un " noble ; Bouvont lo vassal fut I'ogal du scignour, ct parfuis phu puissant quo lui ; mais lo " ccnsitain.' (iccupa tnujours uno pcjsitiim plus luuulilo, quoiqu'd put lo di.sputcr parfois ison " seigneur ]iar ses ricliosses acquisoa ou lieioditairos; illui fut toujoura inferieur 4 r:;ison do " BdU rang, et plus eucnro parco qu'il u'etait pas armo coinme lui. Loreque lo ri;gime feodul " n'exitta plus qu'i I'lHat do souvenir, dont la loi des poescssions fut un vcstigo, lo po])ri- " «" ''•'^^o hn,l no With the expirv or re voc^^ of ' "'' ''''' '''''' '''^" ''« ^^ad It •-.^ ^='i' too/ So that :,:t:ii isi': r'^' "■■ ''" ''-^'^ ^^ ^•^- Bervce from a new vassal as from ihe old' '' '"'" "'^'^"^ «^ --"-.' -c:^i:;;'r^^:t,!x i^^ Tf -^ ^^° ^^ - « -othm, pa- (for compensation or with « MI ', '•" "" "' "'^^^'^^ '''« .^-'t to «t. -ore, as the/./eame to [/ fr '::;": I,'?' "^^ -"^^'-■'''.— >J -cl at last for a fine without leave.- hisTo'fH "'' '' "" '''''' '^'•■'-^ Sub->nfeudatlon grew into a usn^e lo L f T '^"^='^'' ^^''''''-'^'j-- fub-vas.al,-everyonei„theehain^of "; ' ■''' "'"^^ ^^^ ^^^ ing I^.s own property in the ^rant m. if; ? '~P''''""""' "^■''" -"^"J exn!,-erat- of it a body of inLdiatetepenS of lirr' ''^l"' "^ -"^ ^^-a granted a tract of land for militLy servle n ir";- "f ^""'■"'^"^ "•'- ^^ad a vassal who had let go mucli tary service m proportion, thus found 1 Of It to others, under like promise of nniself w!!h service to 36 Huoli vassiil, iiiiJ not to him the Dominant. Thoso other persons, holders of such livnJ flnd of coui'so not admitting liis riglit to di.Mjiossoss theui, might ho particuliiily obnoxious to him, would Buldom Inivo h(;<;n chosen as not hoiiig bo, and would nlwayH bo moro hi^- ual's men than hi». When ho wanted service, Ihey niiglit bo backward, whe...er the vn»nl, their chief, was so or not. Tho vassal's own direct ability to servo would be the less. If tlneatencd, for want of service, with n forfeiture that should adeot himself only, his liability would bo tho less also ; though his power to resist might not bo. And on the other ham], if threatened with a forfeiture that should atl'ect his sub-vassals, his jiower of resistatice would presumably bo even greater than it would have been if tho whole fief had remained in his own hands. The Dominant hail thus n strong interest of tho military or political kind, against sub-infoud.ition by his viwsal. g 70. As timo woro on, lio camo to feel that ho had another, — which bjr defreos becaiue even more pressing than this. With tho ]iatrimoniality of tho fiif, and tho recognition of tho ccnsivc as n tenure of property, there grew up also the system of casual profits, from mutations and otherwise, which outlived that of military service and may almost bo said to h.ive superseded it. IJut every conversion of territory within tho/»/, into arriire Jicf cv ccnsit'c, brought with it a diminution of these profits. Tho vassal would claim to pay, not so much of tho revenue, price or value, of tho Jicf in its form as granted, but only so much of tho revenue, price or value, of tho /'/in ifs form as held,— his moro profits thereafter to accrue from whatever he might have created of arriire Jicf or censivc, taking tho place of tho territory thereby covered ; a deduction, tho more notable from the consideration, that ho was of course master, when sub-'^rauting, and even afterwards, so to contract as to make such profits as trilling as ho pleased. § 71, — The /(/thus dealt with, was therefore likely not to yield tho military service, and sure not to yield tho profits, which together were its price. But tho obvious claim (and indeed right) of tho Dominant would be, to have tho /(/ so held by the vassal as that it should bo full security for both. The older contracts of infeudation, made while tho transition was in progress, could not have provided as to this ; and the nower, iu '.ho natural course of things, would not often do so satisfactorily. Uenco a long conflict between Dominant and vassal, sometimes settled in one way, sometimes in another ; and as its consequence, that chaos of varyiniT local nsages, which has been called the law of the feudal tenure as to this matter of the demembreinent and jeu deficf. S 72. — The Assises de JfiausALEM form one of the oldest of the historical documents, notable in this connexion. The usage which they laid down for the Kingdom of Jerusalem, was presumably one moro or less prevalent in France, before and about the time of their date, — A. D. 1099. (c) It is thus stated : — (<;) " Cea assisea, comme on le volt par un avertiasemont qui est d la fin, sout Ics loix, sta- '' tuts et coulumes accordes au royaumc de Jerusalem par Goi.l'/roi de Bouillon, Fan WW, pur 3T etir,.i ,,uo lo ,,lu» dou flo .Kmorro .lu Bcigacr ,jui lo .k»,mnhr,.^' • • -Clmp, I8i. (,/) By tl.i, u.nffo, then, U.oro wcro tl.reo restrictive co,uIition8 fo tl.o d^mnnhrr. Z" r "T' "" '"■"•"' ''" ''''^"'""'< ''' ''"l'-i"<"^'"-'"'"«»'<'''t'on ni.iH not extend to the half of it. .W/y._Thnt it must 1,0 mndc for part of thesorvice. .•nfon"l''' of" "";"";'"; "" '■''""' '"^^ ''"^ "■«'"' "« "g"'-* ^'« >-'^ to su.> intoiKl , otherwise, he liad not. cletlvl"'" T""'' "^ 'I'''" '""'^'■"""^' '' •''"^"''^ ^° ^"'""l^^-'. that though Co I'; T ^'^"'•'^ '-y ^- Tort an,lJac,,ucsd'Ib..iin(.). its true .onL o , fl ; ?;rTr'- '•'•''" •^'^''■"" ^/) **^"« - ^'-^ .-n his .lay (about he as not prepare, to answer, whether it meant that all the arrf^n- fcf. together " /'a ri> *s jmlriarche.1 et ilet baront. ;;. J. .r^o .:i :r ir •.!—:-;:- -^^^^^^ quent^pon the fal If t o ^2^ ^^.^'l ^w r^^b^ T"""'"" "^"".'""■^ •"•^«''- """- service But in tJ,« n.l, n 7 . ^ '""'' '"■""'"'"^ "«<«' "f "^""^o military a century aa.l a half or mnrn ■ h. i V?, T '" ^'*"'' "" °^ '"^ ''''« ''«'«• bv later .late. To .^UronJ;: !! "'"' \'''' '° '*-'" ""' ''^ P"''"- ^^ '^^ -"=1. saleo.„„c, thatofth-WtairJ^^o^^ r '° p"" ""* --"'^ "' "'" ^^'''^-J'- ""— of itself, is fatal to Beugal Cry "" ''"'^"■*' ''""""^ '" •>« -"-^ ' -^i^h- (./) Asal.SKS DE jEB[J9ALE5f. Vol 1 n 9S1 . V.U _ n ^ Th,. ,„, „ ,„„ tt. i,„. * j.„ .,„„, ,;, „,, ^^ ;• »;-■ ^^^^ ^^_^ ^^ _^^ ^^ A 6 ; aa,l Intr. pi) ^ "' '"'"' '""'"^ ''^'^^''•« '"'"• (See note on pp. 475 And on p. 596, from L. O.kk bks Ass.es. ^ later compilation. (See Intr., p. Uv.) (*) -" et SI en doit mains doner de la moif it.."_Ze Tort p 449 - et 8. en deit I'oa doner mains do la meitie.'W.cg..; ^Ibdi,^, p. 464 (f) Ibid, J,. 2SS. 38 latter soTt „ -TL^; ^^^^^^ T'''''' "''''"^ ^'"^' '"^ '"^''"^^ *<> ^'^ •' en Court, se tltl^JtuelZ IT^' T ''■ T"' ''"' '"'"^ "^^-^ ^ P-^« " la rente dou fi6."-Chap. 185. (0 "^"^ ''"^''' ^^ '''""'^ P"'*' ^"^^ ^"^ '^^ tl^at he couid cbige Zt fine he roulf" "'" "^ ^""^^"^ ^^'^ "^-^-^>'' ^ >/the «ropr/of the rflli, ? . "'^ ''""' '"'''' '•''^•^•'•«"°« *» *''« case of a " IWoit Sr/r t ' :f „t;' -Jf ^, . . seoe n'est , aueun de ses ..ei., et par ;;l«-in dou se Jor par escTee ;' ZlZri ." •^"" '"°"^- ^' ^' ^^-^^-"^ - apeler et avoir ce qui en sera faif In • "^"'^ "" autrement, le seignor pent " court, on ee il ne li\ donVe ecu poeirTr '''T^ T'^' " ''^ ^^'^""^ ^ ''""'-' - court, poeir [pouvoirj de faire le."-Chap. 142, (k). (ff) Ibiil, pp. 553, 4, hereditary yjc/s till much later.-Soe HEavi Vol i T, n. t "' "'""^ """^ °'^"- .ore hrie«, sLd h, U^:^^:::^'^^^;:^' -• -"- ^^« -e is bably L adopted in th Jet "io tlh' , "i"" ''"^'''^° ""'^'' *"" "=-- '^ P^"" Cbapter 142 express y efe« to ^e 1 ' ^'T' "t"' "^ ''^=""''° ''•^ ^"^ "^ "°t«- only word usedl a L /!! to d iT. T" ' ""' "^^'"' ' '"' '" '•"'P'^-' ^« «'« If this word be hero take; in M! n """^ "'" """^ ""* ''"^^ '"'^" ™«''"* *« ««'-«' ^oth. of what may becid m cit /■ r" "°''""'° ""^ P^^-^P-uppoae that the penalty ay caUed Uhcit demmbremnt, as opposed to sale, was the lighter fcn-foit of 39 --In the latter case, the more summary decision is:— —" le seignor dc qui il tient eel fi6 peut prendre ce aim il n ni; '„/ . . • " Boe eliose- car le seiirninr ,lo„ fi T • ! . ^ ""'^' ^' *°""' «' "ser wmo la waived to anv extpnf Tl,n i,^;,. *i • , •', '"*'"^ '"'<^'e«, and could bo m another interest. Tl,« Inw c. i •. " "^ i'"""-^' ''"'^""8''* be undone than ,«n,,.s,.,uit„„,. p„,,, i„j,,, ,^^ ,„^ J J, 2.^;,','" " '™ Here ,s nolling to show that tl.s precis, point „a, decided. prolcclicn „l,ich, l„ .bi. o,„„.r „f ,„b™ti„B, thr, aZlT. 1. n ° .uppoBition. ^ befor^.-e,pecmlly. where ti.e coutaet seem« to require eueh endcntly of eai-her date tbau Uie Goustitutioa of Lothaire. of the jrear 40 "Similiter nee yasallu3fcuJum sine rohmtato domini aliennbit: in feudum iamen recW dab.t B. secunda persona sit talis quo, feudo servire possit, ut si dans miles estTt Sle^^ accop.t feudum inveniatur miles, ad hoc ut feudum si conLn,;/ ", • r. ? " lit Pi nrin,. r,„==:f n 1 J ,- 'euuum, SI contigent, dommo similiter servire ut et prior possit ; et hoc ut dare liccat in infinitum. "In quibusdam tamen curiis. ultra tortinm n<...o„„„w, r v " rum flndnm n„r»«nif :„ V personam feudi coneessio non extenditur: ut rum feudum pervemt in qunrtam personam, ei auferre dominus possit. " ip.ltZt'tl IT ^?" •" ""1'"' ■" ''^"'™- ""^ ''^' """^ '^SO dare nisi qu4 " rirbet alii da'rl u^^\ I • ""'^" '"'''"''''"' ^1"°'' ""^"'s' ^^'^et desolis maseull.) " S "cet ouod oui tIl.VeVT;f "'" '' f '"'''''' '"'''^"" '' ^"^'""^ Unde quibusdam ••;? Lr et^cu?^ 2 /rP" .^'^"''^"'" "■"'"**• Gerardusetaliidieunt quod aperuui, cum masculi defuccrmt"— Lib. 2, Tit. 34. (m) In Lonibar.]y, then, to tliis time, the usage of allowing the sale of a fief, under any c.rcum.tances whatever, upon mere payment of a fine to the Dominant, or without h,s express leave, was not established; and as a consequence, the grant- ing en arnirefiefy'^^ not called an alienation. I„ fact, the idea of antagonism between Donunant and vassal, in the matter of sub-infeudation, was hardly developed. Sub-infeudation, accordingly, it was generally held, might go on to any extent, and through any number of degrees, without regard to objection by the Dommant, upon two conditions only :— ]s//y._That the sub-vassal must be of a class to be as capable of feudal service as the vassal,_a8, for instance, that the sub-vassal of the soldier must bo a soldier. 2«rf/y._That the sub-vassal must hold by a title analogous to that of the vassal,-as for instance, that if the /./descended only to heirs male, the arriire /f/must not be granted with descent to females, _ Both of them, conditions having obvious reference to the Dominant's military r^ght, more than to any other.-As to the latter, it is observable that there were three conflicting doctrines held; one, in the pominant's interest, making the sub-grant with descent to females (in the case supposed) a cause of immediate torfoitiire by the grantor only, to the Dominant; a second, still more in his interest, making it a cause of forfeiture by grantor and grantee both ; a third, m the vassal's interest, merely regarding the enlargement of the title as inopera- tive against the Dominant,-so that, in default of male heirs, he would come in for the reversion. It is observable also, that the inconvenience of this lax rule as to sub-infeu- dation was evidently beginning to be felt ; some Courts holding, that the right to 8ub-infeud ceased with the third holder, or sub-vassal of the first sub-vassal,— 80 as to_ give the Dominant the right of taking away land from any one to whom such third holder should have sought to make a further sub-grant. The distinctions between this rule and that of the Assises are obvious By the Assises, it ^vas distinctly stated, instead of being left matter of implication that the arriirefief was t» be burthened with its share of military service. And 1136 presently to be noted ; and must therefore presumably date back to ^ reign of Conrad the 2nd, from 1024 to 1030. But the remaining sentences, forming the gloss upon this first tution'of mr*' °^ ^"' date-though presumably, eailier than Lothaire's Consti- (m) See Corp. Jub. Civ., VoL 2, p. 1382.— Edn. of 1759. 41 although sub-infeudation mfght go on for any number of degrees, as nnder the or ginal form of th.s Milan rule, there was an indirect limit set to it, by the non- allowance of sub-grant from any fief of less than a certain extent, and by the reqmrement that ev-ery grantee in succession should retain more than the half thus f ^' -r , /?? ^"■'•' ""^ '""^''^ ^^-^^ '^'^ inconveniently small fief, were ant. But there was nothmg in the Lombard rule, to prevent either. Ih^ Emperor Lotha.re, at the instance of the chief feudatories and nobles of the iimp.re, promulgated as a Ccnstitution-also to be found in the Liber Feudorum — the following:— „ -" Perraultas cnim interpellntioncs ad nos factas comperimuB. milites suabeneficia passim ^^ mstrahcrc, no .ta omnibus exhaustis, suorum seniorum ecrvitia subtcrfugere ; per quod vires ^ imperil masirn^ attcnuatas cognovimus, dum proceres nostri milites euos omnibus benefi- ciis SUI8 exutos ad foDliciss. nostri numinis expeditionem nullo modo transducers valcant. __ iiortatu.taque et consilio archiepiscoporum, episcoporum, ducum. eomitum, marchionum, ^^palatinonim.coeterorumquenobilimn, similiter ctiam judicum. hfle edictaU lege in omno oevum, Deopropitio, valitura, decernimus:— „ " f *".""' ^i"^'^ bcnefieia qua; d suis senioribus habent, sine ipsorura permissione distrahere, vel abquod commercium ad.ersus fenorem nostra constitutionis excogitare, per quod _^ "mperii yel dommorum minuatur utilitas. Siquis vcro contra hcec nostras legis Baluberri- m» praceptaad hujusmodi lllicitum eommorcimn acecBserit, vel aliquid in fraudem hujus legis macbman tentaverit, prctio ac beneficio se cariturum agnoscat. N-otarium vero nu! ^^ super hoc tall contractu libellum vel aliud instrumentum conscripserit, post amissionem oacii, ipsum mfamiffl periculum sustinero sanoimus."— Lib. 2, Tit. 52.(n) The word -distrahere " must have been used here, as of wider sense tlian the ahenare of the older rule,-a3 covering sub-infeudation equally with sale, (o) llie prohibition (by general consent) went to all distraction from mouvance, whether with price paid or without, unless by consent of the immediate Domin- ant, interested against it. And it is remarkable, that though a reason of state B recited and the law (in so far) bears the color of a public Jaw, its effect was still left to dei^nd wholly on private will, and the remedy provided by it was of private application and in private interest. Each Dominant could permit sub- nfeudation, or distraction from his own mouvance, with price paid or without, to any extent, and could always waive (whether by inaction or otherwise) his right to the penalty threatened in his favor. § 75.-In fact, it is certain that they must commonly have done so, or else must have ound themselves in the position of not being able to enforce their fr tf 7n °V" ?' ""'"'• ""''''' '''' "'"'* «^"^-y ('h° 13th) we meet Lit J:rrf- ^''^' '-"^'^ '' '-'-^^ ^'^ «-"^ H-a>- in the («) See CoEP. JuB. Civ., VoL 2. p. 1387.— Edn. of 1759. J"! ".•'!'.™"''/r''i°^.°V^'' ""' Constitution could leave a doubt as to this, the terms of the Constitution of Frederic the 2nd. next citedin the text [fiJ. i«M § 75], wo^ld remZii (p) Who reigned from 1212 to 1249. li:' I J 41 " cl'll'"' •°*'^'*"" ^^"""' ^l™ '''*"'''"'' ecclesiarum quam aliis fldcHbus regni. non modi- ^^ ca.accei„n,us querelas, quod benefioia eorum et feuda, qua. vasalli ab cis ..^tinebant siue undodob,ta8c,vmannHttebant; ct honor imporii, et nostra) folicis cxpoditionisc.nl " T'l'V"""^": '■ ''*'"'' """ '^°"'"' ^Pi-P"-™. 'I"cum. n.arcLio„„m et con, 1 ";::?pi:r:.iiC:::i;:;-" " """^"'^ ^'^^"""' •^^^ ''^^^'"'"' "^°^-^'«''- modo Lstrahere seu al.cnarc, vel pro anicad judicare, sine permlsdone illius domini J qucm feudura spectaro dignoscttur. """uni, na " hulln , P'?""«'-«ni/«gm utilitatcm providentes, nonsoh-,m in postLm, s^d ctiam m .rntuna ded ,c.n:.s, nulhus (cmpori. pra..criptiono impcdientc : quia quod ab initio de J" e non yalu.t, t,.ctu temporis convalc.ccre non debet: emptori bon» fidei ei ell actione do prctio contra venditorem competonte ^ -clSI'-'"' r'7'' '"'«='"'"'t'»°il'"» quorundam obvinntcs, qui pretio accepto quasi sub '■ talc fi ' T ■"; TT f' '""^ ''"''"''• ^'-'"'^"'" --^"'•' «' ■•" ""- tra ert-ne Several considerations here present themselves. n3 In u!rn,'' r ''. '''"' ^°'"'°'"' "''^ "' ' '^'"""J'"" "^ " '^''^"•"^"''•^ '"'^ "'^d not, lluV 7' '" ^«"^^''^-'l'«''"<^'ion to the ;.hrase " m/c.«rf«„, cfam" of -on .on' "7^ '? '''"' ^"^■•''f«»^^ti«° ^^ thought a something short r=uf. t, t was naturally quasi-gratuitous. Men would not commonly pay fo It, u.. s. by promise of future service. The phrase ^^in/eudum da J 12 the °rt;td htf^^'^/^^K^^ '" '''''' -t'-tilmoreand'mrof P'Oix>rty, and the fnncy for sub-infeudation grew upon the Dublin mini = t naturally tended to t.,Le that form, and pajLnt L oth vl ITe j a^: future service, to become common. Add to these influences, that ofthe M , ,e ^hich coupled he right to sub-infeud at will, with the want of right to e» th mI LT:r' '"^^ ^^ ? I>ominant,-and it is easy to understand 2/) that i^ere had grown up what may be called a double abuse. The bulk of the f± T. ";f '"""' "" " '''^'' ^'''''''' ^' -'"^^--l from the d act L . ... of the Dommant, without bisleave, orinother words without suit bcol pensafon to h.m,-not merely by sub-infeudation of the quasi-jrratuitou l-^nT -but also by sub-infeudation savoring of sale, distraction of mouvance effeTted for apnco pa.d to the vassal. It was natural, that ia the 12th Cen„ry the Dommants. with the Emperor at their head, should denounce this, and de'clr (?) The Constitution of 1136, above cited, § 14. (r) See Cobp. Job. Oiv., Vol 2, p. 1890.— Eda of 1789. 43 inant, and ,mnisb,nent of the Notary ; and timt inTo , th C.l? T\ """ operative. ""'^ '^° P*^''^' "" ''' "«'d«' '^'"'''^"'•"g practically to '^^:tzc:x!T:r;^'' r *^r^*^ °^ ^^« ?-«- ^^ ^- -e^y niit of a doubt as to t . ir ? ^ f ^''' "^'^ '^"^""^^ -'-'«''t«d to ad- effected f more pro. of •"'"'^ J"', ''^''"■' *° -^^-^-^ation veritably no sale, 1.10^^/0711. r "•"' "' P"" P^''^" ^^'^ ^'-'-"^^ ^^'^ be.oodi.erb;;er:;t^^^^ large enough to cove a °b fJ ^ T'"^f' ^°™'"'»"t.-'' ProLibition clearly biWtion ofillXsU inffudl" 'T- "'"^''^^'■-"-- ^oilo.s a special pro^ we meant to a tach to 1 11" T"^^^^ "'^''' " '' ''° ^'"'^^^-^'^ ^-^-'"« price should ha^rbertln^' TT " *° --/'^^ Bub-infeudation .here no on the .ider:;^:^^ :nd ^Z^ Z^ll^^^ u t '°"^'''"; t at the ^,ui.o,ue failed to add to the un'oeS^ of L el^ TSrU the Dominant) must have gone on, much as before. ' ^ § re.-In England, again, events took quit* another course. J!:;;::: t:iT '"^"^^^' '^^ ^^^-^-'^-^^'^ ^^ ^^^^' - -^— to t^s " «d feodum illud."(0 """"^ * '''"""■" " ''^'''"""' I""'' P^^t'^^t inthirxtrtM^^^^^^^^^^ -^ X.^.^..._, Seignior Dominant -that it rlr?r "^ ' '^' P^^"'"''" "^ '^« ""'"^^l-te that its enforcement in ac ^ TeteZ i "'v""^,!' ''^ "'"'^^^ "^''''--'i right. But so much mo vaTe Jrei T "'" ""^ ^'''''' '"^ «"«^' ^^'^ (») /)«». f?orf., Vol. 2, p. 366. (0 5/fl/«ie* at Large, Vol. 1, p. 8. 1:1 liM 'M. 44 Inciaentally, it shows that sub-infeu l.ition savoring of sale had by this tim« become common in England, as elsewhere. " J)er « vel vendat » were the alterna- tive expressions used for the two styles of sub-infeuding contract. In Enbu8 su.s, de feoffatorib.m sui,, ct non de capitalibus dominis feodorum ; ^_ per quod ndcni cnp.tales domini esoaetas, raaritagia etcustodias terrarum ct tcnementorum __ dc feodis 8«,s cxistentiura eccpiua nmiscrunt; quod eisdcm mngnatibus et aliis dominis __ qnam plur.m.s durum et difficile vidcbntur, et similiter in hoc easu exheredatio manifesta ; •■ ft™t!r '° P'*'"'''''"*"'" """ * • •''^ in^tadtiam magnatum rogui Bui concessit, providit " il2"nr ^' r?? '"'"?' "t"'''"' "'"'"' ''"'"'" *'=™™ «"""» Bcutenementum, scu partem '• ml;r r'""*''/?.^"' vendere.-ita tameu. quod feoffatus toncat terram illam se!, tone- " prius tTnuit"''' ^'' "*'^"" '"■'''"'* '* '=™«"«'"J'"«' P" q""' f^^ffato' ""us ilia ^"Et si partem aliquamearundem terrarum et ten«men'orum alicui vendiderit, feoffatus __ illam tenoat .mmed.atc^ de cnpitali domino, et onereturBtatimdeserviti. quantum pertinet Bivc pertmero debet eidem capital! domino pro particuld illd. secundum quantitatem terne Beu tcnementi venditi :" • •.-is^A Edw. I, Staf. 1, Cap. I & 2,(«) Making, therefore, this radical innovation; that instead of the vassal's being liable to restraint on the part of his Dominant in this matter, and more or leS dependant on his assent in order to the sub-granting of more than some uncertain traction of his Jie/,—he was now made free to alienate as he would, but practi- cally unable m so doing to sub-infeud at all; the right of the Dominant being protected by the simple expedient of making the new holder hold of him and not of the vassal, and for his fair share of the vassal's service and dues.-Such pro- tection was, of course, not perfect; because it left him exposed to the inconve- nience of having his grant cut up into smaller holdings.-unable to insist upon it that It should remain in name one Jief. But it saved his substantial rights in a simpler and more effectual way than any regulation of the sub-infeuding practice could possibly have done.-The freedom of the vassal, also, was not perfect; as all further sub-infeudation was made impossible. But he, too, had the substan- tials of the right, as he could alienate at will, on what terms he pleased, under reserve only, tliat he could not make himself a Seignior Dominant over the land alienated. It is, by the way, a further indication of what has already been shown to have long been the tendency of the sjstem,-that the word ^^vendere" alone is here used, as the equivalent of the " distrahere " or « alienare " of the somewhat earlier Italian texts. The quasi-gratuitous form of sub-infeudation must have become the exception, and the form of quasi-sale the rule,-at least in England (u) Statutes at Large, Vol 1., p. 123. -i—it. 45 Nor is it altogether uninteresting, in thy snmi historical point of Wow, to noto tlie contrast between the curt requirement of Magna Charta, seemin-^ly for the mere protection of the Dominants' mHitary right, and the emphatic recital of the Statute of QmaBmptores, as to « escheats, marriage, an.l wardships," and the mamfest disheritance" which their loss involved.-In Enj^land, at least, the military value of the Jief had become the secondary consideration. § Ye.-In Scotland, the same remedy was thought of; and a Statute, as near! as possible ,„ the same words, promulgated, not many years later,-th«t of the 2nd Robert I, cap. 26 Though it doe, not seem to have been cabled into prat tical effect, as that of Quia Emptores was in England.(y) § 70.-It has been suggested, that the idea of the English Statute of Quia J-^T^/omwasprobably taken from an 0>rfo«na;».e of Philip Augustus common Iv cited as of the date of 1210, but apparently promulgated in' 120^(1' Zh T ^ have been the case ; but the lapse of more than 80 years between them (indepen- dently of the fact, presently to be noticed, of the non-enforcement of the Ordm- name) renders it hardly probable—The like grievance might well have su^^ested in the two cases, a like remedy. °^ ' The text of the material clauses of this Ordonnance of Philip Augustus is thus given in Isamdekt's Recueil :— ^ ^ ' '^"^ " Philippus, Dei gratia, Fraticorum rex,— ; O- du^ B":g"f f . p;- comes Nivemcnsis, R. comes Boloni^. O. comes Sancti-Pauli - G. do Domna Potn^ et plures alii magnates do re^no Francis, uuanimiter convenela ei « _ publico firmaverunt. ut d primo die mdi in posterum i.a sit do feo/aCtlJ " Quicquid tenetur de domino lig.i, vel alio modo. si contigerit per suceessionem horednm I en pages 15 and 64 of hi» ht Volume: on pago 64 49 In fact, it purported to be nothinff morfl flmn ,„ and .ou,o five or ,„ore of Lis grcatl," or ft .tT''""'n''"^'" ''" '"''^ force ti.is rule,-.eacl, of cou'o, in ^s^l^^^^ T' rT:f' ^^■ an, one of tl,e contracting parties found hireTf etilr t on ''1"''' *'"* They ,„ay some of them La'-e made the eJt ''?.!""? '"'""'' '' ''" ^'^• regarded particular territories, may Lave mo o'o I ^17 '"''""''"' '' '' Customs of France indicate ti e infl, I! T «»"eeded. Some of the greater lords. bJ:^:::^Z^Z^Z: T T'' °" "'° ^^'"' ^' "'« pretending to make sub-i„feudaln 1 1; , e bl ^ '?!'" ^''^--t-— ^ that in ail manner of ways Had t)ZnT ."'''^ '^ '''-"''''^'^ '». ""^ such enforced, it wouIdTo doubt ha dlrT '"" " ^^""''" ^•^^' "-' - ^^m,.^o... did for England ut^I'" " f '"""''' ''^'' '''« ^'"^"'-^ ^^ '?«- enforcod,(,)itleftma\erltS;i;cor:tr:':-^"' "" ^'"^^'"^ ^^ different. ° "" ^^"^=6 'n a manner altogether .«onw,Trr ::;;::[ ir::r.f "'— • "'»-' "■« ^- do»„ to that d,t«. Ill, „.orf3 „"_ '"'^ '" "'" '"^m i» P«rt of France, ■• -«tl~ U.X" tr it; iZ'' """ ,'" "" "•" - ™ *' «"*• «•'. «• " livres por le nieffot. '' ^ ^ ^" ^ '""'"^<^ ''« ""o" s"gneur do soixnute .See the notes on this Or.onnance, in I,..,^,, y„, j, ,, f " (*)VoLl,pp. 238,9 ;Edn. of 1842. (a) Vol. 2, p. 249. above cited in tho text , and omits from U tL J V . "^ ^ """ ^"* °^*<' Pa^«g™phs -/an.." Of course, therefore, h ^I^ks his cTn I.^ " T" " ^'^ """"' <-""*-• 4T.1> chapter of Leaumanoir. shows cea^jf tit wT Tl, ^"' ''' *"""^^ """'^'^^ "^^ ">« W.eor„ther..in.edireetlinMhaU;ir;SSlt:;:ZS::f::2^^ 47 re.ai.,er .A.e service .f U^ ;^:Z:^r'^7:'^rT^ «ub.grantable, is fixed at "not, n.oro than the third" Zl'tll ^ , . >s ..tro uced oT li.itin, the ..b-grant to the i„>„.od 1 f^ Zv: ^T" BesKles th,s, however, there k perhaps traceable in thk^ of the inn..ence of the pohcy invived i CS^Z:!: TS.rZ::;T' The case of any atton.ptod sub-infeudation beyond the limit .ftl' ^^" T"'"'' n.et by the expedient of saving the innnediate^lt:! t the o^^^^^^ f wUhstand.ng the contrary agreement of the vassal and sub-va al To n ' .an ,„,„, assume such mou.ance to hin.elf, and so reduce ZttomoSb" infeudation into a mere alienation of property with no otb.r . ""''^^'^ '"^^■ vanco than was implied in the broakin^ui of U.p ^ V 7, ^"^' "' '" '"""" he :v. not obligedUs the J:::^t^f^^T^Z:r T ^"* of the Statutes of" Quia E»mfor,^> wnnll I, "~'' ^'^ '"''P Augustus, and ^f^^^ this. In t^ first pC; Z'^::^:^!^^::^: t- of CO lirres. And in the next, it would seem that, in ca e oH s „ ' " ■"' to take the homage of the dolinr,„ont sub-vassal, h miX an 1" tl- '•"'-"'' the saisief,a,ale, and thereby (pJesumably) fore 1 em t r "d fl •'' " '^ or so modify it as to keep thU.o. J/ of the one J'^X k^^^^^ respects, the old notion of an escheat, or forfeiture of land o " oTi^^^^^ Domnun.t, as for a grave breach of feudal duty,-wbich wa loH ' , Asmes.cJerusalan ana in the Constitutions of Loth i anT^- " "^? -deed followed naturally from the principles of the f uddsy tern h •';"' n ' ^te^ys.1, be traced, thougbmateriillymodifiedtos^lt^^^^^^^^ Another peculiarity of the explanation left us as to this usa^e as ..nf * , ^vth the oilier usages above noticed, lay in this. Beaumanofra," •-!. "'^' ;; a abrogio. ou . a.orti. ou aula :;t^ cr^^ : H^:^:^' ^"^" '^ «- " Bires no I'e.t pas nor co. tenua A snnfTrir „n. • V / T ' empmds.-li tiers ••auco„teCco.„te]silesoufroir tuirrl's In iCf^^^^^^^^ '"",'"'"• '^^ ^'"-o. 'lusques -i.neHpi.Uneh.sypot,e.rL^,.-;::---^^^^ right, the Sominanttritl,^^^^^^^ f''''^ '■"" ^^ ^™™ ^'^ waiver, but whenever any det It on h s nr , n' '^ T ''' ^°""^ ^^ ^"« tho right of .ae«. /^oc/aV mi Jht^L^^^^ T^ ?"' "'"^ ^'^'"'- ^""^'"'^^t stii: in his vassal's hands,-.^ ' o 1 oIiTT "'-^""^ ^^ '^ '' --« to the Custom-at least in tl.is co„n:;io' ''"'"' " ''''''' ^^^ ^--a The older usages of Palestine and Italy wJnV.ht),ron* ,, , / > -,r 1 , " ■ ° "• ■-"•'" tne one (c) Vol. 2, p. 263. 48 ImrnocliHtcly intorostcd in tl>c forfoiOro. Put they probably 1. fact ndmltto,! a rigbt .. osoly atmlogous to thi^; a right, that is to.ay-wJ.cLvor t It • . .n:.nc .atoDon.i..antshoui,,be .cheat.,,, to, or bion.o Z m'; ,^1^^^ nt above h.n,,-o„ tl.o part of «nch higher lord, to enforco in hi. ow be ff any ,. oat wh.ch bo the .m.nediate I. ,„nt n.ight J.ave failed to onfor But there was nothing ,„ mud. probable feature of the oiuer us.,., nor o in the con.,,po„d,ng fcatuaMvhioh is recorded as appertaining to the lat , , of the eauvo.«,.s which partook- „t all of the character of a°public an "3 law. Ihe part.es nUcrested were all in turn n.as.ers of their own cour e ^ to dK.r rcpecfvo r,ghts. There was no Hxingof such rights, irrespootively of the o. n w,ll, sue h as was absolutely undertaken by the Statutes of " Quia Aptorel' «ueh as would have beon etlecled by the Onhnnancc of Philip Augustus b.d it been put into execution as a law of Franco. § 81 -Another rule, of earlier date as regards redaction, probably, thrn this of the Leauvoisis, mdeod apparently antecedent to the Anglo-Xornmn rule I.iJ down lyMa,na C^,.^,,-ia presented iu a recent French ^or^^O - o a„Hn Normandy. It reads thus :— ^ ^' '" -; CI>a.cuM pout doner jusqu-d la tierce part ,le «om franc tenement enasmono ot norservl.n ' pas tcMuz a o.r [oycrj celui i qui la terrc est .lonuOe, so i ue donno nloL-s dW , garaat.jo, por fore vers lui eo quo il devr.,-e oil qui li doie, L ^ eU <• dehvrcr le, ou il t: t contrninz par la justice lo roi. * <• Se cil qui donna la terro muert Banz oir [Loir], ou il forfet te.To, toz li fiez rovandra aa ••^ s<.gneur, ja ne rema:ndra por lo don, s'il no s'i asseuti ; ce pueit cstre fet malgro as oirl"' !! Following this passage, are provisions as to the sale and as to the fic. meat (tins latter term answering nearly to the arnntement or hail d rente of the 5ustom of rans) of land._ Either of these contracts, it is stated, might be carried out to any extent,-subject always to the same saving of the Dominant's ri^^hts as is here provided for the case of t!.e two contracts of " don en asmone ct plr service " In otl.r words, a tlurd part of the Jirf could be granted either en aurnOnc or en crrareMoT the/y, and, upon failure of the vassal's heirs, or for- feiture by him or them, might take the whole /r im.,l,.omal.Iy to rent liis limcl, without limif on i * , • . .n,i .1,,. i,„„i„„,, .UH „ „„„; ,„,„, „ " , ; ; i;»".»n.» ..,. ,,„t; c^ ... H„. ^.„ . „Ho„. ,„,.':;;i,",t;:; ';:;';; ;rtr £: ITowcvor this may Imvo boon, thcrfl is nt h.„st evidenro of M,„ i of aNonnan „..,„, liko that of ,h., Hoauvoisis in it Xr ' 7 ' '^""'.""''^ Ia;v, „n,' „, us ruh. of .uantitativo limitation of tlL fi I ., "r''"'" ^J^-That the .ubg.nt must not e.t.n., to more than the ll I, p,., ,, 2« »nd "ot indicative of a general acnuioseence onT *' ^^°"""••"'^.s• interest ; the vassal-doctrine of the J^tabliZcT ^'"'' " '''"'' '"^^' "^^ -"^J -i"leucl, on iLo l5/. vationofas.lfen ; V vas it ;:f:!'""" n°'" ''"'"' ''"'•'"• '^'^^'■ dercd to the Don.inL "'"""^ °* ^"' ''^^ '"'^••^'^■° *« be rcn- The requirement that the sub-crant of thA fiflnri ,.«. i x i ».».„, wa. ,,,i,.,„ a „,.„„ of r„; , :: ;rj ji;,'; ':; ""«■ Lut that which assumed to disallow sub-infuudation br ,..l . .• • ■ , from tl.at for service only, was precisely t h e" r e l^f C '" i^""S"''^h°J .•hich forbade it, unless with consent o^t^^e Do, ^nt et^rTT ^°"f ''"*-- gratuitous, unless with the like consent. fa Z^o "k^^^^^^^^^^ nizes this as the first instance of its class """' ^^^ '■''=°S- It is of course obvious, that all these restrictions, equally with every other vet remarla.dx,pon (the statute of (2«/„£V^^^^^^^^^ m favor of the Domu.aut ; though it is not so clear what was the .Is elf h remedy,-whether he had to be content with the mere taking to himself o^ the 1^ (h) See CocTUHiEa GsNiaA^ VoL 3. p. 209, note a ; aad Kum.xh. Vol. 2, p. 16. ^^(0 CouxuM^a Oisi.^, Vol 8, p. 212. Also H.^a.oN x,k P^«x, Du,. H.i., Vol. 2, p. (A) •• C-cst pour la premiere fois que nous royoa, unedotin,;(„0 Imt o^ the oU, "l ! ,! 1:7' "' '"• '"^ "'"" "" ^ '^- rc.a,n,.I „„.t be ono„,h to secure tl.o servi It ' £ t ' 'T '^'""^'^ look.Mg „ th,rj, the prohibition of the sub- J l^^ ^""T^'T^ '"''• vassal. "oranr, me/, ,in vente, hy tho titled § 85.— Uenrion de Pnnsoy citos ns ninlo Cannes out the end of tho 23th iJu roi, nu d nu, ligeraeDt -"--^r^s;^,;----™ (0 See ISAMBEBT, Vol. 3 D R7 . n„^ ^ ^ 3, p. 87 , OaiK>.N.VANOE3 DK8 Ro,8, Vol. 1. p. 6V4 VUry (the official redaction of „,e o , C^utllTlr^. " "" '''''" ^■'''=^*- ^'^ ^-'-' JI mam,a,„e.l the ,iistu,ction=, almost iul "o^dTof t. t'.T"^" '"'"•'' '" 1"«««-0 -" 509 the unm.o., vassal, and applied the qXtonVri ST""' '"'^^''^ t^ yj^/^onlytothelatter.-See^rt. 24 and 2^7^ .l!!?°" ''' ^ ""«-"' P-t of (n) See Kumbath, VoL 2, p. 16. (o) HrxBiOK ?£ P,,T,s^, ^..„. ^^^^^ y^^ 2, p. 868. ■ i ! ii M 62 i"*/'? ?!'"""° de Pansey observes, remarking on the expression -bailkr d tcdmfii ) not to the extent of granting it away altogether, and reducing his own holding to a mere /ef en Vair. ° § 86.-He cites also, in the same connexion, tlie following from the Somme Kuralc of Bouteillieb, of about the same date (/>) :— " Q«and icelui qui tient le U, en vend partie pour son profit, et pour I'aecroissement du d.t fi. arrcnter [..rente t] un bonnier ou deux, ou manoir ou aucunVcbose, fuire e plu v,c ou a toujours. sous son Bcel taut seulement. ot eans son seigneur do qui il tient lefi^ appellor i et en ce fm.ant, il n'tbranche pas lefie.maU il TacoroiC'-Tit. slcy) A mode of expression, indicative of an increasing laxity of opinion and practice on tins subject ; but .vhich implies, by the use of the word -arrenter » a quas.-recognition of the non-noble equally with the noble tenure,-and also by the terms -partk " and " un bonnier ou deux, ou manoir ou aucune chose '' the existence of some limit (however uncertain) to the vassal's right of alienation sans son seigneur appeller." ♦1 ! Z'~^7'T"' ^°' ^"'■"'"" "'"«*'-««°''' to ^ somewhat earlier date, we find lint the In^s Ancie.ne Coustcme de Bketaone, probably of date of about 1330,(r) shows, yet again, an entirely different state of things to have m-own uo m that Province, in every respect but that of the non-public character of the nile aid down After recital to the effect that the Dominant may acquire the M held by his vassal, and convert it into domaine of his own, and'tha h 2:- ""'^ '"'"' ""''^ ''"'^ ^''^ "^ ^""'''^ roturiirment, this Custom -" Et puisque celuy est seigneur du dcmaine [domainc] il en peut fea-er en herifaicn autre ou autre, par certaines eonditions rente,, comme il toira qua bon C^^ 11 eeluy qu. prendra le feage ne fasse autre bootd. ne autre personne pour luy, do^ 1 pfut issirventes au seigneur: il en peut reter.ir robeissance 4 soy, pource que celu! If «^ gouvernegeselonrassiseauConUeGeffroy; * » et si le seign;u7qu nuTo t Se ^1" en auroit pnns aucuno bontfi pour faire le feage. dont ventes p^ussent'is.ir d scig u^^^J pom- . n en issiro.t nulles veutes a scigneur.-mai, s'il y avoit autre bonte lito '^Z en aevroicnt issir d seigneur, • » , si " etc -Art. 262, m „,c,/.(,,) ' ' Tliat is to say, the Seignior of any /./ held under the Assise au Comic Gcpoy,{t) (or, m other words, held nobly,-for in the law language of Bre- (p) Taisand, Vies des Jurisconsultes, p. 84. (?) Henrio-v dk Pansev, Diss. Fiod., Vol. 2, p. 369. 199, note a.- and Heviw. lur fVain. Vol. 2, ch. 98 No 21 nn. fi-iS q ™i. .i "'•*'?• given for preferring .bis date to the later ^ne assigned by Sgi ' ' '"""" "" t L! H f r T:: """"°° '' °^''°"*>^ '"^^'»'''' """J " besides not long enough to give the full sense of the passage. ^ cuougn See also Hevin. tur Frain, Vol. 2, ch. 86. No 2S n ISo • wJ,»,.^ i „ xi. . « autres, par certames conditions et rentes," &a ' (0 The An« a« ComU Geffrey wa, a Charter granted in 1185 by Oeoffiy. Duke of Brit- tany, at the instance (as recited) of the Bishops and of aU the Baron. oT the Provfnco. 63 nobl. ., ,„ „obl, «„„„,) Laving „ng„„tcj ],„d („) „, |,i, .,, „,» ' '°,ri, on such conditions and for sucli rem. «. I.» „i. . ■ ■ . ^ * -uperiorily over ,h. land so gl.eT pr'vidc.itT; '""""! "" '"''"' ..tide ,he Dominaa. .„ a ™L, „ i„7't i .1 ,t .ro'm ""'T"' " ^ e..« of:;:,;:!;'"'""'.''-- ■' - r«s»'-<.f "".i"o.i,e.,,„„,d Utlu Tl,« .„ "f" . '" * """'' """• "• l>"' l»o Mlriclioi,. :_ BO to limit its moaning; and the L m ofl n^ . '" "T"*' ^"' " " °'^' '■'-"''^"""'^'« r. J< %««,.r. no th t„ ^.7 "f ,''"""-'°°- The matter there treated of. is the the .■,/„!;,<,' ;e"lt«fn, """" '°-"^«-f-red.not to the oases of .ale,] but^to theTa:!':'tr/z:: :;sLt^^^ ^"^-^'-^ °^ importing no feudal burtheni «nH in f?> •^'••^'"»«»'] whioh was a mere 6a,7 d m./e. />»' .* 1«. i\wl;.;t,:'2 p "20 "^ " P''^" '^"'^'^ character.=See Houa... 54 WHS SO little likely to be transgress i ZLlZ ''"' '«T"''°>"«"'« of r.'ovicIing ngainst its trans.resln ' B tT^ 'i "° "" '" *'"" ^'''^•^ "-"^^'^^ could have been heavier than W "rV . r* '"'^ *° ''' ''•'*' '^'^ P^""''^ ^"/^/('/co,^,;., by uhieh he LZT , °"""""' '° chose,-or to a private controvers/wi.h the inteLsteTLil? '"''' ''^ ""^"^ "^^ °"^ ^^ • in an Or.on.ancc of Dnke L llS^^^^^ ^^ ^^-d "otro pays, de ain.i le faire fassent diffio. If/ T", '^Z P'""'""''' *" ""<=""' ^'"""i'^ 'I* " Vo„l„ns et ordonnons ouc dor!"! 1 ' •'^'^ '^ "" P*"'""* l'°l>"'^anco,_ -I'ich is n^ore lilcely- , / J. "i!"'" T' *''«" -^-"tly known, or- Perhnps, that it .as Joubt d . e te t ^ S' '^'r; ""'""^ "^^ ^'''^ >^°'"*' -' Ti.ere was an lehen io 1^ .rT', "'"'" '"' ^'"'"^ ^« ^« "-••'-"• to use the phrase of tT a. t ™ f T ""■^' ^"'''"'^' '" ^'f -'«'•-' (-• entitled to clai.n the in Ld « '"' '" "'""''^ ''^^ ^°'"'"''"'* ^'^ " ^e -c. removed that dX ^ ZlT T t'^;' ^^ '^'■'"•^^'^- ^'""^ ^^^- Duke could „,ake it-a.d in ^ SI m T' f '' '^' '''""""^^ '^^ ^''^ that eveo^ holder of . L" " I '""''"'^ ^^""'^ ^^ ««"''«^ go far) cmn. tl. whole of i^J^noV" '^ '"' ^^" ""^'" *« -^./ant j case, unless there should be an .v.f f ' ^""""'''^'•7 or otherwise, in the silent as to sub.infeuda,n pie" T" "''" ""'-'^'^^ ^^-^^ « « most affeeled by the CS:il,,, TTI '"'^ '^^^ '^^" ^'^ -"^^^^ "-" have been felt with reference 'to'li onl ' ofT, 'V' •°'' °^ '"""'""^^ "^^^^ strong enough, by way of eo.pro.ise, tj-cont;;. hi riq^^ "'' '"' '""^ § 80. — nEN'RION DE PvKSEv nfto-. . i • proof Of the recognition of an unli I'l''" 7^/" ^'''^ ^'^'^-^^^^'^^^ as decisive proceeds :- ^ "nlMn.ted;.