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ENG
TAU
c
n
V
|3r«fifnb-
I
32, BOU"
f
37:2. (0/
Heix! 23run0l)atcfe ^cjcol Series.
ENGLISH GRAMMAE
AND
ANALYSIS
TAUGHT SIMULTANEOUSLY,
WITH
1 .'■
Humer0us (£uxtmt%.
BY
J. ROBERTSON
^nfimbcb bg tbe §aarb of ^biuEtioit for llefo ^rnnsbjith.
THOMAS MURBY,
82, BOUVERIE STEEET, FLEET STREET, E.G.
1874.
I
-n
Education Office, Pkovinct: op New Brunswick,
FsEDBRiCTON, Nov. 24, 1871.
The Board of Education, under the authority of the Com-
mon Schools Acr, 1871, has prescribpii this edition of "English
Grammar and Analysis," as a Text Eook for use in the Schools
ui this province.
Theodore H. Rand,
Chief Suj^eruiUndent of Education^
«
#«**»■'
The dIstlnctlTO features of the present work are the following «—
1. Tlie pupil Is taught to parse ana analyse Intelligently from the
beginning,
2. The sentence in its simplest form is first explained, the various
adjuncts being afterwards graduony introduced, and the parts of
speech are given in the order which it has been found present*
fewest difficulties to ,the learner.
3. The Text and accompanying Exercises are carefully graduated,
the latter being chiefly taken from Standard Authors.
4. The Lessons in Analysis are so arranged that they may be
taken simultaneously with the Grammar, or left for a second
course.
k
s
\\
5. The rules of Syntax are deduced from the various pilnciplei-
as they are expltOaed ; Common Brrors only being illustrated,
6. It is believed that the Exercise?, which are unusually numerous,
will greatly aid the learner in acquUMng a knowledge of Composition.
TABLE or CONTENia
HI
Subject— Predicate
Noun
Person
Number
Gender
Object ...
Verb
Person
Number
Time ...
Adjective ...
Possessive Case ,
Personal Pronouns (Simple) ...
as Subjects
„ Objects
,, Posses^sors
t.f
••I
•I*
!••
• ••
Kt
• ••
• ••
• il
•••
• •t
• tf
#••
• ■t
• ••
■ •I
»*•
• ••
tt«
• ••
*•«
t.r
1
2
3
3
4
7
8
9
9
10
11
17
21
21
24
27
Personal Pronouns (Compound) 31
Preposition 32
Invei'ted Sentences 36
Mood— Indicative, Imperative,
Infinitive 37
Conjugation of Verbs— Simple
Tenses 42
Defective Verbs 49
Participles so
Infinitive Mood without To 64, 69
Conjugations of Verbs— Com-
pound Tenses C5
Voice— Active 64
Passive ... , 64
Coir.pleto Verb 68
•••
tflt
rial
71
73
76
79
91
93
94
U8e of To Be 7«
Nouns in Apposition
Adverb
Conjunction
Elliptical Sentences
Subjunctive Mood
Kelative Pronoun
Sentences and Plirases, as Sub-
jects and Objects
Interrogative Pronoun
Interjection
Nouns of the First and Second
Persons
Various Constructions
Supplement-
Parts of Speech
■ English Grammar— Its Di-
visions
Letters
Syllables ...
Kinds of Nouns
Tables of Gender ...
Formation of the Piaral
Kinds of Adjectives
Plu'ases
False Syntax ... 63,70,83,116
Promisci;ous Exercises lis
Analytical Lessons 1, 7, 16, 10, 31,
34, 36,37, 40, 41, ;;;;], .55, 63, 68,
70, 75, 78, 83, 87, 89,92, SQ, 100,
105
• ••
• *•
108
104
107
107
108
110
110
111
112
112
113
114
116
110
1. ^
2, 1
3. ]
tliinge
1
2:
Ex.-
4. ^
6. ^
Predic
Ex.-
Wri
examp^
Note.
for three
piece of
however,
the teaci
Trees
fell. Ei'
ENGLISH GRAMMAR Am ANALYSIS.
rioa
••■
, 71
••■
73
•••
76
••■
79
•tl
91
• •«
93
• ft
94
S Sub-
...
103
•••
104
• •a
107
ccoud
'*••
107
tai
108
110
td dI-
• ••
110
• <•
111
■ •«
112
• ••
112
113
:ral '
114
• t *
116
• • •
110
0,83,
116
• • (
118
16> 10,
31,
5, C3,
C8.
J, 96, loo;
«>t
SUBJECT— PEEDICATE.
1. Whatever we think is called a Thought.
8. A thought, put into words, forms a Sentence.
3. In every sentence there must at least be two
things : —
1st. What is spoken about.
2ud. What is said about it
Ex.--Biras fly.
What is spoken about in that sentence ?
What is said about them ? Fly.
Birds*
4. What is spoken about is called the Subject.
6. What is said about the subject is called the
Predicate.
Ex. — Girl sings.
What is spoken about ? Oirl.
Girl then is called the Subject.
What is said about {jirl ? Sings.
Sings is called the Predicate.
Write the following exercise according to the
example given ;—
Ex.— Girl I Subject.
Sings I Predicate.
Note.— Each exercise throughout the book is intended to serve
for three, four, or more Home Exercises, so as to allow each little
piece of new matter to be thoroughly acquired. The exerci'^es
however, may be done orally at first,' according to the option of
the teacher.
Exercise 1.
Trees_ gi-ow. Sun rises. Thomas writes. Kettle sirgs. Snow
fell. Rivers low. Stars twinkle. Chimney smokes. Horse
B
I
2
ENGLISH ORAMMAli AKB AJfALTSIS.
blew Wa£ L r'- ^P-^''^^''-? ^'^^y'"'^- ^^"-^ l>""iecL Winds
Serfired M^'f; ^^''^''T^' Boy sang. Waves dash. Sol-
S fltL« T'' .^T'^'^'' ^^°" ''^^''^' Caunuii burst,
irainetarts. Shoe pmclies. Hedges blossomed.
THE NOFN.
e. Everything that we see, hear, smell, taste etc
T« *i ^^ — Leaves fall.
Is there any name in that sentence ? Yes ; leaves.
tehees!* ''''* '''' """"^^ *^^ ''^'^^' ^^ *^^ following sen-
Exercise 2
leaves. Lady eines En™3 ^ S°T ^^^OP" Steamer
weeps. Cffitr£es''°i'„§' g^vtns""' tZ "aT""- 'T''
frightened. Sheet) di^rl Rtl,S.J ^ ^"J^"® adorns. Noise
Father arrived. Bells rL Bi^ k'T^' r?'""''^^ commands,
.ondemner boor opened.* ^^^^ ^^^^^- House stands. Guilt
7. The ncme of anything is caUed a Noun.
What IS the name of this? Book.
What IS the word booJc therefore ? A noun.
Method to be followed by pupil in doing Exercise 3.
Ex.~Leaves fall.
Leaves I A noun, subject,
laii I predicate.
■pml^'ffnf, "'■f ^«"»«««''» to ie mvariabh
S 7 '^.r teacher, at each Hep throuahout th,
booh, wlen the pttpilis parsing. ""rougnout the
-%^. t.e v^:^^^^t^^.;^-sx,
THE NOUN.
8
ed. Wiada
clash. Sol-
lUQU burst.
iste, etc.,
London^
}e8.
rmg sen-
withered.
Steamer
i. James
s. Noise
)mmand&.
In, Guilt
What is spoken about in that f5cntouce ? Lcavet*
What is said about lc(^vc.8f Fall.
Why is leaves a noun ? Encauso it is the name of something.
Why is it called subject ? Because it is what is spoken about.
Why iij fall called the predicate ? Because it is what in said
about the subject, leaves.
Exercise 3.
Picture hangs. Child dances. Lambs bleat. Doctor attended.
Servant assisted. Aun'i arrived. Prisoner dreams. William es-
caped. Woman begged. Lark sings. Apples grew. Barrel
burst. Postman knocks. Grocer bought. Book amuses. Friend
died. Fingers feel. Eyes glance. Angel appeared. Paul tra-
velled. Soldier marches. Smoke curled. Supper waits. Moun-
tains rise.
PERSON OF NOUNS.
9r Three Persona are used in parsing, and theso
are called respectively, the first, second, and third.
10. Nouns are generally, though not al¥;ayg ' "
to be of the third Person.
Ex. — Brother reads.
Brother
reads
a noun of the third person {why?), Bubjec.
predicate.
Tcise 3.
mably
ut the
e to be
epeated
)uld be
Exercise 4,
Mouse nibbles. Rain poured. Chain binds. Cat scratched.
Cock crows. Silver melted. Shilling disappeared. Thunder
pealed. Parrot talks. John thinks. Bees hum. Robbers at-
tacked. Carriage passes. King rules. Peace returned. Maiden
prays. Daughter knits. Organ sounded. Year begins. Hail
curled. Day dawns. Heart beats. Milkmaid sung. Vice
debases.
THE NUMBER OP NOUNS.
11. What is the difference in meaning between loole
and loohs ? Booh signifies just one bock ; hoolcs means
Quore than one. »
How «many are meant by houses ? More than one.
Howmany is meant by maw/ Jiwt one.
■n O
Jf Si
I
\
f
4
ENGLISH anAMMAR AND ANALISIS.
Tell whether each of the following words means one
thing or more than one :—
Sxercise 5.
If nnnrlf 'Z"^?' ^?''''^\ ^""^^^ '^''^^' «to»e3, Children, hero.Unes
peargarde^^^^ ' ' '''''''' "^'"' ^''''^ ^''''' ^^««^' ^^ttle,'
hfi^t-r,^,^^'' * wi.''^'''^ ""^^^^ ^^^y ^^^' i* i« said to
a^idW Piur^'" ^^ "^^^^ ^^^'^ *^- -^' ^* -
This is called the Number of the noun *
Vt what number is each >f the following nouns ?
Exercise 6. >
Bcissors (no sing.), ' ^"^' ®P°°°' ^o^rs,
Ex :— Boys climb. (See No. 8.)
Exercise 7.
THE GENDER OP NOUNS.
*i ^^ilyr^"^^^'^ ^^^^^^ creatures there are two sexes
the Male Sex and the Female S'- '
belolv'r^* '""^ ''''^ ^^"^ ^'''''°''' °'' ^"'^^^^^^ ^^^^^^
* For the Formation of the Plural rpr Nn 9^7 Aa +i,«
■'^
3.
neaus one
hero, kings,
ooscberries,
ioel, bottle,
is said to
one, it is
; nouns ?
iper, gold,
ey, knives,
bookcase,
)n, floors,
THE NOUN. 9
Exercise 8.
Boy, lady, brother, horse, father, .langhter, tinde. qnetn,
Boldier, mistress. Bister, raare, bull, madam, baroa, landlord,
countess, prince, abbot, peacock, cow, tigress, widow, earl,
poetess.
14. All nouTiFi applied to males, are said to bo Ivlas-
culine in gender.* All nouns applied to females,
are said to be Feminine in ^render.
Of what gender is each oi the following words ?
Exercise 9.
-Won, husi nd, girl, cow, duchess, wife, grandfather, sailor,
Wide, prmcoii^, heireas., governor, widov r, heroine, landlady,
belle, heir, her , man, aunt, woman, bachelor, maid, BongstT-ess,
soldier, waitress, master.
Gender i;i the Distinction of Sex.
ibjecc.
ks quack,
es. Men
1. Bears
3S. Coat
Is. Gon-
:en feed^
> sexes,
named
i
As the
is much
Et.— Queen teigna.
Queen I a noun, 3rd pers., sing., fem. {why?), flubj,
roigns j predicate.
Exercise 10.
Mother nurses. Coachman rides. Boys jump. Uncle visited.
Mare canters. Peter recited. Girls skip. Sister laughed.
Milliners stitch. Isabella attended. Lawyer pleaded. David
wrote. Absalom rev >lted. Lady approached. Lioness watched.
Prince spoke. Horse drags. Jane writes- Samuel judged
Husband entered. Chairman addressed. She-goat browsed.
Painter travels. Marchioness bowed.
15. Of what sea^ is a house ? It is not male, and it
is not female. It has no sex, as it is not a liviiig
creature ; so we say that the word, or noun, house ia
. neither masculine nor feminine in gender,
* For Tables of Gendei, see No. 236. They may be learned
at this stage, but are not absolutely necessary.
I
e
ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS.
li
Tree
shakes
Ex. — Tree eliakeis.
a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neither masouKno nor
feminine, subj.
predicate.
r,AUi??*~^? ^"^^^"^"j ^''^ '^''''^ ^^ speaking, the word neither (or
neith.) may be used for '' neither masculine nor femin-'ne "as •--
Tree, a noun, 8rd pers., sing., neith., subj. *
The word neuter is also used. ''
Exercise 11.
Bottle broke. House totters. Mirror reflects. Sun sets
^r^i^^ ""n^'^'f' T^' superintends. Candle flickersT Poet
praised. ^ Countess dresses. Smoke ascends. Hand held
Clerk copied. Landlord sold. Ship struck. Manservant attends
Cxlasgow flourishes. Maidservant sweeps. Street ends Roo
sloped. P ant blossomed. Battle begins. Bridge stretched
K'CS- ^s.^: ^^"^ »"- 0^1- -nil:
Ex.— Servant washes. (See No. 8 j
Exorcise 12
oess arrived. Sorro/Cifles Lami, S """•'^''If'l. Prin-
. Of what gender therefore ia the word parents ? It
IS both masculine and feminiue ^ parencs f it
li JamSS.""^'* "'^' ^^ " »°"''™"-° '« ■' ''-'X ma«c«.
"i?«V"™ .~.'? «""'^' '^ °f'^° 8iv.-n to nouns that Me
''kai
THE OBJECT.
uHne &or
i neither (or
r:ne,"as:—
Stm getd.
kers: Poet
land held,
mt attends,
nds. Roof
stretched.
1 sounded.
is either
t? It is
a contrao-
mbj.
tesg stood.
Jd. Prin-
n sjmpa-
Guardian
illar siip-
oxes coa-
rps.
3oth the
Its? It
h mascu-
that are
Ex.— Parents protect. (See No. 8.)
Parents a noun, 3rd pers., plu., both, subj.
protect predicate.
Exercise 13.
Birds build. Eagles swoop, ^i'riends assembled. Children
played. Servants cooked. Schoolmates grieved. Knives disap-
peared. Foot slipped. Mary repented. Laundress starches.
Peacock screamed. Authoress died. Mountam towered. Eve-
ning approachea. Monarchs trembled. Listeners departed.
Blossoms appear. Crowd {neith.) dispersed. Streams mingle.
Steamboat left. Winds whistle. Sheep perished. Branches
waved. .
THE OBJECT.
18. Ex. — 1. Birds build nests.
2. Man shot birds.
Ih the first sentence, What is spoken about ? Birdi.
What is said about them ? Build.
"What do they build ? Nests.
The word nests is what is acted upon by the birds,
and hence is called the Object.
19. The Object in a sentence is whatever is acted
upon. . „ , -, 7 . J • -p
What is the difference between birds m Ex. 1, and birds m hx.
2 ? In 1 it is what is spoken about, or Subject. In 2 it is what
is acted upon, or Object.
Arrange the following sentences, thus :■
Subject,
Birds
Predicate,
build
Object,
nests
I build I
Exercise 14.
Snow covered fields. James cut fingers. Sun lights earth.
Sailor climbed rigging. Box contained toys. Fire destroyed
warehouse. Boys broke window. George blotted copy-book.
Pilot steered steamer. Boiler holds water. Lions eat flesh.
Sparrow picked crumbs.
Parse the following sentences thus :—
Ex. — Snow covered fields. (See No. 8.)
Snow a noun, 3rd pers., sing., ueiih., subj.
covered predicate,
fields 1 a noun, 3rd pers., phi., neith., obj. {ivky ?).
W EN&LISIT OllAMMAR ANJ> A^AfALYSig.
Exercise 15.
^^^tS^^^ol^::^^^^y. ^^-. contain, .il..
Smith makes plouRhr PoSn i! w w°"^^ ^^^^^^^^ stag,
children. RiRhtSL/..!u. T"^^ ^'^^'''' ^^^ents love
boys. Priestfss sTd pTa/e^ 'Uu^^^^^^^^^ ^«g^'^«^«
conceal moon. River overflowpdh.T ^^^^f F^'^^^' Clo"<5s
Mamma sends com^iments H.nrv .^^''^ ^'^P« ^'^°^'^-
opened gate. Gardenernrnts c^hhL "''"'^ '^'''^'^- ^^^'^^^
made bowl. ^"'^^"^^^ P^^^ts cabbages. Axe cut tree. Potter
For tho Jcinds of nounq «ao Tnt^ nor mi
Sir '- *^'^-"p"^^'^^aLt.4tp.e^tn^
CASE.
20. The state in whioli fliA nr>T.« ,•-. • jt
is called Casa Tf V/^?^^/^^e noun is m the sentence
natfve Case Tf^> • i« the subject it is called Nomi-
native Case. If ^t is the object it is called Objective
T, T •^^" — Baker sells bisonifa
Repeat Exercise 15.
THE VEEB.
Ex, — G-lrl broke jug.
Wliat did the girl do ? :Bro7ce.
is I.M SS! '^"^ "^ "'^* ^^^ ^^^ ^'^ ^-^^- ^roJ.
^Uti^tT " *'^ "^^^ ^^ *^^ --*-- that tells
Girl
broke
jug
a uoun, 8rd pers., sing., ueith., obj. or objeotiyo case.
Exercise 16
%|hrofessor
)veied w
3gypt« :
roops.
:l 22. s
Ibe in tl
23. ^
person,
leaker
iells
lliscmts :
Joiner
Beats. I'.
repaired
gi-asps si
connect
country.
Cleanhne
24. I
If the g
Soldiers
gained
victory
Tempei
tacked g
Slodge. S
Eagle seii
'TravellerE
t'rogs lea]
#dvanced.
25. S^
■
iominat
THE VEEB.
9
5ntains milk,
ollowed stag.
Parents lovo
^d disgraces
ity. Clouds
;eepa books.
ise. Porter
ree. Potter
5. They
to prevent
sentence
ed Nomi-
Objective
case,
ase.
lat tells
ive case,
case.
rofessor gave lecture. Paintings adorn gallery. Columbus dis-
)veied America. Johnson compiled dictionary. Nile waters
Sgypt. De Foe wrote Robinson Crusoe. Elizabeth harangues
roops.
i 22. Syntax.— Kulei— The subject of the verb must
i>e in the nominative case.
23. When the subject in a sentence is of the third
person, the verb is also said to be third person.
Ex. — Baker sells biscuits.
Jaker
ells
liscuits
a noTin, 3rd pers., sing., masc, subj. or nom. (Rule I.)
a verb, 3rd pers. {wimj ?).
a n&an, 3rd pers., plu., neith., obj.
Exercise 17.
Joiner saws wood. Sister loves flowers. Strangers rented
Beats. Merchant bought estate. Friends remain. Mechanic
.repaired engine. Band performs. Miller grinds wheat. Hand
5^asps sword. Fountains play. Bridge spans river. Canals
Iconnect seas. Truthfulness crea^^d respect. Snakes infest
Jfcountry. Lighthouse warned vessels. Kindness begets love.
€)leanliness lessens disease.
. 24. If the subject is singular, the verb is singular.
If the subject is plural, the verb is plural.
Ex. — Soldiers gained victory.
poldiers
gained
Victory
a noun, 3rd pers., plu., masc, nom, to gained. (Rule I.)
a verb, 3rd pers., plural (why?),
a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., obj.
Exercise 18.
Tempest swept coast. Poet published volume. Sailors at-
|acked garrison. Paul preached sermons. Wolves pursued
Ijodge. Shepherdess tends sheep. Wellington defeated Napoleon.
Lagle seized rabbit. Hunters followed fox. Wars impoverish,
travellers slept. Congregation sang psalms. Wa\es rippled.*
Frogs leap. Dinner waits. Story entertained. Army (neith.)
Idvanced. ^
. Solo-
l parcel
25. Syntax.~Ilule II.— A verb must agrey with its
bminative or subject in number and person.
10
mOLlBU OIUMMAB AM) AlfALISIB.
Scholar
forgot
bools
presses that it rlnp« «^ • 1 ^ Sunrises ex-
and^«52f. F^tJbses tnat the rising is over
Ex — Scholar forgot book
a lonn ^oAp^'^- ei^gMPast time (why 0. mnle IT ^
a noun, 3id pers., sing., neith., obj "^ ^ "*'
a , Exercise 19.
Ete Sluggard loses...
Butcher sells beef. Oaptairboulht vacM % ^'^^^ ^"* ^^g^'
fled. Eire toasted bread. Clock str^.a^^^^^^ Thieves
tects garden. Eliza played piano Ifi* ^^^M'.°"^' Wall pro-
brings oranges. Aunt o/cupirarm-ch^r' 'T^ "^'■^^"*- ^^P^
Wind raises waves. Bishop visS rs-t -^^S*' P^'^^^^^^ ''^^auty.
cbapel Titus destroyed Xmsaletr^' ^^^ocession entered
Columbus set sail. James rode W AlS'^V ^^^^ P^'^^^rs.
neaith. Bnde kissed goblet "'"^*'"^"- -iemperanco preserves
Arrange Ex. 19 ia the «aae way a. Ex. 14
orlJ; K;TSret;.T f-* f^t'^em, i„
verb,; a., Robert .w/tTble """"'^ ^"'"^"i^*
aJ:M';i^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ f er the.,
n^;?5. ^^"^ • ^3 James ^/ee^s,. D^g
ob.StKr''^''™-^-»««voverb3
Repeat Eiercise 19.
gcyern the
ftence
32.
ffllS.
THE ADJECTIYE.
11
ing between
Sun rises ex-
tlie present
sing is over
second ex-
I'l or nom. to
y?). (Rule II.)
^rd loses time.
cis cut finger,
ept. Thieves
ie. Wall pro-
-boat. Papa
aised beauty,
ision entered
>ad3 prayers,
ivept. Train
ICO preserves
L4.
•them, in
rransitive I
ter them, B
^psi Dog
THE ADJECTIVE.
^9. An adjective is a word in a sentence which tells
some quality of the noun or distinguishes it j as,
Clever girls ; Good shepherd.
What kind of girls ? Clever, Therefore clever is an adjective.
What kind of she^pherds? Good, Good is called an adjective.
30. An adjective may be placed before the sub-
ject, to tell some quality of it.
31. ]\Zethod of oral examination for eyery sen-
tence ;-^
Ex. — Young child loves mother.
What is spcken about ? Child,
What kind ot <*,hilu ? Young.
What is said ab.nut cliild ? Loves*
What does it love ? Mother.
Ex. parsed :—
Young an adj. qualifying child.
child a noun, Srdpers., sing., eith. , eubj. or nom. (laile I.)
loves a trans, verb, 3rd. pers., sing., pres. tirue. (Euib IT.)
mother [ a noun, 3d. pers., sing., fern., obj. (Kulo III.)
Exercise 20.
Friend brought toys. Kind friend brought toys. Lad please*
master. Smart lad pleased master. Leaves cover trees. Green
leaves cover trees. Lazy boy lost place. Beautiful birds inhabit
forests. Cruel children killed butterflies. Pretty flowers filled
vase. Strong sailors turn wheel. Brave Wallace defended Scotland.
Neat church crowned hill. Clieerful faces surround table. Old
sexton tolled bell. Cunning fox stole hens. Swift steamer leaves
wharf. Plump dairymaid made cheeses. Busy bees gather honey.
Beloved father dies. Patient nurse watches. Bold soldier saved
comrade. Gentle Agnes grieves. Wet weather comes. Intelligent
artisan exhibited elall.
cyern the
32. Syntax. — Rule IV. — Adjectives qualify nouns.
33. An adjective may likewise be placed before the
object.
12
ENGLISH GBAMMAE AlTD ANALYSIS.
Exercise 21.
shildren. Christ blessed little children. Wasps sting boys. Wasps
Bting meddlesome boys. Summer brings bright days. Grand-
mother hkes good tea. Stranger showed great kindness. Porter
carries heavy load. Huntsman has spirited horse. Squirrel as-
tZfiflA'"' ^^^f«^ept fertile plain. Travellers encoun-
tered great dangers. Moses plagusd Egyptian king.
34 An adjective may be placed before both subject
and object m the same sentence.
Exercise 22. (See 31.)
cjfS'? g°* slate. Clever girl got slate. Clever girl got new slate.
Strokes fell oaks. Little strokes fell great oaks. Kindly words
coo anger. ^ Mevvj hearts have smiling faces. Idle hands work
much mischief. Industrious gardener collected ripe pears. Vl
versity tries true friends. Creeping ivy covers ruined Jastle. Rich
for ner sows best seed. Cautious merchant does great business
Noble deeds show noble minds. Careful secretary wrote co?rec
account Greatest crowds followed standard. Sadder circum
stances befel John. Wisest men have better methods Ses
overhauled Portuguese ship. -tuaies
35. Two or more adjectiyes may be prefixed to
either subject or object, or to both at once.
Exercise 23.
Gentleman uses staff. Frail, old gentleman uses staff. Day sue
cceded niglit Calm clear day succeeded stormy night. Loud
shril noise start ed sleepers. Garden contained fine, r;d roses
Pupil makes bold, round letters. SkUful doctor treated severe
dangerous disease. Fierce tiger gave loud, dying yell Good
round, soft coal makes warm, bright, cheerful fiJerS^eep. b^oad
sluggish stream en ers restless, heaving Atlantic Ocean. Hea^est
ball penetrated thickest wall. Eager tourists see dim disTant
mountains. Faithful, enduring camel traverses burm^'g Sy
desert. Sorrowing mother bewails dear, loved son. Sp food
follows plentiful harvest. Brazen trumpet gives agreeaWe mu
sical sound. Guilty, wicked creature occupied dS.v S .^.T^
cell. Fair, proud Mary gave long, last glance. "'' fe"pier"dava
came. Hohest joy filled breast. Mountainous district have wet^^^
weather. George visited Spanish rivers. "'"'"^^^ ^^^« ^««e»
86. I
\)lural i
before
They 1
Disting
That
fiweet
musi(
charme
the
ear
m
Pillar
chain fa
old law
lightnin
ploughu
■ the swa]
. Ilorsem
rented t
brought
laboure]
sang so
TLe tut
bad woi
liumilit;
Btory.
37.
Imndn
are ad
38.'
etc., a:
39.
everi/f
tity.
318.
THE ADJECTIVE.
13
Dhrist blessed
»boyfl. Wasps
iays. Grand-
iness. Porter
Squirrel as-
ellers encoun-
oth subject
?ot new slate.
Kindly words
e hands work
5 pears. Ad-
i castle. Rich
^eat business,
rvrote correct
dder circum-
)ds. Pii'ates
refixed to
iff. Day suc-
ght. Loud,
3, red roses,
sated severe,
yell. Good
)eep, broad,
n. Heaviest
lim, distant
'ning sandy
Cheap food
eeable, mu-
ark. iiRTTTi'^
ippier days
have wetter
36. As the words a, an, tie, tJiis plural thjse, that
plural those, and yon, qualify or distinguisli the nouns
before whicli they are placed, they are adjectives.
They have received the n^m^ of Demonstrative or
Distinguishing Adjectives.
Ex.— That sweet music cuai'iaed the ear.
That a distinguishing adjective, voiuting out music, (Rule
IV.)
fiweet an adj;, qual. music, (Rule IV.)
musio a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., Bubj. or nom.
(Rule I.)
charmed a trans, verb, 3rd pers., sing., past time, agreeing
with music. (Rule II.)
the a dist. adj., pointing out ear. (Rule IV.)
ear a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., obj., by charmed.
(Rule III.)
Exercise 24.
Pillar supports house. The pillar supports the house.
cham fastens the gate. That woman desires this cottage.
old law remains. The active carter left this brown parcel.
lightning struck you tree. The pleasant evenings pass,
[ploughman tills the rough, uncultivated soil. Summer brings
^ the swallow. The hardy mariner crossed the wild, stormy sea.
Horseman arrived. A horseman arrived. An owl screams. Charles
^ rented that liouse. Margaret washes this room. The next mail
i brought more news. These curtains cover the window. Those
labourers finished dirty, wet, wearisome work. A nightingale
I sang some sweet notes. The bachelor bought these ornaments.
Tl e tutor teaches those boys. The bravest hero received some
bad wounds. That publisher issues this monthly journal. Great
humility distinguishes this priest. Yon stranger told an Irish
story.
37. All the Cardinal numbers, one, two, three, forty,
Jmndred, thousand, etc., or, 1, 2, 3, 40, 100, 1000, etc.,
are adjectives of Clu£intity or Numeral adjectives.
38. The Ordinal numbers, Jlrst, second, third, tenth,
etc., are also adjectives of quantity.
39. All, some, any, no, none, loth, many, fciv, each,
every, either, neither, several, are adjectives of quan-
tity.
This
The
The
The
14
The
first
officer
captured
ten
men
ENGLISH OEAMMAB AKD AKALTSX8.
Ex.— The first officer captured ten men,
a dist. adj., qual. officer. (Rule IV.)
* mSriv^)'^"'' ^°^^'^*'' °^ ^'^^^*^*^^' numbering oficer,
a noun, 3rd perg., sing., masc, nom. (or subj.) to
captured. (Rule I.) v - ; ^
^ tT' r'^' ^/i? ,P'.'?'J '^°S" P^«* *i^e, agreeing
with officer. (Rule II.) ^
a num. adj., numb. men. (Rule IV.)
