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Director. W. T. Macoun. Dominion Horticulturist. CO.VTEXTS, A.sr.\HAOLs CiLTi ui;. C'ki.i;ky Clltl'uk. OmoN ClLTlHE. BV W. T. MACOUxV, Dominion Horticulturist ASPARAGUS CULTURE. Asparagus has beta under cultivation for at least two thousand years, but is still considered one of the most delicious vegetables. Being one of the first planU available for food m the spring, it is particularly popular with Canadians. The wild asparagus (A^parayus o/ficinalk), from which the cultivated varieties come, IS an herbaceous perennial belonging to the Lily family and is a natiTe of Great Britain and Europe. While in Great Britain it is found wild near the sea-coast it IS not restricted to such localities in Europe. ' • ^?*'t "^ '^"^^ °''™^*^ varieties of asparagus on the market, but less atten- tion has been paid to the breeding of new sorts of asparagus than is the case with most other kinds of vegetables, and the distinguishing characteristics between the different varieties of asparagus are not very marked. There is a good field for the improvement of this vegetable. Asparagus is usually propagated by seeds, although it is possible to propagate It by dividing the crown, though this method is much less satisfactory than raising plants from seeds, and it is not used in commercial planting. Seed should be saved from the earhest plants giving the largest stalks, and these should be marked dur- ing the spring or early summer. If this has not been done the seed may be taken from the stronge;.* plants in the autumn. The seed is cleaned and kept dry through tlie winter and in the spring sown outside in a seed bed or in rows in the field. A convenient shaped bed is one about fo«r feet wide. It may be any lenjnh desired. I lie soil in It should bo good garden lonm and of such a character that it will not ■ ke. Drills are made across tho bed about one foot apart and half an inch deep, rf seed, sown thinly in them and covered with soil. When grown in the field the • ows may be made from fifteen to eighteen inches apart. A little radish seed which will germinate in a few days and mark the rows may be mixed with the asparagus seed as asparagus plants are not easily seen when coming up. The earlier in the spring the seed is sown after the soil is dry enough, the sooner will the seeds ger- minate and the longer season of growth they will have. As soon as the young seed- lings are up the surface of the ground should be loosened and kept loose throughout 56268 the •ummer to ancourage m rapid a jcrowth n* powible. The plantu should be thini.nd If very thick to from two to three inchcn apart. There »hould be fine utronR plnnt* hv autumn. Theae are dufr the followinjr Kprinj? and the best seleetwl for pkntiii^. fn aelecting thoae with fewer nnd strotiKor buds are chosen in preference to those with more and smaller buds, as the former are likely to produce the thickest stnlks. If the plants are boiiRht it is well to get the best grnde of one year old plants, although tv > year old plants are quite satisfactory olso. Aa the asparagus plantation may remain in one place for from twelve to fifteen or more years it is very desirable to choose a site where the soil is good and of con- iiderable depth, for while annual applications of fertilizers will keep the aspnrnKUS in good condition in comparatively poor soil, tho l«tt<.r the soil' the better the avcrupo crop 18 likely to be. The old practice of trenching the soil and of burying great quantities of manure and even bodies of animals to make the soil very rich has however, not been found necessary to obtain good asparagus. As early asparnpua brings the highest price, it is important to choose warm, well drained soil, preferably with a southern exposure, so that growth will begin early. To prepare the soil for asparagus there should