« de ficfm Brittany as early as 1420, Vol. 2, cL. 86. No. 25. p. S82 ' ^°'- '' ^P" '"^ ""^^^Tl^Ii^^i^;:;;:;!^^ W This last is Kevin's explanation,_p. 882 two for.s or contractliee HlT^rP X S^JL" '^T:'^'^^'^ ^'"•" "^'''^ CO Pabc, Pnnni,., .rr"''" " "f ^"""'' '•"" «"'"* -mmentator on thi. wovk, who wa. « Tel 6ta.t done Tetat des ehose, 4 I'fipoqne de la re.laction de8 Coutumes. Rien d'uni • forme ; preBqu'antant d'usages diff^rens qne de province,, et me,ne de g ^d . sS'neur l Ic.1 vassal ponvctsejouer de la totalite du domalne; ailleurs il nS ^v" «;; " L par cette vo.e qu'uae partie plus ou moins eonsid^.,able. Dane telle seiLuHe T j u de fief par .nfoodafon 6toit dofendn ; dans telle autre, il C-toit permis. Mcn,e vTr'i d' rela tiveraent 4 la faculty de recevoir de» deniers dVnt.vp n ,, ! • . , " dHtn/.I.,'.o ,1., fiof ., 1 •. , """• "™'^™ 1 <■'""««. Daus certains cantons, la port oa i'iM (6) CouTOHiKtt Genmai, Vol S, pp. 736 and 739. 56 te™s.-,arger sti... as regarded the scope ^v:' f/Cnlo'^^etllr- "'^" " - pSiriirsir isr""^' ' ''™^^^'"' -^^ '"'' '-- -^^ ••^ -<«»- ^-^ —The former of tLese Customs laying it down thaf fl,. , • , of h,8 property by certain specified forms of oZ; . , "'''' "'^''' ^''^^ tbe ,«>„.„„•, ;ioL,>?y„._^trout tW? '"" '^'^S^^^P-'S: «'^«P to himself profit upon the tranl'cti „; „:„ J^I'tW ' '.•\^°--"* -^ "g^t to right (whenever occasion should otrfto LT t'"T'" ^'^ ^'^ ^*'"'"""''- ^'venu. The latter in effect savin,. Z !! , , ' '*'''" '"''''««' «« «^» vassal's right to >.ake pok o 'f t 2%^'"^' '"j ^^'''''" '^•^'-^"•"= ^^'e forrns of contract. Neither of tlLm n» ^^ ^ f "'^ ''^ ''" '^^■^-^ '^ «" ^'^^^ of what should be so ^^^^Z^I'TT '' ''■' "'^"' *^'^"'- of anything -nore than \le fo, t koZZ J^^T •""'"" '' "" ^''""'• lordship over the Jlcf. I„ a word bot Jh '"^.^''T^^''^^ f^onorijigue or conversion of the ianded/./irolhe/J;-:^;!;^ "'"""'"°' °' '''^ "'"'^^'-^^^ § 91.— Many other Customs were drawn in ♦!,. i-i . , hy no means all in the same terms Sone " 1 ^7"'' "'^''^ '''^'''' ^"' others, the Orleans. Other! Z'' ,! ''° ""'"'''^ '^"""^^^ "'« Pans model; forms of contract to be frv^^flVZ TTJ"'"*^"" " "" '"^^ ^-™ - allowing the exemption frordue^ to thW^^^^ '" ''^' --' of "ot «««. denkrs dVutri.id) Else vlr ati^ . ', "'"^^' "P"" "^^ ^"'^ '^ -«* allowed. ,aite anothir U::^^!:^^^^^^^ ! ""^7''!^' >« '^^ >/ -- want's riijhts. As in BHtt-mv for J^, ^""^ ^^^ Protection of the Domi- of the Trss ^nc.nj^:::'^:^^^^::^' °"^ ''' ^'-^^^ ^as declared to be, that the vassal mi.ht Zi M "P""'/*"^'"' § ^^'^ '^' ^"^^ -/, noble or roturier, but „ "g ^ f ^7' ''^^ ^^ ''^^ -"^-' ^^ ^«.- Lshed. or take more than so mu'ch of de!Z 2n7re Z "' ""'^ "" "'''■ such case to the Dominant.(c) ' ""''^'" P^'° ^^ J^ability in so;e!it";\Votor'oTe;tedTrlr[ion' Privileged y.„ de Jlef ^,, u^^^^. for instance, was stated nearly irr'm T:^''' "°' '^'^^ ^— -'« Coustumier, thus :- ^ ''™' °^ ^«^"« ^AaWa and the Grand . J ^' uumraago axclusivement, (c) CouTUMiEE General, Vol. 3, p. 3. i") See H.«a.o«.E P..«e.. J>i,. jrSo^, y,, ,^ ^^ 3^ ^^ ^^^ H.NBIO. OE P.»sE.. A-,, ^,„,., ;.,,: ;;p^;X 4."''"' "^"^ '• PP- ^^•^ --^ ^83 .. aUo 57 " poiirveu qiril demeure ag>ez pour satisfaira but ««*«. » j -Art. 204,f/) sausrwre aux rentes et redcrances deneg d-j aeigneur." - du dit fief. .„ns payer p ofi s a TZel d'n ■"" T '" ''"''^«"' ""^"^^ "" «-' ^"-* « ce qu'il >^in^-Jn. t ""• '' '^"''1"^ ^'■'''' «">°'""«1 «' o«r.fi gne Palienathn rCe.cide les Jen. turs, et gu\l en retienne la foi entiire et guelgue droit seignevrial t ''^oman^annr ce guHl oUiner formed a change of great importance h Cutom of Par.s was thereby bronght into the class of Customs defi^itiv ly restnctu-e as to the extent and character of the privileged^, defief. ^ J ^^*-^^;^'"«"«"«« of th« change was felt in some others of the later reactions of Customs m France, but not in all ; as, for instance, it did not affect the second redaction of the Custom of Orleans, in 1683, which in thi respect was worded substantially as in 1509.(/0 In an indirect way it gra- wS Tit ;t ""'^r/^'t' ^J^-nterpretation given to those'custt.s ^ Inch, without be,ng wholly unlike that of Paris, were silent on this point. But p ;r' On tir fr^: 'rr""^''' ^^^'^"^ ^''^ ^--^-^ ^^ »»- <^^-^^o™ vervt:^ t " n "'•''' ''^'•"'°" '''''' ^"^'-" P'-I^o^ ^'i^ "ot do (5') Vid. supra, § 81. (A) See CouTLMiEB Gknbeai,, VoL 8 n iJ'rfl • i^* n n • i • Bnd57, cited above, g »0. ^ ' ^^t' '^-". '""'""^^.-^ompared with Art. 4 58 declaration b,.,, the ptr-«^^ was concerned, the rule to which . ,7 '*'/'' "'^^'^ ^'^'•"'"O' of that Custom years hefore, ^as admitted by thL to Z bo "'!''' '"" '''''' ^^^'^ faih-ng proof of the ternas of «d. ItrTt "".f ' "• "'""' ' '^"^ ^^"*' local usage was, and thereafter should bo n T ° P"'"'' ''"^ *'™ ''"'^ «f the all but unrestricted li se o tb ol C . T""'' ''''' '''' '■'''''' "^'^^ restricted license of the n w But el .^T""''^'"' *'''''* ^'' ^'''^ *''° ^'<^'^ even of a local enact.uen fbove 7 /',' f 'T^ '' '"' "°' *^^ ^''--*- public, state enactment. t fifed „o"h t irre P^ ""' f"" '''''''''''' ^^ « laid down no rule that w.s no to l! !° " ^^^^ivoly of private contract; they pleased for thtXin. 1% !^'^^°-"''^'^'l/''-» 5 1^^^ all parties to do as thefr purely privl 4 A f'''''^ ^^••''^■'"- ^^ ^vhat it adn.itted to be only t^^e IZZy' ''"" °"'"'^'" ^^ '^ P^--- -" ^''ow this. lill § OG.-And first, for the matter of the>« de fief. contract; or he ml have " /^ ^"' '"'"' ^''''' '""'"'^^^ ''• l'>' «''P^««« ei.r-o7n:r ';•';«" Itn :/ ""',"':' '"~'"^ ""•■".-' >» "-» " ceM,(n '.-anj .„,„ .3 ' ° "" ™'', W - '» ™'« <■" jo« <1» lief ou b«il i ".'.(..-...Jnot to Lav. had occ",io„ o Zf,! T""""""'' '^""^ control (ll,.„lc„com,™,,Ujrr, ?'^. """•*' "'•■" »"'«' t™''' -f (A; S^"*- Dumoulin, p. 477. • 8 ^i". (0-D«s.Ho<£,VoLl,p. 268. 69 " tivcmcnt, q„e dans la Cou u'^He inr s il « t'. '^"'"°"""' '"'"• '■"-^-"ffirma- " par inf.;oda;ion."(„0 " """^ '"''""^ ''^ ^« J""^' *'« '«"" fiefs -Again, as to fe,7 d rente, still speaking of the Custom of Paris •- prestation qu>iUiJp;;,";,';;^;;J«;"-^ "^''r^ ''^•'■'^ '« q..aIificationdoccnBdla " valont .!•„„ bail d ocub en Jn C "■"•; '""'" ''"" '" '"" * '•'■°'« '"■"•"'« ^M^- " profit], i, faut .ne re;;e^;:e:rd:,:;oi!>[ "" "" ^^""""^ ^'^ ''^ «^^ c-^-^-. - designafed accordinir to tho V /.!, , ''''^ '" ^""''"'^'^ "'"'^ sometimes mere form. ^ ' "' '^''''"''''' "'^^1 ^°°''-^times according to their nEKVfi follows (he former of these rules, wl>en he says •_ " ditions requise^ pour'la rMtrdujeu /e S^ '" " '' " ""'"'" """"'" "" -A form of expr.sion exactly covered by Po.h.h's paraphrase of Dumoulin,- "quelqnotitrequeceBoi polrva nT 7""" T''°"' '»"'''"' ^''^ J"'"-^"" ''« '^-Po'er d (m) Diss. F6od., Vol, 2, p. 388. (n) i)jw. fXoA Vol. 2, p. 874. (o)2)m.Horf.,Vol.2,p.62«/,ej. (p) Diss. Fiod., Vol. 2, p. 888 et seq. (g) Diss. Fiod., Vol. 2, p. 393 ct 'seq. (r) Vol. 3, p. 378. («) 2)m f»/s, part 2, chap. 8, Art. 2. '■m "'n I 111 ' I M I clmractorLse,! „,, one or otl.er of the fe dXort;,;' '?"'?"' """^^ "''"'' ^^ »>-•"? contract of *«// d/./, or infoudation pro 'i J A ''''"' '' '""^ '^''*^ of any kind, or with any arran^oment tW ""'''°"' '■'^«''' ^^ fi-^ecl dues :J"es.(0 Or, it n.y be\,.e J/H V-J.r^ ^"" "'^ '-•^^ - ^o theirc.s J-t as low, and every stipulation a. o';; 2""' 1 ''^ ""'' •'■"^' "^ ^'^^ <- f r «'- H«'--(«) Or, it .nay bo ^o I v^'" 'l "'""■^^^ J'-' - clraw'n, a. «je i«^/ , ,,„, by the express re/erve of tl i ■ ?' ""'""'''"•^ '"^««'"t«'' to Jl'ero, of course, there can be no c-Zm , / T A" P'"*^' "^ ^''° gr«"to;,- ^^^«^^'--^«-r^--./..^CLt:tlf^ n^aybe the^ant '.« ' ""' """^^^ «'• ^« '•«'«'•« ;(.«) for by all As t-. the right to^ow i.l • ""' "^ ''^ "" '" "'"'' *^""'- " "'*° rn f ""'"• ""'■ -^^'•'"^ "" }---o,- (I,, 4 tl7/''^ " "- °'d redaction were > J W Herve and HENaro.y de Pavsbt in tl,« et les lods. Le ee.gneur. mattre do le^ cumnW ! '^oog'^'tives do la direote, le cena -Bt'puler que lecensne sera paa produced 'r''''"'"^°"''-'J« ''""e delle, n Z Tho form lias eurial et doma- ■a'lmit of being Itinay betlie '8 or fixed dues I to their casual just as high or so drawn, as indefinite!;- to ''0 grantor,—. the grant en rC'<')forbyall of some rent* er to the privi- 2, p. 380) does > words of the y imported, in t, unsiistained ;erm8, always aliinSe; even inoijijh (o say a were "pent >ailler d cens, fiff.—it was 9 disallowed found in eer- ie ezecssire DB PaNSET, J note, treat admit that I to casual) aubt, there ual, and in tion recog. la r^gle: to, le cens •s; ilpeut IS annuel, il impose attach^e I cena."— ! and 66, 61 these fonm of grant there is tho reserve of the /«^_and the obligation to reli gious servK.0 whether definite or indefinite, and the right to other ad ( tl money sen.o) larger dues whenever the property n,nv pass to otl,!r T / / always in the grantor's hand .he ^^oliJ^J^, ZZ^^t^X^^Z ^rsncuruU et doManial » of the Custon,, the •' ,uel,ue drot rcpr'"nZ Tn dxmimum cmle^^ of Pothier, which is rcmired in order to ZT / of the unbroken unity of the grantorVs/./: ''"° "''^'"'''''' § OO.-What is practically i.riportant, however, in this connexion is thi, - th„f this required feudality of fonn may either be a mere form or ^^ v character to the act. The v.sal, Whether his object bve'ritabirosuMn;: or g,.„t as to a cc««.ae>e, or (undercolor of sub-i;feudation,oro?al^^^^^^^^ to sell, gwe, bequeath, exchange, grant for rent, or in any other wav 2 T ^ always do so without difficulty, under the form and whl^n t I'lfT^^ ^'"^ iLe Custom, without thereby ^e^tit.ing the D^i: 1 1 : I Zfi^^^^ jme of tho redaction of the Customs, indeed, this was s^^ i^^ct y .l"^^^^^^^^^^ that even under the Custom of Orleans, the terms of wlnVlXed Vi " o u ' cens, rente, fcrme an.l pension) have been already noted wrwlr' f'' the instance of Dumoulin himself, that a iail , c' Jm dl amo" v'! "^"^ 1 gave no occasion for the Dominant to interfere -f.) ^nd hi ^ ','^''"'"* inaugurated was defended bv Vonin-r. mZT ■. , J»''«l'nulence so nv'and 1.80, when :t^^::::^2 :^.:7:;:z [t;":^ """ "-"' the claim of the Don.inant in such case w-as aZe L) lb 'r"-^'""' .^"' .like change of jurisprudence was made in some ot Customs vj 7n T of Or eans^(«) But no one ever pretended that i^.ro^^:'^^:^'^ vassal's nght, under the Custom of raris,-with its " vZ «■ 2 .1 " projitr-io sell or otherwise alienate on ny rm wh2 unl " ^'"7 "" feudal form of contract, without hindrance LZ^.TillT^^ ?''"'' '^'^y Customs favorable to the Dominant on tl ; . ' , I>o'n>"ant. Tho bitant of the common rule (6) ^ ' "'" ""'^^ '^'^' '" ^' '''- Fiefs being commonly of cLplexcom oJti n Zr" ' ^''T '""'"^■"'^• -ved third part of the f.f must iX^Ll^V^'Z^^'^: bave been the time of thi'real or J^ ^LlLr :! ll^lX^ as (x) Vide suprd, % 98, jjfote (/). (y) PoiniEB, Cout, d'Orlians Art 1 _W,»„. . r. '^"^ '•^'='""<«""=P^'''='^.'«"-^«'»o«/f„,pp.600and501 W Cout. d'Orliant, Art. 7. ^^ (.) H.av4 Vol. , pp. an and ,78.-H™ .. P™. m„. nod., Vol.. , pp. ,,, (i) Henbion de PANssr, Diu. FM,, Tol. 2 p. 368 ; cited tuprd, § 88, note {k). nil 62 § 101.— Intimnfely connected wifli f1,;= 2>P"ren„v, ..t ""til,„i.e „ I^Vi '" tr^Vf^, ^ ■"'^'''-= ^"' Denriox DB Pavset.O/) It is this- u.|,.f) ' ."'*'' *'"'C'>s.se,I only l,y corporeal H.in, part wh/c. the v 1 „1 : r:;,;".r'^7'>^ "'" -'^-t of tl^ ont,tlin. Ins Dominant to ann.tation ZlX 7" ''''^' '' "'« '^^^ of "->/ wore to be reekono.l,_or who J; ! th 1" '' '?" ''^^"^'"^ " -''"•» "ro and j.nblic improvement, the vassal mW.t If l'"' *' !• """'"' "'■'"^"^"'- interference from hi,, lord. This question S ,""^ ''""'"'' ^''"^« ^^•'"t''""' in the iauor sense ; perhaps, with^ Tf r t ^^^^'^ T^ '^ '° --- troversy than would have characteri^.-d the mw^ / T"^ ^'^'^^ "^ '''« "on- raised and answered then. Indeed, the faot of V ."7' "'' ""^T^-^tion been nor for so long afterwards, is anion-, the indi.nV c ,'""" '^°'" ^'"^" '-^'^H respect of these controversies, to 1 er t "oT t ''" "!? ""'^^^^ I^^'' '" matter was not, it is true, whether those wZ./ 1 ' '""''' '"'*^''«^'- The ated with a view to their improvement O^^Z , """if'' '"''' ^« «'■«"- as to one of the incidental rLuIts of their binl,' 7 "" ' '^" '' "■•^'' ^'^^^7 ant to have a -nutation fine on the oe s ion n T^' ^"^'^ '^'^ '^"'""> have made little profit, and the Dominant Jiv . ' '"" '" '""''' ""^ "'"'^^ «"^>'J no one appears to have thought of nZo„ '" ' '""•""" '^""^ ■""" '"'• «"' would then probably have soLied aC fvlum ^ ""^' ""'''"' '" '^'^^ earher, authority set a special value on t 7 ,• ? 'T"?""'-^* ''' '^''' ^^'"«what long after, it stil, failed t'o reali. Z^^^, ^'^ S '^""^^'' '^"^ ^^' the Dominant no immediate mutat ot ^ : : "^ V" !'" °"^' ''^""' -^•■'- (unless by his own consent) to tell a^ah 'l °! m "'' '"'"^ "'^"•^ ""* •'•"owed otherwise to accrue upon the fief. At LT , '"'''""'" °'' '""^'^f"'"' fines ■ thenpecuniarilythemore important of ther^thet"? "l° '"''' '''' '''''' -«« or fifth part of the price of the>/ whenever H ^ ''^^S-a.-ded the ^,«-„« easy to take, and w.xs not taken. But as relr, ' w, ^,'''''""''" '"'' "«t so of the Jief whenever such mutation of tl^e 7fT , ' '^"^ °'' ^^^"''^ ■•«'«""« to be taken upon the >/ without ded i^ I?"f '^^"- " '^^ '° ''' '' -«« unless, indeed, in the case of the Domi nu", ^'''""'-^'^^ alionations,- iufeuded them. The vassal and those it ,Jr;"V?""'^ '''''"'' ^° ^^'^ -M, e,.ing immunity .om -^r::t:;^;^;-"(-:--^ i>25:;!rt;:.t^nr----n..tM.e.inH._ ., ^.^^^^ (rf)2)m.ilW.,VoL2,pp.890and391. , ^ .- es migbt bo,) yot contracted subject to this ulterior rigl.t of Iho Se.V„ior D..n.!n„nf -a r.sl.t that (noonor or Inter) one or oti.er of thwn was eltv" i ' ll.it in Iriitli, it wa» not m. Betweoi, the iiiip,i,il,.»ed >„ dc It.f .„,t L:'(r'™r.f;.-^f' "'"'° "- -i "■*'' ''"«""-■ » ■-"' t^^ i snown.o Add, that the com»i?,« being an extreme penaltv \va, ..) stnct^ssmijuris, the pain of noth: .^.oHof desavcu or/S' ^^' § lOS.-Under the oldest of the known rules as to tbe matter of the rf.'«, ,„ brc^ent and Jeu da >/,-those of tbe Assises de Jerusale d L^^^^^^^^^^ rum,-as bas been above shown, (/) there was (it is true) a s ects of 2 commtsc, or forfeiture of tbe alienated part of theW tbrei!, / ^ Dominant for enforcement of what wer'e then tl^lj SHh.;: ''"' "' ''' 13ut under the later rule of tbe Coutumes du Beauvoisis (oUh n • tUe l«tb Century bad no larger rigbt than that of tbelS^i^ ^^^It force the j^arties to rescind their bargain. ' ^ ^^ ^"^ And elsewhere in France, from the IStb to the leth Centnrr »l, ■ of tbe larger rigbt; and it n.ay be a omin„„tf^7^;c.il ,;':';•''■''"'' ".' '" •^''^' "-^ " "-■^"' - 'f'« ac,K,n ... compel the partie, ' . . ii.^Jt ZJ^^H^^IT'''' " ^^'^'^ ^^ ^ n,r:c:;r:';r r'zrr"f ^rr- '^'^ -- -^' '"- ^^^^^ 3a/«e/.«;<^..(^) "'' '^^'^ '''"•^'•-' '"kes up Duplessis' idea of tha .as adopted the simpler conclusion, that as tCl^ I^Zr ''''' '"^"""^•'''' ho vassal in respect of the alienation of so ch o h^^'^ " T"" '"''"''^"•^ '^ fonn, without fine paid to the Don.inant "he n nl ^'^ ""^'"" '"^''' '' ^""^ >ng more or in other form, is merely the io" o n " ^' ■""""'"''l "" ^''^ ""'-'""'- -the exi,ibility, on the part of the Domirn 7l •'"^T"' °^"^'' ''"^"^S^'' moans, or otherwise,) of his ri^.hts ac^^^Zr ^^7 T '" '""'" ^"^''' "« « thereafter in ordinary course. Indeed f ^ ^ "''"''^ ^"' *° "^""« been really no controversy • for ,11 df' ..!/ ' , '""^ ^'" ''''''• *« ''"^e weight of authority, to s4\.o;rn tt' ^ T^:! f '" ■" ^'"^^" ^^ ^"« was as to the extent of this loss of privill , ,, ^ '^"''"°'' "' «" °P^". alienations in the wholeexcessivo o v !;" ' "' '" '''" ""° '' «'-«'''-i^« or only such as were thems^s j. • J '^.re " f?"' '"^»-'--. ^^ ^fleeted all of extent had been reached. That ,n°e t!); .r:!^:: ::« """ ''' ''''' (A-) On Art. 51 of CiHtom of Paris; p. 40 of Edn. of 17C8. (/) Vol. 1, pp. 98 and 99 ; Edo. of 1783. (m) OB..DK CorrcM., Vol. 1, Ool. 817, 8 ; Obs. on Art, 6] (n)Liv. 9, chap, 1 i„fin; p. 70, otEda. of iToe- dterl Jw w mouUn, p. 5 10. • 01 i / -8 , cited by HK.vaiojf ds Paxsj^, ,«r i)«. (0) iJM f,>/i,. Ddmembremenf, ch. 3, No 2" .fee • v I , same, pp. 510 and 511. ' '^"^ ' ^"'- '' PP- 105, Ac— Cited also by (p) Fiefs, 2nd part, ch. 3, see. 3 • Vol 1 r, o"o n. j , , , ec a , Vol. 1, p. 2oa.-C.ted also by same, p. 811 (S) Sur Dumoulin, pp. 611 et seq. 65 ^A/) .«. to b. l,.ld f,r „„ll. E,«, T; W r ./ '"""«'*' -'"" treats tho contract, however the Dominant .nirrl.f IT ? m ""^•^'''I'^e^^ly vassal ha, alienated on certain term, en. n„l to n- - ! , '" """ "''"• ^''^^ bim, his vassal, censitaire, vendee, don e or Jhat H . ! - ^ '''^"'"l'^ '"" a>/-to be holJen of such Dominant a, the immodin: lord thereof LJ part of such terms. But, the jeu proving to hav bee,? '^Z ve ; i ^ ^l " the Dommant has asserted his riclit ha* «v«,.»» . k- /■ ,^^^ ""^ >rr,.g>ilar, ".ay ...V. be.., .„d U. «Juo Jl Tc : 1': Jt-^;!'"" » "■• « thcr. do«s not require to bo muel, said ''" ^^■f' inLtX^J^Irttt w^tt''^^ the phrase was used ^ on feudal L under he C^st^ f P H ' " Tere ''""t'^^'t T' '' ^"*^'™ to what under the Cus^, o^ZZZtlnl:. ^'Z^ "T ^ ^"'"^^'>- and, opposed to it there was the "SIT/ , J'» d" M sans profii ;" answering to what under trri.tfTar^rrl'r T'^ tJ "" """"^'" (>•) Vide tuprd, §72. ~~ " ■ — (») Vide tuprd, §80. CO ViJeeupr,, § Vo._a,,o fl««,, ,, p,,,^,^ ^^_ ^.^^^ ^,^j^ ^^ ^ ^^^ E »} .:i- 1 1 ;ll 66 «...,„ :r„™w ,tt,..^,j „„,, „„. ^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ n.igl.t pl.y off (« ;ij. A) hi, */..," is 'I'. «»''««™«>im, .hat ,h. v.»»l ts^:;rr^::;:t:;rhfrTh:iv""*^^^^^^^^ .0 ordinary mate of »«,« aflir, 'j '^ . " '*'""■ I"""* """i >««»■»« nrd ;«dt:'d":i;fCSri ■" r'?' - - -Xt .. u done .. u,; p^jir7jt,t:t'°rt ':7t:r-' " r r against any one else, or with his conspnf fL Dominant. As •'quodestpropri.divE£r 1^^^^^^^ « consensu domini. ^ ° '*' '"" ^"'"'""' 'P""" «' formam fcudi, sine " Sed bene poesunt feudum dividere inter se in n»,4<.„ • ,- " non tamen tanquafe feuda separata JZZl llT T^ " «''«'g"nda., pro diviso, " n,fl et titulo eju.dem feudi sicuTab n 7„ ,,n^ ^ ' '"'"'*• "' '"'' ''*'«'n>i''atione, for- " divhio feudi. led distributio ; t LrS^^ ^' '^'"'' f"-°P"'^ -° «' " Bint partes quot«. sive partef intrrj^^s Et ho L" . f ! ""J""^^' ^""'"°^'""' ^'^« "dum, sive constet in re corporal i, e vol; ^ LT ^7T' ''"' ^"'"^nsu patroni feu- - indiviso. tam cBqualiter qurintqXr IT'''^"^^ «^'-d'. ^'^ P'o diviso q„4^ p^ " Sic & divcrso, si ab iuitio nnus vasallna i- in hi, " Tenerit; multum enim interest domin." T ' ' *'"""""' *' ""otoritas inter- '• Manente uno et eodem titulo feudi r^tj, * •' domino, pro parte non,-puta, vasaU; Ce^Zit;'''"" J'' ^""^ '"" *»'"» «>'"'«itti : P"-^ F«'-«Ji. pro parte a manu domTn XS irl " **"'" ^*"^«'*'"« * * -Fo « P.-0 parte noaO-gs, 01. 4, No. 31 («,) ^"' ""^^^ *" «' investitrnd renoyari; et (u) rirfe «ttprd, §90. W Vide «.,r.. gge, and «. «nd authoritie. there cited ; also ggw «.d 9,. (w) Yol. 1, p. 188. 87 recognize the right of the Dominant to insist on iU m„;„« nominal unity of the/./. He could not "en" ^.Xl^T *'' ''^ ""' ber of co-vBssals, for any number of t^J.Ja -.T ^"'''"^ *"y ""m- And be could no help t^Z^L fo/lf '" " T^'"'^^'^^ «^ *^« ^^Z' eachownedaseparate^; ^Tnll^^^^^ in form than in substancC ' "'^' '"''" ^'^^^^'^^^ ^' ^r more ..!"!;;?.: rsaitzr^iLiubsf r-- ''- ^-'^ ^^ ^^« ^^ the part of some writers,_«ri!nArobaMv •! ^ ^"^"™^ '-ity of phrase on the new Custom (by the way in ul' ht , {' . ' '""'"' ''"' "^ **'« ^^^^^ that >- c. /./ and al tL^'Z^Jr mitl'Tlt^tfe:!': ^ .^^^'^'^ -'^ given to the former term somt-what lllTi '''""J, '"«<^« this peculiar sense was always followed. It wlnet V^d ,170^7"""' ""'^""^ ^' ^* made it mean. The words of H.l? r. '' "'^"^ '"^'•e tl^an he c^ied a unanimous ^:.^:^on,TZZ^^^^^^^ ^"^^^^ ^'^^ -^ ^ "reportee comma partie int^grante du IT In .'''"'"'''•'»""' '^'''^'°'' tdu fief J est Wlter,; "to 1..™ applied it also toTL,™!.^^^" "' ^"'''' '')' ■»">• l»ve 6.,„ „ noce.s„j eonn«i„„ „iu. Ji X;_""> """P «« »»■ .lite, mi ii~"h!i;:re^tt* ;r;' :;f ™' "^^^ *>/•• a... as ^ fcir p.,,. „f , ^.^ in.0 seTS;!;/":* r""' »' 'k. Hon.i.an.) e,„v« son-eM) break, the title of ki, &/■!«„ ,L "*"'■ °''"' (""■ He lite -o; combine, ,h. title, .r twf C "1,7 " "l"''''^ " "'" "*' "'-'f Or there may ensue dimembrement .mnn "j"*' '"eg.,lar; if, for instance, the pa^ le ll't^'^ "^'^'^^ ^--'- -r w.th.n the privileged limit and in pr vii w "= 7. *'° '°'^ «^ *^«>/ nant for the like breaking up of the tit^I^ ?' ^'^ '^'"' ^'"> tl»° Domi- /t^Ato be held otherwisefhan of the yi " "''^ '' ''''' ?-' « -P-ate w Cited .«;>r« l«»™«d CouMel r.to,d ag^ialtT* B8 the co.o,„r„.i™ o/„«„. „ 1 W "', ! t""!? "f the >/; bat, >.itl.„„.' «. . v««,l holding , .SelZr ' ? I*** "'*' -'"""Wsftl.e -luir.r "imply c.o„ot b,. =■ "• """"" ''" <"" «»«"•. ■!■» eta"?, of till e result, unless bv tlin nnn«»nw ""'^"««"e.iiptedrfe//Kr;»6/-eOTe»„; 7 T ^"'^ "'^ '^^'' »^^'"*^ ^« "g^t if he and force tkeVMe^M^^ Z'' ^'t?'""' '' *=''" '^•^^'^^ '"^ ™"^^''«>» fi^^' and that, as for atJr:^::^;^::!^^^^ ""^ ^— ^'^ -- not bring things to thaTresult TT ""'"?*' ^^ '"''^™"S '^'^ "g''^'. ^^i" nl; an'tsaTboTh " " '^^^''''■^^"' ^''^^'^ ^'^ '^ -^ of ^o^ word o„ceseiMthat,uestio„ is ^t r^JTZZlT^tZTrZ^t'^^ "legP6duSeigncur."(T Peut fa,re.-qu-il e,t impossible de le faire .L !^j; (z) Lttfitfi; part 2, cbap. 8, Art. I. 69 —or those of IlERvfi : — " Etifin il suit que les commertateuw ren,ent. could no „.ore throw oT^ituir' "''^'^'^^^^-^-g- Thec.„«VaeV« of his ««.«,, than the visal c M I'T 'v T'^T'. ^'^''^ --''^"ted the title could no, to the prejudice and^lt ^tht I'jenTof ^i:'^ ^^. '' f ^^ ^« one holding into separate holdings «, * Seignior, break his into one, any n,or?than th^ v3 1 " T^^'f ^^ .^^ ^^"^ «^ '>o'<'-^ that his Seignior Censier couldkeeS as Jr f n ^! '"'^^'' ^ "«»'ng,-the mferonco drawn from thorn is unavoidable.(/) § 123.— Indopendently of this consideration, however it is I,nr,l ^n.f ♦ possible) to defend Championni6ro from tho cnr!rof .1 ^ \ "^ """ of his favorite maxim, ">/ et /«,/ r„t„S7 "'''"''"^ *''" ""P"^' feudistsofthefiscaUhooIareslCbv h"r I "^ '"'"' " *'" maxim of ^'nulle tene sans :CZ'' T "s ^^V^^^-'T ''' ?" feudists of tho fiscal school long pretended that it was. The former a da^o hi holds for a correct expression of a great historical truth T w n t ^ ' sistent to interpret the two on tho Le p S- to t^ Wh !; k • "°" """ i-orb^i^ ,„_ j,,,^;^ n;ttt:.!:;rpror fef:;r and perhaps, even in eon.o documents of that t!- I " ««'-t«"'ly was nof. always; considerable interest, it as cer aX was XeZ ""^ Tr^T '""• ''"* '" -»• "^ 1209, (cited ««;,ra. §79 ) usesTJ./L 1 « '^^f »'"'"'« of Philip Augustus, of the year territori«lyj./.ie;irnCrir o dero7diT'' , ^""f °' '"•' P"''" "^ the/.^rfj, or proper and the rest of the pr fits oflrel/Zi^ *""' P"'*^*" ''^ "-^■""'« prevalence, at least at that peri d over ^f^t nfr of f" " "'r."""'" "' """^^ P'""""' «"« .0 far fro. bein, anta,onistVrn;Cre;L!: "'''l^Z^!^''-'^-'''' have Customs that e;en Jeparabl^^^^^^^^^^^^ -* »""diHl. wo toms not of that class) where the i7and t ' 1/ K '"'""' '"''' *"^'" ("'"'" ^^us- .u«ed to be held, under one and thfsan" e 1 1 ' I "'"^°'' °' ''*'" ''"'"^ '"='J' «' P'«- Custom of Paris as to any other f- ' '^ ''°* '''"' «« '"""'^ "^'^oco to U.e w.t.a.. histoj ap;:r :z::r::i::!" ""• ^°'- '• - -• « taU ont donne lieu & k formnle"! Si ' r f •'"""'' '' ** ^'^' ''^ ««" '■^'''I- " tumiires, et que nous avo^ rapX 5e t^^^ "7^' T' '^'"'^ "^^ ^-'"'"" ^'"'- « ' ble.' • . Charondas disa^t Zcnlt if' . f ^"''*"'* "°°* "*" ^^ '»™°"«' «"««'«- '■tropabsoine.Mejnr2:srt:Lrr;i^^^^^^ « aiss6. dan, ces regions coutumidros des traces i p rude, ru^S ' ffl r^" ""^' "''' de fief, et .base b,en remarquable. la separation de la justice et du fief u'avait ifeu,^^ proi»rl,ofll,o,»il luid » lo l,/„™ I f^ '"^ liKlfpenJo' Hv of tl,8 op«i Jo „,o,..„- ,; :t»"l : :\X" t:':': *ct ""■ -'^^ "'"'• roses,— it wouiii onlv fnlU^ fj * i. • ^ ' ''^ Cbainpiomiaro sup- to ha'vo had t"t oS^^f "7 ,?; ^ /"*"^^ ""y,-" ^^ -PPo-d in sou. cas'. of those ti.es,-^ .f 1 o rXlr:; ^r" ''''•'•" '"°^^" ^*^'^'-' iD-'--» 'hen have {j>otcni.^ holders of alen. nol^ZZi Jf Tn T'^'' '"'^' "'« ^^««' ^«" «hip by oM.er men of their c at of « IS ^"/'*"" ^"'j^'^' '« ''*« --r- collectcd fron, ,.:eir people and of . ^.^ 1 '"='"""^ ^''■«'^^'«"' *<> be ing justice for profit.'atTl elr ost £' ""7 " '*'" '^^^'"^^^ ^'^ "^'""""'t- cence in their own A.l to such .-„ r^''"^ "•": """^ ^''' '''^'''"^ '^^l^-^^' neighbours, whom the^ ma^ I rhte" " "f ^"^°" '""''' '^' -«^^- quality as Lttv pronrfeZ . H ^r, ""'"^ '°^'P"^« "''^Setber of their othersipor the r il.^!^ W " ^'f '"""" ''''™^^'^««' «» *>>« P"' of _-____^!.!;i!:;;^;;;i^^ °''^«y<'"d the territory " de justice ne pouvait etre vendu ^^^II! P«;l«de Pans jugoaen 1664. quele droit " U combien la ma,i J de Zsel SdT"^ ' '" '" """'^''^ * ' " °" '«" P«r "v^ritehistoriqueetjuridtue^i^S! r«"» ""''"''' absolu. s'^loignerait de'l. See aho. infr,, §127, NoMi). ""' ' ''''• *' ^P" ''■-'"'• (A)Fu/«tn/r«i,§gi30e/„{. (0 F»<&»«pd, g§60e/wg. I I 7S of thoir own aleu or fief, they m«y al,o have followed in .ome meaaun the in- rv.ous precedent, of exaction established for them by the Roman tax-gatherer Vtutr*^ <^«f -g ^"'•t'^ the weak, are not apt to follow precedent exactly. V !,.t they wanted tl.cy would gef, if they could. By the time that their exac u..- were commg to be more regular and their people to rise towards .e po- .U.on oUen^arre proprietors, the usages as to such matters would lie varfed often and w.dely,_and the tradition as to what were or were not the "w exactions of the Roman fisc, would have pretty well died out of JriT "r "'" "-"^ ?'"' ^''"' ''"' '•'"^^'''""^ l"-*>">' <^'<«»^ '»'■''' tl.c i«,.V„ rnav nl ' ^'^'^'-/'^T"? '*' «« Championni^.re does, in the light of wlmt one nay en 1 an appropnated right of exaction.-must in the nature of things ha e .eon he d generally by men who would be holders also of aleux nobles or l( fi.fs Tchii '^Tf" *'^'^ "^^" territory would not commonly submS of tn if vtT" > '"" "^""' ■'" " "^^'^' '•'^^ ^-^^ ;«W Jcould not often, ,f ever, have been a property wholly disconnected from, and independent of the territorial holding of the aleu or fief. muependent Jal^'x^^^'f' '' 7^^".««''«''" «« '""tter of historical induction, that many aJonr t'" r T "'^'■" """ ^'"■''' '''' "'''^^' Championnie.; contends^ -and one, too, intimately connected with a territorial holding on the part of the grandee;«,/e«cr. Kumkath succinctly states two such origins, thus f- explo t de justice, toue les homme.. mdme librc« de leurs corps, qui y bab Sent LT bfirent sous la pu.ssance priv^e dcs Seigneurs ct se trouvfiront lel jueticiablo On L^I Plus tard, n,a.s toujour, sous les Carlovingiens. un chnngcment plus ^rave encore narce- " e.erc. jusque ,. „„ „o« du rofet^jrc;;': p^ Lr^";:? eS';^^ ^''"7?"' " gine des justices seigneuriale8."(/) PUD'«que. Tel est le second cas do I'ori- And he might probably, have given them a still eariier date ; or at any rate ;«-ght have added to them anotl.er, of eariier date. For. with he unset led ZT!f'Z "r" °'*'^ "^^•'^'"S'- - «f ^^« Cariovingi n era h e ird «« though thlrr'";^ of Publicjusticiary functions for private profit, exL'J.W.Xtt"'"^ (0 VoL 1, pp. 136 and 13Y. i? 4 iS '\f 74 care of ^oLe to nil o u e j e prirj/r -"^ il "^' '^^''"'^ ^'' ^«^'"^ law of the strongest. ^ ' **" h,n,self,-and this, b^ the more ' adiit'ofToSl^X^^^ as early „t any rate as tell h P^i '"^^^ " '"^ ^^ "* «'""'J°^'^^'« '"'° ^'^^ '^-«'- ^-«^* ^^^T:::Z^tT"'^''^ ''''-''' '•'« s„bstanceof';'' coctrino, 80 magnified by Champioani6re ; in these words •_ forth in rhetme";; ' ''""'"' ^'""' the substantive fact set' citei "'^ ''™"""' ^'"- "« ^-' ^-"f". Vol. 4. pp. 96. 7 ; aad the authorities there («) Tits, §3; cited ttijwpja. (o)P. 63;citeduii«t.., eltJL::.!:! X oT^lS "rtS «. n^ont 3;rlt " em like l7 ""'' '" '?;"^^'"' "^^"^ *' Customary France. expression of the true usage of to form Us CoZyj,:^^!?^ T" '' \'" "''^^"'^' ^«' ^'^^ Seignior such Court, the Tall h die r It o T°" "^""'"^ '''"' ""^ ^^^^ ^'«'''"g «.eir number was constan.r/ tt „' l-^^^^^ only of /./.-and themselves unable or indisposed toHu7 "''" continually found this particular jurisdiction (?) '^' """^ '" ^'^^ '°^* «' '^'^^ no?tZr ^tt/S^r -r l:r 7"^ -^^^^ ^^^^-P^^-'^^^^ vie. or the process of appropr S°of a mi' ' u T'"""''"'' '" ^'''"^ '"«''-"« ^o presume, that asTheSrn^f jr^ar^ pl^^^^^^^^^ ,? "N ? .■'^ .- '^^ Fwer required for some rnnh.rjJ ,i. ^V ''"'"■""^ of justiciary armed force, differensX:rZtha\::r, ?,""*""" "' ^ '^'^P-'"^'' very variant de-^ree, -and tW wl "^ *'"' P°"''' ""^ ^'^^''^ Profits in theT did, nilsSha^Va' t^^^^^ ^'-;^"™^' "'"' ^'^ of pride and profit- and thi, Jn « "P;^^*''«""• ^'le matter was at once one -st have b^;'';o„ „ ; :z„;^^^^^^^^ merely checking their pretensions T^ . ^'"^ P"^""*^"'' sometimes, pretensions of tLl own. '~'^''" ^""^ '"^*^^'' "^"^ -I'J^^'-g them t^ ofS^it:^:;tr:^r^^r't^'^ reserve in favor of die edltlTn . ."" *"^ "' ^'*'>*^"' ^he ;,a.a^e qualified orTnnuled t 1^' ! T '' ''^^''''^ '' ^"'''^'^'^^ P-''-^ «' ^"tir^, idoaof theali natbnofl'heT/" '?f ^ ""''' ""^' °"«« ^''^^^'^-^^ to the and as mat r S n raf foTr ''' T ''■''r'"' P^°P'« ^^^ ^-«-.- aU sorts of terms, the^rse^ratyrm Z^^^^^^^^^ "'^ '^ «"--' - the counter-maxim, as matter ..J2:^SZ:^:XrL tltS 0) See Web.!^^ ^,-,,. a t e matter of tho appointmentof their officero ^ lice A . t ZTtT' T men's minds became familiarised to the idea, that of ri2 a I . .' , "^ ' .Lould emanate or bo held to have emanated iom the Crowt! " ""' ""'""'^ as its ultimate feudal Dominant,-the s Iry j^ r^ riTsl 7 T ^7° got rid of, under cover of the more public maxL ""o^7 •,^,/ . 'T ^''" Although, even as to thU >.„♦)„ . , ■''*'"'* <^'"«'>« ''w '•o'-" " L'opinion commune est qu'il ^y a point de justice albdiale : "-<0 the Crown of course set itself ZSTf^' 7 , '"'**'"■' "'^''^ " '^" Courte, (0 -Dm*. Fiod., 7oL 2, p. 490. 8 ina.-Witl, tlie BRsumod feudal .lepondanre of nil « • • ■ . ■ *lm.c.vor wa, related to ,1.0 iudS'ii T .'{ '*"^"" ''''»^''^*«' "^ conclusion followed, that tho Z 117 '^ 7 ''•^''"" "^ '''" ^"""'^y- "'« '""^iJ'^'- sion of it into distin t and epa « " i; ^ ''^''"'^ ^"^ ^■""'"^' ^ 'J'--" ^-^.-.a« also a .atte. ^SCl^S^^^l^J;'''-- ^'--i^ of ca^i''i:n:!:^Si;:/^"::.^"^-«7- ♦•"^ p-eir.., ha., e„.„e to bo .w/.. Hhcniii than ;:;:„;; r;::i;:,r"';-""^ B"b-.-„foudaiion of a with that of tho dimanlrement of l'. ^V? "'.r '"' '" '"^''' 'J'"-"— «- at Iea«t presume with nomo confide Tat' ' f''"";'; " *° ^^'"■•^'' - '"»y law.(tO Ili« argument is thi«:_ "'" ■'"'" "°' ostabIiHl....d for " •ffet est dc. ren.;,o le voml^ur ct IW, Zeur co J^ vf •"" ? " '^'^ J"-^"'^''--""" «on " unique : le .itre „-.prouvo .,1 division nilSXrn """ ""'" ""^ J""'''" -"'" *' "-van.: r , ^c^, rinf.odntl ce e Jj^^^^^^ Aof do^iuane. I'au.ro u„ lief « multiplication uo j„»tice. ^ ""°" '^* '" J"«"'« ''i""! •Ii6n6e, il y a jonc " n"y a pas de itu. ,„brement' -opS ui t e ir, * '"/ '"^'' '"^'^"^"^ immC-diat,-i --yoitqaWseule; et cot.. ^He..^ I ^IV:::!;:; P^^"'^*^--- ^"-^^^^ thell?r;;ir;ftr;^^^^^^^^ ;;;: t:z '' ''' -''-' ^^'° ^- *« -■■ 'o on Justice, though essentiali; ba ed ^10 27 ".^f "' ^"'^'"'•-^«''- of a as a consequence, the nuHity of whateve?" • J/",^'"' '""' ""' '"^'^ *« ■""^-'^'^ of it. On this point. Ubn^n bk pi 1 ' '?•' '" '^'^''""''^ '^^ ^'"^^^^-^ thus:- "^ ' '^'"^^""'^'^^^P^^^seshimselfwithout any doubt, _ _____^^^««pendan^mme cette irrdgularitfi rfisulto uniquemeut (") See Henbion de Pansey Dim F/n ; tt- i « ~~ ■ Before .hie period. (abouU^S t Z^Zs^Zi:; "'T'" ""' P"' "^^ ^' •^*- " la maniSre la plus Ubre et la plua ind firie Z , T ^°'"' " "■"«°*"'"^ J""'"'^°i«°t de " r..erver le ressort de cello, qfif^cot'dill "-^ ^58 '""""'"^ ''"" j'"^''^^''' «' "« " «>u.t not bo affected,) withru p e X ' i/ n^^^^^^^ "'^ V" ""'"^' '"'»' ""> -'-' «««." eUi, w> <1, significant of Ls f^elW ^"tZ" I '' ^"^* '" '"'"""^' "'"^ '^o"' (w.) 2>is». r.-ij,, Vol, 2, pp. 481, 2. " ' -=""«"«■ >i I: 78 ;: *1' !'»'•;,'« P-'Wiq^^t ,1. mMt J*. ju,.iciHbIe.. .t q«o per.om>o no pout ,o p,«r«Ioir rement and jeu de justice were also everywhere subje..t to the same .acul.a.ivo restrictions on the part of the Seignior Domi .an lld.(ir" '" i^^^cl^'ne.bre..a and >« Jjlef, strictly so § 1 37 -Added to ^vhich, there was another of quite a different kind, in refer- ence to the ;.. rf. ,«,.-c.,-„rising out of the essentially noble quality of le jusuce ; that U could not be alienated by uccenscme,.t. Whatever^., oil /a<.o« might be stipulated for it (however qualified) must be such as could ba paid for a noble property ; could notr be a cens.{a) § 138.-IIKNRION TK Panset Suggested, besides this, one more,-of the class ofrestnctionsfacultam-etothe Dominant,-a8 peculiar to a certain clasl of Customs, the Custom of Paris being one of them. His words are - ■; drolU et dee d„..nee de son fief: 2:'::Z^Zj;-!:i:rLZZ:Zs^ .. J^^lt'i^ZTeTrZr '' """ '"-'-' ■• '--^- ^^-^'- -' «-~ '• Mais toutea les Contumes ne eont pas r^dig^es dans des termes «us,i absolus Colle d« From the terms of this suggestion, one may infer that the point was not one that Lad been pract.cal ly raised and determined. Of course, it could onrhave been ra.;^d by a Seign.or Dominant, who upon alienation o justice by hi vaTsaJ made wathm the terms of the Custom (that is to say, under ie form of sIL («) Dies. FiotL, Vol. 2, p. 661. ' " (y) The Crown would itself often be suoh afli"- Seignior Dominant, af a pra.t ^ob „! ''.^"''""°"'"'7 '« t''"' "^ tl., direct whether partial .«l nl , . 7^ "'; :'"^f " '' ''"•' ^^^'^'^ " ^l"-'- the Crown. The Don.in '"c m C ",7 t'T "'•",?' '' ''''''''' '^ Crown% pii-fension. If the vn.U .0!^ ^ . ^'"'*^ prec«de..c« to the Crown diLlIowanc wo . etZ L n tor" fn " 7"' '^"'""'^"'^'"' ^'- ant'« claim mitrht be thoiM.t too It , """''' ""'' *^'^' ^''« '^'""in- time later than that of the sPt.lomo.t en P'''"''V' C^'^-'f spoak.ng of a (should su,.h letters-patonl be rl.e ) to old f" H e ;> '""'"^''"*' ^^ «"^'"'"' If 8ub-inf«uded in part but Zl, ^ f I^ommant, as a co-vassal. ««..^-therecouldl a ^ce n^Ztr s o7 T"'' 7^ "' ''■^^^"^'■- ^^ that of the Crown would have sLod al . . .'"• ^^'"■"»"^-and IfsubM>.feadedaaawhol tllbl/^r^ could clearly make g d 1^1: ^a^^tr'^" "' ^^'"'"''-'^^ ^^-inant been without pretensiL to inteS "' "" ''°"'-^' ^^"^"''^ ^^^ve of such distracL of r^J.? ^^ ' ^''°"" ^"^'^ ^°^«f"«^^) 'i-' -"ulling 4rerchi;\.:;:rr^^^^^^^^ -* ^« -^e to have been effectedfl ndthe C tn ' jf'":' ''^ '^^''S'''''^" ^' >vouId not PTtod wiih; s,i„j ,1,;'™; r.iil!:'" ™'"°'' '""«'-« 'I" Propmr i 4 BO There was the satre alsence of the absolute nullity, as in the case of tho territorial Jief; and this, even though the Crown, upon an admitted consideration of public policy {(Tordre public), had established-as with the >/ proper it had not— a certain measured right of facultative interference in the premises. § 141.— In a word, subject to this incapacity (so to speak) for beino- held en censive,-U> the risk of these royal disallowances of demembrement, distraction of ressort, and (perhaps) partial sub-infeudation,— and to the risk of the Dominant's disallowance of demembrement, and exaction of a mutation fine as from a co-vassal,— this property called justice could be kept by its proprietor if he would, or could be alienated whenever he pleaded, in whole or part, by any ima- ginable description of contract, and on any imaginable terms. Involving, it is true, in so tar as the exercise of the droit dejuger and of the powers thence resulting may be in question, what our modern view of public law would regard as a purely public trust, it was essentially a private property, held by the Se.gnior-vassal for his own profit,-subject (like the territorial fief pro- per) to reservation of the feudal share known as the directe, in favor of his Seignior or Seigniors Dominant,-and subject further (as the territorial /./ was not) to some degree of Crown regulation as to such mere powers,-by no means in trust for the profit of any one but himself, least of all in trust for those whoso 111 fortune it was, as subjects of his justice, to have to be always contributing by fees, fines, forfeitures and otherwise, to the making up of his revenues ^^jmiicicr. Whether, with Championniere, we trace back these revenues, and this rfroeV dejuger and these powers arising out of it, to an original appropriation of tribute as opposed to appropriation of soil.-or, with other writers, rermrd them as ongmally accessory, in one way or other, to an ownership of territoiy,— or adopt both views in part, and conclude that they may have partaken of both ori.ri„. and at first have been accessories, Eometimes of the o'le kind of property.^and sometimes of the other,-the case is not in the least altered. The fact remains that contrary to what every one would now hold for sound public principle, they were a property, the property of a privileged class, and not a trust § 142.