^ (Rde 11?)^ ^^''^'' ^^"'' ^^^^'* ^^J" '^y '^'^i'^W'*^^-
Exercise 25,*
IioST^^^^^^^' T^^^'^^s passed. Horses drew wagon. Six
horses drew wagon. The form held twelve girls. The enemv
left many guns. Every sailor knows duty. The glorio s ZZj
Th« w£ * ^^^T^ ^^"- , ?^^ glorious Victory cost 8000 men
grand army. The fire destroyed ninety houses. Uncle has four
m^'cteJt f ''' 'f '" l''"" ^"-"^'^^^^- E^^ 'y tenth s^S
annonnJ!«lw ^•Tri^'!l*''^^'' ^^" ^^^««1^«- ^ newspaper
SriftOnnf-'^^^^f^^^^^^^^ Robert read 340 pages. Glasgow
conta ns 480,000 mhabitants. Tom sent another man The
E o.'."^:-^'' ^-^^^ '''''^'''- ^^^ ^'^"^ ^°^^ted neither horse
danLr^ Th"';^/?' '^^iS'J^- ?^^* precaution prevents any
danger. The butcher sold tne whole ox. The Greek merchant
lost some money. The firm imports French wTnes.
40. Some nouns, when placed before other nouns to
express a quality of them, are used as adjectives.
Ex. — Iron ring.
What kind of ring ? Iron.
Iron is a noun used as an adjective.
Exercise 26.
A pin holds the shawl. A silver nin ho]d«i the, ei.orni t i,
has » ponoil-caBe. John has a goll pond tS Tl" 'servatt
broke Iho chma cup. Children blow soap bubbles. The Sace
c...oexi.„ij.cr icpiviiuci the ieaiuer boots.
*For all the kinds of adiectives spa Nn 9Qa t* •
necessary to take them up furtUlmVafnu^^ert^
41. 1
IPay ge
This
• Ther<
Jositive
: The
»fifi, grt
The (
% the ]
:: The I
kt to tl
Telli
Sma
Happie
grain. G
greenest |
people.
<K>ld nigl
Sorest ne
41a. :
Quantil
tivcs, 5^
as, almi
%, Em
Adjec
ensily p
general]
1 ' -^ ,
* The
mi aUqx t
'SIS.
THE ADJECTIVE.
15
3n.
mbering ofjicef,
I. (or BubJ.) to
time, agreeing
., by captured.
w wagon. Six
The enemy
lorious victory
st 8000 men.
nperor led the
hide has four
'f tenth soldier
A newspaper
jes. Glasgow
r man. The
neither horse,
prevents any
Jek merchant
er nouns to
jctiyes.
hawl. John
The servant
_ The palace
iller wears a
wall. Tha
It is not
reaohed.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
41. The quality expressed by the simple adjective
fay generally be made greater or less : as, lon^,
nger, longest ; smally smaller j smallest.
\ This is called the Comparison of Adjectives.
There are three degrees of comparison, the
Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative.
The Positive degree is the simple adjective : as,
Bafc, great.
The Comparative degree is formed by adding r or er
# ^lie Positive : as, srfe, safer ; great, greater.
The Superlative degree is formed by adding st or
%t to the Positive : as, safe, safest ; great, greatest.
Tell the degrees of the adjectives in the following:
Ex.- -A smaller house.
Smaller | an adj., comp. deg., qual. Jiouse. (Rule IV.)
Exercise 27.
^- Happier days. Finer dresses. The highest steeple. Ripe''
^ain. Good potatoes. Bad butter. The greatest la^iryer. The
gleenest gooseberries. Many marbles. Fewer houses. Merriest
J«ople. Nicest garden. Sweeter pears. The warmest fire. A
CK>ld night. A large orange. Clever tricks. A damp day.
Sorest need. An early hour.
41a. Distinguishing Adjectives and Adjectives of
Quantity cannot be compared. Several other adjec-
Mvcs, strictly s'gealdng, do not admit of comparison :
9^, almighty, perfect j infinite^ extreme^ square, everlast^
%y, English, etc.
Adjectives of two syllables, when they are not
<|tsily pronounced, and those of more than two, are
generally compared by prefixing more and onost or less
^d least : as, discreet, more discreet, most discreet. ^
J * The Exercise on Comparison by more and most is omitted
Hi after the adver^ See Nos. 168, 239.
'"34^ • "iiv^,^ ^
10
ENGLISH ORAMMAE AND ANALYSIS.
If the adjective end in y 'preceded ly a consonar.
the y is changed into i before adding er, est . as
happy f happier y happiest.
42. Some words have, for the Comparative and
Superlative, words quite diiferent from the Positive
This is called Irregular Comparison.
Irregular Comparison.
Positive.
Comparative,
Sn,]^erlative,
Good
better
best
Bad, evil,
ill
worse
worst
Much, many
more
most
Little
less
least
Nigh
Higher
nighest, next
Old
older, elder
oldest, eldest
Far
farther
farthest
Fore
former
foremost, first
Late
later, latter
latest, last
Hind
ninder
hindmost, hindcrmos\
Compare the following adjectives lohen it is pos-
sible : —
Exercise 27a.
Large, dreary, kind, gentle, big, early, careful, almighty, thiu,
this, six, goocl, precious, beautiful, hot, old, cold, wise, delightful,
fat, late, little, hardy, several, sagacious, that, much, sorry, talk,
glad, deep, third, external, dead, keen, soft, right, eight, ill.
Parse the following sentences :—
Exercise 28.
James brought the greatest number. That rose gives a plea^
sauter smell. The strangers chose the worst day. Gold has
harder qualities. Little troubles followed. The lawyer send* an
older brother. The ship sustained heavy damage. The young
sailor avoided the WDrst dangers. The shareholders sustained
hea\icr losses. The next boy takes the higher place. The travel-
ler spoke the last won". The poorest person received the largest
share. A greater wonder foiiows. Such deeds outrage the huiiesi
feelings. The master wanted a better man. Tlio late hour pre-
vonf-ed further proceeding. Little pains ' '"'ig little gains.
The best men die.
[S.
% consonai:
jr, est. as
irativo and
:ie Positive
rlative.
tm; POBSEsaoE, on possessite cagk.
Ei— The bravest hero receiveJ Bome bad Tfounds.
General Analysis.
17
Subject.
The bravest hero
The
bravest
hero
received
some
bad
woiinda
Predicate.
I received 1
Particular Analysis.
(adj.) enlargement of subject.
(adj.) enlargement of subject
(rjoun) simple subject.
(verb) predicate. , , . .
(adj.) enlargement of object
Object.
Bome bad wounds.
next 1
ildest I
t, first '^
ast
3t, hindcrmoaUJ
^ it is ^os-
[mighty, thin,
ise, clolightful, §
h, Borry, talk, f
jiglit, ill.
\adj.) enlargement of object.
«„„« . ('■'""'•);;7'°f "2*2 23 25, 2G, and 28.
Analyse exercises 20, zi, ^z, ^o, ^u, ,
both generally and particularly.
I gives a plea'
y. Gold has
wyer sendi an
The young
lers sustained
The travel- ^mjk
'ed tlio largest iBf
ago the huliest '
late hour pre-
little gains.
THE POSSBSSOB, OK POSSESSIVE CASE.
43. Ex.— Peter's books.
Whose books ? Peifer'.?. ,
The books belong to Feten ^^ possesses them.
Therefore Feter is called the Possessor.
PoSt out the Possessors in the following exercise :
Exercise 29.
JoWs mother. Men's ^'^^?:J%1^,- J^'t^:. tf:
Girl's bonnets. Bo,s' "?»f"«?.; .„ ^^s C's hole. Foxes'
"irSe l::r:Vr indicated .y the ....
called the Apostrophe.
A^i TTow to find the nu'rrl)er of the Possessor :-- ,
I • theTart of the word before the apostrophe is
,;. , .„i„. tl,« wli"lo word 13 Singular. It the pait oi
tlS^w^Stfore^the apostrophe is plural the wuolo
word is plural.
18
E-JTOLISH »EAMMAB AITO AUAITSIB.
Ex.— Man'8 life.
The part before the apostrophe is man, which is Bincrlori
hence vian's is singular.
Ex.— Ladies' gloves.
The part before the apostrophe is ladies, which is plural ; henco
^«die«' is plural.
Ex. The eagles' feathers adorn the hat.
The a dist. adj., pointing oxii feathers. (Rule IV.)
eagles' a noun, 3rd pers., plu. {why ?), eith. oi both, pos-
sessor, possessing the /<?af/icrs. . -o i t%
feathers a noun, 3rd pers , plu., neith.,nom. or subj . (Rule 1.)
adorn atraua. verb, 3rd pers., plu., pres. time, agr. witH
feathers. (Rule IL)
the a dist. adj. pointing out hat. (Rule IV.)
hat a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., obj., by adorn*
(Rule III.)
i
Exercise 30.
Father told story. Mary's father told story. The son watched
the pHot. The captain's son watched the pilot. Bonnets at-
tracted attention. Girls' bonnets attracted attention. The
tailor's coat fitted the apprentice. Nelson's sailors captured the
sliip. The widow's mite pleased Christ. The soldiers' general
received a wound. The r--»son's children drank the milk. The
bees' hive contains honey. Charles's clerk obeyed the orders.
England's ships cover all seas. The country's beauty dehghted
the numerouj travellers. The ladiea' visitors entered the splendid
room. The gardener's roses lade. That king's horse cost much
money. A boar's head adorned the banquet hall. The maker's
name satisfied the fastidious purchaser.
46. The state of ^'." ■- i, 'expressed by tlie
possessor, is called the Possessive Case.
47. Syntax.— Eule V.— When two nouns come to-
gethl;', signifying different things, the first is put in
the possessive case.
48. The object in a sentence may also ha^^c a
possessor.
19
ia Bincrlor;
)liiral ; bonce
;ule IV.)
Oi both, pos-
mbj.(RuloJ.^
Dae, agr. with
j., by adorn.
) son watched
Bonnets at-
intion. The
captured the
diers' general
e milk. The
1 the orders.
,uty delighted
I the splendid
:se cost much
The maker's
ed by tlie
as come to-
3t ia put in
Iso have n
THE POSSESaOE, OB POSSESSIVE CASE.
Ex.-Jamefl got the child's book,
a noun. 3rd pers.. sing., masc. nom. or Bubj. to
atfans.K 3rd pers.. Bing., past time. agr. with
James. (Rule II.) ^^ v
a dist. adj. pointing out hook. (fj^YoS hook,
a noun, 3rd pers., emg., eith., poss., posseBbuib
. *?^:3T;lpers.,sing.,neith.,obi..by,o. (Eul.ni.)
James
got
the
child's
book
Exercise 31. , ^ ,.
■ 1 .(f.M\nn The do2 gained master's affection.
The dog ^^"I'^f^fZmm^ 'Ihe loats reached the moun-
The goats reached the summit i^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^
tarn's summit, i^®. *^""^^ .^^^^^^ ^Uf, otncer's sword. The
birds' nests. The ^^^f ^« /f "^^^f The heaw snow destroyed
deliverer breaks the captives' h^ beay ,^ newspapc;^.
the shepherd's flocks. The por.er brm.g ^. J ^^ ^^^
The keen BP^^^sman crossed the farmer s ^^^ ^^^^^^^,^
witnessed the parents' gl^^J' ^^^^^^^^ Some boy
ascent. Great fear t'l^f,^^,^^^l',,^^^^^ the sove-
took Peter's penciL^iveh^^^^^^^ Inlands. A
Smc :t3 overLSThrchnrch's spire. Several womeu
witn-.ssed Eobert's departure.
49. There may be several possessors in the sanK?
sentence. ^^^^^.^^ g^^
The boat carried the lette. T^-jX/.^^^^^^^^^^
letters. The company's boat^ c^^^^^^^ Milton's
Poems gained PJ^^^' • J^V^^^^^^^ had a great fever,
poems gained the ^lation s praise, mox ^^^^^ ^^^ ^
life's mother had a great ^^^f * ^^^^vlthe king's carriage,
^reat fever. The f^i^^f ? WseTtrar^P The lawyer studied
The sentinel's ears H^^'^.*^,^,^°'^'SotlaS mountains n-orsed a
the Students' Hume's Hiftory. Scotland s mo ^^^^^,^ ^^^
hardy race. The roses' ^P^^^^^^,';^^^^ Neighbour's
Generous doctor ^^«f ^\,*!^^S faiS^- ^^^^^^'^ ^^^S^"
generous doctor assisted *^f ,^*J'I'"g^tJ^ing famUy. The long
tour's generous doctor assisted tl^ J^a^^^^l^^^ ^^^.g directors
sermon exhausted the ^««^^jf ^Pf^^'face re^
rejected the ^uke^B offers. The If^e s^suit^^ ^^^^,^ silvery Ught.
iicht. Tne lako s c»ii" =^r....... ---,,, u.^^jy hours, ueaxn.
tL old man's memory ■^»»"'.^'i%VuScool breezes toM
entered the peasant's lowly cottage. Autumuai. ^^
20
E'N-GLISII GEAMMA.11 A-N^D ANALYSIS.
the maiden's j^olden hair. The past clay's heavy rain allayed the
storm's resistless force. March's cold wind,? nip tho trees' early
buds. The monarch's eldeat sou received the father's glittering
crown.
50. Insert tlie apostroplie ^and tlie " s," or the
apostrophe, where required, in the foUowIng phrases
and sentences : —
Exercise 33.
Peters pen. Eagles wings. Eoberts house. Boys bag.
Sailors song. Mens shoes. Childrens hats. Burns monument.
Nelsons culumn. St. J^mes Magazine. Britains glory. Solo-
mons temple. He bought a captains commission. He studied
Moses law. We read Cnambers Journal. The carter held the
horse head. The princess son died. Trafalgars Bay. He got
the rope end. Thomas unbelief. Drydena Virgil. Caesars
wounds. Conscience sake. Summers evening. The suns eye
nad a sickly glare.
ANALYTICAL LESSON IV.
51. In analysis, if a possessor is joined with the
subject, it is called an enlargement of the s hjcct ;
and if joined to the object, it is called an enlarge^
ment of the object.
Ex. — The lake's surface reflected the moon's light.
General Analysis.
Snhjeci. Predicate. Object.
The lake's surface | reflected | the moon's light.
Particular Analysis.
The {adj') enlargement of the subject.
Jake's (iwss.) enlargement of the subject,
surface (I'oun) simple subject,
reflected {verb) aimple predicate.
the (ddj.) enlargement of the object,
moon's [poss.) enlargement of the object,
light {noun) simple object.
Analyse exercises 30, 31, and 32, both generally
and particularly.
wrote
a
whole
page
In
rewar
Wef(
the s
caugl
brara
Lone
mom
PEllSONAL rilOKOUlf3.
21
allayed tlio
trees' early
s glittering
' or the
y phrases
Boys bag.
tnonument.
Dry. Solo-
He studied
sr held the
y. He got
1. Cseaara
D suns eye
with the
ST j^JGCt ;
, enlarge'
ght.
ct.
'b light.
generally
PEESONAL PEONOTJNS.
52 A Pronoun is a word used in place of a noun
Thu. if in tead of Baying James «^eepB, we say He
sleeps, /.e would be called a pronoun, smee it stands
for the noun James. . , .
53 Personal pronotms are those used simply m
place of the names of persons or things.
54 They are either simple or comimmd. _
55! Simple personal pronouns are arranged in
three persons, the first, second, and third.
56 They aie all of the same number and gender
as the nouns in place of which they stand.
57 The simple personal pronoun of the first pMSOn
i, usedTn place of the name of the person who ^s
*'' st'The form it takes for the nominative ease or
.ubiect is I for the singular, and we for the pluial.
59. When the subject n first person the verb is
first person. ^^_^ ^^^^^ ^ ^^^,^ ^^„^_
a simple personal pronoun o£ the Islpers., ring., eith.,
a=;trtr;jr(:.jr^n^..p-unie.a..
with I. (Hule Il.f
a dist. adj., qual. page. (^^^ f ^ J')
Exercise 34.
. -, .o,.^v IntP We held the string. I expected good
I made a paper ^^^ e- J « ^J^ -j ^^^^,^ the spreading oak.
reward. I see the ^win^ing sm «• ' ^ . j j^^^^,^
We found a -hin's nest, ^e played an c lon^^^^g ^
the steamer's paddle. We bun« bi« gathered ripe
caught a fine ^f '^^^%,\^^^^^^^^^ boal I learned
brambles. We launched the oLim^pc ^^^^^,^
Lonafollow's last new V^^^^^^: J^^^^^^
monument. An anxious raotLut 3 eaiuctit^-.
22
EJS'GLISn OEAMMAE AND ANALYSIS.
throne. This poor 'wretch destroyed a long life's labour. I
trembled. We rested. We ciossed the river. I completed the
task.
60. The simp. J personal pronouns of the second
person stand in place of the names of the persons to
whom we speak.
61. They are thou and you for the nom'native (or
subject) singular, and ye and you for the nominative
(or subject) plural.
Q2. You is either singular or plural, according to
the meaning.
63. When the nominative or subject is second
person, the verb is also second person.
Ex. — You tasted the tart.
You a sim. pers. pron., 2nd pers., sing, or plu., eith. or both,
nom. (or subj.) to taste. (Rule I.)
tasted a trans, verb, 2nd pers. {wluj ?) , sing, or plu., past time,
agr. with you. (Rule II.)
the a dist. adj., pointing out tart. (Rule lY.)
tart a noun,3rd pers., sing., neith.,obj.,bytasf^cZ.(Rule III.)
Exercise 35.
You ate the apple. Thou rememberest man's frailties. Thou
Idllest the prophets. You followed tne great crowds. I sing the
Creator's praise. You enjoy good health. Yf e bore all the severe
losses. Ye despised the apostles' warning voice. Thou feelest
the sword's point. You visited a northern country. I watched
the sinking star's last rays. Thou losest a great treasure. You
removed the grocer's shop's shutters. You beheld the beautiful
evening (40) star. Ye shine. We sowed some beans. You dis-
missed the careless, untrustworthy salesman. I admire the lovely
spring flowers. We removed the mahogany table. You invited
many dear friends. Thou forge ttest the commandment. Cruel,
inhuman pirates infest the Cliiuese seas.
64. The simple personal pronouns of the third
person stand in place of the names of the persons or
things that are spoJcen about.
65. There are three of them — He, She, It.
66. He generally takes the place of nouns applied
||to males
'nominat
a
He
Bpoke
Henry
charge.
dresses.
veniences
many mc
some ris:
needest ■'
men me
account.
I respec
He finis
67. '
person
applie
alwayi
They.
Mar;
She at'
, the fli
game.
yarn.
Bomt.
Capta:
niainc
She a
quest]
68
-It
I thin
. onasi
PEESOKAL PEONOUKS.
28
labour. I
pleted the
I second
37'SOllS to
ative (or
minative
pding to
i second
h. or both,
past time,
[Rule III.)
)3. Thou
I sing the
the severe
ou feelest
I watched
are. You
I beautiful
You dis-
the lovely
DU invited
t. Cruel,
le third
i'sons or
3 applied
1 ^a fT^prpfore masculine. It is a^./aya
to spohe. (^^^^/'^^.^a Bing., past time, agr. mtl»
an intrans. verb, 3rd pe.9., eixxg., f
He, (Rule II.)
He
Bpoke
venienceg. He abandoned the city s ^^^^^^ j
niany more labourers You the house rent Thou
some risk. He hesitated, ia ^^^^ bouquet. The
^''^y- Exercise 37.
, 1 ■ ™ m,o knitted iirarm stocluogs.
Mary toittea warm /'"'^^f "K^. She tot ea ^^^ ^^^^^
She atteuded a >>">=>«''l;/t'„e pretty flo^vers. We played one
tke flute. She a\™»f ^/^TJ^^Sen spin yam. They spin
^ame. She wn M P»^«'- „,i^^7° The gardener's son brought
?Ln. They want a y°"''84,'^!™°';ted Kafy ^ou detained the
l<«a. deUghttul grapes She "sited Ma J ^ ^^^^^^_ ^^^^ ^^.
Captain's negro servant. He despar ^ ^^^ ,
^hjXrTt^m. tin^e. you as. a better
'trTKe.™plepe.^
masculine nor feminine m genaer. xu» i-
69. m.y, tVerefox-6 mr.y to masauliae, femmine,
n
ENGLISn GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS,
either masculine or feminine, neither masculine nor
feminine, or both masculine and feminine, according
to the gender of the noun for which it stands.
Exercise 38.
The loaf falls. It falls. It rained. It overturned several
trees. It alarmed the neighbourhood. She selected a suitable
occasion. It snows. It bore bad fruit. He summoned the
faithful minister. Philip made great preparations. Tke cardinal
forgot the bishop's arguments. It includes different districts.
It shook the throne. We seek shelter. I found relief. They
inhabit the rocky shore. She spoke the French language.
Mary's death stopped the war. The roots withered. They
withered. They give light. Tliey possess property.
70- II(^ and she are sometimes used in speaking of things that
have no sex; as, speaking of the sun, we say, *' He rises "; or,
of a ship, we say, " She sailed." It is often applied to things
which liave sex; as, spealdng of a child, we often say, "It
screamed." It is generally used when the sex is doubtful. This
licence which is taken witii these pronouns may be called Poetic
Gender.
TifE SIMPLE PEESONAL PEONOUNS used as
OBJECTS.
71. The simple personal pronouns which have just
"been treated of, have always been used as the subjects
of sentences. In that form they can only be used as
suljects. Each has a different form for the ohjecti
and this form can only be used as the object, and
never as the subject.
72. The simple personal pronoun of the 1st person.
Singular. Flural.
Norn, (or suhj.) I
Obj. Me
JVom. (or suhj.) We
Ohj. Us
Me is the objective corresponding to I. Us is the objective
corresponding to xce ; as, I addressed the man. The man
addressed me. We S!i.w the man. The man saw us.
He 1 ft SI
itruck 1 a t
me
a E
I like tb
bus. The
; me. You
'' earnest pi
emotion.
resisted e^
. us. The f
Smith's ■
Btranger.
73. 'l
hear
you
Th(
pany
1 exp'
comf<
some
admi
expei
recei
you.
plaC'
•J
BOH
PERSOKAI. PB0^0TJ58.
25
me nor
cording
d several
a suitable
loned the
6 cardinal
districts,
ef. They
language,
d. They
lings that
ses " ; or,
to things
say, " It
'ul. This
led Poetic
USED AS
lave just
I subjects
\ used as
e ohjectf
ject, and
; person.
We
Us
3 objective
The man
^e a Sim. pevs- P^n., f
"^^ (Rule III.) ,
Exercise 39. atheomm-
Tbfi baker lilies me. vve r»* followed
emotion. We ^\^^^^^^^f^i workman mstuctedn^^^ ^^^^^
resisted evil, yf^^'^d me. Scott s monui ^^^ polite
73 The simple personal pronoun ^^^^_^^
O'y- , „ T hear thee- ^ou hear roe.
l^^*' " rf; I?f ' • . « Plu., o«b. or both,
(Bale ll-) 2ua pevB., sing- or P'«-'
^»M''tbr.^T'-.e-\Bule\lI.)
Exeroiss 40. ^^^^ ^^^„„,.
,,ny tue lady. Tb. My ^^^ general roeeutoaf^^^^^ ^^^ ,
1 eipcctthee. 1 teboldest mo. =''»}/",|,,e,ited you. T^ou
comfort you. ^,5° jestroyed tbe rats. " X:"„,verea you- ^0
Sr»K&"" "Stt-He S
^X..".b:1Sl>---'Xouou n of the 3rd pc-
74. Tlie simple personal pronou
son maaculme.
26
ENaLISH GEAMMA.E AND ANALYSIS.
Singular.
Norn, {or subj.) He
OhJ. Him
you
told
him
JPlural.
Nom. (or subj.) They
Obj. Them
Ex. — You told him.
a aim. pers. pron., 2nd pers., sing, or plu., eith. or both,
nom. (or subj.) to told. (Rule I.)
a trans, verb, 2nd pers., sing, or plu., past time, agr. witii
you. (Rule II.)
a sim. pers. pron., 3rd pers., sing., masc, obj. by told.
(Rule III.)
Exercise 41.
He held the horse. The horse bit him. The chair supports
him. The small band defeated him. The nimble horse won the
chief race. The jailer released him. You astonish me. I re-
commended you. She invites us. I met them. The snow hindert
them. They seized him. The master's kind friends paid the
expenses. Jane's father told us. "We seek them. They reproach
them. You allowed them. She forgets the sad circumstance.
The peacock's feathers adorned them. The boys' bonnets suit
them.
75. The simple personal pronoun of the 3rd per-
son feminine.
Singidar. JBlural.
Nom. {or subj.) She
Obj. Her
I^om. {or subj.) They
Obj. Them
Ifo7n. {or suhi.) It
Obj. It
i\om. {or subj.) They
Obj. Them
: They prai^'
navigate it.
'rmed the b1
^le hill's Bte<
made it. 1
fourth horse
:^he ■wiacl to
The si
Exercise 42.
She called me. I called her. She trusts us. We trust her.
The pink ribbons become her. The clever policeman traced him.
You learned good manners. Four Indian chiefs received me.
They predict a severe winter. The pet lamb follows her. It
sheltered her. He remembers a father's prayrr. I congratulate
them. They enjoy the lively game. The bold, rugged mountains
delight them. The pramised reward satisfied her. They charged
the enemy's ranks. You displeased her. He preserved her.
She concealed him. Some boy provoked them.
76. The simple personal pronoun of the 3rd per-
son, neither masculine nor feminine.
Singular. Plural.
11. Th
ponding
My fo^ ^
book; C
The si
Noiin.
Obj.
Poss,
Postma
brougb
our
letter
78.
noun
thing
Per
Myb<
M
pEESOIfiL PBOHOimS.
27
They
Tliem
or both,
agr. •with
. by told.
supports
3 won the
e. I re-
w hindert
paid the
f reproach
imstance.
inets 6uit
trd per-
They
Them
trust her.
aced him.
eived me.
I her. It
Qgratulate
nountaing
3y charged
irved her.
}rd per-
They
Them
1 Exercisers. r^ho iuha^i^on**
^ . ;^ u We sell it. It flourished, ^ne
Thev praised it. vve sei ^g ^ore it. i-^^ b ^^^
^J^Jit. The governors s^^^^ '^^^^^1 u'* A^^tet
ixnfd the Btateinent ABOun ^^^^^ de^t^^^'^ 'erished The
iSihU'stUed. Thouseestit.
|he ^nnd tossed them.
[the SIHPI^^ ^^ poSSESSOBS.
. ,7 The word which denotes f/J^STer'^^^^^^^^^
U'diS^t^othesi^P^^^^^^^^^^^ as, if.
»kv for the singular, ana uu
booli ; Ouri^om^- ^ of the Ist person.
The dmple personal pronou ^^^^^^
Nom. Cor *»*;•) Ij^ o6j. S^
Oq;. jfij I Posfi.
"-^^M "Pjf "(Bul/lIO ^^,., ^,„„ eith. or both,
>etter»hSxixV^'"'
, ,r wv,pntwonouii9,orapro-
,8. Synta..-Kule^J--5tS%.ifyxug diiferont
Exercise 44. stoppea*
. ,.. ..^ v..ol.e. Clock stopped. Our^^^ocK^^ i,^^^
Pen broke, is^y i"=V "kv box contains luj 0^.vKb«
Hy box contains maps, oiy
23
ENOLTSn GHAArMAR AT7D ATq-ALTSTS.
'm
my book. The duke entertained my father. The mason repairs
our playground. Mother makes my bag. She forgot my orders.
The rain destroyed our flowers. Aunt purchased my knife. Wo
lose our time. The king's children deserted him. They desire
our company. Our friends grow some fine apples. The country
tailor made my coat. The sly fox stole two ducks. "We hooked an
eel. She remembered me. It sur^irises us. Our boys tease thom.
My portrait attracted him. Our uncle warned you. Our strange
behaviour shocked them.
79. The simple personal pronoun of the 2nd
person.
Singular. JPlural
JV^om.{orsuhJ.)ThoVL orYoii
Ohj. Thee or You
Voss. Thy or Your
N'om. (or suhj.) Ye or You
OhJ. You
Foss. Your
Exercise 45.
Letters reached. Your letters reached. Basin broke. Thy
basm broke. Ycmv dra^vings please me. Thy umbrella slioltered
us. Thou honourest thy parents. Your shoemaker made your
shoes. You opened your door. Our key suits your look. Your
house adjoins om- garden. My daughter lost your address. Ho
performed the chief steward's duty. I eat my supper. Your in-
fluence saved them. We give our thanks. Thy right hand up-
holds her. The great heat destroyed our neighbour's strawberries.
We love our father. Your dear old grandmother resembles your
own (adj.) mother.
80. The words which denote the possessor corres-
ponding to the simple pronouns of the third person,
singular, are His for the masculine, B'crfov the femi-
nnie, and Its neither masculine nor feminine.
The plural is Their for all genders.
81. The simple personal pronouns of the 3rd
person.
Singular. Plural
N'o'in. "I
He She It
or suhj.)
Ooj. Him Her It
Poss. His Her Its
^''^^^;'J They
or suhj, I ^
They They
ObJ. Them Them Them
Poss. Their TJieir Their
PEllSOKAL PRONOUNB.
29
Exercise 4.6.
"*" ,'?Tf a Your presencetste. his safety. My uncle mar-
rare bird died. Your P'^s^""^ ™ j ,„ter our little cham-
i':? ^Zre;" -JbrsS rek\rokl Mary's needle b^oke
;StaS.^TLfM,^good opinion^ JouspoaU^^^^^^^^^
crowd streets, ^be city s innaoua u. j j ^ ^g „ao
encbanted them xiie iieavjr d ^ ^.^^
await your commands. Their horse huit *^^^/^°-. , ^ g^^^^ their
Lhabil its shores. You observe its decay. Her ^t^f^ the
hair. The leaves X' ^ideTleft U ^a" Thunder
captives' chains. ^^^^^^^^^3^33 ty^photograph. The butcher
frightens my cattle, ion Possesa my i « ^ ^ ^^.
cut his arm. I admire her nodness- The stranger ^^^ ^.^^^^^
brella He delivered his first speech. »ne «oyg"«' ^ ,
S- inLtry -courapd their laz.r^^^^^^^^^^ A-J
protects our merchants' ^'''P 'Jj^^^S thes"»" •'»»*'« ^''l'-
boldness encouraged them. I*? P''''^^^ '';™„ Their iudoment de-
The enemy's shot Med our to--;^' -J^;^ t„mS °The deep
?£/;r;4u7:oitti^^^^^^^^
XrlininI small vessels br^t^^^^^^^^^^^^
skirts our estate, ihese >^i'^"^" '^ . , t^ g^,^ ^jody sleeps.
us.