be a heavy application of well rotted l.nrnyard manure deeply ploughed or dug under in the spring on land already under cultivation, ond tho ground thoroughly harrowed. Planting should begin as early in spring aa possible Irenchee aoout eight inchoe in depth are opened up with the double mould board plough or spade. For garden culture the asparagus may be grown in beds if so desired, making the beds about four feet wide and setting tho plants about eighteen inches apart in the bed. In field culture the trenches should be at least four fwt apart, four and one-half to five feet is not too much. The rows should run as nearly north and south as possible. The distance apart which plants are set in the trenches varies with different individuals and runs all tho way from IJ to 8 feet. At li feet •part it is not many years until the plants crowd one another, resulting in smaller atalka. At d feet apart, fine strong crowns will develop and stnlks of the largest size be produced. It will be easier and cheaper to keep the plantation free of weeds and grass with the plants at the greater distance. In planting, it is desirable to make a little mound at the bottom of the trench where each plant is to go, or at least to make the ground level so that the roots'may be spread out over it. In many large plantations time is not taken to do this although it would be profitable to do so. The p'.mts are set very rapidly in tho trench' drawing two or three inchea of soil over them and pressing it well down When the plants have made some growth more soil is -' -a-rr into the trenches when cultiva- ting or hoeing and by the end of the first - crowns of the plants six or seven inches 1 growing season the soil should bo kept k .: having the crowns of the plants well beh cultivated early in the spring and manure w . . ..ju.,„k i„em. runner- more, as the crown gradually works towards the surface as new growth is made on It from year to year it is desirable to start it well down. There is a disadvantage in having the crown too deep, however, in that the growth is delayed in the spring This is especially true in the cooler clay loam soils, where shallower planting is desirable. Annual applications of manure will keep the soil in good condition and as it 18 important to have as strong plants as possible before any cutting is done it is advisable to mulch with short manure the autumn of the first year. This is worked into the soil the next spring. No cutting should be done the second season after planting, even though there should be some good shoots, but the ground should be kept well cultivated and free of weeds and mulched again in the autumn. A little cutting may be made from the stronger plants the third season, but it is best to leave most of the shoots to help build up strong crowns. In the fourth year cutting is begun in earnest and may continue for from six to eight weeks. The season of cut- ting should be shortened as much as possible as a long cutting season year after year will weaken the plants. In this and succeeding years it is desirable to manure ground is nearly level and the irface of the soil. During the ^ of weeds. The advantage of -.ace is that the ground may be m w'thout injuring them. Further- r;.^!r: J5rr ;ri i " -^ Where blanched or white aiparaKus is uiod the soil i^ bankwl ,in .^^.v, i over the crown, in the spring .o that the »hoot. have to come th "2 7.n.Sr!i"" u - a. to K.ve a .hoot of ...fficiont louKth. The shoots are cTju t aX tiH. hrJu" 1 beetles. Tho re.edie. l^tld^^nh^IlLTg.- ^""'' "^ '""-^ '^''^^^"'-^ .oi?it;;'';-n\,:r,trtLirr„tdih"" ^ ^^^^'^ ^^ P0i«,ned foliage, if applied ovc!; wo!k orton Zt ^"'■'"' '"^^'^ "'"'■'' '^"' *»>« culture^tLrhlenlJ^tTaTL^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ~ - "« ITnited State., where it hal^ been "rv St rru/ 1?!