— In 1853, the argument was authoritatively urged, on the floor of the House of Assembly, (J) that the feudal system in some way implied the constant normal existence of some kind of general controlling power, over each grade of feudal lane -holders in turn,— vested, of course, pre-eminently in the Crown, as head of tho feudal hierarchy; that this feature of the system made it natural and fitting, that in Canada the Crown should have controlled matters, as the tlieory of the Attorney General's Propositions holds it to have doTie; that tha control so held to have been exercised, was thus a feudal control ; and that its (i) The speech that most insisted on it, was not reported ; and the argument waa not repeated, in terms, before this Court. So that it cannot well be referred to here, otherwise than impersonally.— atill, in its time bo much was made of it,— and the important question of the power of the French King to do as ho ia said to have done in Canada, is so closely connected with it,— that it perhaps ought not to be passed by 81 ton-exercise since Canada became a JirUkh P. • ^ , donment by the Crown, of a e^da' a ^ f/T '^^' ^^« ^^«» ^ ^^^^ of aba- Buch feature of the feudal system as thf^rl .T vV""' "igbt regard Canadian system may have been dovebped ' "'"' *'^ ""^^<^^ "- aiiL':;7c':;;i:tv::S\rm";t!;te"^ ''-' 'r-' '- ^ ^^-p-'^^- So f«r from supposing . .LZ Ztl! ^ ''■?"'^' °^ '" """«»» «« stated, the one head of the confede a ' int^^ ,! ^T''"" '^^'"^'"^ ^'^S^'^-. "P to system rested on a sZ sU n^^ " i" *'"t' ^'"'" ^^"'^^-^'^ ^-^al no one head, even ifth ^ i'l a ^^0^'!. 't' ^ '" "^^^^^ long at work over the fas Zdn! TLT^ f'^'J '"'"^"^^^ ^^'> '^«- point. It never had such te Tefdll/ . P ' """"^ ^'"°^^ «" '^- said never q„i,e to have h^7t Zl ^ \ '" ^'■""'='- ^"^<=^^'' ^' '"ay be jast,cou,ddiyt;:eeie;tVL«r\:;r lence as the rule of tenure ov:r Lreh o"fra:^^^^^^^^^^^ from the «/m .o5/., whether kingly or not kini tt ' 'P'°"""'''^«' precluded all normal exercise of I<,nLT ?^ r ''"'""'• '^ ^^^P'-^^^'j i?rantee; ^ferring, I -TZon 1\Z7\T"^ P°"*^^ ^^ ^---'o' o^er towards each othe^ to «,el: Sr ^^ ^ 'iTr'St-t" ^^"^^°"" »ng party had no more le^al onnfr.l *i ^^^^^'''*" ^^^ ^^'g^er contract- than the lower had 11^'^ t , \ T"""''' "'^°" ^^''^ ^^'^^^'i^ted, of almost repeatng whaTlC c ft" T.f "' " '='^"'^'^''^*-''' ^^^^ "^t established, oL .I^^^.^X:::X'.^^l:Zl' '''-''' '' '-' ^""^ « e^lXSr^rfetSL:;::?^^^^^^^^ s^a„„,«ati,„e ou bnat.„.. En " le vassal de la chose cone dTrc„ Tm 1 " "°""' '? '"^ "'"""^'''°' '^^ '«-- Jouir " tracts de son .m, de co osel^eru 'e " nTirrr''' '""r""" "^^^ '« -«-' " -- '<«a^s.^.et. enesr..^ " consentenr ool::r:a :L'Z:ry:"" -' T-" "- «^-^- - -*-t sans un ''modification quil. jug;rl ;tor !„^1 '/ T^"'^'" '^' ^''-^^'"-t et telle « Perdre do v„e la condition Xl d^^ic^iil''''""''^^'^^'""^"^"-' ™-'^ « primitif. Non ^or/et ol "Z^ L 721 ""^ <=<»'*^'^'^ = "« --it ajouter au titre /- ao extramojure supplen, quod spontanea omusio repudiavit."([) or vI^^'Yl" ""'' ^""' '^ *'"" "'"' "^ -> «^her Seignior-«i.„.-«. ^r^assal. It was never cl.med for bin, as matter of feudal law, or indeed »! (*) Suprd, §g 63 and 64. (0 Vol. 1, pp. 386-8B8. matter of law generally,(»i) that ho vraa not. If in practico ho broke through any of them, he ivs much did wrong— a wrong thut his own Courts, according to law, would have been bound to set right— as any other niemboi of the feudal confodoracy so acting would have done. There may be no doubt tliat such wrongs were done, and not by tlio Kini^ only ; and tliat tliey were not always righted, even whore redress was called for. All that has nothing to do with what should havo been. § 144.— Supposing the French King to have undertaken in Canada, of his sole authority, to set aside his feudal contracts after tliey wero made, or (which is the same thing) to engraft upon them conditions that'fonned no part of them as made,— he exercised no normal power known to tho feudal system, but a prerogative utterly alien and antagonist to it. Wo shall see presently what he really did or pretended to do in this way and how farshort it falls, of what the anti-seigniorial theory assumes him to have done. But m the mean time, it is impossible to avoid tho remark, that such vio- lation of contract by the Crown is not more contrary to the feu.lal system than to law m general ; and that, whatever theories may be broached as to the extent of the arbitrary prerogatives of the French Crown in the iTth and 18th Centu- ries, there can happily bo no doubt as to tho measure of the non-arbitrary pre- rogative of the British Crown, since that time, and still. § 145.— If, then, the feudal system of Canada under tlie French Crown was what the Attorney General's rropositions make it to have been, it was the anti- podes of that of France, as then extant, in (at least) some not unimportant particulars. It made tlie King master of his contracts after they were made instead of being bound by them ; insisted on all but uniformity (except, of course' as against him), in place of endless variety ; hedged everything round with rules of public law and absolute nullities thence resulting, in place of leaving everything to the operation of the relative millitiesof private law; substituted control in the interest of tho comtairc, for protection of the interest of the Dominant ; postponed the privileged class, so called in mockery, to the non-privileged; converted the feudal sub-grant, from a prized right, into an onerous obligation ; made pro- perty a public trust, instead of leaving public trusts for property. Yet the King professed to bind himself to formal contracts of infeudation,-and these anything but uniform; and men called things as in France, to the extent even of treating tho partly public trust involved in tho peculiar property called Justice, as thou-di it was the same property in Canada as in France. Granted, readily, that thin^ in Canada are not to be supposed to havO been placed on exactly the footin . '"^ '" ^'"^'^ ^''"^ ^he feudal process of natural develop.^ ,., tZaZ^^f'T 1 ''"'"^' *^^'' ^^ -7 Jf it is to be found in any thinL^ 1» -h .... ea,eo«. r;: *',:.. fr 'r* K 't''"^,,™-' «"'• nineteenth that <'/po',- /• '»'' "'ey are •»'-'" «" -S»»», lnlrod»cc-n«til,but„™.iki„„„i ,7 ? Canada ,t was necessan- (o •o.»i Ji™bl.„„, „.iM~ "■'''»" '" "•«— '»'H 1.1 qu'mtroJult » C«..d» . ^ (.) Oral«K«s tH«. .ap.l«l.d Wore.-™, „„4 5 ,_ „„^' (^j^ II ^9% '! I.;. i < ;; .liil' 86 Both argumonts aro as to fact. Both conclusions arc to bo proved for fact,against the Seigniors ; the case against them being no-where, till both are proved If the fact be so, it must bo readily proveable, by citation of documents of some sort The documents of the time aro not lost. An■ «'"«™'« from Franoi. ,,,„ K„, „ S^, 7c° P' "',7, '^ '"»««lf- n« C«mii„„ »<■ Ma.*, Mot of til IZlHilT: '" f , '^^ "'• " '^""'"i" «™«"J Fi«io» of .,.0 soil, ..»ei;rra :,:;;: -rir"" "'"""^ " "^ "w- «1, under da„ „f ,540 ""l/. 3™"" "t™" '^ "" **"" <>« Rote' poLlh™!^ '^■°~"° *» * '" '^'»' «' ■»« (^'»- 12). «.. f«r.U .bo-e " terres:- ''*^P"'^' *=* '»«'»« de ceux qui demeureront da dites ..;-—-.,.. ....-a...,. :;;ir::^^ '■ *°"*<'^"- "« d--ir et ..rvice pour la guerre'S " " '"" '""'^«''""^«'-<=-ecpte (;>) Edits et Ordonnaxcbs, 4'. Edn oflfios r r i o "^ ' ' ' VEBNKUE8 KT lNtKNDA«T8, 8". Edo. of 1854; ^4-7. ^^' '"*' '^'^ CoM^^^^IO.VS DwGoU- tg) Scira UT Ord., 4» Vol 2 nn. ■I—*. „ i ^ . vol. 2. p„ 4-7 ; and Co«. des Gout, k 1vt., pp. 7-10. IN 1 1 HI y,t' § 168.— The Commissions given in 1612 by the Comte de Soissons, and in 1625 by the Due de Ventadour, to Charaplain iis Commandant under them res- pectively, depute to him no power of disposal of land.(r) § 159.— To what extent the Marquis de la Roche, and his several successors as Lieutenant General, the Comte de Soissons, the Trince de Condo, the Due d. Montmorenci and the Due de Ventadour, (whose powers as to land-granting were presumably much the same as his,) actually made grants of land,-and more especially, grants importing dignity.-does not appear. Their grants, if ihey made many, could not generally have been taken effective possession of by the grantees; and, with the two or three exceptions presently to be noticed.fs) seem all to have lapsed. § 160.— But at least one grant made during the period covered by their suc- cessive names, was either made as a Barony, or else erected into one, in favor of Guillaume de Caen. In letters-patent of the King, of the year 1640, erecting a- grant made to him of several islands in the West Indies, into a Barony, it ia recited as a motive, that he had been — — " depoe86d6 de la Baronnie du Cap de Tonrmente sitndo en notre pays de la NouTeH* " France, kquello lui avoit 6t6 donnde et 6rig6e par des litres iUuBtres d'honneur, et en » considfiration des grands perils, hasards et aventures qu'il a counis. tant pour prendre • entree et habitudes en notre dit pays de la N. F.. que pour la conservation et defense d'ice- ' lui • , «t des grands frais et ddpenses qu'il a 6t6 oblig6 faire," etc.(<) § 161.— Another grant of the same period is known to have been made by the Due de Montmorenci in 1622 or 1623, being the first grant of the seigniory now known as thoSault-au-Matelot,(M)-presumably, much in the same terms in which the second or confirmatory grant of it was made in 162C by the Due de Ventadour. (r) Edits et Obd., 4o, Vt.l. 2, pp. 8—18; and Com. des Gouv. w Int., pp. 11—14. (») Vido infra, §§ 161—8 indusive. (t) MonEAC DE St. Meev, Vol. 1, pp. 48 tl Mq. The dispossession of which de Caen had complained, was no doubt a consequence of the grant to the Company of New France in 1627 ; whereby the " articUi " that had been granted to him BDd his associates were revoked- Vide Doccmints Skiqhbubiacx, 1852, Vol. 2 p 4 • also infra, §§ 166, 169 and 187. ' (u) Numbered fal in Absteact or Titles. For the sue of convenience, I propose to refer for these Titles, to my Abstract compiled for this purpow. and laid before this Court, instead of referring to the Seigniorial Documents or other so«vc« from which they have been carried into the Abstract.-In the Abstract, I Lave induated those sources with extreme caro; to that there can be no difficulty in testing the sufficiency and correctness of its extracts, or in ascertaining the tenor of the context, there omitted as unimportant. And I have done my utmost to facilitate reference from every Title to all otheie at all connected with it It contains all the Titles which I had been able to bring together, down to the time when I had to send it to press, shortly before the meeting of this Court. Some have been ascer- tained since ; and for these I must of course refer speciaUy to the M. S. or other authority, on whi«h my citations may rest. 8» irniorvo.r;I!'srrr1 ^'^"'f")°»^-«ent de t«us lea boia. , XC n^lr"^^!,""" scarcely bo thought an over-bold inference from these docu- ment8,-all that one can bnng together for the period anterior to the creation of the Company of New France,-tbat than far we find no trace of any intention to make the tenure of land different in Canada from what it was in France ; that loobng back to the two classes of grants of land (both of them, « en tons droit] «J^.^.o;../r) which the King contemplated, it could not l.Le been in the K.t)gs mmd to cause the "ffotihhommes" and " ffcns de minie " whose lands should be gratited " en fiefs, seisneurics, chdtelknics, vicomUs, baronnies et autre, dHimtes, to take a less estate in their lands, than the "autresdemoiuJre condition" who were to Imve land » d charges et redevances,"-hnt the contrary ; that the Barony of Cap de Tourmente, given to Guillaumede Caen, the head man of the then tradmg projects for New France, was given and taken as a property in which he was to have the same sort of proprietary right as he would have had m a like property at home ; and that Hebert's {x) grant "m fief noble" and the Jesuits' grant of Notre Dame des Anges-called neither fief nor aumOne and readmg rather as if it had been m^.-iM. for an aZew-were veritable grants ot and, and conveyed to the grantee . .-hing less than the entire corporeal realty comprised within their limite, ,U ^ ult-au-Matelot, with its clearances and buildings even then upon it (y) ■ a.,., que le tout iestend et comported- St Joseph, with its "So^X;'^^«r«5r...^„,;,,„a„;,,"_a„dNotl•e Dame des Anges with all Its " bois, lacs, etangs, riviircs, ruisseaux, prairies, cariires, pairiires et autres choses qm se rencontreront dans le contenu de ces dites terres " (x) It was atrangely made an argument before this Court, that Hebert was a roturier ■ a« If bir?:? "ff r' °' *^ ^""^^ *'°"''^ '""^^ '^^'^^ *° ^'^ -'•> ^^^ inZz:iZ of the distinctly stated terms of his grant. >-u.uou Hebert's wa. not the first case-and we have not yet seen the last-of the emigrant Toirgot a pub!;: trut" " """"• '° "°"'' "^^ ""' " ''"'"''■• ^«^"'^ - >/ -"'. f^^f w f \!" '" ""'"^'"^ ^'^^ °*''"' """'^q^^^^es °f the anti-seigniorial theory, to suggest that Heberts roi^ner quality .hould he held to show that the grant to him was meant to have the high qualities of the grant en censive, in spite of its unlucky reference to the JUf Jf!i "*i! ""^ "*?*'*' ^"^''^ ' '""''' '* ""y ''"" "'^^ J*« *° '"y "'-that the Propositions of the Attorney Genera, require this Court to declare, as to this same property of Sault-au- Matelot, which the Fr .* Eit.g's Vice-Roy for Canada certified for enclosed, cleared and f^n "P^;^ . ^'"'' ""'""^ ^' ^'"'''"^ "' «"<"^ *" *•'« «^«' ^«"l«r of Canada, who had so improved it, to be forever " „on propre et loyal acquest et en disposer pleinement et paisibU- ment comme it verra bon estrv," that under that grant it was held after all, and is stiU held 91 Tie 'filiUommi, «l,n,uriaf „„ ,„ ,l,„„g,., „f „,„ „^^^ in it tbis idea. ^^'""""'t.on. But no amount of exntnination will detect count., . «i.ou,;x:ir;srLra;Si::^ra7r''°^'^^ ' Ki»g upon tl.c surrender of hat Comp^rCharJJ ^ , f '.l "''"''™'''* ^^' ^'^''"^ "'« originall, ,eft an open question we"e S ict d I'T H "^ ' *'' "f'"''" '' ™"'"''-'" Bishop Laval) to these three- ^^ ""^ P'^^^' °^ "^° ^hen proprietor. ^ W pareil,e.ent • * da rendre .a Soy et Lo.n^e d la dito Co.pagnio dc 20 ans .n 20 2.-'' a.eo uno pic^ce d"or «valu«e d 6 lirres tourDois,- " ailleurs en vertu duTt 80!.* tT ""°'T.""'^'"'« J"«««« d^n^ la ville de Quebec on -the othcr.of tt la les/'olfi f^^r'^-'j^'mfidiatement au dit conseil souvcrain"- by which iLu:i:i1^;^^^^^^^^^ ''''■^-- ^«« -dl9» of Aes.:.,) ders, the Seminary of Quebec Iro add. 1 f a '"^'°"''' ^'"P"'^'"' "^ '^^ the° hoi- ties, in these words :_ ' ^"^ '"' "'"' "><='»-P°™ted with, such respective proper- - tenantes d litre de I? nour !n """'"""^ ^^ *""*«« '«« ^'''^^ * luy appar- « titres de conce stn dlSes Te^eTe's^^^^^^^^ 'T^ '^'^' ^' ''^'^"^ ^'^^'^ ^^ '- 'fte "titres. nyquepersonneltfpVire i^^ P- >- ^its " tant du Sault au Mateiot quViutres 11",^!? . »"» JO"«sance des ditcs graves. •' jouir par les sieurs Eccl^aLti^ueTd' c L ,11''^'^''"'="'"' «" ^it titre de fief; pour eu " comn,e de chose nppartenanterdUsSe """""" '' "^""^ "'^"^ ' P^'"P^'-'^. t>sc^rre;^;:sr:rs^ "V^::XZ^:^:rZ^-^^--] ^iv^^e _.,,,,, ,3 seigneu, ne "^leure eensitaires pour Te^reced 'Zu ' ' "^ ^ ^^ ^^"'"'^ " fleuves et rivieres n^avigable " «on dtl' "T' ""•="" ^"''' ^"' ''' ^rSves des •• pas le droit de percevoifd profits de lod, ..T P"^"." ' '' °«°""'5--*. "^ "'avaient .1 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) *'A^. 1.0 145 1.1 ■so £f 1^ mil 2.0 IL25 i 1.4 1.6 S! y f V y Photographic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4S03 « ■1>^ iV :\ \ Ck* ^^J "q. ^ ! of ' \\ 92 eral and Vice-Roys being apparently the parties here meant,-had been so Sr ; .. '" "" '"' '"^ ^"« ^^"'-^-^' -'h some or 60 F ench ^habitant, >n th. interest of the merchants rather than of the Kin' and w .et -gncul „re .as so neglected that a month's delay in the arnvafo hes ^^ rr' ''^* .''°" "'^° ^^-^^ ^"^^ ^'«'-^ « n^onopoly of he trade (Gu.liauine de Caen and his associates, presumably) had only undertaken to send out 18 men in the course of the 15 years of th ir mon poly but bd done nothmg towards the discharge of that slight obligation during L 7 years 36 lu'res a head to all comers, made such difficulties about it, and so worried Frenchmen when there, as practically to keep every thing in the count J Tn tTet own han s;(«)_and that in consequence, the CarUinal le Richelieu, afL e m' granted o de Caen and h.s associates, and on the formation of a powerful Com- pany of 100 associates on the terms therein set forth. tenth, state exactly the obligations imposed upon this new Company. They were to send out from 200 to 300 men of all trades in the year 1G23 and to ra,se the number so sent to 4000 persons, both sexes counted, within the 16 years to end m 1643 ; as many as 1500 of the whole nnmber, being sent out (according to Section 10) within the first 10 years of such term. They were to orSid'ir ''""^' "' '" """'^'' "^ '° ''"'" '' '■'^"'^^ "'"«""• •" ""^ ^"rds of tL. F anfo.8 cathohques pour, par leur example, disposer tes nations Ala religion chr6tieane. « d la v.e c,v.le, e m.me y etablissant I'autorite royale, tirer des dites terres nouvelleS decouvertes, quelque avantageux commerce pour I'utilit^ des sujets du roi."! " avoicnt 6t6 -31".;"" ''^ ^Tf ?"''""" * P^'""' " "« «> est fait qu-une habitation, en kqueUe, b. en que pour I'ordinaire on y entretionne 40 ou 50 Frnnfois, plutot pour I'intiret des marchandB que pour le bien et I'ayancement du service du roi au dit pays,-si est-ce « eTl'a ct r '"^'«'^V".T'' " J""""-' 'l"^ '^ '°' ^ '«?" ^'^ plaintes'eu on conse I et la culture du pay. y a 6t6 si peu avancfie, que si on avoit manqu6 d y porter une ann^e rli "I" rrf "."'''""'"T" " P''''' ""'"^^^ dimes! ITs seroient ct tramts dy pjnr de faim. n'ayant pas de quoi se nourrir un mois apris le temps auquel les " vaisseaux ont accoutum6 d'airiver tous les aus. f i" "uquei les -' Ceux aussi qui avoient jusqu'u present obtonu par eux seuls tout le commerce .^s dits pays ont eu .. peu de pouvoir ou de volenti de le peuplur et eultiver. qu'en 15 annees que « devo.t durer leur traite, ils ne se sont proposes d'y faire condulre au ^lus que 18 hommr " misTIVT •'''•"* "^"'^ ^ " '""^ -1"^ ''' "^"'=^^^ «° furent dressl. ils ne se";;; m s en aucun devoir, m commence de satisfaire d ce dont ils s'6toient obliges. Car bion qu .Is so.ent enus de passer pour 36 livres chacun de ceux qui voudroieat alfer a„ di p ^^ drccnt aller habiter. que bien qu'il semble que Ton leur permette pour leur usage le com- merce avec les sauvages, n^anmoins Cost une teUe restriction, que s'ils ont un W au do ble par leur travail p us qu'il ne leur faut pour vlvre, 11 leur est d^fendu d'en seZrir Ic Frangois et autres qu. en pourroient avoir besoin, et sont contraints de I'abandonner d ceux qu. ont la ra.te. leur 6tant de plus la liberty otfie de le donner d qui leur pourroit apwrter ae if ranee les commodit6s n^cessaires pour la vie." 93 provido these tl.eir colonists with shelter, food and .11 .fi, years; after which, they nii^.t d'sdlTflf'''''''''''^^^'^^''''^ thatbehaIf,-^ithe;byLig„tg le.:!!^^^^^^^ ?' '"^"'^^ ^^^^^^ - ance, with grain onough for one so vL f. T"'^ ''''"'^ ^"^ '^'^' '"^i'^ten- labor. ^ ''' "'"y *° «"f>«'8t "Pon their own industry and They were not to send out any but French-born Catholics to assign them enough ciS Id ;r ^1"' ^"-'f ' ^'^^^^ ^^^'^^ P-fe^ they were to send out „,ore ecclesi.ti .^L o^X't"""- ^"' ''''''' always for the 15 vear^ Aft«, „ i • l ^ ^. ^"°"»''t "t.—raaintaining them ^-tion Of the J:::, fndVt^rtlS;^ ^^°"" '^^^ ''^ """" ^^ '^^ venan,,, ct qui fSoiront en d<5c.. que Ion oZS LZ , "*'' '"*"' ^^ ■«" prochaine",e i ;; 1-que.s expires. Ics die. assoeir Zt^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ P-f-t 3 aus seulement ; industr,e et travail eubsister au dit pays et JyJZlZ " ''"''' P"'^^*^"' '^^ '^r ;; stranger .s dits ,ie«, at pe;p, 't LSe t nT f ^ ""'"^' '^'^^ ^^^ -«™ '^njointdceuxquicommandLrten aN F detnif T'"' •^'*"'""'J"^« ' «' «-» sent article soil ex6out6 selon sa forme ot^n,",' V""° ^ "^ q"'«aictemeut le n^-fi- « quelque cause ou occasion ^IcZtJ^ZCrT '^f ' '"'' <"'"'— P- ^_ "3.-En chacuue habitation qui s era coruf. J 7 ^^^ '''" ^^P" ^^ P'^" '»■»• conversion des sauvag.s et consolation desFr^Lu ""•"''• '*'" '^ " trois eccl^siastiqucs au moius lesaull . . ^ '''" '"■*'°' "" '* ^1'^ N. jC. y ama " orne.cn, etge'„.rale.e^;Xtn;d;t^^^^^^^ que fonction de leur .inistire. pein ts dit^ 6 Intr ~'"^' '''°' P"""- '«- ^ie, "oies. pour se d^clmrger de la diteT,«! ^-f u' '' '"'"'^ "'"'''""' '«« ^its asso- " '1'^f.ioheos. suffisantesVrleur ttZ itl '' "" '"^ ^^'^^-tiques dos te^ " "ombre d'cccl^siastiqu^ ei m^ier est tnn , "'"" '"'"^^ '" ''' ''"^ ^- *• "'"^ grand "elites :.,.bitation«, soit VonrlTnSi^l^Vt T'^^'l'' '' ^^^^ "temps dos dites 16 annles- eTicIir ' / ""* '"^P*"^ ^e- dit« associ^s durnnt L ;; cbarit. tant de ceu. de la'du'e :;:ptirqTet; ^0'" '^ "' '' ^"'^'^^ ' '" '^^-''- seront c.bort^s de subvenir abondTre^ a^'alrdr eTir^" '" "^'"' '^'l^'- qm passeront eu la K F. pour traveller au abt de' W ""»""•' ^"'^' '^"^ '""'« ForSectionl0.seeifl/r4§i72,Note(c) '"' '''"^'^ u I ; 94 " S. M. donnera a porp^tuiW aux dita cent aesocids, leura hoirs ct ayans cauae, en toute pro- pnd u, justice et se.gneurie. Ic fort et habitation de Quebec, avec tout lo dit pays dc la If F dUo Canada -tant le long de, cot.s depui« la Floride, (que Ic, pr^ddcesscur. rois dc S." M. ou fa, Lab.ter,) en rangeant les cotes de la mer jusqu'au cerelc Arctique pour latitude et de longuu e dcpuis I'ls-.e de TorrcNeuve. tin.nt a I'ouest. ju.qu'au graL lae, dittmer douee et au^eU. que dedans Ics tc,TOB.-ct lo Icng des riviere, qui y passcnt et se ddcbar- gent daus e fl^ve appelo St Laurent. autren,ent la grande riviAre de Canada.-et dans tous es autrcB fleuves qu, les portent d ia mer,-terres, mincB. miniercs. (pour jouir toutefois desdUes u>.ne,co.,for„.<;n,cntarordonnance,) ports ct Mvres, fleuves. riLc., etan.,. les, ...lots, c gen ralement toutc rctendue du .lil pays au long et au large et liar deli. tantets.avantqudspourroutetendreetfairoconnoitrelcnor.deS. JI.; „e se Lervant a dite M que le ressor de la fo. ct hommage qui lui sera portee, et A sc. SMccesecurs rois, par Ics d.t3 aseoc.es ou 1 un d'eu:i.-avc. une couronne d'or du poids de 8 ,„ares >\ cbaque mu at.on de ro...-et .. prov.sion des officiers de la justice souveraino. qui lui scront nom- mCs t p..6sentes par les d.fs assocds lorsqu'il sera jug6 d propos d'yenetablir: Permettant auxd,ts«ssoc.c.fa.rcfondre canons, boulels, forger tontes sortcs d'armes offensives et d6fens.vcs, fa.re p,udre d canon, batir et fortifier places, et faire gdneralcment is dits lieux .. ZTo "'"'''"'''' '"'^ P"""* '* «"f«t^ *!« dit pays, soit pour la conservation du com- _^ " 5.-Pourront Ics dits associos am6iiorer et amcDager les ditcs terres, ainsi qu'ils verronfc e re u fa.reet. cellos d.stnbuc: d eeux qui habitc.'ont le dit pays ct autrcs, en telle quautitu eta.ns.qu>lsjugeront.lpropoa; leur douner ct attribucr tcls titres et bonneurs droits pouvo.rs et facultos qu'ils jugerout dtre bons, besoin on neces.aires. scion Ics q,.alites, con' d.t.onsetmer.tcsdcsper8onnes. et generalcment d tclles charges, reserves et condition, qu .Is vcront bon etrc. Kt ndanmoins. en cas d'erection de ducbes, marquisats, eomtos et baronmes, scront prisea Icttrcs de confirmation do S. M. sur la pr&entation de won dit Be.gne.u- g.and-mnitrc, cbef ct surintcndant general de la navigation et com,T.crce de France b.-ht aliu quo les d.ts associes puisscnt jouir plcinement et ppisiblement de ce qui leur •• d^ceUer''" ''' ""''"''' ^' ^' '"""!""'■'' '°"' '^""^ ^"'« ''^ ^^' terres, parts ou portions 1:1 § 169.-Be.side9 wliich, the seventh section sets forth the followincr Iaraue sorte et mani^re que ce soit, en I'tcndue du S pays, et autant qu'.l se pourra etendre; A la reserve de la peehe dcs .n.rues ct baleint seulcnent, que S. M. ve..t ctre libre d tous ses sujets, revoquant d cet effet t^utcs aut^c^ coneess.ons contrmres a reffet que dessus, mo.ne les articles ci-devant ace ,rdes a Guillaume de taen et ses assoc.ds; Et d ces fins interdira S. dite M., pour le dit t..„ps, tout le dit commerce, tan au d.t do Caen qu'd ses aut.c3 sujets, d peine de confiscation !le vaisscaux et marehand.scs, laquelle confiscation apparticndra d la dite compagnie; et mon dit seigneur le grand-ma.tre no baillera aucun conge, passe-port ou permission, a autree qu'aux dita associ^s pour les voyages et commerces aus-ditd on tout ou partie des dits lioux." § 170.— By the eighth section, this monopoly was so far limited as this, in the interest of such French residents of the country a.3 should not bo receiving support from the Company,— and no further ; that such residents might deal for peltry with the Indians, but must give over all beaver skins so p.. jcured, to the Company at 40 sols toumois apiece, on pain of confiscation,— the Company, "a "s "d 95 however, not to be bound to give that nri,.,. fi.- " marchande- ^ "^ P""' ^""^ ^"J' ^^'^ not " bonne, loyale et §171 — The ninth section providn,] fi-,r fnw] in the .h.pe of two vessels of l^to f,i !„ m' 'T^'f"'"" '° "-^-"P-y. but not victualled ; which the Con, ny^r 1 ' /■ ' " '""°' ''""-^' ^'^^ unless indeed such loss should £ LI " ''f ""'""'' ''^ '•^l''-".if'o3t enemies. "'^'^ ^^''^'^ ^'an^eJ m open war by the King's § 172.-The contingency of failure on the part of M,« P remainder of the 4000,-ti:e3Mve:ttu^^^^^ to send out the King the value of these two vessels' lav n. ,f "T'^' '"^ P'^>' «^'^'' ^o the the kss of these vessels bv i,e hands of 2 ir '^f' '° ''" ^"° ^*" '"'^'^^ ''-•'•"S excuse. Such payment ^as to b " Lie ^l^^T"'''' '' '''^'^^ ^ "'^^ tl'om, by the associates, each for lis ow„ ] . T^"'"'^' ^""^^ ' -' *''"-'ing to lose its co.nn.erciaI privileges^c!) "^ ''^^ ^""l''^"^ ^^^ f-th'^r tbem, and also the officers who Ijrcomn T v' '"' '''' ''"^ ^'^^'-'-^ ^^ fortified posts, were to take the Ki !'cor- '" ^^"' '"''""^ '^"^ '" ='" its 8 174. — From the thirfpenn. *« «i Artisans sent out hv iUa r> 5-ce for 6 years, sho^.J^lyX^J rtrV^f '' '''' ^^"^"^ '^ ■^^- "Po>irmcdtresdech./.d>cBuvre» anr T . '''""*'' ''■'^'■*'' ^o be -repute, in Paris or in any otli ttrn If ^Z """^' '^ '"^^ "*°«""^- ^.Je:!:^ magement dc la dite inexocution, ila r s Co u S M^ '' "'"'"P""^ '""' '''^''J"'"- dUs va.soau. so trouvera monter,-^o„ "u '^tiln " 7"" ' ^''^'""'^ ^'^ P'-- ^ea "nmnquo.ent .■! fui^e passer le restedes iZn .. '' "^ '^''^''■' '''^^'>^^' ^^ 15 ils "dlt est) les dits vaiB eaux .;toLn r ! . '^^■«n>«3stipulo ci-dcssus.-sauf si rcomma -prised dc, dits vnissea Jp t /iXsir'^r'^ "° '' ""■ ' "' "^^'^ '^ -titj^i ™ "«ucune solidity, en telle Borte 0^1^^.^''"."^''''''^'''^''''''''-^^^. ans "do la Joui3.nce du ...erce a 2 j;::;:- ^^I^;!^^' ' «' ^^ P'^-. !i! \l I I I: vm 96 All kinds of merchandize from New Franco were to bo frco of impost or toll in Franco, for 15 years; as also all military and other stores destined for New France. All persons, ecclesiastics, nobles, officers and others, wore to be privileged to join the Company without derogation from th r rank. A second hundred of partners might ho admitted. As many as twelve of tho first hundred partners, should there be so many not noble, wero to bo ennobled,— the King placing that number of blank letters of nobility, at tho disposal of the Cardinal, for dif- tribution to those members of tho Company whom it might select for that honor. And lastly, all descendants of French settlers of tho country, and all converted Indians, wero to bo taken for French-born subjects. § 175.— The remaining Sections provided that in case of war, civil or foreign, duo delays should bo granted to the Company; and that all needftil further documents were to issue as of right, in order to tho giving of full cftect to all these arrangements. g 1 TO.— Under authority of this instrument, which was executed by tho Cardi- nal of the ono part, and by six members of tho Company of the other, tho Com- pany immcliately proceeded to organise itself by the adoption of certain '^Articles " ct conventions de Sociiti et Compagnie ;'\d) in some clauses of which, a-rain, tho mgenuity of the learned Counsel hero retained against the Seigniors" has thought to detect a something favorable to the anti-seigniorial theory. § 177.— By these, they formed tho required Company, under the name of " La Compacjnk de la Nouvelle France;' with a certain amount of capital to be raised on certain terms,— its affairs to bo conducted by 12 Directors, to be chosen i-om lime to time, one third of whom at least wero to bo merchants. These Directors were to have the naming, for royal sanction, of the members of tho Company who should have command of the two vessels of war, and also of the country of New France and tho fortified places therein; were to com- mission all other officers and functionaries of the Company; were to make its grants of land, and to commission whom they would to make such grants in the coun- try,— the whole, on such conditions as they pleased ; and, under certain restric- tions, were to carry on all the Company's business,— appointing such factors and .igents as they pleased, where and with whatever powers they pleased. The only clauses at all bearing on the matters hero in question, are the follow- ing,— in reference to certain of tho powers and duties of these Directors :— " 8.— » * nous leur donnons la facult6 de nommer et presenter au roi ceux qu'ilg jugeront " capablcs, du nonibro des dits assooies, pour commander aux deux vaisseaux que le roi " donnera, mume on touto I'etendue de la dite N. F. • • , places et forts qui so batiront en " iccUe. " 6.--Donncr lottres et provisions aux officicrs et gens de coramandement qui doivent «tr« " 6tabli8 par la compagnie, excepts ceux qui commanderont aux places et forts et en tout* " rotcndue du dit pays, qui seront pourvus comme il est dit ci-dessus. (rf) Ed. w Obd,, 4°, VoL I, pp. 9 tt seq. ; and 8°, Vol. 1, pp. 12 ct leq. 97 " ? — Distribuer lea terrcs de la dite \ V a t 1^ : les p,u. avantageu.cs pour U 1 ^S s "uT t""'""" "' ^"'•'' --"' ^t- " et enjosler Ics conditions. ^ ""'' ^ ^'°^' P°"' '» distribution dos ditcs 103 " compagnie." ""1" "* J"S«'*"t niceswire, pour lo bien de U dUe d.U cas ,I« seront teoua d'appeler on leur a,semhl e le^ InV""' w ' ' ^""^ "« 'i"'«« fa . se pourra; et no vaudra co qui aura 6t6 par eu^ rl T "?""*"* '^'"' '^^^^^ fl"* •-. au moin, aouscrito de 20 d.s 3its asaooi. rcompris ! "l"'"! "" '"^ '^'^'i'x^'^tion ne •'en la pr- ««tre "d|recteursetdu secretaire de la compagnio" °' "" ""'"« «°"»«"t«« de4dc8 "qu'.ls,<,„d™t|iu„p„„,..'^ ■»"l««»«it ]«,,„„,, ■imi«m,otd,„,„„j^^^^ §."'«---'nth«y„rfcll„„i„ „,|,,l5j f J . l«v,ng b«on Wd before tu Kins received hi. L,;',*""""'"""™" fasued in d» form, oriering- "°"°° > "«' '«"«i..p.tei,l(«) n^J in if redaction. °«^ mterpretafon, ftom the ,o,d, Jw 17^ c:ri !: re *c « '"■■ ■""- » -"■•»« •» than »hat thej de.crib«l .hemM hfvfnt itT « f ^?"'" *" '"" '«•» '"^ 0. the c„..„ f„„ ,ei, „ J.X t:; ciet":h{:%r: it:; («) Ed. et Oai,., 40. Vol 1. pp. I, ,t „^. . ^j g„^ y^,^ J ^^ ^^ (" 08 their having boon nnything less. The fact of tlio King's having promised that ho would rovoko all grants of land made in his name, so far from jjroving that ho had made none, proves it to have boon known and admitted that he had ; that his grants were of a kind (unless cancelled) to interfere with tho operation of the grant he was then making. Nor does it even prove that he, tho King, had or pretended to hiivo the hijal right to revoke such grants, by the mere operation of his will and pleasure. Every one know that tho maxim " dmner et ^^retenlr ne vaut" was as good in law, against tho Crown as against the subject; that what the Crown had given, it could not legally resume at will. If tho recitals of this Acie are to be believed, those earlier grantees had absolutely failed to avail themselves of their grants. It is as certain as any matter of history can be, that with very fow exceptions indeed, they had no sort of possession, and that generally thoy could not have so much as taken possession, even as matter of form. No doubt thoy were, all or nearly all, in gross default as regarded the conditions of their grants. When the King engaged to revoke their grants, he must be presumed to have had this fact in view. Indeed, ho in effect recited it as in his view. His meaning (for all ends of legal interpre- tation) must bo understood to have been, that he would do what he was engaging to do, in a legal way, and not in an illegal way ; either enforcing an escheat by legal process, or else inducing the interested parties' to abandon a claim liable to be legally defeated. It is observable, moreover, by the way, in reference to the four grants above remarked upon, (§§ 160— 163,) that the Company renewed that of Notre Damo dos Anges(/') to the Jesuits, as we shall presently see ; that Hebert was left to hold bis grants of Sault-au-Matelot and St. Joseph,((7) unrevoked, and without re-grant or confirmation ; and that the King compensated Guillaumo do Caen, — not as for an express revocation of the grant of his Barony of Cap de Tour- mento, but simply as having been '' d^poMidi,"—hy granting him another Barony elsewliere.(A) In these cases, perhaps the only cases whore the parties might have made out a grievance, the matter was thus arranged, without any testing of the promise of revocation. In others, it is likely enough that there was no need of arrangement. The King had engaged with the no'v Company, that thoy should have no trouble from claimants under his grants ; and, — the lands being worth nothing, and the claimants being acquiescent, whether from this cause, or from poverty, or from consciousness that their claims would not bear looking into, — one may presume that the Company had no trouble from this source to complain o^ or, if thoy had, that the Crown in one way or other easily put an end to it. ( f) By No. fS of Abstbact. (g) Vide tuprd, § 164, Note(y). (A) Vide suprd, §160. I It! I 99 ' 8 182.--TI,o other suppowd tra.io of the trust idofi, which was «,k,„.^» . . the learned Counsel in the anti-soigniorial interest is ^r ff ^ ^^ u '' ^^ section of the grant, and in the seventh of the ^^'^ {^7,': A '^ '"' It was contended, that the rovil a,.tl,«ri.n.- "^ 7. of Assoomtion. j>-er. f.r the i^p^v™ i^j:::!:'zzz^:'ji "tt^^ ''- France, imported a trust for such -listribution m d t nt h« '^^ "^ ^''" charge by the Comi>any to their l)!r.,.f. . '"'"g"ment of that of such trust. ^ "'""• ""I""''*"' '* recognition on their part, § 183.— Trying, for the moment, to suppose the case so tn f.» - « . . obvious remark suijm.sts itself as tn H,« / ®' * '^'■•■" ""^^ ^ery trust. ^^ *-"• "•' "^ "'° '^'''■"•'*«'«' «nJ «-vtont of this suj.posed The authority given to the Company is this :- «l mmi™ ,k, p.„,.,„^ „ g4„£.„| ' , " " "'«"""«■. "!•« I«. ,|mlw, o„i„|is„„, • «™. p™. ,.„„. J. .,.„,;„: "jVsm" t ^ ""''""■''■ """'"• "' I"""-.-, .zrr:.iTr,i't .it^Tirrr •"-" «- » - "- may please, and for the advantage n.erely of trOo' ''''-^"""^ ''* '^'"^ only that if their pleasu.. should'be to cl^l he granr;!'. ""'" '"^"^''■^" earldoms or baronies, the grantees must get tl S" Jj Itt ? '""^"'''*'"' an or er to the real enjoyment of such te'ritorl 1 S '^^""^ ^' ^°"«™"^-n o"e^:t" ::^r r ir :ji^r :- - - = « - ^o do as -e a particle of Hght or claim, ^nrir :^:::Qr ^S^^r § 184._Supposing, even, that the words which here ,V>«r,i the discretion of the Company to hfi ^..r '"'' .^"'^ "^""^O" everything to interest and the pleasure onKecLand'Tno T '', IT "'^'^ *« "*« -" inference sought would still be frftmfl:-:"'"^' '"' '"" '^^^^ ^*^-^' '^^ Shi ll^rC tTent^rd ItyteZrcTr ""'^' ^^ "^^^r if he wished it? The quesUon ansZ u^' B^utT" ' "''*.'' '^ ^'^^^ «"'' of Association of the Company apTom Kv '. I '"''"'"''' '^ *^« A^icle^ also answe. it, by «bowinrn leTrnTtW Si^' t^^ "' "'T '^"°*^^ (§ ^^^). ^-.^ortheCompany,anlthattheit,rbrg^^^^^^ t;, 100 as much of pntronago as could well bo given them in the matter. No trace is to bo found of tlio notion that any one else had anything to do with it. The Company was also to maintain a number of ecclesiastics. Could any ecclesiastic prefer a claim to such maintenance ? The Articles of Association charge the Directors to select members of the Company (Art. 5), for certain commands. Could any such member therefore claim such command ? They direct the commissioning of other officers (Art. 6), and of clerks and fn-tors (Art. 0), in tho same style in which they direct (by Art. 7) the distri- bution of land. Had any man, therefore, a right to claim of them any of such employments ? Tho discretion of tho Company, and of tho Directors was lefl just as free in any one of theso cases as in any other. Indeed, the eleventh of tho Articles of Association, of itself alone, is a full proof that no one thought of the Company as under obligation to attend to any ones requests for land, otherwise than as it should suit the views of its Directors and other members to do so. To what end, otherwise, the requirement of 20 signatures of Directors and other partners, set in presence of an Intendant, to all grants of more than 200 arpents, while 4 signatures of Directors, with that of the Secretary of tho Company, were to bo enough for any other act whatever? § 185.— If, indeed, these passages had been far less explicit than they are and had stood unexplained by any context, there might seem to be some show of reason for an argument to this efrect,-that although no one but the Company took an mterest in the grant, so as to be able to require a sub-grant on any specified terms, or even any sub-grant at all, yet the Company itself might be viewed as tho dipnsitaire of a high public trust, and as bound thereby to a public duty, limitative (though in a very indefinite degree, and at the instance of the Crown only) of its proprietary right, properly so called. § 186.