83. All tliese possessors corresponding to tlie smi-
ple personal pronouns require to be follo^Yed by a
noun Id order to complete the sense.
83. Wlien no noun follows, different
of these possessors are I'scl
forms for some
I
80
mine
tliiue
hers
ours
yours
theirs
She
Bends
hers
KNOLISH GEAMMAE AND A5ALTBIB.
It
>»
tt
»i
thy
her „
our „
your „
their,,
E^,—}Vith noun expressed. Without a nouru
is used for my, as, He orings my book. He brings mine.
I have thy knife. I have thme.
She has her needle. She has hers.
You got our chair. You got ours.
"We have your slate. We have yours.
They sold their house. They sold theirb
Ex.— She sends hers.
a Bim. pers. pron., 3rd pcrs., sing., fem., nom. (or suhj.)
to send. (Rule I.) ,
a trans, verb, 3rd pera., sing., pres. time, agr., with sfie.
a s\m! pers. pron., 3rd pers., sing., fem., poss. {the noun
not expressed).
Exercise 47.
James forgot yours. A careless boy lost mine. The Btrong heat
spoiled ours I had mine. He lent yoms. They boiled theirs.
She neglects hers. Twelve trees encircle mine. Some labourers
removed ours. Your plan failed. My friend sent his. The
earl's eon built that castle. They borrowed yours. He_ dyed
his. The judge praised theirs. Our coachman repaired mine.
COMPLETE TABLE OE SIMPLE PEESONAL
PEONOUNS.
84. Pirst Person.
SingulcLT.
Nom. (or siilj). I
Foss, T^7 or mine
Ohj. me
Second Person.
Mm. (or siilj.) Thou or You
Foss. thy or thine „ your or yours
Ohj. thee „ycu
Third Person.
Masc. Fem. Keith. All Genders.
Flural.
We
our or ours
us
Ye or You
your or yours
you
Nom. (or suJjj.) ^*-Q >-'-"3
F0S8»
Ohj,
It
his her or hers its
him her it
TllAV
J
their or theirs
them
THECC
85. Th(
from the
of the wc
plural, t'
ijoitr, ther.
86. Tt
object ac
myself
c^:c.
They tl
loved he]
injured j
panion n
poor prif
bonnet,
dewy gra
her fan.
a little b;
lecture c
86a.
possess
By SOT]
correcl
87.
prone
t a noun%
Qgs mine,
tliine.
IS hers.
)t ours,
ve yours,
old theiib
(or subj.)
with she.
[the noun
trong heat
led theirs.
labourers
his. The
He dyed
3d mine.
SONAL
iral.
' ours
You
or yours
renders,
or theirs
TEESOKAL PBONOUyS.
81
THE COMPOUND PEESONAL PKONOUNS.
85. The compound PXloCTX'aSon
from the Binv^^o P^^-^f ^^aTa^ selves for the
\ . ..m.perr^SJ^^:^-'-
i to did. (Rulel.) ,,„.„- sing., eith., nom.
myself a comp. pers. pron., Ist pcre., sm^ ,
Tr (or subj.) the same as J.
Exercise 40.
They tbemselves ^^^<^^^-,^^::t''nX'T^^^^: 'ou
,o,ed levBdt. I ^--P'^^'^t.Sf t'it. It p.id itself. HU com-
iniiircd yourself. .^°" /°"v\„,,elt read the paragraph, ihe
panion neglects Inmsel . ^ ^'^'J/on. He Mmself brings her
poor prisoner awaila U«™8SJ'ar™n. ^^^^ „j„
Lnnet. "^onr JcinAness srlcnoo me 1 « ^^ j^^^^„ ^^^^^.l t
dewy grass. We value ourselves. J-"" '^ themseWes made
her fan. Your mother ««'«..' ^'i,.° We ourselves went Th.
86a. The word o.n is f-^^tlt^SCo^
correct to call it an adjective.
-
AISALYTIOAL LESSON V.
87. In a sentence both Bubject and object may b.
^""°r-I address ,o«. Vou yom^self lost Ins boo..
Subject.
I
You yourself
address
lost
you.
his book.
I
82
EJSTGLISH OEAMMAr AND AJTALIBIB.
■
1
address
you.
You
yourself
lost
bis
book.
Particular Analysis.
(in-on.) simple subject.
{verb.) predicate.
[pron.) simple object.
(pron.) simple subject.
{pron.) enlargement of subject.
{verb.) predicate.
{pro7i. pos8.) enlargement of object.
{noun) simple object.
Analyse Bsercises 34 to 48 inclusive.
PEEPOSITIONS.
88. In a sentence the word whicli shows how a
noun or pronoun is related to any other word, is
called a Preposition : as, lie went fmn London to
Dover.
89. Like most verbs, the preposition acts on the
noun or pronoun which follows it. The preposition
therefore, generally has after it an ohjed, from whicb
it cannot be separated without destroying the sense.
90. Syntax.— Eule VI.— Prepositions govern the
objecti>o case.
Ex. — Sbe ran to the shop,
a sim. pers. pron., Srdpera., sing.,, fem.,nom. (or subj.)
to ran. (Rule I.)
an intrans. verb, 3rd pers., sing., past time, agr. with
she. (Rule II.)
a preposition, acting on sliop.
a dist. adj., qual. shop. (Rule IV.)
a nouup 3rd pers., sing., neith., obj., by to. (Rule VI.)
She
ran
to
the
shop.
Exercise 49.
The apples grow. The apples grow in the garden. The boys ran.
The boys ran up the street. The dog crept through the hole. They
went to Greenwich. He departed from the house. You stood at the
Ih-e. The boat sailed across the stream. He passed beneath the
bridge. The animal pushed against the wall. Ucr brother looks
round the corner. Their cliild fell into the water. Our letters
camo t>i
Your clc
houses'
the stati
The sm
fihoulde
carter l
mill. 1
travelle
box. "]
upon h;
field._
weepiu
end of
church
him fn
to the
into t
passed
park.
His fti
weeks,
He an
at my
from
gfl^ring
Lond(
mark(
(day
fashic
cntcri
Weill
The ■
besid
some
passe
to so
the ^
buttt
ronn
t,hv^,i
She
thva]
bear
the 1
iiaiK
I
PEEPOBITIONB.
83
1.
t.
Dws riow a ^^■
T word, is
London to
lets on the'
)repositioii
from wliich
Ike sense.
govern the J
lom. (or subj.)
[me, agr, with
!o. (Rule VI.)
The boys ran.
he hole. They
lu stood at the
id beneath the
: brother looks
. Our letters
came ^y the post, ^he carpent^^^^^
Your clergyman slays beyond the wood, ii y i ^^^^^^ ^^^^^
houBes' tops. I put the paper "^ ^^^^ ^(^J^ ^\^ ,ound the table,
the statue on the ^^onument. The children ^^ ^^.^
The smoke goes up the dnmney. The ^^^^^ P^^, ^3, The stout
shoulder. The B^eamcr lies bc^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ from the
carter brought corn. ,T^^\^^^^^;.fKn?g ^^^^^ The mcssengei
mill. They built her house on the ^^ « «^^«- ^ him with the
travelled through the f^ounda to the v^^^^^^^^ 1^ n ^^^^^.^^ ^^^^^
box. The boys Imrriea «^f\f„ *!^° °I^^^^^^^^ bridge into the
npon his sword. The deer If P^^^^T.f Vg ^^^ hour. Her
fi^ld. They desisted ^f «^^ ^heir ^rk^^^^ «^e Prop^ ^^ i,,^ the
weepii.,: daughter ^^^f^ X^Hhrfo^^ up the street, round the
end of the room. They pursued th^ ^^ ^^^^^^,,j^t
church, through the hedge, mto t^^J°° ^^ ^,^ f,om the cage
liim fron- the shop to ^^^P^^^-^^f^ f.^S the lake, over the rock,
to the window. The waters rush from tue 1 ^^ recession
into the pool at the ^^^tom 'Df *^^^^^^^^^ the
passed along the road, tbrough the arch, to i ^^^ ^^^^^
^ark. The candle gave some light t^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ j,^
His family removed ^f ^ab ^^^Hw? C^^ pounds (£200).
weeks. You sold our .^^^^}^ .^^XJel Mv old friend visited me
He arrived in the morning at ^^ hotel. My ^ j^
at my house, beyond the boundaiy the ei^y^^^^ ^.^ ^^^^
from Elba in a boat, ihe new weaves ^ii ,. j ^^^q city of
!;iing. He conveyed the messag^ to^^^^^^^^^
London. You bought the cow ^^^"^ /^J ^ ge died on the lOlh
n^arket of Falldrk on^t^^^^ ^ The smith
(day of) July. ^,^.'„ f,.^,r. Rome h'on in the shop. vVe
Uioned the horses' shoes om some ion ^^^^ ^^ ^
entered at six hours of the clocK vv Waterloo.
Wellington fought against N^PO^^on m^^^^^^^ m his place
The prince arnved before him. ine^P ^^^^^,^
beside the chair at the heau of the room ine ^^^^
some money from them. She v, alkedbem^^^^^^ Ms epistle
passed t)u-ough the midst ohem^^^ ^^e newspaper arrived by
to some strangers '"^ .^^^'''f^^f^'^^ The boys pursued the
the vessel from our friends ^^ Canada. 1 ^ 1 ^^
butterfly from thejood th ough the h^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
round thebank of the Pond,j^own t^^e glen, ^^^^^^ ^^^^,^
through the gate, into tlgaid^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ,,,r
She wandered beside tiie '^^siies. x ^^^^ ^^,^^
d4
ENGLISH GBAMMAB AND ANALYSIS.
wall. A company of horsemen lined the route. The illness of the
regent alarmed the ministers. The hoat on .he lake sank. The
chief of Ulva's Isle lost his bride. The angel of death spread his
wings en the blas^ The antlered monarch of the waste sprang
from his heathery couch in haste. The maid with hasty oar
pushed her light shallop from the shore. He took her with him
to Sicily. The writer of that charming work of fiction died in
the hour of triumph. The grief of a mother for a lost child
affects us. The hopes of a splendid career vanished with his
patron's ruin. He lives like* a king. You stay near* tho river.
We stood next* the door.
ANALYTICAL LESSON VI.
91. Since tlie object completes the action expressed
by the predicate, it is likewise called the Completion
of the Predicate.
Ex.— The fisherman brought a lobster.
The sense is not complete if we only say The fisherman
brought.
To complete the sens'^, we require to say a lobster,
92. Whatever word or words are required to com-
plete the sense implied by the predicate, are called
the Completion of the Predicate.
93. Whatever modifies the meaning of the predi-
cate, but is not required to complete the sense, is
called the Extension of the^Predicate ; as. He slept :
He slept in a cave. In a cave is an extension of tho
predicate.
94. Ex.— 1. The king dismissed his servant.
2. The boy stood on the burning deck.
3. He broke a chair in his rage.
4. The story of the fairy entertained the children
for many nights.
• Some consider Uhey near, and next as adjectives, and under-
stand to. (Sco No. 95.)
PUErOSlTIOKS.
86
Sithject^
i7"The king
2. The boy
3. He
4. The story of the I
fairy ^
General Analysis.
^i^i^^^ hiB servant l^l"^^)^,^.
stood (^07i<3) M ingdeck.
broke
entertained
. a chair I in his rage,
the children for many mghtf
Ex. 4.— The
story
of the fairy
entertained
the
children
Particular Analysis.
{adj.) enlargement of subject.
Yverh) simple predicate.
\adj.) enlargement of object.
children 1 {noun) eiiJ^Pj^ ;^^j;f ' t^^ of predicate,
for many nights. 1 {vrep^ and its case) exten. P
Analyze Exercise 49 generally and particularly.
Exercise 50.
The grocer sent that l.m to me 0.. gocer -t me^ha
ham. You made a box for me. J^^^^^^ ^he librarian lent
him a pen. The librarian lent a book t^ y^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^,^ He
you a book. You stayed for an hoi^r. xou 6 J^^^^ H^
;^aited five minutes. .J^^^^^^Tef ^The wood extends thirty
leaves next week. It .f^.TJ^JJ^^We stood near liim. They
miles. They rode a mile ^^^^ day. We bw ^^^ ^^^
fought like men. The manager procured me a ^^^
sold him 200 tons Thomas brou^Mme^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^
professor showed them a ^^^^,f fi,,^,^^w They hesitated
i celebrated geologist gave us the fiit^ 1^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^
a few moments. The ^'eporter for the newspap ^^^^^^^
news. He brings me ««^«f^°^.^i°f'\ft. They departed last
laiots an hour. You sent the f"\^ gf^i,,\ ^o the covmUy
xmr. The;y walked six miles. He ^^^^^, ^'^^^^ .^gt fiye pene^
ivervdav The guosts remained a montli. iney cubu f
J'oLnd! The eggs sell at a shilling a down.
D 2
BQ
ENGLISH GBAMMAIi AlfD AiJALTRJlS.
ANALYTICAL LESSON YII.
96. Ex. — I gave Kim a book.
Wliat was given? A looh. Booh is called tli6
Direct Object, and him the Indirect Object.
General Analysis.
Subject. I Predicate.
gave
Gomp. of Fred.
gave
him
a
book
him a book.
Particular Analysis.
[pro.) eimple subject.
{verV) simple predicate.
{-pron.) indirect object.
[adj.) enlargeuient of object.
[noun) direct object.
Exten. of Fred,
[none)
Analyze, generally and particularly. Exorcise 50.
INVEBTED SENTENCES.
97. In the sentences hitherto given, the subject
has always come first, the predicate next, and the
object (when present) iast. This is called the Birect
Order. But these parts may also be placed in
different orders, to all of which the term Indirect is
applied.
Ex. — The sorrowing son the long-lost father found [Ind. order).
The sorrowing sen found the long-lost father {I)ire< order).
Note.— When a sentence is not in the direct order, let the
pupil always put it so before parsing it.
Put the following sentences in their direct order
where necessary, and parse them : —
Exercise 51.
The gushing flood dyed the tartfins. The rushing flood tha
tartans dyed. ~ A soldier went by night through gloomy forest
shades. Through ploomy forest shades a soldier went by night.
That scene of blood that mother viewed. On the ground lay the
'^■
ailed the
. of Pred,
lone)
cise 50.
3 subject
, and the
he Direct
ilaced in
indirect is
id. order).
'rc( ' order).
der, let the
•ect order
ig flood tha
lomy forest
it by night,
unci lay the
MOOD.
87
,.e Mer. The ^^ZZ^^^^^^^^ ^^
tory gazed the stranger. Jhe falcon t Trossach's mldest
band a vrondenng eye. The ^^er i ^^^^ ^^^ horn resounds,
nook his solitary refuge took. Throug^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^.^
Upon this hint spake I. ior ^J; ^^^^g shrubs the flowermg
daughters? Ye have daughters. Jo 1^^^^^^^ With open
palms succeed. Our i^^^^^^^d guch a fearful noise the
earts, of many a Bccne^e talk^^^^^^ SucU ^ ^^^^^ ^.^^^^^^
roaring waters made. On the g^^'^H^?, , j^ wondrous merry
TlSls ran a troop of strange cl^^dren.^ I
mood I wrote some li^^s. Three^ ca i ^ g^^ ^^^^,^^ j^
ANALYTICAL LESSON VIH.
98. Analyze Exercise 51, according to the following
Suhject.
A soldier
Pr^d!.
went
Cowi). of Fred.
{none)
Exten. of Fred.
through gloomy forest shades,
by night.
Through gloomy I j (^.^p. and its case) exten. of predicate.
forest shades /
a
soldier
went
by night
(adj.) enlargement of subject.
{noun) simple subject.
MOOD.
99. A roA has teen defined to ho the word in fte
sentence that tells what Js clone. 15ut a vcrD may
«ko cxweL mwe leinj : as, Peter is a lawyer.
1 veil, is Tword that expresses lemy or domg.
on.. m,„^nr'\'<nondme!mi manner. The same vcrD
is W Tn di« moods according to the idea wh.ch
M *i
88
ENGLISH GBAMMAB A"NT) AKALTSIS.
it is desired to convey; as, He brings the book.
Bring the book. He goes to bring tlie book. He
must bring the book.
„ikt
INDICATIVE MOOD.
100. "When a simple affirmation or statement is
made, the Indicative Mood is used. It is the mood
which has been employed in all the past exercises.
Ex. — She loves.
She a sim. pers. pron., 3rd pars., sing., fern., nom. (or subj.)
to loves. (Rule I.)
loves a trans, verb, 3rcl pers., sing., pres. time, indicative
mood, agr. with she, (Rule II.)
Exercise 52.
They spoke. The lambs bleat. The village bells ring. The
eagle spied the hare. The distant star gives some light. The
moon reflects the sun's light. He spent all his brother's fortune.
The monarch received a grand ovation. The decanter on the
table contained bright, sparkling water. James Watt died at
Soho. In boyhood he watched the steam from the kettle. At
eighteen years of age he went to Glasgow. He surveyed the
canal from the Forth to the Clyde. You sent him a rude message.
The squire lent them his influence. The servant brought me my
spectacles. Ours lived to a great age. She borrowed their.g.
The pupil prepares his.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
101. "Wlien the action indicated by the verb is
expressed, without being limited by time, person, or
number, the Infinitive Mood is used. It is generally
preceded by the word to, which is called its sign ; as,
To love, to sing, to go, etc.
In parsing this mood, the to is not separated from it ; and care
must be taken to distinguish between to, the sign of the Infini.
tive and to, the prepositions
A verb is generally named by its Infinitive Mood ; thus we
speak of tlie verb To send.
VOOD.
89
She
loves
flower
to
me
E* -She lovefl to bring a flower to me.
a ZX P-' ?f ^-^^ '^''^ '^"•' ''"• ' ^'
ftcrr. with she. (Rule II.)
to bring a ve^rb {why ?), infinitive mood.
(Rule III.)
:S:'pers."ron.. IstTpers.. Bing.. eith.. obj. by *o.
(Rule YI.)
Exercise 53.
i. i.^ «« TiiA \ncked man leara
They intendedto sail. I^Jf^^X The rlin began to fall,
to die. The masons P^^PT^e^^Sd traveller retired to sleep.
Our men ought to work. The w^a^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ vegetables.
They sent to seek him. The 6er^am go ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^
iheVnd blew under he door along ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^_ H^
We came to Usten.^ ^^^^'^V'^^e empe^o? threatened to invade
disdaine(i to beg his l^^^^f • J J^' S the town of Dover. The
their country. . Tl^e sons went to live m ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^
Bim begins to rise. The horses tried to ^^^^^^^^ ^^
owanls the winning post. Jhe nuise b^^^^^^^ ^^^^
see the wild beasts Yon jBh to si ea^k ^^^.^ p,oinises to
determined to sell all their fo^K. v i- ^^^^ proceeded
reach the nearest land "^,^ ^^y/^^y^., ^^^^^^^ churchyard,
to visit the English poet's 8 ^^^.^^^f^^;^^^ The colonel sent
He thought to save V^^l^ ^^^1^. Retried to come
an officer to if,r''.'''^° It lingered beside that old arm charr.
to us. In childhood's l^o^^'' I ^^^^eered oes ^^.^ ^ ^^^
After the warm rains of ^^^f, «^^f ^X;som Comfort came the
vigour in a matchless .^^^^^^ of bio som ^.^^^.^^^ ^^ ^,^^^
trmbling wretch^ to If^^'^'Jf, ^,?ative quarry. I went to
her heaven-aspiring wmg beneatn its i^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^
see the Coliseum by n^oo^^^^g^^^^; . ^ *° gtep into the courtyard. I
of the work. I had some occasion tx) step m ^^^ ^^ .^^^^^
iook the liberty to boil my peas She fine ^^^^^^ ^^^^
^oe. Yours tried to escape. We agreed t^^^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^^^ ^^
herself read the speech. They Md in
forgave him his fault that day.
mi
40
ENGLISH GEAMMAB AlTD ANALYSIS.
i
■Hi ^ht
IM
ANALYTICAL LESSON IX
103. The predicate may be completed by an infini-
tive mood, instead of by a noun or pronoun ; as, He
tried to read.
103. The pr> .•3ate may also have an infinitive
mood as an extension j as, They searched the room
to find it.
104. If the extension tells loliy the action is done,
it is called an extension of Cause ; as, We eat to live.
The family left the town for a cliamje of air.
105. If the extension tells lolien the action is done,
it is called an extension of Time ; as. The sun shone
in the morning.
106. If the extension tells wTiere the action is done,
ft is called an extension of Place ; as. He lived in an
inn at Lyons.
107. If the extension tells liow the action is done,
it is called an extension of Manner ; as, She sang the
soiag in a charming manner.
Exten. of Pred.
Subject.
Pred.
Comp.
of Pred.
He
tried
to read.
They
searched
the room
We
3at
The family
left
the town
The sun
shone
He
lived
Bhe
sang
the song
to find it (cause).
to live (cause) .
for a change of air (cause).
in the morning (time).
in an inn at Lyons (i^lace).
in a charming manner (manner).
Analyze in the same manner Exercise 53.
ITi/r-mTiTi A mTTTTi •nirnnTk
uJL£JZiS\iJX2.JL V Jki ^Ti.wVi/.
108. The Imperative Mood expresses a command
or request ; as, Shut the door. Forgive mo-
JdOOD.
41
the
door
,09. O^e f if j,teXelSv»X
rnSK^l^rSrt plural.
I UO. The subject or -f^^^Z^^'^^v^ '^^\
1 Ex —Shut the door. ^
a iSt. adj., qual. door (^J ^b^y s?iwt. (Rule III.)
a nwin, 3rd pers., smg., neith., odj. ujr
Exercise 54.
Hal. (you) no noise LgM (t^^ou) the^^^^^ q:);,,
letter. Catch (ye) the thi^^^^^^^ Remem-
breaHast. RePft all your lessons, i^u g ^^^^ ^^^^ j^.^^^ ]3o
ber your mother's message, Tear ^^^- ^ ^^.^^ the maps
'"m'e little good ^eed. Love the bre^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ,y ,,
on fine thick paper Send a box o b ^^^^^^^ Take care of
steamer. Go into the 8^;^^^/^',^^'^ Bometb.ing to the poor
the pence. Sell a^l f "f^ g^^^'; '^^st the wall. Except me.
folks. The moss M^ose grows agains ^^^^ ^^
Every person ^^P^^^^.^ tedsS Vitt the bells. Take notice
fellow men. Hear the fledges wu ^^^^ contending
Begin to play yourse ves. Heaid l^««^ ^ ^^^^ gea. Smg to
^a?e.? Sound the loud timbrel oerl^gyp^^^ ^^^^ phie-tree's
me that song. Come ye in p^^^^^^^^ Stay with us.
;vithered branch I Hear a helpless^orP ^^^^ ,
your glorious standard launcl^^to^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ .^ountam's
thy spoils C/^^^gf,,^*^ K^ Jeedours.
gorge hasten thy steps, oni^b
■? 41
ANALYTICAL I--!5SS0N X.
HI Ex -Destroy the weeds to save the flowerB.
l^^;;Zi^)^ the weed, to -a.e t|. Hcers
^' Tulhe ahoye manner analyse Exercise 54,.
Ijfcl
12
ENGLISH GEAMMAE AND ANALYSIS.
CONJUGATION OF YEEBS.
112. Three moods of the verb have now been re-
ferred to, the Indicative, Imperative, and Infinitive,
The fourth is called the Participial mood, or the Parti-
ciples. ITiis mood has both a present and past time or
tense, but only one form for each. The present par-
ticiple always ends in ing ; as, loving, running. The
past participle has diiFerent endings according to the
verb of which it is a part.
113. All the various moods of the verb, with their
tenses, persons, and numbers, form its Conjugation.
^i4. There are two kinds of Yerbs, Regular and
Irregular.
115. When the past indicative and the past partk
ciple are formed by adding d or ed to the present, the
verb is called Regular ; as,
Past Participle*
loved,
turned.
116. The last three parts are called the Principal
'Parts of the verb.
Infinitive.
Pres. Ind,
Past Ind.
To love
love
loved
To turn
turn
turned
Infinitive.
To love
REGULAR CONJUGATION.
Principal Parts.
Pres. Ind. Past Ind. Past Participle,
love
loved
loved.
Indicative Mood.
Present Time or Tense.
Singular. Plural,
1 Pers. I love 1 Pers. We love
2 „ Thou lovest, or, You love 2 „ Ye or you love
3 .. He loves (loveth) 8 „ They love.
II
CONJUGATION OP VEEBB.
48
Past Tense.
Singular. , „ rS^T\
1 Fers. I loved 1 P^rs. We loved
2 „ Thou lovedst, or, You loved 2 „ Ye or you loved
3 „ He loved 8 .. They loved.
Imperative Mood.
Singular. riural.
2 Pers. Love, or, Love thou 2 Pcrs. Love, or, Love ye
or you or you.
Infinitive Mood.
JPresent To love.
Participles.
Present Loving.
J>ast Loved.
All tlie regular verbs are conjugated in tlie same
manner.
117. Conjw^ate the Terbs tiirn, gain, live, lelieve,
kill, pierce, sumd, call, attend, Jill, save,
118 When the past indicative and past participle
,rlnot formed by 'adding d or ed to the present, the
verb is called Irregular ; as, „ . . ,
Infinitive. Pres. M. Past Ind. Past ParUapU.
To rise ' rise rose risen.
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS.
119 I Those verbs which have the same form for
P™nt and Past Indicative, and Past Participle ; as,
Frcs. Ind. Past Ind. Past Part, j PresLrd. Past Ind. Past Part.
Burst burst burst. | Cast cast casi.
So also cost, cut, Ut, lurt Jcnif, let put, rid, set,
sited, shut, slit, split, spread, thrust, wed.
44
ENGLISH GBAMMA.R AND ANALYSIS.
120. II. Those verbs which have the same form foi"!
the Past Indicative and Past Participle only.
Pres.Ind. Past Ind
Abide abode
Behold beheld
Bend* bent
Bereave* bereft
Beseech besought
Bind bound
Bleed bled
Bring brought
Build* built
Burn* burnt
Buy bought
Catch caught
CHng clung
Clothe* clad
Creep crept
Deal dealt
I*ig* dug
Dream* dreamt
Dwell* dwelt
Feed fed
Feel felt
Fight fought
S'ind found
Flee fled
Fling flung
Get got
Grind ground
Hang* hung
Have had
Hear heard
Hold held
Keep kept
Kneel* knelt
Lay laid
Lead 1
Leave ic,
JJend lent
. Past Part.
Pres. hid
abode
Lose
beheld
Make
bent
Mean*
bereft
Meet
besought
Pay
bound
Read
bled
Rend
brought
Say
built
Seek
burnt
Sell
bought
Send
caught
Shine
clung
Shoe
clad
Shoot
crept
Sit
dealt
Sleep
dug
Slide
dreamt
Sling
dwelt
Smell*
fed
Speed
felt
Spend
fought
Spill*
found
Stand
fled
Sting
flung
Strike
got
ground
String
hung
Sweep
had
Swing
heard
Teach
held
Tell
kept
Think
knelt
Weep
laid
Win
led
Wind
left
Work*
lent
Wring
I. Past Ind. Past Part]
lost lost
made made
meant meant
met met
paid paid
read read
rent rent
said said
sought sought
sold sold
sent sent
shone shone
shod shod
shot shot
sat sat
slept slept
slid BHd
slung slung
smelt smelt
sped sped
spent spent
spilt spilt
stood stood
stung stung
struck struck
(stricken)
strung strung
swept swept
swung swung
taught taught
told told
thought thought
wept wept
won won
wound wound
wrought wrought
wrung wrung
Those verbs marked with an asterisk are also rer^ular.
121. 1
iiid Past
^ri's. Ind*
Am
Arise
Awake*
Bear (to c
Bear (to I
Beat
Begin
Bid
Bite
Blow
Break
Cliide
Choose
Cleave
Como
Crow*
Do
Draw
Drink
Drive
Eat
Fall
Fly
Forsake
Freeze
(xive
Go
Grave*
Grow
Hew*
Hide
l^now
Load*
Lie (to
Mow*
Ride
King
Eiso
Run
See (foi
Sew
Shako
:s.
le form foTl
i. Past Part]
lost
made
meant
met
paid
read
rent
Baid
Bought
Bold
sent
Blione
shod
Bhot
Bat
slept
sHd
slung
smelt
sped
spent
spilt
stood
stung
struck
(stricken)
strung
swept
swung
taught
told
thought
wept
won
wound
lEEEQULAIl VEEBS.
45
121. III. Those
nul Past Participle
^u'S. Ind*
Am
Arise
Awake*
Bear (to carry)
Bear (to bring forth)
Beat
Begin
Bid
Bite
Blow
Break
Cliide
Choose
Cleave
Come
Crow*
Do
Draw
Drink
Drive
Eat
Fall
Fly
Forsake
Freeze
(xive
Go
Grave*
Grow
Hew*
Hide
Know
Load*
Lie (to lie down)
Mow*
Bide
Bing
Eiso
Run
See (foresee)
Sew
Shako
verbs in which the Past Tense
Imve a dif*' "nt form.