^. o"' '"/^'^^/^t. .of the stages. In the spring the disease ^ow, aS ovdops spL 'r ^''^ •^"''"''' cut in either cultivatod or neglectevl pl„ntntion or In • T-a , f ^ ''*'"'•• "« ""* It is the second, sun-mer or^S rt ,'o X, ho" i"e„ et '^ " ""*' '■: ''' ^'""•*^- leaves to turn yellow and then brown xlZill \t . '' apparent, causing the .lit. in the stones of the n.™ n lar^l ZborT^ndT; d^'"" "" ^^7" ■°'' ''°'" rapidity. During the sun;mer spore Sanrherc, It 1^7 '"''f'^lf ^'^'^^ the disease o^er winter. Th«e are knowral the " p" /"Z' ^it"^ ''"'^ prematurely destroying the tops whioh would otherwise be Z^ up^v^Too^^n the crowns, cause, a weakening of the latter and if the disease is sevprlf , reasons in succession will ruin a plantation. ^^^'^ *°' '*'^«""''' As many of the winter spores are carried over on the diseased t/.n= ti. u u mat maktm it« appMranoe In tumtncr. Two npplic>aUoiu at intflrrab tkould b« made. Am th(> aNpiirNiru* pintit i* miiooth and tlie dry milphur does not at'hore wi-U to it, it i* iiilviiwbla to oprii.v thn plant* with wlmlc oil rtoap and water before atiplying the aulphur. About ISO pounds of oulphur per acre will be needed for eaub application. nordcau.x mixture hna nut Riven Hntinfactory renultt on the whole. Ai ttomo Tarietie* of unparafrua are not to »ubj<'<'t to rutt at other-' it i« well to plant those which arc moit immune. amonK«t thoio being the Arffontouil and Piilmetto, and a variety recently developed by the Department of Airriculture of the Unitetl Rtatea. The Conover Coloaaal is one whioh is most affectodi CELERY CULTURE. Celery i« much relitthed by many people and it ia dosiroblo thnt the tnethods by which Kt»)d celery may be (jrown should be (jeinTiilIy known in Canada. Soil. — Celery is a moisturc-lovinR plant and to have good celery it is necoaeary to provide it naturally or artificiiUly with n libernl quantity of water during the grow- ing season. ^ soil should, if possible, be <'hoseii where dry weather will not affect the celery, aa if checked in its growth it will not bo na good as it would othcrwige be. The muck soils are very popidar for celery growing, as the supply of moisture from below is usually plentiful and constant. Moreover, these soils are easiur worked and celery can be grown with loss expense in them. Celery grown in muck soils does not keep so well as that grown in rich, friable eandy loam which, if it ia sufficiently moist, is perhaps the best for celery. Not only does celery require a good supply of water to make it grow rapidly, but it shotild also have a liberal amount of available plant food. This is obtained by giving the soil a top-dressing of from 16 to 20 tons or more per acre of manure in the autumn, which mny be ploughed under then if there it dangei of le^iliin^', or left until spring. A good plan is to plough under fresh manure in the full and give a top-dressing of well rotted jn:inure or chemical fortilifers in the spring which may be turned under with the gang plough or disced in. The CfTound fchould be loosened to a depth of five or six inches. The disc borrow and smoothing harrow nre then used and the ground thoroughly mellowed and levelled. It is desirable to roll the land before the plants nre set out. Orowiny the Plants. — Celery seed loses its germinatin,!? power very soon and for that reason care shou' ^e taken in obtaining fresh seed f*-' ■^ a reliable source. The seed should be orderea -jrly and its germinating pow- :ed before the time of sowing. If early celery is desired the seed should be sown >-ring the month of March, in a hotbed or, if desired, in the houso. For late celery the seed is sown about the middle or during the latter part of Ai)ril. The seed may toke two weeks to germin{ite, honce care should be taken to keep the eurface soil constantly moist from the time the seed is so>vn unti' it comes up. The seed is very small and should be sown quite