— But, in the first place, they are of a date and of a country, repellant of such interpretation. The seventeenth Century was not the time, and the France of that age was not the country, for this kind of refinement in the mere interest of an idea of abstract public right. And they occur, besides, in instruments which fully and clearly show what their meaning was ; and that that meaning was precisely accordant with the temper and habits of that time and country. § 187.— It was always held in principle, (as has been shown,) that the grant of a_/fe/ was an essentially bilateral contract; the grant itself, however imper- fectly phrased or recorded, binding the grantor— expressly or by implication of Custom— on every point involved therein, and that, irrevocably; and the accept- ance, even though it were the mere act of taking possession of the realty granted, as largely and as irrevocably binding the grantee. But here, extraordinary pains were taken to show that it was meant by both parties to put of record the fact that this grant was in the strictest possible sense a bargain— between contracting parties, after full discussion and appreciation on both sides, of all its terms. 101 r»po.illoi,.r,omcliirorelitaii«K„Jl,. I ■ ,' I*™ 'li"«»»o ^ § 102.— Expressions fell from the learned Counsel retained against tho Seig- uiors, of a nature to imply that there was a something in respect of liability to forfeiture for non-performance of contract, that distinguished the Canadian Jlef from the French, and tended to imprint on the former a trust-character. In this respect, there was no particle of difference between the two. For failure of his contractual obligation, the French vassal always incurred forfeiture just as certainly as the Canadian vassal could do. Desaveu t^nd /elonie imported forfeiture under this rule; simply as being such failures, in respect of certain clauses of the feudal contract— essential or natural to it, as might be. Every Dominant and vassal, in regulating the terms of their contract, might make or unmake causes of forfeiture, under their contract, as they would. But their doing this affected no one else. The vassal liable to a hundred special con- liaWe tl on^"'''' """' ^ ""'' ""^ '" *"'"'''" ^*'' ^^"^ ^""^''"^ *' *^" "»^*^ ""^^ It is no part of the Seigniors' pretension, that tlie King could not do this in CanadS; nor even, that within certain limits be did not do it. All they say is, mtmm 103 BO ,„uci moro extenZ Z' I .'^f ""'"'«' «f ''« "I-'ci"! obligations,- contract, nZ o t UM th Cr T^'fl "^'T' '^ "" '''"^'' ^-''"" "^ ^"^^ been this cause of forfeitL ^'"■"' ''''''' ^""'^ ""^ "^"^^ r'<-: In H S^ 104 _ It went almost as far towards giving away his execntlve supreniacv as Lis J«d:ml. For he was not to have the direct choice of a single functionL con nected with the affairs of New France. ^-uonary con- And it reserved to the Crown, as ««2«-am, a proprietary rfiwfe as small as Zur\rZ \^°"'"""; T,"^ '" ^'""''''y ^'''"^'''^ ^'•^*'«''"''». °f no'ni^al vame,--to the exclusion of all pretence to quint, relief or other feudal due of any kind. § 197 —It went even further. ,•„vlV^"!."^'!*^*'"'"^"if ^"'""""^ '■*^"-^' '* '"^ '^''^' ^""^ Poetical purposes, involved the allowance of an unlimited ;m defef on the part of the Company (0 For there being no dues on mutations, however made, there could be no dis- tinction of privileged and unprivileged,-no working check on any. The Crown could neither demand di-es of any one acquiring land from the Company, under pretence of making him a co-vassal with the Company, for his part of the/?./ of New France ; nor yet ever subject him to loss, from having his title treated as non-avenu, in the interest of the Crown. But, that there might be no possible question as to the effect of all such alienations, it declared expressly (by that fifth Section which has so strangely been readf;) as if it could have been meant to be limitative of the Company's powers) that the Company was to have this unlimited jeu de fief, as against the Crown. The Crown, as Dominant, bound itself to recognise and admit all man- ner of titles to land that the Company should see fit to issue ; derogating, therein, trom the feudal rule in all time known and settled, to Uie contrary. § 1 98.-There was never any doubt as o the capacity of Dominant and vassal to d-gate, as between themselves, from this rule, or from any of the usages a to i\.jjeude /./that grew out of it. So that, of cou«e, the Company i Dominant) would have been free, even without this clause, to let their vL Js do what they would as to this matter, so far as the Company's rights went. But &.S clause gave them the further freedom of so doing, as against the Crown fitwfr?*^ bar^aa removed from the introduction (if the Company should see inlres f 7"!™^^^'" ^«/«/ which it was obviously desirable, in thepublb to 1^ ent tamed of absolutely introducing it. The Company were as free o maintain It, or even to enhance its rigor as between them^^lves and their ZZ tees, as they were to do otherwise. ^ J^^ll ^"^'t ^'T ^f ^ ""^ *^' '"'^P''' °^ '"^^ *^'"««' to tie the hands of a pr<^ pnetor by pubho rule, for mere public interests. ^ (i) VHt suprd, §§ 102, 103 et $eq. ij) Vide supra, §§ 182 et teg. 105 § 199.-A larger consequence of this fifth section.-which was thus in ir„ii, § 200— Of this grant, the Seigniors now hear it ar^uPrl ih., * a word of what it savs hut ;„»;. .x.- , *'^g"ed,— that, not meaning Ihey have no occas on to areue that it fuila «t .• ,, • , documents that followed it. '""^ """^ "''^^ ^'^^ ««"«« of pro- fc ^m, of ,Ue pa„t (a. they .™ „„., s„oh .. « „toit of . Joubt ";;„ Z or 18 j.a„, .„, when .herefon, (from the .ile,c. of the Co Ji„ th.t b.Lf ) ftliS ! »!■• C'o,„, ,0 a. to h.™ been out of danger of the penallle. of doles.... iT:et'.,:i'Xr •""" °' '""'»• "• '«"«"«™e-' la e made hem oo happy to throw up their grant-agreed to make and mX for the consideration of a stipulated yearly payment of 1000 beaver skins fnd of an undertakmg by the settlers to buy all their stores at a uaUon a;d to (*) Vide supra, §§ 189, etc. 106 relieve them of all charges for local a^lministration, and so forth, a cession to the settlers, as a communaute d^hahitans, of their trading rights within certain terri- tonal limits, large enough to cover all the ground then at all resorted to for such purposes, The Articles setting forth the terms of this cession, open thus :— ^ qm lu. ont 6t6 donn^a par le dfifunt roy de gloriense m*5moire, et ce faisant .Icmeurera en pleine pyopnn^, ordonnons et ^lablisgona un conseil souverain, en notre dit pays dela N F L appartenoit.--pour ^tre le d.t conaeil souverain scdant en notre ville de Quibe^" etc. sal'!^7f ^m"','" *5' ^^'"^'' ''"«t''"««ons under date of the "Tth of May of the ponZ't ; f ^"'t'^^^ :'" ^-"^ ^^"* -t - ^ Commissioner to'report upon the state of the colony, there occurs this incidental reference :- (0) Enns .t Obi,., 40, Vol. 1. pp. 21 ct ,ej. ; 8", Vol. 1, pp. 37 ct .eg. (P) H.n..0«n.,40. Vol. 2.PP. ,uUe,. Comm.«o.s .« Qop.. „ I«,.,pp. 22 ., «,. VM 108 " Sur CO qu'il . 6t^ reraontrS an roi, quo jusqu'd prdscnt la propri6t6 du dit pave ayant mains do S. M., il n y avoit point de justieo ruglfio," etc. § 207.-A manuscript document in the French archivesfy) shows, again, the anguage m wh,ch the members of the Company, some eight years af;;rw;rds, referred to th.s transaction, when preferring their prayer to the Kin^ for the dedommaoetMntr in hope of which they had made their surrender:! « S. M. coneidfirara, s'il lui plait, que par la dite remise clle est entrfie aux droits dent la " compagoie jouissalt, qui aont * * "^ *" " Plus la propri«t6 de tout le pays, d'oii il so pout tiror dcs bois coasiddrables pour la construction et mastage des vaissoaux, forts et autres Mtimens ■""^^™'"«« P<»«- ^ " Plus lea forts et habitations, avee les canons, magasins et munitions." iJ ^|;f-f '■.'^"S';' '^ ^^t'-'t ^^^ King gave the Company as a property,_what tlesetlers w,th the King's approval) admitted for the Company's p oplrty and did not b..y,-what the Company gave back to the King L a property - what the Kmg again and again called a property that he had acquit byfuch retroeess,on,_what its ex-proprietors never hesitated to characterise as haWnS been the.r property, when asking the King to pay them for it,-was all the wMe ri^rr;?;^ eZ* "^' ^'^ ^""'^ '-'' ^— ''^^^ ^^' ^ ^ riltfnf . \""''.^^' '' "'^'"''''^^ ^'''^ ""' *''=^^'<^» '<> '"^intain that rights of property, when given m those times, were always scrupulously respected. On the contrary, as part of their case, they will have occasion to show present 10 wha extent and how the temper and habits of those times causedThori"hS aw, even by those m authority, is wholly aside from the question of what the It tiZ", ""T^ r "°/ ''' '°" P"P"'^ '" "'^' ^--- - f-t P-er may at times have put m hazard some of iu essential incidents. § 210.--In this case, however, and with reference to this grant to the Com- pany of New France, there is no question of its having had effect given to it very fuHy and exactly, at least in so far as regarded Canada,-from the time when the retrocession by England (in 1632-3, under the treaty of St. Germain en Laye) of Canada and of the portions of Acadie which the English had over- run, enabled the French Crown to place the country in the effective possession of the Company, down to the time when, in 1645, the settlers (as we have seen) were allowed to acquire a great part of its rights. And from this latter date as regarded the rights not so acquired by the settlers, and especially as regarded the Company's absolute proprietary right in the soil, it was still very fully car- ried out until 1663, when the Crown re-acquired those rights by voluntair sur- render of the Company. (?) y -1 Doc. Qua. Hist. Soo., 2d Series, Vol. 1, pp. 49-51. 109 § 211.— With regard to that part of New Fnnpo ♦!,«„ i § 212.— Acadie formed part of the territory granted to the Comna.. . i of Acachan titles to land, mention 8 such grants, (s) vil T^ '^'' "^''''''^" . l.-In 1632 (May 19), to Razilly, who is described as »ri«.ul„ i t> •„ " Lieut, pour le Jioi, en la JV F " rf .. / T, ™ , "^ ^'^"''o ) («) The deed is referred to, in the ^rvH of 1703. ns of date of 1642, Jan. 16. Though it IS more than possible that Charnisny's poseessiou may have been of earlier date. (.) The atate of affairs in Acadie through this period was so remarkable, and (i„ order to the nght understanding of the documents to be presently eited)so interesting, as to wairant the following condensed extract from Gnmeau. I have not the means of verifying the stfttcments tliere made as to the first division of Acadie into three provinces, and the commissioning of RaziUy, la Tour and Denys as their respective Governors. If such Commissions issued after 1628, it is presumable that thev issued on the presentation of the Company. Denys' did so, certainly {infrd § '>18 ) Nor can I verify the statements as to the grant on the river St. Jean in 1627,''to the elder la Tour, and its confirmation in favor of the son, by royal letters patent before 1684 From the Arrit nf 1703, it is plain that if such grant was so made and confirmed, the la Tours (father and son) took the further precaution of getting titles from the Company in 1635 and 16S6,— being grants 5, 6 and 7, noted in the text. Tlie statement that la Tour the younger got the grants of Isle de Sable, La Heve and Port Royal, in 1634, is contradicted by the Jlnit of 1703 ; which assigns these m-ants f2 3 and 4, noted in the text) to Razilly. ^ ^ ' ^ As to the after-narrative, I am not aware that there is any question. Acadie,-8ay9 Garneah, starting from the time of the retrocession of the conquered nart of it, in 1632-3, under the treaty of St. Germain-en-Laye,— _" resla abandonnfie aux traitans. Laiss^s h leur propre'cupiditi, sans frein pour rfprimer " leur ambiUon dans ces deserts lointains ou ils rugnaient en chefs indepcndans, ces mar- " chauds s'arm^rent bientot les uns contre les autres. et renouvell6rcnt en quelque sorte lea " luttes des cli&telains du moyen fige. • * «L' Acadie fut divisfie en trois provinces, dont le gouvernement et la proprietd furent « donnas au commandeur de RasiUi, 4 Charles Etienne de la Tour, et a M. Denis. Au pre- « mier dchut Port-Royal, avec tout ce qui i-tait au and jusqu'i la Nouvelle Angleterre • le « sec-nd eut depuis Port-Royal jusqu'au Canecau; le troisiime, la cote depuis Canceau jus- " qu'a Gaep^.— Rasilli fut nomm6 gouverneur en chef de toutes ces provinces. " La Tour, d^sirant faire confirmer par le roi de France k concession de terre faite 4 son « p6r8 en 1627, sur la riviere St. Jean, obtint des lettres patentee qui lui en assuraient la Ill but also liis character at Court obtiino.l Uf„, ! / ^ours establishments, wbich, .r,e, reci.., „r Li. di4„S;:i'„: tt S /H" '"« '^'^ "' gomnor ana olberwiw, tl,„ .nrorem™ rf I. T ' 7 ^°'"'' "" ' '««! ^"J, 110 was confarmed or a]>pointed— one « a..Jao.to. Mais le lla^TL m^; irZll:"^^ ' '• '' ^''^"' "^^ '^^^ « beaut^s naturelle,. • • qu'l, «« ,« fit .fder par la Tot 1^' ""n"T' * '" "^^^«- '^^ "^^ " Peu de to,„ps apr6.. Ralilli „o,,ut, et ses frSL c^S-It ''" ^ "" "" '''''^"^''- * * •' de Oharnisa. qui fat no.^e gouveLu;de tutj ,^1: " ^""'"■"^ '^ ^ '^•^•^'-)^ i^e premier acte de Charnisfi fut d'abandonDer la H.^«"• • m • • - traite des pel.e.erie, - - . .oit mal entendl s^^et desl li «, tuuTi'''^'' "^ "^ i7i?:r=Se^::;rsr:;::^^^^^^^^ •' "S^r^:rs^;:;rirsi^ ^.rL:sr:S::^ '■ que. rcgut I'ordre de I'arret r et de 1^0"! "■'t"*"'"^^ dans resprit du monar- " n-osa point le soutenir ZjtLt^ S^. . ' t " 7"' '* ^""^^"-"""^ "^^ -««> -1 e ;; permettre d la Tour de prendre le voCL ofv ultrr^ "'"''■ *>"'" ""--^ force le mit en .tat no„ seulement de faire w7e itTci ' "'": ' * ' ^^"« encore jusqu'au pied de ses propres murailles ♦ • ^ '^' '"'"* ^' Poursuivro ••rAcadieetlaNouvelleC e"e rEA" '"''^ 'T'' '' "^ «rce ent^ " D6barrass6 des Am.rieafns, e g uTe .eurde^^ ' ""'"^'' ' * " sent de son fort, y oourut pour le ^d" mlif m!: "''rT '^"'' "* ''°"'- ^""' '^^ ^:X"rai::pS:j;r^^^^^ " dans la place le jour de Pdquer Mada.^ Ta TorrTf " V^^^ "'""''''"' ««<'''^'«'»«'>' " pouvait encore se d.fendre.ie forMlt^ri^^J^'''^ "°° P"^'* ^^^ '"'"•' "-^ «"« ;; colui-ci vit le peu de mond^l q Uv:it eu '^^^^^^^^ Quoad "lationsi honorable, ilpr^tendit avoir 616 trn,?»?fi»!f '^"'°"" ""^"^^ "°« =«Pit«- " loul..' • . -Vol. ,, pp. uj.ij" ° ■"" '' '""' * '• "«•• •' l«ei .n cUtoo SI. W MS8. Bo,, te. H,„. s„„., ja s.ri^ Toi. t, pp. m_im :k- i Sfi ! 113 cannot precisely say which— aa Governor of the whole of Acadio, with most extensive powers, administrative, legislative, and oven diplomatic ; all of which, however, he was apparently to find his own means of enforcing, and that at his own cost. The clause in this instrument, defining his powers as to land, is the following : " Voulons et entcndons que le dit Sieur d'AuInay Chamif ay puisse, ct Ini donnons pouvoir " de 86 r^server et approprier ce qu'il jugera estie plus commode et propre A, son ^tablisse- " ment ct usage, dos terrcg du dit pais d lui,— et d'en donner ct departir telle part qu'il " advisera, tant d nos dits sujets qui s'y habitueront, qu'aux dits originaires,— et de leur attri- " buer tels titrcs, honneurs, droits, pouvoirs et facult^a, qu'il jugera bon estre, eelon lea qua- " lit^g, m^ritea et services dea pereoDues." The whole of this grant — inclusive, as of course, among other things, of what was altogether its most valuable item, a strict monopoly of the trade in peltry — was made as of a property en fief, in these terms : — — " Bvons au dit Sieur d'Aulnay Chamisay, privativement & tous autres, conwSdfi, octroy* " et attribu6, ct par cea pr&entea concfidona, octroyons et attribuons, en conflrmant la poases- " aion en laquelle il est de ce faire, la traite dea pcllcteriea aveo lea dita aauvagea de la " Cadye depuia la riviere Saint Laurc-t juaquea d la mer et tent que le dit paiia et coates " pourront a'estendro juaqu'aux Virginea,— " pour en jouir, ensemble lea terrea, minea d'or, argent ct cuivre, et autrea m^taux et mi- " ndraux, et de tontea lea choaea ci-deaaua d6clar6ea, d lui, sea hoira, aucoeaseurs, et ayanta «' droit, — " d cause de nous, en faiaant I'hommage, en personne ou par procurei r, attendu la distance ** dea lieux," etc. § 215.— The death of Charnisay, however, not long after, made an opening for la Tour ; of which he was not slow to take advantage. In 1651 (Feb. 27), he obtained accordingly, in turn, the King's letters- patent,(.i:) setting forth his distinguished services, for the longer term of 42 years, and especially against Charnisay, (from all of whose charges he is, by the way, declared to have been acquitted on the 16th of that month,) and confirming or appointing him — the phrases are again ambiguous — as Governor of all Acadie, with powers nearly answering to those conferred on Charnisay in 1647 • though rather more briefly stated, and not en fief^ nor with any expressed here- ditary right of property in his Government. These letters-patent contained the following clause, in reference to his old grants of land ; thought advisable, it is to be presumed, by reason of the very difierent disposition which the King had indirectly assumed to make of them by his grant of 1647 to Charnisay : — " Voulons et entendona que le dit Sr. de St Etienne [de la Tour] ae reserve, approprie et " jouisse pleinement et paisiblement de toutea lea terrea d luy ci-devant accordees, et d'icelles "• en donner et d^partiv telle part qu'il avisera, tant d noa dita aujeta qui s'y habitueront, " qu'aux dita originairea, ainsi qu'il jugera bon'dtre, euivant lea qualit^s, m4rites et services " dea peraonnes." (x) M?S. Doc. QoE. H»x. Soo., 2d Series, Vol. I, pp. 206-210. 113 r« «.. -«uu«on :s„« r*;- ^r";,:;^.';- -jr "S"-"" .ft.™.rd., h, „„ri«l h.r, mi Lm J n.™«w III 7''' ' ""'' "'°'"' minor children of l,U old rival „ mil ». „M° "" "" P'»P«'')' »f 'li« •tao, .n»p.«M .. conl74z ,:; X'XTL ""' ': "r""- encounter. * "wquittal, lie had now hostilities to .1^0. cL„„i», Ld :iu::::is:;rc^^^^ r:'-- "■• i»PH«...d, ..d :Lrr jj:;\fisttd''r"'"«'''""^ of most of Acadie, in 1664 bv th« INr^i! i? , . '^' ^^ * "«^ <=«"q"e8t Cromwell made a ,rant'"'th: lt:l'rt:^^^ Z' tf ' '"V^^"' assocates, Temple and Crown ; and it only e passed into f , """ ^"^'"'' session of the French Crown, in 1667, undL theTe^ :rBre7:^^^^^^ ^''^■ tbe^ltp!::n?tf Snir;r^^^^^^^ - « --• «•--* under the b.o.l-ro.va.. the D„o 7^^^! ^^^ LTrFefl^^ ' ^"'"^^ °^ a party acting as attorney for the wido^ Cha ni.«lJ ^ ^' '''""*''^' '^''^^ of partnership or associaLf.) between T::^^:'Z7i:t " '' ' '''' tomamtamtheirrightsat Court and otherwise and 7l! Charn.say.-he make over to him the half of their assle'/^'o Ae^^ '" ""^'■'^<''^^'- *« Indeed, under date of December of the same year tmo; .1, v . furmsh adocument implyingan acceptance b^re K n^o 'the D T '-^''"" gnior of Acadie, in virtue of this instrument It Z. ¥* ^"''^ ^' ^°-Sei- forward in 170S, by the Duke' en osZ •" ^^P^^''^ ''^^^ l>««nput and it may, the/efo^, b^atVstrTe ;: n7thTKi:''''VV" ^'^'^^^ it. But its existence, in the archives a, !!!, . ^ ''^'^"■^^ ^^«°"ted (y) Recited in the ^rrit of 1703 ; «6i ,uprd.. (.)Rocitedia^„..,„fm8; aUo in itTW. Introductory to ,ame, «6.-^;,,. (o) " Mais ses menses nvec leg Anfflnif. l'<.,ron* . j " cela 4 main arm6e s'U 6t«it n^cessaire/'-allT; yr'; ^uT "" ^•*''"' ** (*) MSS. Doo. Qdb. Hist. Soc, 3d Series Vol 2 nn kso o t .... ubi tuprd, ' '^'- ^' PP- "2-8 ; »''«' '•ecited in ^rrU of no8, (c) 0.a»..„. Vol. ,, pp. 151, 2; also documents recited in M of ,708. ubi .upra id) Recited in Jrrit of 1703, and in Mimoirt; ubi nprd. H 114 men's minds were in those days, from anj too high idea of public right, or of public tru^t ns involved in the high ofHccs of the state. The preamble of this instrument (or perhaps, draft of instrument) for recog- nJzing the successor to Richelieu's office of " grand-maistro, chef et surintendant- " g6n6ral de la navigation et commerce de ce royaume," and uncle of the King, as Co-Soignior with the heirs Charni8ay,((') reads thus : " Commc nous serons toujours bien aise de maintenir nog gujcts dr.ns la joulMsnee de «• qui " Icur appartient, auasi avons nous Ms ngrdable que pour te conserver dans lu pro|)ri6t6 dcs " grAccs etbifnfaitsque m<\ia leur ovons departis, ils se servcnt des moyens qu'ils tiouveront " Dfoprea et commodes A cet cffet, — or, estant arriyiS drpuia quelquo tempa quo curUiiia par- " ticulicrs, (entre autrea, les uommtia CImrloa de Turgis de St. ICgticDue de lu Tour, Himon et " Nicolua Deuis, friires, et Maillet) ont usurpfi sur notre cliiVc et bien Rira6e De. Jeanne " Motin, veuve de Cliarlea Mciiou vivant Seigneur d'Aulnay, (auquel ct see eufans, par cog " lettroB pntcntoa du moia de F^^vrier de I'nnnie 1647, noim donnusmes le gouverucmcnt per- " p6tucl et la pr(ipri<5t6 do touto I'eatcndue doa pniis, costes d'Acadie, et isles uilj.iceutea de " la N, F. en I'Ameiique Scptentrionale,) divers f.)rt8 et placea considiJraMeg du dit pays, et " qu'ello a grand sujet d'apprfihcnder, si elle n'est pas proniptement et puissaniment secourue " d'hommes, de vivres, d'argent et de vaisscaux, ello sera entiirement depoBsiidee da ce qui " reste en son ^ouvoir, — " Ellu a eu recours dans un si prcssant bosoing, d notre Ms cher et trtJs aimfi oncle le Due " de Vandoame, pair de France, grand-maiatre, clief surintendant-gf-neral de la navigation et " commerce de ce royaume, sur la confianco qu'clle a priae que la consideration de sa nais- " Bsnce auBsy bien que le rang qu'll tient luyicroituue protection asseur^e, et quod'aillcurs " par I'authorite quo sa charge luy donne, il pourroit mieux que personne la ri'tablir dans " ce qui luy a est6 usurp6, la retircr d'oppreasion, et la garantir avec sea enfans d'une ruyne " totallo qui acroit inevitable s'ils perdoieut la proprifit6 dea d. pays, pnrce que tout ce qu'ils " avoient de bien a este employu dans le baatimcnt dea d. forts, & foire des peupladea, etd " restablissement des s^minairea de personnes eccl^aiaitiquea pour vacqucr d la conversion " des Sauvagea et au salut des Amea de ceux qui se sont habitu^ en ces quartiers Id, " Mais d'autant que notre d. oucle le Due de Vandosme sera oblige de faire de grandes et " immenaes d^penses pour donner secours d la dame d'Aulnay, et recouvrer sur les sus- " nonun^s les lieux dont ils se sont emparez,— et qu'il ne seroit pas raisonnable qu'il lea fist « sans quelque eapoir de renJtoursement,— elle a donn6 charge de convenir en son nom aveo " notre oncle le Due de Vandosme, que moycnnaut cela il demeurera, enaemble ses hoirs, " succesaeurs et ayant cause, conjoinctcment avec elle, ses enfans et ayant cause, Co-Seigneurs' " de ses terres et pays de Acadie et isles adjacentes de la N. F. en TAmSrique Septen- " trionale, gouvemement et pouvoirs y attribuer, et d'en signer et arrester ainsy qu'U • £te " iaict un traits d'association," etc § 218.— The only remaining document citable in this connexion, which I have been able to find, is the commi88ion(/) granted by the King to Nicolas Denys, in 1654 (Jan. 30), pending his struggles with le Borgne, and just before the surrender (by la Tour and le Borgne) of the parts of Acadie for which they were fighting, to the English. This Commission recognizes Denys as formerly " itutitui et itabli par la com^ " pagnie de la Nouvelle France " as Governor of the territory from Cap Rosiers (e) MSS. Doo. Que. Hist. Soo., 2nd Series, Vol. 1, pp. 221—3. (/) Edits it Obd., 4o, Vol 2, pp. \1 it $eg. ; OoM. DBS Gouv. n hn^ pp. 17 et uq. 118 -"^':!!fi^:^7}!::2:'i^:::z '- r '-' " ^-- -^- " mam arm^ et »ars auJn Z't "' " ^"^^^^''^^'^^y^d hi, settlement, " d Pbra.,0 that .„.ks the Cor. ^21 'JmTt cZ """' '"T "'"''^"''^ ^' Tour, oonfirms-or natnos-hin. Z V . ^''"""*">'' «"J of 1051 to U Cnpo Breton and oiC2n^X^:Zi:L ^'''f ""' ''^ Newfoundland, " paffHie de la N. F.- etc. ^ """"' domination et la ditc com- Like the Commission to la Tmir tu\ • . Co,npan,. old grant, to hi„^I:;;;';;r^^^^^^ *° -"«™ '^« of Ih. prop,i»ta,r right th.reby convoy.J | ^ """' '» «•!«« for .lleg,d t„..„„, b, Oh.n,I17 " '""^ '•"•''! «" tbat b.d «t,i"bX™e si'srrc "°'"'"° "■ " ■■' '"'"" '»^ tieml '" "°°' "" ''"'"■' « general regdalion a. to sage :— ^ "* **' '"® claim, there occurs this pas- ^WMSS. V^ „, H,.,, s», W S.H.,,V.,.„^ «,_,„,_„,, „^ J ^,, m "^ 0« Icttre* [(!« T6r. 1647, an Sr. CiinmUay] n'^laient fmlni »oT6g{»Mt», •! ■( on trail " TiHil'i lea faire enr6giatrer, on n'oilt pas mtiniuu d'j fuiru opponui. ij de la part de la com- "|M(P«M dv Ml ^- ('■! 4 qui toute I'Auu'lie et le commerce dei pollvtorics cxcluiif avait Otd ■* $»tm*if 6 par Mit du nioia de Mai 16U^', rrgiatrd au parlement de Dordeauz, laquelle com- ** pl^i' HiM*fMt, et nu pK'judice do loquelle ces letlro^ pateotei na pourraioot paa aroir — showing that tli<9 Crown lawyers of that day wore far enough from fancying that the Crown liad any (lispcnmng power over its contracts, or that it» contract with tlio Company of Now France Iiad passed to that l)ody anything short of the bond fide propriotorHhip of tho soil, — as the deed said. §221. — Indeed, this JfrfmojVc goes further; for it follows tip tho foregoing extract, thus :— " Quand on prondrait droit par ces Mtrofi, eltes ne dannai«nt an 8i«ur d'Auliuy [CTiami- " aay] que le pouToir do s'approprier ca qu'il jugerait (5trc plua commode et proprc & ton " 6tabli8iement et usage. Le droit de la rvure et de ses eofiuu £tait done r^duit d co qa'i) " s'en 6tail approprid «i ulemant, et ne comprenait poa toute I'Acadie." Distinguishing exactly this smaller grant to Charnisay, (upon the supposition, always, of its having had any force at all,) from the larger grant to tho Com- pany, tho rapporteur yet makos it vastly larger than the anti-seigniorial theory would allow that to the Company to have been. Charnisay was free to take to himself what he would ; and what he should have taken, would have become his own. The Company, without having to appropriato anything, had all for its own. By tho anti-soigniorial theory, holding all in trust, it could not so much as appropriate anything in derogation of its trust. No such theory could have been hinted at to the Conseil iTEtat, or (for that matter) to any body in those times, — whether by a Dagucssoau, or by any less distingnislied Crown law officer, or by anybody else. § 222. — Charnisay's grant of 1647, such as it was, and these confirmations to la Tour and Denys, of 1651 and 1654, all provide for sub-granting, — equally with tho grant to tho Company. But how ? To CL," nisay there purported to be given a power of granting lands not specially made his own ; in other words, » power of granting what was treated by that instrument as if it were Crown )and. And with such grants, still accoi I ing to that instrument, he was authorised to confer any kind of title or othpr right, without restriction. — Could any one under that instrument demand a ; ;' , of him, as a right ? If so, on what terms ? Who were to be titled, or otherwise privileged ? Who, but Charnisay, was to judge of the " qualUia, merites et »er- " vicfs des personnes" — according to which, always, his grant purported to make him free to m •• out his grants, by way of reward, as he should see fit ? To la Tour a O^mys, — as to the Company, — the permission came, as having reference to >iLat v <\^ .itte*^ t v be their own. And it came with those added words: "otn« ','''> "''" ':"n itre, suivant let qualitis, mirites et services deg ** peraonnes." '"/hfit i. .'«9t sense could i; .syo borne in their case, than what it bore in the grant to the i. >inpany ? Freeing them from control or interference 117 IM Kms. ot Fn»t. ,d.w, K, ,b, „tu.„„, „, c«,.J..-(i) -i' 118 § 228.— The seven properties acquired by the Jesuits were the following-— 1— Land at Three Rivers (600 arpents), under Title No. 4 of Abstract rr^r^''^[l ^*"'^ '^'' '^''°^'' originally granted by the Due de Ventadour (liUe No. t2, cited suprd, § 163) ; confirmed by Titles fS and 32. *a^"f^f' ^°"'^ ^'"""""^ "' ^"''^'' (°^"°'^ *' ^^* ^2 arpents), under Titles j<7 And o2* 4. — The Isle des Ruauz, under Title 18. «•— La Vacberie, acquired in eichange for part of their College ground- con- firmed under Title 32. e> t. . 6.— The Isle St Christophe, by Title 38c. v.— Land at Tadoussac (6 arpents), by Title 42. § 229.— No two of these titles read alike; but they are all of them as far from bmitative of the grantees' property in the grants made, as they well could ^^ § 230.— The 800 arpente at Three Rivers are given "i toujonrs," «en toute u P'"°P"^'6. «e.gneurie, tout ainay quHl a pleu au roy nout concider le dit pays de la N F. ' It may surely be assumed that it was not meant to require sub- granting from so small a grant ; the rest of the tHle hinting at nothing of the »ort So that these words become double indicative.-as showing, not merely that the Company meant to give by the same sort of tenure as that under which they had taken, but also that they hekl their ownership of New France for m pnvate a property as that of a 600 arpent plot might be in the hands of a religious community. Notre Dame des Anges is first confirmed by Title fS. and the College ground Titl ,f !^ V ^ u' ''• ^^'"'^ " ' '""J*^"'-'" '" " «" *«"'« P^-P"6'6." later, by Title 32, the Jesuits having successfully claimed release from every kind of charge or condition as attached to these grants,_Notre Dame des Anges is re- granted a perpetuite, et en pleine proprieto, en/ranc aleu,{k) avec tous droits de ^^ ^aute, moyenne et basse justice, seigneur^aux et f6odaux, droit de pesche sur ^ lesdites rivieres, vis-4-vi8 de leurs concessions, privativement ^ tous autres, mfeme les prez que la mer couvre et decouvre k chaque mur6e, sans aucune charge ny redevance," under reserve only of appeals from their Justice to the Grand S6u6chal of New France. And by the same Title, the College ground and La Vachene were confirmed to them "en main-morte, sans aucune charge "ny redevance."(it) ® 1 1*?J' ^^w • q"«"i«n '««ed at the ai^ument befor, this Court, whether or not the Companr had the light to create an alcK vuiujwuy h.°d!lSf * ^I"" specially conferred by the 6th Section of their Charter, this might well Crown might possibly have proved to be more naminal than r«l. ^he gr«.t. inihe «.«« 119 Isle des Ruaux, a small property, was given bv Tnh n « «„ ♦ . " sistanco et estendue, sans en rien etenirTi " emr I /n!' ' '" ''"' /»»«*. »^„ „,.„,„, ..„„,,„,„„„t„^„_ , p„|^,^.^_ ^^ ^,^ ;'__», T..I. 4 (for th. la„d .. Tl„«. !«„„, i,„p„,., „,. f,|,„i„^^ „„j „„<,u,c„._ "tions ndcessaires.-! ^ q" 'l" el^oisTont pour ks cultirer et dre.ser lea hubita- ••i:..^.uro,r:ce7r;:::;^t^^^^^^^^^^^^ "ccrtifi^e et que coUU>^^ZTlZh^rT f Tl ^TP-^^i^' ««» « "-«'« ^e ceu, qu'eUe doit Title 13 (for Isle des Ruaux) says the same thing in other words.-except that of tr^eTaT ''"" ''''' '' ''''-' ""' """^'^ ''' -'~ ^« ^^« ~s:t the. having sLeelaLldrcfnrL^ to rel.g.ous services, and (in the latter) as to honors to the Company. Of thes^ wero grant, of persons ^ of t tad. oulTn: J "^"^' ^'"'^' '° '""^ "^ '"''^ " «m« ju'i/, jLront d JoHZTT °[^Z-^'-^- ^'^'^"^ K'^'e" to distribute sucJ. lands ou^ certai;.,) of snu^j;: ;:,:rr::?^^^^ tion. '^ "^ "'^ S™"* " "'" '"'O'^" to have been ever ealled in ques- li Ir 120 the reservation of land clau,eB are the only ones that hare any interest here :- " rue7o?;raVS- ''' •''''^''' ^-^ ^-^' '•'- ^-^ - ^-^ ^^ Q-^^cc et e„"u S! ut besom de p,rtye dee dites terre, pour y faire bastir un fort ou autres baat. Z.T 7.-"etd6s a present ils laisBeront. pour la commodit6 publique, un chemin royal de 20 t^jses de argeur le long des borde de la dito .ivi.re St. Charle.'et du dit Z7st. Lau rent, en 1 estendue dei terres k eui oonc^diies." Title 32, of course did away with all condition as to these two properties, and Zl .' tT ^"^ '^' ^^'^ ^' ^^'''''^^' "°^ '^"'l *' Tadoussac wer also granted, without condition of any kind. § 232.-The Company, then, though bound towards the King, to cause a certan amount of emigration to New France, did not bind these grantees to effect any part of it. For the Jesuits, these contracts created-not an obligation carry out any given number to the satisfaction of the Company-but nriaht hesarrf -"'-"f«.-""try whom they pleased, witU reference to the «a .sfaction or dissatisfaction of the Company as to their choice. All the sh^TdTake t ,f r'^""' ''• ^'" '" ^'^ '^"« ^' any shipments that th?; m Its returns to the King, for its own discharge towards the King.-The Jesuits need not send out a settler, unless they chose contatJ" t te^"^"'"' Tr/" '^^'^^ P-^-'« «f -ntrol, under their contracte, as to the way m which the Jesuits should deal with their lands - whether as their own property, or in the way of alienation by sub Jrat or otheT wise. Large grant or small, all are alike in this. Indeed, L to t£ We ^ I the H^ost striking incidental proof is given of the absoluLness of the proTtv meant to be transferred, by the terms of the special reservations of roadraTdlf buldbr".^r:r'*'""' """P''^'^ °^'-<^ ^- ^-^s or other putlo suffilT; .^M '^'''' '* ^"^ "°* *""S^* *^^* '^' g'-««t«e« would have b „ ufficienlyhela to he render of their land, even for these public uses. W J these petty reservations made,-wa, the sweeping reservation of a right tole concessK,n on such and such terms, ^^anMAo^A «o* «arfe .^-Lf he pe y reservations that were made, were given up. ^ ^ a„ff/«7''' '^""t ^''T'J'"'' '^' ^''P^'"°° '^ ^'^^ "°der restriction,- and the Company from the disposition to restrict them. Qu!be?--'^''''' properties are to be noted, as acquired by the H6tel Dieu of l.-Lands at and near Quebec (12 arpents in town, 30 in the banlieue, and 200 near it), under Title da of Abstract. 2.~Grondine8 (W. part), under Title 10. 8.— St. Ignace, under Title 346. 121 § 234.-The first of these titles seems to have been lost; but it is sufficiently recited in the second of them. "umciently By this latter (No. 10), the land in the town is declared to be given for the bu.ld>ngoftheConvent,-and Grondines (1 league by 10) by Z of flhe, endowment of it. The condition, if any, of the th'ree ialler tLta are n" stated. Those of the fourth and large tract make it (strictly speaking) a grant to be held nobly^ par servtce divin ; under obligation- to render an Lu fvery 20 yean,,-to offer a yearly mass.-to hand in rolls of any emigrants that might be sent out,-and lastly, to enforce the Edict as to the trade in peltry. T?lwr"^'^^^'^r^^"'''*'*'' ^^°- 34*) recites a donation to the Nuns, by Robe.t G,ffard, of a part of a grant formerly made to him by the Compan;,- and on their prayer thus confirms and enlarges their ownership :- -."avons confirms et confirmons, et en fant que besoin est ou 8e«,it, donng. con«5d6 et ac St. Charles, et 10 heucs de profondeur, A prendre • • et pardevant k la riviere St. Charles. U cute ny.ere eomprise. isles et islets estant en icelle. vis d vis la dite i lieue de conc^lo The words « enfranche aunOne et franc aleu» are certainly here out of place ; « the two tenures are incompatible with each other,_and indeed, the obligation to render ana..„eveY 20 years is (in strictness) incompatible with either. But we certainly have here a grant, of noble tenure,-and one that was free of all burthen save this of rendering aveux. § 236.-The Ursulines' properties may be called two in number-— 4«A '7^^'"!?.* !"^"?' ^"'^'" ^* ""'"^*"' «^ «'"*" ^'^H under Titles tSa. t86, tl7a, \26b, t286, f28p, t28rf, and 34a. ' ' 2.— Ste. Croix, under Titles fSa and 34a. Jjnr?L^^V'oTf^"' "*''^ ^°' *^' ™""«'' *'^°t« *t ""'J "«a^ Quebec, tT!^T If' !1 "'' ''''"* "" ^'"^- '^^' «*^"» "« -erely referred TitMSaand^r ''^^'' '''''''' '^''''' ^^^^^ ^^ '^^ '^^ ^^^'^^ ^^ view to the endowment of the grantees, 12 arpents for their buildings, Ac, and alsoSte Croix (1 league by 10) ; and by the latter, they added 30 arpents in the banheue of Quebec, and 200 arpents near it ; .11, on the same terms ; that IS to say under obl.gation_to render an av^u every 20 years,-to offer a yearly m ss,_to hand in rolls of their emigrants,-to eaforce theedict as to trade in peltry, — and further — pour commeacer & dcfnchcr, oultiver et batir sur lea dites terre. conc^d^es et nareil "nombre de 6 personne. I'ann^e suivante, autrement la dite concession dTmrureranl?!:'' 122 ■^r in other words, par service divln, and en mgneurie, witli this last special obligation over and above those of tbe Grondinos grant (suprd, 8 234) to the Hotel Dieu. \ •« > o / As to this special obligation, by tlie way, it may be worthy of passing note, Uiat the fact of its being here stipulated adds weight to that of its not beinrr "tipulated in any other of the granU we have yet come to. When the Com° pany meant to bind a grantee to take out emigrants, they knew the words to use. When they merely required a deposit of rolls of such emigrants as might be sent out, they did so, as meaning not to bind the grantee to effect any larffor emigration than he might choose. But it would seem that these grantees liked restriction of any kind as little as the Jesuite or as the Ladies of the Hotel Dieu ; and that the Company cared as little to restrict them. For, by Title 34a, all their grants, small and large alike, were confirmed to them — — " en franc alleu et main raorte, avcc pouvoir de bailler Ics dits licux en fiefs, cens et rentes. ^ portant lods etventes, saisines et amendes, meme le ditlieude Stc. Croix en toute jus- tice, haute, moyenne et basse, avec tout droit de p^clie dans le fleuve St. Laurent le long ae leur concession, d perp6tuit6,— l.