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MHCROCOTY RiSOlUTION TBT CHAiT 
 
 (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 
 
 Jk 
 
 A /APPLIED IIVHGE 
 
 1653 ZaiX Main Street 
 
 Rochester. New York 14609 USA 
 
 ;716) 482 - 0300 - Phone 
 
 (716) 288- S989 -• Fo» 
 
PAMPHLET No. 21 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 CENTRAL EXPERIMENTAL FARM. 
 
 J. H. GntanM.K. B.Agr. D.Sc.A.. 
 
 Director.' 
 
 F. CllAHI-A\, 
 
 Chief or Tobacco Division. 
 
 TJIF. PONS TKITCTIOX AND CAUE OF TOBAOOO SEED BEDS IN THE 
 PROVINCE OF QTTEBEC. 
 
 BV F. CHARLAN, 
 
 Chirf of I lie ToJmrro DirUion. 
 
 In view of tlif .severe spring woiitlu-r in tlmt part of the province of Quebec where 
 tobacco growing i^ carried on it m absolutely necessary, in order to obtain tobacco 
 plants ready to set out in good time, t<i observe certain jirecautions in connection with 
 the seed beds. The use of glazed saslu s for these beds is necessary, and also the con- 
 struction of a fairly hot seed b<'d. one which can easily be protected against oold 
 weather. However, these precniition,-^ are useless if the seed is not sown on sufficiently 
 fertile soil. 
 
 Soil for the Seed Beds.— Vor this purpose forest soil, gathered the fall before and 
 placed in a pile after havinjr Ikkmi mixed with twenty-five per cent of well-rotted 
 barnyard manure, may b<> used. The pile should be protected from bad weather so 
 that it will not freeze too deeply or be washed out by rains. 
 
 Good residts are more certain, liowever, if a mould is specially prepared from a 
 mixture of good light soil and well rotted manure in the proportion of one part of 
 manure to two of soil. This compost should also be prepared well in advance. 
 
 One of the best composts is made up of turf, which has been pulled up in strips 
 two inches deep and mixed with manure in the proportion of one part of manure to two 
 parts of turf. The strips of turf are placed in horizontal layers, between every two 
 )f which a layer of manure is phucd. In view of the fact that the turf decompose.-* 
 very slowly, this compost should be prepared at least n year before it will be needed 
 for use. 
 
 The soil for the seed beds mny also be enriched by the use of chemical fertilizers 
 which arc spread on the seed bod some days before the seed is sown, fit the rate of one 
 ounce of fe-tilizer to each sq.:r.re foot of see<l bed. The fertilizer is mixed with the 
 surface soil to the depth of about one inch and then over the surface is sprinkled about 
 half an inch of fine soil. The composition of commercial fertilizers varies greatly. 
 <iood results will be obtained from the use of nitrate of soda alone mixed with fine 
 soil in equal r rts. This mixture is sprciid in tlio same way as the complete chemical 
 fertilizer anc : the same proportions. 
 
 Hot Bed VoHu A\— The hot bed frame should l)e tight, that is, it should be con- 
 stru(!ted of good material and well made. Plunks one inch in thickness will serve this 
 purpose admirably. 
 
 The frame is more easily handled if it can be taken to pieces. By this means it 
 can be stored when the season is over and w ill therefore have a longer period of use- 
 fulness. The dimensions of the hot bed frame are not important, at anv rate as far as 
 
 ^6188 
 
2 
 
 the letigth ii coiiccriiMl. but it ix not mlvisil.l,. t|,„t tin. wi.ltli I..' ni..r.' tlmii five feet 
 )rrMporidin(r to the leiiKth r.f thp siislipn. Tlip frnnip ..lioiiM 1.p ,i|,u'...1 in n Hloi.ii.R 
 l>OHtion, in a north ti> gr.uth <liri>ction, nt iiti indinntion ..f onr iiuli to t|ii> foot. 
 
 Sa»kes.—'r\w irliizfd onches should he solid mid tiiM.v to iimidlc. so tlmt <>w inmi 
 nnn, without help, ndjust them without pulling them out of 8hnpp. Th.. l.tit ni/o ix 
 five feet by three feet. A InrRor size timii this is nUvnyu linblo to jjct warpod vlii'ii 
 boing handled, nnd fliin there is always tho dnnRrr of hrcakinpr the panes and loosen- 
 intr the joints. 
 
 Canvas Coiox— It ig advisable to have pood, tliiok ciinvns slict- iivuiliiMr. wlii.l, 
 should be thiek enouKh to protect the seed bods nKninst frost iit nifrlif. During tli.' 
 day lighter sheets ciiii be ustd for slioltcriinr tlio youii(.' plants from the sun. 
 
 Semi-hot Beds.—X semi-hot bod onii bo made in the following niiinnor: A fioi.oli 
 about 6J feet wide, 8 inohes deep and n» long ns riH]uirod, is dug in a slieltorod, liiu'li. 
 and easily drained spot, having a southern exposure. 
 
 This treneh is filled with tobnoeo or oorn stalks laid porp. ndicular to the loimili 
 and as evenly as possible, well imckod down. On this bed of iiaoked stalks a hot bod 
 frame is plaee<l. A thin layjr of straw is put down, on which is spread the soil for 
 the seed l)ed, which has been prepared in ndvaiu'c. to a depth of from four to si.x 
 inches. The remainder of the trench around the frame is filled in with barnyard 
 manure, heaped up and covered by a platform made of planks. 
 
 A« goon as the frame is placed on tlio site f>f the seed bod, the glazed sashes arc 
 put on, so that the stalks forming the foundation may conmioncc to heat before the 
 bed of compost is laid. The mould for the seed bod is left to beat in its turn, this 
 taking place during the time allowed for tlio spreading of the eliemical fertilizer, after 
 which the bed is ready to be sown. 
 