shallow, bein^ just nicely covered with soil. A good plan is to sow the seedd broad- cast and eift a little loam over them, this being then pressed down. If the seed is sown in the house the soil should have good drainage. A good plan to ensure the surface always being moist is to keep a cloth or blotting paper on the surface of the soil until the seeds germinate when the plants should be given light gradually. The young plants grow slowly. Some prefer sowing the seed thinly and thinning the plants where they stand instead of transplanting, but many growers pre. :r transplanting as the root system of the plants is then much better when they tae sot out. When the seedlings are about two inches high they are trnnsplantej to about two i -has apart each way in the hotbed or cold frame. If the plants become spindly befora it is time to set them out, about half of the top may be cut off. The early celery is planted out during the mouth of May when danger c severe froet is past, and the later celery in June or even as late as July. PUinttno—Ahn rollinjr tho toil at itatptl Uforr. the Innd it marko.! out in ro riadily covered with toil, rotult- ing in a wlH blanched celery of gr)od quality. Another plan pracfi^xl by >oTne (rrowort ia to niako ironchot with tho doublo mould board plough, put numuro in, mix it with the toil in the bottom and oloae up and level down tho troticlioM iiiiti plant tho cclory on top. Cullivation. — Aa toon aa po««ible after planting, tlw Kfund in cultivat.x' aid thorough cultivution is kcjit up until tho celery i» inouUlid up. It is i.f the u mkhi, importttiice to keep the plnnts growing well thronghr>ut the Kia^i.n. Shallow cultiva- tion i.s donirable at tlio t^•kT> Mr,t ruined. Tliis nppliea particularly to early cclory. Ifollow or pithy stalks arc u>ually the result of a check in the growth of the plant, although it bat been fouml that it is eonietiincs due to inferior strains of seed. B/anc/ij)». preparing the plantt for blancliing, merely moulding up tho soil about tho plants with u ploiif,'li especially made for the purpose. Those most anxious to have the best celery, how cm r, go over each plant by hand, breaking off suckers and weak outside stalkd, tl.ou dr:,\vinf,' the stalks of tho plant together nud holding them in position by p«cki;i4r soi^ about the plant. This may be begun when the pl.ints ore about six lies hijfh. This ork is doiiu very rapidly. The rest of tho work is now done w ,1 the spai! .ir plou^ or both, piling up tho soil well aliout the plant, merely leavi the top Ic. vub an i .-cifill; the crown or central part of the plant exposed. This moulding up sli .uM n >e done when the soil is very wet as it wouid be likely to stick to and discolour i h Early celery is now very generally blanohod by means ol i blanching material somewhat resembling "ready roofing" whi< ' i ,ig th |il..lanclicd by soil give very satisfactory results. Boards one inch thick :i > fourt.cii incites in width are the most suitable kinds of boanls. They are j . ch side of the row and brought up as close to the plants as possible and :irt3 l ; i.'a.'o eitln-r by stakes or strips nailed or hooked across the boards. A little soil i^ .fown up along the l)ase of the board to prevent he light getting in tliat way. Y 'v celery will blanch in from two to three weeks when boards or other blanching'' in i Is arc used. For home use celery may be blanched with good results by using four ,j. »il«B, which are i lactd over the plants. Celery blanched in this way is clean and of -^ qualitv. Celery for late use is not blanched in the field except where tin cH: !« mitst enough to leave it outside imtil used. It is, however, often gore over one- s.^ -^fmrm^ thb suckers and weak outside stalks and banked up a litf'~ to hold the platTts '-t i<;,'»its. SUM or by a plinMe BhriHff Crtrry for Wtnl,r.