-xsans autre redcvance que les devotions desquelles elles s'acquittent tous les ans de la " dite Compagnie, — 2.-«et & la charge de donner un aveu et donombrcment des dits heritages de 20 ans en 20 ana aux officiers de la dite Compagnie rfisidant d Qu6bec." The words "en/ranc aleu" are of course as inaccurate, in a technical point of view, hero, as in the St. Ignace grant to the Hotel Dieu just remarked upon {suprd, § 235), and which bears date of the same year. But the grant is, not the less, a grant of almost the largest property that the Company could give; con- stituting all the properties in question (one of them being of 1 perch of land only) into grants par service divin and en seigneurie, clear of all obligation, save the required religious service and the «t;e«,— and adding to the one large pro- perty the distinctive attributes of ih^ justice of all grades, and of the pSch« in the St. Lawrence. § 238.— A sort of intermediate link between these grants to religious bodies and the ordinary lay grants of the Company, is to be found in the grant of Sillery, by Titles t29 and t30. These Titles are very peculiar, and very interesting. § 239.— The former sets forth the grant, as made by the Company. After recital of the Company's desire to bring together the Indian population for religious teaching,— the attachment of certain converted Indians to Sillery — and the building of a church there for them, by the Je8uit8,-thi8 grant runs thus m favour of these Indians : — •-« nous leur avons donn6 et donnons par ces prfeentes, de notre plein gr6, Testendue d'une Ueue de terre depuis •• sur 4 lleues de profondeur, le tout sous la conduite et direction de. pSres Jesmtes qui les ont convertis & la foy chrestienne, et de leu™ suecesseurs- I!3 *-"«!!• toutofois dSroger mz mnomiionf do quolaim nopti™ -u.™ ■r^ »p„.i„ ou».» d. „.,^. ^2. i ,*v.r,f i':::;:!"'!": ;;.™^p., .„ .i. . «^ rrjr rjrrr x:^^^ »n»,..i ™.",;»r.,r:. '"""•»"• "™. .i"p.«»*.,p„„u„ .„ the spot ar., Wi»t.r ■■ °"" """ «""' "»"'""<■ "'«' •' Tl™ coafirm»tio„ (No, (3O), .(te, peoiul ot ll,» Comp..,'. g„„,, „d of the King's wi.h to forward it. object, ppoceedB- gram, ana ot the : 3^»d. .,.,. ..n, .. „;„. .„ ,. »T^ --» :',*T-p,si~ --t i f ii" irt 1S4 " Uu^^^l'::'''' -""«"' •"" "*"'"•'- ''"••^ --' t.„n. d-en r.ndr. oompte qu'd people ,„ h.n. or fish IherJ.-Jl ^ilt'lSr ft T "' "'""'"^ that leave, they were to be », fr„ / f °' "" '''""''•• ^1* otter, ne womT" «™e,.,^ /" "^''°° °' """ "''"8' " '» -l" "7 together; .. ^LioZT^Z^Z:""" '' *""—"/ - .1.1?-""" "'""^ «"»'• "' "• '-^"■"P'V «l«it of divWo. i.„ .e,e„, ..^:h:^trio:;i;x^r--i^^^^^^^^ One, at least, purports to grant Justice, moyenn, et bam only. ^' Others are en fief, tans justice. ^ J:::Cl:i ""^^^ ^ '^^^ '^^ '"*^^' "« "°* -^^^ ^ - ^^^^ ^helr tenor One, of those extant, hardly admits of being classed. Aiid, lastly, some are en eensive. § 243.-The grants purporting to pass the same measure of estat« ^, fl.- Company held, cover the following properties :- *^* l.-Beauport (1 league by 1 J leagues, with augmentation in deoth of 21 1« more), under Titles 3 and 35 of AbstbIot ^ * ^"^"^ 2.-LaCitiere(ofuna«certained extent, butpresumablycoveringall the District Its 3.— Lauzon (6 leagues by 6 leagues), under Title 6. 5.— The Isle d'Orl6an8, under Title 7. e.—The lale de Montr6al, under Titles f7a, 16, 16 and 46. v.— St. Sulpice (2 leagues by 6), under Titles 15 and 16 ' 9.— Mille Vaches (3 leagues by 4), under Title 36 nnd'e"; ^eTf' """"'"^^ °' ^^'"'^ ""^ ^'«"''^'-' (^^"^ ^ ^o 3 leagues, by 4,) ll.-St. Roob des Aunais (3 leagues by 2), under Tide 41. § 244.-The common granting phrase of these titles reads thus :_ ^llTi' ^^".f ; J"'"? ** Beigneurie. 4 perp6tuit6. tout ainsi et 4 pareiU droits an'il a plu 4 Sa Majestfi dormer le paya de la NoureUe France 4 la dite ComjJagnie." ^ ^^ Where these are not the precise words, others equivalent to them take their § 245 -Of the intent of these words, as purporting to grant every descrip- tion of stream, arge and small, and indeed all land covered with water rwdl as all mmes w.thm the territo.y covered by each title, there can be no quttln ndependently of the effect of the words sei,neurie .n. Justice assupT^i to the word ^o;,n^|^,-.he Company took their grant, as expressly includtg terres, rmnes, rmmires, (pour jouir toutefois des dites mines confoLomentf of?h™f ^r ''"''*i°" ""i"""' '^' P'°P*^^ ""Sht to be classed here, orunder the head of the grants of unascertained tenor. ^ I rank it here, because from Document No. 40 of the firet series, laid by Government before the olnir r"'^'. ""' "•'*' ''^'''' ^'"'•^ *»•« grants of Lauzon. iuprfe'tc X" fact of jt8 being a grant to a son of Jean de Lauion. there can ha no i\a„^.^ T- ? issued in the most favorable form then used for gral to 1^0 '""" °' "* '"""'« The extent of the grant appears, from the fact8,-that Laprairie (Title 18> n.rfo .f r gueuil Tales 446 and 80a). the Isle St. Paul near Montrrmtle a 49 ^d^^^^^^^^ <^Ued the Isle St. Jean aregiven as iU upper boundary ; and the Rividre St. Francois LS »te lower boundary. What was meant by the words « mr et lac-' must be Jtir of^n I I 1S6 " I'ordonnance,) perls et havres, fltuves, riviim, itang, iales. islob. m »i, a i In somo particular instances, indeed, as rejyardpd rivpr. onj i i th.« «or.ls m ll,e grant.-Thu., the Bo«up„,t .rant (Till, si i, Jl t •lartinj „hc,. ,1,. H,«, died Noto D«„/„. 8,'.^! w „\ .1^8?^'' " «n«; .„d .l,e »,nl. .,, added .1.,,,.. ^..m.,,X'tlti^^:^^^^: —words that could not have been so added if thev 1. Jl n.t V!. /P"^"' f™ap.tofthe.r,propert^^^^^^^ (Title 5,) th« case >s stronger, if possible ; for there the description of hTl' ject granted reads, " /« W... 5.„,.„., scitu.e -, .v.o 6 Heue "dep of d «; "dans les terres, et 3 lieues ^ chaque cost6 de la dite riviere "-iTn!! nver the first object of the grant, and giving the land on ei her' side S/- The grant of Gaudarvdle (Title 33) contains the unnecessary words, C dVttut le compns en :ceux. tant en bois, pros, riviires, ruimauJ, lacs, isles et J"? ralement de tout lo contenu entre les dites homes ;" and that of !« A * tation of Gaudarville (Title 37), like that of Beaup^t, bounS: th 1 Jr^ nver wh.ch .^all „,eant to fall within it,-adds " ickle R^^^ ^ cllt* ympnser-l^, pnse de possession of La Citiere describes that granff "S cons,stance des pays, isles, riviires, mer et lac mentionnees par^la d tTcol! " cess,on." (5«^rd§ 243, Note (O).-And the second grant of Montreal, wUhs" Sulpu^e, (T.tle 15, grants the rights of "pesehe et navigation dans e grand fleuve St. Laureut, et autres lacs de la Nouvelle Franco,/o.,.* excepti en^uz -qu^aurorent 4U concidis en propriite aux particuliers ^ showing Chat a matter of course affair the concession of a navigable stream or lll^e as a 1 perty, was then taken for.(m) ^® *^ * ^^°' § 246.— In the matter of the conditions attached to these ,rran#. ♦!, J l^:':^^^! ''' '"" ^"'''"' '' *'^ ^°"P^"^ «« ^°--°^ fo« varieties ForBeauport, La Citi6re (presumably), Lauzon, Beaupr6, the Isle d'0rl6ans. and the fim grant Title fTa) of Montreal, they we.x,, at eacL mutation of pos^ sessor, with the rendering of homma,e li,e, " une maUle ^or du pT. d deZy (m) Indeed, the extreme readiness with which in thn«P Ao-^^ »„. / ^ . was heldfor private propert,io the handsofSolr^^^^^^^^^ by any one familiar with the doeuments of the period Co "m . ^""'^ registered in Kew France, by the way.) in its aLX„nhe^;ee^t:pTr;; : hTorl"* Bcen that they were -Lually delVwl^t J^^^^ ^'" »« perty of one or another grantee Seignior! "avigoble. to be the private pro- 127 que U dit ** te sera riservi apria avoir donni en Apf «« ^ , . and 40 wr'"'' "' ^''"!''^ *''° '''=•'"'' *™«' *"^» f""- St- Sulpice, (Titles 15 16 and 40,) there was to be— with the render of ordinarv li ' For Gaudarville, as first irrantcd rritln •\'i\ <> »«»„ i- wa. c„,„b,„ed ..„ „.„„ ^.„ „„„,,, „ ,. „^ rrZ 2 IS^ j?'" once, A OHAQUE MUTATION DK RoY " ''^ ""* out of wLicb even .«chTw of glT IT'" 17 «™'' »'"■'' f'". After h.,i„/.„""',!d 1«^. ■ '"'''"' "»' *"''«" *° have been the applicable to this period, it wou d Itlletfn {. ^"'''"° °^ ^*"'' '•-«'' »'« i^<>^8^i lands of the count^ shodd L glluy i d ZtwTT'' ?'"*■ """^ " '""^ "''^^ M matter of Canadian law. wUd.-but would not avaU to do away with them 129 liaving one or other of the two feudal forms If \„.u„ i .1 /le/s should choose to alienate niocen.eal ^ ' ! ' ' »'*"*''''' ''^ »''««« year's revenue would h.ve eeTt 'e "Z IIXT ""'" °' '''''' ^^^-' " »m.Ie between such alie.utions, on he LoUch""^^^ """ '"" '"" money. The distinction of sale and not Tl "' ""' "'""">' '"■ ""' ''"^ there could have been no di£e . d' boZe'f Z'' ^:'' ' """'''^^^"-• with deniers cTcntrie, and that withouT^ T >"""' '" "^^^ '^'- ^ '''""> rccogn.se a. withdrawn from his immeite .«oVl: V^f- ' °"'"""^'""^' him, was deemed of the highest vil„„ • =„ 1 , '"J^'^^en m sp,te of great feudatories of tie C lw„ * ' of H ' "' 'Y '' "" ''"'^'^ ^>' *''« speaks of this claim thus :- ' ''"" P'^"'"*^ P"^''«S««- I-ovsk.. "e;t';rXTiL'rernoa7r'" -'«-"-Mm e,t d-une notable i.p„.,„e. • . " qui lo, pui.ent donned do lei pit £ ^^^^^^^^^ " '""' "'"<="''"• •^"'" '''^ " <1"'-- gument has to twist it inlo a heavy burtl andTm7J Tk"7"'""^' ''^■ not on these parties only-but on'ev^y bod.; To '"'^ '"''^" ^'^'^ § 250.-If proof that the view here taken is the correct one oonM K it would be found in the recitals of a Ui.. V\ • ' ^ ^° wanting, these properties. '"'°' ^""' '""^'"^ '^'"''•^^^^^ to two of (as wen as of SaulLMate, /p I^^^^^^^ ^'^ZLV '7 '''' ?'^^"^' /./.fromtheburthensimposedbytW I 37 J ' '^'"' '"*' -^e^..nti„g. (.L34 r::ir'citr=-:: "on6reuse,"eto. ""^"^"^ "'""^^ '««"' Seigneur Evesquc estime trop And upon this representation by the Bishop, the burthen was remitted and all the conditions of these grant, reduced to the four below stated ; a^th^; not (0) i)« Seigneuries, Ohap. 8, No. 22 ;.p. 31, Edn. of 1701. ISO •imply by tho Company, but by nn.l with tho mlvico niso of tho Cornn.issionor, .vho wore tl.en «ct.nK for tho Crown i„ roferc.ce to tho Con,p„„y'„ „„Hi,.,, then Dot m the mo8t flourishing state. Tho words of tho dued are those :— -" «von,, pour et »- nom de la .lite Compagnio. et de I'avi. ,le • • oorami,«irc« nomm«, par lo Boy pour . . employ de. cffot. .1.. la dite Cumpagnio, r.mis ct rcm.ttous par ce. ^_ pri».nlo. au a . Seigneur Evonquo tout c« qu'il pourroit devoir • • et avons dfioharKo et dcclmrKuon, le. d.U do.nninc.. terro. et seiKuouric, de Beauprfi ct I,le d'Orl^an. du devoir etobl.gafou de payer A la ditc Compagnio lo roveu., d'.mo aunfio d cLaquo mutation de pos.cH.eur .avoir.., demeurcr.n.t .culemont lo dit Scigoeur Evo.que 86minaire. ou autre, qui lo. possfidcront A Pavcnir obligt'i— ^''qIIC- '** '^"^ "' ''"'"""^'' ^ ^ '"'" Compnguie de 20 an. en 20 an,, au Cbflteau de 2.-" avec UDC mailie d'or du poi. dc dcmi once pour ebacuno do. ditos .cignouric- 8.~" dont leg appellation, rcs.ortiront au Con.eil .ouverain de Qu(3b<'_ (and furlber, for indulgence as to all tbrco Soigniorios ) 4.-" et .era en outre oblig,", ledit Seigneur Kvenquo, ou ... ayant cau.e, en r.oonn.i..«,ce do la dito remieo de faiiu cCdubrer toui les an. une messc • • -"moyennunt le.quellos charge, et Ic pr6.ont rfiglement,' le. d. terres et acqui.itionp, ^' tont le di emplacomcnt [Sault-au Matelot] que Ic. dite. .cigneurie, do I!caupr6 et Isle d Orkan. demeurerout quitte et de.obargfi pour toujour, de ton. autre, droit, quolconquo.." So much for the pretence that this clause (reductive of the ordinary dues of tho /(/-though not enough so to meet the wishes of the Bishop) meant the opposite of what it said. § 251.— To proceed, then, to another. Two of theso grants and two only, do contain a further reference to alienation. But lu what sense? Not only do they not require it in any shape, as by sub- granting or otherwise. They simply restrict it.-and by two rules not in the least That of Beauport (Title 8) reads — 6.-8ans quo le dit • * pui..ent disposer de tout ou de partie de. lieux cy de.8us d lay eoncodesquavcclegr6etconsentomcntdeladiteCompaguio.pendantletormeetespaea do 10 aa. d compter du jour des prdsente.,. apr.s. lequol temps il luy .era loisible d'en '• de ultrCom^agl'"''^"' '°'^'^' ^"'^"""''^ requi.epar I'^dit de Testablissement And the grann of Montreal and St. Sulpice (Title 16) roads— 8.-" ne pourront aussi los dits * • faire cession on transport de tout ou de parties des choses cy dessusconc6dee.,au profit do ceux qui .eront desjd habituez .ur le. lieux, .oit d Qu6bcc, aux Trois^RivicVcs ou ailleur. en la N. F., mais Bouloment d ceux qui youdront pasa« exprfis, affin que la colome en soit d'autant plus augment^e."— ^^ The grantee of the former (in 1634, when the Company was just beginninc to make their grants) was bound by contract not to alienate in any way- whether by sub-grant or otherwise-to any one whatever, any part of his grant (p) Tbe only other grant of the Company, directly referring to this matter. aUo uUrictt ahenation,— but again, by a third rule.— See tn/rd, § 262. au CbAtcBu de r«ooDDaiuanca 80 rt$tricti f^f if'n years to como, unlcsa with have of »l,n r The grantee, of the l,ut«r (i 1g7 ,vv^2 "fV '""'';'"'" ^"""•''■<^- contract not to ah'enatoin any way-wL i T >, ''"""'"'^^^ ""'''' ^"""'' ^7 one rosi,,o„t in Now ^>«nco/„„y [.rt i;l:^r"r'.°'''----to«ny ".i,irl.t.lo.oasthoyM.onlJ ,loal at.l ir ' ""' *" ^"•"«; l-"' fit .0 .end outfrom Franco on purp.l ' ) ' "^ °°" "'"'" *''«^' ""gl't see One clocH not w..n,!..r at tho fact that luAth.r i way into any oth.r contract of concelsi^!/ ^'' '^'""'^ "^'"^ '° ''"ve found iu J!"t one wfli may wondor that it «hoiiM'l,^v« i »arvolio«s pr.ton.ion-that would r Z :r° "'"""^' ''' ^""'^^ ^'-' contract.,, ah'ko, into holders of junt a tn.s -e^ta ! r l' "''•'""^ '''^'' "" *''-« and on no otherB. ^ ' *^''''"*'' *'^' "lienation o., certain term> g 262.-Cio.eiy connecto"' '-- '« * * " Oon.pagnio, avoc lea provision. n,?cc8,n.re,;nn '^ '^^">f"'rquem..nt que fera la dite eoni6ofllreolherllll..„f,k- , ,. »"""'»" "l «•"• Corap,.„ij.-_ tui»g™wtoHfgi„„.b„ji,,.,i^;,'7,;/ « k»" "'"• ■»'"» »' '.■. thai, like one of i|,„,„ ,„ ,|,o .>„„,,■ '. , " " "« ""'y S'»iil of tl,„ „!«. (?) Tliis title was specially ratified h^ #l,« ir- ,,t p«^ »prt„ „ta. a.,^,.„ ,„ .„,„4°.°; ™ ;- " "i»."i « .. fab, .„. p^ i i^ I '1 !! •m' 192 of the special clause aa to not granting land to any but emigrants, also thrown into It, both requirements facultative— oxperimentative— and apparently pecu- liar to this single grant. ' § 253.— This grant of Montreal and St. Sulpice is peculiar as regards two otlier connected clauses : — 9.-" entend la dite Compagnie que la pr^sente concession ne pulsse pr6jndicier a la liberty " de la navigation, qui sera commune aux habitants de la N. F., et par tou» leg lieus cv- " dessus conc6d6s, — ' 10^"et a cet effet qu'il Boit laiss^ un grand chemin royal de 20 toises de large tout d Pen- tour de la dite isle depuis la rivifire jusques aui. tcrres. et pareille distance sur le fleuve St Laurent dcpuis la rivo d'lccluy jusques nux terres conced^es, le tout pour servir a la dite navigation et passage qui se fait par terre .•"— . —indicative of an impression, (as to which we shall find further marked indica- tions in other grants presently to be noted,) that the grant was of a property of so large and high a kind, as in the absence of reservation of this kind mif Quebec and its neighbou'- (r) Ticfc infrA, § 281. (») This grantee was the near relativfi—^mti,^- which-of the Governor. "-^'at'^e-brother, eon, nephew or cousin. I am not sure (0 MSS. Doo. Q^ H«T. Soc., Snd Series, Vol. 1, pp. 84-86 W MSS. Doc. Qo. H,3T. Soo.. 2nd Serie, Vol. 1. pp. 86,88. < ' till fllji 134 ctioi, of »L n ^ !' '^''°''' mentioned, which, setting forth a revo- wn^d U r.S r ''°™'' ""» »8«i» ««»8 for .n aSoctali.,, after- Island of MontreaT^it w J^ /. ' "'' ^cmm«n««,^ rf'Aat/to^, of their " diet pays '" 1 ' !" ' * "*'°'''' ^°"" ^« ^''«^«™ d^' Sauvages du " ocution J« , ^ r "^ '' '"^°''''"' ^""''*«°* ^«^«i^ e«tre troubles en I'ex- grantees to receive"4s/)/.«x"for8«n^o,^nfr'r f ^"/I^^"'"' P'^^^'' ^o the and fortify their island ri.Ml ^^^^'f^^''"'''^°"-^'^""°'^««°"«^togovern " nautir and fur h r « a fairl. , ^'"' ' '"'" ' " '^"'^^ ''^ ^'^^'^ <>« -«'««- " Laurent leur tries u.tr^^^^^^^^ St. " vivres et munition nlcessa^" ax ha^T ' ''"'' ^'^ ^ P"'" ''' of the readiness with which ifthor!! \' " P''""^ '"^'«'''''°» the exercise of feudal ri'h of itT ^^T^^' ''''^''^^^ apprehension of navigable rivers and an '"^f'^'^'j ^^^ '^' "'"J «f to" and otherwise) over so toucan it-of he" ctthaHc^^H- '^^f""'-' '"''"'^'^^^ ^^ ''^ ^— Company of New F^ ee hraTd^ T" '"""'^'" "^''^^ " *''«" '^«'^^' *J^« i^ - ^haif as the ^:iv^^^ :^:z^^ ^ t«.e Co. i„,,,„, „, bein;o„.;::rnei;t X rc'" "'" "^ '^^ ''-"^ granted to M. de Fauca^s po" 1^^^^^^^^^^^ °"'^ « -»" *-' t'-e-br tion of 1644, may have bL CaaUo oTv^r ^" "'«/'"=''°«*"'g "-eciWa of this ratiflc or whether they were IZ^TtZr^ " ^'f "'"'° '•"^'"'"'f'^'' '« "^ further grant,- Bjr were errors of carelessness, may be doubtful. 135 >"! th« rollowbg:- 'l'«y<5»-'<'e >«<1 "J»«™, of He tract grontel, t24 »1 3:"'"" "" '"» f^"^ -'■ »' i » lo.g«. b, 3,, „.,or Mo. ,». «l7wf r,* '"' "' ^^ ^ "»^«»), and .b. Wos .„, Oie, ». ,„, o™o. by 10), under Titles 20 and 25- ^11 ^f "'' ""^' S^- Ignaco (2 leagues o. 1 ortnouf (1 j by 3 loaguc), untlor Title 21, 8.— St. Etienno (?) in the District of Three Rivers fi o i Title f39. ^^^'^ "•^^'s (1 a league by 3), under part of .a abaatoed J„ub« h?Al ^ """ ''"'"» ("f"*'"" «», Company, „ u., R. Ji;.:^!!' »?«. ' ''"''^ """ "" '''""^"■« dar.:^f x:^;r. dt.r„r •:? i-- -^'^ '- '- a question; but there can be none «« TT ' ''""''• "^^^ '^^ ">ade stream not absolutely navigable A^d n ."^ /^^^'"^ *^« f"" P^op«rty of every (-i^^- of super-addinff to the obhVaZ ^"'^ '" ^^'^ particular respect universal-tofu ni h ronS ""'°'"'"'"' ^"' '**'^' ^"'"^ ^'"« '"-^'^'^ pro tanto^ Zil^tftCfZ^^^^^ ""' out. in order to the discbarge emigration. The clalTlht U ^''" ''"^' '' '"™^^'"^ «-« «--"* 'f '■~ifrS,el„to*ulrrf2rrsa trtr "" '""■"« pourcomn-encene " ou k la Rochelle. ensemble les bienm ' • '* *""■ P"''"''"''" *!"' ^"^ '"<''•" » ^^'^PP* « charge de rendre le tout abord de vaksi Tf '.""I"" ' ^"^''''''' «° ''^ ^^ ^- * ''^ « Rochelle. le tout d peine de ndlit/rrprrnte'' ** '" """''^'' ' ^'^^P^ "" * '* not be done twice in quite the sam! la""""' "''''''"^' '' "°"^<^ ^''^-' ^"'^ Add, that it was here made clear t}i-it tV,o v nwd «ndnomore- .nd thrrr™ '"^'"te, wa, tosendont ,„ „„„y, „4 c., .he ■*« ,„. ;;c w„ ;ri;riS' '^'^- - "- -"" bd.g .hflhird of .l.„r °M T DltL . °'" ■" ""• "*' <"■'• =■'). ■and alroa.y,„.«B,.w.^ft.Sr;;."?/J:«:? '»" 'f.*' fact in some way gave color t^ th. -a T * '^' ' "^ ^'^o"^^ t^** involved in them ' '^'' °^ " ^•"^'^'"g «f trust-character as But how stands the case? The first nf ft,n tu Chavigny, Ecuier, Sieur de Bercherea. IJ^^Z^'''" ""^ *" ^'''"«°'^ ^' his wife; the second of an aul!!!!r ! '' ^''°"^'" ^^ Grand-Maison, to him alone. Both of 1?^?" "" '^' ''"^^ *«™«' P"^P-ted to be The third, issued by LndZi^^^^^^^ ""'^'^^^^ ^^P^^^ ^* ^-e. name, set forth (truly or falseTv on^V ?'''™°'''" ^"""^"' '° '^' ^'^P'^r^ country and abandoned etSinThh:d-"Tr' that Chavigny had left the andapparentlydesertinghi w ?e-ltm It w^' """^ 'r^"" " ^°"'"'°"' (a) VidetuprO, I 138 too exact „dl.e,raoe lo «n,lhlng Ha, can be caliri a ™!, of law ' the »if., .h..Tht 'vS'z; :t Trwhir";'.'"; ""f-"^' » »' ceeJfng ». all even,, left 1,„ „„„"". ■«„?,,?' ''"',?' "•"• "" f'"" petty, than he and .he, or he alorwiTcrj , """^ " "■ "■'" P'"" .hich ,„„. surely f„,.i.l „o ht. li .t'Z '° "*' "" '"■"" ^'"^^ .0., h,,. o„,;:7r3r;zrai5;r'' "' "— "- ^^ .^ «n,...e 4^zsr^u:r^,:tl~r::e^\"?" -'•Dfisirant reeonnditre les bona services qu'elle a cv-devant rec„, m "stances et d^Jendances en tilre d ?Z,!nfJ^ '"^^/" *^^^^^ «'«« * * -^cirlo- " tellenie.- ' "^ " *" J*""' ^^^ ^"^ «' '^^ "«°» «>« ^yana cause, au dit titre de Cha- l.-^_ mouvant par un soul hommago lige de Qu^ec,- •operty should luy accord^gpar > Grand MaiaoD, priSsentes, pcur trgcg, clauses et ly;"— not with any IS ever raised jperty, or of not, the pro- i to this pro- imer grants, resting from 'sense of the I lands held irse) all the nen of the :ensive with jh function- ng proprie- iar Quebec, ly this new I'elle espdre * ses circoo- »8se, suivant litre de Cb4- la dite Ohd- rv^s." Company rised some t does not le chanjre n, or even 3art of it range of existence and the )etty plot 139 law and usage. ^^°' '''' * "ew system of feudal rnoyenne et basse only. " ^^''^ P"""?"''^ *° ^^^° granted .slice Coulon,e-bythe CoZ ^. ^ ^ ^"^ «'7'«>^« o«/y ; and was granted-like "SieurB^n V ;,^;;Pc\"!^f''^^,^' -^<^; *« -^ >"> local functionary; h " velle France, Tm Sne" VI" '" ^""'^ ^""^ ^^^^^ - '' ^ou- "Pagnie," being the g^f/e ^'J "" '" T*^"^? ^'-°'-- ^^ !« Com- only :_ ^ ^'""'-" ' «"d the grant being in the following words- "Pr^vosw etvicomto de Paris 10 Zen! 1? V '"*' '"'^'°' '"^ "^"'"""^ ''^ '» "lie. ««'appelleralefiofde iB^eVnc It . Lsl l T" T '°"'''""' ^" "° ''^ large, leque <«evant des terras de ,a ferJe Tp'p Lai I a dTte o" '"^' ^l"' ^''"-"*' <>"' ^'^''V ebarg^s de Lois revenus depuis qTls ITdeffrioht" "^"' '"^"'^ ^° '''^"»« «>"» f ip;;;;?fTnf T/^^ *""* ^■"*'*'^^' ^'« *^« following:- 2 vr ^'"^^ ^* " '««g"« by 2), under Title 24a 2.-V,euxpont (?) (i league by 6), under Title 27. 4 -STr r/* * ^'"^"^ ''^ ^)' ""*i- Title 28. 6 -Ptt of ? -t '?' '' "P^"^^' "'^•^- Title 40. and 43. •^''^^"^^ '" ^- ("-'^'^^ -^tl^ by I of a league), under Titles 43 6.-Boijcher (200 arpents), under Title 44. 7.-8. Ahchd (some 160 arpents), under Title 466.(6) 8— St. Jean (60 arpents), under Title 48. ^ ^ — " avons donnil en fief au Sr Aa t-h |r| ?' I!,! I I n 140 g 2^0.— One only of these grants (No. 43), that of part of Pointe du Lac, con- tains any condition beyond those of homage and payment of feudal dues; and Its further conditions are but these two : — 8— " feront Ics dita • » habituer les dites terres en leur eetcndue, et y travailler dans 4 ao« "docejour,— 4.-- " Bouffriiont, lea dits *»ou autres jouissant des dites ferres, que lea chemins qui e« ^ pourront eetablir par les officiers de la Compagnie de la N. F., passent ^jar leurs dites terres, si ainai lea dits officiers le Irouveiit expedient,— —the former of these clauses presenting tlie only case, where the Company is known to have imposed an obligation to settle the lands granted " en leur esten- due," and (of course) leaving the grantee free as to his mode of doing it,— the latter, an obligation far from universal, though not so uncommon. § 27i._The small extent of four of these grants, (Isle St. Joseph, Boucher, St. Michel and St. Jean,) to say nothing of the small extent of Coulonge and Bocancour (suprd, §§ 266-7), is of itself decisive evidence that grants en Jiff were not in those days imagined to be saddled with any condition of sub-grant- ing. In this respect, there was no contractual distinction made between the 10 arpents of B6cancour, and the leagues on leagues of Beaupro. § 272.— Indeed, the titles of St. Jean, and— as I learn from the gentlemen of the Seminary— St. Michel also, were in the position of Coulonge {suprA, § 265), in this further respect also; that they were not in fact first grants of the land, but merely erections of land granted and held by its grantee en censive, already. The title of St. Jean is express as to this. Jean Bourdon, the proprietor favoured with it, was an official and man of mark in those times, who had ob- tained several other grants en fief, and whom we shall presently find(c) to have got more than one other property converted from the censive into the fief This particular title (very short) ran thus, by direct vote of the Company :— " Sur la demande faitte 4 notre Compagnie par le sieur Bourdon qui I'a [qu'elle a] gratififi " de la charge de prooureur fiscal au dit pays, tendante k ce que sa maison appellee St Jean " fust mue en fief, il a e8t6 r6solu la dite maison Si Jean 6tre en fief avec la quantity de 60 " arpens de terre, — 1.—" mouvant et relevant du Fort Si Louis de Qa6bee,— 2.—" et ce, Buivant les us et coutumes de la ville, pr6vo8t6 et vicomt^ de Paris." Did he, anymore than Daillebout with his Chatellenie, dream of a conversioo of his property into anything ever so remotely analogous to a public trust ? § 273.— The further grants en fief which are known to have been made by the Company in Canada, but of which the terms must be said to be unknown, are not many. (c) Ttde infrd, §§ 280, 281 and 801. tiller dans 4 fin* ween the 10 ne 141 I have ascertained none but the following :— l.—Godefroy ; see No. 1 1 of Abstract. 2.— Pachevigny - see Nos. 20a and 28a. a.—Niverviilo ; see No. 46a. 4.— Miogan, terre feme ; see No, 47tt, 5. — Dutort. e—Des Manres, or St. Augustin. 7.— St. Fransois, in banlieue of Quebec was quite small. And Pachovigny ^rranted in7 '* "'^ '*• ^t. Franfois a/./of a fraction of an an>ent,^.J;ri;:'j^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^ated to have bin Go!™-i!!r:4tAr::^^^^^^^ court b, ^^;^ interesting fro. this negative clause in its description of the tract ,■1^^ -'^"'^"^^^ la dite rivi.,e Puante. isles sy rencontrast," eta '^ "^^ **" '"*' ^^- ''""I. encor bten que la dicte ligno — a clause indicative of tha to^ii i Common for the Aafiitan, under cert2S ^ t'^'° P''oprietors,--to be a l..e been m«l,. ""*" ^ *»"«'' » much greater nuaber »,„, i;, (i) yick infrd, § 291. («) ^l* m/r ou au. Trois Rivii. " due • • eniouleproprUU,- " "'"^^'^' ^<'«'- «» Jo^ir pareillement par la I.—" d la charge du cens qui sera de 6 denUrs „our /. ;v I si I 144 g 280. — Tlio earliest Ropnrato grant en ccnttve, by the Company, that I havo found, is tliftt made by Titles 7 cms la and 13 cens 2 of Au.stbaot, — and which appears to havo been the grant to liuurUon, ui'torwarda erected iutu his Ji^ of St. Jean. {Suprd, § 272). It was first made here by the resident Governor, about 1037, thus :— — "avoDs distribu^! ct d^party bouh le bon plaiair dc Mesticiirg doladitc Compognle an " giour • • In coneUtRncc do 60 nrpens do bois ou cuviron nicsuru do Pnriu en roture, " 8citu£ea dana la biuiliuuo de Quebec ot conipris * *, pour on jouir luy iv* huritiers ct nyoat " cause pleineuuncut ot pniaiblvmvnt on pure roturo, — 1,—" aux elmrgen ct ccnsivos que Messieurs do la Compog^uio de la N. F. ordonncront,— 2, — " et i\ la elmrge qua le dit • • fera travailler au d^fricliomcDl des dits bois,— 8, — " ct souffrirn quo Ics cliuinins qui so pnurront 6tablir par les offlciers do messieurs dels " dito Compagnie pnssont por ses torrcs, si ainsy les dits uffieiors lo Jugeut expedient, 4.—" ct preudru couv .'ssiuu do messieurs de lu ditu Conipagnio dos dits b<>is d luy par nous " distribu«»." — and, in 1030, it was thus confirmed by the Company, after recital of the above grant : — — " la Compagnie a confirm6 et confirme la dita distribution dos torrcs, et en tont quo besoin " est, en a de nouveau fuit don et conccssiou au dit • • pour en jouir par luy, sos successeura " ou aynns cause, aux dits charges ot conditions cy dessus cxprimt'es, et outre moyeunant 1 " denier de ecus pour cliaquo arpcut por chaquo ao, tloul pourtant its paycront aucuue chose " duruut les 10 premieres aiinSos i\ compter du jour do la dite distiibutioo." § 281. — Next in date, still keeping to the titles printed among the Seigni- orial Documents of 1852, are two out of four cemive grants, — apparently afterwards erocitod into a fief St. Fran5oi8, for this same M. Bourdon.(/) By Titles 10 cens 4 and 10 cena 5, tlie Governor, in 1040, granted two tracts in the banlieue of Quebec, — the one, of 75 arpents, to Bourdon, — the other, of 60 arpents, to " M. Jean le Sueur, Escuyer, Prestre, Cur6 de St. Sauveur ;" on the terms of his previous grant above mentioned, — that is to say, leaving the rate of cens to be fixed by the Company, llow the Company fixed it, does not appear ; their confirmation not being extant. By Titles 38 cens and 38 cens 8, respectively, his successor, in 1653, — "eu ^'■ijarddla dipense que les Sieurs Bourdon et St. Sauveur font sur les ditt " lieux ■pour couvrir Quebec de V irruption des Iroquois, [g) et; leu >• donner courage " de continuer,''^ — granted each of them an augmentation of his former grant, to extend to the river St. Charles, in the following words : — — " avons donne, cono6d6 et ootroy6, donnons, souoedonB ct octroyons au Sr. • • I'estendue " de terre qui sera et ae rencontrere eutre sa coucessiou de • • et la rividre St. Charles, — " pour en jouir por lo dit * * d toujours, — iji (/) They are printed in the Seigniorial Documents (Vol. 2, pp. 114 etseq., French ver- sion), under the caption of " Titre du fief de St. Francois" ; but the title by whieh.the change of tenure was effected, is not printed. I have not been able to procure it ; but it ■was presumably something not unlike the title either of St. Jean or else of St Michel or of Coulonge. (g) Vide suprd, § 256, for terms of neighbouring grant en fnf, made in same year, and vith same view of inducing grantee to special service against tlic li> iians. recital of the ame year, oad 145 "uiro A la cbarire do dnniar. i Ao^27 cent 6 of Adstbaot. ^ '" ^^^ Seioniokiai, Docd„„„s - an, previous „„ot;„ent b, the LZZ uT^'"''"'''' "''''«"* -^--«»». almost rather wonder Li „ ^ "*^ """^ «««Iers were few n , H«ve ... *.„; "" •"' "" -" ^ "^".e., „„ It ,„;?: ti^ ■out, at all events (berfl B« it I. of f„ h,„ |.„ . "'^^ '* "'• ne» i„ „g„„,„. i,,^,^ PP«'^o ™- »y wb.t. f„ .he „k, „, 7 every tind of vSt t V "''"^ '^'''' ^'^^ ^^^on 0^^^^-''"'' tZ\iT "'' '' ^^""* ^^°' '^^ feet i not so ,-7' "i '" *^« P'^-'^Wes of «f «.. bod, of tbt^Z C '""■• '■■ -» '•"^''"- •» ft. ».if.™ , 148 § 289. — ^The answer to this question cannot be based on so large a collation (relatively speaking) of the deeds of grant of these grantees, as has been above made, of the Company's deeds of grant, by way of answer to the like question in reference to those grants. I have not nearly the same proportion of the one at command, as of the other. The public records have not been at all searched officially for titles of sub-grants en Jief, — nor yet until the last moment before the meeting of this Court, and then very slightly, for titles of such grants en censive. — I have not had time to collect elsewhere any considerable number of titles, of either of these classes ; nor even, so to arrange and study the comparatively few titles quite lately exhumed in manuscript for production before this Court by order of Government, as to be able to make half the use of them that with more time at command I could have made. (A) § 290. — Still, there is material enough to indicate the fact, — which, indeed, might be presumed in the absence of all indication, — that these grants of the Company were taken and dealt with, as they were given, and not otherwise ; that King, Company and settlers all alike acted as under the then feudal rules of France, and not as under any prophetic sense of what in this nineteenth century was to be said to have been the peculiar feudal rule of Canada in that behalf. 'IP § 291. — Mention has been made (suprdy § 273) of a grant or grants by the Company, out of which the Seigniories of Batiscan and Cap de la Magdeleine were constituted. The grantee, Jacques de la Fert6, one of the members of the Company (as indeed were most of the holders of its grants of the highest class as to size and tenure), granted Batiscan, 2 leagues by an unstated depth afterwards fixed at 20 leagues, to the Jesuits, in 1639, as an arriire-fief, to be held of himself, with ail rights oi justice, subject apparently to payment of the ordinary dues of the Cus- tom of Paris, and of a silver coin every 20 years. The title itself is not printed ; but from the short paraphrase of it given by Bouchette (see No. 13a of Abstract), it would seem to have provided that the lands comprehended in the grant were — —"to be possessed by the Fathers Jesuits, or applied and transferred to savages or others " becoming Christian!!, and in such manner as thn Fathers shall think proper, so that these "lands shall not be taken rut of their hands while they shall think proper to hold and pos- •'Bess them;" — (A) The Counsel for the Seigniors have the right, and indeed, are bound, to p1a<^e before the Court the facts, — that none of the MSS. produced by Government were communicated to them until quite shortly before the meeting of the Court, — that a good many were not seen by them till after their production,— and that some (they do not know how many) have not been communicated to them at all. In particular the professed tables of rates and clauses of ccruive grants— of which they are aware that a number of copies were handed in to the Court, were never shown to them ; nor yet any copies, or note, of the deeds from which it was prepared. 149 —a style of grant not aliqgether savoring ««• * 31 of A.s„uo,.) m./^L°." *//„"•';« »f^.« Company. ^Lno. Jl'/' f'om it. J : , :,i„ (. ' ; ".""'^ f'' ia^ms P'nted t»-o amVre P^pe-ti.. in a, ,t,i«M ;„i """' ""'' '" "S""'-! bo'l. of U,e„, J « /a3 to the name of which I am not sure (m) is mentioned .a granted m 1659 (March 29), at the other or Quebec end of L Island, of an extent of no more than 40 arpents of front, « aux memei droits que mon d. Sr ae Lauzon venoit de concider le fief d'Argentinay:* § 299.-La Chevallerie, a/«/of 16 arpents by half the breadth of the island -^here probably much less than a league, was granted in 1661 (Sept. 1), ~m? " m'^,' ^^ ^V *"*■■* *"'" *'°^'"' ^^ '^^"'"^ co9t6 nnchemiD d* 16 pieds de live, et autant le long du fleuve poor servird la naTigation, • • ^ faireet disposer amsy que bon Icur semblera, en fief noble, et mouyantet relevant de " notre diote seigneurie de Cbamy, (n)— "•"uyani eu relevant ae 1— ''par un seul hommage ligo au lieu geigneur.al d'icelle,— 2.— "d la charge des lots et yentea selon la Coutume de Paris." J ^^„^--^"°'^«'" *'■'•« to ^ noticed in this connexion is one by which in 166& TJ.'I. r ""f""" ^'*"* *'*'*^^ neighbouring small ^/Mesnu, under date of 1661 (March 12) was reformed, and its site changed from the north side of the island to the south, ,n consequence of a clashing of grants. The terms of this concession m such new site are thus stated :— .^'2r.^^"°"'!lf iTT **' '"^ * * P~Pri6t«ire des terres cor rises ' * , et le tout po^^.6dere„ tUredehaute, moyeone et basse justice et seigneurie et a.oits y appurtenants.- ~s r l SrJr '^" W«"''«-« d« l^J-ti- qu'il y pourra ouses ayLTuse establir ..•;ir:lt:;^TuT„r '"^"^'-^^^^^^ ^'^ -'^--^ '- Beaupr^enrMe 2.-.''et qu'ii sera tenu d'obliger ses tenaneiers de porter moudre leurs grains au moulia ^ bannal qui sera constru.t par les dits seigneurs de Beauprfi ea ITsle dOrieans dn cctS '■r"!„TT ''T^ ''.*' * 'f «'"«"'«"' ^'<"^^^S6 'io la redevanee annueUe de 100 sols "mentionnde au tiltre oidessus dattg,— «"■«'» 4.-'' les mutations de possesseurs demeureront fishes i la somme de 100 livres, tos., porta- hies cbaque fois qu'ils auront lieu, 4 la recepte de la seigneurie du dit Beaupr6." § 301.— I have received from the Ladies Ursulii.es of Quebec, the titles of an arrtire fief held by them in Lauzon, which are interesting from the fact of its a good deal of dispute and litigation as to whether some of the criirefie/s in the Island which had been granted (as this of Argentenay had been) to hold of Beauprfi, did so hold or not Aud it was nt last decided, in accordance with the principle of the feudal system as to (/i«iem6r«/»en<, that they did not. uum sysiem as (m) If it was Beauliea, it must have been a second or supplementary title j as we have a grant *n censive in Beauliea, under date of 165«.-It may hare been La Orosardidre, sinoo umted (as to ownership) with Beaulieu ; and with it forming but a very small property. (n) Whether Chamy was an arriire fief of the Isle d'Orl^ans. or simply another nam* given to the /!./ of the Isle d'Orlfians. may be doubtful ,tho„gh I incline to^Wnk that L must have been the former. In which case, La Chevallerie was, in the first instance, m orrt*r. fief o{ tea amire fief. »'M«rB 163 having been based upon an original grant en eensive ; as we have seen that several of the grants en fief made by the Company, also were. In the first instance, the grant en eensive,— m&de in 1655 (March 30) bv tha fZlT f 1^7''° l: "^r ^°"'''^'"' *''' ''""' P'''^°° ^^'^ «°"^«r'«'i other cLve grants of h.s from the Company, :nto the fief, of St. Jean and St. Francois.-ran thus,— see No. 88 c- 9o of Adstbact :— ' '■^seirel'rV.' Tut tT^f ""T P" '*" P^^'*""*' * «*" -J" «-» «t -tes « 5e uTotlLTJ ""^"""^ •'" '•' ''' ' • "^«<' '"-' '^"^^ <^« «''«- «' '« P^e"' «^^ 1.-" 4 U charge de 8> ^tablir dans la pr6sente ann6e, et y avoir feu et lieu on autre TX>ur *. sans que le dit • pu.sse pr6teudre aucun doramage et iut«r6t ui restitution des d6. pensea qu'.l y pourrait avoir faites pour l.tir ou d^fricher - «•«««»"'"' -«j-«-. po- « l.~" d la charge de la foi et hommage,— "■"collTeZiair """'' * ' ^"'^'"' '" C-t"-du Ve^nPranaois enclave dek 8.-.«et que lea appellationa du juge qui sera 6tabU aur le. lieux rea«>rtiront pardevant le " juge prfivost de notre dite aeigneurie,— i«iuey«ni le ^'^illtTcwJe^'' '" '"'* "°"'*'^''° ''*" """ '' ''^''"^''' "' '^'^'' '•'»>' *"• ^'••t § 302.