V] <^ ^3 ^ %^ ^ ' / 7;^ c^ V 'W w IMAGE EVALUATION YEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I • 56 llM |M 3.6 EM 1 2.2 2.0 1.8 Photographic Sciences Corporation /. {./ /!/. t^ f/.. 1.25 1.4 1.6 ■^ — 5" - ► d #> f ?^-tV *% :\ 'C^^^ \ ^ signifie "A SUIVRE ', le symbole V signifie Tm". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte i des taux de rMuction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il ast filmd A partir da Tangle sup^rieur gaucha, de gauche d droita, et de haut an bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illuatrant la m^thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ENG TAU c n V |3r«fifnb- I 32, BOU" f 37:2. (0/ Heix! 23run0l)atcfe ^cjcol Series. ENGLISH GRAMMAE AND ANALYSIS TAUGHT SIMULTANEOUSLY, WITH 1 .'■ Humer0us (£uxtmt%. BY J. ROBERTSON ^nfimbcb bg tbe §aarb of ^biuEtioit for llefo ^rnnsbjith. THOMAS MURBY, 82, BOUVERIE STEEET, FLEET STREET, E.G. 1874. I -n Education Office, Pkovinct: op New Brunswick, FsEDBRiCTON, Nov. 24, 1871. The Board of Education, under the authority of the Com- mon Schools Acr, 1871, has prescribpii this edition of "English Grammar and Analysis," as a Text Eook for use in the Schools ui this province. Theodore H. Rand, Chief Suj^eruiUndent of Education^ « #«**»■' The dIstlnctlTO features of the present work are the following «— 1. Tlie pupil Is taught to parse ana analyse Intelligently from the beginning, 2. The sentence in its simplest form is first explained, the various adjuncts being afterwards graduony introduced, and the parts of speech are given in the order which it has been found present* fewest difficulties to ,the learner. 3. The Text and accompanying Exercises are carefully graduated, the latter being chiefly taken from Standard Authors. 4. The Lessons in Analysis are so arranged that they may be taken simultaneously with the Grammar, or left for a second course. k s \\ 5. The rules of Syntax are deduced from the various pilnciplei- as they are expltOaed ; Common Brrors only being illustrated, 6. It is believed that the Exercise?, which are unusually numerous, will greatly aid the learner in acquUMng a knowledge of Composition. TABLE or CONTENia HI Subject— Predicate Noun Person Number Gender Object ... Verb Person Number Time ... Adjective ... Possessive Case , Personal Pronouns (Simple) ... as Subjects „ Objects ,, Posses^sors t.f ••I •I* !•• • •• Kt • •• • •• • il ••• • •t • tf #•• • ■t • •• ■ •I »*• • •• tt« • •• *•« t.r 1 2 3 3 4 7 8 9 9 10 11 17 21 21 24 27 Personal Pronouns (Compound) 31 Preposition 32 Invei'ted Sentences 36 Mood— Indicative, Imperative, Infinitive 37 Conjugation of Verbs— Simple Tenses 42 Defective Verbs 49 Participles so Infinitive Mood without To 64, 69 Conjugations of Verbs— Com- pound Tenses C5 Voice— Active 64 Passive ... , 64 Coir.pleto Verb 68 ••• tflt rial 71 73 76 79 91 93 94 U8e of To Be 7« Nouns in Apposition Adverb Conjunction Elliptical Sentences Subjunctive Mood Kelative Pronoun Sentences and Plirases, as Sub- jects and Objects Interrogative Pronoun Interjection Nouns of the First and Second Persons Various Constructions Supplement- Parts of Speech ■ English Grammar— Its Di- visions Letters Syllables ... Kinds of Nouns Tables of Gender ... Formation of the Piaral Kinds of Adjectives Plu'ases False Syntax ... 63,70,83,116 Promisci;ous Exercises lis Analytical Lessons 1, 7, 16, 10, 31, 34, 36,37, 40, 41, ;;;;], .55, 63, 68, 70, 75, 78, 83, 87, 89,92, SQ, 100, 105 • •• • *• 108 104 107 107 108 110 110 111 112 112 113 114 116 110 1. ^ 2, 1 3. ] tliinge 1 2: Ex.- 4. ^ 6. ^ Predic Ex.- Wri examp^ Note. for three piece of however, the teaci Trees fell. Ei' ENGLISH GRAMMAR Am ANALYSIS. rioa ••■ , 71 ••■ 73 ••• 76 ••■ 79 •tl 91 • •« 93 • ft 94 S Sub- ... 103 ••• 104 • •a 107 ccoud '*•• 107 tai 108 110 td dI- • •• 110 • <• 111 ■ •« 112 • •• 112 113 :ral ' 114 • t * 116 • • • 110 0,83, 116 • • ( 118 16> 10, 31, 5, C3, C8. J, 96, loo; «>t SUBJECT— PEEDICATE. 1. Whatever we think is called a Thought. 8. A thought, put into words, forms a Sentence. 3. In every sentence there must at least be two things : — 1st. What is spoken about. 2ud. What is said about it Ex.--Biras fly. What is spoken about in that sentence ? What is said about them ? Fly. Birds* 4. What is spoken about is called the Subject. 6. What is said about the subject is called the Predicate. Ex. — Girl sings. What is spoken about ? Oirl. Girl then is called the Subject. What is said about {jirl ? Sings. Sings is called the Predicate. Write the following exercise according to the example given ;— Ex.— Girl I Subject. Sings I Predicate. Note.— Each exercise throughout the book is intended to serve for three, four, or more Home Exercises, so as to allow each little piece of new matter to be thoroughly acquired. The exerci'^es however, may be done orally at first,' according to the option of the teacher. Exercise 1. Trees_ gi-ow. Sun rises. Thomas writes. Kettle sirgs. Snow fell. Rivers low. Stars twinkle. Chimney smokes. Horse B I 2 ENGLISH ORAMMAli AKB AJfALTSIS. blew Wa£ L r'- ^P-^''^^''-? ^'^^y'"'^- ^^"-^ l>""iecL Winds Serfired M^'f; ^^''^''T^' Boy sang. Waves dash. Sol- S fltL« T'' .^T'^'^'' ^^°" ''^^''^' Caunuii burst, irainetarts. Shoe pmclies. Hedges blossomed. THE NOFN. e. Everything that we see, hear, smell, taste etc T« *i ^^ — Leaves fall. Is there any name in that sentence ? Yes ; leaves. tehees!* ''''* '''' """"^^ *^^ ''^'^^' ^^ *^^ following sen- Exercise 2 leaves. Lady eines En™3 ^ S°T ^^^OP" Steamer weeps. Cffitr£es''°i'„§' g^vtns""' tZ "aT""- 'T'' frightened. Sheet) di^rl Rtl,S.J ^ ^"J^"® adorns. Noise Father arrived. Bells rL Bi^ k'T^' r?'""''^^ commands, .ondemner boor opened.* ^^^^ ^^^^^- House stands. Guilt 7. The ncme of anything is caUed a Noun. What IS the name of this? Book. What IS the word booJc therefore ? A noun. Method to be followed by pupil in doing Exercise 3. Ex.~Leaves fall. Leaves I A noun, subject, laii I predicate. ■pml^'ffnf, "'■f ^«"»«««''» to ie mvariabh S 7 '^.r teacher, at each Hep throuahout th, booh, wlen the pttpilis parsing. ""rougnout the -%^. t.e v^:^^^^t^^.;^-sx, THE NOUN. 8 ed. Wiada clash. Sol- lUQU burst. iste, etc., London^ }e8. rmg sen- withered. Steamer i. James s. Noise )mmand&. In, Guilt What is spoken about in that f5cntouce ? Lcavet* What is said about lc(^vc.8f Fall. Why is leaves a noun ? Encauso it is the name of something. Why is it called subject ? Because it is what is spoken about. Why iij fall called the predicate ? Because it is what in said about the subject, leaves. Exercise 3. Picture hangs. Child dances. Lambs bleat. Doctor attended. Servant assisted. Aun'i arrived. Prisoner dreams. William es- caped. Woman begged. Lark sings. Apples grew. Barrel burst. Postman knocks. Grocer bought. Book amuses. Friend died. Fingers feel. Eyes glance. Angel appeared. Paul tra- velled. Soldier marches. Smoke curled. Supper waits. Moun- tains rise. PERSON OF NOUNS. 9r Three Persona are used in parsing, and theso are called respectively, the first, second, and third. 10. Nouns are generally, though not al¥;ayg ' " to be of the third Person. Ex. — Brother reads. Brother reads a noun of the third person {why?), Bubjec. predicate. Tcise 3. mably ut the e to be epeated )uld be Exercise 4, Mouse nibbles. Rain poured. Chain binds. Cat scratched. Cock crows. Silver melted. Shilling disappeared. Thunder pealed. Parrot talks. John thinks. Bees hum. Robbers at- tacked. Carriage passes. King rules. Peace returned. Maiden prays. Daughter knits. Organ sounded. Year begins. Hail curled. Day dawns. Heart beats. Milkmaid sung. Vice debases. THE NUMBER OP NOUNS. 11. What is the difference in meaning between loole and loohs ? Booh signifies just one bock ; hoolcs means Quore than one. » How «many are meant by houses ? More than one. Howmany is meant by maw/ Jiwt one. ■n O Jf Si I \ f 4 ENGLISH anAMMAR AND ANALISIS. Tell whether each of the following words means one thing or more than one :— Sxercise 5. If nnnrlf 'Z"^?' ^?''''^\ ^""^^^ '^''^^' «to»e3, Children, hero.Unes peargarde^^^^ ' ' '''''''' "^'"' ^''''^ ^''''' ^^««^' ^^ttle,' hfi^t-r,^,^^'' * wi.''^'''^ ""^^^^ ^^^y ^^^' i* i« said to a^idW Piur^'" ^^ "^^^^ ^^^'^ *^- -^' ^* - This is called the Number of the noun * Vt what number is each >f the following nouns ? Exercise 6. > Bcissors (no sing.), ' ^"^' ®P°°°' ^o^rs, Ex :— Boys climb. (See No. 8.) Exercise 7. THE GENDER OP NOUNS. *i ^^ilyr^"^^^'^ ^^^^^^ creatures there are two sexes the Male Sex and the Female S'- ' belolv'r^* '""^ ''''^ ^^"^ ^'''''°''' °'' ^"'^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ * For the Formation of the Plural rpr Nn 9^7 Aa +i,« ■'^ 3. neaus one hero, kings, ooscberries, ioel, bottle, is said to one, it is ; nouns ? iper, gold, ey, knives, bookcase, )n, floors, THE NOUN. 9 Exercise 8. Boy, lady, brother, horse, father, .langhter, tinde. qnetn, Boldier, mistress. Bister, raare, bull, madam, baroa, landlord, countess, prince, abbot, peacock, cow, tigress, widow, earl, poetess. 14. All nouTiFi applied to males, are said to bo Ivlas- culine in gender.* All nouns applied to females, are said to be Feminine in ^render. Of what gender is each oi the following words ? Exercise 9. -Won, husi nd, girl, cow, duchess, wife, grandfather, sailor, Wide, prmcoii^, heireas., governor, widov r, heroine, landlady, belle, heir, her , man, aunt, woman, bachelor, maid, BongstT-ess, soldier, waitress, master. Gender i;i the Distinction of Sex. ibjecc. ks quack, es. Men 1. Bears 3S. Coat Is. Gon- :en feed^ > sexes, named i As the is much Et.— Queen teigna. Queen I a noun, 3rd pers., sing., fem. {why?), flubj, roigns j predicate. Exercise 10. Mother nurses. Coachman rides. Boys jump. Uncle visited. Mare canters. Peter recited. Girls skip. Sister laughed. Milliners stitch. Isabella attended. Lawyer pleaded. David wrote. Absalom rev >lted. Lady approached. Lioness watched. Prince spoke. Horse drags. Jane writes- Samuel judged Husband entered. Chairman addressed. She-goat browsed. Painter travels. Marchioness bowed. 15. Of what sea^ is a house ? It is not male, and it is not female. It has no sex, as it is not a liviiig creature ; so we say that the word, or noun, house ia . neither masculine nor feminine in gender, * For Tables of Gendei, see No. 236. They may be learned at this stage, but are not absolutely necessary. I e ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS. li Tree shakes Ex. — Tree eliakeis. a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neither masouKno nor feminine, subj. predicate. r,AUi??*~^? ^"^^^"^"j ^''^ '^''''^ ^^ speaking, the word neither (or neith.) may be used for '' neither masculine nor femin-'ne "as •-- Tree, a noun, 8rd pers., sing., neith., subj. * The word neuter is also used. '' Exercise 11. Bottle broke. House totters. Mirror reflects. Sun sets ^r^i^^ ""n^'^'f' T^' superintends. Candle flickersT Poet praised. ^ Countess dresses. Smoke ascends. Hand held Clerk copied. Landlord sold. Ship struck. Manservant attends Cxlasgow flourishes. Maidservant sweeps. Street ends Roo sloped. P ant blossomed. Battle begins. Bridge stretched K'CS- ^s.^: ^^"^ »"- 0^1- -nil: Ex.— Servant washes. (See No. 8 j Exorcise 12 oess arrived. Sorro/Cifles Lami, S """•'^''If'l. Prin- . Of what gender therefore ia the word parents ? It IS both masculine and feminiue ^ parencs f it li JamSS.""^'* "'^' ^^ " »°"''™"-° '« ■' ''-'X ma«c«. "i?«V"™ .~.'? «""'^' '^ °f'^° 8iv.-n to nouns that Me ''kai THE OBJECT. uHne &or i neither (or r:ne,"as:— Stm getd. kers: Poet land held, mt attends, nds. Roof stretched. 1 sounded. is either t? It is a contrao- mbj. tesg stood. Jd. Prin- n sjmpa- Guardian illar siip- oxes coa- rps. 3oth the Its? It h mascu- that are Ex.— Parents protect. (See No. 8.) Parents a noun, 3rd pers., plu., both, subj. protect predicate. Exercise 13. Birds build. Eagles swoop, ^i'riends assembled. Children played. Servants cooked. Schoolmates grieved. Knives disap- peared. Foot slipped. Mary repented. Laundress starches. Peacock screamed. Authoress died. Mountam towered. Eve- ning approachea. Monarchs trembled. Listeners departed. Blossoms appear. Crowd {neith.) dispersed. Streams mingle. Steamboat left. Winds whistle. Sheep perished. Branches waved. . THE OBJECT. 18. Ex. — 1. Birds build nests. 2. Man shot birds. Ih the first sentence, What is spoken about ? Birdi. What is said about them ? Build. "What do they build ? Nests. The word nests is what is acted upon by the birds, and hence is called the Object. 19. The Object in a sentence is whatever is acted upon. . „ , -, 7 . J • -p What is the difference between birds m Ex. 1, and birds m hx. 2 ? In 1 it is what is spoken about, or Subject. In 2 it is what is acted upon, or Object. Arrange the following sentences, thus :■ Subject, Birds Predicate, build Object, nests I build I Exercise 14. Snow covered fields. James cut fingers. Sun lights earth. Sailor climbed rigging. Box contained toys. Fire destroyed warehouse. Boys broke window. George blotted copy-book. Pilot steered steamer. Boiler holds water. Lions eat flesh. Sparrow picked crumbs. Parse the following sentences thus :— Ex. — Snow covered fields. (See No. 8.) Snow a noun, 3rd pers., sing., ueiih., subj. covered predicate, fields 1 a noun, 3rd pers., phi., neith., obj. {ivky ?). W EN&LISIT OllAMMAR ANJ> A^AfALYSig. Exercise 15. ^^^tS^^^ol^::^^^^y. ^^-. contain, .il.. Smith makes plouRhr PoSn i! w w°"^^ ^^^^^^^^ stag, children. RiRhtSL/..!u. T"^^ ^'^^'''' ^^^ents love boys. Priestfss sTd pTa/e^ 'Uu^^^^^^^^^ ^«g^'^«^« conceal moon. River overflowpdh.T ^^^^f F^'^^^' Clo"<5s Mamma sends com^iments H.nrv .^^''^ ^'^P« ^'^°^'^- opened gate. Gardenernrnts c^hhL "''"'^ '^'''^'^- ^^^'^^^ made bowl. ^"'^^"^^^ P^^^ts cabbages. Axe cut tree. Potter For tho Jcinds of nounq «ao Tnt^ nor mi Sir '- *^'^-"p"^^'^^aLt.4tp.e^tn^ CASE. 20. The state in whioli fliA nr>T.« ,•-. • jt is called Casa Tf V/^?^^/^^e noun is m the sentence natfve Case Tf^> • i« the subject it is called Nomi- native Case. If ^t is the object it is called Objective T, T •^^" — Baker sells bisonifa Repeat Exercise 15. THE VEEB. Ex, — G-lrl broke jug. Wliat did the girl do ? :Bro7ce. is I.M SS! '^"^ "^ "'^* ^^^ ^^^ ^'^ ^-^^- ^roJ. ^Uti^tT " *'^ "^^^ ^^ *^^ --*-- that tells Girl broke jug a uoun, 8rd pers., sing., ueith., obj. or objeotiyo case. Exercise 16 %|hrofessor )veied w 3gypt« : roops. :l 22. s Ibe in tl 23. ^ person, leaker iells lliscmts : Joiner Beats. I'. repaired gi-asps si connect country. Cleanhne 24. I If the g Soldiers gained victory Tempei tacked g Slodge. S Eagle seii 'TravellerE t'rogs lea] #dvanced. 25. S^ ■ iominat THE VEEB. 9 5ntains milk, ollowed stag. Parents lovo ^d disgraces ity. Clouds ;eepa books. ise. Porter ree. Potter 5. They to prevent sentence ed Nomi- Objective case, ase. lat tells ive case, case. rofessor gave lecture. Paintings adorn gallery. Columbus dis- )veied America. Johnson compiled dictionary. Nile waters Sgypt. De Foe wrote Robinson Crusoe. Elizabeth harangues roops. i 22. Syntax.— Kulei— The subject of the verb must i>e in the nominative case. 23. When the subject in a sentence is of the third person, the verb is also said to be third person. Ex. — Baker sells biscuits. Jaker ells liscuits a noTin, 3rd pers., sing., masc, subj. or nom. (Rule I.) a verb, 3rd pers. {wimj ?). a n&an, 3rd pers., plu., neith., obj. Exercise 17. Joiner saws wood. Sister loves flowers. Strangers rented Beats. Merchant bought estate. Friends remain. Mechanic .repaired engine. Band performs. Miller grinds wheat. Hand 5^asps sword. Fountains play. Bridge spans river. Canals Iconnect seas. Truthfulness crea^^d respect. Snakes infest Jfcountry. Lighthouse warned vessels. Kindness begets love. €)leanliness lessens disease. . 24. If the subject is singular, the verb is singular. If the subject is plural, the verb is plural. Ex. — Soldiers gained victory. poldiers gained Victory a noun, 3rd pers., plu., masc, nom, to gained. (Rule I.) a verb, 3rd pers., plural (why?), a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., obj. Exercise 18. Tempest swept coast. Poet published volume. Sailors at- |acked garrison. Paul preached sermons. Wolves pursued Ijodge. Shepherdess tends sheep. Wellington defeated Napoleon. Lagle seized rabbit. Hunters followed fox. Wars impoverish, travellers slept. Congregation sang psalms. Wa\es rippled.* Frogs leap. Dinner waits. Story entertained. Army (neith.) Idvanced. ^ . Solo- l parcel 25. Syntax.~Ilule II.— A verb must agrey with its bminative or subject in number and person. 