Past Ind,
was
arose
awoke
bore (bare)
bore (bare)
beat
began
bade (bid)
bit
blew
broke (brake)
chid
chose
cleft (clove)
came
crew
did
drew
drank
drove
ate (eat)
fell
flew
forsook
froze
gave
went
graved
grew
hewed
hid
knew
loaded
lay
mowed
rode
rang
rose
ran
saw
sewed
Bhook
Past Part,
been
arisen
awaKed(awoko)
borne
born
beaten
begun
bidden (bid)
bitten (bit)
blown
broken
chidden
chosen
cleft (cloven)
come
crowed
done
drawn
drunk
driven
eaten (eat)
fallen
flown
forsaken
frozen
given
gone
graven
grown
hewn
hidden (hid)
known
laden (loaden)
lain
mown
ridden
rung
risen
run
Been
sewn
shaken
46
ENaiiaU GllAMMAH AND AKALYafS.
i§
Trcs. Ind,
Shave
Show
ShoTf
Shrink
Sing
Sink
Slay
Smite
Bow*
Speak
Spin
Spit
Spriig
Steal
Stride
Strive
Strew*
Strow
Swear
Swell*
Swim
Take
Tear
Throw
Tread
Wear
Weave
Write
IRBEGULAR CONJUGATION.
182. Verb To Mise,
Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
Plural.
rr, • X ,r . ^■^^'*^- We rise
Thou nsest, or, You rise 2 „
He rises (riseth) 3 ,,
Past Tense.
Thou rosest, or, You rose 2 ,
Ho rose «
Past Ind.
Vast Part
■
shaved
shaven
■ '^
shewed
showed
shown
shown
1 '2 Vers. His
shrank
shraijk
I
sang
sung
1
sank
sunk
H
slew
slain
1
smote
smitten
1
sowed
sown
I
spoke (Bpake) .
spoken
I
span (spun)
spun
I
spat
spitten (spitj
I A11 ir
sprang
sprung
1 manner.
stole
stolen
strode
stridden
1
strovo
striven
I 123. C
Btrewed
strowed
Bworo
swelled
strewn
strown
sworn
swollen
1 sell, sleej
■ Write
1 gingular
swam
swum
■
took
taken
■
tore
torn
B
threw
thrown
■
trode
tioddon
H
wore
worn
I 124. ^
I also cal
wove
wrote
woven
written
Singular.
1 Pers. I rise
2 „
3 „
1 Pcrs.
2
3
Ye or you rise
They rise.
We rose
Ye or you rose
They rose.
1 Pers.
2
B
II
1 Pers,
2
3
II
II
2 Pers
Illi^ 7EEB "lO BE."
4ff
Imperative Mood.
SUuinlav Plurai.
I •• Vers, liise, or, Rise thou or you 2 Pm. Bm, or, Hi«e je or you.
InSnitive.
JPreseni To riae.
Participles.
Present Eisiug.
Pant »>/'flen.
All irregular verbs are ijugated in p similar
manner.
133. Conjugate the verbs write, legin, Uow, go,
sell sleep, stand, talce, speah, spring, slow.
Write out the 2nd person singular 3rd person
Bingular, and 1st person plural of the above verbs.
) I
THE YEEB TO J3E.
124. The verb To Be is intransitive ; but it is
also called the Substantive Verb. (See JN o. 1^7.}
Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
Singular.
Plural.
1 Pcrs f am 1 ^^^'^' ^® ^^^
2 tSou art, or, You are 2 „ Yeoryouare
8 Hoia 3 „ They are.
1 Pers, I was
Past Tense.
1 Pers. We were
n
Thou wast, or, YOU were 2 „ ^eo. you were
. „ Hewaa 3 „ They were.
Imperative MvOd.
2 ftn.^KBe thou or ;ou. 2 Per.. Be, or, B« ye or you.
il
18
ENGLISH GEAMMAE AND ANALYSIS.
Infinitive Mood.
Participles. j
Present To be.
Present. Being.
Pas^. Been.
125.
THE VEEB TO EAVM
Indicative Itlood.
Present Tense.
Singular, Plural.
1 Pers. I have 1 Pers. We have
2 ,, ' Thou hast, or, You have 2 ,, Ye or you have
3
»»
They have.
He has or hath 3 „
Past Tense.
1 Pers. I had 1 Pers. We had
It
Thou hadst, or, You had 2 ,,
He had 3 „
Ye or you had
They had.
Imperative Mood.
S Pers. Have,r sHave thou or you. 2 Pers. Have, or,Have ye or yonj
I .finitive. Present. To have.
Participles. I ^'^'f'^' l'''''^'
^ ( Past. Had.
126. THE YEEB TO BO,
Indicative Mood.
Present Tense.
'lingular. Plural
1 Pers. I do IPers. We do ,
2 „ Thou doest or dost, or, Yon do 2 „ Ye or you do
3 „ He does or doth. 3 „ They do.
Past Tense.
1 Pers. I did 1 Pcrs. We did
2 „ Tliou didst, or, You did 2 ,, Ye or you did
It
He did
3
)»
They did.
Imperative Mood.
2 Pers. Do, or. Do Ihou or you. 2 Per*. Do, or, Do yo or
vo";
DEPEOTIYE A^EEBS.
49
Infinitive.
Participles.
{
Fresent. To do.
Present. Doing.
Fast. Done.
Parse tlie following sentences :—
Exercise 55.
Twfld He hag We are. You do. They had. I am. He
is Th; king had A cat was. They are. Thou dost. Sorrow
i • f have^We did. You are. Thou wast. He does. You
/ Tfla She had Thev do. James has. We were. He
did Hav V >^si Ee. He intends to be. Allow him to have
swTheTookseller has the book. You did it. Begin to
^thework Peter had a knife. The farmers have horses. The
stones were He waf I had a little daughter She proposes to
hZlslll The precentor strives to be. No hope of fame was
nhlm Two idet figures were within the room. He was to
p akiol BTttiou'at peace in thy ^ngliter lot l)o your
duty; Ou the 12th August it ceased to be. I had a friend.
DEPECTIYE VEEBS.
127 The following verbs have only two parts, the
Present and Past Indicative. Hence they are called
Defective Verbs. As they are always used with
other verbs, iUj are called Auxiliary, or Helping
Verbs. Have, be, and do are sometimes auxiliaries.
Indicative Moodj
Present Tense.
1. Fers, I f yf ca" must, .hall, 1. Fers. ^^^^^ --*'
2. „ Thou mayest, canst, 2. „ ^-^^-^.^X
must, Shalt, wilt, or, ^^^^* Biiaii, wm
You may, cm, must, ;
,r_^^^^A'„^^^l„„ w^nof. a. Thev may, can, mus*
o, ,, iiu inii-j, «;an, i^u^.., -- - __ - ...
shall, will
shall, will.
E
50
ENGLISH GBAMMAE AND ANALYSIS.
I
2.
8.
it
»i
>i
Past Tense.
1. Pers. I might, could, must, l.Pers. We might, could.must,
should, would
Thou mightest, couldst, 2,
must, shouldstjWouldst,
or, You might, could,
must, should, would
He might, could, must, 3.
should, would
They have no infinitive, no imperative, and no participles.
Note. — Teachers who do not prefer the simple
Anglo-Saxon method of treating the verb, but would
rather have the more complex method useful for
Latin, etc., will now pass to No. 135, where they
will find it fully treated.
should, would
Ye or you, might,
could, must, should,
would
They might, could,
must, should, would.
THE PABTICIPLES.
128. The Present Participle always ends in in^.
Care must be taken to distinguish between the present parti-
ciple and adjectives ending in ing.
Ex. — He is performing astonishing work.
What is spoken about ? He.
What is said about he 7 Is performing.
What is he performing ? Work,
What kind of work ? Astonishing,
a sim. pers. pron., 3rd pers., sing., masc, nom. or
subj. to is. (Rule I.)
an aux. verb, 3rd pers., sing., pres., ind., agr. with he.
(Rule II.)
performing a trans, verb, pres. part,
astonishing an adj., qual. work. (Rule IV.)
work a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., obj. hjperfoi'ming,
(Rule III.)
Exercise 56.
The time is passing. The wind was blowing. He waits to
watch the stars. The corn was growing in the field. The dew
is falling. Frederick was sending an army. Bhe king of France
He
is
THE PAETICIPLES.
61
^ nl^ hrinS much^BpoU. He rushed into the street, shout-
I^^gXtSS^^^^^^ entered the vessel The p^-
orims leaving for the Holy Land, entered the vessel. ihe
Kators beheld the sun. The spectators, standing on the
S's edge beheld the setting sun. The passengers saluted the
Sn/ri^ng along the street. The highwayman, flourishing a club,
A^ enemy Tp\Vn?BUch courage, 'refused to retreat. The
Shades ravening gathering o'er us, warned us to return along
to his house.
129. Tlie Past Participle generally follows some
part of tlie verb To have or To he.
Care must be taken to distinguish between the past tense anrl
past pai-ticiple ; as. He Ugan, He has begun.
Ex.— He has read his lesson.
"What is spoken about ? He.
"What is said about he ? Has read.
"What has he read? Lesson.
Whose lesson ? His.
Ho a Sim. pers. pron., 3rd pers., sing., masc, nora. or sul>j.
to has. (Rule I.) . , ... , ^
has an aux. verb, 3rd pers., sing., pres., md., agr. with he.
(Rule 11.)
read a trans, verb, past participle.
his a Sim. pers. pron., 3rd pers., sing., masc, poss., possess-
ing lessan. (Rule V.) ^
lesson a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., obj. by read. (Rule HI.)
Exercise 57.
<rh^ n.rk has. The clerk has written. The ship was wrecked.
Tirestorm has ceased. He is risen The .^ f »^"^«£., ^^^^^^^^^^^
dued. The wheat is sown. The walls have fallen. The petition
62
ENGLISH GHAMMAB AND ANALYSIS.
■
was granted. He granted the petition. They had forgotten th§
order. Our quiet neighbourhood was preferred. They preferred
our quiet neighbourhood. Call your coachman. The heroic deed
had deserved all praise. The happiest days are passing. The
guests were invited to celebrate her twentieth birthday. We are
looking for you. The trouble of the business prevented the en-
joyment of it. The priest's prayers were followed by a solemn
silence through the whole house. He sent to inquire. Struck
by the resemblance, he sent to inquire. He, struck by the re-
semblance, gent to inquire. Bereft of all his friends, he died.
Weakened by long confinement, he confessed. A stranger, stand-
ing under the shade, saw the whole proceedings. A poor woman,
clothed in rags, came hobbling to the door. Knowing these
things, you promiss to keep them to yourself. The lion, wounded
by a shot, turned with desperate ferocity upon the hunters. He
found an old coin buried in the earth. We ourselves have ex-
amined yours. Ours has failed. Try mine.
130. Two participles often succeed each otliei.' in
tlie same sentence.
Ex. — The race has been gained; The house is being built.
What is spoken about ? The race.
What is said about the race ? Has been gained.
The a dist. adj., qual. house. (Rule IV.)
house a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., nom. or Bubj. to is.
(Rule I.)
is an aux. verb, Srd pers., sing., prea.time, iud. mood, agr.
with house. (Rule II.)
being an aux. verb, pres. participle,
built a trans, verb, past participle.
Exercise 58.
He has been. He has been neglected. The horse is beinj;
sold. The soldiers have been driven from the batteries before the
city. Everything is lost. The chair was taken at eight o'clock.
The tide is ebbing. The children had been satisfied with the
entertainment. His remarks were concerning the nation. Be-
Innd the rocks at the mouth of the glen, you see the ruins of the
old fort. Write every najne, to prevent mistakes occurring. Wo
see him entering the chapel. The castle had been deserted be-
fore his arrival. The disguised knight was to appear, playing a
lute.^ The waters were gliding to the sea. The chief's son was
appointed to lead the clan to the war. A canal was being formed
at that time. The little band of England's bravest soldiers was
observed crossing the bottom of the ravine to reaoia i^ixe oppoy^'O
THE PAETlCIPIiES.
53
otten th«
preferred
roic deed
Qg. The
We are
d the en-
a solemn
Struck
7 the re-
he died,
er, stand-
p •woman,
ng these
wounded
;ers. He
have ex-
tliGi.' in
huilt.
bj. to U.
lood, agr.
is being
lefore the
t o'clock.
with the
on. Le-
ns of the
ng. Wo
erted he-
playing a
i son was
g former)
liers was
oppoy><i
ours. Watch theira.
for the Past Participle.
Correct tlie following sentences :—
Exercise 59. ^ . . . .
He rung the bell. He begun to sleep ^^^^^^'J^^
They done it. James ^^^f ^^ ^^|^''- r^^^ sailor sunk beneath
song. You drunk some of the mii^. ^^ .^ok. You have
the'waves. The first boy has wiote ^^^ ^opy ^^ i^^. a. fish
broke the glass shade. ^^ J^Jf^fd T^^ ^^^^^^.^*
sprung from the wat^r The 1^^^^^^^^^ ^.^^^ The mi-
has rose m price. My canary "ti» ^^^ ^^^^ ^^.^eg,
nister hr,s went from tbe church '1^^^''%^^^ ,,ttie were drove
We seen two meteors. Ti^^^y/^^f^^^'.X I buyed a horse,
into a field. Peter has shook the table. J. puj
ANALYTICAL LESSON XL
1*^2 Ex-1 The officer is standing in the door.
lighted taper in his hand.
1 . The officer
2. Our king (sim. siCbj^
having ovorwrougM
himself {cnlargemQnt
ofsuhj.)
8.1
Predicate.
lis standing
has been
ordered
nee
Completion of Prcd.
to leave {oT)j.)
the affairs of state
for a few wecl^s (en-
largemcntof ohj.)
holding a lighted ta-
per {enlargement of
obj.)
Extension
of Prcd.
in tlio door
(place) .
for the sake
of his health
{cause).
Analyze in a Bimilar maniior Eiercbea 57 and 58.
64t
ENGLISn GEAMMAB A2^D ANALYSIS.
• i
t
INFINITIVE MOOD WITHOUT TO.
133. Syntax.— Rule VIII.— lb, the sign of the Infi-
nitive, is always omitted after the auxiliary verbs
shall, will, may, can, must, and do ; as, I shall go : that
is, I shall to go. I can go : that is, I can to go, or,
I am able to go.
Note. — Shall and will express a jpj'eseni intention to do Bome-
tbing at another time, and hence they are present tenses.
Ex. — I shall go.
What is spoken about ? J.
What is said about I? Shall go.
a sim. pers. pron., 1st pers., sing., eith., nom. or subj. to
shall. (Rule I.)
an aux. verb, 1st pers., sing., pres., ind., agr.with J.(Eule II.)
an intrans. verb, infinitive, after shall. (Eule VIII.)
Shall
go
Exercise 60.
She will remain. You may leave. I should read. They did
approach. All men must die. We should love. We should love
our neighbour. The revelation will destroy Peter's peace of mind.
The whole earth is filled with wonders. He will come in time to
see the beginning of the day's sports. You must attend to your
instructions from them. Thou dost arise. No passing bell doth
toll. Death doth keep his state beneath that beggar's roof. Every
person must recollect the tragical story of young Emmett. The
expedition may fail from want of provisions. I shall be. I shall
be observed. We might have. We might have been. We might
have been lost. The letters must have been intercepted. Lift
the heart. Bend the Icnee. Be pleased. The inventor should
have been admitted to witness the first trial of his machine. The
warrior will ask the haughty king to free his sire. The ocean's
bosom was ruffled by a gentle breeze. No person will dwell in
that cottage. The row of trees should have been allowed to stanc?
fronting the mansion. Track the deep sea. You must havft
passed him walking by the side of his horse. He must delight in
virtue. I did send to you for gold to pay my legions. A friend
should bear his friend's infirmities. The children shall run to
lisp their sire's return. Durst you have tempted him? Thou
didst hate him. Must I observe you ? You might have seen an
old man wandering in quest of something. The traitors lurk in
the Christian's hold. After a brief interval, the sovereigns re-
quested of Columbus a recital of his adyenturos. You can per-
PEEFECT TENSE.
65
«i« a small ftagment of t\« '-- 9\tnrb°eera»^^^
at Corurma „n the ^^Xl^^^^ller l^thiLvBe o£ his expe-
viage could have been procured «t the nearest inn.
ANALYTICAL LESSON XII.
n4 Ex-l The cHld iniglit have died. 2. Shall
I +U tpn 9 3 T^rom all these candidates, a
Ta carSu^^^^^^ their various antecedents.
C<mpletion\ ^xtensim of Fred.
of Fred.
Sul^ect.
1. The child
2. We
Predicate.
might have died,
shall bring
d, A man, (sm. might have been
. V 1 ftnr.
the pen.
subj,) hav-
ing higher
qualifications,
[enlargement
of suhj.)
got
by a careful in-
quiry into their
various antece-
dents, (manner)
from all these can-
didates i^lace).
Analyze in the same manner Exercise 60.
Note.-Teachers who ^o not wish in the mean time
to take up the more complex form ot the veih, aie
requested to pass on to No. 154i.
Perfect Tense.
^-if^^l^fjrf Jr;Xtran action happe.bg
at the ^re^^Bt time." The Paet is used to e.pre.s an
action that occurred at a tuno now past.
fill
50
1*f' '
ENaniSJI GllAMilAlt AND ANALYSIS.
133. TJie Perfect denotes au action begun at a past
time, and now finished.
Indicative Mood.
Perfect Tense.
Singular. Plural.
1 Fers. I have loved 1 Pe?'5. We have loved
„ Thou hast loved, or, 2 ,,
You have loved
He has or hath loved
2 „ Thou hast loved, or, 2 „ Ye or you have loved
You have loved
3 „ He has or hath loved 3 „ They have loved.
Repeat in tlie same way the Perfect Tense of tlie
verbs move, f tern, secure, trust, forget, arise, see, intend,
command, sell, shoiv, he.
Ex.— The king has seen his father.
What is spoken about ? The king.
Wliat is said about the king ? Has seen.
Whom has he seen ? Father.
Whose father ? His.
a dist. adj., qual. king. (Rule IV.)
a noun, Urd pars., sing., masc, nom. or subj. to has
seen. (Ptule I.)
a trans, verb, 3rd pers., sing., perfect tense, ind., a^r.
with king. (Rule II.) ^
a Sim. pers. pron., 3rd pers., sing., masc, poss., poa-
sessmg father. (Rule V.)
^ (R^ule'llil ^'^^^*' ^"'°*' ^^^^•' ^^'^' ^^ ''"^ ^^^^'
TllG
king
has-seen
his
father
Exercise 61.
John has-moved the table. The soldiers have-retreated. The
rain has fallen. A sailor has died. We have waited for you.
I have completed my twelfth year. The day's work has exhausted
him. I hava written a long letter to my parents. Have you
seen the picture ? The eventful day has arrived. The avera-o
rent of land has increased. Full fifty years have passed. He
has bound a snow-white plume upon his gallant crest. Mav-
enne hath turned his rein. I have passed a miserable night.
iUy mother hath gone from her cares to rest. They have left the
fern by the spring's^ green side. I have from my father gone.
Hath my word lost its power on earth ? The light of other days
has faded. Have the ofiflcers discovered the source of the evil?
All these thmgd have in one ahort week disappeared.
FUTUEE AND FUTUREPEEFECT.
67
Pluperfect Tense.
137. The Pluperfect Tense denotes an action aa
^ast before another past action has happened.
Indicative Mood.
Pluperfect Tense.
Singular. ^ ^ ,,^ P^f- .
IPers, Ihadioved 1 Pen. We had loved
2 „ Thou hadst loved 2 „ Ye or you had loved
or, You had loved
3 ,, He had loved 3 „ They had loved.
Eepeat in the same way the pluperfect tense of each
of the verbs move, turn, secure^trust, forget, arise, &c.
Ex.— The child had cut his finger. (See 136.)
The a dist. adj., qual. child. (Rule IV.)
child a noun, 3rd pers., sing., masc, nom. or subj. to had cut.
bad cut a trans! verb, 3rd pers., sing., pluperfect, ind., agr. with
child. (Rule II.)
hia a Sim. pers. pron., 3rd pers., sing., masc, poss., pos-
sessing ^w^er. (Rule V.)
finger anoun,3rdpers.,Bing.,neith.,obj.by?ia(icMt.(Rule iii.J
Exercise 62.
The doff had-loved his master. Your brother had-secured a
seat. You had-forgotten to give an answer. Robert Ferguson
has written the last exercise. A good, long race had- done it.
That splendid animal has broken from its keeper. The woitly
Abbot of Aberbrothock had placed that bell on the Inchcape Rock.
Years had passed since that event. The last consideration had
touched her heart. Had you arranged for that meetmg ? Sorrow
had overpowered her. His ambition had led him to aspire to
universal dominion. Had they seen the building ? In the garden
ours was found by himself. Read hers.
Future and Futureperfect Tenses.
138. The Future Tense denotes that an action will
take place at a future time. The Futureperfect
Tense' denotes that an action wiU be past betore
another future action begins.
•1 II
it
08
KNGLISn GllAMMAfl AND ANALYSIS.
Indicative Mood.
i^^uture Tense.
Singular. Plural.
1 Pevic I shall or will love 1 Pers. "We shall or will IotJ
2 „ Thou shalt or wilt love, or, 2 „ Ye or you shall o\
You shall or will love will love
8 „ He shall or will love 3 „ They shall or
loye.
Tutureperfect Tense.
1 Pers, I shall or will have loved 1 Pers. We shall or will havel
loved
2 „ Thou shalt or wilt have 2 „ Ye or you shall oi\
loved, or^ You shall or YnW have ioved
will have lo-^ ■ d
8
it
He shall or will have loved 3
„ They shall or will|
have loved.
Repeat the Future and Futureperfeet tenses of see,\
move, turn, forget J secure, command, awaJce, ring, &c.
Exercise 63.
The day will-come. The day will-have-come. You shall-return,
Will you return ? Will he delay ? I shall-have-left before that
hour. Heavenly thoughts shall counsel her. A wise man will
make haste to forgive. No tomb shall plead for remembrance to
thee. Other Romans shall arise. Give strength to reach yon
shore. The angel of vengeance shall see the red stain. Shall I
meet you at the station ? We will-have-occupied that villa. No ,
one mil dwell in that cottage. We shall enumerate the principal |
figures of speech. Thou shalt have no other gods before me.
Commerce shall have greatly increased by that date. Before
Saturday I shall have matured all my plans. You will alter
theirs.
POTENTIAL MOOD.
139. !Four moods have now been noticed, namely,
the Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive, and Participles,
The fifth mood is the Potential, which expresses
the possibility, power, or obligation to do an action.
It has four tenses : present, past, perfect^ and ph-
'perfect.
POTEi^TIAL MOOD.
nd
Potential Mood.
Present Tense.
ITers. I ry!!ran. ormuat love 1 Pers. Wej^ay. can. or must
,. Thou mayst, canst, or 2 ,. ^^ or you m.y. cm, or
must love,or,You may, i^^st love
can, or must love Thevmay, can.or must
He may, can, or must jJ n xneymujr.vwu,
love
Past Tense.
iV.. I might, co^Jd, would,or 1 ^.n. We migR jo^^^^^^
I)
H
should love
Thou mightest, coulclst, 2
wouldst, or shouldst
love, or, You might,
could, would, or should
love
He might, could, would, S
or si auld love
would.orshouldlove
Ye or you might,
could, would, or
should love
»i
They might, could,
would, or should
love.
Eepeat the Present and Past Potential of the verba
mveSurn, arise, see, forget, call, sing, lelieve.
Exercise 64. (See 136.)
Youmav-ro. I shall-speak to you. The inquest has taken
blace Thou wilt leave us. They shall rest in their graves
fchei" had heard the heavy firing in the mornmg. They could
&e smoke of battle. Havelock had determined to relieve the
Sg g^Son. The troops rg^^^-fri^SL S^^^^^^^^^^
ITou can4race a continuous line from station o station Shou d
he claim a victory ? Napoleon would ^^^^^^f", ^,.^^\^^^^^^^^^
come to his object. His history may ^^^f ^^^^^f ^\^^^^^^^ ^^
ient to the edge of the precipice. , I^.^P^^^l',f/,,T'\^SX
■Vouldst thou wed me ? Must I pme "^ my fetters ? Would you
.owthe spell? The little -aid woul^^^^^^^^^^
conquered, i go to prepare luu noar=e lOx j^'" "- .-- ^
■\x your testy humour ? Antwerp's monks may sing a mas«
by poor spearmen's souls.
GO
KNGLISU GRAMMAU AND ANALYtiia.
J
I
Potential Mood.
Perfect Tense.
„. 7 Plural*
1 Pers. iSTcan. or mu.i have 1 Pers. ^Ye rnay, can.or muet
2 Thrmayst canst, or 2 „ Y. or you may, can, or
^ " iZthave loved, or, must have loved
You may, can, or must
have loved
140. The
Utates tlio C(
hi 18 alvvay
Like the In
8
ti
Ho may, can, or must 8 „
have loved
They may, can, (w|
mus*" have loved.
Pluperfect Tense.
1 Pers. I might, could, would, or
should have loved
II
11
Thou mightest, couldst,
wouldst, or shouldst
have loved, or. You
might.could, would, or
should have loved
He might, could, would,
or should have loved
1 Pers. "We might, coulJJ
would, or Bhouldl
have loved
Ye or you miglii.i
could, would, or I
should have loved
It
»»
They might, could, I
would, or Bhouldl
have loved.
Sinfi
i 1 Pers. [If) I
2 „ (//) ^
lov
3 „ (r/)i
ll Pers. {If)
2 „ m
lo^
1 3 „ {If)
[IPcrs. {If)
Eepeat tlie Perfect and Pluperfect Potential of the
verbs move, see, forget, slioio, turn, command, awaU^
gain, slay.
ExCiXise 65. (See 136.;
You must-have-made a mistake. , They migl^t-haye-claimea
him. The committee should-have-visited you. Can he have
W^tten ? The landlord would have acted m a different manner.
Mv 8 ep night break your rest. Shall they live ?_ I had forgotte
Ke?! names. 1 roor miser had occupied it. Should sue
a respectable man have taken any pa^t m such crimes ?T
wretched creature may have died from exposure^ ^.^ '^
will overtake them. The gong had alarmed them. You niU|
Le more care. The glass must have fallen since yeste daj.^
We would have despised your aisistance. Bring your sou to Sc= :
the diorama. Jane has omitted to lock my desk. Will you da
it ? Search every nook. You must have burnt lers.
AVm. {If]
TPtTS. {If
I Pers. {If
Eepea
iwouv., go
awalce.
ii
BUBJtmCTIVE MOOB.
61
' 11
[it, COUlCiJ
or Bhouldj
ecT
ou migliiJ
•would, or]
iave loved
ght, could.
or BhouW|
red.
itial of tlie
id, awah,
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
I 140. The sixth mood is tho Subjunctive wlucli
I Like the Indicai' 3, it has six tenses.
Subjunctive Mood.
Present Tense.
, PZitral.
Sinflular. (in we love
1 P.r.^ (rn I love 1 ^'^»'^- W ^^^^
12 „ (//) thou love, or you 2 ., ^^ > i^.^.
love »* f» \Jf
13 „ (I/) be love
Past Tense.
IP-M/nilovoa ^/-'I^JyToo- loved
12 „ (i/)U.^ouloved,oryou 2 ,. ^l^^^l^^,^
3 „ (I/) ho loved
Perfect Tense.
, „ , 1 pprs (If) we have loved,
1 Pcrs. (I/) I have loved, 1 i «r«- ^^J) ^ ^^^
' &c.
Pluperfect Tense.
1 Pcrs. m I had loved, 1 Pcrs, {If) v.e had loved,
&c.
&c.
Pnture Tense.
lave-clairaedl
Jan he have
rent manner.
lad forgotten I
Should sucli
dmes? The
Calamitio3
. You must]
36 yesterday,
ur Bou to ses
Will you do I
3.
, , 11 -m^ir* 1 Ppra fl^ we shall 01' 'willlove,
irm. m I shall or wiUlove, 1 Peis. {i ) w ^^^
&c.
rutnreperfect Tense.
loved, ^0.
&c.
■P nnf +1iP Subjunctive Mood of the verbs turn,
' . ~ , . _. .x- i\T«ft(i will hA ffiven
62
ENGLISH GEAMMAE AND ANALT&TS.
t ^f>.n(^ \
141 Imperative Mood.
Singular. Plural.
2nd Person. 2nd Person.
Love, or, Love thou or you. Love, or, Love ye or yon.
Infinitive Mood.
Present, Perfect.
To love.
To have loved.
Present,
Lovinf?.
Participles.
Past.
Loved.
Perfect.
Eaving loved.
Eepeat the Imperati-^e and Infinitive moods, and
the Participles of the verbs ttmi, move, go, see, forget}^
call, praise, sing, rise, command.
Ex.— They, having seen the performance, declared their
Fatisfactiou.
a sim. pers. pron., 3rd perg., plu., both, nom. or
subj. to declared. (Rule I.)
a trans, verb, perfect participle,
a noun, 3rd pers., sing, neith., obj. by having
seen. (Rule IIL)
a trans, verb, 3rd pers.. plu., past, ind., agr. with
they. (Rule IL)
a sim. pers, pron., 3rd pers., plu., both, poss.,
possessing satisfaction. (Rule V.)
a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., obj. by declared,
(Rule in.)
Exercise 66.
Mount thy good steed. The reward ought to-have-cme to you^
He departed. He, having given his instructions, departed.
Standing on this spot, I must recall my country's glories. Loved
by the whole inhabitants, he died regretted by the whole inhabi-
tants. She hath taken the babe to l^er quiet breast. My mother
sings, at the twilight's fall, a song of the hills. Come with mo
to the vineyard. The wretch, living, shall forfeit fair renown.
Stained with blood, the corporal managed to crawl to the nearest
tent. Having heard the report, he hastened to contradict it.
Haste my father's heart to cheer. I dwell ou blessings ileil.
Seek yonder brake beraaia the cliff. Rest thee. Stop. Induced
by these fair promises of gain, the miserly knight embarked a
They
having seen
performance
declared
their
satisfaction
n.
Q or yon.
COMPLETE VEBB.