— Another censtj^e grant by the same Seignior in the same fief (and which also, as late as 1698 or 1699, was erected into an arriire fief,~seeNo 811oofAnaTBACT,-but "sambanLim et sans Jmiice'^) was made in 1648 Ill 154 (Oct. 15), of 5 arponte by 40, with rights oicham mdpiche, on quite different terms from those of the above grant in 1 656,-thus •- 8 -'U la cwJrr T ' " V'""" ^^r" 'J '^''"«""'« '"•*'' «' »"''° cooditionofie.- o.— a la cflarge de retrait en cas de vente."(o) J^^l~^ ^^'■'If '?.' "^ ^''^ '■'""''' "'»'«' '''" "f *^« ««""« "eignlo'y, furnished nrll f ' r ''''Tr ^"""""^ ''^'' '^'"'^^ ^y *^« Seignior, of the entire property of a r«mm«failn,g within it, and of 18 feet of ground on either bank, -and of the right to fix the pecuniary dues as he might see fit, in case of the property passing out of the Ursulines' hands. This grant .No. 38a of Abstract) runs thus : — ' ■-"aTonsdonn^etaccorde, dot.non»-et accordons par ees pr^scntes •• le nombre de 320 arpeng do terre • • d eavoir: 8 arpene de front sur le grand fleuve St. Laurent 4 commencer _ a 8 arpen, pr63 de I embouchure du ruisseau du moulin d scie • • et 40 arpens de profondew ••.Jrl " ir"".''", '"' ™''"*'"' ''" "°"''° * ""« 1»« "°"-'' °°»« reseryoDB en tout «on contenu avec 18 p.eds de ohaque c6t6. et en sorte que le, dites M6re« ne p„i„ent user du dU ruuseau, m autres ayant droit d'elles, que par notre permission particull6re,-pour en jou.r par les d.tes • ayec tout droit de p«che et de chasse ^udevant et audedan, dVla dite concession en main morte, franehe aumone, tant etsi longu >mcnt que cette concession " sera entro leurs mains, ■» ■» ^'XiEe;'!!'^""' "^ d'aUfination nous lapourron. charger ainsi que nous jugerons raison- ^'Ltf', "•-'^"'^•"■^S inmbstance, to CondiUons 8, 4, 6 4 7, respectively, of the ctnsiv grant to Bourdon, suprd, § 801. § 304._A fourth title (No. 386) indicates a rate of 1 denier per arpentand a thirtieth of the eels and salmon caught, as having been charged in 1654, in this sei^iory -without the 2 live capons, which formed part of the Bourdon grant (Suprd, § 301.) f.rti^- ^r^'\ ^^f,l \^ ^'■""* ""^ ^ "P""'' ^y ^<^') ^^^^ ^«« been laid be- fore this Court m MS.,-No. 27 of 1st Serie. -shows, under date of 1656 (Nov. (o) See No. fze cent 66 of Abstbaot. Ji^iZ\^lT''']T!L^"^'''''''''''°''''''^''''^'-' ^^' '" "«8or9, are taken from 1«Z «f T f"^'**"'' "^ "°* ^'^"^ ^''^' ^^^"^ ^^ ^J*"!- »ffiur is recited a. a matter of course transaction. The erection into amirefief(ma of ABsraAcr) is there thus recited - - .1 a ort6 et 6ng6 en arridre-fief le. 6 arpens de terre de front sur 40 de profondeur, si. be«, a ser^it, a toujour, et sans banality et sans jusUce. au eontraire relevant de ceUe de ll d^se,gr.eune, e moyennant que les habitans d'iceUe moudroient pr6f6rablement leur. -rZstl^iS- ''""''"'"''''" ~"' " """''""' qu-Hyenaitunbani; o""'.'/!*,"'^''^^ ^* ^ ^°^ ** hommage par le dit • • a perp«uit6,_ "mutairdl''" '''"^"'* ''" "^"'^ '''"° •""*' **" ^ ^«'«" ^ "K«"t monnoyfi, d chaqu. mntotion d« poisesseur ou seigneur dominant." »-"»h'" uite different ich6 et mis en procureur fit- iditiotm^e, — ry, furnished iche uumdne •f the entire either bank, case of the f Abstract) )mbre de S20 k commcncer Jo profnndeur rvoDs en tout piiissent user iliire, — pour dedans de la io concesBion erons raison- tha ctnsivt arpent and in 1654, in ) Bourdon en laid be- 666 (Nov. taken from recited as a badeur, sis D tant que I celle de la ement leurs lit UD banal S, dchaqa* 155 18), with conditions answering substantially to those of this Bourdon want caught, duly salted, and 2 live capons. of d^'^^'f T f 'T^ ^"IT"' ^""'"^^^ '^' ^"''«'" «"«""^ g'«nt. in point dLutlntlT i K f 7. o "''^ '' "^^"'^ ' -Py ' No. 26 of the Ist series of document* aid before this Court by Government. It was made by the grantee of these.gn,ory in 1637 (Jan. 29), to an old servant, apparently; and tfrrLl are so pecuhar and so significant of the entire fr;edom of [he " ntlt of accensement m those days, as to warrant its insertion here :- •*^ill' too ImeTdl '/""'*' ?"""'""■ '^^ P-^-'-"^ «'" Wr^ditaire, au di» -•" -quelle terre le d t 8r. ,6ra tenu lui faire mesurer et bomeToommonoaat • • 1—" A la charge que le dit Langlol. baillera par chacun an ' ,7'"?°'""* . .z.trL":rsrts''""^^^^^ a " jTau» . ' wigneuriaux • • selon la Coutume de Pari,. '•"de'^^itiiura;^^;;:!':!!'^^'"''^^'^ ^■"SnttrinV-" ?:.? L""f '°" ' ''^''°' '" '*'" ""—^^ - "«J -eo un 1 arpent de terre, moyennant que le dit Sr. • • luv fasgo ditrioZ, . ] " terres au mesme estat qu'eslait d luy._ ^ ^^""'"' "" ""''' '^''"* '«» 8.-^' que le dit Langlois sera tenu de se'faire bastir une maiaon dans Beauport- J.-" y donner et faire ses bleds. farines au moulin du dit Sr • • ^oaoport.- Cv£q:ru;t:^;t^^'"^" ^""--^ tie„nentquittele ditSr.de tousle. '"w^fesuJnir;^^^^^^^^^^^ aAT'~lT ^^u'' T'"" ^^""^ "^ ^'"■^ P«"°^' belonging to this Seigniory of Beauport, have been laid before this Court bv GovernnTfinf • .l!u f "''''7 in the Ipast lita ♦!,;=„„ * xi. • . """■"/ government neither of them One No 2 oftV. \ " ^™''~"'' '"•^''•^' '"'^ ""^ ^'J'^'- ^^^ noticed. One No. 2 of 2nd Series) ,s of 1644,-6 ar"3nts by a league and a-half with no mention of cW or pMe; at a rate of 20 sols tLrrJ^,, arpent of front otirtotrii^:^^^^^^^^^^^^^ odj enough referred to as if established undefth:'t CusC '^ '""'" '^'"« and with no special conditions whatever ^'' "^'"*'- fi ? 3f •-^^«»«"^'« grant in Deschambault under date of 1645 fNo 3 of 9n^ Series,) laid before this Court by Government, out-does even the We g anfof 1637 m Beauport, for the anomalous speciality of its conditions Itlso 8 arpents by 20, at a rate of cens et renU. of 2 ipons for the Thole nd o \ ifln' il (■ 'ii 166 d^rsjor erery -arpent de terre deffrithie - and tho added condition, read -;' et pour donner courage «u dit Pierre Ma«6. et luy donner Je moyen de rim le dit Sr " 3::::- '^"'' '^ "-^ ^^' -•'""" *' •^^•"'*' ""•"' >- -i^'' « -p- .«: la Xn^ • turra "*"■•"'"? r""""" •»'"''"»'- d"« « ana de la prfi^ente con L.io 7jy pourra plua revenir. ct elle appartieudra enti^remont au dit Pierre Ma,«5 _ ^ - lequcl en ce ca» sera tenu •• do deserter sur lei terre. du dit Sr *• IJ 'arnent d« t.rr. Couit^ d T """' ""''' '" '". ^* """■•' --^ * -"- - 1"^- Ti y tu :» accou9tum6 de fmre en ce pay8,-au lieu ou le dit Sr. • • destinera • • J S «•• -"promcttantle dit Sr. -de dooner au dit Pierre Mass^ 6 journ^e. de «oo charpenticr pour a.der d se loger et ea famille,-,an, que le dit Pierre M«e,6 aoit tenu «,urrrie S « oharpentier, ny rendre aueune joumfie au dit Sr. • • logemont. qu .1 n en ay autant fait d«.erter et ba.tir. affin que • • le dit Pierre M.8.6 aill, demeurer en la conceesion que le dit Sr. • • luy pourra faire." § 308.-Among the documents laid by Government before this Court, there are also three c^«., gra„U in Notre Dame des Anges (Nos. 4, 5 and 8 of 2ni o ntbTm n :,7.f ''r '"^°^""^' " *^ ''----. -te or conditions; are ahke, bemg for 4 and 3 arpents respectively by a depth of 4 leagues. § 309.-.There is one gn.nt, furnished (No. 1 of 2nd Series) from Sillery • also made by the Jesuit Fathers, the proprietors of Notre Dame des AngeTlbut on terms agam, as peculiar as was well possible It was a grant of 2 arpents by 40, for a rent of 12 deniers per arpent as fast a. It should be cleared, of 20 soh per arpent of frontage, of 2 deniers as cens, and of 2 hve capons or ^^poullets venus," yearly,-in all, 3 sols or more per arpent so soon as the clearance should have been made ; and under the follow- ing special conditions :— •^l7urchZ-°^^^^Tn"'^"' 'T' ^'^'^' F^ohe visavi.deleuroonoeasion.de &.re un chem n commode » • afin que - puisse commodement desoendre la coste . • ""« 1 rr""" f '*J:''"8« ''^ "ommencer A faire d^fricher dans un mois oommengant . . - et Mtir et habiter • • eur la dite eoncessicn dan. un an d'huy. pour tout d61ay - ~nl^lTr '""'""*' ^l '"'"''' '"* ^'''' """^ «° ""'t^ 'i^'^ I«» diU een. et rentes puissent estre pergus par chacun an,— -<• .inon et i faute de les percevoir. le dit • • Sup6rieur de la rfiddence de Sillerv • • on '• ;.r uVdZr"" f T "'' T"'' """' '^'"'«^^""' Vos^essionae. d. Jnt.,Z par luy dClaigs^s, prendront ma. forme ni figure de nroci^* .t ..n. i. », j " fraiz qu'ils auront pu y faire,- ^ ' **^ '* rembonrser de. de chauffage, et pour autres usages sur la dite concession, sans qu'U le. pLe empesoher ou molester, quant etlorKiu'il. en auront bewin,- pui.se empesoner m -" .era mn\ tenu le dit • • d« moudre ... grain, au moulin qui .era ba.ty ,ur le. torr« Mignourmle. des .auT«g« de Sillery. en awqu'on en f.«e iJstir ua." ^ § 310.-Three Uties are produced within the Seigniory of Boaunro (Noh n in .nd 53 o 2nd Series), all of a league and a half in'depth ; ot e w L^ no two of "peaking, they are not grant«; not being made l,y the Seiirnior h,,f f ^ see. to recue the rate, and .ore or le. of the IditionsrS^ted^V'S § 811.-La8tly, in Ihe Isle d'Orldans, there are furnished by Government ihr.„ .ore c.«... g.„. of this period, and two other, have been l^Z!:^;^ Of the fonner one (No. 24 of 1st Series) is of 6 arpents by lo in an arrifr. Jief then called Bcscheroau ; and the other two (Nos. 23 and 25 of 1 Seri^ m the small arriire fief of Beaulieu. ^"^'^ "« Of the latter, one is in this same arriire fief • and fJ,n ^»i.«. /xr „ of Adsthact) is a direct cen^.e grant by the sL l™ of th T ^^l . "^ ^« lines of Quebec, which was shorfly Jr2lZZ^'^'^^^^^^ 'V"""- roturiire. (No. 35a of Adsthact.) * •^'""''^ ««'"^'^ No two of these are alike in terms; and no one of them follows in tem.s an, one of those above remarked upon. ' ' ""^ § 312.— The three grants the little arriirefief of Beaulieu »f tl,o .w -. of the Island just opposite Quebec, are particularly r^n^XI' "'^ The earliest m date (No. 23 of 1st Series) was of 1652, for 4 arnents W depth presumably ranging from 16 to 80 arpents, and a lot of Tq It * near, with a right oipSche subsidiary to that of the Seiglr and als'o /r k!''; pasturage for his own cattle only, on [he margin of the riv r on eUh r sidJt . the whole, and 3 hve capons; the special conditions being, settlement wM • arpents should be in cultivation,-and that the m^.^Z r °^ ^^ the river beach open to the pas;ura; abot po^^^^^^^^^ "^P^ ?' grantee, but not to the extent of over 100 "Jo'w./L^ "'' '^ *'^ The second in date (No. 26 of 1st Series) was of 1869 -the «rr«nt i r ^r::;:^r::t;::5------of:;^^ " 8ion,(p)_ ^ *'^*'' ^ •^""*" ^^ "■>» P<"«- toute la dite conoea- 2-Mesdit. cens et rentes payables en effet« du crt da pays, au prix courant,- (P) In all, therefore, moluding the eapooi, n or 13 »oU. «. nu,r. p.- - hi \l St^-" 158 I.—" portant lodn et ventes, laialoe et amende, telon U Ooutume • • do Parii • • , 4.—" 8ora purmig au dit preneur d'aoToyer ms bettiaux i lui apparttnant en propr*, paltrt " A la prairie et boil, et non & d'autren ; — 8.—" aura lo dit preneur droit de chasse tt de p6che derant la dite concession et dans tout« " I'^tenduo do la dite terre. «,— "Sera loisibloau dit seigneur boillour, si bon lui semblo, de tcndro quelquea fileta au " devar ie la dite concession, ■;.— " Sera obligfi I.' dit preneur de fiuro mesurer la dito terre dani le jour et ao. i get dd- " pens ;■— 8.—" comnio aussi d'cnvoycr moudre ses graiu.i au moulin banal du dit seigneur bailleur, eo " cas qu'u y c» ait un bAti ;— 9.—" sera tcnu fairo garder ses besliaux, poor Oritcr toua dfigaU qu'lls pourraient faire i " I'avenir ; — 10.—" cnaemblo de se faire bfltir dans le villagn qui sera proposfi pour cet effot ; II.—'' tiendra lo dit preneur feu et lieu sur la dite terre, ou autre pour lui, fauto de quoi U " pr^-sente sero nuUo." The Intc'Bt in date, which has been furnished to me in MS., was of 1601 (Sep. 26), a grant to one Jean Fouchor, of 2 arpenta by a like unstated dejdh, and also of a village lot, with right oi chasse and pSche, and pasturage on the meadow ; at the rate of 6 deniers of cens, with 6 livres and 2 capons, for the farm, and l;>'»MWe for the village lot; the other conditions being simply, that the grantee should build a liouso and barn in the year and day, on pain of nul- lity of his grant,— and that he should do suit to the banal mill, whenever one should have been built. § 313.— That the second of these grants, that to Jean de Paris, should have forced itself on the notice of the learned Counsel retained against the Seigniors, was unavoidable. So also was, perhaps, the line of argument taken by them in reference to it. If a rate of 10 sols per arpen- in money, with an addition in kind raising it according to the value of those days to 12 sols or thereabouts, could be and was stipulated in 1669, — the sequence is not thence easy, to the doctrine that all rates over 2 sols of money value of this day, are absolutely illegal, and must now be cut down. To warrant it, there must be shown some text of law enacted by competent authority, and in clear and precise terms. Every one knows that no such text exists. The learned Counsel, accordingly, sought to put in question the fact; and argued that this rate was really of 10 sols per arpent of frontage. Its words are express, to the contrary. In the long record of an obstinate law-suit in 1745, {q) between the then Seignior of Beaulieu and the then holder of this land, this grant is cited and argued upon by both parties, always in its obvious sense as fixing a rate per superficial arpent, and neither the parties, nor the Intendant before whom the suit was pending, ever thought of questioning the perfect legality of such rate. Yet the deed, found by search at Government instance among the notarial records, is now impeached I It is said, that it must have been a mistake. It was even argued that its style proved this, — inasmuch as in (j) Printed in the 2Dd VoL of the DoonMiNra SEiomuauvx, pp. 187 *t uq. if 109 gr.nt made .1 . lo„e, ,ale. l)u no o«,-U]l „„r.tTh. "^ r'' '"'' ' '- § 314 -.Arrived at tlio end of the dis im? „ of tl> . Mrio,} «f n ,• b-story, I n,ay surely again «ay. that a, yet w. >•,„ o cor oCtlr^, f, m ten ever bo remotely to indicate the nofion. o. "pTrt' the offh 'Ki! °"^^ o the Company, or of their grantees or Bub-grantees - h„ 1 f f ^^' '" of^^a eitW .., or .as meant to ., a lething Z:^:^::^!:^ To make it possible to imagine that such a system was thpn tl,m,™i i r .,. grants «.^./-should (at the veiy least) have beenCrZ arte o af tolV ! of and reau re distrilmtmn . „„ i .1 . """v 'arge, so as to admit Bizes from the arpent or less, to the thousand arpents and upwards Eveiy one dealt with all manner of contracts for disnosal of knT • , • France; exercising aU that fredom-not to T 1 censn b iv«» ^T""^ f '° oiTdo™^^^^ conditions a, to pH ^tel7o ht ""' "',T*'' ""'" "" '""'"^^^ "^^-nt of size and buTen Xet S Zf:"''' ''""""^' °'""* ^'^^ under a system thr-nteZsed BO che'J';!r T-'"''"^ '''"'"'^« ^'^'^ « contract ide for the l'^^ ^^ s^t ST h' "f "^^" ^"^^ ^^'* °^ baronial were expressly contemplated ^^1' "^ ^®^'' ^'■*''" '^^° *'^'' Juntice was parcelled ^outw^r^^^^ "",' """ '° '^^^ ^^^'^ --*«d- back from it, with all the aristocrat/ •^' ? '''' extensively, or was held ' ^' aristocratic capnce and punctilio of the France of that (»•) Vide tupra, § Uq, 11 160 day. The dues to be paid by the Seignior to his dominant, were fixed at will ; clauses in factum were introduced into their grants, at will,— but never any clause hinting at that obligation to sub-grant, which the anti-seigniorial theory now makes out to have been of the essence of all grants en fief in Canada. Holders cn>/ of the Company, suWnfeuded with as large license as the Company had infeuded to them,— still with this pregnant omission of the special clause that they should all have put in, according to the anti-seigniorial hypothesis. The Company and its Seignior grantees made their grants en eemive with as large license; at rates ranging from the denier or twelfth of a sol for 32 arpents— or for each arpent cleared— or for each arpent granted, with release from payment for a first lOyears— up to the 10 or 12 so/« per arpent ; without special burthen of any kind, or with any kind of bargain that they saw fit to make and could make as to any. And men sought for the great favor of having their cenme grants converted into grants en fief. Unless every one then looked upon the fief as a mere property, every one's contracts were all carefully worded, to mislead as to their meaning. § 315. — And this is not all. The Seigniors' case is not merely, that thus far we have come upon no trace oiih&fidii-commis seigneurial. Although that is much. Allowing for lapsed and renewed grants, something like three teuths of all the land qow held seigniorially in Lower Canada, is still held under the seigniorial titles— from the Crown or from the Company— of this period. The Attorney General's Propositions dis-property (so to speak— one has to coin a new word for a new idea) every fief, without exception for titles of any class. But nothing is more certain, than that by feudal law— herein coincident with the very first principle of all law— no mere will or word of the Crown, which had bound itself contractually to these grants, could ever change them from what they were when made, into what these Propositions assert that they are now. § 316.— We arrive, then, at the Second Period of our history of Canadian land-granting ; that which ended with the surrender of the Charter of the Company of the West Indies, in 1614. % 317. — It was an assertion repeatedly insisted on in argument, before this Court, by the learned Counsel retained agai it the Seigniors,- and not without reason, in view of the necessities of their argument, — that all the grants of the Company of New France were revoked by the King. This assertion has been more than once indirectly contradicted, in the foregoing pages, by anticipation. It .' , now time to deal with it directly. § 318. — In the first place, and without reference to the tenor of any document or documents emanating fr 'a the King or firom any one else, that may be cited as in support of it,— it cannot be true ; because an examination of the titles to seigniorial properties furnishes ampio proof to the contrary. on no trace 161 any former grant as havin.^ been marl« nf if a ^l ' °"* relerence to part of the prior grantees La C'^f k' '"'^°"' ■remonstrance on the though not to^heeTn?ofignoriSt;M^^^^^^^^ '^ ''^''-^'^'' while they still assumed to lolj f ) tjt^ . ,T^r'°"'''^'^"'«^ must have been other grants in th ,£ cas iLth t^-'""'^' *'^' *'''" come down to us. "'^''""Sh their names have not pHXtrttrrb::sr??r'^"^ ^° *^^ -^^ «^ -^-e. of for insfance, in h ' case o^l^e i ^ ITm' f ^ ^"^'^"^ "^ ^'^^ ^-t- As by Title I3L, already no edMl' ^'''^'' '""^ '^' '^'^ ^'<^r><5»"«. as in the case of PorLe a„d tie m'r '°"'''""^ ^'^'^ '^'^^^d- Or those grants were sed the o^ o'^^^^^ where But in all these cases, hatever the cha„l "7"'.'°' *'' °'^" '"'^ ^ --"^• title was always most' exprt2;rX„tf "'''' ^'^ ^'"'^^ ^^"'^^^^ °^ '^^ ^'^ And everywhere else, it always was so tr^^UU. ,u claiming to hold under ihese old'tit^; 2:::!^li^r'''''''' ''''''' ""^ f^^ ~::fr cl^^rr T-"'- «^^^« Company-sgrants. So Company that failed to remain Jf fie "! '"'"". "^ " '"""'* ^'^^ «^ the ^ to . there is no presu^^ 2^ .ef ^ ^^^ ::^i:^- wrought ;;;i?rl^^^^^^ ---^"^ ^'^'^^ - -^^ ^« '^-e such thing. ' " '^^ '""^ *** '^""'^ tJ^^t they could have done no § 320,— The first of these is an Arr^t of tha i?;„ • i. • ^ date of 16C3 (March 21), printedlvTth 1 ^ ^ ^' ^''«*"^ '^'^'«'. ""der has taken character for purpo" of r In^^^^^^ I'l ''"^' ''^ ''^^ ^'^^' '''«» the printer rather than from'^ea, etrn;' " "" '"''"^ ^'^^"^ ^'^ ^' •>y Those contents are as follows :— " roit repris tous les droit, qui leur avolT t !,f ' *" '" '^•""P^S'"* ''^ '« N. P. au- " du trait6 du 29 avrU 1627^ "''''"^^' P" '^ '^^ ^^f""', en consequence («) Vide suprd, §§ 292-298. (0 rw.««/.ra, §164, note (*), and §260. («) Doo. Seion, Vol. 3. pn 135 g . Vr.,^ « Il 1 162 lll'll -" et ayant 6t6 remontr^ 4 S. M. que I'une deg principaleg causes que lodit pays ne s'eit " pas peuple comme il auroit et6 4 dfisirer, et m^me que plusieurs habitations out Otfi dfitruites ' par les Iroquois, proyient des concessions de grande quantity de terrcs qui ont 6t6 accor- ' d^es d. tous les particuliers habitants du dit pays, qui, n'ayant jamais m et n'6tant pas en ' poi.yoir de d^fricher, et ayant fitabli leur demeure dans le milieu des dites terres ils s« ' sont par ce moyen trouv^s fort 61oign6s les uns des autres, et hors d'etat de ae secourir et ■ a'assmter, et meme d'etre seoourus par le. officiers et soldats dee gamisons de Quebec et autres places du d.t pays -et mSme il se trouve par ce moyen que dans une fort grande Vendue de pays, le peu de terres qui se trourent mx environs des demeures desdonataires se trouvant d6frich(5es, le reste est hors d'dtat de le pouvoir jamais ^re •— " A quoi 6tftnt necessaire do pourvoir, S. M. 6tant en conseil a ordonnfi e* . -doDne — -"quo dans 6 mois du jour de la publication du present arret dans le dit pays, lous lea partiouhers habitans d'lcelui feront d6fricher les terres contenues en lei!« concessions^ -" '""""• f. t ^""'^ f '\ ^'^ '« '^'t *•>'"?« P'*'^^^. "rdonne S. M. que toutes les terres encore en friche seront d,stnbu6es par nourelles concessions au nom de S. M soit u^ aneicns habitants d'icelui, soit auic nouveaux. R6voquant et annullant S diteM toutea concessions des dites terrcs non encore d^frichdes, par ceux de la dite compagnie " ; Mande et ordonne S. diteM. aux Srs. de Mfizy, gouverneur, 6v^que de Petri, et Robert intendant audit pays, de tenir la main 4 I'exgcution ponetuelle du present arr^t; meme' de faire k^stnbution des d.tes terres non d6frich6es, et d'ea uecorder des concesdons «« § 321.-Tho recital here given as to the evil to be remedied, is significant, aa well from what it says, as from what it does not say. What it complains of, is the too great size of the'grants, and the consequent dispersion of the grantee settlers. ^ Of distinction between grants en fief and grants ea censive, there is not a word. But, upon the anti-seigniorial theory, that the grants en fief were made for sub-grant en censive, and under implied obligation thereto, this complaint and this silence were equally misplaced. The grants c« /f/, so viewed, except perhaps the very largest, could hardly have been called too large. Those en censive in most in8tances,-excepting always as regarded their excessive denth an evil not by that time felt or 8uspected,-hardly were so. Taken alf together as undoubtedly they all were, for grants of a mere property to the grantees -the W a more nearly absolute property than the cens{ve,-the undistinguishing complaint of their generally excessive size was most natural and well founded Upon the anti-seigniorial hypothesis, quite another style of document was called for. § 322.-S0 also, with the main enactment. Within 6 months from the publication of the Arr8t, every gi.uit was to have been cleared I Still no dis- tinction of the fief from the censive. ' But, if the former had had in it a particle of that element now called the " fidii-commis seigneuriair such distinction must have been made. The holder of land under any sort of trust for the letting of it out to others to clear could not have been required under pain of forfeiture, instantly to clear it all himself. _ § 323-Nor was the threatened penalty less significant; the simple distribu- tion of the uncleared lands to others. On what tenure ?-How account for there being nothing said of this ; ,f, indeed, the distinction of the tenures n«rf . v BO shghtly of the character now sought to be set ^^7' ""^ *«""«« P^^ook ever § 324.-.In truth, it is impossible not to see, that however sensillv fU preamble may be said to have stated the evil that pressld for rlr^^,^ J en^tments as to the remedy itself were too preposterousTpltr rntt! Even the .gnorance of a home Council of State of ih.1T I , postu. of affai. in a new Colony, could no h ve been sTu J' "t T' ;neviU.e%eli„,^^^^^^^ from its timber and its climate, to fay notht ofSlI^^*' '"' '' '''"^ -r:L:rcrp,reroft^^ lands at once ; a coLand impl'^tttXTdr^^^^^^^^ 'T^' ^" to which no show of obedience conl.1 fT^ i • "*"" ""^where, and of the few post, that were TeM ."^c^ ^itrS Ld ^Tf ^'^ ^'°'^^^^ added, should be held liable to grant to ott Set tsC^^ ' ^^« pronounced, of all existing grrnt.. much L, f n . ^.^^^^^^'^''^ ^^s not What was said as to revocaC of' Tl ' f^ ''''*'"« ^'^"'^ ^'^ M » ivii.„ s order ran, Hat tlio uiicleariid lands should be re-di»irih„..H ;. i ■ name to ne» applioanta, te the King to tUa. end and in Ik., ..„ " annulling whatever older grant, „ig1,t ha.e tatmadetLetr """'' '" description. Had it been enfi.r.»ri '° P'°""'»*'« * '^"'e o? haute police of this revoked, that question would have been Se 1 if n ^ '''"'"''^ ''^ ''^ merely ^r want of a party courageot It ■;h t ;: t:^r^^^^^^ ^^ the ArrSt was not enforced, and was not meant to be enforcTd -wL n .7 a mere arrSt commimtoire, mch as the Frpnnh °^ ^^^^'-'^^S' '» « ^wd, practice ofissuing, for all so'rt, of purposes ' "" " *'^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ natlranlttlToftii^^y^^^^^^ ^^^-^^'^ as to the Sr. Gaudais, who was sen^SC. "m^S ^0^^ " ^'^ to report upon the state of matters in New France>) Commissioner n H E«„ „ Oa.. *«. 701. 2, pp. ,4 w ., ; Co-.^„„, „„ «„^.^ „ pp. 28««Mf, I I 164 These instructions thus treat of the subject-matter of this Arret:- " grande quantite do terres qu i sf^r^H / ""^'°''°*''''''"' """' ^^ ''''"<'''" '*» P'"" " unis dans lour, demeures et ou'L n« 1 • .?• '" ""*' "l"' ^"^ ^'' ''»''''»"'' «°>'«''« fut ]e plus certain. ,1 trourera assurement. dtant sur les licux. qno le peu de soin eTd^ oonnaissance que la con.pagnie ~ui a eideyant poss^d^ le pays en a eu et I'^vilTl d LabUaUons, qu, se trouvant fort ^loign^es les unes des autres. non seulemenries pa^ cuhers qu. ont obtenu dea concessions n'ont pas It6 en «at d^ faire les dSi 1.0^ ma.s m^me a donn6 grande facilitd aux Iroquois d couper la goi^e. ma.sacrer et eTdrc its*; f HT •" '? "*" '«'^*«''-«--<=t c'est eequialig. le" de J Se Urr^t (.) dont la cop,e est mise entre les mains du dit eieur Gaudais, ensemble de ?mre " ^c„re au s.eur .v^que de Petrde, de remettre entre ses mains I'origioal du dit a^ '. pi "le. .epubheretaffioher^artoutaussitotaprissonarrivde. "'.pour " Et comme il voit claire,mnt par les raisons ci-dessus expliqu6es. quHl e,t impossible de .e pou.o.jama. assurer de cepays efd'y faire des habitation, IsidLnles, ^^ZnCil 'toueeu.gu,cnteu ces concessions de les abandonner. et de s'unir e,. I lourgZZ paro^sses les plus uombreuses qu'il se pourra, pour dfifricher toutes los terres JTilt veront au. environs de proche en proehe, lesquelles .„ ce cos il faudroi de Z^IZ partager et en donner 4 chacune bourgade on paroisse, selon le nombre de families din' ello seroU compos6e,-.7 iichera de persuader cette .iritt par toutes sortes de mZZauli] ment d /aire reusstr ce dessein, lequel il leur fera connoitre 6tre non seulom.n ^ " necessity absolue pour leur conservation, mais mS,ne gue S. M « L~cZ 1 "'" " rhocation generate de toutes les concessions. ^^ ^'"' ""* " Au cas que quelqucs-uns de ceux auxquels les dites concessions ont 6t6 faites se mett.nt en devo. de les ddfneher eatierement, et quWt I'expiration des 6 motp 'r Ip * d.t arr^t, xls a.en commence d'en ddfricber une bonne partie, I'intentiou de S M est que 8ur leur requete le conseil souverain les puisse pour.oir d'un nouveau droit de 6 mo"I « nuUr» ' '"' ^'"' ^"' '""''' '*' '""^'''' concessions soient d^elarfies § 327.-nere, then.-besides that all grants, /«/ and censive, are still treated alike, we have the King plainly telling his Commi si.ner, that this ArrSt h-d for object simply to oblige the holders of land-granta to give up the idea of goinjr off to bury themselves on their respective propertic8,-in a word "to abaM^ their grants, and come together into -bourgada et paroisses," where they could unite their clearances, upon smaller grants to be made them with that special (x) Evidently the Arrii of the SUt of March. 166 into «K.pe,,.i«., fc, u,, c4i„g out of .hi. LZ llZ?.'^'!"""" "T «»-. of . ,„.,. ..o..io„ ^f f„ ,„„^ 4 rKi;;rx"ie: ;oS «m«,„i.,, o, .L r„^il;4':*'' ""' """• ■■■". «•» '"' be '»<, ».i,her contract, of concc.ion to th irlitcc. ,h'v„l.Lr "r'""'^; ''J' "■* As to the„ t« matt.,., the King .h» i„.,™oted hi, Commi„ioLr 1 •■ i«™ i« lubta. „ „. „ M,.„, ;„ Tl!, "'»' *■ *'•• Hi.i„i.. Stat lit™ » ■ LtZL^ «'rci"dtr.!'r ' ■ ^ *!,' '*"• i-™ '■""""-«"' "» «- ui« uamiww, que b. M. veut soulager en toutes choses." .oflwT itV' *'^/\PT'<^« *^« -*^>- -to another little act of r^r:ri^^^:^^^^^^i ^^^^ ow. ,00, ,. purchase of the right to trade in fu" ' '""'' ''"^ ^" *'^^"- ''^'P-^*^ 'y be fi iv \m % 166 Instructions, l ; of them, savoring of fiscality and Court craft,— rather mors than of that pure benevolence, which on high anti-seigniorial authority is said to have so marked the wh.>le policy of the Kings of France in reference to t'anada.(y) Not to say, that the latter is, yet again, t super-abundant proof of the non- revocation of-nay, even of the non-int^jution to revoke-the CompanyV seigniorml grants. Those grants alone could have stood in the w«y of the recognition of all manner of fiscal right of the Crown, whether as arising out of ite«,«t,«raine/«,or<-utofthe directe /onciere in and over nil land in Canada. Had they been revoked, the revocation woult! Lave estaL.iir.r.d these fiscal rights la their entirety, ipso/aclo. Had it be«i even intend*;,! to revoke them no enquiry or report could have been wanted, for the finding out of 8i.;ie way or otht;'- to establish them. § 329- -All incidental procsdure which happens to have come down to m. shows that in Octob- >• <>i (his year (1663) the Governor and Bishoo had occasion to recognise, at:; lid i, -cognise m « grwU, in full force, of the full property of such Island. r r j The Governor commission, k;.- the Sr, de Maisonneuve as local Governor of Montreal. The latter sL onoo laid his Commission before the Conseil Superieur, the Governor and Bishop present; and with leave of the Council gave notice t-I the " Srs. intiressis en la tehjmurie et propnete de la dite Me de Montreal" o' his application that it should be enregistered. The Cur6 of the Island appeared and stated that ho was only their agent for the taking possession of the Island' " en vertu des cessiom et transports d eux fails de la proprietS d'icelle; " but that i.e knew they held letters patent of the King (being Title 16, suprd, 8 251) which conferred on them the further right to name the Governor of the Island' Whereupon, the Council allowed a delay of 8 months for the production of their title*, and of these letters-patent with the rest; and in the meantime registered the Commission, to be acted on till the further pleasure of the King should be known.(o) What the final decision was, does not appear. But certainly neither the Talidity of the Company's grant, nor yet its proprietary character, were for a moment put in question. § 330.~In fact, it was not until the 6th of August of the year following (1664), that the Governor and Bishop laid the Arrit of 1663 before the Conseit Supirieur. When the proceedings had (6) were as follows :— (y) Vide tuprA, % 223. («) Edits w Okd, 4?, "Vol 2, p. 340. (a) Edub it Oa»., 4«, Vol. 2, p. xxiii ; 8». Vol. 2, p. 12. (6)Doa S«ioN., Vol. 3, p. 143; Edits. "■ Obd., 4°, Vol. 2, pa xxiu and 128. \ 2-\ Vol. 2, pp.18 and 19. • » « en la eompmniie de J« N" F ««,. i ° i •, , ! ' , P" '*' c.-devant int6reu6a "comma aussi qu'il soit dfifendu 4 tons pr/tendus seSe2^ ^ I"" f'"'^ «« PO"n-a.- " dWunes tevres e„ non-valeur. d peine de ndHt - "^ "" '° '"P"" ^"^ «°"'^*«-« " b:.tr:;ii' d7Cn:;i';::^i'^^^^^^^^^^^^ "-^^ - ....iq^, au .^d. de. "quederaisoD." "^ *•" P'°«"'«"'-S«'>^«1 d« «>". pour, ea r^ponse vue, dtre ordonnfi ee § 331.-A1I which further shows the same state of things, and puts still the same interpretation upon this ArrSt. The Governor and Shop forluy call for an order to put the Arrit into precise execution; but at the same time declare as formally, that it shall not be executed. Gaudais, it is clear, Lad either not tried, or else had wholly failed to persuade all parties of the expediency of an exact compliance with the King's wishes. The holders of grants ^re not ready to abandon them ; and they were promised accordingly that the ArrSt when registered, should not have effect as against them, to make them leava their houses and settlements however uncleared, but should merely regulate as to future grants,-and be accompanied with a prohibition to all claimant Sei- gniors to sub-grant wild land on pain of nullity. Notwithstanding which, on the demand (most inconsistent, one must admit, with this promise, unless indeed the demand was meant for a mere threat, to admit of facultative application by future judgments ,f occasion should require,) that all wild land be declared re- united to the Crown domain, the order that passed went no further than to the commumcation of the^„-^< to the syndic des haUtans, for such remonstrance as he might have to offer. «.r ThZT'"'! ^/ f "''^' "^"'° ^''' "«* *??««"■ 5 °' ^'^^ther he offered any. The matter rested there. The ArrSt was not registered; perhaps Lad not been meant to be. o , r r «* J ^^^--^J^""", f' '""y l^a^e been, one inference from one clause of this entry on the Council Journals is unavoidable. 168 The Governor and Bishop offered so to modify the Anil, in practice, a» to make out of It, or rather add to it, a iwoAim-on- On the understanding that the object in view was what the King called it in the preamble of the Arrit and in his instructions to Gaudais, the prevention of Btray settlement on remote grants.-this is intelligible enough. The holders of extant grants were to be let alone, by way of compromise, as to any stray settle- ments that they might have made, but were to be restrained from sub-granting a« Se.gn,ors (and the holders of the grants at any distance were generally hold ers by Seigniorial title) any land not first cl. ared. On the anti-seigniorial theory, which makes the Seigniors to have been agents for the granting of wild land, and treats this Arrit, not as a police threat for a temporary end, and having no more reference (to say the least) to grants en /f/than to grants encensive, but as a real and special revocation of all extant grants en/«/,— this clause is unintelligible. § 333.— The records of the Conscil Supirieur furnish note of another proce- dure, having reference to this Arrit ; and still in the same sense. The entry(c) 18 this, under date of three months later, 1664, Nov. 8 :— - tr^^T r r'" ^' P^"'*" ■""■ ^^ ^^'^ •^^ LauzoD.-qui ont remontr^ que les dites pfiches sont sur des lieux non ddfricbeg ni habitues,— -"CO qui fait que nous, sieur de M6«y. gouverneur, * • en la N. F., avons ordonnd ^^ au procureur-g6n§ral du rol, de s'opposer A. la distribution de leura deniors, commc 6tant ^^ 163 dites fermcs (pourquoi on leur demande) entre les mains de S. dite M. suivant eon _^ arret du consed. du 8e. mars. 1663, enr^gistrg, public et affioh6 ou besoin a 6t6 le ■ ^^ et de p us, par la declaration qui en a m faite par nous et Monsieur r^vdque en date du 8e aout dernier smvantl'ordrequele roinous en a donn6.-et qu'ilsoitordonnS que les " au Z TsTo Z-^' ''™" "'"* ""^ *"'" '"^ """' '"^ ^'^«" P-^ - ^^Po- " I'IZTa' I' '^'' """■ P''°«"'*"'-g«°«''Jduroi a requis-que d6fen,es soient faitesdtous " se nZ n T^r "T""" '*"'" "' ^"^'^ ^"^ ^'' "«« °°" ''^fr'«'>^« "' I'^Wtuds, et de " Sputifet IT '^ """' •"' " "-''' "" P'°'' '■« ^- ^•-** ^- '' F^-' -* " N t tl Z \ *7««J JO^q^e" 4 nouvel ordre du roi,-ce faisant, que les dits P. " It cue e nZnf ^^ J! """""' 'J" ^'''' '" "'""'«"' '-°°« ^'^^"''We ddcharge,- et que le present sera lu, pubL6 etaffichS afin que nul n'en ignore." ^ § 334.-In this case, upon suit by the grantee of the Seigniory of Lauzon, or in his right, against parties renting of him certain rights of fishery on the St. Lawrence, opposite uncleared land, for rents due,-the Governor orders the Crown law officer to intervene and claim such rents as belonging to the Crown. The dates given to the King's Arrit, and to the declaration of the Bishop and (c) Doc Seign., Vol 6, pp, 9 and 10 ; Eons et Oan., l-. Vol 2. p. xxiii ; 8- Vol 2, p. 21. 169 himself, upon which taken together he professes to base this claim, are wrondv sta^d ; but there can be no doubt that the reference is to the AliTof Ztit the claim. Ihe blank left, as to the pretended enregistration and publication of the Arret, talhes .ell with the failure of the Council in August' J^we have seen) to order the taking of those steps in the case. ^ The law officer of the Crown intervenes, and demands three things :_ J.-^ general prohibition to all SeigDiors,-of the leasing out of wild land or of fish,ng nghta opposUe to wild land, and of all other proprietary acts under their titles from the defunct Company :— i i j ^« uuuer 2.— Payment of the monies in suit, to the King's use. 3.— Publication of the order to be rendered. The Council evaded the first of these conclusions, by just prefacinrr their order as to the second and third, with theCourt formul JhLheW '^^. be executecl ; a formula, by the way, which they seem to have drawn I if rev had thought that more than one such ArrSt was in question,-bu to iri I tZ took care to add as a saving clause, " until further order of the King." ^ § 335.