10 mOLlBU OIUMMAB AM) AlfALISIB. Scholar forgot bools presses that it rlnp« «^ • 1 ^ Sunrises ex- and^«52f. F^tJbses tnat the rising is over Ex — Scholar forgot book a lonn ^oAp^'^- ei^gMPast time (why 0. mnle IT ^ a noun, 3id pers., sing., neith., obj "^ ^ "*' a , Exercise 19. Ete Sluggard loses... Butcher sells beef. Oaptairboulht vacM % ^'^^^ ^"* ^^g^' fled. Eire toasted bread. Clock str^.a^^^^^^ Thieves tects garden. Eliza played piano Ifi* ^^^M'.°"^' Wall pro- brings oranges. Aunt o/cupirarm-ch^r' 'T^ "^'■^^"*- ^^P^ Wind raises waves. Bishop visS rs-t -^^S*' P^'^^^^^^ ''^^auty. cbapel Titus destroyed Xmsaletr^' ^^^ocession entered Columbus set sail. James rode W AlS'^V ^^^^ P^'^^^rs. neaith. Bnde kissed goblet "'"^*'"^"- -iemperanco preserves Arrange Ex. 19 ia the «aae way a. Ex. 14 orlJ; K;TSret;.T f-* f^t'^em, i„ verb,; a., Robert .w/tTble """"'^ ^"'"^"i^* aJ:M';i^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ f er the., n^;?5. ^^"^ • ^3 James ^/ee^s,. D^g ob.StKr''^''™-^-»««voverb3 Repeat Eiercise 19. gcyern the ftence 32. ffllS. THE ADJECTIYE. 11 ing between Sun rises ex- tlie present sing is over second ex- I'l or nom. to y?). (Rule II.) ^rd loses time. cis cut finger, ept. Thieves ie. Wall pro- -boat. Papa aised beauty, ision entered >ad3 prayers, ivept. Train ICO preserves L4. •them, in rransitive I ter them, B ^psi Dog THE ADJECTIVE. ^9. An adjective is a word in a sentence which tells some quality of the noun or distinguishes it j as, Clever girls ; Good shepherd. What kind of girls ? Clever, Therefore clever is an adjective. What kind of she^pherds? Good, Good is called an adjective. 30. An adjective may be placed before the sub- ject, to tell some quality of it. 31. ]\Zethod of oral examination for eyery sen- tence ;-^ Ex. — Young child loves mother. What is spcken about ? Child, What kind ot <*,hilu ? Young. What is said ab.nut cliild ? Loves* What does it love ? Mother. Ex. parsed :— Young an adj. qualifying child. child a noun, Srdpers., sing., eith. , eubj. or nom. (laile I.) loves a trans, verb, 3rd. pers., sing., pres. tirue. (Euib IT.) mother [ a noun, 3d. pers., sing., fern., obj. (Kulo III.) Exercise 20. Friend brought toys. Kind friend brought toys. Lad please* master. Smart lad pleased master. Leaves cover trees. Green leaves cover trees. Lazy boy lost place. Beautiful birds inhabit forests. Cruel children killed butterflies. Pretty flowers filled vase. Strong sailors turn wheel. Brave Wallace defended Scotland. Neat church crowned hill. Clieerful faces surround table. Old sexton tolled bell. Cunning fox stole hens. Swift steamer leaves wharf. Plump dairymaid made cheeses. Busy bees gather honey. Beloved father dies. Patient nurse watches. Bold soldier saved comrade. Gentle Agnes grieves. Wet weather comes. Intelligent artisan exhibited elall. cyern the 32. Syntax. — Rule IV. — Adjectives qualify nouns. 33. An adjective may likewise be placed before the object. 12 ENGLISH GBAMMAE AlTD ANALYSIS. Exercise 21. shildren. Christ blessed little children. Wasps sting boys. Wasps Bting meddlesome boys. Summer brings bright days. Grand- mother hkes good tea. Stranger showed great kindness. Porter carries heavy load. Huntsman has spirited horse. Squirrel as- tZfiflA'"' ^^^f«^ept fertile plain. Travellers encoun- tered great dangers. Moses plagusd Egyptian king. 34 An adjective may be placed before both subject and object m the same sentence. Exercise 22. (See 31.) cjfS'? g°* slate. Clever girl got slate. Clever girl got new slate. Strokes fell oaks. Little strokes fell great oaks. Kindly words coo anger. ^ Mevvj hearts have smiling faces. Idle hands work much mischief. Industrious gardener collected ripe pears. Vl versity tries true friends. Creeping ivy covers ruined Jastle. Rich for ner sows best seed. Cautious merchant does great business Noble deeds show noble minds. Careful secretary wrote co?rec account Greatest crowds followed standard. Sadder circum stances befel John. Wisest men have better methods Ses overhauled Portuguese ship. -tuaies 35. Two or more adjectiyes may be prefixed to either subject or object, or to both at once. Exercise 23. Gentleman uses staff. Frail, old gentleman uses staff. Day sue cceded niglit Calm clear day succeeded stormy night. Loud shril noise start ed sleepers. Garden contained fine, r;d roses Pupil makes bold, round letters. SkUful doctor treated severe dangerous disease. Fierce tiger gave loud, dying yell Good round, soft coal makes warm, bright, cheerful fiJerS^eep. b^oad sluggish stream en ers restless, heaving Atlantic Ocean. Hea^est ball penetrated thickest wall. Eager tourists see dim disTant mountains. Faithful, enduring camel traverses burm^'g Sy desert. Sorrowing mother bewails dear, loved son. Sp food follows plentiful harvest. Brazen trumpet gives agreeaWe mu sical sound. Guilty, wicked creature occupied dS.v S .^.T^ cell. Fair, proud Mary gave long, last glance. "'' fe"pier"dava came. Hohest joy filled breast. Mountainous district have wet^^^ weather. George visited Spanish rivers. "'"'"^^^ ^^^« ^««e» 86. I \)lural i before They 1 Disting That fiweet musi( charme the ear m Pillar chain fa old law lightnin ploughu ■ the swa] . Ilorsem rented t brought laboure] sang so TLe tut bad woi liumilit; Btory. 37. Imndn are ad 38.' etc., a: 39. everi/f tity. 318. THE ADJECTIVE. 13 Dhrist blessed »boyfl. Wasps iays. Grand- iness. Porter Squirrel as- ellers encoun- oth subject ?ot new slate. Kindly words e hands work 5 pears. Ad- i castle. Rich ^eat business, rvrote correct dder circum- )ds. Pii'ates refixed to iff. Day suc- ght. Loud, 3, red roses, sated severe, yell. Good )eep, broad, n. Heaviest lim, distant 'ning sandy Cheap food eeable, mu- ark. iiRTTTi'^ ippier days have wetter 36. As the words a, an, tie, tJiis plural thjse, that plural those, and yon, qualify or distinguisli the nouns before whicli they are placed, they are adjectives. They have received the n^m^ of Demonstrative or Distinguishing Adjectives. Ex.— That sweet music cuai'iaed the ear. That a distinguishing adjective, voiuting out music, (Rule IV.) fiweet an adj;, qual. music, (Rule IV.) musio a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., Bubj. or nom. (Rule I.) charmed a trans, verb, 3rd pers., sing., past time, agreeing with music. (Rule II.) the a dist. adj., pointing out ear. (Rule IV.) ear a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., obj., by charmed. (Rule III.) Exercise 24. Pillar supports house. The pillar supports the house. cham fastens the gate. That woman desires this cottage. old law remains. The active carter left this brown parcel. lightning struck you tree. The pleasant evenings pass, [ploughman tills the rough, uncultivated soil. Summer brings ^ the swallow. The hardy mariner crossed the wild, stormy sea. Horseman arrived. A horseman arrived. An owl screams. Charles ^ rented that liouse. Margaret washes this room. The next mail i brought more news. These curtains cover the window. Those labourers finished dirty, wet, wearisome work. A nightingale I sang some sweet notes. The bachelor bought these ornaments. Tl e tutor teaches those boys. The bravest hero received some bad wounds. That publisher issues this monthly journal. Great humility distinguishes this priest. Yon stranger told an Irish story. 37. All the Cardinal numbers, one, two, three, forty, Jmndred, thousand, etc., or, 1, 2, 3, 40, 100, 1000, etc., are adjectives of Clu£intity or Numeral adjectives. 38. The Ordinal numbers, Jlrst, second, third, tenth, etc., are also adjectives of quantity. 39. All, some, any, no, none, loth, many, fciv, each, every, either, neither, several, are adjectives of quan- tity. This The The The 14 The first officer captured ten men ENGLISH OEAMMAB AKD AKALTSX8. Ex.— The first officer captured ten men, a dist. adj., qual. officer. (Rule IV.) * mSriv^)'^"'' ^°^^'^*'' °^ ^'^^^*^*^^' numbering oficer, a noun, 3rd perg., sing., masc, nom. (or subj.) to captured. (Rule I.) v - ; ^ ^ tT' r'^' ^/i? ,P'.'?'J '^°S" P^«* *i^e, agreeing with officer. (Rule II.) ^ a num. adj., numb. men. (Rule IV.) ^ (Rde 11?)^ ^^''^'' ^^"'' ^^^^'* ^^J" '^y '^'^i'^W'*^^- Exercise 25,* IioST^^^^^^^' T^^^'^^s passed. Horses drew wagon. Six horses drew wagon. The form held twelve girls. The enemv left many guns. Every sailor knows duty. The glorio s ZZj Th« w£ * ^^^T^ ^^"- , ?^^ glorious Victory cost 8000 men grand army. The fire destroyed ninety houses. Uncle has four m^'cteJt f ''' 'f '" l''"" ^"-"^'^^^^- E^^ 'y tenth s^S annonnJ!«lw ^•Tri^'!l*''^^'' ^^" ^^^««1^«- ^ newspaper SriftOnnf-'^^^^f^^^^^^^^ Robert read 340 pages. Glasgow conta ns 480,000 mhabitants. Tom sent another man The E o.'."^:-^'' ^-^^^ '''''^'''- ^^^ ^'^"^ ^°^^ted neither horse danLr^ Th"';^/?' '^^iS'J^- ?^^* precaution prevents any danger. The butcher sold tne whole ox. The Greek merchant lost some money. The firm imports French wTnes. 40. Some nouns, when placed before other nouns to express a quality of them, are used as adjectives. Ex. — Iron ring. What kind of ring ? Iron. Iron is a noun used as an adjective. Exercise 26. A pin holds the shawl. A silver nin ho]d«i the, ei.orni t i, has » ponoil-caBe. John has a goll pond tS Tl" 'servatt broke Iho chma cup. Children blow soap bubbles. The Sace c...oexi.„ij.cr icpiviiuci the ieaiuer boots. *For all the kinds of adiectives spa Nn 9Qa t* • necessary to take them up furtUlmVafnu^^ert^ 41. 1 IPay ge This • Ther< Jositive : The »fifi, grt The ( % the ] :: The I kt to tl Telli Sma Happie grain. G greenest | people. ld nigl Sorest ne 41a. : Quantil tivcs, 5^ as, almi %, Em Adjec ensily p general] 1 ' -^ , * The mi aUqx t 'SIS. THE ADJECTIVE. 15 3n. mbering ofjicef, I. (or BubJ.) to time, agreeing ., by captured. w wagon. Six The enemy lorious victory st 8000 men. nperor led the hide has four 'f tenth soldier A newspaper jes. Glasgow r man. The neither horse, prevents any Jek merchant er nouns to jctiyes. hawl. John The servant _ The palace iller wears a wall. Tha It is not reaohed. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 41. The quality expressed by the simple adjective fay generally be made greater or less : as, lon^, nger, longest ; smally smaller j smallest. \ This is called the Comparison of Adjectives. There are three degrees of comparison, the Positive, the Comparative, and the Superlative. The Positive degree is the simple adjective : as, Bafc, great. The Comparative degree is formed by adding r or er # ^lie Positive : as, srfe, safer ; great, greater. The Superlative degree is formed by adding st or %t to the Positive : as, safe, safest ; great, greatest. Tell the degrees of the adjectives in the following: Ex.- -A smaller house. Smaller | an adj., comp. deg., qual. Jiouse. (Rule IV.) Exercise 27. ^- Happier days. Finer dresses. The highest steeple. Ripe'' ^ain. Good potatoes. Bad butter. The greatest la^iryer. The gleenest gooseberries. Many marbles. Fewer houses. Merriest J«ople. Nicest garden. Sweeter pears. The warmest fire. A CK>ld night. A large orange. Clever tricks. A damp day. Sorest need. An early hour. 41a. Distinguishing Adjectives and Adjectives of Quantity cannot be compared. Several other adjec- Mvcs, strictly s'gealdng, do not admit of comparison : 9^, almighty, perfect j infinite^ extreme^ square, everlast^ %y, English, etc. Adjectives of two syllables, when they are not <|tsily pronounced, and those of more than two, are generally compared by prefixing more and onost or less ^d least : as, discreet, more discreet, most discreet. ^ J * The Exercise on Comparison by more and most is omitted Hi after the adver^ See Nos. 168, 239. '"34^ • "iiv^,^ ^ 10 ENGLISH ORAMMAE AND ANALYSIS. If the adjective end in y 'preceded ly a consonar. the y is changed into i before adding er, est . as happy f happier y happiest. 42. Some words have, for the Comparative and Superlative, words quite diiferent from the Positive This is called Irregular Comparison. Irregular Comparison. Positive. Comparative, Sn,]^erlative, Good better best Bad, evil, ill worse worst Much, many more most Little less least Nigh Higher nighest, next Old older, elder oldest, eldest Far farther farthest Fore former foremost, first Late later, latter latest, last Hind ninder hindmost, hindcrmos\ Compare the following adjectives lohen it is pos- sible : — Exercise 27a. Large, dreary, kind, gentle, big, early, careful, almighty, thiu, this, six, goocl, precious, beautiful, hot, old, cold, wise, delightful, fat, late, little, hardy, several, sagacious, that, much, sorry, talk, glad, deep, third, external, dead, keen, soft, right, eight, ill. Parse the following sentences :— Exercise 28. James brought the greatest number. That rose gives a plea^ sauter smell. The strangers chose the worst day. Gold has harder qualities. Little troubles followed. The lawyer send* an older brother. The ship sustained heavy damage. The young sailor avoided the WDrst dangers. The shareholders sustained hea\icr losses. The next boy takes the higher place. The travel- ler spoke the last won". The poorest person received the largest share. A greater wonder foiiows. Such deeds outrage the huiiesi feelings. The master wanted a better man. Tlio late hour pre- vonf-ed further proceeding. Little pains ' '"'ig little gains. The best men die. [S. % consonai: jr, est. as irativo and :ie Positive rlative. tm; POBSEsaoE, on possessite cagk. Ei— The bravest hero receiveJ Bome bad Tfounds. General Analysis. 17 Subject. The bravest hero The bravest hero received some bad woiinda Predicate. I received 1 Particular Analysis. (adj.) enlargement of subject. (adj.) enlargement of subject (rjoun) simple subject. (verb) predicate. , , . . (adj.) enlargement of object Object. Bome bad wounds. next 1 ildest I t, first '^ ast 3t, hindcrmoaUJ ^ it is ^os- [mighty, thin, ise, clolightful, § h, Borry, talk, f jiglit, ill. \adj.) enlargement of object. «„„« . ('■'""'•);;7'°f "2*2 23 25, 2G, and 28. Analyse exercises 20, zi, ^z, ^o, ^u, , both generally and particularly. I gives a plea' y. Gold has wyer sendi an The young lers sustained The travel- ^mjk 'ed tlio largest iBf ago the huliest ' late hour pre- little gains. THE POSSBSSOB, OK POSSESSIVE CASE. 43. Ex.— Peter's books. Whose books ? Peifer'.?. , The books belong to Feten ^^ possesses them. Therefore Feter is called the Possessor. PoSt out the Possessors in the following exercise : Exercise 29. JoWs mother. Men's ^'^^?:J%1^,- J^'t^:. tf: Girl's bonnets. Bo,s' "?»f"«?.; .„ ^^s C's hole. Foxes' "irSe l::r:Vr indicated .y the .... called the Apostrophe. A^i TTow to find the nu'rrl)er of the Possessor :-- , I • theTart of the word before the apostrophe is ,;. , .„i„. tl,« wli"lo word 13 Singular. It the pait oi tlS^w^Stfore^the apostrophe is plural the wuolo word is plural. 18 E-JTOLISH »EAMMAB AITO AUAITSIB. Ex.— Man'8 life. The part before the apostrophe is man, which is Bincrlori hence vian's is singular. Ex.— Ladies' gloves. The part before the apostrophe is ladies, which is plural ; henco ^«die«' is plural. Ex. The eagles' feathers adorn the hat. The a dist. adj., pointing oxii feathers. (Rule IV.) eagles' a noun, 3rd pers., plu. {why ?), eith. oi both, pos- sessor, possessing the />">=>«''l;/t'„e pretty flo^vers. We played one tke flute. She a\™»f ^/^TJ^^Sen spin yam. They spin ^ame. She wn M P»^«'- „,i^^7° The gardener's son brought ?Ln. They want a y°"''84,'^!™°';ted Kafy ^ou detained the l<«a. deUghttul grapes She "sited Ma J ^ ^^^^^^_ ^^^^ ^^. Captain's negro servant. He despar ^ ^^^ , ^hjXrTt^m. tin^e. you as. a better 'trTKe.™plepe.^ masculine nor feminine m genaer. xu» i- 69. m.y, tVerefox-6 mr.y to masauliae, femmine, n ENGLISn GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS, either masculine or feminine, neither masculine nor feminine, or both masculine and feminine, according to the gender of the noun for which it stands. Exercise 38. The loaf falls. It falls. It rained. It overturned several trees. It alarmed the neighbourhood. She selected a suitable occasion. It snows. It bore bad fruit. He summoned the faithful minister. Philip made great preparations. Tke cardinal forgot the bishop's arguments. It includes different districts. It shook the throne. We seek shelter. I found relief. They inhabit the rocky shore. She spoke the French language. Mary's death stopped the war. The roots withered. They withered. They give light. Tliey possess property. 70- II(^ and she are sometimes used in speaking of things that have no sex; as, speaking of the sun, we say, *' He rises "; or, of a ship, we say, " She sailed." It is often applied to things which liave sex; as, spealdng of a child, we often say, "It screamed." It is generally used when the sex is doubtful. This licence which is taken witii these pronouns may be called Poetic Gender. TifE SIMPLE PEESONAL PEONOUNS used as OBJECTS. 