68
i„«e .urn in the speculation ^hey have cangM ^^^^^
gLg his way thr-l^,^^^^^^^ fm-
the gauntlet, he defied any man oi t , ^ jf^^^i^g near its trow
tbat. Scaling ^'>^„^:^2f L^er^^^^^^ that step, he sold all
o'er the abyss. Having ff ^^"^^^ ' of the hills for some time,
H3 lands. Having sought the shelte^^^^^^ Enraged at their
he managed to subsist «,»„^^^'„ ^SoJintry with a^ ^^^^^
dreadful ravages, he ^""'^^hJ^rXm ^fe ought to have left
intending to sweep .everything before mm. v b ^^^^^^^ ^^^^,^
'in time. The soldiers expected Jo^f^.^'f '^^ning. Struck with
la' nocn. You might have ^elaye^.^"J ^rning ^^^^.^^ ^^
J he beauty of the scene, he determined t. bu a ^^ ^^^^^^ ,^1
'-''' h :&s^«-If^'s^^^^^^^^^^ ^ou yourself must
^o^i^^'^^flleaveours.*
w,forgem
142.
COMPLETE VEBB.
Indicative. ^^t^^*^^^'
Present
Fast
Terfect
Tluferfect
Future
I love
I loved
I have loved
I had loved
I may, can, or must love
I might, could, would, or should
I m°ay, can, or must have loved
I might, could, would, or should
have loved
Future I shall or will love
Fmnperfectl Bh^ll or mllh^y^love^
SuDjunctive. Imperative. Infinitive, -rtxciples.
P.MI/) nove retSu TO love Loving
^ or you, etc. ^^^^^
Fast (I/) I loved To have loved Having loved.
Ferf. {if) I have loved, etc. -lo ^^^^
ir renown,
the nearest
itradict it.
isings ileii.
. Induced
mbarked a
ANALYTICAL LESSON SIII. ^
143 BX.-YOU had sent the wrong "°^l°^f,^
porter wiU call to take your luggage. I shall have
54
EITGLTSH GEAMMAE AND ANALYSIS.
Uii '
dined by six o'clock. They may have seen your
father. A machine might perform that part of the
work. He, liaving ascended the platform, made a|
telling speech. I saw him coming.
Subject.
Predicate.
Comp. of
Fred.
Exten. of Fred.
You
had sent
the wrong box
to us {place).
A porter
■will call
to take your luggage
{cause).
I
shall have dined
byBixo'clock(fi'mtf).
They
may have seen
your father.
A machine
might perform
that part (obj.)
of the work
{enlarg.ofobj.)
He (subj.)
made
a telling
having
speech.
ftscendecl
the platform
{enlarg. of
subj.)
I
saw
him {obj.)
coming (j.,.
larg.ofobj.).
Analyze Exercises 61, G2, 63, 61, (j5, m.
VOICE.
144. The assertion whicli the verb makes about the
subject has now been expressed in six ways, c'.Ued
moods : Indicative, Potential, Subjunctive, Imperr.-
tive, Infinitive, and Participles, The form of the
verb which includes all these, as they are given above,
is called the Active Voice, because it always reprc
sents the subject as the doer of the action j as,
James struck the table.
145. There is another form of the verb, called the
Pai-oive Voice, which always represents the subject as
the receiver of the action ; as, The table is struck.
'Si
PASSIVE VOICE.
65
146 The Passive Voice of a verb is formed by
adding its jpast participle to tbe various tenses of
tlie verb To Be.
147 If the present participle be added to the
tenses of the verb To Be, the ProgTCSsive Form ot the
verb is obtained.
148. Conjngate fully each of the tenses of the
verb To J^e, aiid of the passive voice oi the verb lo
Love, as indicated below.
Indicative Mood.
Passive Voice Progressive
of To Love. Form of
Conjugation of To Be
Present
Past
Perfect
Pluperfect
Future
Futureiierfect
I am, etc.
I was, etc.
I have been, etc.
I had been, etc.
I shall or v.-ill be, ete.
I shall or will have been, etc.
loved
if
it
>»
M
5»
To Love.
loving
t»
»»
I*
Li the same manner repeat the Indicative Mood,
Passive Voice, of the verbs 7nove, Urn, see, rise, aiva/cc,
co.iimand. -, r w
Ex.— The trees had been destroyed to admit hglit.
a dist. adj., qual. trees. (Rule IV.) ;
a noun, Ui'd ^crs.-, plu., noith., nom or subj.
to had been destroyed. (Paile i.) _
a trans, verb, 3rd pers., plu., plupertect, ind.,
pass., agr. with trees. (Kule II.)
a trans, verb, pres. , infinitive, active. _
a noun, Brd pers., bing., neith., obj. by
admit. (Rnle III.)
The
trees
had been destroyed
to aimit
light
Exercise 67.
He was-Hllod. They Imve-been-decdvcd. She had been Eccr..
,. ^ V 11 1 1 oi.n Thfv will-havc-bvcn-summoned. lam
^"''M^^l:^, ito^od .hall b. ont above the luct.
Have vou beoa taa'i ma«o ? Alf.cd ,vas eheltercd in the cut »r|.i
U , 00 cowUerar He bim.eU waa accuHtomed to redo tkui
m
ENGLISH GRAMMAE AJSD ANALYSIS.
t
etory iu his happier hourg. The British troops were-advancing
from Portugal into Spain. Yours has been forgotten. Theirs
•will do. Sir John Moore was wounded in the action by a cannon
ball. lie shall in that case be punished. Time will have been
wasted without any result. They are-coming. We will-be-leaving.
Are you mistaken ? The students have been reading some his-
torical books. In a few minutes he would have been drowned.
By a series of criminal enterprises, the liberties of Europe had
Are you satisfied ? Will you be passing ?
been extinguished.
a
u
>»
»>
f*
u
149. Potential Mood.
Verb To Be. Passive Voice. Prog, Form,
Present I may, can, or must be loved loving
Past I might, could, would, or
should be
Perfect 1 may, can, or must have
been
Pluperft:t I might, could, would, or
should have been
Repeat tlie Potential Mood, Passive Voice, of the
verbs move, turn, send, command, tell, iwaise, seekj
sJwiv.
Exercise 68.
He can-be. He can-be-removed. AVe might-have-been-warned.
She could-be-traiued. You must be corrected. They may have
been detained. A law might be found to vindicate that measure.
The introduction might have been omitted without injury to the
sense. It will be proved to thy face. Can you be persuaded to stay ?
They are entitled to our gratitude. A cursory examination would
enable you to discover the fact. I have been wilting to my
friend. This rehc has been preserved for ten years. He should
have known tbe reason of his punishment. I expected to have
sown my seed on Friday. Shall we close the door ? His listless
length at noontide would he stretch. Will he, upon examination,
confess his fault? The rain has been falling for some time.
Attend to my instructions. Live with your century. He should
have been dismissed. You must be forgiven. You might be
X)assing. I must be going.
150.
Present
Past
f i
Subjvmctive Mood.
Vcru To Be. Passive Voice. Prog. Form,
ilf)'^ bo loved loving
(i/) I were „
And so on, as in the ludicativo.
u
PASSIYE YOICE.
67
Eepeat the Subjunctive Mood, Passive Yoice, o^ the
.ovh^ move, turn, sell, command, see.
The Subjunctive will be treated in Exercise 88, after the Con-
junction.
151.
Present
Present
Perfect
Imperative Mood.
Verh To Be. rassive Voice, ^rogM
Be, or, Be thou or you loved lo^mg
Infinitive Mood.^^^^^ ^^^.^^
To be „
To have been »»
Participles. ^^^^^ ^^^
Present Being „
Past Been ' „
^/•r/e#« Having been »» ,
^e/i, shoic, hiow, ivnte.
Usercise 69. m + i «
Be-determinea. Be informed a^nt the ^g^g .^^X
caught. You must r^xpect to be imin^^^^ They Bought to bo
fahited. Be distinguished for S^^^^^^^^^^^ ^Jpg to prove my
praised. I love to ^^ reading I ^iH ake b V ^^^^ ^^^^..
innocence. Be Pei'^r'^' i'-n Wnted Yo lazy fellow hates to
ence appear to have been du^po^e^ I .as stru^.
Avith the resemblance K;^"^S^^'[,^,\.e,ched their destination,
tcncd to the wmdow. They, havin peliqhted ^^ith our loqua-
pitched their tent m ^,^^f .f ^^^^^'^inf lat yours. ^Ye have
cious friend, v.e regrc tod . fj^^^^i; ™;it . ^ He is weighed in
been determining the l^^S^^^^^^^'^f J^^^Sthers have been for-
t,be balance. The very ^^^^f .f , ^^^ been inserted. You ought
,.ticn. It may bo ^f P^^^^^fj^^.^e ^e^llilled by yon hosUk
to ho.ve attended to it. Gould i^i^^ nave ^.^^^^^ ^^.^j
,bo!,? March. Bo prepared. Lndcavoui lo u
Lc liave gained his purpose?
T 2i
68
■m
EIiGLISn OUAMMAR AND ANAL IS 13.
153. COMPLETE VEEB.
ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE.
Indicative Mood.
P^resent I love i am loved
Past I loved I ;vas loved
ijjUect I hare loved J have been loved
Plvverfect 1 had loved I had been loved
future I shall or will love I shall or will be loved
Futureperfect I shall or wiU have loved I shall or will have been
loved
Potential Mood.
I may love i may be loved
I might love I might be loved
I may have loved I may have been loved
I might have loved I might have been loved
Preseni
Past
Perfect
Pluj)crfect
Present
Past
Present
Present
Perfect
Present
Pant
Pr.rfeci
SulJTinctive Mood.
WAW''''^ . a/) I be loved
{If) I loved, etc. (//) I were loved, etc.
Imperative Mood.
Love, or. Love thou or you Be, or, Be ye or you, loved
Infinitive Mood.
^° 1°^^ , , . To be loved
To have loved To have been loved
Participles.
I^°^"lg Being loved
Loved
Having loved
Having been loved
15;
ANALYTICAL LESSOi^ XIV.
]<:x.~~IIavmg been warned of Lis dan- r-
your .ccoinphco might have been induced to t<;;
escape witbont delay, from tlie country. Wo si
liu-vo been landed in-- ihi^ fim- \\- ^^ ,
come? "^ ""' ^^'ou^tl you bavv/
m\
nrri5iTiVB mood without
((
to.
n
Subject.
I Pr^d^_±_ComTy^^^
69
Exten.
of Fred.
■Your accomplice
(subj.), having been
■warned of Ins
danger {enlarg. of
8uhj.)
Wo
might
have been
induced
yon
shall
have been
landed
would
have
coiiie.
to try {ind. ohj.)
to escape -without de-
lay, from the country
{enlarg. of ohj.).
by that
time(tiwie).
Analyze Exercises 67, 68, 69, as above.
lOTIOTTIVE MOOD WITHOUT TO.
tive, is Bot,generallyued after tliejer .^^^^.^^^
io need, make, see,* hem , jeei, k",
thold oUerve, have,* and Jcnm.
EX -You b d me speak ; tUat is, Voa bid me to spe.k. _
a l^^t..AU -g.. P-»- »^- (-'•'• ''^- '''"
«ott. (Rule II.) . ,. uy tuL (Rule III.)
„.e as^m.pron istpers^mg^^ b. Ob .l^y;^^ ^^^
Bpeak 1 a trans, verb, pres., mf., vact.J. a*w
Exercise 70.
i- u Mnlffl vour bondmen tremble.
They hea.-a ^m men^^^f J * f LeUimper.) me (to) supply
1 near thee speak of the better land. Let (i^ I )^^^ K^^^^^^^ j.^
you. Let them hear the captivu . v....~. - ^
. To is sometimes used after these verba.
You
bid
70
ETraLisn grammar a:sj) analysis.
before me. I marked tlie soldier stagger. Did you perceive him
leave the house at any time ? You do believe it. Do you see the
sliore? Wo do forget to fulfil our duties. Do leave this place.
Do speak to me. Your noisy entrance made him omit the fourth
pomt. Let me go. Let us worship God. Let them have their
own way. I feel to dismiss him. You need not fear. Cease to
ao evil. Hast thou a charm to stay the morning star in his deep
course ? I feel the pain abate. I dare do anythinf^. I dare vou
to do it. He was seen to faU. He must decline. He asked me
to repair yours. They themselves saw hers.
155. The verb To do, used with anotlier verb as an
auxiliary, maizes the meaning stronger. This is called
the Emphatic Form of the verb ; as, I did say it.
156.
Subj.
You
ANALYTICAL LE&SON XV.
Ex. — You bid me j^peak.
Pred. I Comp.ofPred. \ Exten. of Pred.
hid I me (direct ohj.)
speak (inf., indir. ohj.).
{none)
Analyze Exercise 70 in '.he same manner.
FALSE SYNTAX.
157. Correct any mistakes in the following sen-
tences, according to Rules I., II., III., IX.
Exercise 71.
We was. Tliou risest. You lisest. He lovest. We loves
They loves. The shepherd died. I were. We is. They JaT
She were. I gets my money from him. I speaks to himf We
has a penny. He do come. They has it. I have some time
They was in the street This houses has no windol^ Thoule
at homo Yon art. Tl-.nn ir.-rpa+ +^ „i^_. tt- .. •„ i_^ ,. ,
.. ,,, ■■ — -'• -■••'f.^i; lO Diiig. liUii Will TO. Me did
It. We expects compony. I hears a noise. My slio™ In.rts mv
feet. Tl.em were striking me. This treea malfes a fme avenSZ
THE TTSE OF " 10 BE
tl
71
W. enjoy, our,el,e,. The whee U ha, ^'^PP/^men iSta the
Zh him. I foi^got' <- '"•"""'aoUt' I «e°fe .mno asristanoe.
le^i street. Your omrh-yor 1 »™ /"'itey^naae the rook to »hn^<e
He need to attend to his duty. ,, / j ;„ » boot? Shall I
m you observe ,''».5''"f *» ^ f %*he.^ "an tell yon. Him mU
{(ear yoa to speak "> ^'^^/^^'aislur"" I «iU see him to saw
run for your parcel. liKl me t^" "^° vnconnd I cets my dinner.
SoUe- He made the^'oo to rewound. J^g^^^ 7^^^^^^
We does know about it. Uoes you
they. Give this not to he.
The Use of tlie Verl} To Be.
158. If thcerb ^^/^' -, ^If.Clt^^^^^^
nominative oy^^^^^^^ ViU also
coming after It, leterrm ^^ ^^^ ol]ective
t^re tlTt^ ruf o;%rrouu afte. it will .e iu t.o
Objective case.
« « ^ ^ T?n1e X — TKe verb 2^0 Be takes tlie
159. Syntax.— Riiie ^j V;"
Bamo case after it as before lb.
Ex.-Solomon was a wise king.
!^ qvd Tjers sing., masc, nom. or enhj. to was.
Sobmon I a noun, 3rd pars., siub »
a sS'oriltrans. verb, 3rd pers., sing., past, iud., agr.
mth SoZojnon. (Rule H.)
a dist. aaj., qual. /cm^. f^^^";^*'
an adj., qual. M^9- P- ^Jj^ ^,^. or Bubj.. the
a noun, 3rd pers., bi»o »
same as Solomon, (l^ule X.)
Exercise 73.
The stars are worlds . Thomas -?,,^Taf ^The^^^^^^^^
a fine speaker. ^^^^^ ^^'^fif. Ae dn^^^^^^^^ ^^^"^
^^as a mistake. Jessie ^^^^^^' %^ ^i^crs were clergymen
victononsgeneralwaahisfothei. ine 1 .^ ^^^^^ He should
This powder maybe poison " ^^^^ ^ ^ould have been
be master. They might l^^Tr^.f Httle chil<^ will be heir to broad
«,irveyor for the company. ..Tb^t attle cni^^^ ,onsidered her to
lands: i^okit. 1 ^°^^^;: ".IV'f^^^
^oX. tH: S^n rnTe ptrn ofUe town was a terrible robber.
was
a
wise
king
■i
72
J-IA'GLISH GE.IMMAB A^D ANALYSIS.
n mnst haxt t.«en my pen. God ia lovo. Aliab wan IdnR of
Ismcl. She will l,e a blo.sing to yon. Trno lovo is a l.nmble,
. _^-bom thing That poet wns an empty rhymer. Thou has
leit this matter to me. The grain growing in our fiekl was wh a
Befoio U.S lay an avenue. It was a line sunny mornin-. I midit
It was a terrible moment of suspense. They fixed on me to be
chairman, t. ,, ^ ^^^^^^ ^^ j^^^.^^^^ J me o be
houseUeper. Groups of officers were spectator? of tlie s en
The murder was no deed of a few minutes. Will you sell me
your farm ? The soldier might have been an enemy. ^ TheVesTe
commg m sight must be a barque. That old relic oud t to b^
L'Sof lS"l o'^l?; ""'"^^ 'r'''^^.^^^^^^'-^ Icat^fTbsenc: oi
account of his health, will return in six months. Led by their
Bpinted queen, they made a successful retreat. Was it I ? ^We
they sailors? Send him to be a lawyer's clerk. Hiswhoirile
has been a blunder. Is this hers ? Richard 's himself
160. Sometimes tlie adjectivo qualifying? the noun
or pronoun IS not placed before, but after it, with
some part of the verb To JSe.
Ex.— The horse was strong,
a dist. adj., qual. horse. (Rule IV.)
^ '(S I) ^''''" ^'''^*' '^''''■' '''''"• ^'^ ^''^J- *° ^'^''
' d Ls?^^ j:^.f ^' '''''" -^^-^ p-*' -^-^ ^^.
an adj., qual. horse. (Rule IV.)
ExercisG 73.
The boy was good. Her house is comfortable Tbfl oh^iv ic.
new. The weather is fine. The sun's heut gre;t The Zo
Eion was tremendous. My mother was Kovvr TJ.n n ^ .
Scots was beautiful. The attendance will rVmaTl ' fcl ^1
lappy _ I shall be happy to see you. E?ery g rf sliouW L
mdustnous Our neighbour is a doctor. Her griS is S I?
imist bedifticult. Your exercise might have been better ^'vnl
ummci ot that j...r., Tho moon was higli in a £.;reno sky.
The
horse
^a'j
strong
NOUNS IN A1'?03TTI0N.
73
Multitudes were busy in the pursuit of bubbles. He was to the
Iftst hour the darling of the army. He was, through all hia
ticissitudes, the same stern, impatient, inflexible original. The
safest study for kings is tlie interest of their people. Washington
was untainted with the crime of blood. Ilis advice might be
valuable to you. I should have been consulted. She was affec-
tionate. A loyal subject is a benefit to society. A subject loyal
to bis sovereign is a benefit to society. A boy careful of his book
deserves credit. A servant faithful in all his duties should bo
encouraged. It would be difficult to find a soldier braver in
I battle. This house is mine. Did you buy yours ? I myself am
.Uppy. They themselves must bear the burden. Secure me a
j ticket. You are like (to) him. That conduct is unlike you
Behave like a gentleman. He is not a manager lilie lois father.
Tiie soldier acted like a hero.
\^
to vns. ■
John
ind., agr. 1
the
1
coachman
1
brings
chair 19 ■
news
NOIJNS IN APPOSITION.
161. Syntax. — Rule XI. — Wlien two or more nouns
come together, signifying the same thing, they agree
m case.
Ex. — John, the coachman, brings news.
a noun, Srd pers., sing., masc, nom. or subj. to brings.
(Rule I.)
a dist. adj., qual. coachman. (Rule IV.)
a noun. Srd pers., sing., masc, nom., tho same as
John. (Rule XI.)
a trans, verb, Srd pers., sing., pres., ind., (act.), agr.
..Ill Jnhn. (Rule II.)
a nonn, Srd pers., sing., neith., obj. by brings. (Rule
III.)
Exercise 74.
George, tlie king, formed a new ministry. The steamship
{China sailed from England to America. The city Edinburgh is
Bituated beside the Forth. Mocha, a place in Arabia, supplies
good coffee. Smith the lawyer wrote the will. Tlie Amazon, a
[river in South America, has nur.-«erons large tributaries. Saturn,
|a god of the old Roman people, gave name to Saturday. The
jcity London is the largest town in Europe. Roberis, an expe-
jriencc<l detective, was engaged in the pursuit. He admir3a
ICbauccr the poet. Tho soTereign invited Turner the painteti
74
ENOLTSn OEAMMAR AND ANALTSI8.
*ia !■
-Ml
TT. Mv^i\ in BosLon a city in the United States. Livingstonft
ho ortor. Victoria the queen made a proclamation Ban.
noclS, the scene of Brace's victory, is m the founty of Stir-
Unf \V lliam the Conqueror defeated Kng Harold at Hafltmgs
You miS^^ selected the writings of riouthey the poet. JTaye
vou rTad tie essay by Macaulay the historian ? Helen's beauty
las tie cause of Troy's destruction. The people made Edward
king. You named him your successor.
163 When two possessive cases are in apposition,
tlic apostroplio is attached only to one of triein, and
underatood to the other.
Exercise 75.
Jones the butcher's house is empty You will ge^^^a^book
at Lon 'mar. . the bookseller's (shop). Brown the mmister s s >
monsave intellectual. Do you intend to purchase Scott tl o
Zelist's poems ? Come to me at Thomson th. hotel-keeper '-
?ooms He resides in Forester's. Give me a letter of mtroduction
[o Shnpson, the leather merchant. This picture is Landseer lie
paintTi^s. Oar good horse Dobbin will draw us to the foot of
the hill.
163. Sometimes an adject' je is used as if it were a
noun In that case the noun is understood ; as, ilio
good are happy; that is, The good i?mws are happy.
" Exercise 76.
The ^rcat must die. All will be admitted. The just shall liv5
by faitl^ Some crept in dead men's sbdls Few are clu);^.^
Sever-d came to see the spot. Blessed are the nicrciful. 1 ho
Lad shall rise. He is in the land of the living This must o
he wav That is your opinion. The poor ye have gathered o
you. Many have been disappointed The wise are governed b
their reason. The former will be preferred. This is the shortest.
tIS English are great t.-aders. One will do. Both can come
All sliould have been explained in a satisfactory manner. Una
remains to be done None will dwell nijthat cotUge. Each
qbali brin^ two good peus witu iuin. xcw ^m.n ^aii. ,■■—-
have al^seited that. He publishe I it to many The gmlty ong
to be punished. The noble are to be admired. Give my respecw
to all. His is wanted. Can you lend him a pen ?
Ar>TEBB8.
76
ANALYTICAL LESSON XVI.
164. I... *'Ha 'sentences in J:xGrci^^e9 70, 71, 72, and
1 73, where tl: ; verb To Pd 1ms a noun or adjcctiv j
after it, thr' ')un or ac^.jective is joined Arith tlio verb
to form tab predicate. ... « m,
Ex. -1. Peter is a farmer m America. 2. ihe
scenery on tlio river was beantiful. 3. Philip tlie
tailor is lazy at >is work. 4. The good are bappy.
Completion I Extmfilonof
Subject.
Predicate.
1. Peter
2. The scenery (suhj.)
on the river [en-
larcjcment ofsuhj.)
8. Philip tbo tftilor
4, The good
is a farnier
was beautiful.
is lazy
are happy.
of Vml.
rml.
in America
(iplace).
at hi" ■work
(2. .xe).
(Vnalyzo Exercises 72, 73, 74, 75, 7G.
ADVEEBS.
165. Tbo word wbicb tells tbe quality of a noun
has been called an adjective. Tbe word which tells
the quality of a verb, or modifies its meaning, is called
an Adverb. It expresses the cause, time, place, or
maimer of the action implied by the verb.
Ex.— She vrritea well.
How cloes she wiite ? Well.
It is the writing that is well.
But lorites is a verb ; hence icell is an artverb.
166. Syntax.— Rule XII.— Adverbs modify verbs.
She a Bim. pers. pron., 3rd pera., ning., fern., nom. or subj. to
wntcs. (Rule I.) ^ .„, , , ^ __. -.t,
writea a trans, verb, 3rd pers., sing., pres., iuci., ^act.;, ugr. wii-a
she. (Rule II.) ^ .
' well an adverb of manner, modifying writes. (Rulo Xll.)
iirii
76
EifGLISU GRAMMAE AND AN-ALTSIB.
;*■■ 'r f-
Exercise 77.
They listerx.* They listen attentively. The girl ^ews. Th«
eirl sews neatly. The rain poured. The rain ponved incessantly,
My new lamp burns brightly. The farmer's extensive fields pro-
duco abundantly. They sang swec%. Y^ait patiently. Their masj
ter loves to read aloud. You will admit. You will readily adm; t.
Yon will readily admit the fact. The boat moved slowly. Tnej
succeed. They always succeed. They never succeed. They some-
time? succeed. They generally succeed. He sleeps not. Ibe
chairman then erolie. He now spoke. He spoke pitlnly. Oui
auest then departed. That stranger came hither. Read together.
Tlie clergyman only prayed. Come here. Stand still. He has
been omitted. He has been already omitted. He has not been
omitted. Yoi- are where ?+ Where are you ? You are how ? How
are \ ou' Why speak you ? You seldom see her. The parson g
house stands among the trees. The parson's house stands snugly
amon<^ the tree.g. The vessel has been sailing slowly under steam,
for two hours. I hardly think it. The cashier is easily offended.
Heraupon he replied to the lawyer. Go away. Speak gently to
the unfortunate. His gentle words fell soothingly. They might
easily have been left behind rs. He now prepared to speak.
The concert can proceed. The concert can not proceed. The
concert cannot proceed. Ye may trace my step o'er the waking
earth, by the primrose stars in tl^- shadoAvy grass. The gmdes
looked eagerly around them lou can doubtless remember the
circumstance. Each man of us must go for^Yard. The vine bUII
clings to the mouldering wall. Ill fared it then with Rodcrici!
Dhu. The birds' feathers were found everywhere. We rardy
hear that word in our time. The news [sing.) has just arnvcd.
Always remember your duty. Try to live honestly. Never foar.
He did indeed. How are yon? How do you do? When shall
I Bee you? The shareholders' fine steamer was completely
rrecked off the coast of Newfoundland, on the tenth day of May,
1847. He wc^s born on the 6th July, 183G. Tiiere came an eve
of festal hoars. The place is little changed. I'll not forget old
Ireland. I will come to you anon. It is twice blessed. You
are the man. Am I wrong? Send me your portrait. I will
give him a good situation. She was- much disappointed, ^ow
is the time. Run quickly. Did you get the books ? _ Yes.
you go now? No. Has your father got a situation?
Have you ? No. Let me send you a volume.
167. Some words, wliicli are prepositions in gome
positions, perform tlie oiHccs of adverbs in others.
* See No. 81. + See No. 214.
Can
Yes.
ADVEEB3.
77
When they are adverbs, they can generally be mov^d fr^m °nfl
mvt of the sentence to another, without destroynig the Bensc.
^Vhen tl ey a e prepositions, they cannot be so '^oved Ex.-
Ti^y pulled doivl the house. They pulled the house down.
Exercise 78.
qhP climbed up. You must stand out. He can come along.
She clinibea up. X ^.^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^
d.Cbridi^ m^^^^ the vale the village bolls ring ro^nid^
r?rl cut the wood through. She came on. She came on with a
:% f .!^t7. On she came wHh a cloud of canvas. Both the
cloud of '^'11'''' ^'l'^^^^^ Then rose from sea to sky the
""Z fX;^' Thy omvird way leads up. Tby onward way^leads
SoSsoon^Trshalf music swell the breeze. Put on
^^J^ 4^ Thus -4t^^s^j^j:s^
Z-T^^. ar-n^Hr^^^ Bend yours
in Bring mine out. I will despatch hers on.
168 The word wliicli modifies the meaning of an
.uljective or otJier adverb is also called an Adverb; as,
Much water. Too much water.
Exercise 79.
Th(^ voluntoor made a good shot. The volunteer made a very
,oIlUo^ S^oToy eat^ much beef, ^ho boy oa^ too m^^^
preen appearance, tie possesses muio j i . , .•
carpenter has paid more careful attention ^o my "^^^m t^o
Y.ir grandfather related a .nost remarkable stoi). The chei b
sh.)wc.l an exceedingly brilliant hght. ^ake th east foulty p c
ture. The magistrate received our rrejiaen w th a mos heai y
welcome The never cGasin- pain was forgotten, kelson lou^i^
^^^^''°'^®* ,„, Jl L+iip \Ve cive a quite decided opinion. He
an ever memoroble battle. v\ ej^ivu " 4 ^ ^^ fripud is
is the man for the situation. You are very k ml ^"[^^^^^V^^^
a )uOst enterprising fellow. The once beauti ul foim is mouM
••nc in the dust. The merchant may embavk m a ceitai ly
; Lune^ve Strpnse. Yours is the much nicer pattern i^
mintcr has completed an almost perfect work o. ait. Y'^^ ^uU^
amy have brouglit up a positively ^'^^^^ '^^^''^^'1^^;,
Ke p back. The truly virtuous man may ^^ «;;";• ^^^
numerous list could have been got uj;. A most ^^^e '^i^ J^^^^^^^
vvouxd ccrtamlv have been nuxde m that n\^^i^^iHn-.^ ^J hat s^ij^^^^^^^^
Teryline. His sermon was too ioug. luo aiu.. .euai>.„ th«
'(
If ■ '
78
ENGLISH GEAMM'AE AND ANALTSia.
II I
' very best light to take the picture properly. Take her np ten-
derly. A house largo enono-h (enough large) could not be got. I
This apple is not so good.' She might have been as happy. |
Yours will do. She herself must N/rite mine.
The birds sing sweetly. The birds sing very sweetly. Our I
sister died happily. Our sister died so happily. It can be done
well. It can be done as well. The train will take you as soon. |
The bereaved mother talked so cheerily. You read too quickly.
It fell almost immediately. The ambassador departed quite I
suddenly. Tlie boy is allowed to spend his time too idly, .he
course of lectures has be?n most spiritedly carried out. All eyes
were very soon turned m breathless suspense upon the scene.
The evidence impressed him too deeply to be soon forgotten.
Few words were spoken. Very few words were spoken. So very
few words were spoken. A very old stone coffin was quite recently
found in a field on a gentleman's eatate. It must be so. Come
here to me. The stars may fade away. Sheathe your dagger.