-Of course, no one can ascribe weight, in a legal point of view to anv procedure at he mere instance of de Mezy, before the LLu SupiZ'roZ troubled administration Even if one could, the fact that this ^r./had not been proposed for enregistrat on till August (suprd, § 330) would be decisive that Us «x months of delay could not have expired in November of the same year and therefore, that the ^..^, could have had no operation as to the case nZd _ independently of all considerations arising out of its tenor and of the fac that it w^ not even then enregistered. For some reason or other, it is ma es ttha the Governor was bent on a mere stretch of power; in which the Counci seconded him,— but not to the full extent. wl,!ll! '^'r^'!' i '^' ^^^^^ "/^'•'«<' "fermiers » and afermer- is still not wholly without significance. They are not the proper words for th; case of any form of feudal sub-grant. The defendants here sued must be presumed to have held under a lease, far short of a hail d cens ; and such leases are here referred to as m common use.-It is one of the tacit assumptions necessary to the anti- seignional theory, to ignore the fact of the resort to such leases. The demand of a prohibition to be addressed to the Seigniors, is a^ain of Itself a new evidence of the known fact that their titles wer^not h dfohave been revoked ; and the failure of the Council-or in other words, its re usal- o^der such prohibition, shows anything but adisposition to have' them re ked § 336.-Add, that the Kir,-A Tarther order could not have confirmed even the temporary sequestration here ordered. The Seignioiy of LauzonTa^ ZZ f !■ I Si 170 held ever since as it had been till then, under ite old title (No. 5, su.rd 8 243 Ac), as granted by ( he Coinpany.(,/) ' ^ ' » ^*^' fl!!^'~Vr ■'""'? °"°'^'' " ' ■''''■ f .nt document, thi 1^ T. ^"""^■"■''" ""■ '^*''^''' ''"^ -^^ '^^^y government Laving reached iLt' *'""■' '''"•"••" ■' -J'"""«''«tion w,' effected ; the J^>ZL de T^ll r r7 ^'^'"^''^ ^^'""'^^ "''^'"dod; and Messieurs do Courcelles and Talon, respectively, as Governor and Intendant of New France. The Kmgsmstructions to Talon in this capacity, un.W .V>. , -.666 March 27, drawn presumably by Colbert, thus treat of thi. . ..Uer :(«>_ ' ;;oh,po...™ieu..v.,rro:r,:z " pour une espace do corraa n..'il. „'n„. • • 7., " *"" ?■■'* '*«« concesaions "parleurvite. r , ,t toliZTr m P""^'' ""* *'"'""=''^'« ''«« If^Juoi'- qui "antantqu'ilsera danaZorbiS /^ / / ''"""" P-'^oi'^** «» de no, bourgs " nouveuux d^friohemen,, et d abandonncr les leurs^ ' "' ''" '""J''"" '^ '"'" ^^^ •• lie d la prud Le du r Sr tZ f'*^"' "' 7' ^^ '^'^^ '^"'' ""''»-«• S- dite M. te c e grantee to that of n the ^i. iowrencf,— where ^rf) A title, it may be remembered, that assimilated the the Company, but gave r.o special right uf pSche or otherw It IS obvious enough iLese fisheries must have been. It occur. ,i o no one in those days, to suggest a distinction on that score as to the Sei gnior-s be:ng owner of the piche a. well as of the laud adjoining. (e) MSS. Doo. Que. Hist. Soo., Ist Series, Vol. 1, pp. 40-42. 171 " hahitans uront obligt, d» dtJHchtr touU, le, term gui hur nnt tit .«.,/ ,/,. ■ "MU .e.faire, il Uur ,n .era retranO, cHa,u, aLe ;r.;l'X Srpi;',« donnerd ,k nouveaux colon,, et par ce moyen il y uuoit lieu dV.^,. ^ , '* ^"""^ ''.' II reste encore une chose A foire sur la m(?me moti^ro nni «■•»;..„ i,„ v i. ' ;;jion de . co,o„ie. ,. e. ,.e ,e roi a..re .uHrLr^ritrZ^t rr^r Talon fa.,epr<^parer 3U ou 40 habitation., pour y recovoir auUnt du nouveaux uZZen ;; ft..»nt ubattre le. boi, et en.emencer le. terre. que ron aura d.frldu.c. au"d';l' d^ § 338.-If, even, one could siipposo that the JrrSt here referred to was not the one above given, but another issued at about the same time, it would not be tho less certain from this extract that the Arrit of 1063 above cited was never f th uncleared grants of the CV.mpany (hardly any of their gran,., being other than uncleared) had already been revoked, or even if the King had supposed them so to have been, he could not have suggesteu, as a line of ;olicy to be per- haps pursued the obtaining from tho grantees a very partial abandonment of tbem uncli- threat of worse, in case of non-compliance. We shall see, presentlv that from t,ie surrender of the Company's Charter to this time, hardly any grants had been mad.. So that tho body of grantees with whom Talon (mstructed as to this, in the same sense in which Gaudais had been instructed) was in act m concert, could only have been the Company's grantees. § 33!^ T;„t in truth, there is no trace of any other ArrSt of 1663 on this subject, . the one above cited. The King certainly referred to that, in his instructions t ^ Gaudais ; and characterised it as he did to Talon. De Mozy and Laval char," • i.ed it in the same sense, to the Council at Quebec. In fact it was dealt v. Ax and spr '-en of, not as a piece of legislation, taking character from Its enacting clauses ^ loosely, as part-and part only-of an intimation given of the King's wii. The author or authors of the instructions to Gaudais and Talon, respectively, must have written of it, from the despatch that covered U, and not from direct perusal of tho document itself. De Mezy and Laval in proposing It for enregistration {suprd, § 330), and de Mdzy and his Crown law o&cer afterwards in the alfair of the Lauzon fishery lessees (suprd. 8 333) had no hesitation in adding to or taking from it, just as circumstances required referring always, as to a perfectly sufficient authority, to the royal instructions conveyed to them, or said to have been conveyed to them, in other form. It was nothing more than a fragment of the body of instructions, as to the contemplated reduction of the settlements in Canada into bour^ade form,-the fragment given to the local executive in form for promulgation ; to be author- itatively promulgated, after enregistration in the archives of the Conseil Supi- nmr ,f occasion should serve; but which seems not to have enregistered. and most surely was not promulgated and acted on. § 840.-_These instructions to Talon even indicate what one may call an inve- terate tendency of the French Court of that age, to proceed in this way,-6y mmue Mt meant in earnest, /» y Ih h i 171 »„1,1 »»,„► I , " ° '"'" '^^'' '*" y*""" ""«cfed upon. Talon is old tha 1.0 need not try to oxecuto it exactl-. ; but that it i, veryV irab th« Lesho K, trytoper«„..do the «o,ti..r«to„ct w..h hin^.oaMoginW,^ e^^^^^^^^^^^ f thoy should be refractory, of all th.ir uncleared landn. Not that the kZ12 lurthei threat, for pubhcation, of an escheat, year by year of a tenth or f!ftn«nT :: :;:::,' ^;^ -- "— ^'-^- — ^ - "*«: :=.:' ;t: quelle ne peut qu'ezclter Ics habitants au travail. Aiusi iecr '^ ^. ' P"'*" "quelle me soitrenvoyfie. ' •" ' "l"* ''°"' orjonnere* "On peut toujourB d bonne heure disposer des families d pa,ser dans rann.5e prochaine «„ - me donne les .ecoure ndcessaire.." ^ ^ ' •^" "' ''•' ** P"' «11« tra?I '^c'^'f ;.! '''Ir'''" ^''' ''^''''^ *°' °' ^^''^ '«"-'•. I fin °" t''^ ^eor* of nie. de I'LUuernaj be of such uJe ' ""^ '""''' ^''^ ""='* ''^ ^^« ^'-^"iT..-. del 174 § 345.— After v.liich, the JSdit proceeds:— " A ces causes etautres bonnes considdrations 4 ce noua mouvadi, .avoir faisons o„'«. pri^B"-avon,parle present 6dit,6tabl, et^ablissons uno Compagnie des /nTes S ' ?r •' qu. sera co.posde des int.ress.s eu la terre fenne de I'A. J^ It dr^tno;;^^^^^^^^^^^ Kew France. Jhe clauMs in it, corresponding to the 4th and 8th of the latter (,uvrd Slfifi^ are given in the following words, in Potjt, Vol 1 nn. 11 ik .nj • Z ^^ ' ^^^' Vol. 1, about p. 60. ' ^^ ^"*°' '^^ '" ^•""'*'' »= St. Miar, " 8.— Nous avons accorde et accordons, k DerodtuffiS an-r o..^.-/ j . „ « leurs hoirs, .uecesseurs et ayants cause la nrS 1' T vT^^\ ^^ '" '"'' <""npag°ie. "justice et seigneurie, les terr^ft " r W es'T^l Ivr^ T ' L"''"'" **' ^° ^"" « les mines et minidres. pour jouir des ditis mine, :n^r '. '' ^""'^'' '' "'^™«'°«°t « toutos lesquelles chosLs'susdUes nous I, ^^ZZnX .T "'"'="' '' '' " mage, qui nous seni fait et 4 nos succeruJ roU T F f ""'"'*" '" '""' "' ^'""• ;_ no. de tous. . ehaque mutation de roTeTrp^Wsit d^il' ^^ t^ T'"''-''' "q—seront nomm.s et pr^ent.s par les dits associ^.l^TuJ^'LlT:: " 7 — Les dita associes disposeront des dites choAPs A ah* .„» j - j . ,. " aviseront pour le mieux ; distribueront le rre; ntrt eu, Tdc ' f 1^°" 'l"''" « les lieux, avec reserve de tels droits et devoirs et A telltr:, ? '^"' «'l>abitucront sur " ront plus 4 propos, et mome en fief, avec 12 loye ne T^ '' ''""'''"''"^ '!"'•'« J"S«'- •• ddsirent avoir litre de baronnies, .L^aITZI^^^L^"^''''''''' '' *" "^ '"'»«« taken to get rid of the ineon've nc" S t ey we^e f It'LT'"' ""'^ """'"^ ""'' ''«- Between the case of this Company and tl.a Yf ThTr '? ""'*'''''• but the one difference hinted at CLTjllll „Tm 7,^/ ""'" ^"°'^' *''^^« ^"^ resulting from soil and climate, o^he Vest itlia?!/! ^*' °V664,_that the fertility, paid for those Islands, while t l^s Jr du e et Zd ^ f "^' *° ""' " P"'« Indians, of New I'rance, left the latter LHi.,.7 V ^' ? " ''"°''*^ '''^'' """'^ ^"^"^e New Fr'ance took no Lnyt^itZ^L -a„dTn^' " f ' r:'^"' " ''' ^'""P^^ "^ of confidence that it did not._th cfre slot! Z '' Tr '"""''^ *- '"^ ''"' "^^ ''^^'^^ any doubt or cavil as to sue!, right b" ml in trelet"thTr* "' '''"' '«'^' "' '" been tempting enough to induced n to give'L'y t C**' ""^ «""'" ""^^ "<" ''•'« 175 " Terrcaeuvo, et autres Isles et terre ferme /ep3e 'no d du < , '."' ?"''"' '"*' ^' " Virgiuie et Fioride, ensemble la cote de I'IZZ 7 l'",*^" W« ^' Canada jusqu'a la " Bon„e-Esp6,anco, tant et si avant ^"111^™"'^^^^^^ J--!"'- ^^P ^e " pays nous appartiennent pour 6tre!,u avorZi devant h-t* ■"' - "" "^^ '*' '^'' " la dite Compagnie s'y 6tablisse en chnssant ou so^L.T . . ^"^ '"* ^""5"'^' ""'t que •' des dite pays, ou le.'autres atTous de 1^^^^^^^^ "" -^"-'« '■abitita " ainsi qu-elies sont insiSr^es ci-apr6s :"-etc. ' ^'^°"' *' accordons, § 340.— Those of the subjoined " articles et conditions " wJ,;„T ,• . .elate to ana,ualifytheg.„teo„ve3.ab,theab:vt:::it^^^^^^^^^^^ 'M-^enduedosditspaysci'devareZlL L;^^^^^^^^^ '" .f " ^'^ -"<5ea,(„) en " appeli.es Anti.le, Labitoes par lea ll^X^n^m:^::^!'' '''"' '' ''^'»^"-^- " la oompaguie des dites isles formde eu 1 642 en remrurr„M ^ " particuiiers par •' celles des sommes qu'ils ont payees pour racha, If A' f"'^"'"''* Propriotaires d'i- " et des amdhorations et augmeLt ons a J^isv„nTf >'""'"" ''"" "=°°''»'^ ^'acquisition •MescommiasairesparnousLdtSetTe tfsrt tSd'V'^K'J" '^ " depuia I'acquiaition des dites islL '""'*"' J°'"'''^*'"''"'«*'°''« q^'i'sy ont 4tabiiea " cfidons d la dite comWnie.-poren o" /rS °'''^y"'^' «' -"• "justiee;nenonsr6servant autre drrt ni 1/ ' . "'" ^'"f"'^^^' «-Kneurie et ;;dite eo.p.gnie sera tenne detufl: Zo^s: :^^^^^^^^^^ .- ,a ro., avco une couronne d'or du poida de 30 marca '"''""" ''"^' ^ '^'"'l''^ '""'ation de " .-ales,. n,..s ebargeant d'y satis aire si a crilre tT """ "" T''' '" •^"*' *«"«» «' " rC-voquun. d leur foard toutea les oonl ' '"'^"'' ^^'^ "°"^ ''^""^ 'dvoqud et " en terns ftant ^ qu'e be^ n r^ f 1^^^^^^ " """ """''^^' ""^^"""- " contenu en ioellea, ainsi et comm si el s S la il" .T''"T' P""" ^""'^ "^^ *''"* '« " 22.— Jouira In Hif» » Ltoient par ,icuh6rcment exprim.es " ^^^S'^^^y^SZ^ '' T,": '^^ '"*- '-- ^' i <^ea droits " qu'ila se 1. Jt /pr^sen't pa t sti;^ ^ 2^:^^^^ '" 'J'^^ *"^^^^' '■«'-' -^ " trouve d propos de les commuer en^!Z7J7 T'~T "' ° "'' '^"^ '" «o"'P"gaie " 23.-La d/te compagnie pou a Jdroun^ h"""!; ''T'^S^'"-' ^es d.ts hal^ta^a. " terreafermeade i'AmTrloue n, aiM ? *' '*' '"''''"'' '<'" ^'"^ J«« elites isles et •' droits seigneurlaux qtTe^Ztr-lu :; "^ '''' ""^''^^'-^ *"'^ -'' -'- " fleuvea, rivifires, isles, et isS Int ll '.. f ?' """"■*'' "*P«' ^"'^«^' P^^ '«- hdvres "denouspayerpour/at nd^'dl /2 s ;t:r'"^''"^^^^^^^^ " quels nous lui avons fait don." '^''' ""'""' '^'°'"' '^^ "ouverainot^. dea- ^.WI^e^40_yeara Hmitod by the Z5tb article, for tbe commeroiM ^ \IM 176 ■' 40^Apr*8 les dites 40 ann^es expirees, s'il a'e.tjugi i propos de eontmuer le prinl^w du commerce toutes les terres et isles que la compagme aura conquiae.. habit/esCfdt " hat an, T^" ' '^'"°'™ Beigoeuriaux et redcvances qui seront dus par les dS habaant. lui demeureront 4 toute perpetuiW en toote propriet Jeigneurie et jLt ce^K-ur dLfol """ "f •*" ■'"° '"' """"''' <="'"'"« de -n propre hTritag ,!!^cmme aC •' dtst diZr ""■"'""'■ "?""■ "*^°""''' ---« et marcLanirqu" n aura « etSl no P'^-^*"^ P0UTo.r ^tre troubles, ni que nous puissic.sretirer Ich elites terr I et. les pour quelque cause, occasion et pr^texte que ce soit ; ft quoi nous av.n, re onci ds a present, d cond.t.on que la dit. compagnie no pourra yendre les dites torres /.ucun, etrangers sans notre permission expresse." "ucuns § 347.-By the fifteenth and three following articles it was provided that the Company was to have a 40 years monopoly of all the trade of the v t Irrit nes thus made over to them, their fisheries alone excepted ; that they .ere to be pa.d a bounty of 30 kvres a ton on all goods to be import d by theL i o Ich ZTT: t' 'r ' ^''"^'^^" goodstobe.honce'brough cl to France ; that any of such goods which the Company might wi.h to re-sh p to fore.gn parts, should be free of export duty, if freighted if French s Is 'a^d that the Company shonld pay no duties of export or import on any sto es of war, or provisions or other necessaries for their ships. § 348.— By the twenty-fifth and six following articles th« r.^ ra,M fore, to .ppoml Governor, at ple.sur., „ho „e„ to be comZioned by the K,.8 , ,„ „„„„ „.,, „„^,„„,_ ^^ ^, ,„„,„ ^^j^ own coZiT sion for tho superseding of a Governor to Lave force for B m„.,I,. » to obviate di»eu,t, „on an, delay in tb. it^Trof'" IXtn^rio? Z witb a„ .ings and princes of tbcir .err!,! ^^^ tL'i^n^.; ot,'" to" make war upon tl.cn, "„„„««,„,... todemand the King-.V.,"'.™ cost, against all enemies of the state, who should molest the J- ,„J , . and remove all local offlcm of jostle; of every ti"d an 1 d! , "'''' vatio,, ,n,v, that .be members o'f such C.»»7i:tl XXr^'cr,'; were to t»ke commissions from the Crown, upon the Company. it ll?' thc:rm'onSfw''hiXfS:ti'*'?'""''''''»'*'»^^ French settlers in th r'rlS^t^S, rdttl'-.r rd'cZrrr rr.:u:ra^'tr=:LTar=s^^^^^^^^ .« consecutive year, to be -«.,.„ ^^/ZZ'^^'iZCTottZt (o) Tlie words of this article are:— It cannot be suid that th.s provision was necessary for the introduction of the Oustomof 177 § 350.— By the second and following thirteen aifiVIn- ♦!,„ *i • . n.t ic. .b»» SOW J j„' iT ;t.uri . X" ''" "i'' ■" '"''""'« "^ «■"■ at will by tl» hc\.k„ k,™.lT , ' •"'* "■ ""I" t'»"*mblo pow„vs-,„bj.ct,o.l,, .„ri" :l, J;,i " -"'•''■ "'"' "«» -t .ubjoct t„ „izu,, f„, Tk " " I : : r- ""' ™ '"'"^ Special pr„,i,i„„, i„ f„„, „nM^„„„ fi<» of «»„rc al other i„,.„co. '"=■"" """ ''•-^- ''--2::?.:f ;r. 'ir -"^ "*- - •» f.vtti:f:j™r '"'-'^ '» '""'• «» ^' "«- r.r«y l,„vy ad,..,,., „. „,.. inli"„TLti;:i:s St::!"""" "'°° "• ''^°"«" - »•'»-'' " l.—COT tiniejinug regardotw dans I't-tablissompnt ,Uo r, , . and »., Vol , p. 8»,, „,„ ^.j,,,., t™. .;;t,f;*jSr " O"-*". Vol. .,p.=8, ■ I. "r i;'r;:z:'; i: 'z: ? ""*• "" •• '"«'" •' ■• «"^= <■«- <• -« bi.t! ^rriit'i'*?:;:;,:;-'.^-::' - r'^-^ r--- - »• '-' p-*- than as provided by the Cstom of pJIr^fP ,'- ''"'""'"'' ""'"''"■'' infinitely too much, or infinitely too htfle ^"^ '" "''"'"'" '^''^ "°' ''"P"^' "'her eame rule mu,,t bo applied to all othe^ eo ; t's L! t-n"' '' ""'-■-""' "'"""^^^ '^^^ well have said that his .ubjectB should not 1 L^t at a^ 1 '^^ " "'''' "' ' "^^ ^'"° »'«''' - mu3t leave all details of t heir eontral ofT I i ""^ '''*'*" "''""^ °>«"«r, but (in the silence of the parties rudlplT '" '"' "''^^P-^""- - ">« Cu;ton it were for the uses of a'n U.ei^^^^J:, "" "'"" """ ^'"^^ ^""" "^ "°'-"' -'- If on other hand, he lifllH f^ ,«„„„ i ,i «» under anot/.r C 21TJlZTT\''f •"*" '"'"''^ "<="^" '"'''^« «"«•> •'"rtract nor yet trans.res, any xp 1" • iren ^ ' ^,'1' *'° ""'^^"'^ °^ «"«'' "'"^^ Huston - n>ay «ost safely bea^^ ^ Cr" ^ ^.f^ ;f ''^ °^ '^^ --ersal Custom ; the rule The introduction of the Custom „fpl; T . °° «nli. seigniorial end. other. r.»*r«iaed meo no Ire tj^ thefrr '.'"'? t P™"""^" "^'^^ ''^" •>''-'"■> "' any of marriage, and oth.r ooZr^J'^n ""'''' "' """""""' *•""> "^ ^ «^«" Co«raci 178 ' gloire do Dieu en procurant le salut de8 indiens et Bsuvages, aiaquela nous d^sJroM fcir„ ecnnoitre la vraie religion, la dite Co.pagnie • • .er. oWig^e de'f pZer a« pL;^! desBus concedes le nonjbre dVcl6siastiquea nficessaire pour y prober fe saint^^^^^^ T m!. P^P 't "^^ '" •"■"'°'='' ^' ^'^"eion catiolique, apostoliquo et romaine comme auss. de b4t.r des dgUses et y ^tablir des cures et presbit^res, dont elle aura la no iZon habitants, esquelles 6ghses, curd, et presbit^res, la dite Compagnie sera tenue d'entreterir d cem:„ent et avec Lonneur, en attendant qu'elle les puisse four raisonnablement -ll ^r irrn ", ^'^!,?'''''" ^^'^^ '"'""^•'' aucundesdits eccMsiastique quCnU autorite que les memes gouverneurs et proprietaires des dites isles." lit J ?f ""^^ !' ''^''°"' ^'^ '''"'*•■''' *^«' t^« terms of the real estate grant con- veyed by this instrument, are not altogether the same as those of the like grant made to the Company of New France. ^ The general words of the opening clause (svprd, § 345), which of themselves might read as an absolutely unqualified grant of property, arc qualified by the subjomed articles (su.r,, § 346) ; although neither to the extent'nor in the wt required by the anti-seigniorial theory. ^' § 853 -Instead of at once taking an estate for ever in the whole of the conceded territory, as the Company of New France did,-the Company of the West ndies had the whole of their larger territories made over to Lm (in property, and with the superadded attributes of lordship and JusUce) under tiis very pecuhar limitation that so much thereof as they should get possession and settk during the 40 years of their commercial monopoly, and also (if redeemed from the vendees) the sold West India Islands.'toJ^her w h seigniorial and other dues thereto appartaining, should remain theirs for ever on he easy and comprehensive tenure agreed upon, -everything else, presumably, n the event of the term of their commercial monopoly not bei^^ extended then reverting to the Crown. ° '''"■^"''^''' r,.r?f f IV^'* *''"' ""? ^""''"^ '° '^'""^ '''' ^'''''^ to them as a pro- p rty of their own ; and with a license as to their disposal of it, that was ^ery nearly if not quite as large as that allowed to the Company of New France. § 354.-Indeed, in one particular that license was larger; for they w^re to pay no ^^droUe de souverainete" on their mines,-while the Company of New France was only entitled to hold them " con/ormement a rordonnance,' that is to say, subject to payment of such dues. § 365^-And in another particular, it has been spoken of, as if larger- for the twenty-third article in place of the more general terms used in the fifth seel ion of the older grant (p) which have been spoken of as though they did not com- Islands, m 16npasnU d» Ma de l'JmMiuc.~.Supri, § 844, Fote(«). 179 prehend the contract of 8ale,-expressly declared tbat the Company of the West Iod.es n.ght sell, as well aa sub-grant, on what terms and to whom it 7oJI In tins respect, however, the truth is, that a comparison of the two clauses X' X::rc:r™"" ' ""' *"^"°" " ^- ^""" Onder tbo oWe, g,,„i, ,h, right to .oil, „o, „erii„g i,, ,,, „.„,i„„j ^th Company by op.„.i„„ of W, and „, „e„ amply protected b tS rtr;ro:r;:::to;;^^^^^^^^^^^^ Under this later grant, the rights to create ch&tellenm and aleux and to dispose of^«s:ttt^°"'^ "" •"»' "■•■'• " "» '^» " b.»,,.o years, an indefinite part of it wl l! ' " ' "«''''• ^"' *»'' "' ■^''° «"d «f 40 were not wholly ,,aS ^v^lV^ T"' "tr^^*^ ^ "^-^ '" *« C--. the words d«e«, the propeHy of the C«wn Tr .^^ ^"T' "'^ P°^"' '^"""^ '''"^^ ^-^ ^^^^ ^o reduce Crown might'bo trid enti«e7 „ '•"'"?' ''^ ^-""''-"'"^ "« ^^ ^'^i^''- ^''-''fore, ,! of its fiscal inU...i ""^ '" ''"'l"''^' ^l"*' "^«y «»'<»^<1 »°^ be reduced to the pr.J^dice 180 unmistakeably, that all such dues, however variant, had been legally and rightly established, and were not to bo altered otherwise than by consent of the parties interested. J > n § 356.— There is no doubt, however, that this grant to the Company of the West Indies was much more imperfectly carried into execution in Canada, than that to the Company of New France had been. § 357.— The Royal instructions to Talon, of 1665, March 27, already referred to {suprd, § 337), contain the following significant passarro: — " S. M. a joint lo d. pays il la concession qu'elloa faite 4 la Compagnie des Indoa Oeci.Ien- •' tales, dout il est nC'ccssaire que le d. Sr. Talou voye le? lettres do concession, pnr lesquelles " la compagnie est en droit de nommer le gouverneur et tons les autres officiers; et [maisf] " comme la compagnie connait assez qu'elle ne pourroit pas trouver des personnes'qui eussent •■ assez de rafirite, et qui fusscnt assez autorisiies pour oceuper ces postes et les remplir digne- " mem, elle a eto bien aise que le roi fit cette nomiuation, jusques d ce que par la continuation •■ do9 boutcs et de la proteotii.n de S. M., cette colonie s'augnaentant considerablement, la d. " compagnie puisse aloi-s par elle-meme trouver des sujets propres pour y envoyer •' II a &t6 bon que lo d. Sr. Talon sceust toutes ces choses pour lui faire connoltro que ' I'lntention et la volont6 du roi sont qu'il proic^ge, appuye, et trav.iiUo autant qu'il sera eu " son pouvoir a bien 6tablir l'autorit6 de la compagnie dans le dit pays;" etc.(v) § 358.— It was not till after Talon's arrival, as has already been observed {sup-d, § 343), that the first step was taken towards giving effect to the grant in Canada, — by its enregistration here. § 359.— Having taken this first step and apparently not done much more, Talon-in tiie same despatch of 1665, Oct. 4, which has been cited (suprd, §341), — wrote home, remonstratively, thus: '' Quoique par la r6ponse(«,) que je donna au 4e. article de mon instruction, vous puissiez " b.en connaure s.l est avantagcu, au roi de c^.'er A la compagnie la propricto de ce grand pays aveo le droit do pouiToIr au gouvernement, ou de conserver Fun et I'autre d S M _ •■ je m'exphquo sur le motif qui a pu la porter d faire cette cession d la dite compa-nie •" et " je dis, que sil a ete d'augmealer les profits pour lui donner d'autant plus de moycns' do " souteuir sea prem.Ores depenses, augmenter le nombre de ses vaisseaujc. et faire un grand " commerce ut.le 4 son etat, sans avoir pour objet retendue des habitations de ce pays et la " mult.pl,cat.on de ses colons, il est a mon sens plus utile au roi de laisser d la dite cumoa- -guie cette piopneta sans auoune reserve; mais, si elle [o'est-d-dire S. M] a regarde ce " pays comme un beau plan, dans lequel on pent former un grand royaume, et fonder une " monarchic ou du moins un 6tat fort considerable, je ne puis me persuader qu'elle reussisse " dans son dessein, laissant en d'autrcs mains que les sienncs, la seigneurie, la propriety des " terres, la nommation aux cures et adjoints, meme le commerce qui fkit I'dme de I'fitabUsse- " ment qu'elle pretend. ■' Co que j'ai vu jusqu'ici depuis mon arriv^e, m'a bien persuade ce que j'arance ; puisque depu.s que les ageos de la compagnie ont fait entendre qu'ollo ne souffrirait auoune liberty I v) MSS. Doc. Que. Hist Soc, Igt aeries, VoL 1, p. 88. MThe other despatch h.re referred to . «otgireu; nor any further indication of if t«n<'r, tliaa the extract m the text affonlk. 181 « de commerce non .eulement aux Fransoi« qui avoient coutume de pas^jr en ce pay, pour le tnmsport des marchandises de France, n^ais memo a«^ propres habitans du tan.dl ju^udeurd,apu.erle droit do faire veuir pour leur com,Je des den eTdu rot me desquellcs .1, se servent tant pour lour B«b.i«tance quo pour fairo la traito avco 17^. J' On a mis la compngnie en possession, non seulement des droits honorifiquos ct de sei- gneurie, mais encore do tous ceux qui rendent quolqu'utilito E e se [fi,nde 1] pour cela des termes de ,a concession qui le lui donue privativemcnt a tou^' "L^'T^ V ^'■'*'"""° '' ''' ""^'^ 'J"" '« ">' '"''* '•"""^ P»r "non instruction par lesqucsaM mecommandod-cxciterlesditshabitansauoommerL,neswTd u a^'troD je fendra. taut que jo pourrai les cl.oses en balance, pour nour ir quelqu e J ■ luce d^ " IZlsT^: 'r '" ''''T ''"^ ^° *""^^ abattus,lju.qu-4 ce <^.o dL ^ SVo chaine S. M. me boU m.eux e,pl,qu6e de ses intentions sur ce sujet, sur lequel je m'otcudrai " davantage dans mes premieres depechea." («) ^ ' Jt- "' ueuurai • ^ f^—J^''^ ,"*'^"^' J'^^e^^'-. ^■«'-e i» g>-«at part combated, the year follow- ing, by a despatch of the great Colbert (y) under date of 1606, April 5- in v.h,ch, replying either to the above passage, or to the corresponding passage of Talon 8 other despatch there mentioned, or to both,-that minister thus wrote :- " L'autre raisonncment que vous faitea sur rabandonnenient que le roi a fait du pays d la " Compagmo des ludes Oecidentales, et les inconv^^nicnU que vous en nppr b ndTptut ^t^ auss. combattu par une raison qui est capable, el^e seule, de dEr.:;!' autres que vous apportez au contraire; c'est que nous avons vu par experience que eette ^lome n-est tomb^e daus I'^at lunguissant ou elle a dto jusques ici, qL paree ^ue Pa c.enne comp^me 6tait trop faible, et parce que cette meme compagufe vi ensure aban- donnde entro les mains des habitans (.) ; et si vous ^udiez bien ce qui sW pa s .ur ee fa.t M, vous demeurerez d'accord que ces deux causes ont produit la desertion des ane ens CO ons, et empecb6 que d'autres ne s'y soient alios 6tablir, comme ils auroicut fait aasTrl ment, s. une compagn.e puissante comme coIleKii les avoit soutenu, 'II est constant que vous aurez tr„uv6 de graudes difficulto. dans les commencemens et Ce nest pas dans ces seules precautions que le roi veut Wner les moyens de faire sub- " ooLtion Z r "Tl7 T"""": '^""''"'•^"^ P"' '" P'«'-^^« -^ «— 'le sa coDces..on, et ,u .1 auro.t et6 m^me plus avantageux de la lui laissc', parcequ'il est 4 i (*) iMSS. Dou. Que. Hist. Soc, Ist Series, Vol. 1, pp. 52—54. (y) M.SS. Doc. Que. Hist. Soc., Ist Series, Vol 1, pp. 81-85." x2/ By the coDtraa vi laio, — Sujird, §202. •I m 183 " crnindre quo par le moyen de la traite, les habitar-s ne Jome«rent nne bonne partie d» "l .. r r:i''' *" """ 1"« «'"» "'^voiont pas la liberW de la faire iineroient n6ccs8itd9 do s'oppliquer & bien culti'vor len™ terres '• ^°"'7;'\f «»' P''^t'<=«"^'-«'"*nt foud« Bur la mauvaise administration des agens et oom- •< la lTh?*T * . ' '" '""P'^"'' «"■• '«« •■"^'"nces que jo lui en ai faite«. en a accord^ _ la 1 bert6 pour cctte annfie mdi.stinclementd toutes sortes de personnes ; quoiqu'n soit fort .. L If"""-?'? "" part-ouliers n'enverront de France que les marchandises et denr^es sur peutetre les plus n6cessa.reB,_outre que par ce moyen le. eastors dtant en differentes mams, il est certain que le debit s'en fera d vil prix." Proceeding then to another subject, the Minister answers a question which lalon had raised, as to the right of the Company to certain dues-" /« g«ar< sar les castors et le dixihnesur les j ;• "« The first demand, which was simply for the abstract recognition of the Com- any 9 nght as "Seigneurs des pays denommis en FidU de S. M., pour enjouir en toutepropr,it6 etjustiee, ainsi que de tons autres droits d eux concedes par le dtt idit,— was of necessity answered by the word " Bon " oZt ZZ^'J^'"}; f'^'.^ "P '^^^ demand, by the requirement that the officers of the Canserl Superieur should be commissioned upon nomination by the Company, and that other judges and officers should be " etabli^' by the Company, received no answer.-Special demands made (Nos. 19 to 22) as to the miferior judicia establishment at Quebec, were met with evasive answers.-Thal made for the like establishment at Three Rivers (No, 23), and that for the com- miMioning of all notaries, huissiers and serffents by the Company (No. 24), were caUemtnd-"^^' "^'"^ ^°"*''''*^ "^ *^' ^'""'"'^ '"''^' °^ *^' ^''^ ^^ *^" P^«°"" " 18.-Que la dite compagnie soit mise en possession et jouissanoe des droiU scigneuriaux et de tous les autres qui lui sout conc6d63 par le dit 6dit "— ""gneunaux -was thus evaded; de Courcelles throwing over the matter-mainly to Talon secondarily to de Tracy : ' " Mens, rintendwit prendra. s'il lui plait, d'examiner cet article. En se conformant aux •.ntent,onsdeS.M.,ilparoitrortjUBtedefairecequie.tdemand.par.otart;rrqu^" Mo s. de Tracy aura agr^ableje travaillerai 4 fai^ tourner lea droL seigDe...ux au profit de U compagn.e. quand monsieur I'inte.dant U pourra ou qu'U lui plair. a> oommeUre ' Th« twenty-fiftl, bad reference to the papier terrier, alluded to in the concluding words of the extract just mad. of Colbert's despatch ; and was in these words :_ « ZT^T^'^^"^'"'" *""" """"""^ »~'*^°'"- l'«f«"d«''teoi» faitaunomdela dite com- pagn.e; et que les avcuxetd^,«nbrements, meme le., fois et hw^ages soient rendus au g^n^ral de 1. dite c^npagn.e; *t «^ue pour cot ,ir,t es titres concemant les concessions .Hi (c)Ei ' * ' ■°^->ipp -"ff-^J-.a , vol. I, pp. 61 el ten. 184 r^t de la compagnio .eulo, o'e.t & ello do le cKStermioer '' ' ''^°' '^^ '""^- § 302.— The only other documents that I Imve been able fn fin^ i^ • do httle ,„o.-e than confirm a,. ir,f..ences to be drawn from the foregotg ^ (<0 It admits of suggestion, peiliaps, that Talon's eiffnati,r« nf th.. • . , J> import his acqnieaeence. on'roJti'on. i„ de CoZl T^ Ht e^^^^^^^^^ ""^*" does not seem to mu to be its meaning De Ooiirn«)io. ,„/• T/i ' ''°^e7er, note .,f Ms own idea Talon .g:Z Js'ZTrXZfel'T^^^^^ Tl '"'If " look into and act upon thereafter. If he had meant 2,1^ "^.""', "»"«"' ^"^ l^""Relf to randum by way of statement of his own vie. '^°'*' '' ^'°"" ''^^^ '^'^''^'^ '^ '-«'°<'- From his despatches and Colbert's answer ahovp nnnt»J -, i ^,. . . adTcrseljr to the Company with the mi„rf^'r ^ ' ^ "'^ "''" '"" ^"^ '"■«"'''« 2:.^^.t.ha^bLint-::r^:;^:i=;=i-^^^ name,astiesedemandsrequiredLthesl^ouWba e done'' Eve Jr? " ! ^r""^'' terrier shows it to have remained an unfinished worrd^wn to TeVf^^^ despatch of Frontenac, infrd, 8 362.) when Talon had l7ff fi * ' ^? .'"'""' ^'•"^ neverto have been eompliisoLy^ItfLT^^^^ no g^nt eUher by Talon or by Bouteroue. in the Company'. Ue.i 7Zt ' ^"' th« »n!l ^^^^^PP-'^'-'S "'« interpretation here set upon these answers to be wrong and the answers to have meant assent, the case is not alteroH Ti,. <• * "'""«' "^ wrong, and I8S 2nrf/y._The grants of IniuJ made tlircjrl, thj, neri,.rl «,l.! i i require fuller exannnation hereafter (in/rd, JSg 3a7 c/lr tin ' i T say, that thoy wero of two classes -tlio Greater rlrT"^ ' ''""f"""^'' ''«''« ^ •nd eontaiuing vcy slight .uenVon'o? Z^^J^^;:^ Z^:^'^^^ "T nono at all.^-ttna a smaller number made bv ITc ""^.''"^•J « ''-■"'"^nHlIy right, ana afterwards recognised for vaHd byi. kI; '"' "^''' "' ''' "'^'^ And 3n%._Tho following extract from a despatch by Frontena. to ♦),„ Minister, under date of 1C7.3, November 10 M I,,.- • ^ , ''"'*^"'^« *» tho certain grants of the former o these two .la'se ^ ^" ""'".;' "'■"^™° '^ issued by Talon about a year previl-!. " "'~'"' "^'" °' ^^•'"^'' '^^ ^^^ ;; autre, personnoa d. p,„s o^nsU^rM^^^ ^rTS'^^J^'T - . '""'"' *' " «ons; pnrceque les ayant touteB accord^.., „„ „ . ^ ** ''"""'^' '''""* '^"''«<"'- " confirmation de S. M. dans un an san nf. , » " ''•"' "'"" '"•'■'^"•=''"'' ''''^^" P''^"'''-" '» " qui m-a oblige do Se ^ZTt^^Z!'^ "V"'" ^"' '*= '^P'--'-t. C'c.t ce " pour no point .ionner d atteut au.7t o, t T' '"T^' "' "^"^ ^''"■' •'"-^'''- -■«'^^- " qui lui donnait permission do le f •; tt .rolirf'" '''*"'° ^'"^'""^ '•"■•'•'^' ''^ -"-" " qui sent auBsi partes par mee instrucwl ^ ' '° '""' '■'«"^' '"^"'■"™'-''' '^ <=«•« " donn. la propri.t^ir^'sfM;:, "d:7a ol ''""' "" ''''^"*^ ''"« -"' -'-'- « presque suivi en aucun ar« lo ia M Irs do T acrn'"" •'^"^^ """'1"" "'"^'"^ ^'^ " J'ormis dans la percoption des droits !: I,. ^ f """''""" ^" ^°' q"' !'"■>' «"ivi, " le roi entend. commo U v a bionTi ^ ''" °" '*'" " '""J""™ '"i'"^' ^ P"'-<=«q"o « no.,,.., ....™ .„ ,„ „,, .,, ,„,,„„ of .ke^eistrjnL';.!:: to, acootding to the orfmar, .enso of lj,e words u«.d in II, In ,„„ „,,ii„,Ur lad boon t,.,lri (notwithstanding ,h. absolufnei o i J:„,di„„r.^ "t ™« . n,.,e ,«.t.g,.nt,— pl.»ibl. ,h„„ rf „g.„„, „, ,„ J/it" ,"' ""'» 0) MSS. Doc. Qcb.Hkt. Soo., 2nd Scries, Vol. 2, pp. 801, 2. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ■^lli 12.5 ■so "^" ■■■ 12.2 M mil 2.0 IL25 i 1.4 ill 1.6 Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)872-4303 # V V s> fv V^' Wr : laii 186 Although even in that ca.sc, and though pushed no further, the argument wou d Lave been a strained and unsound one; because the clear and prec ,e mterp et t,on, by he mere fact of the parties not having acted up to tha. Jse And mo.t surely the argument could have had no show of appJcation to Z' other grant., than simply the one grant so supposed not to havTbeen act^d out'. affLTrf "! *lT ^""'l "° ""' '"' ^''° ''"P"f«'=' ^'^^^""^n of tl^i« Charter affect d sveral others of ,ts provisions,-the sense of which, equally with tla ti eltr "' '""^^' ^"^ '^^^"' controversy,-more' bj far'than it iS named ats three highest ofHcei-s for Canada. (Suprd, § 357 ) ^ In the cleat-est terms, by its Charter, it had the unrestricted nomination of all Its judical officers; the members of the Conseil Supirieur alleTavinno taS com,„.,,ons from the Crown after such nominatl. But t , S' chtf officers ,n the country, having once been named by the King dnf by the bents m the country ; and in 16G0, its demands to that end were still onLTn part g..„ted, and in part answered evasily, or not at all. X^a, ^ ^f " Its commercial monopoly, except as to the fisheries, was for 40 y ars To have been unhm.ted So Talon admitted, and Colbert. But here, th re'w s^who itisf :t '^trMi''- t' '' °^"T-f "^•^"'^'' ""^ ^'"'- warmly trth colonist side. The Minister, even while supporting its pretension on nnlWiV. single particular. (5M;>,-«i, § 302.) ^ ""' '" " mauersth? n"" f ''' ''"' '""•^"'"■'^' '' ^^ "^" '^^ '" '^»"-^ ^« «« "-7 other matters) the Charter was not acted up to,--thero wis vpf nf a,,,- ,„*. n • like an assimilation of its quality to theL^tee-rii^X :^^^^^^^ of non-feudal law. The King used no phrase of qualification in spfakinlof the w^ hTo" 7 " ^T\': ''.' ''"'"'""^ ^*"^^''' § '''^ ' 'T^'- --onstraL, still ^.th no phrase of qualification, against the policy of ceding to a Company "/« other hands than the King's (.uprd, § 359); Colbert in his reply, and the Kin. hetrnToTr"';"^ T"- '"' ^''^ ^'^^ "™« "^^^"- ^^ qualilation, allude t^ 7r ■ •'" r' ^'"^'■'^' § '"'• "°*^^ '^ ^- *) 5 F^o"*^"''" follows in^he same Btyle,call.ng,tthearrl/by which theKing"a.ai.a«..>Wo««^^a;,ro^^^^^^^^^^^ 187 -cepay, AMe^rs d» la compagnier and which had simply not had effect given I o tZ; ;.^ ^ ; '«nguago all, indicative of no possibilify of misappreheSi n as to what the grant was perfectly well known by every one to have meant Coll^rt even told Talon (,«..., § 360) that he s Jno doubt as to the ;sTi e oJ the Cor^pany's demand tlu . ah .rants shor.. be made, and the redactiou of the f £ T rr.TT f ""'^' ■*" •'' ""•""• ^^ '^''''°" ^'d "ot yi^l'l '''« point, it was r^^ere ly that he took the r sk of disregarding, at once the Edit^ and the Minis- ter s h,nt as to what ought to have been done in obedience to it. The result proved hn . to have been safe in his calculations. He knew his weight, and the influences (of jealousy, courtierly timidity, and otherwise) that were at' work at Court, and with the Company, to place matters, with the aid of delay, substan- tially at h,s own d,sposal. Trooally enough, among other pretexts, he availed himse.f more or less of the peculianty of the terms of the grant, already more vhan once referred to {suprd, § 352, etc.), according to which an inde^nite re- mainder of the territory granted was presumably to revert to the Crown in 40 years. It may have been, that there was a disposition to view the Company somewhat in the light as suggested by Frontenac's despatch, of an ^^engagiste} or ^^sergneur uUler(f) though the term, of its grant made it vastly more ; and in r ractice it was treated as if it had not been by anv means so much. But at leas thus much ,s certain. Every one knew and admitted that in law accord- ing to Its grant, the Company owned all the lands thereby covered, and could ell or grant them to whom it would, and as it would ; and that by law the Z r ^.m.. was required to be made in its interest, and might therefore with pd? ct propriety be madeintsname,-under reserve, perkaps,oi the contin^eneylf a lapsing of all unsettled territory to the Crown at or after the end of the%0 years! the RovallT' TT'^!' ^""' '' "'""'•^ '^' ^"" P^^^'''^^' performance of S lf7 A "' '* '^' ''""' *'™^' '^^' ^^'^ '"«'' be repeated, that among Us las. ac s done in pursuance of the rights vested in n by that con ract, were ! number o grants of land, of most sweeping style,-.grants of landed proper y in he argest sense, i words can be phrased to bear suth senso,-which gra^^f o far ftom being at al questioned, were all expressly declared good by tL in Iru- ment under which the King resun^.-d its Charter. or ms (.«,,*, |3) «, Ic t]„ C.nrii„B Soigaio,'. liolJfng „,l„,i„, ji,,,,, „„,. „, „ ' I it r f I I I li 188 ^ § 307.