71. The simple personal pronouns which have just "been treated of, have always been used as the subjects of sentences. In that form they can only be used as suljects. Each has a different form for the ohjecti and this form can only be used as the object, and never as the subject. 72. The simple personal pronoun of the 1st person. Singular. Flural. Norn, (or suhj.) I Obj. Me JVom. (or suhj.) We Ohj. Us Me is the objective corresponding to I. Us is the objective corresponding to xce ; as, I addressed the man. The man addressed me. We S!i.w the man. The man saw us. He 1 ft SI itruck 1 a t me a E I like tb bus. The ; me. You '' earnest pi emotion. resisted e^ . us. The f Smith's ■ Btranger. 73. 'l hear you Th( pany 1 exp' comf< some admi expei recei you. plaC' •J BOH PERSOKAI. PB0^0TJ58. 25 me nor cording d several a suitable loned the 6 cardinal districts, ef. They language, d. They lings that ses " ; or, to things say, " It 'ul. This led Poetic USED AS lave just I subjects \ used as e ohjectf ject, and ; person. We Us 3 objective The man ^e a Sim. pevs- P^n., f "^^ (Rule III.) , Exercise 39. atheomm- Tbfi baker lilies me. vve r»* followed emotion. We ^\^^^^^^^f^i workman mstuctedn^^^ ^^^^^ resisted evil, yf^^'^d me. Scott s monui ^^^ polite 73 The simple personal pronoun ^^^^_^^ O'y- , „ T hear thee- ^ou hear roe. l^^*' " rf; I?f ' • . « Plu., o«b. or both, (Bale ll-) 2ua pevB., sing- or P'«-' ^»M''tbr.^T'-.e-\Bule\lI.) Exeroiss 40. ^^^^ ^^^„„,. ,,ny tue lady. Tb. My ^^^ general roeeutoaf^^^^^ ^^^ , 1 eipcctthee. 1 teboldest mo. =''»}/",|,,e,ited you. T^ou comfort you. ^,5° jestroyed tbe rats. " X:"„,verea you- ^0 Sr»K&"" "Stt-He S ^X..".b:1Sl>---'Xouou n of the 3rd pc- 74. Tlie simple personal pronou son maaculme. 26 ENaLISH GEAMMA.E AND ANALYSIS. Singular. Norn, {or subj.) He OhJ. Him you told him JPlural. Nom. (or subj.) They Obj. Them Ex. — You told him. a aim. pers. pron., 2nd pers., sing, or plu., eith. or both, nom. (or subj.) to told. (Rule I.) a trans, verb, 2nd pers., sing, or plu., past time, agr. witii you. (Rule II.) a sim. pers. pron., 3rd pers., sing., masc, obj. by told. (Rule III.) Exercise 41. He held the horse. The horse bit him. The chair supports him. The small band defeated him. The nimble horse won the chief race. The jailer released him. You astonish me. I re- commended you. She invites us. I met them. The snow hindert them. They seized him. The master's kind friends paid the expenses. Jane's father told us. "We seek them. They reproach them. You allowed them. She forgets the sad circumstance. The peacock's feathers adorned them. The boys' bonnets suit them. 75. The simple personal pronoun of the 3rd per- son feminine. Singidar. JBlural. Nom. {or subj.) She Obj. Her I^om. {or subj.) They Obj. Them Ifo7n. {or suhi.) It Obj. It i\om. {or subj.) They Obj. Them : They prai^' navigate it. 'rmed the b1 ^le hill's Bte< made it. 1 fourth horse :^he ■wiacl to The si Exercise 42. She called me. I called her. She trusts us. We trust her. The pink ribbons become her. The clever policeman traced him. You learned good manners. Four Indian chiefs received me. They predict a severe winter. The pet lamb follows her. It sheltered her. He remembers a father's prayrr. I congratulate them. They enjoy the lively game. The bold, rugged mountains delight them. The pramised reward satisfied her. They charged the enemy's ranks. You displeased her. He preserved her. She concealed him. Some boy provoked them. 76. The simple personal pronoun of the 3rd per- son, neither masculine nor feminine. Singular. Plural. 11. Th ponding My fo^ ^ book; C The si Noiin. Obj. Poss, Postma brougb our letter 78. noun thing Per Myb< M pEESOIfiL PBOHOimS. 27 They Tliem or both, agr. •with . by told. supports 3 won the e. I re- w hindert paid the f reproach imstance. inets 6uit trd per- They Them trust her. aced him. eived me. I her. It Qgratulate nountaing 3y charged irved her. }rd per- They Them 1 Exercisers. r^ho iuha^i^on** ^ . ;^ u We sell it. It flourished, ^ne Thev praised it. vve sei ^g ^ore it. i-^^ b ^^^ ^J^Jit. The governors s^^^^ '^^^^^1 u'* A^^tet ixnfd the Btateinent ABOun ^^^^^ de^t^^^'^ 'erished The iSihU'stUed. Thouseestit. |he ^nnd tossed them. [the SIHPI^^ ^^ poSSESSOBS. . ,7 The word which denotes f/J^STer'^^^^^^^^^ U'diS^t^othesi^P^^^^^^^^^^^ as, if. »kv for the singular, ana uu booli ; Ouri^om^- ^ of the Ist person. The dmple personal pronou ^^^^^^ Nom. Cor *»*;•) Ij^ o6j. S^ Oq;. jfij I Posfi. "-^^M "Pjf "(Bul/lIO ^^,., ^,„„ eith. or both, >etter»hSxixV^'"' , ,r wv,pntwonouii9,orapro- ,8. Synta..-Kule^J--5tS%.ifyxug diiferont Exercise 44. stoppea* . ,.. ..^ v..ol.e. Clock stopped. Our^^^ocK^^ i,^^^ Pen broke, is^y i"=V "kv box contains luj 0^.vKb« Hy box contains maps, oiy 23 ENOLTSn GHAArMAR AT7D ATq-ALTSTS. 'm my book. The duke entertained my father. The mason repairs our playground. Mother makes my bag. She forgot my orders. The rain destroyed our flowers. Aunt purchased my knife. Wo lose our time. The king's children deserted him. They desire our company. Our friends grow some fine apples. The country tailor made my coat. The sly fox stole two ducks. "We hooked an eel. She remembered me. It sur^irises us. Our boys tease thom. My portrait attracted him. Our uncle warned you. Our strange behaviour shocked them. 79. The simple personal pronoun of the 2nd person. Singular. JPlural JV^om.{orsuhJ.)ThoVL orYoii Ohj. Thee or You Voss. Thy or Your N'om. (or suhj.) Ye or You OhJ. You Foss. Your Exercise 45. Letters reached. Your letters reached. Basin broke. Thy basm broke. Ycmv dra^vings please me. Thy umbrella slioltered us. Thou honourest thy parents. Your shoemaker made your shoes. You opened your door. Our key suits your look. Your house adjoins om- garden. My daughter lost your address. Ho performed the chief steward's duty. I eat my supper. Your in- fluence saved them. We give our thanks. Thy right hand up- holds her. The great heat destroyed our neighbour's strawberries. We love our father. Your dear old grandmother resembles your own (adj.) mother. 80. The words which denote the possessor corres- ponding to the simple pronouns of the third person, singular, are His for the masculine, B'crfov the femi- nnie, and Its neither masculine nor feminine. The plural is Their for all genders. 81. The simple personal pronouns of the 3rd person. Singular. Plural N'o'in. "I He She It or suhj.) Ooj. Him Her It Poss. His Her Its ^''^^^;'J They or suhj, I ^ They They ObJ. Them Them Them Poss. Their TJieir Their PEllSOKAL PRONOUNB. 29 Exercise 4.6. "*" ,'?Tf a Your presencetste. his safety. My uncle mar- rare bird died. Your P'^s^""^ ™ j ,„ter our little cham- i':? ^Zre;" -JbrsS rek\rokl Mary's needle b^oke ;StaS.^TLfM,^good opinion^ JouspoaU^^^^^^^^^ crowd streets, ^be city s innaoua u. j j ^ ^g „ao encbanted them xiie iieavjr d ^ ^.^^ await your commands. Their horse huit *^^^/^°-. , ^ g^^^^ their Lhabil its shores. You observe its decay. Her ^t^f^ the hair. The leaves X' ^ideTleft U ^a" Thunder captives' chains. ^^^^^^^^^3^33 ty^photograph. The butcher frightens my cattle, ion Possesa my i « ^ ^ ^^. cut his arm. I admire her nodness- The stranger ^^^ ^.^^^^^ brella He delivered his first speech. »ne «oyg"«' ^ , S- inLtry -courapd their laz.r^^^^^^^^^^ A-J protects our merchants' ^'''P 'Jj^^^S thes"»" •'»»*'« ^''l'- boldness encouraged them. I*? P''''^^^ '';™„ Their iudoment de- The enemy's shot Med our to--;^' -J^;^ t„mS °The deep ?£/;r;4u7:oitti^^^^^^^^ XrlininI small vessels br^t^^^^^^^^^^^^ skirts our estate, ihese >^i'^"^" '^ . , t^ g^,^ ^jody sleeps. us. 83. All tliese possessors corresponding to tlie smi- ple personal pronouns require to be follo^Yed by a noun Id order to complete the sense. 83. Wlien no noun follows, different of these possessors are I'scl forms for some I 80 mine tliiue hers ours yours theirs She Bends hers KNOLISH GEAMMAE AND A5ALTBIB. It >» tt »i thy her „ our „ your „ their,, E^,—}Vith noun expressed. Without a nouru is used for my, as, He orings my book. He brings mine. I have thy knife. I have thme. She has her needle. She has hers. You got our chair. You got ours. "We have your slate. We have yours. They sold their house. They sold theirb Ex.— She sends hers. a Bim. pers. pron., 3rd pcrs., sing., fem., nom. (or suhj.) to send. (Rule I.) , a trans, verb, 3rd pera., sing., pres. time, agr., with sfie. a s\m! pers. pron., 3rd pers., sing., fem., poss. {the noun not expressed). Exercise 47. James forgot yours. A careless boy lost mine. The Btrong heat spoiled ours I had mine. He lent yoms. They boiled theirs. She neglects hers. Twelve trees encircle mine. Some labourers removed ours. Your plan failed. My friend sent his. The earl's eon built that castle. They borrowed yours. He_ dyed his. The judge praised theirs. Our coachman repaired mine. COMPLETE TABLE OE SIMPLE PEESONAL PEONOUNS. 84. Pirst Person. SingulcLT. Nom. (or siilj). I Foss, T^7 or mine Ohj. me Second Person. Mm. (or siilj.) Thou or You Foss. thy or thine „ your or yours Ohj. thee „ycu Third Person. Masc. Fem. Keith. All Genders. Flural. We our or ours us Ye or You your or yours you Nom. (or suJjj.) ^*-Q >-'-"3 F0S8» Ohj, It his her or hers its him her it TllAV J their or theirs them THECC 85. Th( from the of the wc plural, t' ijoitr, ther. 86. Tt object ac myself c^:c. They tl loved he] injured j panion n poor prif bonnet, dewy gra her fan. a little b; lecture c 86a. possess By SOT] correcl 87. prone t a noun% Qgs mine, tliine. IS hers. )t ours, ve yours, old theiib (or subj.) with she. [the noun trong heat led theirs. labourers his. The He dyed 3d mine. SONAL iral. ' ours You or yours renders, or theirs TEESOKAL PBONOUyS. 81 THE COMPOUND PEESONAL PKONOUNS. 85. The compound PXloCTX'aSon from the Binv^^o P^^-^f ^^aTa^ selves for the \ . ..m.perr^SJ^^:^-'- i to did. (Rulel.) ,,„.„- sing., eith., nom. myself a comp. pers. pron., Ist pcre., sm^ , Tr (or subj.) the same as J. Exercise 40. They tbemselves ^^^<^^^-,^^::t''nX'T^^^^: 'ou ,o,ed levBdt. I ^--P'^^'^t.Sf t'it. It p.id itself. HU com- iniiircd yourself. .^°" /°"v\„,,elt read the paragraph, ihe panion neglects Inmsel . ^ ^'^'J/on. He Mmself brings her poor prisoner awaila U«™8SJ'ar™n. ^^^^ „j„ Lnnet. "^onr JcinAness srlcnoo me 1 « ^^ j^^^^„ ^^^^^.l t dewy grass. We value ourselves. J-"" '^ themseWes made her fan. Your mother ««'«..' ^'i,.° We ourselves went Th. 86a. The word o.n is f-^^tlt^SCo^ correct to call it an adjective. - AISALYTIOAL LESSON V. 87. In a sentence both Bubject and object may b. ^""°r-I address ,o«. Vou yom^self lost Ins boo.. Subject. I You yourself address lost you. his book. I 82 EJSTGLISH OEAMMAr AND AJTALIBIB. ■ 1 address you. You yourself lost bis book. Particular Analysis. (in-on.) simple subject. {verb.) predicate. [pron.) simple object. (pron.) simple subject. {pron.) enlargement of subject. {verb.) predicate. {pro7i. pos8.) enlargement of object. {noun) simple object. Analyse Bsercises 34 to 48 inclusive. PEEPOSITIONS. 88. In a sentence the word whicli shows how a noun or pronoun is related to any other word, is called a Preposition : as, lie went fmn London to Dover. 89. Like most verbs, the preposition acts on the noun or pronoun which follows it. The preposition therefore, generally has after it an ohjed, from whicb it cannot be separated without destroying the sense. 90. Syntax.— Eule VI.— Prepositions govern the objecti>o case. Ex. — Sbe ran to the shop, a sim. pers. pron., Srdpera., sing.,, fem.,nom. (or subj.) to ran. (Rule I.) an intrans. verb, 3rd pers., sing., past time, agr. with she. (Rule II.) a preposition, acting on sliop. a dist. adj., qual. shop. (Rule IV.) a nouup 3rd pers., sing., neith., obj., by to. (Rule VI.) She ran to the shop. Exercise 49. The apples grow. The apples grow in the garden. The boys ran. The boys ran up the street. The dog crept through the hole. They went to Greenwich. He departed from the house. You stood at the Ih-e. The boat sailed across the stream. He passed beneath the bridge. The animal pushed against the wall. Ucr brother looks round the corner. Their cliild fell into the water. Our letters camo t>i Your clc houses' the stati The sm fihoulde carter l mill. 1 travelle box. "] upon h; field._ weepiu end of church him fn to the into t passed park. His fti weeks, He an at my from gfl^ring Lond( mark( (day fashic cntcri Weill The ■ besid some passe to so the ^ buttt ronn t,hv^,i She thva] bear the 1 iiaiK I PEEPOBITIONB. 83 1. t. Dws riow a ^^■ T word, is London to lets on the' )repositioii from wliich Ike sense. govern the J lom. (or subj.) [me, agr, with !o. (Rule VI.) The boys ran. he hole. They lu stood at the id beneath the : brother looks . Our letters came ^y the post, ^he carpent^^^^^ Your clergyman slays beyond the wood, ii y i ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ houBes' tops. I put the paper "^ ^^^^ ^(^J^ ^\^ ,ound the table, the statue on the ^^onument. The children ^^ ^^.^ The smoke goes up the dnmney. The ^^^^^ P^^, ^3, The stout shoulder. The B^eamcr lies bc^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ from the carter brought corn. ,T^^\^^^^^;.fKn?g ^^^^^ The mcssengei mill. They built her house on the ^^ « «^^«- ^ him with the travelled through the f^ounda to the v^^^^^^^^ 1^ n ^^^^^.^^ ^^^^^ box. The boys Imrriea «^f\f„ *!^° °I^^^^^^^^ bridge into the npon his sword. The deer If P^^^^T.f Vg ^^^ hour. Her fi^ld. They desisted ^f «^^ ^heir ^rk^^^^ «^e Prop^ ^^ i,,^ the weepii.,: daughter ^^^f^ X^Hhrfo^^ up the street, round the end of the room. They pursued th^ ^^ ^^^^^^,,j^t church, through the hedge, mto t^^J°° ^^ ^,^ f,om the cage liim fron- the shop to ^^^P^^^-^^f^ f.^S the lake, over the rock, to the window. The waters rush from tue 1 ^^ recession into the pool at the ^^^tom 'Df *^^^^^^^^^ the passed along the road, tbrough the arch, to i ^^^ ^^^^^ ^ark. The candle gave some light t^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^ j,^ His family removed ^f ^ab ^^^Hw? C^^ pounds (£200). weeks. You sold our .^^^^}^ .^^XJel Mv old friend visited me He arrived in the morning at ^^ hotel. My ^ j^ at my house, beyond the boundaiy the ei^y^^^^ ^.^ ^^^^ from Elba in a boat, ihe new weaves ^ii ,. j ^^^q city of !;iing. He conveyed the messag^ to^^^^^^^^^ London. You bought the cow ^^^"^ /^J ^ ge died on the lOlh n^arket of Falldrk on^t^^^^ ^ The smith (day of) July. ^,^.'„ f,.^,r. Rome h'on in the shop. vVe Uioned the horses' shoes om some ion ^^^^ ^^ ^ entered at six hours of the clocK vv Waterloo. Wellington fought against N^PO^^on m^^^^^^^ m his place The prince arnved before him. ine^P ^^^^^,^ beside the chair at the heau of the room ine ^^^^ some money from them. She v, alkedbem^^^^^^ Ms epistle passed t)u-ough the midst ohem^^^ ^^e newspaper arrived by to some strangers '"^ .^^^'''f^^f^'^^ The boys pursued the the vessel from our friends ^^ Canada. 1 ^ 1 ^^ butterfly from thejood th ough the h^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ round thebank of the Pond,j^own t^^e glen, ^^^^^^ ^^^^,^ through the gate, into tlgaid^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ,,,r She wandered beside tiie '^^siies. x ^^^^ ^^,^^ d4 ENGLISH GBAMMAB AND ANALYSIS. wall. A company of horsemen lined the route. The illness of the regent alarmed the ministers. The hoat on .he lake sank. The chief of Ulva's Isle lost his bride. The angel of death spread his wings en the blas^ The antlered monarch of the waste sprang from his heathery couch in haste. The maid with hasty oar pushed her light shallop from the shore. He took her with him to Sicily. The writer of that charming work of fiction died in the hour of triumph. The grief of a mother for a lost child affects us. The hopes of a splendid career vanished with his patron's ruin. He lives like* a king. You stay near* tho river. We stood next* the door. ANALYTICAL LESSON VI. 91. Since tlie object completes the action expressed by the predicate, it is likewise called the Completion of the Predicate. Ex.— The fisherman brought a lobster. The sense is not complete if we only say The fisherman brought. To complete the sens'^, we require to say a lobster, 92. Whatever word or words are required to com- plete the sense implied by the predicate, are called the Completion of the Predicate. 93. Whatever modifies the meaning of the predi- cate, but is not required to complete the sense, is called the Extension of the^Predicate ; as. He slept : He slept in a cave. In a cave is an extension of tho predicate. 