~T\u, brat tit* inoiith of Octoiwr mIUf which b n mny Im) rmnoTod way to k(W|> (vlwy i« to din it up diirlutf o( tHrt< iH ■ little, if they are »ery lone. It i ii not »*..*,..ry to leave the »>il on ih. «>,t. if the planU are .tored at once after dinrln, ^tl..,uKh 'f there I. plenty of room it i. letter l..ft on. The celery .honld Im, repUnt!5 la Mil in the cellar, the rooto -nly being coverorl with «.ll. The celery ia aet in rowa •nU. aa ventilation between the phinta is important. Intl.* nm.v l« uaed for wparatinir '"*•*'»>» Ko^} cffwt, unlcM there !■ room to plant them far enou«h apart that uir can readily p«« l,..,ween. If the cellar i. very dry and the .elery nJ!l. watering durinir the winter. u-runRomenU al.ould Iw made for watering without wettin* the to,*, u. wot topH will cauae ^.ttinK. Celery couhl be kept outride and uaed when wantcHl .f prote-tod from fnwt, l.ut ^rcnt .nre would have to l>e tnkcn and ventilation anorjted, for if the topa were .•ovcrd with ».ril or n.iv other material the celery would be liable to rot. If no cellar ia uvuilahle the cler.v niiKht Im better protocted ouUide hy digging It up and replanting cloaor toj^ether i„ a pit the U.p of which oould be covered with l)onrda.. Where the amount of moisture in a .eilar can be well rc«ulatoon tier, but by this method there is danirer of the celery losing ita crispncMs unleaa close attention ia paid to keeping the loota sufficiently nioiut. " .k J**.?*'«M"r^"..P*"^ *•' Cano.L* wliere Ute sunim.'n. are comparotivo ■ oool and •hort. the Hhito Plume, the earliest variety, is well thought of but is i lerior in quality to the Golden Self IJlonching (Paris Golden Yellow) which is the best early •ort in most sc-tions. For winter. Giant Pascul. French Suocoaa. Evans Triumph and « inter Queen, are all good. ♦u r.*',''"'^ i!,."';'"*"^ li"'" '"J"'^ ^^ '''"^* P"'"' ''"» '"»«''' damage is often done by the Celery Blight or Rust, and the Leaf Blight. The former disease is particularly troubUiiome in dry seasons and in dry soiU. ond to ovoid it inoi«t soils should, if rowiblo, be chosen. Small, yellowisii or grey spots on the leaves are the first indi- cation of the disease. These graduolly spread until they meet. The learea eventuallT turn yellow nnd afterwards brown, the plant becoming much weakened. The disease known as Leaf Blight affecta all porta of the ccl.ry above ground. The characteristics of this dneas- nre wntcry patches on the stems ond leaves. Small, black dots appear on tliese from which the spores ore given off. These ro-infect the plant ,ind ••auae the disease to spread. This disease is also carried by means of the seed, hence seed should bo used which is .Icon. Both the Celery Blight ond the Leaf Blight con he controlled by thorough npplieiifions of Bordeaux mixture in the proportion of 4 pounds hlucstone 4 pounds lime ond id gallons of water. Spraying should 1k5 begun when the plontaare in the seed beds ond tlie iiluits kept covered with the mixture until the coolei and moistcr weather of early autuinii. Hotting of the ho.irt in st .rnije is induced by lock of ventilation, too warm o cellar, auve. These conditions should be Avoided to Ie8t>en this trouble. ONION CULTURE. Soil n„dCummi;on.-Tho best soil for onions is a ri<-h sandy loam, but they will also sueoced m clay loams nnd in muck. It is important to have clean land to save lal.nir Ki ..c^troying wcxis. Onions re<|uired a largo amount of ovailable plant food in the .-,.il nnd it .-hould. thrrnforc, he made very rieh beforehand by the application of barnyard manure Tl,c best practice is to opply rotted manure in the autumn and ploii^'li it under, from forty to MXty U)iis i*r acre not being consi(l«^od too much to obtain tlic b(«t results. If it cannot bo appiitMl in tho autumn well rotted maaure mav be work.