Eternal summer gilds them yet. You have the Pyrrhic dance as
yet. Forth went they from 'their fatherland. Onward in hasto
Llewellyn passed. On went Gelert too. Yonder is a little drum
hanging on the wall. We made it run. You yourself bade him
come. Having heard so little, I cannot judge. Having been sent
on important business, he was unable to stay very long. So it
was for many a day. I die here. Hero I die. They go on. On
they go. So you say. Down cnmo the blow. There you aro.
By the father's hand here shall the child bo proudly led. I will
not bear that still, cold look. Thus far into the bowcla of the land
liave we marched on without impediment. Bring mo my stecfl.
Theirs can wait. Save yourself. A foe is there. There is a foe
among you. There he comes.
Syntax. — Eule XII. — Advcrbg modify verbs, ad-
jectiyes, and otlier adverbs.
Subject.
ANALYTICAL LESSON XVII.
169. Ex.— 1. Sho spoke clearly. 2. I will certainly
come. 3. Speak out. 4<. AVliere aro you ? 5. He
yometimeH stumbled. G. He bou'i^lit a very fine
piano. 7. You are too kind. 8. XJp rose tbe lark
into the sky to sing its morning song.
1. She
2.1
3.You(wrid
4. You
5. He
6. Ho
7. You
8. The larli
Analy:
170. C
plu'ases,
171.
K
fl
■|
h.y-X
K
ai.ti
m
cliO'jri'al
m
iire
W-
(DUX.>M
l.Mw ^0
ocauLiftU
their ton
'ill
Subject.
1. She
2.1
d.YoM {underst.
4. You
5. He
G. Ho
7. You
8. The lark
CONJUNCTIONS.
Predicate.
Comp. of Fred.
Bpolio
will come
speak
arc where
stuinhled
bought
are too kincl.
rose
a very line piano.
Analyze Exercises 77, 78, 79.
79
Exten.
of Fred.
clearly
(manner).
certainly
(manner).
out (manner).
sometimes
[time).
up (manner) y
into the sky
(place), ^
to sing its
morning song
1 (cause).
CONJUNCTIONS.
170. Conjimctions are worda that coBnect TV'ords,
plirasea, and sentences : Syntax.— Enle .ail.
A CONJUNCTIONS JOINING WORDS.
171. 1.' Conjimctions join together Adjectives.
Ex.— A bright and cheerful firo burns.
A 1 a .list, adj., qual. fire. (Rule IV.)
ournB an MmJs"\'erb, iirdpers., sin-., prcs.. ind., (..:'^}, agr.
I viiih/ire. (Kulo 11.)
Exercise 80.
■1 - .ft and warm f.t.r co-.red thn hands. Ti'.c 1-illiant and
. ^"r/l^^'^^^'V^^ . .i;.,., \ i) and broad river separates
t'^eir territories. A black or blu« . - wi '1 Bin. uim. Vim au«
80
EKOLISn GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS.
good men made the la^vs. The sour and unripe fruit mjured tlie
children. The large and spacious hall can bo made to hold 2O0
guests. Our civil and religious liberties were won together, h
close and bitter contest took place for the office. The clever bui
unfortunate engineer gave many ideas for the better construction
of steam vcss ?ls. A silent yet certain monitor warns him of his
errors. A rich though ungenerous neighbour refused help,
Hard or soft water will do. He preached a pithy and eloquent
sermon. A good and true son was he. The statesman delivered
a long and serious advice. You might purchase a strong ye>,
elegant table. The company then partook of a rich and sump
tnous banquet. A strange yet forcible example was chosen bv
the shrewd and cautious lawyer. The dangers may be easih'
averted by immediate and decided action. These tales are not
fitted for so spirited boys. He found one new and very interest-
ing kind of insect. Their mansion occupies a most delightful and
healthy position above the lake. The grand, rugged, and tower-
ing peaks are finely shown against the blue and cloudless sky.
Bo very little time was given to complete the heavy and costly
embankment. He is the person. You must be far too eager.
Such a black and watery sky overhung the ship during the most
frightful and critical part of the voyage. You were first and fore-
most. The potatoes were small and bad. They should bo
sweeter and dearer. By ">ng and mighty hand ye shall be
led out. Your father is -es ectable and honest man. Yours
was admired. They wat* ,. ■- - buy mine.
173. 3.
uouns.
174. Sji
loined to<
jective, a]
I
172. 2. Conjunctions connect adrerbs
Exercise 81.
The letter was written neatly and correctly. He gave his
opinion shortly and pithily. You drew our plans quickly yet
well. She performed the duty so wcil. She performed the duty
as well. She performed the duty as* well as willingly. _ We laid
him down slowly and sadly. Slowly and sadly we laid him down,
She gave her opinion quite distinctly. She gnve her opinion as
distinctly. She gave her opinion as distinctly as delicately. Yen
will come as soon. Look in now and then. They might have
been blown by the wind hither and thither. Meet your diflicultics
boldly and honestly. The leaves liad been scattered here and
there. The historian was a vivacious and talkative man. Jt
returned again and again. They were entering upon the days
p.jdtin'^ work cautiously and skilfully. That bright and happ?
creature received us warmly and cheerfully. J-ot mo do thi-i.
The innocent were immediately dismissed. Watch yourself.
e Sec No. 2-iO.
81
COlTJTJNCTIOlfrS.
173. 3. CoBJunctions join together nouns and pro-
uouns.
ri%— YXrS7«.. Boo. U Ob-
jective, and so is slate.
^""'"tlif We might have invited
The dishes contain vrater '^^^^^"'•r The girl paid three
Jle and aunt. Bring pens and P^^^^^^ J^ ,,a
shillings and sixpence J was mten^^^^^^^ ^^^ clay and hour
^;^i e Tmutt gathe^ flowers and b^^^^^^ ^,, ^ale.
'blossoms and the leaves .^'ll'^^ZZlrnle.. Let blessmgs
The summer air blows ou the grass an ^ thought of you
be on hia kindly vmce and on^l^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^.^een the sun
and sister dear. Jhe eartli somei ^^^ grassy plots. I
and the moon. The brook Btea^« hy iaw ^^^ ^^^^ ^
Baw an army and a navy. I awjn a^ J ^1^^^ ^^ , ^
navy upon the sea. ihe cmeiia ^g nor worth, action,
Msplaid. I have ^e ther (adJ.)^^^t^ no woi ,^ ^^^^^,^ ^
nor utterance, nor ^hc po^r of speccu ^^ ^^ bivnand you.
plight mh)e honour, oath, and ^oid^ u -^ ^^^^^^ ^^.^ ^.egin
She did not visit you or me It is you ^^^^ the harvest
business with such a man as a partoei. ^^^^J^^^^^^ for you
moon. Have you seen ouis?ihie^^ ^^^^ short were th r
Mark his wan and hollow cheeKS. ^^^^^^ ^ Gn«
„5. When the -b^ect'« formed of t.vo or^njore
r-he pCr: C» -h.ei will then dc
uoue more tlian one.
, ^TT rr^o or more nonns or
p.JLnffl;7n^^^e. Joined together by ««4
lenuire a verb in the plural.
ENGLISH aSAMMAB AND ANALTBIS.
Ex.— The father and son gained the prize,
a noun, 3rd pars., Binp;., masc, nom. or subj., part of
Bwh}. to gained. (Rule I.) vttt \
a conjunction joining father and son. (Rule XIII.)
a noun, 3rd pers., sing., masc, nom. or Bubj., part of
subj. to gained. (Rule I.)
a trans, verb, Brd pers., plu. {whij?), past, ind., (act.),
agr. with " father and son.'' (Rules II., XV.)
a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., obj. by gained. (Rulo
III.)
Exercise 83.
Fire and smoke enveloped the city. Robert and Tom went to
fish in the lake. Time and tide wait for no man. The old and
62
Father
and
son
gainerl
prize
X'.X-
dying man whispered faintly and feebly. Hope and fear axt
nately swayed her breast. He and she were lately married.^ The
clergyman and his daughter returned from the Continent in tiia
beginning of August. Edinburgh and Glasgow are the largest
cities in Scotland.' Sugar, tea, and coffee, are sold in very large
quantities by that grocer. Interest and ambition urged tlio
student on. He always prefers a plain but substantial dinner.
A table and two chairs occupied the centre of the apartment.
The frosts and rains injured the crops. The frosts of spring and
the heavy rains of summer injured this year's crops. The severe
frosts of the late spring and the heavy rains of summer injured
this year's crops. The very severe frost of the late spring and
the so heavy rains of summer injured this year's crops. The
immense crowd and the ceaseless noise have quite overpowered
the timid stranger. The cowslip and the crowfoot are over all
the hill. The woods and wilds accord with Ids soul's sadnes;^.
The children had power. The children of darkness and evil hmi
power. You and your friend can seat yom-solves comfortably in
that corner. Standing on this spot I can see town and country.
Alarmed by the explosion, the women and children rushed out of
the house screaming and woepirg. They saw him move stealthily
along. The brave deserve the fair. My death and life, my banr-
and antidote, are both before me.
177. Syntax.— -Rule XVI.-— When tlie eubject is
miulo up of two or more singular rxouns joined by or
or iio?\ tlie verb is singular.
Only one of the nouns is supposed to be subject. Wlien tlio
subjects are pronouns of different persons, the verb agrees with
the first person rather than with tiie second, and with the second
rather than with the third.
CONJUNCTIONS.
83
., part of
an.)
., part of
Exercises*. .,,„, eimikor
l-l-S Correct tV.o following sentences :-
lost on the InU . ™f pcter'H the tailor's. How cM y ^^^ ^^^
Brin- my clones tim deceived yon The 8°^^^ ^^^^,^,
KobertB pencil? ^^^ "^^.^ Mm t» repeat his '^csson. x ^^
■\Vlien tliG
fjrocB with
,lie secoucl
AJNAUii J „„merou3 audience
1,9.B,._1. An attentYe and mmero^ ^.^ ^
coietely filled *« l^v^ 2^^U ^^, , p and a
-ti^fi S-pautry. 4. Sour>^„ -f.:rai:r
^"':!H-n- not fouAd together.
„t;ii pnrrv our message
will carry uu ,, ^^6 s^o. 24i.
rGeo^georaraUam
o 3
8^
ENGLISH GBAMMAE AND ANALYSIS.
Subject.
Fred.
1. An attentive and ; filled
numerous audience
2.
3.
He
Sarah
does
brought
4. Sound and sense are found
5.
George or
Graham
will carry
Cum]), of
Fred.
Exten. of Fred.
the hall
his \7ork
a cup and a
saucer
our message
completely {manner).
smartly and well
{manner).
from the pantry
{place).
sometimes {time) not
together {manner).
Analyze Exercises 80, 81, 82, 83, 84i.
B. CONJUNCTIOKS JOINING SENTENCES.
180. A verb is called Finite wlien it lias time,
number, and person.
The Indicative and Imperative (and Potential and
Subjunctive) are the Finite Moods.
181. A gentence is called smxAe wliicli contains
only one finite verb.
Eor every faiile verb, tberefore, there must be one
smiple sentence.
Conjunctions join simple sentences togetlier.
Eacii simple sentence is parsed as if it stood by
itself.
Ex.— (Peter departed) and (James took his place).
Here there are two finite verhs, departed and took.
Hence there must bo two simple sentences : — 1st, Peter
departed ; 2nd, James took his place. These are joined together
by the conjunction and.
182. Note.— The pupils should point out the finite verb J an(J
Bimple sentences yi)'«f, before parsing.
Exercise 86.
(The king died) a,nd (the queen succeeded). (Tlio wind blew)
and (the waves roared). (The master gave directions) anJ (the
fervant obeyed them). (She asked a question) and (she ^ )\ an
answer).
(The frien
The clerk
coachman
liim with (
nicate wit
passes aw
completed
rectly beg
The hunt(
I may mi
Tell yom
your was
known in
Business
go to sol:
tor can \
quickly c
complet(
The hor
is good
gravely
it. (I^
might 1
the nigl
the sky
183
undei
conju
CONJUNCTlONa.
85
au.w). (Tho train tnovcA ^^^^IT^r!^^^
(The friendship coiitinuc(l), hut Uio c o ^^^^^ tj^q
Srhe clerk ^vrote another 1^^^^[' .^^^'/i , Si return. You charge
coachman ^vill go to tl^° ;^^f ^ ' ^^ (Your father ^viU comnm-
Idm Nvith dishonesty, but he dcmc3 it. {^o ^^^^^ ^,^^
nicate with us) Wam*i^e reaches ^^'^ ^^7" ' r^^^ deliberately
?ass e's Tway) -^^i^-^frMtt^aB fS have been incor-
completed l^is work) although it ^asi ^^^^^^^^ .^st).
ectlybegun). (We ^f.t^^"\^tXnttUorningligbt appears
The hunters have agreed to set out wnen instructions.
I may make a mistake although you ^^^'^^ gell some of
Ten your fault honestly, and I ^^J Jj-^^^ i Mend cannot be
your waste ground and buy that pi o^^^^^^^^^ ^ .^^^^^^^ ^^ ,,^,erBity
known in prosperity, and an «^^«^yj^";;°;eetens rest. (Jane will
Business sweetens pleasure ^^ X.; will permit her). (The por-
i^ot^ school as soon) as (If ^^^^f/ 'f^jZr. bring it). Bun as
tor can bring your ^?f ^SthUele wb to me as soon as he had
quickly as you can. He m ght tel raju ^^^^^ ^^, ,^,,ea .
completed the bargain. /^J^.^l'^^ile butter is scarce, but it
The house may remain ^l^^re it is. ii ^^^^^^ person.
is cood. You may be forgiven p^^t ^^vl ^^
understood, m one oi
conjunction. ^^^,,5,, 87. .^„,
died), and (wns bmaed). (f^o "■" Y 'i^^t (I would not). (I v-a^
%l\nt (Ml). (I ^vayske1 o go ,^ J disan-omtod at tat ,
asked to eo).b"'/l™''lr'';Tle island onght to 1>0 «f l'^;,^^
Iti^' a.Tea'l SSavly noticed one >-"« JX "o s;:..
tfe to'^bu 'inteJsting .to'^^^S Th^c""^* l^" ^"T ''1
to mo till I l.ad «alk«^ "P *" %Sie3t hod been put aside and
«— /a; s^oJly .-i;y/^\-Sn.o^°S^.iai.. (^,
86 ENOLisn qeammah asb analysis.
.„clo«nt to bis bureau), (P"V' l^lTcite bc/borrl.^*
ci s'. .is S-Si^SS'- "-
'Was a vacant wildness m nis e>es. m
to forgive, l^ecause he kno;vB the true vahio of time.
The abbot rose and closed his book,
And donned his sandal shoon,
And wandered forth alone to look
Upon the summer moon.
ThA riftM winds Bi<-h, the breakers roa and shrieks the wild
Jeam^J? WlS dos ^hou weep and wail v Dost thou dread the
billows' "ra^e or tremble at the gale ? Marvel not tha I am sor-
rowful in m'nd. Our ship is B^^ft and strong. My father blessed
mrferv "nSy yet did not much complain. Sorely will my mother
dgh tm I cime back again. Dost thou dread a French foeman,
ni. shiver at the cale? My spouse and boys dwell near thy hall
lnrth?bordeiiu- lake. The tombs and the hollow pavement
rmf w Ui a son dinrtl-ill of dread ; and the holy chaunt w^s
husLrawhilo as, by 'the torches' flame, a gleam of -ns up the
sweeping aisle with a mail-clad leader came. Ho s ooped and
kissed he frozen check and the hand of lifeless clay, till bursting
words gave to his soul's passion way. If she has deceived us, she
is very ungrateful. When you are ready, speak.
When ^the summer harvest was gathered in) ;
And (the sheaf of the gleaner grew white and thm) ;
And (the ploughshare was in its furrow left).
Where (the stubble land had been lately cleft) ;
(An Indian hunter, with unstrung bow, , _ , .
Looked down) where (the valley lay stretched below).
It sometimes happens that the unsuspicious herd keep the ground
tmtrinclian his emptied his quiver. This is not an evory-day
matter, and can only be accomplished when the buiialoes aio m a
state of comparative rest.
Then the hunter turned away from tbat scene,
Where the home of his fathers once had been ;
And heard, by the distant and measured stroke,
That the woodman hewed down the giant oak;
And burning thoughts flashed over his mind.
Of the white man's faith and love unkind.
As I do live by food, I rhet a fool. Here will we sit and let the
sounds of music creep in our ears. I did no. thmii to siicci a
tear in all my misery ; but thou hast forced me, out of thy honest
truth, to play the woman. Speak the speech, as I pronounced it
COMPLEX A^B COMPOUND SENTENCES.
87
. r.. Soxmd drums and tmmpotfl
uear bis v?ar steed Blam., lay a^ ^ ^ ^^ ^i^-^e^
And there lay tbo «teed w th Ins nos ^^^^ ^^ ^^.^ ^^.^^^^
But through it there ^^^^^'^'"''''^^^^ j,, i, oii.g. I B^all
, ao not kno. *-^^^^^:;raU ut^^^^^^^^ calls. You ^^ll hear
the sound, ^'Uen oft at evemn. ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^,y ^e happy,
murmur rose, bivino* "° fa
ANALYTICAL LESSON XIX
COMPLEX AND COMPOTJND SENTENCES. _
185. EacKof the«.mple «onteBce^_^^ ^j
large one is called a Clause^ i ^^j. ^^j^,^i^ the
t±:ettrranK >-- ^^'^^^^ "^"
about that subject. principal
Principal Clause • • /^^g^^ x have more time.
Suhordimte Clause . • ^
They are joined together hy .Un.
1R7 A Complex Sentence contains one pr f
elaui witl. all tbe rc.t ^f^^:;^^ ^^, ,,,eeahle.
_He ^vill leave ^vhen I return, ii^y ^.^^ ^^^^.^
Kx.-
rrincival Chime
2n(i SuborcJiriafe Clause .
He will leave
(when) I return
(if) you are agreeaWe..
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88 ENGIISn GEAMMAB JLNB AlfALTSIS.
188. A Componnd Sentence contains two or more
principal clauses cf equal value.
Ex -The wind blew fiercely, and the rain poured in torrents.
llY^incipalCiame . The wind blew fiercely
2nd Principal Clause . (and) the rain poured in torrents.
H.??ii^ ""^^ *^® principal and subordinate clauses in
th^eJoUowmg sentences, according to the examples
fo"^n"~^ ^^? "^^^ '^^^ ^® ^^^^^ ^^ere tliey ought
IXA all? *^"^ ~- '' ^^^ S— [risled
rr. , - Kind
Kind of Clause.
Glauses.
(«)
1. The men shall be
found
(6)
where they ought to be
(c)
when the time comes
(a)
2. Our general risked all
and lost all |Piincipal Clause
Principal Clause to b, c
Subordinate Clause to a
Subordinate Clause to a
Principal Clause
of Sentence.
•Complex
-Compound
Exercise 88.
whei^' fi:?/ Them ""yoT' '1 ^'^^ ^■}'^'' ^ ^^^«^ *^^ ^^ooks
^sZ^^SS^^ TcSto^Z
expect BK a letter If T 1,0 j*i ulS '"""S'lt that you were
letter, I wouM toe 4Jtte* mS i,*'/? were expoeling a
the flower-bed., he'waTal te^d to^yo"r ^ft^tr u\''l''"1
ftre ready,
etill lives
gains. T
tJ^ere. It
dbthed as:
soul will J
I will test
report mu
QaeenstoY
when the
owners*
189. "^
in a sem
each oth
190. 1
nate wit
or where
191. li
place, ca
it is calle
wJien you
Point <
193. E3
morn were
2. The f
And t
ai
That
3. We r
unless we \
Athenians.
CO-OEDINATE CLAUSES.
89
ftre ready, if our miudsbe so. Clarenco still breathes, — Edward
Btill lives and reigns ; when they are gone, then must I count my
gains. The beat of the drum and the clash of the battle were
tJ^ere. Its brazen studs and tough bull-hide had death bo often
d&fthed aside. There is no creature loves me, and if I die, no
soul will pity me. Being satisfied with your honesty and ability,
I will testify to them when I am called upon to do so. The
report must have been true, that the vessel left this port, reached
Queenstown in safety, but had not been heard of at New York
when the last news left ; for I was told so by the clerk to the
owners. We look before and after. And this is in the night 1
ANALYTICAL LESSON XX.
189. When there are two or more principal clansea
in a sentence, they are said to be Co-ordinate with
each other.
190. Two suhordinate clau!?es may also be co-ordi-
nate with each other ; as, I know not jJien he died,
or where he lived.
191. If the subordinate clause tells the time,
place, cause, condition, etc., of the principal cLauso,
it is called an Adverbial Clause; as, We shall see you
when you come. P' ,ce this book where you found it.
Point out the Adverbial Clauses in Exercises 87, 88.
193. Ex. — 1. The night is past, and shines the sun as if that
morn were a jocand one.
2. The forests, with their myriad tongues, shouted of liberty;
And the blast of the desert cried aloud, with a voice so wild
and free,
That he started in his sleep and smiled at their tempestuous
glee.
8. "We may well be assured that notliing good can happen,
unless we give due attention to our afairs, and act as becomes
Athenians.
90
ENGLISH GHAMMAE AND AI^'ALTSIS.
Clausea,
Compound Sentynce.
(a)
The night is past
and sliincs the sun
(c)
as if that mora were
a jocund one.
Compound Sentence,
(a)
The forests, with their
myriad tongues, shouted
of liberty
(6)
And the blast of the
desert cried aloud, with
a voice so wild and free
(c)
That he started in his
sleep
(d)
and smileo at their
tempestuous glee.
3
Complex Sentence.
(a)
Wo may well be assured
that nothing good can
happen
Kind of Clause.
Prin. Cl.,co-ord.
with b.
Prin. 01. tv^ c,
co-ord. Avitli a,
Subord. CI. to ft,
{adverbial cl.)
Pi-in. CI., co-ord.
with &.
Subject.
Thoniglit
(and)the sun
(as if) that
morn
The forests
Fred.
Comp,
of Prerl.
Sxten,
of Pred.l
Pi-in.Cl. to c and' (and) the
d, oo-ord.with a. blast of the
desert
Subord. CI. to b,
co-oi'd. with d.
(adverbial cl.)
Subord. Cl. to b,
co-ord. with c.
(adv. cl.)
cried
(that) he started
is past
shines
wore a
jocund
one.
shouted
of
liberty
(indir.
obj.)
unless we give duo
uttention to our affairs,
(d)
and act
(^>
ae Decomcs Athenians
Prin. Cl to u.
Subord. Cl. to a.
Suboi'd. Cl. to h.
(adv. cl.)
Subord. to b, co-
ord, with c.
(adv. cl.)
Su)>ord. to d.
(adv, cl.)
and
(he under St.
We
(that) no-
thing good
(unless) we
and (wo
underst.)
as (it
underst.)
smiled
may be
iiiisurcd
can
happen
give
act
becomes
at their
tempes-
tuous
glee (in-
dir. obj.)
with tlipi:
myriad
tongiic!<
(manner)
aloud (mm
wer), Avl*:''5
voice sow:!
and free
(manner,
in his slee
(place)
due at-
tention
(du: vhj
to our
affairs
(indir.
obj.)
Athen-
ians,
well
(manner)
Analy
above.
193. g
conjunci
less food
eat). S
Suppl
ing sent
(I will q
profit thar
well as I.
knew such
in nothing
war and ;
him I reni
I render :
than he w<
Bhould be
attain a g
attain a gl
was steppi
from the s
this occasi
I. Great
martial ha
policy. Y
That eloqi
of his cou
be happie'i
brother. 1»
own Lafay
of more tt
me. You
known eor
his trial bi
There's a
sunny laps
made tend
ELLIPTICAL S£17TEKC£S.
91
np.
red.
Exteiru
of rred.i
ir.
■)
olr
PS'
IS
in-
With thcl
myriad
tongues
(manlier)
aloud (mm
ner), Avit''
voice 60 wi
and free
(manner,
in his slee
(place)
well
(:mamier)
t-
1)11
)hj
ir
■s
r.
Analyze Exercises 86, 87, 88, as in the examples
above.
Elliptical Sentences.
193. Sometimea tlie simple sentences joined by
conjunctions are not all quite complete ; as, He eats
less food than I ; that is, (He eats less food) than (I
eat). Such sentences are called Elliptical Sentences.
Supply the ellipses where they occur, in the follow-
ing sentences Jlrst, and then parse.
Exercise 89.
(I will get greater profit) than (you will get). I will get greater
profit than you. (You write as well) as (I write). You write as
well as I. He suffered more pain than his companion. I never
knew such misery as tliia. Human wisdom has been manifested
in nothing more conspicuously, than in civil institutions to repress
war and retaliation among the citizens of the same state. To
him I render more respect than I render mere respect. To him
I render more than mere respect. He would rather have you
than he would have me. He would rather have you than me. I
should be more readily guided by you than him. He expected to
attain a glory as bright as the stars are bright. He expected to
attain a glory as bright as the stars. He was arrested when he
was stepping from the steamer. He was arrested when stepping
from the steamer. He has never shown greater abihty than on
this occasion. He treated him as a brother. You are taller than
I. Great states are compelled to consider the military spirit and
martial habits of their people as one of the main objects of their
policy. Youth cannot be attributed to any man as a reproach.
That eloquence is the ardour of conviction and zeal for the service
of his country. You are more generous than he. Can any one
be happiei than you ? I am quite as much entitled to it as your
brother. No stories are read with more inteicst than those of your
own Lafayette. You will act as secretary. Komance has no tales
of more thrilling interest than theirs. He loves her as much as
me. You praise hers as much as mine. Yes ; that face has
known sorrow and suffering. There is now to be brought upon
his trial before you, a robber of the public treasury, Caius Verres.
There's a beauty for ever unchangingly bright, like the long,
sunny lapse of a summer day's light, shining on, by no shadow
made tender.
I
Ii-'l
92
ENOLISn OEAMMAR AKD ANALTS18.
m
ANALYTICAL LESSON XXI.
194. Analyze Exercise 89 in the following man-
ner : —
Ex.— 1. He endured more hardships than his friend. 2. You
speak as well as I. 3. He will more easily find you than me.
Clauses.
Complex Sentence.
^^>
Ho endured more
hardships
than his friend.
Complex Sentence.
(a)
You epeak as well
(&)
as I.
8
Complex Sentence.
(a)
He •< \\ more easily
Jnd you
(&)
than me.
Kind of Clause.
Prin. CI. to 6.
Subord. CI. to a.
(adv. cl.)
Prin. Cl. to &.
Subord. Cl. to a.
{adv. cl.)
Subject,
Prin. Cl. to &.
Subord. Cl. to a.
{adv. cl.)
He
(than) his
friend
You
(as) I
Pred I ^'^^
He
(than) he
(underst.)
endured
endured
{undst.)
speak
speak
{undst.)
more
hard-
ships
Exten,
of Fred
196. G
on wliicl
you coul
The pe(
person, wii
The Si]
will flntl
will find
(undst.)
you
mo.
as well
(manner)
Sing. 1. (
2. I
Flu.
3. (
1. (
2. (
3. (
more easi
(manner
195. A group of words, making sense, but contain-
ing no finite verb, is called a Phrase.
Ex.— The trees of the forest are bare in winter. Of the forest
and in winter are phrases. They sang very sweetly indeed.
Very sweetly indeed is an adverbial phrase.
Point out the Phrases in Exercises 87, 88, 89.
Sing. 1. (J
2. (.
3. (J
Plu. 1. [1
2. {1
3. {1
For those
of the Subji
so with the
197. So
the Bubju:
go. Othe
mood ; as
subjunctiv
SFBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
98
SUJiJIJNOTIVE MOOD.
196. The Subjunctive Mood expresses the condition
on which something will be done. If I were enqaaed
you could go. ^ J i
The peculiarity of this mood is that it has no inflection for
person, with one exception.
The Subjunctive Mood of verb To Be. (See 150.)
Present Tense, j>ast Tense.
Sing. 1. (If) I be Sinff. 1. (//) I were
2. (If) thou wert or you
were
3. (If) he were
Plu. 1. (If) we be Piu. 1. (//) we were
-^^ W) ye or you be " —
3. (If) they be
etc.
2. (If) thou be or you be
3. (If) he be
2« (-f/) ye or you were
8. (X/* ) they were
etc.
Present Tense.
Sing. 1. (If) I love
2. (//■ ) thou love or you
love
3. (If) he love
P^M. 1. (If) we love
2. (7/) ye or you love
3. (If) they love
Verb 5b Zove (See 140.)
Subjunctive Mood.
Past Tense.
Sing. 1. (J/) I loved
2. (I/) thou loved or you
loved
3. (If) he loved
PZu. 1. (//) we loved
2. (7/) ye or you loved
3. (//) they loved
For those who use the compound tenses, the remaining tenses
ot the Subjunctive correspond with those of the Indicative, and
BO with the Pa°.sive Voice.
197. Sometimes the conjunction is omitted before
the subjunctive mood ; as, Were I engaged, you could
go. Other conjunctions besides if are used with tliia
mood; as, unless, though, although, lest, etc. The
subjunctive is alwajs used in a subordinate sentence.
M
EiraLISH GBAMMAB A.ND ANALTSia.
If
I
were
yon,
etc.
Ex. — If I weru you, I would go,
a conj., joining two sentences. (Rule XIII.)
a sim. pers. pron., 1st pers., sing., eith., nom. or subj. to
loere, (Rule I.)
a sub. or intians. verb, 1st pers., sing., past, subinnc, aer.
with L (Rule II.) ^
a sim. pers. pron., 2nd pers., sing., eith., nom. or subj.
after loere. (Rule X.)
Exercise 90.
It will be sad if it happen. If I were engaged, you could go.
If thou consider rightly of the matter, Csesar had great wrong. I
wiil get up early, if you will call. The merchant will fail, although
his friends do help him. Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty.