94. Ex.— 1. The king dismissed his servant. 2. The boy stood on the burning deck. 3. He broke a chair in his rage. 4. The story of the fairy entertained the children for many nights. • Some consider Uhey near, and next as adjectives, and under- stand to. (Sco No. 95.) PUErOSlTIOKS. 86 Sithject^ i7"The king 2. The boy 3. He 4. The story of the I fairy ^ General Analysis. ^i^i^^^ hiB servant l^l"^^)^,^. stood (^07i<3) M ingdeck. broke entertained . a chair I in his rage, the children for many mghtf Ex. 4.— The story of the fairy entertained the children Particular Analysis. {adj.) enlargement of subject. Yverh) simple predicate. \adj.) enlargement of object. children 1 {noun) eiiJ^Pj^ ;^^j;f ' t^^ of predicate, for many nights. 1 {vrep^ and its case) exten. P Analyze Exercise 49 generally and particularly. Exercise 50. The grocer sent that l.m to me 0.. gocer -t me^ha ham. You made a box for me. J^^^^^^ ^he librarian lent him a pen. The librarian lent a book t^ y^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^,^ He you a book. You stayed for an hoi^r. xou 6 J^^^^ H^ ;^aited five minutes. .J^^^^^^Tef ^The wood extends thirty leaves next week. It .f^.TJ^JJ^^We stood near liim. They miles. They rode a mile ^^^^ day. We bw ^^^ ^^^ fought like men. The manager procured me a ^^^ sold him 200 tons Thomas brou^Mme^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ professor showed them a ^^^^,f fi,,^,^^w They hesitated i celebrated geologist gave us the fiit^ 1^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ a few moments. The ^'eporter for the newspap ^^^^^^^ news. He brings me ««^«f^°^.^i°f'\ft. They departed last laiots an hour. You sent the f"\^ gf^i,,\ ^o the covmUy xmr. The;y walked six miles. He ^^^^^, ^'^^^^ .^gt fiye pene^ ivervdav The guosts remained a montli. iney cubu f J'oLnd! The eggs sell at a shilling a down. D 2 BQ ENGLISH GBAMMAIi AlfD AiJALTRJlS. ANALYTICAL LESSON YII. 96. Ex. — I gave Kim a book. Wliat was given? A looh. Booh is called tli6 Direct Object, and him the Indirect Object. General Analysis. Subject. I Predicate. gave Gomp. of Fred. gave him a book him a book. Particular Analysis. [pro.) eimple subject. {verV) simple predicate. {-pron.) indirect object. [adj.) enlargeuient of object. [noun) direct object. Exten. of Fred, [none) Analyze, generally and particularly. Exorcise 50. INVEBTED SENTENCES. 97. In the sentences hitherto given, the subject has always come first, the predicate next, and the object (when present) iast. This is called the Birect Order. But these parts may also be placed in different orders, to all of which the term Indirect is applied. Ex. — The sorrowing son the long-lost father found [Ind. order). The sorrowing sen found the long-lost father {I)ire< order). Note.— When a sentence is not in the direct order, let the pupil always put it so before parsing it. Put the following sentences in their direct order where necessary, and parse them : — Exercise 51. The gushing flood dyed the tartfins. The rushing flood tha tartans dyed. ~ A soldier went by night through gloomy forest shades. Through ploomy forest shades a soldier went by night. That scene of blood that mother viewed. On the ground lay the '^■ ailed the . of Pred, lone) cise 50. 3 subject , and the he Direct ilaced in indirect is id. order). 'rc( ' order). der, let the •ect order ig flood tha lomy forest it by night, unci lay the MOOD. 87 ,.e Mer. The ^^ZZ^^^^^^^^ ^^ tory gazed the stranger. Jhe falcon t Trossach's mldest band a vrondenng eye. The ^^er i ^^^^ ^^^ horn resounds, nook his solitary refuge took. Throug^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^.^ Upon this hint spake I. ior ^J; ^^^^g shrubs the flowermg daughters? Ye have daughters. Jo 1^^^^^^^ With open palms succeed. Our i^^^^^^^d guch a fearful noise the earts, of many a Bccne^e talk^^^^^^ SucU ^ ^^^^^ ^.^^^^^^ roaring waters made. On the g^^'^H^?, , j^ wondrous merry TlSls ran a troop of strange cl^^dren.^ I mood I wrote some li^^s. Three^ ca i ^ g^^ ^^^^,^^ j^ ANALYTICAL LESSON VIH. 98. Analyze Exercise 51, according to the following Suhject. A soldier Pr^d!. went Cowi). of Fred. {none) Exten. of Fred. through gloomy forest shades, by night. Through gloomy I j (^.^p. and its case) exten. of predicate. forest shades / a soldier went by night (adj.) enlargement of subject. {noun) simple subject. MOOD. 99. A roA has teen defined to ho the word in fte sentence that tells what Js clone. 15ut a vcrD may «ko cxweL mwe leinj : as, Peter is a lawyer. 1 veil, is Tword that expresses lemy or domg. on.. m,„^nr'\' .•3ate may also have an infinitive mood as an extension j as, They searched the room to find it. 104. If the extension tells loliy the action is done, it is called an extension of Cause ; as, We eat to live. The family left the town for a cliamje of air. 105. If the extension tells lolien the action is done, it is called an extension of Time ; as. The sun shone in the morning. 106. If the extension tells wTiere the action is done, ft is called an extension of Place ; as. He lived in an inn at Lyons. 107. If the extension tells liow the action is done, it is called an extension of Manner ; as, She sang the soiag in a charming manner. Exten. of Pred. Subject. Pred. Comp. of Pred. He tried to read. They searched the room We 3at The family left the town The sun shone He lived Bhe sang the song to find it (cause). to live (cause) . for a change of air (cause). in the morning (time). in an inn at Lyons (i^lace). in a charming manner (manner). Analyze in the same manner Exercise 53. ITi/r-mTiTi A mTTTTi •nirnnTk uJL£JZiS\iJX2.JL V Jki ^Ti.wVi/. 108. The Imperative Mood expresses a command or request ; as, Shut the door. Forgive mo- JdOOD. 41 the door ,09. O^e f if j,teXelSv»X rnSK^l^rSrt plural. I UO. The subject or -f^^^Z^^'^^v^ '^^\ 1 Ex —Shut the door. ^ a iSt. adj., qual. door (^J ^b^y s?iwt. (Rule III.) a nwin, 3rd pers., smg., neith., odj. ujr Exercise 54. Hal. (you) no noise LgM (t^^ou) the^^^^^ q:);,, letter. Catch (ye) the thi^^^^^^^ Remem- breaHast. RePft all your lessons, i^u g ^^^^ ^^^^ j^.^^^ ]3o ber your mother's message, Tear ^^^- ^ ^^.^^ the maps '"m'e little good ^eed. Love the bre^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ,y ,, on fine thick paper Send a box o b ^^^^^^^ Take care of steamer. Go into the 8^;^^^/^',^^'^ Bometb.ing to the poor the pence. Sell a^l f "f^ g^^^'; '^^st the wall. Except me. folks. The moss M^ose grows agains ^^^^ ^^ Every person ^^P^^^^.^ tedsS Vitt the bells. Take notice fellow men. Hear the fledges wu ^^^^ contending Begin to play yourse ves. Heaid l^««^ ^ ^^^^ gea. Smg to ^a?e.? Sound the loud timbrel oerl^gyp^^^ ^^^^ phie-tree's me that song. Come ye in p^^^^^^^^ Stay with us. ;vithered branch I Hear a helpless^orP ^^^^ , your glorious standard launcl^^to^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ .^ountam's thy spoils C/^^^gf,,^*^ K^ Jeedours. gorge hasten thy steps, oni^b ■? 41 ANALYTICAL I--!5SS0N X. HI Ex -Destroy the weeds to save the flowerB. l^^;;Zi^)^ the weed, to -a.e t|. Hcers ^' Tulhe ahoye manner analyse Exercise 54,. Ijfcl 12 ENGLISH GEAMMAE AND ANALYSIS. CONJUGATION OF YEEBS. 112. Three moods of the verb have now been re- ferred to, the Indicative, Imperative, and Infinitive, The fourth is called the Participial mood, or the Parti- ciples. ITiis mood has both a present and past time or tense, but only one form for each. The present par- ticiple always ends in ing ; as, loving, running. The past participle has diiFerent endings according to the verb of which it is a part. 113. All the various moods of the verb, with their tenses, persons, and numbers, form its Conjugation. ^i4. There are two kinds of Yerbs, Regular and Irregular. 115. When the past indicative and the past partk ciple are formed by adding d or ed to the present, the verb is called Regular ; as, Past Participle* loved, turned. 116. The last three parts are called the Principal 'Parts of the verb. Infinitive. Pres. Ind, Past Ind. To love love loved To turn turn turned Infinitive. To love REGULAR CONJUGATION. Principal Parts. Pres. Ind. Past Ind. Past Participle, love loved loved. Indicative Mood. Present Time or Tense. Singular. Plural, 1 Pers. I love 1 Pers. We love 2 „ Thou lovest, or, You love 2 „ Ye or you love 3 .. He loves (loveth) 8 „ They love. II CONJUGATION OP VEEBB. 48 Past Tense. Singular. , „ rS^T\ 1 Fers. I loved 1 P^rs. We loved 2 „ Thou lovedst, or, You loved 2 „ Ye or you loved 3 „ He loved 8 .. They loved. Imperative Mood. Singular. riural. 2 Pers. Love, or, Love thou 2 Pcrs. Love, or, Love ye or you or you. Infinitive Mood. JPresent To love. Participles. Present Loving. J>ast Loved. All tlie regular verbs are conjugated in tlie same manner. 117. Conjw^ate the Terbs tiirn, gain, live, lelieve, kill, pierce, sumd, call, attend, Jill, save, 118 When the past indicative and past participle ,rlnot formed by 'adding d or ed to the present, the verb is called Irregular ; as, „ . . , Infinitive. Pres. M. Past Ind. Past ParUapU. To rise ' rise rose risen. LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. 119 I Those verbs which have the same form for P™nt and Past Indicative, and Past Participle ; as, Frcs. Ind. Past Ind. Past Part, j PresLrd. Past Ind. Past Part. Burst burst burst. | Cast cast casi. So also cost, cut, Ut, lurt Jcnif, let put, rid, set, sited, shut, slit, split, spread, thrust, wed. 44 ENGLISH GBAMMA.R AND ANALYSIS. 120. II. Those verbs which have the same form foi"! the Past Indicative and Past Participle only. Pres.Ind. Past Ind Abide abode Behold beheld Bend* bent Bereave* bereft Beseech besought Bind bound Bleed bled Bring brought Build* built Burn* burnt Buy bought Catch caught CHng clung Clothe* clad Creep crept Deal dealt I*ig* dug Dream* dreamt Dwell* dwelt Feed fed Feel felt Fight fought S'ind found Flee fled Fling flung Get got Grind ground Hang* hung Have had Hear heard Hold held Keep kept Kneel* knelt Lay laid Lead 1 Leave ic, JJend lent . Past Part. Pres. hid abode Lose beheld Make bent Mean* bereft Meet besought Pay bound Read bled Rend brought Say built Seek burnt Sell bought Send caught Shine clung Shoe clad Shoot crept Sit dealt Sleep dug Slide dreamt Sling dwelt Smell* fed Speed felt Spend fought Spill* found Stand fled Sting flung Strike got ground String hung Sweep had Swing heard Teach held Tell kept Think knelt Weep laid Win led Wind left Work* lent Wring I. Past Ind. Past Part] lost lost made made meant meant met met paid paid read read rent rent said said sought sought sold sold sent sent shone shone shod shod shot shot sat sat slept slept slid BHd slung slung smelt smelt sped sped spent spent spilt spilt stood stood stung stung struck struck (stricken) strung strung swept swept swung swung taught taught told told thought thought wept wept won won wound wound wrought wrought wrung wrung Those verbs marked with an asterisk are also rer^ular. 121. 1 iiid Past ^ri's. Ind* Am Arise Awake* Bear (to c Bear (to I Beat Begin Bid Bite Blow Break Cliide Choose Cleave Como Crow* Do Draw Drink Drive Eat Fall Fly Forsake Freeze (xive Go Grave* Grow Hew* Hide l^now Load* Lie (to Mow* Ride King Eiso Run See (foi Sew Shako :s. le form foTl i. Past Part] lost made meant met paid read rent Baid Bought Bold sent Blione shod Bhot Bat slept sHd slung smelt sped spent spilt stood stung struck (stricken) strung swept swung taught told thought wept won wound lEEEQULAIl VEEBS. 45 121. III. Those nul Past Participle ^u'S. Ind* Am Arise Awake* Bear (to carry) Bear (to bring forth) Beat Begin Bid Bite Blow Break Cliide Choose Cleave Come Crow* Do Draw Drink Drive Eat Fall Fly Forsake Freeze (xive Go Grave* Grow Hew* Hide Know Load* Lie (to lie down) Mow* Bide Bing Eiso Run See (foresee) Sew Shako verbs in which the Past Tense Imve a dif*' "nt form. Past Ind, was arose awoke bore (bare) bore (bare) beat began bade (bid) bit blew broke (brake) chid chose cleft (clove) came crew did drew drank drove ate (eat) fell flew forsook froze gave went graved grew hewed hid knew loaded lay mowed rode rang rose ran saw sewed Bhook Past Part, been arisen awaKed(awoko) borne born beaten begun bidden (bid) bitten (bit) blown broken chidden chosen cleft (cloven) come crowed done drawn drunk driven eaten (eat) fallen flown forsaken frozen given gone graven grown hewn hidden (hid) known laden (loaden) lain mown ridden rung risen run Been sewn shaken 46 ENaiiaU GllAMMAH AND AKALYafS. i§ Trcs. Ind, Shave Show ShoTf Shrink Sing Sink Slay Smite Bow* Speak Spin Spit Spriig Steal Stride Strive Strew* Strow Swear Swell* Swim Take Tear Throw Tread Wear Weave Write IRBEGULAR CONJUGATION. 182. Verb To Mise, Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Plural. rr, • X ,r . ^■^^'*^- We rise Thou nsest, or, You rise 2 „ He rises (riseth) 3 ,, Past Tense. Thou rosest, or, You rose 2 , Ho rose « Past Ind. Vast Part ■ shaved shaven ■ '^ shewed showed shown shown 1 '2 Vers. His shrank shraijk I sang sung 1 sank sunk H slew slain 1 smote smitten 1 sowed sown I spoke (Bpake) . spoken I span (spun) spun I spat spitten (spitj I A11 ir sprang sprung 1 manner. stole stolen strode stridden 1 strovo striven I 123. C Btrewed strowed Bworo swelled strewn strown sworn swollen 1 sell, sleej ■ Write 1 gingular swam swum ■ took taken ■ tore torn B threw thrown ■ trode tioddon H wore worn I 124. ^ I also cal wove wrote woven written Singular. 1 Pers. I rise 2 „ 3 „ 1 Pcrs. 2 3 Ye or you rise They rise. We rose Ye or you rose They rose. 1 Pers. 2 B II 1 Pers, 2 3 II II 2 Pers Illi^ 7EEB "lO BE." 4ff Imperative Mood. SUuinlav Plurai. I •• Vers, liise, or, Rise thou or you 2 Pm. Bm, or, Hi«e je or you. InSnitive. JPreseni To riae. Participles. Present Eisiug. Pant »>/'flen. All irregular verbs are ijugated in p similar manner. 133. Conjugate the verbs write, legin, Uow, go, sell sleep, stand, talce, speah, spring, slow. Write out the 2nd person singular 3rd person Bingular, and 1st person plural of the above verbs. ) I THE YEEB TO J3E. 124. The verb To Be is intransitive ; but it is also called the Substantive Verb. (See JN o. 1^7.} Indicative Mood. Present Tense. Singular. Plural. 1 Pcrs f am 1 ^^^'^' ^® ^^^ 2 tSou art, or, You are 2 „ Yeoryouare 8 Hoia 3 „ They are. 1 Pers, I was Past Tense. 1 Pers. We were n Thou wast, or, YOU were 2 „ ^eo. you were . „ Hewaa 3 „ They were. Imperative MvOd. 2 ftn.^KBe thou or ;ou. 2 Per.. Be, or, B« ye or you. il 18 ENGLISH GEAMMAE AND ANALYSIS. Infinitive Mood. Participles. j Present To be. Present. Being. Pas^. Been. 125. THE VEEB TO EAVM Indicative Itlood. Present Tense. Singular, Plural. 1 Pers. I have 1 Pers. We have 2 ,, ' Thou hast, or, You have 2 ,, Ye or you have 3 »» They have. He has or hath 3 „ Past Tense. 1 Pers. I had 1 Pers. We had It Thou hadst, or, You had 2 ,, He had 3 „ Ye or you had They had. Imperative Mood. S Pers. Have,r sHave thou or you. 2 Pers. Have, or,Have ye or yonj I .finitive. Present. To have. Participles. I ^'^'f'^' l'''''^' ^ ( Past. Had. 126. THE YEEB TO BO, Indicative Mood. Present Tense. 'lingular. Plural 1 Pers. I do IPers. We do , 2 „ Thou doest or dost, or, Yon do 2 „ Ye or you do 3 „ He does or doth. 3 „ They do. Past Tense. 1 Pers. I did 1 Pcrs. We did 2 „ Tliou didst, or, You did 2 ,, Ye or you did It He did 3 )» They did. Imperative Mood. 2 Pers. Do, or. Do Ihou or you. 2 Per*. Do, or, Do yo or vo"; DEPEOTIYE A^EEBS. 49 Infinitive. Participles. { Fresent. To do. Present. Doing. Fast. Done. Parse tlie following sentences :— Exercise 55. Twfld He hag We are. You do. They had. I am. He is Th; king had A cat was. They are. Thou dost. Sorrow i • f have^We did. You are. Thou wast. He does. You / Tfla She had Thev do. James has. We were. He did Hav V >^si Ee. He intends to be. Allow him to have swTheTookseller has the book. You did it. Begin to ^thework Peter had a knife. The farmers have horses. The stones were He waf I had a little daughter She proposes to hZlslll The precentor strives to be. No hope of fame was nhlm Two idet figures were within the room. He was to p akiol BTttiou'at peace in thy ^ngliter lot l)o your duty; Ou the 12th August it ceased to be. I had a friend. DEPECTIYE VEEBS. 127 The following verbs have only two parts, the Present and Past Indicative. Hence they are called Defective Verbs. As they are always used with other verbs, iUj are called Auxiliary, or Helping Verbs. Have, be, and do are sometimes auxiliaries. Indicative Moodj Present Tense. 1. Fers, I f yf ca" must, .hall, 1. Fers. ^^^^^ --*' 2. „ Thou mayest, canst, 2. „ ^-^^-^.