 Sowing.— On a seed bed similar to tlio aU.vo, dry seed can 1)<> sown in the province 
 of Quebec from the 10th to the 20th of April, according to the locality. 
 
 The surface of the seed bed must be carefully levelled and the soil made as fine as 
 possible. Immediately after sowing the surface of the seed bed should be packed 
 lightly with a smooth board, and watered very lightly with a watering can with very 
 fine holes, in order not to displace the seeds 
 
 During the first few days after sowing, it is useless to allow lig'>.t to enter the bed. 
 Care should be taken to maintain a temperature of about SO degrees Fahrenheit in the 
 bed, as this is the temperature most favourable to germination. 
 
 Tobacco seed is very tine and conse<iuontly difficult to str . In order to 
 
 facilitate this even spreading, it should be mixed with some c .ice. such as 
 
 fine sand, in the proportion of one part of seed to :;<H1 or "(lO p, ' 
 
 Ventilation-Watcrin(i.~~\S\wn two loaves of the plant a|>pi\ above gmnnd, 
 
 a little more light may be allowed, in <jrder to avoid the danger o. the plants grow- 
 ing spindly. Moderate watering should bo eoiitiinied, and advantage should In' 
 taken of all sunny days to raise the sashes at the ujipcr iiid, so as to renew the air in 
 the beds. Care should alwaj's bo taken tliat the teni|ieniture is not raised too mncli, 
 for the young plants can easily bo soorohod by too inucli sun. T.iglit canvas sheets may 
 be placed over the sashes during the warmer part of the day in order to avoid this. 
 
 As the plants develop, the watering ean bo incroa.sod as well as the temperature 
 of the beds. After the plant has grown six leaves tbrro is little danger of scorching. 
 <!ven if the temperature rises to i)0 degress Falnvnlioit, pivAided tli(> bod is well 
 ventilated. In a dose atmosphere a temperature of SO degrees may be suffieient to 
 kill the plants. 
 
 Density of the. BrJs.-By the t<'vm density is meant the number of plants per 
 ■square foot of seed bed. This should not be too groat if the plants are not to be 
 crowded. Good results will be obtained by sowing ono-seventh of an ounce of seed (o 
 each 100 square feet of seed bod. 
 
1 
 
 Thinning.— V ' in uoiiig hupIi n xinull mnount of need it in almost always 
 iipcrwary to thi seed bed, ns very often tli.- s.-od. I '.•iiiise of faulty nowing, liaa 
 
 l«on diitributod iu.,re thirkly on one pm-t of the hed .Imn on luiotlur. Thinninir 
 ^.hould bo done early, as so-n m the pliint* show n little erowded »ii one pi.rt of the \teA. 
 This operntioii may easily !«■ iwrf..rnied l.,v hnml. hy nxniis „{ ■,, knife with n ii..inte«i 
 hinde. 
 
 Sted-Bed DineateM.—'Thi's.- are Konietini.-H eiiu-od hy neeident while Krowtli in RuinK 
 on in the teed bed. noinitiHie« l.y infected noil eontaininj? itermn of fuajfous diseases. 
 
 Aecidents can be avoided by sowinff thinly, thinninK early tho*e parts of the bed 
 wliere the plants arc too thick, wnterinfir moderately and, nlxive all, by ventilatinK u* 
 niueh ns possible wlienevcr ••onditions are favourable. 
 
 UUinfectiuo of Seed-Bcd 6'otf.— Soil use*! for the seed-bed may be disinfected. 
 lifter beinir put down, either by steam or some chemical disinfectant. The disinfectant 
 which, up to the present, has proved most practical is formalin. 
 
 This is used in a solution containintj one part of commercial formalin to 4f> parts 
 of water. After thr ttoii has been placed in the Beed-ln-d. it is watered with this solu- 
 tion, about half a Kullon to each sqimre foot of seed-lx>«l. If this quantity is too great 
 to be alworbed without flooding, two wat>-rings fhould l)e jriven, about one-<|Uarter 
 gallon i)er squnr.' foot em-h time, with at least 24 hours between the two. Immediately 
 iiftcr the wnterinu, the soil should be covered with canvas sheets or rather thick psper. 
 >o that the formalin vap lur may not escape. The canvas or paper is finolly taken away 
 l«enfy-foiir hours after the second watering, and the bed should then Iw well aired in 
 order to permit the formalin vapour to disperse. 
 
 Sowing btfore the formalin vapour has dispersed should, above all, Iw avoided: 
 the presence of the vapour may easily be detected by its odour. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 The success of tobacco seed in the provin<!e of Qui-Imt depend^ upon the following 
 precautions being taken: — 
 
 1. The use of fertile and clean soil. 
 
 2. The use of well-built frames and good jilazed sashes. 
 
 n. Thin sowing, in order to avoid diseases and si)iiidly plants. 
 4. Abundant ventilation. Moderate watering, tejiid water being used in 
 order to avoid, as much as possible, cooling the surface of the bed. 
 In a general way, new soil, that is to sa.v, soil which has never been used for 
 Kiowing tobacco before, should be used for seed-ln-ds. Soil that has ben used befor.- 
 may contain disease germs, and if the use of this old soj] is unavoidalile it should most 
 eertainly first be disinfected. 
 
 In the latter case, the date f.ir sowing as indiciited above n maining the same, it 
 IS necessary, in order to be sure of the complete evaporation of the formalin, the 
 fumes of which are injurious to nioist.'ned tolmcen see.I. to ,,ni.:ire the bed a week or 
 at least some days, sooner. 
 
 (For furtliar information siv E.xperimental Fumi- l?iilletin \o i\ Second 
 '^fries.)