-Thc next extant piece of evidence, to be noto«l, as to the land-rrant- ing projects of those times, is to be found in certain -Projets de Me.lcment- " drafted ev.dently by Talon, signed (without date) by de Tracy and himself, and ordered for en registration at a .aeeting of the Conseil Supirieur held in 1667 (January 24 , at which de Courceiles, the Bishop and five other Councillors, the g nt general of he Company not being one of them, w.re also present,-";our itreolservisseloneurforrnc et tenc.r autant ,ue la nece.Jle re.LrSZ thit :biectrt r '''''"T: T '^^'^''''^ P^-dure and some other subjects this sub ect St ken up, and dealt with, in two parts ; first, with reference to the lour,aJes winch it was suggested should be formed at th King's exp .■ near Quebec ; and secondly, with reference to nny othe. that shouM be forled ds where, at othercost than the King's. . The first part of this project(/t)°reads thus :— "vantf-"""'^' "l"" "" P"""-* ''-«'" voisin.^0 do Quebec, pouflLaisonsi " Et pour parler dans sop. ordre des villa-'os A former nonr l,.a i,„i>i.„.- j "families qui seront envnyfes nar 8 \i . M ^ habitations dos nouvellcs " pr49 de Ouob«e il f-nfT ^ «• M- "i-'^^ nyo.r reconnu qu'il import* de les planter mmmwMMM villages et les Lameaux selon I'exigence du terrain. ^' " n faut pareillemeut arreter qu'anris avoir rpvorvA .Una -„. i, :nr;:^iJ:X'^a~z~ " voix. soit par I'exemple de leur application au t aS ISlT "T' ?' '^ T " .avetier et antres, il serTtrr pr nosL '^.''^^^.^-S'^dea, comme clmrpentier, majon. " bourg. toutos les borndtssres' tan^d la ^^T " 'f"?' '^^ "^"^ ^''°' ^°^"^ - " rhomme. se trouve pour U Zr^d: celni ^Z^^^"^ '°^^'"-' ^' ^^'^^^ =»« " wt^ercl^ltTerbl^aTelr"^ f'^ ''' '"''-'' ^"' ^^^^ ^""« - " des snjets qui en seront gratifii' '°""' ''^' diff^rentes, selon la difference ■• cat re,ue, ne pouvant se di^l let i e do rl^^^^^^^^ ^V', ^'f ^^'^'^ " sionE futures leurs services d S M «n!f * » • • , ' '^"P" ^' '^''"' '«** "^C"" " les terres qu'ils ddfrich ront 4 ce te 1 rr ^ ^ 1 """"" inconvenient de leur donner " oe les sorL pas ^^^iT^lZZ^,;^'::^'-^ '^'''''' "vent etablir par leur seul travail il faut ,"""'"" P'*-'*"'; «' P^'^q^'l^ "« se pen- (g) LniTS w 0«D., 4°. Vol. 2, pp. 128 et seg. ; 8», Vol. 2, pp. 28 el uq raSi St Ztf i-:;;::' '"'^-'^ ^'^^ ^^^-'^^ '- ^««^' ^^ ^^^ -'»i«t-. »« to tbe prep. 189 '• a '1 „h r^Vr """'• '' "^^ '"'"' P^y"''" ^"""'^ '''" 2 P'««-™ "P«nts deterr, q.. 8 nbatt,x,nt ct brflleront. quoique pour leur eompte et A lour profit, le,, obli-^eant don pa.Hcront de trance m, sans que pour ce il leur en suit rien pay6 Pur cet exp^^dient oa eur fournU es mo.ens de se fuire un foods de sub.istance poJ^Huvor, et „ n X e j". terres pour les families que le roi semblo vouloir t-tablir A s-Td^pens • • ^ " on S n u r','"*"7,*" ''""P"S"^' ''"-'J"'"« -" commandos, dc I'autre. i'bonncur don. o d, ,,e„en les eoncessionsnelesengngeoientsuffisammentalarecevoir; a Jonlapeut st.puK.r dans les contrnts qui leur seront passfi-i. '^ " d^^M^^' "'■ r'T?- Pf ?!'', '"''" '" ''P""'^ ^""'^^^ P°"' '■""■""• '« commencement deshab.ta uns parlabatt,. du boiMucul.ure ct somence de2arpeDts de terrc, I'avaucc do •'QeTImrnTr r '"•"'"■ " P^"^ '--'■^^-'l cleLnder en premier lu " la u turnt 1 , " '"" '"•""'• ''"'"^■''"' "^" ' "'P^^"* *" '^""' '^^ '-"J'^ '- fruits de la eulture t de la semence qu. aura 6te con^Iee 4 la terre. ils en cul.ivent 2 nutres dans les 3 ou 4 annees Bu.vantes celle de leur arrivie, pour „e leur pas demander ce rempl en en d^s la prem.ere ou la seconde. ce qui les divertiroit trop de l'am61ioratiou de leur babi a on dans un temps auquel elles ont besoin de toute leur application pour leur donner X bbssemen duquel depend celui de toute la famiile ; et pour le bOnefieeVllcs r 21 pa la once.s,on de la tene.-au lieu de eens. surcens. censives ou autre! redevan qu em o qu.l auraaauut la.e de 10 ans,-qui eommeucera sou noviciat dans uce g.rnison des f ts..ansqu.lpu,ssepracndreautreBoldequecellede.a.ub.istance.oucelleq:.iluipoui^^^ etre ordonnce par -es etats de S. M. durant le service quil rend.a. Cette obligLon n' u"! pesquenen4celIequ„nv6ritablesujetapportcaumondoavecsanaissance^ai.ilsrbe que lor.q„e ee te cond.tion est stipulfie. elle est moins rude quan.i elle est elig.'.e. queZl- " Comme dans toute cette distribution, il n'est rien r6serv6 au profit de la Compagnie deg Indes Oecdentales, que S. M. vout bien g.atifier de ravantago' uo donne en easT eil e dro.tdese.gneur.e,_ou les habitations releveront im,..5diateme„t d'elle, et en ce c la haute, moy..nne et basse justice pourra lui etre attribuee, avee le droit de luds et ven'es ' sa s „es et ame.„les. ct m^e un cens Ifiger, s'il est jugo A propos,-ou si S. M. eJfmnnt' qu.l .o.t plus avantageux pour ello davoir pour vnssaux des offl iers de s. t ^up s 1 aient sur les roturiers la seigneurie utile et domaniale, elle pent creer en leu IZ nJel ques dro.,s de cens ou de censives peu considerables, qui soient plutot des marquefd h nnet 'que des revenus ut.les. et leur aceorder la moyenne et basse Justice, se r^^ser'vant la Zte .. vatl f ? ? ". ""•'°'"" """""'"'' ^^^ ^^'^ "" ' '1-''}"- "«<=-- croes pour la co„ r vation des droits de seigneur suzerain ou dominantisslme." The second part of the project immediately follows, in these worjs.-fewer, and (to say the least) less intelligible :— '• Les articles pr^c^-dens ne traitant que de droits d 6tablir dans les hamenux. villages et bourgades que S. M. fa t o„ fera former A ses d^pens. pour etre distribuc. „ux pa'uvre am 1 es quelle enverra de Prance etdont elle pretend peuplerle Canada, ouqu'elievoudra d stnbuer aux sohla s qui voudront s'y habituer. il est tr^.-A-propo, d'examiner A quels titre! et sous queues conditions on distribue.a des terres. et on fera des concessions, aux Jarticulierl 311? '"b " ^'t-f'-PJoyer leurs soinsAla eulture du Canada, foLant tx mcmcs dos hameaux, des villages ou bourgades " ZraTtS'"'!.''' T-""" P^'^^P' 'I"' '•"b':"i^snnco et la fid<:.lit6 dOes au prince souffrent plutot alteration dans les pays de Votat eloignes que dans les voisins de Vantorite souvernine ^ dent princpa ement en la personne du pi-inoe et y ayant plus dc force et de ■. eitu q en toutautre,Uestde la prudence depreveuir.dansrctablissementderetatuaissantduCaJada ml I M 'i iiff If 11 190 "toutes leBftchcusca revolution, qui pourroient le rendre de monanshique, «ri,toera.ique ou dfimocrafque, ou b.en, par une puissance et autorit6 balancees entre leg sujets, le par Jer en iespurtjcs ut donner lieu dun d6memb.cmcnt tel que la France a vu paJ l-erectLdes sou- TeraineteB dans les royaumes de S.i3.ons, d'0rl6ans, oomt6s de Champagne et autres." § 3G8.-In connexion with this document, should be re. J another which bears date of the same day, and has been printed by Government as found in the archives at Paris, in the winter of 1852-3. It is printed(0 under the heading of <'^^"g -S«;;eV.W to bo at all abl to h t „r.o! f ' Mr t, ''" "^'"'"^ '^^ '"'^ ^"'-"^ -•g^^iry any opinion as to whi h' e;Terrn;:S''^'i,r: ""r"' '' ''''''' '« Company could not there be stated Sin ^''?r'^'°" «"d ""ghtsof the matter unintelligible; and lev col „!?> f ^ ^i ^''^T ""^''"»^ '''« ^I-l*^ ing it all in cont';ovWsy Tdon c nl • co ,t "''"'^'■"^' "'''°"' '»-'- But the last sentence of thi W^^^^^^ ' ^^ "^^ '''''' ''« ^•''«'^«- for a mutilated first sentence of a dil" / Tl ""'"''' ''"^"''^' '' ^^^ '«ten tion as to the best .«; c aUelt ^T ^^ I'T ' '^'"■^^ °' ''"^ '"^^« 'l"- undertaken by private enterprise alnf J""^'"' f^^^^^^^^^n in Canada, if undertake it as so regulaC ' ^''''^' '"'^"''"^ P"^«t<^ "'t-I-rise to T>ot enreg,-ster or record it he;e P ob^K , ?"''" " °""'' '^"^ "' '^^^ ^'^^ i"g to usage in such cases, he and they ^^^^^^^ t ^'" ""', '--• ^--<1- and de Courcelles. ^ '^'' '""''""' T'^^' ^^ t^^^* sent by do Tracy these couoter-stntemeni and "/«>'" r?' °^ '^' '^'''^' ^'«*°"«''' ^--^ty, are full of official correspondence on IZZl^TT^'T ' -t"'"^ «" "^^^-'^ ^^^'^ o' Bishop, but often with officials and ot£ „ „o° "^ T'' '"' '"'''""''■ ^""^"^ant and torycon,munica,ions addressed to the Sister I^ "T, T''"''- '^'"^'"'^^ "^ '^^'''^a. everybody, lay and clerical, however amuil in '°'^'^''"'' {''"- "» ^"''"ers. about almost be perhaps under a system of pr LeTaZi LT" /l' ''*""'' "'"' '^"^^^^ """vida. Often must l.vemysti.ed the iisterLtrZrX^:^^^^^^^^^^ I ii i lii 192 ) ^. ^.VrT"'""'" P^"J«ct-that is to Bay Iho first part of it, for tho second must bo hold for lost-merits some consideration. * ^a^i.-llkboyade,, as proposed for settlement at the Kind's expense wem be as near Quebec as possible, to consist of from 20 to 50 lol o '40 a' I eacl.,-that ,.s to say, uere to be of an extent of fron. 800 to 2000 nrpent" and were to bo as nearly round or square as might be. ^ ' ^ In those, he proposed to briga.le the settlers expected to be sent o„f ih., by the ,„g, with as much reference as possible fo their cZt, as to C men ot the more necessary trades in each A,,,! ;« ^ 1 ^1 fe '"-'"» 10 nave lished son.esettlers who had wt ."ii hoco t ! T^^"" ""' *° '' ^«'"^- to and teachers of the new con.ers. '''' '"'''''^^ ^ u ux /uvernans, asexamples The terms to bo offered to the different classes of settlers in the.n /, were to be dillerent. "'°'^*^ bourgadcs required m return, in the course of the next ."J or 4 years to -l o V,' for r>ew.comers, without further pay. It vk ent hit t "' "^""'^ these men should cease to be su^elt io Z:::^ ^^^^T^ T The other or volunteer class of vlcnx Mvernans could not be forced into these terms Bu :t was argued that they could be induced to agree to hem h/ on s.deration of release from the other onerous dues conmionlv ^uZ U was propose accordingly to bind them to the san.e servi by 1 aid of concession-wh.ch they, certainly, were to receive ^ To the new comers, it was proposed in the first place to give at first 2 ..m.nf^ ready for cultivation and sown, together with some supply^orfood For they were to be bound to .Hke cultivation of 2 arpentVi.^ tbe nt^; 3 o V^t' without pay,-and further, instead of the various dues otherwise attacl i ^ concessions in the country, ("«« Ueu de ecus, surccns, caui.es ou au^Vc- ^^vances, qiCcmportcnt avec soi les concemons de cc pays-) they were fn r . each his eldest son, from the age of 16, to niilitary'se^^^a ma n na^^c only, or for such pay as government should please to give. ^^''^""enance § 373.-S0 far however, the rights proposed to be reserved, were all in favor of he lung; while the ands on which they were to be secured had been Tnted to the tompany,(/ by it. Charter. The question recurred, therefore -a" to what should be the Company's rights upon them. And his que ion vs answered by the suggestion of on e or other of two alternatives. (;«) (/) It is manifest that Tulon contemplated the foundin^^P^^7- light ce.. would ha; carried'wirt come^^^^^^^^^ T ""' P"'"*' '^«' » '« rf« also, as a source of profit to such vLsX '' '""''^' '"''^ '"«^- § 374.— Talon, then, and his collea^vues whilo nrr^n. • • matter of alleged special favor and in onwT ^ T ^^ '" °"' ^'•««th, (as of obligations! dear land for tl e C™ wiH '?' " ""''■°" ''' '''^ ^^^o^" son to military service rorlsslTZT^^^^^^^^^^^ settlors from the onerous dues ordb "rily ll f' ''''"" ^'"^^^ ^'' ^'^^^^ breath suggested that they sho d a^ Ce t "« Tr''^"'-^'' '^« "«^t casual dues incident thereto and aH „ laH M ^ ^ ." ''^^'^ "^' ^''^ "'^ ^u" either to the Company, or re pJlVr i I^'".^^ it. ThetwosuggLiL.iti::::::'^,;:^^^^^ l^oldlngunder they ; if one remembers the fact that thTr^ t^ '"consistent. Nor were - covering the sur-cens, ren::l^:^:Z^^:iZ:V7: «"^ '^ -- consideration of a ffrant) was nat„r„llJ i '^™^^'"'^«' tl^^t formed the fixed burH.„.„Mc<,„ji,|<,'„, cold not t,° " ■"«'' """«»<' ""Jt b.v. been kept «p, S„, hi "I\! ^^ '""? ""I*""' "> "y P'"^ ««en( •bowed .0 .™„L.t n„l^. "" ■"" P'"™""S -'"" '"■> «r,n. .bat he „s.d' JerL7pf^e';rr;:x:ti:c''"^'"'"'^ '•'' ™"" "■•>«». it. v«s,,l.,Jl. a „„J ' ,' °«;' '° "" <'»'"P"J' «' to Ji'We between ft and is weu ..;„. .0 b:rnTvr.;;:;ir '™'"" '"^ "«"'-"«''' eboald bave .el etod and ltd T. ,Z ^ *™" '° """ "'"»" I-" '«"»»i N 1 '1 fl 194 burthens of the Custom, those of tho justice mgneuriah among the number and to some others of a special kind that were by no means light. ' So far as is known, thoir plan was never more than a plan. How far the hourgadcs formed near Quebec under Talon's supervision, were founded upon this model, or upon other terms, is not known. The tenor of the plan is not how- ever, for this, any the less of an indication as to what the notions of the aco were as to the way in which such matters should be dealt with If Talon or his colleagues had ever heard or thought ofa plan of colonisation by tnist-holding Seigniors, who.o mevitable obligation it should be to grant away their laud uncleared,-on fixed terms, far easier than by this real plan were heli for specially avorabIe,-to every applicant who should deoiand t,_this, their real plan, at least has no likeness to it. § 377.-.The despatch home, about the holders of existing land-grants the papier-terner, etc., remains for examination. s «■ , luo § 3'78.-Its authors proposed the immediate completion of a;,a;„Vr.ferr;.r, in hemeresto he Company; every land-holder to be required b^ OrJon.Z declare all the terms of his title, to furnish a copy of it. and (apparently,- tt IttTht rrin";'. "^" '' '-'' ''-' ^"^'^ ^'- - ^^ ^^■•«) '0 ^"^i-o If they had thought of the ArrSt of 1603, as having gone into operation, and so escheated all unclea^ grants, they had need to have been particularly ,2l on this point For not ing could have been more important than a kn'oll g of what grants were still in force, and what not. Certainly, their tone as to it imports no such issue. § 379.-Over and above the satisfaction of what may be called statistical curio- sity, they professed a desire to ascertain : l*ing No one thought of such theory then. On the contrary, it was felt that in order to a revocation, there must be shown to have been a failure to comply wi h the essential conditions of the grant,-or such other misconduct as on public grounds might be held equivalent thereto. The writers of this despatch may have had some ulterior plan of escheat in view ; but they first had to come at their facts, to warrant it,-indeed, to enable them to put into words what it was to be. § 384.-Besides this papier-terrier work, and this Ordomance required in order to it they proposed another step,-also significant as to the style of thought of that day. ' To avoid confusion, and keep the King well inform. 1 „tall that was passinjr they proposed to ordain-what? That the Company and the holders under it m fief, or any of them, should be compelled to make sub-grants on such and such terms, and to keep the King's officers advised thereof j On the anti-sei-niorial theory of a trust for land-distribution, this should have been their plan. ° Instead of which, it was precisely the reverse. Neither the Company, nor yet any Seignior under it, was to bo suffered to make a grant, unless with leave of the King s officers ! All such grants, to be valid, were to be verified, ratified by the Kmfs representative, and registered in the Company's archives. § 385.-IS it suggested, that these Seigniors were therefore not veritable pro- prietors, but mere holders subject to an arbitrary veto of a Kin<.'s officer ? The answer is obvious,-that a proposal by one or more servants of the Crown in Canada made to a higher servant of the Crown at home, for an act of mani- fest interference with proprietary right, shows no real legal limitation of such • I 106 rifff.t.-.Evcn if It hn.l been acto.J upon, by d.e Us.ie of tl.o propo«o.l Ordonnance t n.ay bo a ,..o.st,o„ wl.tlu-r «.,d. log„l ,i„.it.aion would hi rc.ulto. rhe BgRrieved propnctorH wonid have bad tlu-ir rec:.,.r.o by onp«,iti„„ f„ ' «.s.ra,io„ and (failin, ,bat) by n.„on.tr«nco „nd litlgaLT^Hd . u Id H oner or la... „ „,..t l.avo boon got rid of.-If acted on by nLo R.1 o.do res S^lt'c ""' ' ' "T"'" '•'"' «'"''' '^'^'" "-'"''o" would' t' resulted Ibo Company's r>gl.t« would bavo been, in practico a littlo uZl encroac od upon than tboy wore before; and otiier sL^; : J i '^ru h tr;;vere ' ''^"" ""'"^^'^^■^' "^ '"^^' ^^''"''' ''- '-^--' I'-i^Tat 15..1 in fact, we know tbat neither of these courses was taken. No such Or. 8e3. The religious were only ■ the next us. To r date of fie to the litaos d la I les unes m character. Fro ^a^ w J t 7 ' to dT'^h 'r' r"""'""*'''^ ""'' "'"I-'tive cesaively told to try lo do ^ *' "^^"""'^ ""^ '^"'«" '-'I l>'-> -uc Juno 4,(y) which is alw,,,.. .u i • .1 ^'^««<''' « Ata/, under date of lOT'?. same igr.oring of its real purport 1003,-and with the up'::;::; itVi:u^;::it r:r';rr"^^"' ^-" '' '^ ^--^."ot That heading styles " " 2^T]! 7 v ;ead>ng given to it, it is said to bo. '•ontoC:r;::rirdt:rCnnri^ " pay., le^quollos ib n-oat pu dc-fr her T ctl . . '""" '" '°''^' ''^ "^'^'•e'' J" dit •• «>o habituer. ce qui «ant eXl ^1^'; ''""''"!'"••=' ^""'^<"» "^^ P-seat pay^, et d I'applicatioa qu'ollo a bion vou u d~ ? ^ c'""'""' ''•' ^- "' !>«"■• '« dit e. colonie. qui y ,„„t Iblie,, attendu 'jifnT/o tl'v "" '' '""''''' PO"'" augmenter " grando Vendue des dito, concessions ctdelltibtZ '""'"?' '"■* ' *""■'« J^" '» ^rop •• Aquoi 6tant nficossairo depourvoir S M ,S ' P'"P"«'«irea d'icelles:- -"que par le siour Talon, oonsedler en L "", '"" "'"''"' •* *'^^'""'" "' «>-doanu- ;; finances au dit pay, i, sera Vi u 'dlL.- ~^^^ T'"^' '<> '^ J-"-- P'-Iioe et --/'ddes au. priueipaux habitan du d t ^ 'd ' nol'T '" '" ''"'""" '"^ '-- asUee du dit pays qu-ellescontioDuentsur lew! f ^ ' '^^'^'"'^ "" ■""'« "«■">«» ' nombre de personnes et de bestial proprs e^ Ij 717 '' "" '^'"^""^ '^^ '«--• d^ " d'icellos,^n coas6quenee de laq^elfed^c arati 7 "^ ' •*.!* T""'^ '' "" dofricbe^eat 'oono^d.:.es auparavant les 10 derSes an " f""';. ^' '"""''"' '''°'-' ^'^ ::»^-e.o^>eurfo;re;it::reZ;:r:t'^^^^^^^^^^ cour supfirieure, 8. M. lui attribuant pour cTt ^kt Z,?"" '"'?°'"'' «"»">« Ju^e-nents de -" ordonne en outre 8. M. que le dit sfeur Ta onT , ■""■ J""«<«'=«°'» «' connaissanco ; •' au dit pays, et aux offlciers du el! ituZfr'?*" f "'"''"'^* «^°^"'' Po"-- S- M. W M33. Boo. Q„^ H„,. So,, ,., a„,.^ VoL I, p. 2,s. (?) Edits kt Obd., 4°. Vol 1 nr. «n ./ „. „ • ' "'• *' PP- «^ ■' "I- ■' 8*. Vol 1, pp. 70 et .ej. 1 198 § 390 -Unlike that of 1663, this Arrit was enregistered in Canada,-in the Septembor next following its date. But it would be a great mistake to infer from this, that it was therefore other- wise >;arried into effect. § 391.— Had it been so, however, what would have been its effect ? Not ..n escheat de piano of the half of every concession of older date than 166- ; but the preparation by Talon of a statement in exact detail, as to the quality and extent of the holding of every grantee in the country, and the nnm- ber of persons and of cattle upon each,-con.equently upon which statement there should follow a certam measure of escheat. Was even this consequent measure of escheat to follow, certainbj? The words of the ArrSt, a. above .given, seem to say so. They read, that the half of every grant made before 10G2 shall be escheated. But hero, the words o an Arr^t of 1675, which will presently hav. to be noticed, and which other! TrZeZiZs^-'^'^' "-'' ''' - --' '-^ --'^ ^'- - — labourab^e, ou enpris, sera retranehSo des conoossions, et donate au. partiouliers qui se prdsonteront pour les cultiver et les defricher." pirnouiiers qui se It is evident, that the words here printed in Italics have been left out of the Arm of 1672, by a mere error of a copyist. The escheat could not have been meant to fall on any cleared or meadow land. But was it even meant to attach to the tilf of all other land, de piano, and absolutely? ' If so why was it that the ArrSt went on to provide for Ordonnances of a quasi-judical character, by Talon, in order to the giving of effect to each such e8cheat,-and for execution to bo granted upon such Ordonnances notwith- standmg opposition or appeal ? The Arret was neither more nor less than a public instruction and authorisa- tion, addressed and granted to Talon, to ascertain the state of all these holdin<^ and thereupon to enforce escheat within a certain limit, summarily, but yet by a procedure that was to be held for judicial ; and as to which, notwithstanding the order for instant execution, there must have lain an appeal, or right of petition in the nature of appeal, to the King's Courts at home, or to himself throUh his ministers at home. ° Not an arpent was or could be escheated under this ArrSt, unless after due preparation of this detailed statement by Talon, and under judgment by him duly predicated thereon. j ^ K ^^^■"^''r T"'"' "'' *™°' °^ '""'^ '*''»*'^™^"* '•« ^^^'''g «^er been made by Talon. On the contrary, as wo shall see hereafter, the order to make precisely this same statement had to be repeated in 1675 to Duchesneau, his suc- cessor,— and by him it Lad not been obeyed until 1679. nada, — in the erefore other- ct? er date timn til, as to the ind the num- ch statement ead, that the '0, the words vhich other- t was meant. t 6t6 conc^iMa 'iv(f) en terret ioulierg qui ao out of the t have been I, de piano, inances of a ' each 8uch ?» notwith- 1 authorisa- le holdings, mt yet by thstanding ; of petition lirough his 1 after due nt by him been made to make u, his suo- 199 Of course, there remains also no trace of one such judgment. Indeed till »ft«r .hestatementshouldhavebeen drawn, nosuchjudgLnLhKn^^^^^^^^^^^^ could have been put into the form of words requidte to give it a show of confer m, y to the ArrSt. But even apart from this, and further.lithou refrence to he fa t of there bemg no judgment of any sort, producible, f;r escheat ofLTfthe^^^ anywhere to trace out,_I can state that I nowhere so much as find a trace of there havmg ever been effected as to any one of them, any such .tduZ o extent as was here threatened, whether with or without such judgment rri!?f ■~^°"'": *' ^! ""^ ''*°^' *^'* '''""'^ ^« ^'"='^«»ted under this Arrgt the order therem contamed was express, that they should be granted to new settler on cond.t,on of entire clearance within the next 4 years,'I.nder Xf nu % of the grant on failure so to clear. ^ ^ Within the two months next following the enregistration of this Arrgt, Talon, "s name Z P.^-^'W/f « «^ grants,-being all the grants extanl unde h.s name,-a!l of them m fief, -4. in Acadie and 60 in Car , -none of them reatmg any such escheat as preparatory thereto,- and none o. them conta nilg th s n^oss,ble cond.t.on, under which alone this Arrit had authorised his "^ grant of any escheated land. They could not, therefore, have been grants of such escheated land.-Talon could not have got up his statoment. and rendered his judgnaents in the time. And ,f he could,-if the grants had fallen within the purvitwofthe Arrgt L could not so have ignored all its provisions in the making of them. § 393 -For, the supposition is inadmissible, of Talon's having in this matter fx::u[erxr ^ ^"^^ '--' '''-'---'''^ ^^-^^ ^ ^«''^- ^« ^^ "- The day before this Arrgt was en«,gistered, be had enregistered here the fZ fr-^f "'• "^''"^ '"™' ''' '- « P^^^deur dans les terres, la dite Rivi6re Champlain mitoyenne aveo • • -•; pour jouir de la diteestendue de terre et de tout le compri. en icelle.tant en bois pr6z «nv,6res,rmsseaux.lac«, isles, islets, et g^nfiralement de L le conte;u entre le dUel' . mo?n "". . * : " '^"'^ ""P"'^*'' ''^^•' '''•°'' «»« '-'« -g'-^-ie et just ce ban te «rsCior:xit^^^^^^^ -' — ^« p->- ^- '^;;tl!:2:::;St:^:^^^ ^- '^ ^^^ • • P- ^ --- -ortl. ^"^'illr' '" IT,'^"''' ^ "^"^ **"" P°''*' P" "° "^"^ •'"""""go '■■&« ^ chaque mutation de "possesseur,** la porteraauConseilSouveraind Quebec- "Muon ae 8.-" avec le revenu d'une ann6e, selon la Coutume de la prtvost4 et yicomt6 de Paris » -Equivalent, therefore, to the shorter lay grants by the Company of New ^ZZl r 'Ti '^''' ^*"^'""' § '''>' '^' «««''»"«*'°" '« i original ^tl2'^T^"J^ °''''" ^"""' -«»>^'»g-"ot from the use of the words 0^ rLt'oitt;rt:^""^' ^" ^^^"^ ^^^ ^^'^^ --^^ ^«' ^-^-^"^ §401._Between these and the Talon grants, I can ascertain as issued in no:e1;Zi::r ^^"^ '-'^'^ ^^^-^ ^'''-' taO., 5, ^S.a, 52 and fSS) ; § 402._Three only of these (Titles 51, 52 and fSS) are extant ; and they may Frhaps rather be called location tickets, or promi/es of gran^ than acZ grants; more especially as three of the subsequent formal TaL grants evidetly embody them. They were thus worded :— eviaenuy No. 61.-By de Couroelle.-" J-ay accords au • • la terre qui est entre • * avec I'isle dea « Is T '! ''''''' r't '" '" """^ <=°"---' P°- 7 t-vailler incessammentletutt Jfo. 62^-Bj same -"Nous avons accord^ une concession au • • de 20 arpens eur le « atx fntenLt da? r """^•""«"' «* '" -«"«* en valeur. suivant et conform^meut aux intentions du roy, et aux mesmes clauses et conditions." « fain e Uw'^lTl?:r.r °''"^^ ^^P^^^*"'^ ^« ^leur • * qu'estant cbarg6 da M:rers;lx;luS^ro^^'^ ^"^^^^^ § 403.-The other two are merely referred to in subsequent grants as written promises,_tbe one by Taion,-the other by Bouteroue, durbg ^Lrilteiv^ b/Sd!n^^refei^^:i'''?t*r '"^* '"" -%ag«nt; but only an or.onnance nil '! i I 202 between Talon's two terms of service as Intendant. unlike the above. Probably, they were not g 404 -Indeed, it is probable that a considerable number of other grants were first made m something like this form,-or, one might say, with something like uus want of form. ° § 405.-Of the Talon titles, of the months of October and November 1672 -one (i\o. 116) was a mere location ticket, covered-apparently with an ms- mentation— by an after grant ; and thus worded :— «' Certiffions d tona qu'il appartiendra. que nous avons permis au • . de faire travniUer sur " i Ts M 7 '" :^ 1 '^ '"" '^ P"'"'"'''"^' "^^°"-' • • ' •« *""' -""z le boa pl^! Bir de S. M., de .nquelle il sera tenu prendro la confirmation des presentes." § 406 -Another (No. 68) was of the little Isle au H6ron, near the Island of Montreal. The grantee, it is recited, had obtained from the Seminary of St Sulpice, by that time proprietors of the Seigniory of Montreal, a grant opposite this island, together with a droit depeche in the St. Lawrence opposite his grant • but doubting the right of the Seminary to grant such pSche, he had prayed for It from Talon together with this island, and the picks thereto appertaining. Talon, ,n consideration of his services, granted him the island as ^ fief sans jus- ttce mth ^.pgche, and (evading the question of his right under the Seminary grant) so far as need might be, (" en taut que besoin seroit,") the pSche opposite Uiat grant, also,_the whole, under no other condition than the render of Vbi et hommaffe, and the payment of the r./«/of the Vexin Francois. 8 Z'~lr ^^'\f ' '^' '' ""'^ '°> ^''' '^Sr^^^ '» Acadie. show of ;■;:;• ^'''"? "'' '°' '^ '^''^ (^°- '^^ ^^«« °^^« ^he text of some show of anti-seigmorial argument, before this Court. It reads thus : — • lequel, comme bon et fidel suiet et serviteur Ha S Vf »- •» • " le tout et se retirer en France quei elwrtrieXL 1 """^ """' '''""'°''"" possession de toute la concession qui appartenoit au dit def- (0 Vide suprd ' % 212 tt »ej. (m) In 1684.- Hj^rd, §216. ;hey were not ir grants were ometLing liko ember, 1672, with an aug- e trnvniller eur bz le bon plai- t the Island of Binary of St rant opposite ite his grant ; d prayed for appertaining. fief sans jui- be Seminary iche opposite iderof/otet iext of some r, Sr. de Mar- m du deffunct . Jean depuis il n'a pu jus- is («) la plus iti, et Biesiue & abandonner roient osurpS tignon auroit it au dit def- 20S « funct. qui contenoit plus de 60 lieues de front • • . de laquellc luy expoeant se pourroit dire propridtaire, so.t qu'on le rcgardast comme cr^ancier ou commo h^ritier A cause de sa femme. fille du dit deffunot,-maiB ayant appris que le roy efltoit en droict de rentrer eo toutcB les terres conoedfieB auparavant leg 10 dernifirea ann^es faute de lea avoir habitudes « et mises en valeur, il Be seroit retir6 pardevcrs nouH, d ce qu'il nous plust luy conc^der le tout ou partie dcs ditcs terres, — .. r"/.'"*'""* ^^ '°' """'■^ inccBsnmment en valeur en les cnUivant,-et particulii^rement ^ dy fttire porter qo8ntit<5 debestianx de touteespOce dent il pourroit avee le temps Becourir, ^ non seulement ce pays, niais encore les Wes AntiUeP et autree lieux de I'obiiisennce de S. M„-mesme d'y establir lea pccbea sddentaires de n^jrucs et autrea poissons que la coste " produit, — ' ~" «° q"»i i' eap^roit d'autant plus rilufsir. qu'il ddsiroit associer aveo luy quelques iranyoia accommodea, desquels il avoit pnroUe,— — " a quoi ayant 6gard • • avons donnC'," etc. From all this preamble there was extracted the fragment of a sentence which represents the grantee in his petitioner-quality, as "«yan< appris que le roy ^'^' esioit en droict de rentrer en toutes les terres concedees ovparavant les 10 der- " niires annees faute de les avoir kabituees et mises en valeur ; " and these words, —with the fact of the grant having been made to this party out of the larger grant formerly made to la Tour, and by him not improved,— were pressed into service, as somehow confirming the doctrine that the seigniorial grants on this continent passed something less than a property in the land granted. § 409.— But what was this preamble, and what were the facts as to this grant, that such inference should be drawn from them? De Martignon, a son-in-law and creditor (on his own showing) of la Tour, who in his life time had held large grants in Acadie from the old Company, had his projects for the raising of cattle for export, and the establishing of fisheries, m Acadie, within his late father-in-law's old limits. La Tour, it will be remem- bered, had been violently dispossessed byCharnisay, under royal warrant ; then, after Charnisay's death, had been confirmed in his rights by like warrant, and by marriage had put himself into possession of Charnisay's estate as well as of his own. Then again, under Court authority, le Borgne had sought to dis- possess him ; and while the struggle was going on between them,— no one of all these successive rivals having ever seriously set himself to make any settlement m the country except only for the carrying on of the fur trade,— the English had driven ihem out, and from 1664 to 1666 had pretty much held the territory in their own hands. Under such circumstances, de Martignon could notsafelv have trusted to the la Tour title8,_if his claim through them had been ever so good ; and he even failed by his petition to show that it was good. He called himself a son-in-law and a creditor of a ruined man, whose rights while living had all been matter of dispute; not the only creditor, one may be sure; and presumably, not the husband of a sole heiress. He petitioned, accordingly, for a new grant; and we have in this preamble a recital of h,s petition.-his own way of putting his case. He had to name la Tour and his grants, by way of basing upon them his own claim ; and he had to represent la Tour's grants as escheated or open to escheat,-for, to have called 204 them f 1 f i'.i- grants in full force, and indefeasible, would have been to h«r l.ia § 410.-In direct contradiction, however, by the w»v t« f],n .• , the old Company's uncleared <.r«nf« » ^ "^e way, to the assumption that recital, even i? taL to t etrwlM ' T^^ '^ *'° ^'■"'^ °^ ''''' *»>■« tignon's petition am tti g ti ;:d ' "Jd V T "^^. "T"^- ^« ^^ .ing fort™"!' ''if"' <^ «.">• '"" ""> •!•?• '«•", ™ .horter ..ill . Th<, other t.o '• ?*''™y'-"«'<' B™»'«i ""l" a/..(i. ot««,y g,«i; J', ^^ei^e granted With a^Msto, woyenne e/ 6 ^y^os. ii^a and fl 16a), of unknown tenor. «»v nf , ' ^"^ ^'''"^^y^'' •'"*''"*' ^'t^<'"t limitation of grade -that ia to say, of every degree ; the remaining 22 conveyed no^^tc. I! S- Lis own claim >. Of course, ell any other ; y other claim- ich challenge, > twist such a e time, meant g cause, iuraption that of 1C63, this le. De Mar- )lea to admit a have seen. sued the day h the excel- stablishment snt supply of horter still ; I and to be ^rontenac to • object, the \er (Tautant e date, was igues by 6, y grade, square, res- luffioiently hem to be r ; and of •wn tenor, ■that is to 205 cers of the Carignan-8ali6res re^m „t h r'the foHo"' " "T"''""^ '' '^' and there some slight verbal varTance :(.)- ^•'"""'^"g P'-eainble,-with here " de la foy et la publication de iL g L rlrdo n' " ^' "T*"' ""^ "* P'^W"''"" "de faire coauoiatro au, parties de a terr 7- l/^ « Bociable, la gn.ndeur do son nom et lal'e de s ar.J'" '" """^"^ '^^'^ '^<'--- — " et nayant pas estimfi qu'il v en eut ,l„ .,1 "™*»'— "geus capablesde la bien remplif par ,eu« 4^^,^'"?,^"' ''^ composer cette colo.ie de " terres. do la soutenir par une viZ L^ I'Z 1 ^T fP^"""""" ' '* «"''-« ^<^ " quel.es e,.e pourroit es'tre exposrZL sutTenl"!! '""''" '' ''' '^''"'^-^ "'-• - le r,;il:::cZl7:^:: r'^^ -^^ -'- ^^^'« ->^. ««-« they Salieres. TLe rest ;i toj oZ^^^Zi;'':' "^'""'^ ^'"" *'^"* "^ ^^'^■'- officers of that regitnent. ^ '"''^ '*^ '"' "PP^"^ <»" '" ^^^^ been to I ( 106 § 420.— Of the 22 non-justiciary grants, none are made to officers; 6 (being No9. 93 to 97) have the shorter of the two preambles just given (tuprd, § 418)' 1 (No. 92) briefly gives the services of tbo deceased husband of the grantee, as' tlie reason of the grant to her; and the remaining 16 (being Nos. 98 to fill 113 and 114) begin without preamble, in the form last above given. ' § 421.— In 1 of the justiciary grants (Nos. 61, 61, ll, 15, 18, f82 and 91) and in 1 of the non-justiciary (No. fill), there is expressly declared to be a considerable nveT{to) or channel (clienail) of a river, comprised within the grant In 2 cases (Nos. 64 and 69), the precaution was taken of excepting from the grant a boundary river or chenail. And in another (No. 66) the half of a boundary river was said to bo granted. § 422.-The size of these grants varied greatly, though not nearly so much as we have seen was the case with the eariier grants ; and the justiciary grants were generally much larger than the non-justiciary ; most of the former ranging from 1 square league to 6 ; and most of the latter being of less extent than 1 square league,— sny, from an eighth of a league or less than 900 arpents, upwards § 423.— It has been observed {suprd, § 416), that the conditions of these Talon grants in Canada, and those of the 4 Talon g:ants in Acadio, were suffi- ciently like to admit of their being all discussed together. § 424.— They related to the following points only : 1.— Homage. 2. — Dues to accrue to the Dominant. S.— Appeals from the grantee's ye/ " mouvant de la Compagnie JHoyale des Indes Occidentales."{x) {w) Among others, the Nicolet, Rivi6re-0uelle, Masquinongd and Rivi6re-du-Loup en haul. (x) The silence of the other grants on this point, as we have seen {suprct, Note (e) to § 362,) led the grantees, or some of them, to claim the right of rendering homage to the Crown sre; 6 (being uprd,^ 418)', le grantee, as .98 to fill, I. [82 and 91), ired to be a lin the grant, ng from the he half of a 7 80 much as '• grants were anging from ian 1 square ipwards. 3ns of these ', were suflS- sticiary one. rovisionally tendant que Ch&teau de i[ttel il rele- ne of them 1 or of the de ^' en fief loup en haut. (e) to §362,) > the Crown SOT Cr!wn iTr^^' ^'"^u ''"r ''"'"^ *'" *'""" P"y"^'« "^ '^' I>°'»i''«nt (whether Crown or Company,) by roference to the Custom of Vexin Francais ~{CT? say,at^he..V/oryearWevenueoftheent.e/./ateverychI^^^^^ The Canadian titles, on the other hand, read thus :— 2 — """^^Jfoictsetredevanccsaccoustumez, et an dfisir delft Pni,»nn,„ i i " Ticomt^ de Paris, qui Be« .uivie d cet esga d p.^ Zlln ct e^ IXn . " ''•^f '"'''*^ '' " ordonn6 par S. M,"— B " par proTiaion ct en attendant qu'il en soit *i -^"l""' *^«'e''o''«. either hesitating as to whether that rule or the rn)« t ^e Ve.,n Fran.ais had better be adopted,-or wishing to k t g' „t li be, ,n case of need, to be placed under some other and more availE, T of taxation or perhaps, like a good minister of financerX en r b S into the sp.nt of h.s mnster's fiscal instructions, first given to Cauda rLTn^ to himself, acting under both influences. ' °"*^ *^'° Not that this quasi-suspensive ending of this clause was of any practical im rtrartlT"";" '"■•'" ^ *^''"^^'^' ^^^'^'^ premises wasevtmade So hat the grants ,n question remained subject to the dues of the CustZ nP § 428.-A. to residence, the clauses gcnetally (j,) md Hes •- ;.ute de ee ..e. n rentr reTS^rp^sr L^^^^^^^^^^^^^ In some instances, these clauses are so drawn as to imply that the ijrantee had not begun his settlement,— thus :— w »" "-"o grantee Had 4.-«d la charge qu'il Uendra feu et lieu sur ea dlte seigneurie dans I'an,- sL::Lrg'zrd^t;r:rt.r:^^^ ''--- ««' «^ *»•« St. Louis had been granted to the cZ^t • f ' , T 1- ^'°"^°"** ""'' "^« Chateau X^'^^f^rr^^raZT,';^^^^^ - ^-^ ^'^eMhe depen- Ch^rrm: sSr'" *" ''-' •^^" -'"""■ "" *'>e^et--Uon of the Co.panys be?o\'J;^lrcl;;7e;tparu^^ ll^ere occur a nu.- a common form. tL3 hte 'T.1 L T"""^ °":''^ **" •°^"™«- '» -pying f«,m common form-Only Z more ilJ T ''' ^'"''' "" ""^ **''' ««««> ^° ^^'^ been such ABsra^cx. I have^f d to inrateThCS' ZZ! n,'"^ "'? '" '''^ '^^^ ^ ^^ S.a.oaxA. DOCCMK.XS as laldtf" Lent " "''" '^ ""^ "'^^"'"^ ^ «>« areotheiwi^excUAtX^^tri^^^^^^^ i 1 108 ^ . * B.— - et qu'il itipulerft dant loi contnit* qu'il /era 4 aes tenanoleri, qu'il. Uroat tenai de " rtsider dnos I'lin, et tenir feu et lieu nor lea cooceaaiuna qu'il leur aura accord6ea,-«t " qu'A fttute de ce fairs, il rentrera de ploin droit en poeaeaaion dea ditca terree." One of the Acadian grants, No. 60, being the largest of them— that to de Martignon {suprd, g§ 408 tl aeq.), omits these clauses alt