^X must, Shalt, wilt, or, ^^^^* Biiaii, wm You may, cm, must, ; ,r_^^^^A'„^^^l„„ w^nof. a. Thev may, can, mus* o, ,, iiu inii-j, «;an, i^u^.., -- - __ - ... shall, will shall, will. E 50 ENGLISH GBAMMAE AND ANALYSIS. I 2. 8. it »i >i Past Tense. 1. Pers. I might, could, must, l.Pers. We might, could.must, should, would Thou mightest, couldst, 2, must, shouldstjWouldst, or, You might, could, must, should, would He might, could, must, 3. should, would They have no infinitive, no imperative, and no participles. Note. — Teachers who do not prefer the simple Anglo-Saxon method of treating the verb, but would rather have the more complex method useful for Latin, etc., will now pass to No. 135, where they will find it fully treated. should, would Ye or you, might, could, must, should, would They might, could, must, should, would. THE PABTICIPLES. 128. The Present Participle always ends in in^. Care must be taken to distinguish between the present parti- ciple and adjectives ending in ing. Ex. — He is performing astonishing work. What is spoken about ? He. What is said about he 7 Is performing. What is he performing ? Work, What kind of work ? Astonishing, a sim. pers. pron., 3rd pers., sing., masc, nom. or subj. to is. (Rule I.) an aux. verb, 3rd pers., sing., pres., ind., agr. with he. (Rule II.) performing a trans, verb, pres. part, astonishing an adj., qual. work. (Rule IV.) work a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., obj. hjperfoi'ming, (Rule III.) Exercise 56. The time is passing. The wind was blowing. He waits to watch the stars. The corn was growing in the field. The dew is falling. Frederick was sending an army. Bhe king of France He is THE PAETICIPLES. 61 ^ nl^ hrinS much^BpoU. He rushed into the street, shout- I^^gXtSS^^^^^^ entered the vessel The p^- orims leaving for the Holy Land, entered the vessel. ihe Kators beheld the sun. The spectators, standing on the S's edge beheld the setting sun. The passengers saluted the Sn/ri^ng along the street. The highwayman, flourishing a club, A^ enemy Tp\Vn?BUch courage, 'refused to retreat. The Shades ravening gathering o'er us, warned us to return along to his house. 129. Tlie Past Participle generally follows some part of tlie verb To have or To he. Care must be taken to distinguish between the past tense anrl past pai-ticiple ; as. He Ugan, He has begun. Ex.— He has read his lesson. "What is spoken about ? He. "What is said about he ? Has read. "What has he read? Lesson. Whose lesson ? His. Ho a Sim. pers. pron., 3rd pers., sing., masc, nora. or sul>j. to has. (Rule I.) . , ... , ^ has an aux. verb, 3rd pers., sing., pres., md., agr. with he. (Rule 11.) read a trans, verb, past participle. his a Sim. pers. pron., 3rd pers., sing., masc, poss., possess- ing lessan. (Rule V.) ^ lesson a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., obj. by read. (Rule HI.) Exercise 57. i^.^. love »* f» \Jf 13 „ (I/) be love Past Tense. IP-M/nilovoa ^/-'I^JyToo- loved 12 „ (i/)U.^ouloved,oryou 2 ,. ^l^^^l^^,^ 3 „ (I/) ho loved Perfect Tense. , „ , 1 pprs (If) we have loved, 1 Pcrs. (I/) I have loved, 1 i «r«- ^^J) ^ ^^^ ' &c. Pluperfect Tense. 1 Pcrs. m I had loved, 1 Pcrs, {If) v.e had loved, &c. &c. Pnture Tense. lave-clairaedl Jan he have rent manner. lad forgotten I Should sucli dmes? The Calamitio3 . You must] 36 yesterday, ur Bou to ses Will you do I 3. , , 11 -m^ir* 1 Ppra fl^ we shall 01' 'willlove, irm. m I shall or wiUlove, 1 Peis. {i ) w ^^^ &c. rutnreperfect Tense. loved, ^0. &c. ■P nnf +1iP Subjunctive Mood of the verbs turn, ' . ~ , . _. .x- i\T«ft(i will hA ffiven 62 ENGLISH GEAMMAE AND ANALT&TS. t ^f>.n(^ \ 141 Imperative Mood. Singular. Plural. 2nd Person. 2nd Person. Love, or, Love thou or you. Love, or, Love ye or yon. Infinitive Mood. Present, Perfect. To love. To have loved. Present, Lovinf?. Participles. Past. Loved. Perfect. Eaving loved. Eepeat the Imperati-^e and Infinitive moods, and the Participles of the verbs ttmi, move, go, see, forget}^ call, praise, sing, rise, command. Ex.— They, having seen the performance, declared their Fatisfactiou. a sim. pers. pron., 3rd perg., plu., both, nom. or subj. to declared. (Rule I.) a trans, verb, perfect participle, a noun, 3rd pers., sing, neith., obj. by having seen. (Rule IIL) a trans, verb, 3rd pers.. plu., past, ind., agr. with they. (Rule IL) a sim. pers, pron., 3rd pers., plu., both, poss., possessing satisfaction. (Rule V.) a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., obj. by declared, (Rule in.) Exercise 66. Mount thy good steed. The reward ought to-have-cme to you^ He departed. He, having given his instructions, departed. Standing on this spot, I must recall my country's glories. Loved by the whole inhabitants, he died regretted by the whole inhabi- tants. She hath taken the babe to l^er quiet breast. My mother sings, at the twilight's fall, a song of the hills. Come with mo to the vineyard. The wretch, living, shall forfeit fair renown. Stained with blood, the corporal managed to crawl to the nearest tent. Having heard the report, he hastened to contradict it. Haste my father's heart to cheer. I dwell ou blessings ileil. Seek yonder brake beraaia the cliff. Rest thee. Stop. Induced by these fair promises of gain, the miserly knight embarked a They having seen performance declared their satisfaction n. Q or yon. COMPLETE VEBB. 68 i„«e .urn in the speculation ^hey have cangM ^^^^^ gLg his way thr-l^,^^^^^^^ fm- the gauntlet, he defied any man oi t , ^ jf^^^i^g near its trow tbat. Scaling ^'>^„^:^2f L^er^^^^^^ that step, he sold all o'er the abyss. Having ff ^^"^^^ ' of the hills for some time, H3 lands. Having sought the shelte^^^^^^ Enraged at their he managed to subsist «,»„^^^'„ ^SoJintry with a^ ^^^^^ dreadful ravages, he ^""'^^hJ^rXm ^fe ought to have left intending to sweep .everything before mm. v b ^^^^^^^ ^^^^,^ 'in time. The soldiers expected Jo^f^.^'f '^^ning. Struck with la' nocn. You might have ^elaye^.^"J ^rning ^^^^.^^ ^^ J he beauty of the scene, he determined t. bu a ^^ ^^^^^^ ,^1 '-''' h :&s^«-If^'s^^^^^^^^^^ ^ou yourself must ^o^i^^'^^flleaveours.* w,forgem 142. COMPLETE VEBB. Indicative. ^^t^^*^^^' Present Fast Terfect Tluferfect Future I love I loved I have loved I had loved I may, can, or must love I might, could, would, or should I m°ay, can, or must have loved I might, could, would, or should have loved Future I shall or will love Fmnperfectl Bh^ll or mllh^y^love^ SuDjunctive. Imperative. Infinitive, -rtxciples. P.MI/) nove retSu TO love Loving ^ or you, etc. ^^^^^ Fast (I/) I loved To have loved Having loved. Ferf. {if) I have loved, etc. -lo ^^^^ ir renown, the nearest itradict it. isings ileii. . Induced mbarked a ANALYTICAL LESSON SIII. ^ 143 BX.-YOU had sent the wrong "°^l°^f,^ porter wiU call to take your luggage. I shall have 54 EITGLTSH GEAMMAE AND ANALYSIS. Uii ' dined by six o'clock. They may have seen your father. A machine might perform that part of the work. He, liaving ascended the platform, made a| telling speech. I saw him coming. Subject. Predicate. Comp. of Fred. Exten. of Fred. You had sent the wrong box to us {place). A porter ■will call to take your luggage {cause). I shall have dined byBixo'clock(fi'mtf). They may have seen your father. A machine might perform that part (obj.) of the work {enlarg.ofobj.) He (subj.) made a telling having speech. ftscendecl the platform {enlarg. of subj.) I saw him {obj.) coming (j.,. larg.ofobj.). Analyze Exercises 61, G2, 63, 61, (j5, m. VOICE. 144. The assertion whicli the verb makes about the subject has now been expressed in six ways, c'.Ued moods : Indicative, Potential, Subjunctive, Imperr.- tive, Infinitive, and Participles, The form of the verb which includes all these, as they are given above, is called the Active Voice, because it always reprc sents the subject as the doer of the action j as, James struck the table. 145. There is another form of the verb, called the Pai-oive Voice, which always represents the subject as the receiver of the action ; as, The table is struck. 'Si PASSIVE VOICE. 65 146 The Passive Voice of a verb is formed by adding its jpast participle to tbe various tenses of tlie verb To Be. 147 If the present participle be added to the tenses of the verb To Be, the ProgTCSsive Form ot the verb is obtained. 148. Conjngate fully each of the tenses of the verb To J^e, aiid of the passive voice oi the verb lo Love, as indicated below. Indicative Mood. Passive Voice Progressive of To Love. Form of Conjugation of To Be Present Past Perfect Pluperfect Future Futureiierfect I am, etc. I was, etc. I have been, etc. I had been, etc. I shall or v.-ill be, ete. I shall or will have been, etc. loved if it >» M 5» To Love. loving t» »» I* Li the same manner repeat the Indicative Mood, Passive Voice, of the verbs 7nove, Urn, see, rise, aiva/cc, co.iimand. -, r w Ex.— The trees had been destroyed to admit hglit. a dist. adj., qual. trees. (Rule IV.) ; a noun, Ui'd ^crs.-, plu., noith., nom or subj. to had been destroyed. (Paile i.) _ a trans, verb, 3rd pers., plu., plupertect, ind., pass., agr. with trees. (Kule II.) a trans, verb, pres. , infinitive, active. _ a noun, Brd pers., bing., neith., obj. by admit. (Rnle III.) The trees had been destroyed to aimit light Exercise 67. He was-Hllod. They Imve-been-decdvcd. She had been Eccr.. ,. ^ V 11 1 1 oi.n Thfv will-havc-bvcn-summoned. lam ^"''M^^l:^, ito^od .hall b. ont above the luct. Have vou beoa taa'i ma«o ? Alf.cd ,vas eheltercd in the cut »r|.i U , 00 cowUerar He bim.eU waa accuHtomed to redo tkui m ENGLISH GRAMMAE AJSD ANALYSIS. t etory iu his happier hourg. The British troops were-advancing from Portugal into Spain. Yours has been forgotten. Theirs •will do. Sir John Moore was wounded in the action by a cannon ball. lie shall in that case be punished. Time will have been wasted without any result. They are-coming. We will-be-leaving. Are you mistaken ? The students have been reading some his- torical books. In a few minutes he would have been drowned. By a series of criminal enterprises, the liberties of Europe had Are you satisfied ? Will you be passing ? been extinguished. a u >» »> f* u 149. Potential Mood. Verb To Be. Passive Voice. Prog, Form, Present I may, can, or must be loved loving Past I might, could, would, or should be Perfect 1 may, can, or must have been Pluperft:t I might, could, would, or should have been Repeat tlie Potential Mood, Passive Voice, of the verbs move, turn, send, command, tell, iwaise, seekj sJwiv. Exercise 68. He can-be. He can-be-removed. AVe might-have-been-warned. She could-be-traiued. You must be corrected. They may have been detained. A law might be found to vindicate that measure. The introduction might have been omitted without injury to the sense. It will be proved to thy face. Can you be persuaded to stay ? They are entitled to our gratitude. A cursory examination would enable you to discover the fact. I have been wilting to my friend. This rehc has been preserved for ten years. He should have known tbe reason of his punishment. I expected to have sown my seed on Friday. Shall we close the door ? His listless length at noontide would he stretch. Will he, upon examination, confess his fault? The rain has been falling for some time. Attend to my instructions. Live with your century. He should have been dismissed. You must be forgiven. You might be X)assing. I must be going. 150. Present Past f i Subjvmctive Mood. Vcru To Be. Passive Voice. Prog. Form, ilf)'^ bo loved loving (i/) I were „ And so on, as in the ludicativo. u PASSIYE YOICE. 67 Eepeat the Subjunctive Mood, Passive Yoice, o^ the .ovh^ move, turn, sell, command, see. The Subjunctive will be treated in Exercise 88, after the Con- junction. 151. Present Present Perfect Imperative Mood. Verh To Be. rassive Voice, ^rogM Be, or, Be thou or you loved lo^mg Infinitive Mood.^^^^^ ^^^.^^ To be „ To have been »» Participles. ^^^^^ ^^^ Present Being „ Past Been ' „ ^/•r/e#« Having been »» , ^e/i, shoic, hiow, ivnte. Usercise 69. m + i « Be-determinea. Be informed a^nt the ^g^g .^^X caught. You must r^xpect to be imin^^^^ They Bought to bo fahited. Be distinguished for S^^^^^^^^^^^ ^Jpg to prove my praised. I love to ^^ reading I ^iH ake b V ^^^^ ^^^^.. innocence. Be Pei'^r'^' i'-n Wnted Yo lazy fellow hates to ence appear to have been du^po^e^ I .as stru^. Avith the resemblance K;^"^S^^'[,^,\.e,ched their destination, tcncd to the wmdow. They, havin peliqhted ^^ith our loqua- pitched their tent m ^,^^f .f ^^^^^'^inf lat yours. ^Ye have cious friend, v.e regrc tod . fj^^^^i; ™;it . ^ He is weighed in been determining the l^^S^^^^^^^'^f J^^^Sthers have been for- t,be balance. The very ^^^^f .f , ^^^ been inserted. You ought ,.ticn. It may bo ^f P^^^^^fj^^.^e ^e^llilled by yon hosUk to ho.ve attended to it. Gould i^i^^ nave ^.^^^^^ ^^.^j ,bo!,? March. Bo prepared. Lndcavoui lo u Lc liave gained his purpose? T 2i 68 ■m EIiGLISn OUAMMAR AND ANAL IS 13. 153. COMPLETE VEEB. ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE. Indicative Mood. P^resent I love i am loved Past I loved I ;vas loved ijjUect I hare loved J have been loved Plvverfect 1 had loved I had been loved future I shall or will love I shall or will be loved Futureperfect I shall or wiU have loved I shall or will have been loved Potential Mood. I may love i may be loved I might love I might be loved I may have loved I may have been loved I might have loved I might have been loved Preseni Past Perfect Pluj)crfect Present Past Present Present Perfect Present Pant Pr.rfeci SulJTinctive Mood. WAW''''^ . a/) I be loved {If) I loved, etc. (//) I were loved, etc. Imperative Mood. Love, or. Love thou or you Be, or, Be ye or you, loved Infinitive Mood. ^° 1°^^ , , . To be loved To have loved To have been loved Participles. I^°^"lg Being loved Loved Having loved Having been loved 15; ANALYTICAL LESSOi^ XIV. ]<:x.~~IIavmg been warned of Lis dan- r- your .ccoinphco might have been induced to t<;; escape witbont delay, from tlie country. Wo si liu-vo been landed in-- ihi^ fim- \\- ^^ , come? "^ ""' ^^'ou^tl you bavv/ m\ nrri5iTiVB mood without (( to. n Subject. I Pr^d^_±_ComTy^^^ 69 Exten. of Fred. ■Your accomplice (subj.), having been ■warned of Ins danger {enlarg. of 8uhj.) Wo might have been induced yon shall have been landed would have coiiie. to try {ind. ohj.) to escape -without de- lay, from the country {enlarg. of ohj.). by that time(tiwie). Analyze Exercises 67, 68, 69, as above. lOTIOTTIVE MOOD WITHOUT TO. tive, is Bot,generallyued after tliejer .^^^^.^^^ io need, make, see,* hem , jeei, k", thold oUerve, have,* and Jcnm. EX -You b d me speak ; tUat is, Voa bid me to spe.k. _ a l^^t..AU -g.. P-»- »^- (-'•'• ''^- '''" «ott. (Rule II.) . ,. uy tuL (Rule III.) „.e as^m.pron istpers^mg^^ b. Ob .l^y;^^ ^^^ Bpeak 1 a trans, verb, pres., mf., vact.J. a*w Exercise 70. i- u Mnlffl vour bondmen tremble. They hea.-a ^m men^^^f J * f LeUimper.) me (to) supply 1 near thee speak of the better land. Let (i^ I )^^^ K^^^^^^^ j.^ you. Let them hear the captivu . v....~. - ^ . To is sometimes used after these verba. You bid 70 ETraLisn grammar a:sj) analysis. before me. I marked tlie soldier stagger. Did you perceive him leave the house at any time ? You do believe it. Do you see the sliore? Wo do forget to fulfil our duties. Do leave this place. Do speak to me. Your noisy entrance made him omit the fourth pomt. Let me go. Let us worship God. Let them have their own way. I feel to dismiss him. You need not fear. Cease to ao evil. Hast thou a charm to stay the morning star in his deep course ? I feel the pain abate. I dare do anythinf^. I dare vou to do it. He was seen to faU. He must decline. He asked me to repair yours. They themselves saw hers. 155. The verb To do, used with anotlier verb as an auxiliary, maizes the meaning stronger. This is called the Emphatic Form of the verb ; as, I did say it. 156. Subj. You ANALYTICAL LE&SON XV. Ex. — You bid me j^peak. Pred. I Comp.ofPred. \ Exten. of Pred. hid I me (direct ohj.) speak (inf., indir. ohj.). {none) Analyze Exercise 70 in '.he same manner. FALSE SYNTAX. 157. Correct any mistakes in the following sen- tences, according to Rules I., II., III., IX. Exercise 71. We was. Tliou risest. You lisest. He lovest. We loves They loves. The shepherd died. I were. We is. They JaT She were. I gets my money from him. I speaks to himf We has a penny. He do come. They has it. I have some time They was in the street This houses has no windol^ Thoule at homo Yon art. Tl-.nn ir.