Unless he improve, he cannot be allowed to remain. If it were
done, when 'tia done ; then 'twere well it were done qiuckly. Were
you to be aaked that question, how would you reply ? Though
he write, I cannot promise to do a-nything. Unless we work, we
must starve. He must leave his native land lest he die. If he
were there, I should be satisfied. They fasten it with nails and
hammers that it move not. If he repent, forgive him. Though
he were dead, yet shall he live. If this be the law, you are guilty.
Were you the Idng, I would not bend. Were I certain that your
story was reliable, I would leave to-morrow. Were he to state his
reasons, I could not be more able to judge.
Analyze Exercise 90.
THE EELATIYE rRONOUN.
198. The Relative Pronoun introduces a subordi-
nate clause, and partakes of the nature of a con-
junction. It always refers to some word or phrase
going before, called its Co-relative* or Antecedent.
199. The Simple Eelative Pronouns are who, which,
and that, used as nominatives or subjects.
PFho is used when the co-relative is a person or
personified noun.
Which is used when the co-relative is not a person.
(That may be used whatever be the co-relative.
* Also spelt Correlative ; but the word is easily made plain to
pupils by usmg, as aa illustration, tho name of a firm, as, Smith
& Co., Relative & Co.
<iaw
the
man
who
tipoke
(They :
the patier
who was t^
the very
rTicers pu
larmer boi
the only h
duke wcnl
vessel was
the lady wi
Queen's H
book to hit
used to sp(
confi;"med
person tha
return the
her. The
The postm
wood. Sei
of the appl
and dog thf
and slate, t
chain whicl
THE RELATIVE PEONOITN.
95
200. Syntax.-RuleXVII.-TheEolatiyo Pronoun
has the same person, number, and gender as its Co-
relative.
He
Maw
the
man
who
spoke
THE CO-RELATIVE AS OBJECT.
Ex. — He saw the man who si)oke.
a Sim. pers. pron. 3rd pers., sing., masc, nora. or subj.
to saio. (Rule I.) ''
' SrAr^R^'ioi^Lr- '""■• ''"'• ^^- ^^'■^''^'-
a dist. adj., pointing out man. (Rule IV.)
a noun, 3rd pers., sing., masc, obj. hjsatv. (Rule III.)
a Sim. rel. pron., 3rd pera., sing, (why?), masc. (lohi/?),
nom or subj. to spoke (Rule I.), agr. with its co^
relative man. (Rule XVII.)
an intrans. verb 3rd pers., smg., past, ind. (act.), agr.
mihivho. (Rule II.) « *- ' \ j> b
Exercise 91.
(They love the motlier) (who tended them). (The doctor saw
the patient) (who was dying). The engine Idlled the workman
Who was the only support of a large family. The carriage brought
the very stranger who accompanied us on our voyage. The
oflhcers pursued the Hon which had destroyed the cattle. TJie
armer bought the only horse which was left. The farmer boucht
the only horse that was left. The duke went to the queen. The
duke went to the queen who was staying in the palace. The
vessel was commanded by a captain who had often sailed. Go to
the lady who visits your family. The assembly was held in the
J^ueen s Hotel, which was prepared for the occasion. Give the
book to him who will pay for it. Sorrow has saddened him who
used to speak so cheerily. A courier arrived with a let^jr that
confirmed the king's worst fears. It must hfive been a malicious
person that did it. The captain ^truck the mate, who did not
return the blow. This money is all the fortune which was left to
lier. The busmess will not pay the dividend that was expected,
ihe postman was attacked by some men who issued from the
wood. Send the books that were ordered. You must buy some
of tiie apples which have just come in. He passed the shepherd
and dog that have never since been seen. Our boy bought a book
and slate, which are both lost. My tyrant foes have forged th«
chain which binds me in this dismal cell.
96
ENQLTsn geammah and analysis.
"4:
I ,;.
THE CO-RELATIVE AS SUBJECT OR NOMINATIVE.
201. In the last exercise the Co-relative was always
in the objective. When the Co-relative is in the
nominative, the clause wifch the Relative is generally
in the midst of the other clause.
Exercise 93,
The boy departed. The boy (who spoke) departed. A soldier
(who had returned) has died. Our parents (who love us) deserve
all our regard. The magistrate (who sits on the bench) is not
very young. God, who governs the world, is just and good. The
cavalry (that have been pureuing the Turks on the right hand)
are coming up. The child (that had done so many kind things
for him) was never out of his remembrance. The first nerson
(that moves) shall be shot. You are the person who ought to
have attended to that matter. Peter is the man who is to go.
Men who are engaged in commercial pursuits are generally shrewd.
He who is boldest should march first. If I were in your place, I
would dismiss the servant who is so disagreeable. It was you
who sought the interview, and who are responsible for the results.
I was asking the man who keeps the door, if he knew such a per-
son, but he has never heard the name. I, who am only a work
woman, could not face so many dangers. Thou, who rulest in
heaven, look down on our miseries, and remove them. They who
love vice will suffer by it sooner or later. Gloucester stumbled
and struck me, who sought to stay him, overboard into the tum-
bling billows of the main. Shall I get your order from the mer-
chant who took it ? Unless wo can trace the per^^on who left the
letter, I fear we will not find a better clue than the one whic^ has
been given us ah-eady. Lend him an umbrella.
Complex Scni
ANALYTICAL LES8G_" XXII.
202. Ex. — I bring the boy who wants a situation.
What boy is brought ? The boy who wants a situation.
The clause Who wants a situation tells us about
the boy, and gives a quality by which to distinguish
him from otlier boys, and is consequently a clause
used as an adjective^ or an Adjective^ Clause.
THE BELATIVE PHONOUN.
97
\TIVE.
i alwaya
in the
enerally
A soldier
3) deserve
ill) is not
ood. The
:ht Ijand)
id tliinga
st person
ought to
is to go.
r shrewd,
r place, I
was you
e results,
ch a per*
y a wcpk
rulest in
i'hey who
stumbled
the tum-
tho mer-
3 left the
hie]' has
203. The Eelative Pronoun introduces an Adjective
Claus
box
which was promised,
gentleman who came here and dined is gone.
2. The
Clmises.
Complex Sentence.
(a)
I will Bcnd the box
(6)
thlch was promised
Complex Sentence.
(a)
The geuLieraau is
gone
(b)
who came here
(0
and dined
Rind of Clattse.
Prin. 01. to b.
Subord.CI. to a
{aOJ, cl.)
Prin. Cl. to &
and c.
Subord. Cl. to a,
co-ord. with c
{adj. cl.)
Subord. CI. to a,
co-ord. with b
(adj. cl.)
Suhjedt.
I
which
The
gontlcm
who
(pnJ) who
(iindst.)
Pred,
will
send
«
was pro-
mibcd.
is gone
Comp. ! Extm,
of Fred of Pred,
the box
I
here {plan)
Analyze Exercises 91 and 92.
THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AS OBJECT.
204. Nom. (or suhj.) Who
Ohj. Whom
which
which
that
that
205. Syntax.— Rule XVIII.— The Eelative Pronoun
as Object comes before the verb which governs it j
as, —
The clerk whom you saw is dead ; that is, you saw whom.
Whom I a sim. rel. pron., 3rd pers., sing., ^asc, obj. by saw*
(Rule III. and Rule XVIII.)
I
98
IWOLISH CHAMMAB AND ANALTSTS.
11 '.r
Excrciso 93.
His eldest brother introflucccl the gentlemftn whom yon sair
fycu saw whom). A first-rate situation was obtnined by the book-
keeper whom you.- uncle had dismissed (your uncle had dismissed
whom). Wo called to osk for the child whom the carriage injured
You know the author whom the children most admire. I will cet
the song which he likes best. The landlord could not sell the
house which the owner of the hall wished to puroliaso. You can
buy the number that you want (you want that). It is the worst
case that I have ever decided. You have repeated the blunder
that I pointed out to you yesterday. Yon old chateau (which you
were admiring) has not been occupied for thirty-four years. The
apples which Ibought) are not ripe. The parties, whom we ac
cidentally met m Germany, send tneir compliments to us. He
whom you trusted has cadly deceived you. Go to the men whom
you have injure \ and beg their forgiveness, and I will receive you.
xn ..IS way Mr, Jormyn inwardly appealed against an unjust con-
t'ltl"^ :^hi«'i If old acquaintance might put on certain items
Z ILY?'^' ^^'' f ^f"^'^ irritation, dread, and defiance which
he was feehng towards him in ths middle of the day. depended on
Prepos
206. The Relative is somstimes ffoverned by a
'''^^osition. •'^
Exercise 94.
«ffLTi"i f "^ ,*^^%«c^ant to whom you are attached {vou are
ftttachcd to whom). Bring the friend of whom you spoke I
true and good workman for whom I asked your sympathy. He
beside whom I stand, is the inspector of mines. Let us Worship
the Lord in whom we live, and move, and have our bein,^. The
T^y^ 'll^il f'^ ^T''^ concealed himself is still to be seen.
Tne sheriff before whom they were to appear is the most expe-
had been erected to commemorate the abolition of an unjust law.
The bridge beneath which we arc passing is used for railway puT:
po.es. M ^ey that dwell under his shadow shall return ^ The
waste ot wild sea-moor on which they now dwelt, offered only a
few patches of soil fit for cultivation. The onlv supplies which
nature furnished were the fish which swarmed ii the waterT^d
the salt which encrusted the beds of the lagoons.
See No. 2U.
THE BELATITE PPOKOFN.
r
whose j (none)
which that
THE RELATIVE PxlONOUK AS POSSESSOR.
207. JSfom, (or 4uhj.) Who which | that
1*088. Whose
Olj, Whom
Exercise 93.
Our friend prefers the house whose chimneys you see yonder
(you see whose chimneys yondej). That carriage belongs to thfl
parents whose children piny vith us. I venerate the man whose
heart is warm "^-hose hands are pure. An extensive farmer, wliose
fields you see around, has lost many cattle by the plague which
is BO pre mlent. A very largo oak, whose trunk had withstood
many a f overe gale, was n)iatterr'l by a flash of h'ghtning dui-i.ng
the terridc thanderstorm that lately visited this district. Do you
know the name of t' t large river which flows across South
America into the Atlantic Ocean, and whose waters can be traced
far out to sea? The mountain, from whose siderj the br-^"..: lows,
is only twelve hundred feet in height. The candidate ; i >/i ose
behalf I labour, will be certain to be highest at the poll.
208. As is sometimes used as a Eelative Pronoun,
and wMcli as an Adjective.
209. Sometimes tlie Eelative Pronoun is not ex-
pressed, but understood ; as,
I have the book you sent ; that is, I have the bool<; tchich you
sent.
210. Sometimes the Co-relativo is understood; as,
Who stirs, shall fall ; that is. He who stirs, shall fall.
211. Sometimes the Co-relative is a whole sentence ;
as, —
He has not returned, "vhich is a source of some alarm.
Supply the ellipses, where they occur, in the follow-
ing sentences, and parse : —
Exercise 96.
The letter your father lost cannot be found. Give it to the cni?
you love best. Tell me the tales I delighted to hear long ago. I
II 2
ii
100
ENGLISH GBAMMAB AND ANALYSIS.
hold to you the hands you first beheld. Send the recipe of which
you spoke. Send the recipe that you spoke of. Send the recipe
you spoke of. That is the king we love so well. He must place
me in a hall which is fit for monarchs to dwell in. He must
place me in a hall fit for mouarchs to dwell in. Byron is the
author of the lines he repeated. I forget the words he used.
Are you acquainted with the writings he lectured about? The
watch he had belonged to his father. The sword thou hast was
worn on many a bloody field. Who steals my purse, steals trash.
That banker took with him no money, which shows he had no
intention of leaving the country, as was reported. We are such
stuff as dreams are made on. A man should never be ashamed
to own that he has been in the wrong, which is but saying in
other words that he is wiser to-day than he was yesterday. The
king, who was compelled to dismiss his mmisters, determined to
call to his councils fresh men. The king, compelled to dismiss
his ministers, determined to call to his councils fresh men. There
has been, which may easily be shown, great deception practised.
Who does not work, must starve. I did not learn which book was
lost. For which reason he will do it. 1 do not care who knows
it. The wisest man that ever lived is liable to err. They de-
clared him innocent, which he could not be. The gentleman you
have just seen is the celebrated poet of whom so much has been
said. Those who seek Wisdom will find her. There was there-
fore, which is all that we assart, a course of life pursued by them
different from that which they before led: Who lives to virtue
rarely can be poor. The feat was performed by one of the men,
but by which (man) I cannot say. I may do that I phall be sorry
for. He that committeth sin transgresseth also the law, for sin
is the transgression of the law. ITe spoke as follows. The namea
sre aa follow.
ANALYTICAL LESSON XXIIL
212. Ex. — 1. The lord of the manor brought the
friends vrhom we met to spend Christmas with him.
2. Give the letter to the baker, from whom T shall
receive it as I pass. 3. We have a religion whose
origin is divine. 4. The staff your grandfather used
cannot be found anywhere.
TllE liELATIVE PltOJJfOUN.
101
Clauses,
Vomplex Scntcvcc.
(a)
The lord of the
manor brought the
friends to spend
Christmas with liiui
(6) ,
whom wc mot
2
Complex Sentence.
(a)
Givctho letter to the
baker
(h)
from whom I shall
receive it
(c)
as I pass
8
Complex Sentence.
(a)
Wc have a religion
(ft)
whcsc origin is
divine
Complex Sentence.
The staff cannot be
found anywhere
(h)
your grandfather
used
Kind of Clause.
Suhjcct.
Fred.
Comp.
of Fred.
Exten.
ofPnd.
•
to spend
Prin. CI. to b.
Tlio lord of
l)rought
the
Christmas
the manor
friends
with him
(cause)
Subord. CI. to a.
"we
met
whom
(adj. cl.)
the let-
ter :di.r
lb.)
Trin. Cl. to b.
you
{under St.)
give
to tlio
baker
(indir.
obj.)
rfubord. Cl. to a.
I
shall
it
from whom
(adj. cl.)
receive
AW
(place)
Subord. Cl. to b.
(as) I
pass
{adv. cl.)
Prin. Cl. to 6.
Wo
have
a
religion
Subord. Cl. to a.
whose
is divine
(adj. cl.)
origin
not
' Prin. Cl. to b.
The staff
can be
found
(ynniaiet)
anywhera
(place)
Subord. Cl. to a.
your
used
which
(adj. cl.)
grandfather
(nndst.)
Analyze Exercises 93, 94', 95, and 96.
102
ENGLISH 6^EAMMAB AlO) AJXJlLYSIQ.
U fe
i
v/1
■ I
I
THE COMPOUND EELATIVE PRONOUN.
213. What is called a Compound Relative Pronotm,
as it IS supposed to include the relative and co-rela-
tive ; as,
I hear what you say; that is, I hear the thing which you say.
214. What is sometimes an adjective ; as,
I know not by what means we shall obtain it.
215 W7iat, as a compound relative, will include,
sometimes both a nominative and an objective ; some-
times two nominatives; and sometimes two obiec-
tives ; as, ''
1. I heard i(;7ia« was said. 2. ^;»ae was said, was true. 3.1
neard what you said.
io^wIPsafr^ ^^ ^^^^^^ objective by heard, and partly nominative
lu (2) it is partly nominative to was said, and partly aomina-
tive to loas true. "^ *"*"»
said ^^^ ^* ^^ ^^^*^^ objective by heard, and partly objective by
216. Whoever, whichever, whatever, whosoever, ivUch-
soever, whatsoever, and whoso are Compound Eelativo
Pronouns.
Ex.— I will tell what I mean.
What I a comp. rel. pron., partly obj. by tell (Rule III.), and
I partly obj. by wean. (Rule III.) '
Exercise 97.
^ He says what he thinks. I repeat what I heard. Write what
IS new. Sell what you can. This book is what is wanted. What
you may say will not affect the question. We are very anxious to
know what has happened. I will state what I was ir^u i,„t I
cannot vouch for its truth, as my autliority is questionable. ' You
may do what you please, but nothing will avail. Whoever goei
TUE SUBJECT AifD THE OBJECT.
103
in will not be allowed to return by tliis gate. Whoever will pro-
ceed to the spot will find an immense cave extending into the
earth. Think on whatever is honest. I speak not to disproT©
what Brutus spoke. When ho saw what had been done, he lifted
up his voice and wept. We speak what we do know, and testify
what we have seen. In what light soever we view him, he will
bear inspection. What (adv.) with fatigue, and what with hunger,
they were in a most miserable condition. I will tell you what
lettera to write. Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man ehall
have his blood shed.
The Sul}ject and the Object.
217. Sometimes the Subject of the verb is a simple
Sentence or a Phrase. Sometimes the Object of the
verb is a simple Sentence or a Phrase ; as,
(He is guilty) was the cry. He said (I am dying).
Exercise 98.
The Bible teachus " God is love." He asked. Where is jour
brother ? He shrieked out aloud, '* Clarence is come, false, fleet-
ing, perjured Clarence, that stabbed me in the field by Tewkes-
bury." (That you have wronged me) doth appear in this. (Read-
ing good books) improves the mind. To suffer is the destiny
of man. To obey our parents is our duty. Hunting the tiger
is a favourite sport in India. To knit together the broken bonds
of friendship will be no easy task. That you said all this, I can
prove. They took it away from (before his face). Come out from
(under the table). Caesar cried, " Help me, or I sink." Did you
say I omitted a part of my lecture ? To do to others as you would
wish that they should do to you, is the golden rule. The poverty
of many is the wealth of some. '• No more, there is no more,"
he said, «' to lift the sword for now." She answered, " Seven are
we, and two of us at Conway dwell, and two are gone to sea."
Quoth he, " Put out the boat and row me to the Inchcape rock,
and I'll plague the priest of Abcrbrothock." When he will
returu is uncertain. (Four times five) is twenty. Four times
five are twenty. (Three and six) is nine. Three and six are
nine. " I will try " has wrought wonders.
218. Sometimes the Object of a preposition consisth
of a Phrase or a simple Sentence ; as,
He will leave before Friday. He will leave before {you come).
Note. — Prepositions governing simple sentencei are by 9om«
called Conjunctions. (See Ex. 87.)
i.'»Sf
fc'i
m
N'^^i*>
104
ENOLISn GltAMMAH AND ANALYSIS.
Exercise 99.
You Fill not return before Thursday. You will not return
before (the work is finished). The meeting is postponed till
evening. The meeting is postponed till (the chairman has
returned). He gamed his end by perseverance. He gained his
end by (persevering in the work). From a butcher's boy he rose
to be chancellor. From (being a butcher's boy) he rose to be
chancellor. In (laying down the law) be sure that you give justice.
1-et us conclude the public worship of God by (singing the Sixty-
third Hyran). Eemember to lock all the doors before the mana^^er
goes home. Never blame a friend till you are satisfied that he
has done what has been laid to his charge. Before I would endure
such obloquy, I would ^eave the country. Tarry till I come. The
letter came after nine o'clock. The letter came after everybody
hod left the ofiTice. After 1 have once explained it, do not forget
It. Ihrough being intemperate, he lost his situation. To (living
soberly and righteously) add living godly. If there be any here,
let them come forward.
INTEEROaATIVE PEONOUNS.
219. Who, which, and what, when used in asking
questions, are called Interrogative Pronouns ; as,
• Jf'^^a^eyou? fF/iom seek ye? TTAa* are you doing ? Which
IS the book ? .» & " ^^v/i
Who
Whom
an interrogative pronoun, 3rd pers., eing., masc, nom.
after are. (Rule X.)
^""(Eule nf)"'''' ^'"^ ^^'^" ^'"^'' ®'*^" ''^^' ^^ '^'^'
Exercise 100.
Who has the pencil-case ? I (have) . What will he do ? Which
of the kings died on his bed ? Robert (died ). Who can measure
aie waters of the ocean ? What shalfl say ? Wha waTdone ?
Nothing (was done). Which may be made most readily ? TWs
V\ hat should be done to the person who owns this ? Who will
introduce me f^ the gentleman who manages the bank here ? I.
io which oi the partners should I apply ? (To) him. From
wliom^comes such a letter ? (Such a letter comes from whomS
^x.oru; uiQ xo wuom shaU we give thanks for the service which
has been done to us ? Peter. Whose house should be visited
first?
made ? ]
was won
tained th(
that even^
Who did :
Yes, I did
He cares
creeps. "'
have ? T
Were dea
angel, the
should as!
Whatsoev
There are
before he
this, 'tis G
cise, whic]
the son o
There is a
is it?
220. "^
Object ii
Ex.— 1.
is staying
He does n
S. Who si
* Each
NOUN CLAUSE. 105
first ? Ours,
made ? His.
■was won has
In whose name has this announcement been
The anniversary of the day on which the battle
again returned, and we, whose fathers nobly main-
tained the honour of the English name, are met to commemorate
that event which spread so great a halo round our country's arms.
Who did it ? I. Who will go ? I. Did you bring the message ?
Yes, I did. Who can carry this ? I. Whose is this ? Mine.
He cares not what he says or does. Then came forth whatever
creeps. What say you ? Who goes there ? Which will |you
have ? They asked him a question. When do you return ?
I dare do all that may become a man ;
Who dares do more is none.
Were death denied, even fools would wish to die. Were he an
angel, they would not believe. They love each other.* We
should assist one another.* I will go wherever you desire.
There's a tide in the affairs of men.
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune.
Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with all thy might.
There are those who express a different opinion. Keats, a little
before he died, said, " I feel th.e daisies growing over me." In
this, 'tis God directs; in that, 'til man. Homer is remarkably con-
cise, which renders him lively aiid agreeable. Who is this David,
the son of Jesse?
I hear a voice you ci"^.r>oi; hear,
Which says I must not stay ;
I see a hand you cannot see,
Which beckons me away.
There is a reaper whose name is Death. Who 's there ? Which
is it?
Tell us, for doubtless thou canst recollect.
To whom should we assign the Sphinx's fame ?
ANALYTICAL LESSON XXIV.
220. "When a simple Sentence is used as Subject or
Object in placo of a noun, it is called a Noun Clause.
Ex. — 1. Hear him repeat what he has learned. 2. Where ho
is staying is not known. 3. To refrain fror. evil is a duty. 4.
He does not intend to leave before he puts his affairs in order.
6. Who shall be sent to Paris ?
* Each other and one another are called Reciprocal Pronouns,
100
ENaHSH GUAMMAE AND Ai^ALXSIS.
Clauses,
i.'l 'i
CtompZeos /Sentence.
Hear hiiu repeat
what ho has learned
Complex Sentence.
Where he is staying
, (&)
Is not known
3
Simple Sentence.
To refrain from evil
is a duty
Comple^-c Sentence.
(a)
He does not intend
to leave
(&)
before he puts his
afiaii's in order
Kind of Clause.
Prin. CI. to 6.
Subord. CI. to a.
inouncl.aaohj.)
Subord. CI. to 6
(noun cl. as
subj.)
Prin. Cl. to a.
Suhjcct.
Simple Sentence.
Simple Sentence.
Who shall be sent to
Paris ?
Prin. Cl. to &.
Subord. Cl. to a.
(ady. ci!.)
Simple Sentence.
Fred.
You(undst.)
he
he
noun clause
(a)
To refrain
from evil
(in/, phr.)
He
(before) he
hear
has
learned
Is
staying
is
known
Camp,
of Fred.
is a duty
him
(direct
o6j.) (to)
repeat
(indir.
ohj.)
what
Of Pr*
Wlio
docs
intend
puts
iliall be
sent
to leave
(indir.
obj.)
his
affairs
Analyze Exercises 97, 98, 90, 100.
wheii
{plac%
not!
(fnaml
nol
(mam
inor(
(mani
to Pa
(pM
INTEEJECTIONS.
INTEEJECTIOJSrS.
221. An Interjection is used to express some hv
den feeling or emotion ; as, Alas ! he was killed,
has no grammatical connection with the sentence.
Exercise 101.
Alas 1 you do not know the misery of their position. Oh ! \
orator's voice is a mighty power. Hurrah ! the foe is comi]
Oh 1 come ye in peace here, or come ye in war ? Ha i wl
means this warlike guise ? Hurrah ! the work is done. HoUc
who goes there ? I would willingly assist you, but, alas 1 I cs
not. Hark ! the lark at heaven's gate sings. Lo ! I will sta
at thy right hand, and keep the bridge with thee. Tush 1 mi
your own business. Hush 1 'tis the dicebox.
Oh 1 but to breathe the breath of the cowslip and primrose swe(
With the sky above my head, and the grass beneath my feet.
Heigh-ho I 'tis weary, weary work. Lead on, farewell!
that this too, too solid flesh would melt, thaw, and resolve its
into a dew I Oh iie I 'tis an unweeded garden that grows to set
La 1 how you frighten me. Pshaw 1 who told you that story ?
Adieu I adieu 1 My native shore
Fades o'er the waters blue.
Nouns of the First and Second Persons.
222. Nouns are sometimes of the First and Secor
Persons as well as of the Third. All nouns addresse
are Second person, and are in the Nominative cas
called the Nominative of Address.
Exercise 102.
I, James Miller, declare that this is the very paper. I, Dav:
Stewart, certify that he bears a good character. I, John Burn
am responsible. You, Martha Davidson, are quite correct. Yo;
sir, must be the man. Jessie Craig, bring the book. Oh ! nigh
and storm, and darkness, ye are wondrous strong. Eoll on, the
deep and dark blue ocean, roll ! Plato, thou reasonest wa
Oh ! coward conscience, how dost thou afflict me 1 Were
nearer, I would pluck it down.
Ho ! maidens of Vienna ! Ho I matrons of Lucerne !
Weep, weep and rend your hair for those who never shall retun
Oh ! sacred Truth, thy triumph ceased a while.
m>
u-
108
ElTGLISn OBAMMAE AND ANALYSIS.
Now haste, Bernardo, haste 1 Bo men to-day, Quirites, or be foi
ever elavos. Stay, gaoler stay, and hear my woe.
My beautiful, my beautiful ! that standcst meekly by,
With tliy proudly arched and glossy neck and dark and fiery eye,
Fret not to roam the desert now with all thy wing6d speed.
Oh, father I wilt thou ask me to return ? Peter, bring the cash-
book and a pen. James, can you bring a message for me ?
That in Three Ways.
223. Tlie word that may be either an Adjective,
Conjunction, or Eelative. Which of them it is in any
case, must be determined by the part it phays in tho
sentence.
Exercise 103.
That tree must be cut do^vn. The fields belong to that man.
You have destroyed the books that I gave you. Report saya
that Davidson has made a failure. Come to me at 4 o'clccL,, that
I may show you how to do that puzzle that I got for yod. If,
then, that friend demand why Brutus rose against Cresar, this ia
my answer— not that I loved C^sar less, but that I loved Rome
more.
The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power.
And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave,
Await alike the inevitable hour :
The paths of glory lead but to the grave.
Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. To be or not to be ?—
that is the question. Is this a dagger that I see before me ?
The evil that men do lives after them ;
The good is oft interred with their bones ;
So let it be with Caesar I
You all did see, that, on the Lupercal,
I thrice presented him a kingly crown,
Which he did thrice refuse.
I am no orator, as Brutus is ;
But, as you know me all, a plain, blunt man,
That loves his friend ;— and that they know full well
That gave mo public leave to speak of him.
But, Only, Since, and Very.
Exercise 104.
There is but one. I would go, but am not able. All have fled
but me. You are the only man remaining. He has only to call
THE AUSOLUTE PHEASE.
109
for me. "We have not met since Wednesday. Since no work can
be done, I may go. How long is it since you were here ? Yon
are the only director hut Thomas, who has heen hero since last
evening. Since you say so, I will believe it. He ran all the way,
but was too late. Only return and you will bo forgiven. All are
served but me. That is the only horse I have. You are very
kind. I have found the very ring that was lost.
The Absolute Phrase.
224. A Noun or Pronoun with a participle, quite
independent, in construction, of the rest of the sen-
tence, is called an Absolute Phrase ; as, SJw having
diedf he mourns his loss.
225. Syntax. — Eule XIX. — The Noun or Pronoun
in an absolute phrase is in the Nominative case.
Exercis'^ t05,
Columbus having finished his account of his voyage, the sove-
reigns sank upon their knees. Thus talking, the old man's shape
troubled me. William Penn approaching the Sachems, all the
Indians threw down their arms. The king having been slain,
the army broke up and the soldiers fled. The carrier having for-
gotten some of his commissions, my uncle had to set out for the
city by himself. The sbip latterly went on the rocks, the crew
not being able to prevent it. God, who art in heaven, we
pray to Thee. The matter coming to the ears of the secretary, the
conspirators were arrested. They believe him to be the culprit.
He became a thief. He died since then. Ah, yes ! he did.
Call, Seem, Name, Sfc.
226. Some verbs besides J:o he have a Nominative
after them ; as. He is called John. Some are also
followed by an Adjective.
Exercise 106.
She walks a goddess and she moves a queen. He was called
Longshanks. They grew angry. We felt wearied. The child
was called Andrew. He was chosen leader. He will turn out a
-••■. • rni_ -^ 1X7-*1 -3 ^•^«/%(s V/-V1-I l-»nTT/\ rev*r\TVTr\ foil
Viiiain. iiiey wuru uaiucu TTtiiuciisco. av^-^ nctru- gi-.-nii i-^h^^.
She seemed displeased. What is it called ? Yon is the very man
who seemed so distressed. Oh, kind sir I help me. Who seeme
to be too happy? He. Yours seems good. She feels stronger.
10
ENGLISH OEAMMAn AND ANALins.
i-ia
Adjectives used as Adverbs.
227. Sometimes an adjective is used as an adverb*
I'ull well he knows. '
Exercise 107.
TliG sun shone bright. The lark sang sweet in the bine skr
; 3 snow fell husjied and silent for throe days. Thoy bowed low
. _^ mistg of evening were spreading wide. The wind sonnded
1 ?"i^l' *l'®, ^^"^y ^^'^^ ^'"^^^' T^o ^^'^^^ sped swift to the
'' ' u ^"„ ^^'^ ''^^o^'® ^^^ father's men three days we've fled
j ether. How sweet tlie moonlight sleeps upon this bank ! The
nts burn blue. Oh mighty Cnesar ! dost thou lie bo low?