^ into the surface soil early in the spring, but the manure sliould l>e thoroughlv incorporated with the soil or tlio latter may dry out, ond it would be difficult also to to briiw thrm t.. maturity. Owit.K to tl... |..„,.,„^ of th- >.,il i„ „u,nv ,„rt- m , ,« prair.0 pr..vl,„.. it l, („ tt.,r to ,.l,.u^h in tho «„,„„,„ «, „, ,.. l,..,.. ,r oil «r,v ,. . J JU P0-..I0 wlw.„ tho .... i. .,.„ th.H .„H.urin« ,.....„..,. K,.rmi,.„tio,: (>.:.,. ' •«rn mu.-h ,n..r.. ^,t,.f„..|.-r.ly with « .. ,wl drill ihar. by |„.n.l « the po..! in ..wa more .m.ly «ml tin, -mI b,..n« p,«,«.l A,wn l„ .» , :i ., o' .!.« r.,ohi,m i, l.ft i„ »-Ht.., er„„|u.„„ for th« »..rmi„.tlon of tho *^1. j. :,r.. mt o have «,„„! ...^d «h..u!J bo t«tod Wore beinr .own by putting it botw.«, tb« f„M, of a picie of ,„oi*t ^ton or b ..t....^ pnp^ h. . ^uoe, with another ^uocr inrc,.^ over i'To mli tn mo,«turo. I, o„« hundr..! m.xb «ro t«.tod tho porro«t«w may bo roadily c-ul..,, «t i f«m the numW that ^m' "-te Tb. „.«, .boul.l b« k.-pt in . warm room. Anot r n»m>n for »ow .« only th.. iH^t »c»l u to „voi.l thiok-n.vk.. whi.-h aro mora t-on m-m wh«. poor -0.1 i» *>wn. Thn ..<. h„.W U- .own about l«.lf un inoh .l."Tn ro"v, Ta to 14 inch., npart. f,,«n four x pou.»U of «^..| ,«, ..-r,. U-in^ .^„uir.d. If „.uk- got. .re u...a ly troul.l-«,mr. „> .. .1 .houl.l ho r«wn thi.k, r than it oth.-rwi^c wouM be. It If n.,.il,« to Huy that . .^aiKhtvr tlw row. aro tl... ...m,t it will l„. to culti- vat« or hoe att«rwaKl». bnt tho mark.r whi.-h i* utt4..1,.,l to th. se^d drill will ennnre the rowH bo,n« f«r^ ntmiirht. A^ ^n »• th- ,.1..mIh huv ^rown m.llioi.-ntlv for the row. to bo swn. ouh.vat.on nhould h..K'in and che «..rla.... of th.« «oil k..„t i.««,. A, from 3 to 4 ineho. h.Kh. thej nhould bo thinnod Ui fi^n) 1 to -J iuchoH anart. but it !. K-|. to l..ve th..n. a little o„ the- t.hi..k «ido. Aft.r thin.i..«. tho " H ru'^bo at o -e culfvatcu. shallow cultivation being dwirablo. and tho *urta... 1„ u.-.-forth k.pt lo le during the growing «««,n to destroy weed« an.l pn.n...to th- n.pid dovdopm-nt of the onioM It n important to destroy tho wood* wh.-a tl,-y -,. voung in ordt-r not ul dirturb the omo..« which will bo done in hoeing or pulling i.rge wf-eds. Onions «« ripo enough to puU when the t<^w hnvt. dried down aL..ut on*, half. Aji won aa tZ omona ere ripe tl.ey ghould bo p,,ll.,l. fr„m four to six rows b-ing thrown toiroth. r -,!^ turned occa. oim^Iy until thry are dry enough and firm. Th<.y .Ly "t" ,! 5'' Vo^J UH coinrenient af^tluy are dry. A« soon a. they „rc dry they should be stored iH .-K,! w^' -.nt-Iatod place whi-re they will not be oxp,...J to much frost. To g.T^.d vent.lat. .t 1. dc^m.ble to put the o,.io.« in crat-^. Two of the b«t varLir, o=ao,« a. .argc IW \V eth«n.fi.ld and Y-llow GIoIh, Danver.. Southport Imi. w ( 1..00 ,» u p,.pulHr vuru-ty ,n th- wnrm...t .-c-tionn. Karly White Darh-tta and W ,e «^>.ieen are gmall early varietie* suitable for piekling. For tlio nrnlr!.. ,., „• .H.,e tbo «ea^n i. »hort the K.tni Early H-!l or Early Vbt Red ^"1.^"^^^ The seed of the large onioiu of the Prize T«lrAr fvr^ -.^j „»w 1 . , ■ in the field, taking the prcc«uti .11 before setting out to harden th- i.I.mf. r r • more ventilation. Th.^ tra„.plant«l onions Jrow m^i:^^!: . ' ijj 'mh ^e seed were sown outride. In parte of Canada wh-r,- the .^ns„n is „h, t £ d«i «b e to tramfplant even the smaller varieties to ensure th-ir m. turinp well ''""""'e Onion .eU or Dutch *e<,.-These will ensure a good crop of onions when other kinds fail, and .are particularly u.^eful where tho sc.a.sons aro Inrt TU '^"'^", *'*"" three inches apart in rows twelve inches apart. sSrihl ' f »„ 7 ."'•'',. Pl«"t«J or under, should be used. Egyptian or Top O lions a"" '^'^hlv Bulbl 't "T''; of seed form on top of the flowering stalk, and these .rlTsed fir" plant flile^U for an early crop 01 green onbna. They live over wi -r «„f=;^ • ^""'""8^ '"^e sets - ey are grown in Canada. Multiplier Id So Oni. .