-rpa+ +^ „i^_. tt- .. •„ i_^ ,. , .. ,,, ■■ — -'• -■••'f.^i; lO Diiig. liUii Will TO. Me did It. We expects compony. I hears a noise. My slio™ In.rts mv feet. Tl.em were striking me. This treea malfes a fme avenSZ THE TTSE OF " 10 BE tl 71 W. enjoy, our,el,e,. The whee U ha, ^'^PP/^men iSta the Zh him. I foi^got' <- '"•"""'aoUt' I «e°fe .mno asristanoe. le^i street. Your omrh-yor 1 »™ /"'itey^naae the rook to »hn^ ^'^^/^^'aislur"" I «iU see him to saw run for your parcel. liKl me t^" "^° vnconnd I cets my dinner. SoUe- He made the^'oo to rewound. J^g^^^ 7^^^^^^ We does know about it. Uoes you they. Give this not to he. The Use of tlie Verl} To Be. 158. If thcerb ^^/^' -, ^If.Clt^^^^^^ nominative oy^^^^^^^ ViU also coming after It, leterrm ^^ ^^^ ol]ective t^re tlTt^ ruf o;%rrouu afte. it will .e iu t.o Objective case. « « ^ ^ T?n1e X — TKe verb 2^0 Be takes tlie 159. Syntax.— Riiie ^j V;" Bamo case after it as before lb. Ex.-Solomon was a wise king. !^ qvd Tjers sing., masc, nom. or enhj. to was. Sobmon I a noun, 3rd pars., siub » a sS'oriltrans. verb, 3rd pers., sing., past, iud., agr. mth SoZojnon. (Rule H.) a dist. aaj., qual. /cm^. f^^^";^*' an adj., qual. M^9- P- ^Jj^ ^,^. or Bubj.. the a noun, 3rd pers., bi»o » same as Solomon, (l^ule X.) Exercise 73. The stars are worlds . Thomas -?,,^Taf ^The^^^^^^^^ a fine speaker. ^^^^^ ^^'^fif. Ae dn^^^^^^^^ ^^^"^ ^^as a mistake. Jessie ^^^^^^' %^ ^i^crs were clergymen victononsgeneralwaahisfothei. ine 1 .^ ^^^^^ He should This powder maybe poison " ^^^^ ^ ^ould have been be master. They might l^^Tr^.f Httle chil<^ will be heir to broad «,irveyor for the company. ..Tb^t attle cni^^^ ,onsidered her to lands: i^okit. 1 ^°^^^;: ".IV'f^^^ ^oX. tH: S^n rnTe ptrn ofUe town was a terrible robber. was a wise king ■i 72 J-IA'GLISH GE.IMMAB A^D ANALYSIS. n mnst haxt t.«en my pen. God ia lovo. Aliab wan IdnR of Ismcl. She will l,e a blo.sing to yon. Trno lovo is a l.nmble, . _^-bom thing That poet wns an empty rhymer. Thou has leit this matter to me. The grain growing in our fiekl was wh a Befoio U.S lay an avenue. It was a line sunny mornin-. I midit It was a terrible moment of suspense. They fixed on me to be chairman, t. ,, ^ ^^^^^^ ^^ j^^^.^^^^ J me o be houseUeper. Groups of officers were spectator? of tlie s en The murder was no deed of a few minutes. Will you sell me your farm ? The soldier might have been an enemy. ^ TheVesTe commg m sight must be a barque. That old relic oud t to b^ L'Sof lS"l o'^l?; ""'"^^ 'r'''^^.^^^^^^'-^ Icat^fTbsenc: oi account of his health, will return in six months. Led by their Bpinted queen, they made a successful retreat. Was it I ? ^We they sailors? Send him to be a lawyer's clerk. Hiswhoirile has been a blunder. Is this hers ? Richard 's himself 160. Sometimes tlie adjectivo qualifying? the noun or pronoun IS not placed before, but after it, with some part of the verb To JSe. Ex.— The horse was strong, a dist. adj., qual. horse. (Rule IV.) ^ '(S I) ^''''" ^'''^*' '^''''■' '''''"• ^'^ ^''^J- *° ^'^'' ' d Ls?^^ j:^.f ^' '''''" -^^-^ p-*' -^-^ ^^. an adj., qual. horse. (Rule IV.) ExercisG 73. The boy was good. Her house is comfortable Tbfl oh^iv ic. new. The weather is fine. The sun's heut gre;t The Zo Eion was tremendous. My mother was Kovvr TJ.n n ^ . Scots was beautiful. The attendance will rVmaTl ' fcl ^1 lappy _ I shall be happy to see you. E?ery g rf sliouW L mdustnous Our neighbour is a doctor. Her griS is S I? imist bedifticult. Your exercise might have been better ^'vnl ummci ot that j...r., Tho moon was higli in a £.;reno sky. The horse ^a'j strong NOUNS IN A1'?03TTI0N. 73 Multitudes were busy in the pursuit of bubbles. He was to the Iftst hour the darling of the army. He was, through all hia ticissitudes, the same stern, impatient, inflexible original. The safest study for kings is tlie interest of their people. Washington was untainted with the crime of blood. Ilis advice might be valuable to you. I should have been consulted. She was affec- tionate. A loyal subject is a benefit to society. A subject loyal to bis sovereign is a benefit to society. A boy careful of his book deserves credit. A servant faithful in all his duties should bo encouraged. It would be difficult to find a soldier braver in I battle. This house is mine. Did you buy yours ? I myself am .Uppy. They themselves must bear the burden. Secure me a j ticket. You are like (to) him. That conduct is unlike you Behave like a gentleman. He is not a manager lilie lois father. Tiie soldier acted like a hero. \^ to vns. ■ John ind., agr. 1 the 1 coachman 1 brings chair 19 ■ news NOIJNS IN APPOSITION. 161. Syntax. — Rule XI. — Wlien two or more nouns come together, signifying the same thing, they agree m case. Ex. — John, the coachman, brings news. a noun, Srd pers., sing., masc, nom. or subj. to brings. (Rule I.) a dist. adj., qual. coachman. (Rule IV.) a noun. Srd pers., sing., masc, nom., tho same as John. (Rule XI.) a trans, verb, Srd pers., sing., pres., ind., (act.), agr. ..Ill Jnhn. (Rule II.) a nonn, Srd pers., sing., neith., obj. by brings. (Rule III.) Exercise 74. George, tlie king, formed a new ministry. The steamship {China sailed from England to America. The city Edinburgh is Bituated beside the Forth. Mocha, a place in Arabia, supplies good coffee. Smith the lawyer wrote the will. Tlie Amazon, a [river in South America, has nur.-«erons large tributaries. Saturn, |a god of the old Roman people, gave name to Saturday. The jcity London is the largest town in Europe. Roberis, an expe- jriencc monsave intellectual. Do you intend to purchase Scott tl o Zelist's poems ? Come to me at Thomson th. hotel-keeper '- ?ooms He resides in Forester's. Give me a letter of mtroduction [o Shnpson, the leather merchant. This picture is Landseer lie paintTi^s. Oar good horse Dobbin will draw us to the foot of the hill. 163. Sometimes an adject' je is used as if it were a noun In that case the noun is understood ; as, ilio good are happy; that is, The good i?mws are happy. " Exercise 76. The ^rcat must die. All will be admitted. The just shall liv5 by faitl^ Some crept in dead men's sbdls Few are clu);^.^ Sever-d came to see the spot. Blessed are the nicrciful. 1 ho Lad shall rise. He is in the land of the living This must o he wav That is your opinion. The poor ye have gathered o you. Many have been disappointed The wise are governed b their reason. The former will be preferred. This is the shortest. tIS English are great t.-aders. One will do. Both can come All sliould have been explained in a satisfactory manner. Una remains to be done None will dwell nijthat cotUge. Each qbali brin^ two good peus witu iuin. xcw ^m.n ^aii. ,■■—- have al^seited that. He publishe I it to many The gmlty ong to be punished. The noble are to be admired. Give my respecw to all. His is wanted. Can you lend him a pen ? Ar>TEBB8. 76 ANALYTICAL LESSON XVI. 164. I... *'Ha 'sentences in J:xGrci^^e9 70, 71, 72, and 1 73, where tl: ; verb To Pd 1ms a noun or adjcctiv j after it, thr' ')un or ac^.jective is joined Arith tlio verb to form tab predicate. ... « m, Ex. -1. Peter is a farmer m America. 2. ihe scenery on tlio river was beantiful. 3. Philip tlie tailor is lazy at >is work. 4. The good are bappy. Completion I Extmfilonof Subject. Predicate. 1. Peter 2. The scenery (suhj.) on the river [en- larcjcment ofsuhj.) 8. Philip tbo tftilor 4, The good is a farnier was beautiful. is lazy are happy. of Vml. rml. in America (iplace). at hi" ■work (2. .xe). (Vnalyzo Exercises 72, 73, 74, 75, 7G. ADVEEBS. 165. Tbo word wbicb tells tbe quality of a noun has been called an adjective. Tbe word which tells the quality of a verb, or modifies its meaning, is called an Adverb. It expresses the cause, time, place, or maimer of the action implied by the verb. Ex.— She vrritea well. How cloes she wiite ? Well. It is the writing that is well. But lorites is a verb ; hence icell is an artverb. 166. Syntax.— Rule XII.— Adverbs modify verbs. She a Bim. pers. pron., 3rd pera., ning., fern., nom. or subj. to wntcs. (Rule I.) ^ .„, , , ^ __. -.t, writea a trans, verb, 3rd pers., sing., pres., iuci., ^act.;, ugr. wii-a she. (Rule II.) ^ . ' well an adverb of manner, modifying writes. (Rulo Xll.) iirii 76 EifGLISU GRAMMAE AND AN-ALTSIB. ;*■■ 'r f- Exercise 77. They listerx.* They listen attentively. The girl ^ews. Th« eirl sews neatly. The rain poured. The rain ponved incessantly, My new lamp burns brightly. The farmer's extensive fields pro- duco abundantly. They sang swec%. Y^ait patiently. Their masj ter loves to read aloud. You will admit. You will readily adm; t. Yon will readily admit the fact. The boat moved slowly. Tnej succeed. They always succeed. They never succeed. They some- time? succeed. They generally succeed. He sleeps not. Ibe chairman then erolie. He now spoke. He spoke pitlnly. Oui auest then departed. That stranger came hither. Read together. Tlie clergyman only prayed. Come here. Stand still. He has been omitted. He has been already omitted. He has not been omitted. Yoi- are where ?+ Where are you ? You are how ? How are \ ou' Why speak you ? You seldom see her. The parson g house stands among the trees. The parson's house stands snugly amon<^ the tree.g. The vessel has been sailing slowly under steam, for two hours. I hardly think it. The cashier is easily offended. Heraupon he replied to the lawyer. Go away. Speak gently to the unfortunate. His gentle words fell soothingly. They might easily have been left behind rs. He now prepared to speak. The concert can proceed. The concert can not proceed. The concert cannot proceed. Ye may trace my step o'er the waking earth, by the primrose stars in tl^- shadoAvy grass. The gmdes looked eagerly around them lou can doubtless remember the circumstance. Each man of us must go for^Yard. The vine bUII clings to the mouldering wall. Ill fared it then with Rodcrici! Dhu. The birds' feathers were found everywhere. We rardy hear that word in our time. The news [sing.) has just arnvcd. Always remember your duty. Try to live honestly. Never foar. He did indeed. How are yon? How do you do? When shall I Bee you? The shareholders' fine steamer was completely rrecked off the coast of Newfoundland, on the tenth day of May, 1847. He wc^s born on the 6th July, 183G. Tiiere came an eve of festal hoars. The place is little changed. I'll not forget old Ireland. I will come to you anon. It is twice blessed. You are the man. Am I wrong? Send me your portrait. I will give him a good situation. She was- much disappointed, ^ow is the time. Run quickly. Did you get the books ? _ Yes. you go now? No. Has your father got a situation? Have you ? No. Let me send you a volume. 167. Some words, wliicli are prepositions in gome positions, perform tlie oiHccs of adverbs in others. * See No. 81. + See No. 214. Can Yes. ADVEEB3. 77 When they are adverbs, they can generally be mov^d fr^m °nfl mvt of the sentence to another, without destroynig the Bensc. ^Vhen tl ey a e prepositions, they cannot be so '^oved Ex.- Ti^y pulled doivl the house. They pulled the house down. Exercise 78. qhP climbed up. You must stand out. He can come along. She clinibea up. X ^.^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ d.Cbridi^ m^^^^ the vale the village bolls ring ro^nid^ r?rl cut the wood through. She came on. She came on with a :% f .!^t7. On she came wHh a cloud of canvas. Both the cloud of '^'11'''' ^'l'^^^^^ Then rose from sea to sky the ""Z fX;^' Thy omvird way leads up. Tby onward way^leads SoSsoon^Trshalf music swell the breeze. Put on ^^J^ 4^ Thus -4t^^s^j^j:s^ Z-T^^. ar-n^Hr^^^ Bend yours in Bring mine out. I will despatch hers on. 168 The word wliicli modifies the meaning of an .uljective or otJier adverb is also called an Adverb; as, Much water. Too much water. Exercise 79. Th(^ voluntoor made a good shot. The volunteer made a very ,oIlUo^ S^oToy eat^ much beef, ^ho boy oa^ too m^^^ preen appearance, tie possesses muio j i . , .• carpenter has paid more careful attention ^o my "^^^m t^o Y.ir grandfather related a .nost remarkable stoi). The chei b sh.)wc.l an exceedingly brilliant hght. ^ake th east foulty p c ture. The magistrate received our rrejiaen w th a mos heai y welcome The never cGasin- pain was forgotten, kelson lou^i^ ^^^^''°'^®* ,„, Jl L+iip \Ve cive a quite decided opinion. He an ever memoroble battle. v\ ej^ivu " 4 ^ ^^ fripud is is the man for the situation. You are very k ml ^"[^^^^^V^^^ a )uOst enterprising fellow. The once beauti ul foim is mouM ••nc in the dust. The merchant may embavk m a ceitai ly ; Lune^ve Strpnse. Yours is the much nicer pattern i^ mintcr has completed an almost perfect work o. ait. Y'^^ ^uU^ amy have brouglit up a positively ^'^^^^ '^^^''^^'1^^;, Ke p back. The truly virtuous man may ^^ «;;";• ^^^ numerous list could have been got uj;. A most ^^^e '^i^ J^^^^^^^ vvouxd ccrtamlv have been nuxde m that n\^^i^^iHn-.^ ^J hat s^ij^^^^^^^^ Teryline. His sermon was too ioug. luo aiu.. .euai>.„ th« '( If ■ ' 78 ENGLISH GEAMM'AE AND ANALTSia. II I ' very best light to take the picture properly. Take her np ten- derly. A house largo enono-h (enough large) could not be got. I This apple is not so good.' She might have been as happy. | Yours will do. She herself must N/rite mine. The birds sing sweetly. The birds sing very sweetly. Our I sister died happily. Our sister died so happily. It can be done well. It can be done as well. The train will take you as soon. | The bereaved mother talked so cheerily. You read too quickly. It fell almost immediately. The ambassador departed quite I suddenly. Tlie boy is allowed to spend his time too idly, .he course of lectures has be?n most spiritedly carried out. All eyes were very soon turned m breathless suspense upon the scene. The evidence impressed him too deeply to be soon forgotten. Few words were spoken. Very few words were spoken. So very few words were spoken. A very old stone coffin was quite recently found in a field on a gentleman's eatate. It must be so. Come here to me. The stars may fade away. Sheathe your dagger. Eternal summer gilds them yet. You have the Pyrrhic dance as yet. Forth went they from 'their fatherland. Onward in hasto Llewellyn passed. On went Gelert too. Yonder is a little drum hanging on the wall. We made it run. You yourself bade him come. Having heard so little, I cannot judge. Having been sent on important business, he was unable to stay very long. So it was for many a day. I die here. Hero I die. They go on. On they go. So you say. Down cnmo the blow. There you aro. By the father's hand here shall the child bo proudly led. I will not bear that still, cold look. Thus far into the bowcla of the land liave we marched on without impediment. Bring mo my stecfl. Theirs can wait. Save yourself. A foe is there. There is a foe among you. There he comes. Syntax. — Eule XII. — Advcrbg modify verbs, ad- jectiyes, and otlier adverbs. Subject. ANALYTICAL LESSON XVII. 169. Ex.— 1. Sho spoke clearly. 2. I will certainly come. 3. Speak out. 4<. AVliere aro you ? 5. He yometimeH stumbled. G. He bou'i^lit a very fine piano. 7. You are too kind. 8. XJp rose tbe lark into the sky to sing its morning song. 1. She 2.1 3.You(wrid 4. You 5. He 6. Ho 7. You 8. The larli Analy: 170. C plu'ases, 171. K fl ■| h.y-X K ai.ti m cliO'jri'al m iire W- (DUX.>M l.Mw ^0 ocauLiftU their ton 'ill Subject. 1. She 2.1 d.YoM {underst. 4. You 5. He G. Ho 7. You 8. The lark CONJUNCTIONS. Predicate. Comp. of Fred. Bpolio will come speak arc where stuinhled bought are too kincl. rose a very line piano. Analyze Exercises 77, 78, 79. 79 Exten. of Fred. clearly (manner). certainly (manner). out (manner). sometimes [time). up (manner) y into the sky (place), ^ to sing its morning song 1 (cause). CONJUNCTIONS. 170. Conjimctions are worda that coBnect TV'ords, plirasea, and sentences : Syntax.— Enle .ail. A CONJUNCTIONS JOINING WORDS. 171. 1.' Conjimctions join together Adjectives. Ex.