Impersonal Verbs.
228. Verbs which have only the Third Person are
'ied Impersonal Verbs.
Exercise 108.
■'it rains. It snows. It blows hard. Methonght my dream
B lengthened after life. Did you hear how it thundered ? It ia
•m to-night. It will thaw before morning.
Analyze Exercises 101, 102, 103, lOL, 105, 106.
'7. 7,1
SUPPLEMENT.
229. All the difFerent ^m J^ of words in the Endisb
nguagc have now been considered.
They are arranged under eight heads, called tho
igbt Parts of Speech; viz.—
Noun Adverb
Y^o^o^n Preposition
^^jective Conjunction
^®^'" Interjection.
230. The science which tr^nt a nf nl] fTioo/^ pi««„^« ^r
ords both as words simply, and as words combined
I sentences, is calle- "English Grammar.
LETTEBS.
ni
231. English Grammar is studied in Six Divisions :
1. Orthography, wliicli teaches how to spell words
correctly, and to divide them into syllables.
2. Pronunciation, which teaches how to pronounce
or sound them correctly.
S. Classification, which teaches how to arrange them
in their proper classes.
4. Inflection, which teaches how to change them,
BO as to express number, person, gender, case, timoj
etc.
5. Syntax, which teaches the proper connection of
words in a sentence^ and why certain forms and inflec-
tions must be used.
6. Compost ion, which teaches how to express
thoughts correctly, neatly, and elegantly.
To these some add —
7. Etymology, which teaches the origin of words.
Of these seven divisions, only three are treated of
in the foregoing pages : viz., Classification, Inflection,
and Syntax.
Letters.
S32. A Language is the whole system of words
used by any particular people. The English Lan-
guage is the whole system of words used by the people
in the British Isles, and by their descendants in the
United States of JSTorth America, Australia, New Zea-
land, eLc. It is also called the Anglo-Saxon language.
The words composing this language are all made from
twenty-six letters, called the Alphabet.
These letters are divided into vowels and conso-
nants.
A Vowel makes a full and complete sound by itself.
There are seven vowels— (x, e, i, o, u, w, and ?/.
A Consonant cannot be sounded easily without the
iip of a vowel.
There are nineteen consonants — h, c.
iieip
I
m,n,p,q,ryS, t,v,sc,z.
f'9ihjyh
112
ENOLISII OBAMMAH ANIl ANALYSIS.
t -J
1
ft*
Syllables.
A vowel may make a word or syllable by itself;
a consonant cannot.
233. A Syllable ie a complete, distinct sound ; as,
dof/, or mas in master.
If a word consists of only one syllable, it is called
a Monosyllable ; as, vest If it cousjists of two sylla-
bles, it is called a Dissyllable ; as. mvest, vestment.
If it consists of three syllables, it ia called a Trisylla-
ble ; as, investing, investment. If it consists of more
than three syllables, it is called a Polysyllable ; as,
in-vGs-ti-ga-tion.
234. Two vowels coming together in one syllable
make a Diphthong ; as, oi in voice, oa in boat.
Three vowels coming together in one syllable make
a Triphthong ; as, eau in heaiity.
Point out the vowels, consonants, and diphthongs
in each of the following words, and divide them into
syllables.
Exercise 109.
Cat, boy, note, Gase, moist, music, moan, mean, mien, meaning',
desuoy, commandment, representation, recoil, mountam, (lissa°-
tisfaction, employment, undoubting, monumental, mournful, sin-
fulness, foivible, visible, detestable, inconceivable, persistent,
misunderstanding, beware, recomm-^ndation, satisfaction, irreli-
gious, spontaneous, horrible, arithmetician, poHtical, resuscitate,
society, illustration.
Kinds of Noims.
235. Nouns a:o divided into Five Classes — Proper,
Common, Abstract, Collective, and Verbal.
1st. A Proper noun is a name tl • belongs to one
person or thing, and distinguislies it i'rom all others ;
as, James Smith, London, Thames. A proper noun
always begins with a capital letter.
2nd. A Common noun is a name that belongs to
every individual in a whole clas^ ; as, doj, river j %wn,
maUf tree.
•fADLES OF QENDEE.
118
Ord. An Abstract notm is a name derived from
Boino quality or action j as, blacknesSy height^ cruelty,
wisdom.
4tli. A Collective noun is a name given to a group
or collection of persons or things ; as, crowds jloch^
committee.
It soniotiraoa takes a singular verb and sometimes a plural
verb, aocordin{? as the whole group or the iuJividiials of the group
are thought of. When the verb is Bingular the nou* is neuter.
6th. A Verbal noun is a present participle used
as a noun ; as, reading, writing.
To what classes do the following nouns ])elong ? —
Exercise 110.
Stone, dog, tree, England, flock, tea, Clyde, Parif/, street,
whiteness, reading, gold, multitude, Africa, Glasgow, strength,
penny, taste, fleet, ship, goodness, majesty, spelling, smith, ma-
son, Henry, Berlin, Benlomoud, joy, covey, hearing, army, Peter,
Jamaica, county.
TaWes of Gender.
236. The Gender of nouns is distinguished in i je
ways : —
1st. By distinct words for the masculine and femi-
nine.
1 •!
Masculine,
Fembdne.
Masculine*
Feminine.
' H
Bachelor
maid
Sir
madam
S
Beau
belle
Son
daughter
Hj
Boy
girl
Tutor
governess
' fl[
Brother
sister
Uncle
aunt
^H
Earl
countess
Wizard
witch
^1
Father
mother
Boar
BOW
^1
Friar
nun
Buck
doe
.. ^1
Gentleman
lady
Bull
fcOW
■ ss
Governor
matron
Bullock, ox, steer
heifer
BB
Husband
wife
Cock
hen
^s
King
queen
Colt
filly
^s
Lad
lass
Drake
duck
H|
Lord
lady
Gander
goose
' 1
Man
woman
Hart
roe
^1
Master
mistress
Horse
mare
■■
Nephew
niece
Earn
ewe
^1
Papft
mamma
Stag
hind
Z
114
ENGLISH OEAMMAE AND jLKTALTSIS.
if .
2nd. Bj a differenco in termination ; as —
Abbot
Actor
Author
Baron
Bride^oom
Benefactor
abbess
actress
authoress
baroness
bride
benefactress
3rd. By adding a word ; ae —
Czar
Duke
Emperor
Hero
Marquis
Widower, etc.
.ISfrtn-servant matflf-servaat
Coc/c-sparrow ?je«-sparrow
J/^-bear
Pea-coc7c
czarinft
duchesa
empress
heroine
marchionesg
■widow, etc,
"pea-hen
Formation of Plural.
237. 1 The plural is generally formed by adding s
to the singular ; as, pc?2, pens.
2. Nouns whose singulars end in o', or, sh, and ch
soft, add es for tlie plurals; as, lass, lasses ; fox, foxes ;
dish, dishes ; church, churches.
3. Nouns in o, preceded by a consonant, add es ; ajs
hero, heroes.
But canto, grotto, folio, and some others take s only.
4. Nouns in y, preceded by a consonant or tlie
vowel tc, change y into i, and add es; as, dttty, duties;
sohloquy, soliloquies. All others add s; as, loy, Iot/s.
5. Most nouns in/ or fe change/ or /e into v, and
add es ; as, leaf, leaves.
But grief stuff, turf, hoofffe, muff, etc., take s only.
G. Some nouns are alike in both numbers ; as, deer,
isheep, swine, dozen, etc. News and alms a^e generally
singular. ^
Singular,
Slan
Foot
Tooth
Goose
Mouse
Ox
Child
Plural.
men
feei
teeth
geese
mice
oxen
children
Singular.
Brother
Cow
Die
Fish
Genius
Pea
Penny
Plural.
brothers, or brethren
cows ,, Idne
dies „ dice
fish „ fishes
geniuses „ genii
V<^^^ ,, pease
pennies ,, penco
Father-in-law, fatl.iers-in-law ; ' Court-martial, courts-martial;
Uousin-gerinan, cousms-german; Aide-de-camp, aides-de-camp;
esc. etc.
KIITDS OF iLDJECTrVES.
115
nna
;hesa
presa
oine
rchionesH
low, etc,
j-bear
i-lien
dding s
and cJi
, foxes;
es ; apfi
or the
duties;
loys.
V, and
^, deer,
lerally
■al.
ircthren
ine
ice
shes
enii
case
enco
iiiial ;
camp;
Form the plurals of the following words : — •
Exercise HI.
Book, hat, knife, hero, match, fish, box, hoof, party, day, goose,
pea, news, folio, deer, grouse, sister-in-law, foot, paper, rope, life,
turf, child, die, brother, calf, chimney, cargo, rush, motto, oglio,
penny, louse.
Kinds of Adjectives.
238. There are four classes of Adjectives : Proper,
Common, Numeral, and Distinguishing.
1. Proper Adjectives are formed from proper nouns ;
as, English, French.
2. Common Adjectives express qualities ; as, good,
wise.
3. Numeral Adjectives, or Adjectives of Cluantity,
are divided into —
Defiuite Numerals j as,
one, five, forty, both, etc.
Indefinite „ as,
all, some, several, many, etc.
as,
each, every, either, neither.
4. Distinguishing Adjectives : as,
the, this, that, etc.
Distributive
>»
»
239. Common Adjectives have three degrees of com-
parison, as given at No. 41. Besides being compared
as already pointed out, many adjectives are compared
by prefixing the adverbs more, most ; less, least : as,
common, more common, most common ; or, less com-
mon, least common.
Tell to what classes of Adjectives the following
belong : —
Exercise 112.
British, holy, ninety, every, just, American, t ?e, several,,
whole, Indian, 1866, fifty, both, many, those, great, red, Scottish,,
none, yon, happy, immeasurable, supreme, an, Irish, African,
true, beautiful, fourth, twentieth, merciful, black, the, *a, one,
I 2
116
E^^OLISU OltAMMAIi A.^D AlTALTSia.
i*t*
Phrases, ^e.
240. Such phrases as, as far as, as it ell as, as if, so
that, etc., are called Conjunctional Phrases. Thev
have, however^ been parsed in single words in Exer-
cises 79, 87, 89.
241. Some conjunctions are used in pairs; as,
Mther — or, neither — nor, whether — or, both — and,
though — yet, etc. They are called Correspondent
Conjunctions.
243. When, where, whence, while, why, whether,
wherever, wherely, wherein, etc., are called Conjunctive
Adverbs when they connect Clauses. As their gram-
matical function is to connect Clauses, they have been
parsed simply as Conjunctions in Exercises 87, 88.
243. At 'present, in vain, at length, in general, at last,
in fine, etc., are called Adverbial Phrases, since they
have, when combined, the force of adverbs. Each
word may be parsed by itself.
244. When, where, why, whence, how, etc., when
used in asking questions receive the name of Inter-
rogative Adverbs.
245. According to, out of, instead of, alon^ with, etc.,
are Prepositional Phrases; but they may also be
parsed in single words.
FALSE SYNTAX.
Correct the false syntax in the following sen-
tences : —
Exercise 113.
Them are the vegetables I like. Him being on deck we gava
three cheers. The bishop's of London's charge gave great
ofiFence. The bishop's of London charge gave great offence.
Peter's? John's, and Andrew's occupation was that of fisherman.
Grey hairs are death's blossoms. He upholds Englands glory.
m
FALSE ST^.AX.
117
sen-
He had the greatest reason to love they who had most injured
him. They who had most injured him he had most reason to
love. He invited my brother and I to dine with him. He is the
etrongest of the two, but not the wisest. He finds it more simpler
(o take your plan. You had scarce gone when he arrived. These
sort of people should be avoided. Are each of these boys ready f
Either of you are good enough. Hand me them slates. Did you
buy them pens ? Those kind of coals are bad. He shot a owl.
Do they consider it a honour ? Many an man fell. The com-
mittee was divided in its opinions. Every man in the society,
whatever be their circumstances, must pay their share. The
crowd was so great that the police could not disperse them. You
are the captain, not me. Love and friendship is refreshing.
You and me can try to sell it. Him and me are the worst. He
and I we know. Agnes or Anne will give us their company.
Neither the king nor his minister will trouble themselves. Eacli
should bring their books with them. Look at them blossoms on,
the apple-trees. That is the beggar which knocked at our door.
The shepherds killed the fox who killed the poultry. Send tha
child who you got the book from. Thinks I to myself. This will
not last long. There is as much real religion and morality in
this country as in any other. Wisdom, virtue, happiness dwells
with the golden mediocrity. Neither you nor I are concerned.
Let thou or I the battle try. Esteeming themselves wise, they
became fools. Travellers have often mistook the way. Who sung
the song ? Her. The cat sprung out. He arrived at Liverpool,
and from thence he went to London. He did not say nothing.
Can your father not do no work ? Nobody can say that none ol
us did it. Let the business go on whether I am there or no. I
did not get no time to give you a visit. Neither tliou nor I are
able to come. She is as good as him. Who goes there ? Me. He
that Cometh unto me I will in nowise cast out. You are a greater
loser than me. He is much taller than her. Who can write a
letter ? Her. The train of our ideas are often interrupted. Don't
he know ? She don't know. It is not fit for such as us to sit
with the rulers of the land. It is me. Who does he speak to?
He was the most noblest fellow I ever met. This is John Jones
his mark. Neither he nor she were there. Who done this ? I
seen him. It was him. Do you know who you are to go to ? I
have beared it said. He has went away. Between you and I, I
don't believe it. Apples will be plenty this year. You are a
much older man than me. Who did they tell it to ? I cannot'
by no means pennit it. I expected to have dined with you last
week. The meeting were numerously attended. A herd of cattle
peacefully grazin.fo; afford a plcp.sing sight. I shall pay, whether I
oft*"!'' n*" ^'^ 'W\trk ciinli-n 9 H^irn 'Rvf>l"Tro'"r fo tlipir foofo
I
118 E2;rGLISH GBAMMAE AlfD ANALYSIS.
PKOMISCUOUS EXERCISES.
To be parsed syntactically, and analyzed.
ihl^'tF '^^^ St '*' ^"*^^'' Exercise and temperance strenff-
abou To'ta'c^^;- f''^*-''^^^ '''''''''' ^^° be 'gained wiSt
laoour. 10 practise virtue is the sure way to love it. Business
f mand of nature, of reason, and of God. A friend cannot be
knovvn m prosperity, and an enemy cannot be hidden in adversity
^e^Zm^lhlZ^^^ J'^^*^^^' a^d honour
v!f,f V^ r r^y.*^^* ^^^ ^^ *ears, shall reap in joy. llend
your heart, and not your garments. The true consiStionTs
fsfrawtin'f ^''KT'- ^^^.^^P^^P^ aredetermined tTqua^r :
and faTr L^f 1*^'' T^^'^^?- ^P^^ y^""' ^^P^' ye wonderfu
. and Ian. Soft is the strain when zephyr gently blows and thA
smooth stream in smoother numbers flows. ^ The labour oTyelra
nnll''' 'T^'^'"'^. ^' ^ °^"^P^^*^ reformation. A ?mffS
unbo oms freely, advises justly, assists readily, adventu I bold y
flhnvte^'T'-^^fr"^^ ^y name, held out to ne lis cold'
Sned 1nd'a taj;' fin'.T °f /^^ognition. The door was suddenly
tlipv HnWn ,P,', ^^V'/, '^.^^^ ^ow, are honourable men. How
tney tinkle, tmlde, tinkle, in the icv air nf -,ia]i+» ^^ui^ n i
that over-sririnlHp nil +i,i i ^^J aii oi .iigiit! while the stars
lum o\ei sprinJile all the heavens, seem to twinkle with a rrvs
S£:ffl; of :;.St ^l^e^ofaXr "'"-■ -^^
The shades of night were falling fast.
As through an Alpine village passed
A youth, who bore, 'mid snow and ice,
A banner with this strange device— Excelsior I
Sweet was the sound, when oft, at eveninr^'s close
Up yonder hill the village murmur rose ° ''
There as I passed, with careless step and slow,
The miuglmg notes came softened from below!
Cradled in the field, he was to the last hour the darling of tha
fs^ru'4t;^!?i^^^ -j^p - "- cabiret!tttr'f:4Sk
.o.^o„ » i«,^ui. xne victoriouB veteran glittered with
PEOMISCUOTJS EXEECISES.
119
his gains ; and the capital, gorgeous with the spoils of art, be-
came the miniature metropolis of the universe.
The isles of Greece, the isles of Greece,
Where burning Sappho loved and sung ;
Where grew the arts of war and peace ;
Where Delos rose and Phoebus sprung —
Eternal summer gilds them yet ;
But all, except their sun, is set.
Is this a dagger that I see before me,
The handle toward my hand? Come, let
Me clutch thee.
His was one of the few, the immortal names that were not bom
to die.
A time there was, ere England's griefs began,
When every rood of ground maintained its man.
Not enjoyment, and not sorrow,
Is our destined ei .1 or way.
The atrocious crime of being a young man, which the honour-
able gentleman has, with such spirit and decency, charged upon
me, 1 shall neither attempt to palliate nor deny ; but content my-
self with wishing that I may be one of those whose follies may
cease with their youth, and not of those who continue ignorant,
in spite of age and experience. I am at liberty, like any other
man, to use my own language. They knew well that if he was
lavish of them, he was prodigal of himself; and that, if he exposed
them to peril, he repaid them with plunder. His fah, like his life,
baffled all speculation. Great actions and striking occurrences,
having excited a temporary admiration, often pass away and are
forgotten, because they leave no lasting results affecting the wel-
fare of communities. If the. author of the Irish Melodies had
ever had a little isle so much his own as I have possessed, he
might not have found it so sweet as the song anticipates.
He did not feel the driver's whip nor the burning heat of day,
Tor death had illumined the land of sleep, and his lifeless bodj
lay
A worn-out fetter, that the soul had broken and thrown away.
She moulds with care a spirit rare, half human, half divine,
And cries exulting, " Who can make a gentleman like mine ?"
All worldly shapes shall melt in gloom,
The sun himself must die,
Before this mortal shall assume
Ti- : i«i:i._
120 ENGLISn GEAMMAE AND ANALYSIS.
arro?ant «'^ *^' ^^'^' ^°^ '*°°^ «^^" the brave. I am mon.
cSsed? NnfTfr* ^^^ '^^^" ^ '''''' ^^^""^ God hath not
to Deak uILhv'''''' ""'' ^^'g«««*l^y«elf unknown. From peak
to peak, the ratthng crags among, leaps the live thunder.
The way was long, the wind was cold,
Ihe minstrel was infirm and old ;
His Avithered cheek and tresses gray
Seemed to have known a better day.
The harp— his sole remaining joy-
Was carried by an orphan boy.
Who sang of anciejit chivalry.
Our bosoms we'll bare for the glorious strife.
sua rose all tlieir boats were manned and armed.
As soon as the
The quality of mercy is not strain'd :
It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven
?/iS" *^\P^ce beneath: it is twice bless'd:
It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes.
Endowed with a great command over herself, Queen Elizabpth
soon obtamed an uncontrolled ascendancy ovei hrLple and
wmle she merited their esteem by her real viviZl S^^if ' '
gaged their affection by her pretended o^es. ' '^" '^'' '°*
'Tis pleasant by the cheerful fire to hear
Of tempests, and the dangers of the deep.
And pause at times, and feel that we are safe •
Ihen listen to the perilous tale again, '
And, with an eager and suspended aoul.
Woo terror to delight us.
When questioned, he declared them to be soldiers. In their
statements, whom do they represent me to be ? Eemember that
tation wht 'h' ^ '' ""'''' ^'''^ ^°^^^^ '^'^^ -^ rX"?i 'in *
ta ion which has been so courteously sent. Attend, thou son of
earth, to my instructions. Let them laugh who win Wern hp in
confess his fault, he would be forgiven. 'l Tn'endei laYt ye r to
have visited you Loved and admired by his friends, he fell aTacrf'
one hnn?'^r '*' ""f''^'''^ • ^^'-^ ''^"^^"^ '^^ ^^' report occipicd
one hour. Generally speaking it is injurious to our race To
miles a day. He bought a log of wood 16 feet long and * yard
Icttu^olT^"" *M ^''"* ^^1'* ^^^'^^^^ 1^« ^^^ "ot another
woildto conquer. Moses was the meekest of men. To attack
ing indeed, but it is C\^
:ting \,
ith Ghadows.
PE0MISCTJ0U8 EXEnClSEB.
121
I am mon-
cl hath not
From peak
ler.
loon as the
*
ces.
Elizabeth
iople, and,
le also en-
In their
iber, that
the invi-
ou son of
ere he to
; year to
1 a sacri-
occnjiicd
ace. To
led forty
d i yard
another
?o attack
lie jSght-
Like the dew on the mountain,
Like the foam on the river,
Like the bubble on the fountain.
Thou art gone, and for ever.
They could not find a house large enough. Over is not under.
Once is too often. An i/ ruins the case. Ah ! is an interjection.
God said, Let there be light, and there was light. He thinks him-
self a gentleman. I felt the pulse beat. They live near us. We
met near the river. Whether he or his brother will go, I cannot
tell. It rains, and the wind is never weary. At once his eye
grew wild. Inasmuch us ye did it unto one of these, ye did it
unto Me. Aroused by Gelert's dying yell, some slumberer wakened
nigh. There are two of us present.
Yet here at nights I sit.
Beading the Book, with Donald at my side ;
And stooping, with the Book upon my knee,
I sometimes gaze in Donald's patient eyes —
So sad, so human, though he cannot speak—
And think he knows that Willie is at peace,
Far, far away beyond the norland hills.
Beyond the silence of the untrodden snow.
To the left of the Athenians was a low chain of hills, clothed
with trees : to their right, a torrent : their front was long, for to
render it more imposing in extent, and to prevent being out-flanked
by the Persian numbers, the centre ranks were left weak and
shallow, but on either wing the troops were drawn up more solidly
and strong.
These are Thy glorious works, Parent of good I •
Almighty ! Thine this universal frame.
Thus wondrous fair ; Thyself how wondrous then
Unspeakable ! who sitt'st above these heavens.
To us invisible or dimly seen
In these Thy lowest works ; yet these declare
Thy goodness beyond thought, and power divine.
Tho line of the gentle Cowper, •' God made the country, and
man made the town," has passed into a proverb. At present we
fly from York or Exeter to London by the light of a single wiutei'a
day. There is a gulf betwixt us.
To be or not to be ? — that is the question : —
Whether 'tis nobler, in the mind, to snflfer
The stings and arrows of outrageous fortune ;
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles.
And, by opposing, end them ?— To die ? — to sleep, —
122
ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS.
h ^
No moro ;— and, by a sleep, to cay w« end
The heart-acho, and the thousand natural shocks
That flesh is heir to.
It is lon^ by ten feet. It i. ten feet long. The cnnalis twenty
yards broad at tlmt point. This the worth of ten sliillinRs. Thi?
IS woi;th ten sbillings This is worthy of ten Bhillings. Your
590? 'I T? ^v ?• ^^t ^°* ^°^"^ ^'^^b- The monument is
120 teet high. Yet much remains to conquer still : peace hath
her victories not loss renowned than war. The time, it is to be
hoped IS gone by, when any defence would be necessnry of the
liberty of the press.' as one of the securities against corrupt or
tyrannical government. A good book is the precious life-blood of
a master-spirit embalmed and treasured up on purpose to a life
beyond hfe The worth of a State, in the long run7is the worth
[nVJi^.if n^fr- ' '^^7f ^"^ ^* '. ^^^ a State which postpones the
interests of their mental expansion and elevation, to a little more
of administrative skill, or of that semblance of it which pract-'ce
gives, in the details of business; a State which dwarfs its men in
Older that they may bo more docile instruments in its hands even
for beneficial purposes-mil find that with small men no gi-eat
thing can really he accomplished ; and that the perfection o^
machinery to which it has sacrificed everything, w 11 in the end
avail It nothing, for want of the vital power which, in ocdei tJiat
the machme might work more smoothly, it has preferred to banish.
There's not a flower on all the hills : the frost is on the pane :
. \ only wish to live till the snow-drops come n^ain •
I wish the snow would melt, and the sun come out on high.
1 long to see a flower so, before the day I die.
Howe'er it be, it seems to me,
'Tis only noble to bo good.
Kind words are more than coronets.
And simple faith than Norman blood.
There is some soul of goodness in things evil.
Would men observingly distil it out.
Were I but capable of interpreting to the world one half the great
thoughts ard noble feelings which are buried in her gi-ave, I should
be the meainmof a greater benefit to it, than h ever likely to
?v Ifi'Tf?* '''•^' *,^i ^.'^'^ ""'''^^^ unprompted and unassisted
by her all but unrivalled wisdom.
I
I
THE ANALYTICAL 1\ HOD
OF TEACHINO ENGLISH Oiti^MMAB.
(Extracted from the " Museum,^' September, 1867.)
We propose briefly to consider the Analytical Method of Teachiug
English Grammar. The ordinary method employed is a synthe-
tical one. The synthetical method commences with the word,
|nd having shown how many and what are the different lands of
l\rordg, or parts of speech, then proceeds to explain how these
words are modified or inflected, and how they are arranged to
form sentences, so as to express thought. The analytical method
begins with the sentence, as the expression of a though*, examines
the parts into which the sentence is divisible, and the relations
between these parts, and then arrives at the consideration of the
words of which they are made up.
Which of tliese methods should be adopted in the teaching of
English grammar ? We answer, neither exclusively ; the analy-
tical method should be employed for imparting the first knowledge
of the subject, and especially for bringing out its general princi-
ples ; and the synthetical method is proper for a more detailed
subsequent course, and for storing up in the memory the facts
and rules of the subject. As Archbishop Whately has well ex-
pressed it, — " The synthetical form of teaching is indeed sufii-
ciently interesting to one who has made considerable progress in
a; v study ; and being more concise, regular, and systema';ic, is
the form in which our knowledge naturally arranges itself in the
mind, and is retained by the memory ; but the analytical is the
more interesting, easy, and natural kind of introduction, as being
the form in vhich the first invention or discovery of any kind of
Bystem must originally have taken place."
♦ **•«»
Neither method, as we have already observed, should be used
exclusively. Upon this point we quote the following from Sir
William Hamilton's Lectures on Mcftaphysics : — "Analysis and
synthesis, lliough commonly treated as two different methods,
are, if p 'operly understood, only the two necessary parts of the
same m ihod. Each is the relative and the correlative of the
other. Analysis, without a subsequent synthesis, is incomplete ;
it is a mean cut oiT from its end. Synthesis, witliout a previous
analysis, is baseless ; for synthesis receives from analysis the
elements which it rccomposes."
* * * * It *
Two principal objections have been made to the use of the
ftnaiytical method, as the basis of a first course of instruction in
y
124
Fnf,'!ish grammar. In the flr^t plnco, it hrtn hr^n tiTffed that if
r.uxog together two difTercnt tnibjcoty, viii., ui,ui,;,i3 o: Bc-atcucea,
nml what is ordinarily uuilerstood by the term grammar, and thus
distracts the attention of the child, by requiring him to learn two
things at the same time. This would be a very serious objection
If there were any valid foundatioL for it. Our answer is eimpl-
that those who look upon anal, sis of sentences and ordinai-y
grammar as two separate and independent subjects are altogether
in the wrong. They form, wLm rightly considered, but one
whole; so that it is impossible to teach the latter, without at
least implicitly and blindly recogi ising the principles and facts
winch it )s in the province of thei former to investigate. Does
not, for instance, a comprehension of the meaning of such terms
as nominative case and objective case, necessarily involve an un-
derstanding of what is meant by the subject and object of a
sentence, although the words subject and object may never have
been used by the pupil ? Does not, again, a comprehension
ot the office of the adverb, as. expressing the time, place,
&c., of the action indicated by tha verb, necessitate also a know-
ledge of what IS intended, when we speak of the extension of the
predicate ? And can the pupil pgssibly tell what noun or pro-
noun the finite verb agrees with, unless ho is able to discover the
subject of that verb ? In fact, it is impossible to parse without
imphcitly analysing. This objection then falls to the ground.
But, in the next place, we are told the analytical method
burdens the memory of the pupil with an additional set of
technical terms ; the study of grammar already involves the learn-
ing of a large number of technical terms, and it will be by no
means a good plan to add to this difficulty b^ the introduction of
new ones. It is a sufficient answer to this objection to point out
how very small is the number of new technical terms introduced.
They might almost he counted on the fingers ; we have— simple,
complex, compound, subject, predicate, object, direct, indirect,
enlargement, extension, principal, subordinate, co-ordinate.
Thepe are positively all that can be considered as essential.
And it must be further observed that these words serve, Hke all
techmcal terms, to fix and give precision to the ideas which they
represent, and therefore render the acquisition and retaining of
the subject so much the easier, and the knowledge of it so much
the more thorough and lasting. This is indeed ncohing but the
object and i..se of all technical terms. So that the knowledge of
the prmciples of analysis being, as we have shown abo\j, neces-
sary for the study of the remaining portions of grammar, these
technical terms must simply be looked upon as so many aids ia
the attainment of such knowledge.
Butlej: & Timuer, The Selwood Triuting Works, From*, anJ London,
rged that 11'
u" Bt'UtcUCOS,
lar, and tlma
to learn two
>us objection
er ia eimpH
nd ordinai-y
•e altogether
id, but one
, without at
es and facts
gate. Does
such terms
volve an un-
obiect of a
■ never have
nprehension
ime, place,
ilso a know-
ision of the
oun or pro-
discover the
rse without
» ground,
cal method
3nal set of
IS the learn-
11 be by no
oduction of
to point out
introduced.
^e — simple,
5t, indirect,
50-ordinate,
I essential.
:ve, like all
which they
etaining of
it so much
Qg but the
owledge of
o\ J, neces-
imar, these
iuy aids in
idon,