^ „ IVofTrl"'"" ''T iarpe bulb break into many .mall bulbs whi-h are us" for riiL Tr " ""'''^ green onions. The Potato Onion is very hardy. ^ ^"'■- ""P» "^ 8 RaUing Onion Sett.— Onion sets are much used in Canada, especially for obtain- ina: early green onions. The set is a small, immature onion, dried off in summer, lo raise onion sete the seed should be sown very thickly, preferably in poor, warm and sandy soil, the tfbject being to prevent the onions from developing much, and to induce them to dry off in the -ummer before they are mature. If the seed is sown thicki> enoujrh the sets may be raised on good soil. If raised in good soil there should be at least 200 seeds to the foot to ensure the sets being the right size, and to have them dry up or ripen thorougUy. As much as 100 pounds of seed per acre should be used to bo fairly certain of good results. If the sets are more tlian one-half of an mch in diameter, seed stalks are likely to be thrown up, and the bulb will not develop, but if most of the sets are one-half inch in diameter, or vmder the bulb will develop, and there will be no seed stalk during that season The seed should be ^^^^^ J!yj"i^ in the spring in rows about 12 inches apart. The seed of ^^elollow Globe Danver. U mainly u^ for this purpose, but the large Red Wethersfield. or E^a Early Rrf, may alJbe ui»ed. The small inunature but dried up bulbs which AoM be harvested as soon mi ripe, if kept in good xondition in a dry. well ventilated place, will soon begin to grow when they are planted in the spring. . VueasM—Ihe onion has few disease., and there is but one which need be men- tioned here, namely, the Onion Blight, or Mildew, which often causes senous loss. This Onion Blight is a parasitic fungus which spreads by meana "^ •P°T„;^«"^4'' and is carried over winter on the leaves: hence these should be destroyed in the ^tumn. The spores are so numerous that it does not take long for a large ar«i to become affected. It has been found that the disease spreads most ™pidly m damp^ warm, clo«e weather, the spores germinating very rapuffly ^^^/^ T TT^.n^h- low lying ground the air is moister than over elevated land, and the disease is usudb rrst therr Sprcvinf? with Bordeaux mixture has been recommended, but the d^case Ts ve^dlffieult to cent. , 1 Once the spore has germinated and the diseaBe ^^ t^e leaf, it is not possible to reach it by spraying; hence, if spraying u to be effective, it is necessary to spray early enough to kill the spores as they germmate. Iniuriow Insects—The insect most injurious to onions- is the Onion Maggot. The egS^ch produce this maggot are laid by a slender fly somewhat s'naUer than a ho4e fly The eggs are laid on or about the stems of the young onion plants near, SroT the ground. T a few days maggots hatch, and work down mto thesoil. where they lie n^^the root, or burrow into it, feeding on the sap and soon d^troying tiie oSn The injury occurs throughout the season, hut is most noticeable in June, n^" i- no Ttirely satisfactory remedy for this pest A remedy which has g.v^ fairi? satisfactory remits in some cases is Hellebore. 2 ounc^ to 1 gallon of water poutdSoTSe roots, at intervals of a week from the time the young Plant. appear unUlIhe onions are well developed. Another remedy wh ch has ^^^.^^^^^^ used and is becoming more popular each year is I oz. of commercial sodium arsenate Sliin a gallon-of boilL' water to which .added one pint of^l^-p -oU^' This is sprinkled over the plantation once a week during the early part of the season^ A wWsk can be used for sprinkling small areas. The object is <». hajelarge drops of Z material well distributed over the plantation. The female &^^ ^^^n it and ;L kilS IIS arc thus prevented from laying the egg. from whioh tl« maggots hatch. This is considered the best known remedy.