— A bright and cheerful firo burns. A 1 a .list, adj., qual. fire. (Rule IV.) ournB an MmJs"\'erb, iirdpers., sin-., prcs.. ind., (..:'^}, agr. I viiih/ire. (Kulo 11.) Exercise 80. ■1 - .ft and warm f.t.r co-.red thn hands. Ti'.c 1-illiant and . ^"r/l^^'^^^'V^^ . .i;.,., \ i) and broad river separates t'^eir territories. A black or blu« . - wi '1 Bin. uim. Vim au« 80 EKOLISn GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS. good men made the la^vs. The sour and unripe fruit mjured tlie children. The large and spacious hall can bo made to hold 2O0 guests. Our civil and religious liberties were won together, h close and bitter contest took place for the office. The clever bui unfortunate engineer gave many ideas for the better construction of steam vcss ?ls. A silent yet certain monitor warns him of his errors. A rich though ungenerous neighbour refused help, Hard or soft water will do. He preached a pithy and eloquent sermon. A good and true son was he. The statesman delivered a long and serious advice. You might purchase a strong ye>, elegant table. The company then partook of a rich and sump tnous banquet. A strange yet forcible example was chosen bv the shrewd and cautious lawyer. The dangers may be easih' averted by immediate and decided action. These tales are not fitted for so spirited boys. He found one new and very interest- ing kind of insect. Their mansion occupies a most delightful and healthy position above the lake. The grand, rugged, and tower- ing peaks are finely shown against the blue and cloudless sky. Bo very little time was given to complete the heavy and costly embankment. He is the person. You must be far too eager. Such a black and watery sky overhung the ship during the most frightful and critical part of the voyage. You were first and fore- most. The potatoes were small and bad. They should bo sweeter and dearer. By ">ng and mighty hand ye shall be led out. Your father is -es ectable and honest man. Yours was admired. They wat* ,. ■- - buy mine. 173. 3. uouns. 174. Sji loined to< jective, a] I 172. 2. Conjunctions connect adrerbs Exercise 81. The letter was written neatly and correctly. He gave his opinion shortly and pithily. You drew our plans quickly yet well. She performed the duty so wcil. She performed the duty as well. She performed the duty as* well as willingly. _ We laid him down slowly and sadly. Slowly and sadly we laid him down, She gave her opinion quite distinctly. She gnve her opinion as distinctly. She gave her opinion as distinctly as delicately. Yen will come as soon. Look in now and then. They might have been blown by the wind hither and thither. Meet your diflicultics boldly and honestly. The leaves liad been scattered here and there. The historian was a vivacious and talkative man. Jt returned again and again. They were entering upon the days p.jdtin'^ work cautiously and skilfully. That bright and happ? creature received us warmly and cheerfully. J-ot mo do thi-i. The innocent were immediately dismissed. Watch yourself. e Sec No. 2-iO. 81 COlTJTJNCTIOlfrS. 173. 3. CoBJunctions join together nouns and pro- uouns. ri%— YXrS7«.. Boo. U Ob- jective, and so is slate. ^""'"tlif We might have invited The dishes contain vrater '^^^^^"'•r The girl paid three Jle and aunt. Bring pens and P^^^^^^ J^ ,,a shillings and sixpence J was mten^^^^^^^ ^^^ clay and hour ^;^i e Tmutt gathe^ flowers and b^^^^^^ ^,, ^ale. 'blossoms and the leaves .^'ll'^^ZZlrnle.. Let blessmgs The summer air blows ou the grass an ^ thought of you be on hia kindly vmce and on^l^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^.^een the sun and sister dear. Jhe eartli somei ^^^ grassy plots. I and the moon. The brook Btea^« hy iaw ^^^ ^^^^ ^ Baw an army and a navy. I awjn a^ J ^1^^^ ^^ , ^ navy upon the sea. ihe cmeiia ^g nor worth, action, Msplaid. I have ^e ther (adJ.)^^^t^ no woi ,^ ^^^^^,^ ^ nor utterance, nor ^hc po^r of speccu ^^ ^^ bivnand you. plight mh)e honour, oath, and ^oid^ u -^ ^^^^^^ ^^.^ ^.egin She did not visit you or me It is you ^^^^ the harvest business with such a man as a partoei. ^^^^J^^^^^^ for you moon. Have you seen ouis?ihie^^ ^^^^ short were th r Mark his wan and hollow cheeKS. ^^^^^^ ^ Gn« „5. When the -b^ect'« formed of t.vo or^njore r-he pCr: C» -h.ei will then dc uoue more tlian one. , ^TT rr^o or more nonns or p.JLnffl;7n^^^e. Joined together by ««4 lenuire a verb in the plural. ENGLISH aSAMMAB AND ANALTBIS. Ex.— The father and son gained the prize, a noun, 3rd pars., Binp;., masc, nom. or subj., part of Bwh}. to gained. (Rule I.) vttt \ a conjunction joining father and son. (Rule XIII.) a noun, 3rd pers., sing., masc, nom. or Bubj., part of subj. to gained. (Rule I.) a trans, verb, Brd pers., plu. {whij?), past, ind., (act.), agr. with " father and son.'' (Rules II., XV.) a noun, 3rd pers., sing., neith., obj. by gained. (Rulo III.) Exercise 83. Fire and smoke enveloped the city. Robert and Tom went to fish in the lake. Time and tide wait for no man. The old and 62 Father and son gainerl prize X'.X- dying man whispered faintly and feebly. Hope and fear axt nately swayed her breast. He and she were lately married.^ The clergyman and his daughter returned from the Continent in tiia beginning of August. Edinburgh and Glasgow are the largest cities in Scotland.' Sugar, tea, and coffee, are sold in very large quantities by that grocer. Interest and ambition urged tlio student on. He always prefers a plain but substantial dinner. A table and two chairs occupied the centre of the apartment. The frosts and rains injured the crops. The frosts of spring and the heavy rains of summer injured this year's crops. The severe frosts of the late spring and the heavy rains of summer injured this year's crops. The very severe frost of the late spring and the so heavy rains of summer injured this year's crops. The immense crowd and the ceaseless noise have quite overpowered the timid stranger. The cowslip and the crowfoot are over all the hill. The woods and wilds accord with Ids soul's sadnes;^. The children had power. The children of darkness and evil hmi power. You and your friend can seat yom-solves comfortably in that corner. Standing on this spot I can see town and country. Alarmed by the explosion, the women and children rushed out of the house screaming and woepirg. They saw him move stealthily along. The brave deserve the fair. My death and life, my banr- and antidote, are both before me. 177. Syntax.— -Rule XVI.-— When tlie eubject is miulo up of two or more singular rxouns joined by or or iio?\ tlie verb is singular. Only one of the nouns is supposed to be subject. Wlien tlio subjects are pronouns of different persons, the verb agrees with the first person rather than with tiie second, and with the second rather than with the third. CONJUNCTIONS. 83 ., part of an.) ., part of Exercises*. .,,„, eimikor l-l-S Correct tV.o following sentences :- lost on the InU . ™f pcter'H the tailor's. How cM y ^^^ ^^^ Brin- my clones tim deceived yon The 8°^^^ ^^^^,^, KobertB pencil? ^^^ "^^.^ Mm t» repeat his '^csson. x ^^ ■\Vlien tliG fjrocB with ,lie secoucl AJNAUii J „„merou3 audience 1,9.B,._1. An attentYe and mmero^ ^.^ ^ coietely filled *« l^v^ 2^^U ^^, , p and a -ti^fi S-pautry. 4. Sour>^„ -f.:rai:r ^"':!H-n- not fouAd together. „t;ii pnrrv our message will carry uu ,, ^^6 s^o. 24i. rGeo^georaraUam o 3 8^ ENGLISH GBAMMAE AND ANALYSIS. Subject. Fred. 1. An attentive and ; filled numerous audience 2. 3. He Sarah does brought 4. Sound and sense are found 5. George or Graham will carry Cum]), of Fred. Exten. of Fred. the hall his \7ork a cup and a saucer our message completely {manner). smartly and well {manner). from the pantry {place). sometimes {time) not together {manner). Analyze Exercises 80, 81, 82, 83, 84i. B. CONJUNCTIOKS JOINING SENTENCES. 180. A verb is called Finite wlien it lias time, number, and person. The Indicative and Imperative (and Potential and Subjunctive) are the Finite Moods. 181. A gentence is called smxAe wliicli contains only one finite verb. Eor every faiile verb, tberefore, there must be one smiple sentence. Conjunctions join simple sentences togetlier. Eacii simple sentence is parsed as if it stood by itself. Ex.— (Peter departed) and (James took his place). Here there are two finite verhs, departed and took. Hence there must bo two simple sentences : — 1st, Peter departed ; 2nd, James took his place. These are joined together by the conjunction and. 182. Note.— The pupils should point out the finite verb J an(J Bimple sentences yi)'«f, before parsing. Exercise 86. (The king died) a,nd (the queen succeeded). (Tlio wind blew) and (the waves roared). (The master gave directions) anJ (the fervant obeyed them). (She asked a question) and (she ^ )\ an answer). (The frien The clerk coachman liim with ( nicate wit passes aw completed rectly beg The hunt( I may mi Tell yom your was known in Business go to sol: tor can \ quickly c complet( The hor is good gravely it. (I^ might 1 the nigl the sky 183 undei conju CONJUNCTlONa. 85 au.w). (Tho train tnovcA ^^^^IT^r!^^^ (The friendship coiitinuc(l), hut Uio c o ^^^^^ tj^q Srhe clerk ^vrote another 1^^^^[' .^^^'/i , Si return. You charge coachman ^vill go to tl^° ;^^f ^ ' ^^ (Your father ^viU comnm- Idm Nvith dishonesty, but he dcmc3 it. {^o ^^^^^ ^,^^ nicate with us) Wam*i^e reaches ^^'^ ^^7" ' r^^^ deliberately ?ass e's Tway) -^^i^-^frMtt^aB fS have been incor- completed l^is work) although it ^asi ^^^^^^^^ .^st). ectlybegun). (We ^f.t^^"\^tXnttUorningligbt appears The hunters have agreed to set out wnen instructions. I may make a mistake although you ^^^'^^ gell some of Ten your fault honestly, and I ^^J Jj-^^^ i Mend cannot be your waste ground and buy that pi o^^^^^^^^^ ^ .^^^^^^^ ^^ ,,^,erBity known in prosperity, and an «^^«^yj^";;°;eetens rest. (Jane will Business sweetens pleasure ^^ X.; will permit her). (The por- i^ot^ school as soon) as (If ^^^^f/ 'f^jZr. bring it). Bun as tor can bring your ^?f ^SthUele wb to me as soon as he had quickly as you can. He m ght tel raju ^^^^^ ^^, ,^,,ea . completed the bargain. /^J^.^l'^^ile butter is scarce, but it The house may remain ^l^^re it is. ii ^^^^^^ person. is cood. You may be forgiven p^^t ^^vl ^^ understood, m one oi conjunction. ^^^,,5,, 87. .^„, died), and (wns bmaed). (f^o "■" Y 'i^^t (I would not). (I v-a^ %l\nt (Ml). (I ^vayske1 o go ,^ J disan-omtod at tat , asked to eo).b"'/l™''lr'';Tle island onght to 1>0 «f l'^;,^^ Iti^' a.Tea'l SSavly noticed one >-"« JX "o s;:.. tfe to'^bu 'inteJsting .to'^^^S Th^c""^* l^" ^"T ''1 to mo till I l.ad «alk«^ "P *" %Sie3t hod been put aside and «— /a; s^oJly .-i;y/^\-Sn.o^°S^.iai.. (^, 86 ENOLisn qeammah asb analysis. .„clo«nt to bis bureau), (P"V' l^lTcite bc/borrl.^* ci s'. .is S-Si^SS'- "- 'Was a vacant wildness m nis e>es. m to forgive, l^ecause he kno;vB the true vahio of time. The abbot rose and closed his book, And donned his sandal shoon, And wandered forth alone to look Upon the summer moon. ThA riftM winds Bi<-h, the breakers roa and shrieks the wild Jeam^J? WlS dos ^hou weep and wail v Dost thou dread the billows' "ra^e or tremble at the gale ? Marvel not tha I am sor- rowful in m'nd. Our ship is B^^ft and strong. My father blessed mrferv "nSy yet did not much complain. Sorely will my mother dgh tm I cime back again. Dost thou dread a French foeman, ni. shiver at the cale? My spouse and boys dwell near thy hall lnrth?bordeiiu- lake. The tombs and the hollow pavement rmf w Ui a son dinrtl-ill of dread ; and the holy chaunt w^s husLrawhilo as, by 'the torches' flame, a gleam of -ns up the sweeping aisle with a mail-clad leader came. Ho s ooped and kissed he frozen check and the hand of lifeless clay, till bursting words gave to his soul's passion way. If she has deceived us, she is very ungrateful. When you are ready, speak. When ^the summer harvest was gathered in) ; And (the sheaf of the gleaner grew white and thm) ; And (the ploughshare was in its furrow left). Where (the stubble land had been lately cleft) ; (An Indian hunter, with unstrung bow, , _ , . Looked down) where (the valley lay stretched below). It sometimes happens that the unsuspicious herd keep the ground tmtrinclian his emptied his quiver. This is not an evory-day matter, and can only be accomplished when the buiialoes aio m a state of comparative rest. Then the hunter turned away from tbat scene, Where the home of his fathers once had been ; And heard, by the distant and measured stroke, That the woodman hewed down the giant oak; And burning thoughts flashed over his mind. Of the white man's faith and love unkind. As I do live by food, I rhet a fool. Here will we sit and let the sounds of music creep in our ears. I did no. thmii to siicci a tear in all my misery ; but thou hast forced me, out of thy honest truth, to play the woman. Speak the speech, as I pronounced it COMPLEX A^B COMPOUND SENTENCES. 87 . r.. Soxmd drums and tmmpotfl uear bis v?ar steed Blam., lay a^ ^ ^ ^^ ^i^-^e^ And there lay tbo «teed w th Ins nos ^^^^ ^^ ^^.^ ^^.^^^^ But through it there ^^^^^'^'"''''^^^^ j,, i, oii.g. I B^all , ao not kno. *-^^^^^:;raU ut^^^^^^^^ calls. You ^^ll hear the sound, ^'Uen oft at evemn. ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^,y ^e happy, murmur rose, bivino* "° fa ANALYTICAL LESSON XIX COMPLEX AND COMPOTJND SENTENCES. _ 185. EacKof the«.mple «onteBce^_^^ ^j large one is called a Clause^ i ^^j. ^^j^,^i^ the t±:ettrranK >-- ^^'^^^^ "^" about that subject. principal Principal Clause • • /^^g^^ x have more time. Suhordimte Clause . • ^ They are joined together hy .Un. 1R7 A Complex Sentence contains one pr f elaui witl. all tbe rc.t ^f^^:;^^ ^^, ,,,eeahle. _He ^vill leave ^vhen I return, ii^y ^.^^ ^^^^.^ Kx.- rrincival Chime 2n(i SuborcJiriafe Clause . He will leave (when) I return (if) you are agreeaWe.. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) M/. i<'Me i^M % 1.0 !?»- «l^ •" 132 mil. = *^ II I.I If 1^ M 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 j-4 6" - ► V2 ^ /a ^/. '<5. ^m ^^ VI /i > •5; w ^d Photographic Sdences Corporation ^: ^^ V d i\ ,v \ %^'' ..m^ '^>. ^^^ % '1? 'i?)" 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80 (716) 872-4503 5> 1 ^ r^ 88 ENGIISn GEAMMAB JLNB AlfALTSIS. 188. A Componnd Sentence contains two or more principal clauses cf equal value. Ex -The wind blew fiercely, and the rain poured in torrents. llY^incipalCiame . The wind blew fiercely 2nd Principal Clause . (and) the rain poured in torrents. H.??ii^ ""^^ *^® principal and subordinate clauses in th^eJoUowmg sentences, according to the examples fo"^n"~^ ^^? "^^^ '^^^ ^® ^^^^^ ^^ere tliey ought IXA all? *^"^ ~- '' ^^^ S— [risled rr. , - Kind Kind of Clause. Glauses. («) 1. The men shall be found (6) where they ought to be (c) when the time comes (a) 2. Our general risked all and lost all |Piincipal Clause Principal Clause to b, c Subordinate Clause to a Subordinate Clause to a Principal Clause of Sentence. •Complex -Compound Exercise 88. whei^' fi:?/ Them ""yoT' '1 ^'^^ ^■}'^'' ^ ^^^«^ *^^ ^^ooks ^sZ^^SS^^ TcSto^Z expect BK a letter If T 1,0 j*i ulS '"""S'lt that you were letter, I wouM toe 4Jtte* mS i,*'/? were expoeling a the flower-bed., he'waTal te^d to^yo"r ^ft^tr u\''l''"1 ftre ready, etill lives gains. T tJ^ere. It dbthed as: soul will J I will test report mu QaeenstoY when the owners* 189. "^ in a sem each oth 190. 1 nate wit or where 191. li place, ca it is calle wJien you Point < 193. E3 morn were 2. The f And t ai That 3. We r unless we \ Athenians. CO-OEDINATE CLAUSES. 89 ftre ready, if our miudsbe so. Clarenco still breathes, — Edward Btill lives and reigns ; when they are gone, then must I count my gains. The beat of the drum and the clash of the battle were tJ^ere. Its brazen studs and tough bull-hide had death bo often d&fthed aside. There is no creature loves me, and if I die, no soul will pity me. Being satisfied with your honesty and ability, I will testify to them when I am called upon to do so. The report must have been true, that the vessel left this port, reached Queenstown in safety, but had not been heard of at New York when the last news left ; for I was told so by the clerk to the owners. We look before and after. And this is in the night 1 ANALYTICAL LESSON XX. 189. When there are two or more principal clansea in a sentence, they are said to be Co-ordinate with each other. 190. Two suhordinate clau!?es may also be co-ordi- nate with each other ; as, I know not jJien he died, or where he lived. 191. If the subordinate clause tells the time, place, cause, condition, etc., of the principal cLauso, it is called an Adverbial Clause; as, We shall see you when you come. P' ,ce this book where you found it. Point out the Adverbial Clauses in Exercises 87, 88. 193. Ex. — 1. The night is past, and shines the sun as if that morn were a jocand one. 2. The forests, with their myriad tongues, shouted of liberty; And the blast of the desert cried aloud, with a voice so wild and free, That he started in his sleep and smiled at their tempestuous glee. 8. "We may well be assured that notliing good can happen, unless we give due attention to our afairs, and act as becomes Athenians. 90 ENGLISH GHAMMAE AND AI^'ALTSIS. Clausea, Compound Sentynce. (a) The night is past and sliincs the sun (c) as if that mora were a jocund one. Compound Sentence, (a) The forests, with their myriad tongues, shouted of liberty (6) And the blast of the desert cried aloud, with a voice so wild and free (c) That he started in his sleep (d) and smileo at their tempestuous glee. 3 Complex Sentence. (a) Wo may well be assured that nothing good can happen Kind of Clause. Prin. Cl.,co-ord. with b. Prin. 01. tv^ c, co-ord. Avitli a, Subord. CI. to ft, {adverbial cl.) Pi-in. CI., co-ord. with &. Subject. Thoniglit (and)the sun (as if) that morn The forests Fred. Comp, of Prerl. Sxten, of Pred.l Pi-in.Cl. to c and' (and) the d, oo-ord.with a. blast of the desert Subord. CI. to b, co-oi'd. with d. (adverbial cl.) Subord. Cl. to b, co-ord. with c. (adv. cl.) cried (that) he started is past shines wore a jocund one. shouted of liberty (indir. obj.) unless we give duo uttention to our affairs, (d) and act (^> ae Decomcs Athenians Prin. Cl to u. Subord. Cl. to a. Suboi'd. Cl. to h. (adv. cl.) Subord. to b, co- ord, with c. (adv. cl.) Su)>ord. to d. (adv, cl.) and (he under St. We (that) no- thing good (unless) we and (wo underst.) as (it underst.) smiled may be iiiisurcd can happen give act becomes at their tempes- tuous glee (in- dir. obj.) with tlipi: myriad tongiic!< (manner) aloud (mm wer), Avl*:''5 voice sow:! and free (manner, in his slee (place) due at- tention (du: vhj to our affairs (indir. obj.) Athen- ians, well (manner) Analy above. 193. g conjunci less food eat). S Suppl ing sent (I will q profit thar well as I. knew such in nothing war and ; him I reni I render : than he w< Bhould be attain a g attain a gl was steppi from the s this occasi I. Great martial ha policy. Y That eloqi of his cou be happie'i brother. 1» own Lafay of more tt me. You known eor his trial bi There's a sunny laps made tend ELLIPTICAL S£17TEKC£S. 91 np. red. Exteiru of rred.i ir. ■) olr PS' IS in- With thcl myriad tongues (manlier) aloud (mm ner), Avit'' voice 60 wi and free (manner, in his slee (place) well (:mamier) t- 1)11 )hj ir ■s r. Analyze Exercises 86, 87, 88, as in the examples above. Elliptical Sentences. 193. Sometimea tlie simple sentences joined by conjunctions are not all quite complete ; as, He eats less food than I ; that is, (He eats less food) than (I eat). Such sentences are called Elliptical Sentences. Supply the ellipses where they occur, in the follow- ing sentences Jlrst, and then parse. Exercise 89. (I will get greater profit) than (you will get). I will get greater profit than you. (You write as well) as (I write). You write as well as I. He suffered more pain than his companion. I never knew such misery as tliia. Human wisdom has been manifested in nothing more conspicuously, than in civil institutions to repress war and retaliation among the citizens of the same state. To him I render more respect than I render mere respect. To him I render more than mere respect. He would rather have you than he would have me. He would rather have you than me. I should be more readily guided by you than him. He expected to attain a glory as bright as the stars are bright. He expected to attain a glory as bright as the stars. He was arrested when he was stepping from the steamer. He was arrested when stepping from the steamer. He has never shown greater abihty than on this occasion. He treated him as a brother. You are taller than I. Great states are compelled to consider the military spirit and martial habits of their people as one of the main objects of their policy. Youth cannot be attributed to any man as a reproach. That eloquence is the ardour of conviction and zeal for the service of his country. You are more generous than he. Can any one be happiei than you ? I am quite as much entitled to it as your brother. No stories are read with more inteicst than those of your own Lafayette. You will act as secretary. Komance has no tales of more thrilling interest than theirs. He loves her as much as me. You praise hers as much as mine. Yes ; that face has known sorrow and suffering. There is now to be brought upon his trial before you, a robber of the public treasury, Caius Verres. There's a beauty for ever unchangingly bright, like the long, sunny lapse of a summer day's light, shining on, by no shadow made tender. I Ii-'l 92 ENOLISn OEAMMAR AKD ANALTS18. m ANALYTICAL LESSON XXI. 194. Analyze Exercise 89 in the following man- ner : — Ex.— 1. He endured more hardships than his friend. 2. You speak as well as I. 3. He will more easily find you than me. Clauses. Complex Sentence. ^^> Ho endured more hardships than his friend. Complex Sentence. (a) You epeak as well (&) as I. 8 Complex Sentence. (a) He •< \\ more easily Jnd you (&) than me. Kind of Clause. Prin. CI. to 6. Subord. CI. to a. (adv. cl.) Prin. Cl. to &. Subord. Cl. to a. {adv. cl.) Subject, Prin. Cl. to &. Subord. Cl. to a. {adv. cl.) He (than) his friend You (as) I Pred I ^'^^ He (than) he (underst.) endured endured {undst.) speak speak {undst.) more hard- ships Exten, of Fred 196. G on wliicl you coul The pe( person, wii The Si] will flntl will find (undst.) you mo. as well (manner) Sing. 1. ( 2. I Flu. 3. ( 1. ( 2. ( 3. ( more easi (manner 195. A group of words, making sense, but contain- ing no finite verb, is called a Phrase. Ex.— The trees of the forest are bare in winter. Of the forest and in winter are phrases. They sang very sweetly indeed. Very sweetly indeed is an adverbial phrase. Point out the Phrases in Exercises 87, 88, 89. Sing. 1. (J 2. (. 3. (J Plu. 1. [1 2. {1 3. {1 For those of the Subji so with the 197. So the Bubju: go. Othe mood ; as subjunctiv SFBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 98 SUJiJIJNOTIVE MOOD. 196. The Subjunctive Mood expresses the condition on which something will be done. If I were enqaaed you could go. ^ J i The peculiarity of this mood is that it has no inflection for person, with one exception. The Subjunctive Mood of verb To Be. (See 150.) Present Tense, j>ast Tense. Sing. 1. (If) I be Sinff. 1. (//) I were 2. (If) thou wert or you were 3. (If) he were Plu. 1. (If) we be Piu. 1. (//) we were -^^ W) ye or you be " — 3. (If) they be etc. 2. (If) thou be or you be 3. (If) he be 2« (-f/) ye or you were 8. (X/* ) they were etc. Present Tense. Sing. 1. (If) I love 2. (//■ ) thou love or you love 3. (If) he love P^M. 1. (If) we love 2. (7/) ye or you love 3. (If) they love Verb 5b Zove (See 140.) Subjunctive Mood. Past Tense. Sing. 1. (J/) I loved 2. (I/) thou loved or you loved 3. (If) he loved PZu. 1. (//) we loved 2. (7/) ye or you loved 3. (//) they loved For those who use the compound tenses, the remaining tenses ot the Subjunctive correspond with those of the Indicative, and BO with the Pa°.sive Voice. 197. Sometimes the conjunction is omitted before the subjunctive mood ; as, Were I engaged, you could go. Other conjunctions besides if are used with tliia mood; as, unless, though, although, lest, etc. The subjunctive is alwajs used in a subordinate sentence. M EiraLISH GBAMMAB A.ND ANALTSia. If I were yon, etc. Ex. — If I weru you, I would go, a conj., joining two sentences. (Rule XIII.) a sim. pers. pron., 1st pers., sing., eith., nom. or subj. to loere, (Rule I.) a sub. or intians. verb, 1st pers., sing., past, subinnc, aer. with L (Rule II.) ^ a sim. pers. pron., 2nd pers., sing., eith., nom. or subj. after loere. (Rule X.) Exercise 90. It will be sad if it happen. If I were engaged, you could go. If thou consider rightly of the matter, Csesar had great wrong. I wiil get up early, if you will call. The merchant will fail, although his friends do help him. Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty. Unless he improve, he cannot be allowed to remain. If it were done, when 'tia done ; then 'twere well it were done qiuckly. Were you to be aaked that question, how would you reply ? Though he write, I cannot promise to do a-nything. Unless we work, we must starve. He must leave his native land lest he die. If he were there, I should be satisfied. They fasten it with nails and hammers that it move not. If he repent, forgive him. Though he were dead, yet shall he live. If this be the law, you are guilty. Were you the Idng, I would not bend. Were I certain that your story was reliable, I would leave to-morrow. Were he to state his reasons, I could not be more able to judge. Analyze Exercise 90. THE EELATIYE rRONOUN. 198. The Relative Pronoun introduces a subordi- nate clause, and partakes of the nature of a con- junction. It always refers to some word or phrase going before, called its Co-relative* or Antecedent. 199. The Simple Eelative Pronouns are who, which, and that, used as nominatives or subjects. PFho is used when the co-relative is a person or personified noun. Which is used when the co-relative is not a person. (That may be used whatever be the co-relative. * Also spelt Correlative ; but the word is easily made plain to pupils by usmg, as aa illustration, tho name of a firm, as, Smith & Co., Relative & Co. b Exercise 91. (They love the motlier) (who tended them). (The doctor saw the patient) (who was dying). The engine Idlled the workman Who was the only support of a large family. The carriage brought the very stranger who accompanied us on our voyage. The oflhcers pursued the Hon which had destroyed the cattle. TJie armer bought the only horse which was left. The farmer boucht the only horse that was left. The duke went to the queen. The duke went to the queen who was staying in the palace. The vessel was commanded by a captain who had often sailed. Go to the lady who visits your family. The assembly was held in the J^ueen s Hotel, which was prepared for the occasion. Give the book to him who will pay for it. Sorrow has saddened him who used to speak so cheerily. A courier arrived with a let^jr that confirmed the king's worst fears. It must hfive been a malicious person that did it. The captain ^truck the mate, who did not return the blow. This money is all the fortune which was left to lier. The busmess will not pay the dividend that was expected, ihe postman was attacked by some men who issued from the wood. Send the books that were ordered. You must buy some of tiie apples which have just come in. He passed the shepherd and dog that have never since been seen. Our boy bought a book and slate, which are both lost. My tyrant foes have forged th« chain which binds me in this dismal cell. 96 ENQLTsn geammah and analysis. "4: I ,;. THE CO-RELATIVE AS SUBJECT OR NOMINATIVE. 201. In the last exercise the Co-relative was always in the objective. When the Co-relative is in the nominative, the clause wifch the Relative is generally in the midst of the other clause. Exercise 93, The boy departed. The boy (who spoke) departed. A soldier (who had returned) has died. Our parents (who love us) deserve all our regard. The magistrate (who sits on the bench) is not very young. God, who governs the world, is just and good. The cavalry (that have been pureuing the Turks on the right hand) are coming up. The child (that had done so many kind things for him) was never out of his remembrance. The first nerson (that moves) shall be shot. You are the person who ought to have attended to that matter. Peter is the man who is to go. Men who are engaged in commercial pursuits are generally shrewd. He who is boldest should march first. If I were in your place, I would dismiss the servant who is so disagreeable. It was you who sought the interview, and who are responsible for the results. I was asking the man who keeps the door, if he knew such a per- son, but he has never heard the name. I, who am only a work woman, could not face so many dangers. Thou, who rulest in heaven, look down on our miseries, and remove them. They who love vice will suffer by it sooner or later. Gloucester stumbled and struck me, who sought to stay him, overboard into the tum- bling billows of the main. Shall I get your order from the mer- chant who took it ? Unless wo can trace the per^^on who left the letter, I fear we will not find a better clue than the one whic^ has been given us ah-eady. Lend him an umbrella. Complex Scni ANALYTICAL LES8G_" XXII. 202. Ex. — I bring the boy who wants a situation. What boy is brought ? The boy who wants a situation. The clause Who wants a situation tells us about the boy, and gives a quality by which to distinguish him from otlier boys, and is consequently a clause used as an adjective^ or an Adjective^ Clause. THE BELATIVE PHONOUN. 97 \TIVE. i alwaya in the enerally A soldier 3) deserve ill) is not ood. The :ht Ijand) id tliinga st person ought to is to go. r shrewd, r place, I was you e results, ch a per* y a wcpk rulest in i'hey who stumbled the tum- tho mer- 3 left the hie]' has 203. The Eelative Pronoun introduces an Adjective Claus box which was promised, gentleman who came here and dined is gone. 2. The Clmises. Complex Sentence. (a) I will Bcnd the box (6) thlch was promised Complex Sentence. (a) The geuLieraau is gone (b) who came here (0 and dined Rind of Clattse. Prin. 01. to b. Subord.CI. to a {aOJ, cl.) Prin. Cl. to & and c. Subord. Cl. to a, co-ord. with c {adj. cl.) Subord. CI. to a, co-ord. with b (adj. cl.) Suhjedt. I which The gontlcm who (pnJ) who (iindst.) Pred, will send « was pro- mibcd. is gone Comp. ! Extm, of Fred of Pred, the box I here {plan) Analyze Exercises 91 and 92. THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AS OBJECT. 204. Nom. (or suhj.) Who Ohj. Whom which which that that 205. Syntax.— Rule XVIII.— The Eelative Pronoun as Object comes before the verb which governs it j as, — The clerk whom you saw is dead ; that is, you saw whom. Whom I a sim. rel. pron., 3rd pers., sing., ^asc, obj. by saw* (Rule III. and Rule XVIII.) I 98 IWOLISH CHAMMAB AND ANALTSTS. 11 '.r Excrciso 93. His eldest brother introflucccl the gentlemftn whom yon sair fycu saw whom). A first-rate situation was obtnined by the book- keeper whom you.- uncle had dismissed (your uncle had dismissed whom). Wo called to osk for the child whom the carriage injured You know the author whom the children most admire. I will cet the song which he likes best. The landlord could not sell the house which the owner of the hall wished to puroliaso. You can buy the number that you want (you want that). It is the worst case that I have ever decided. You have repeated the blunder that I pointed out to you yesterday. Yon old chateau (which you were admiring) has not been occupied for thirty-four years. The apples which Ibought) are not ripe. The parties, whom we ac cidentally met m Germany, send tneir compliments to us. He whom you trusted has cadly deceived you. Go to the men whom you have injure \ and beg their forgiveness, and I will receive you. xn ..IS way Mr, Jormyn inwardly appealed against an unjust con- t'ltl"^ :^hi«'i If old acquaintance might put on certain items Z ILY?'^' ^^'' f ^f"^'^ irritation, dread, and defiance which he was feehng towards him in ths middle of the day. depended on Prepos 206. The Relative is somstimes ffoverned by a '''^^osition. •'^ Exercise 94. «ffLTi"i f "^ ,*^^%«c^ant to whom you are attached {vou are ftttachcd to whom). Bring the friend of whom you spoke I true and good workman for whom I asked your sympathy. He beside whom I stand, is the inspector of mines. Let us Worship the Lord in whom we live, and move, and have our bein,^. The T^y^ 'll^il f'^ ^T''^ concealed himself is still to be seen. Tne sheriff before whom they were to appear is the most expe- had been erected to commemorate the abolition of an unjust law. The bridge beneath which we arc passing is used for railway puT: po.es. M ^ey that dwell under his shadow shall return ^ The waste ot wild sea-moor on which they now dwelt, offered only a few patches of soil fit for cultivation. The onlv supplies which nature furnished were the fish which swarmed ii the waterT^d the salt which encrusted the beds of the lagoons. See No. 2U. THE BELATITE PPOKOFN. r whose j (none) which that THE RELATIVE PxlONOUK AS POSSESSOR. 207. JSfom, (or 4uhj.) Who which | that 1*088. Whose Olj, Whom Exercise 93. Our friend prefers the house whose chimneys you see yonder (you see whose chimneys yondej). That carriage belongs to thfl parents whose children piny vith us. I venerate the man whose heart is warm "^-hose hands are pure. An extensive farmer, wliose fields you see around, has lost many cattle by the plague which is BO pre mlent. A very largo oak, whose trunk had withstood many a f overe gale, was n)iatterr'l by a flash of h'ghtning dui-i.ng the terridc thanderstorm that lately visited this district. Do you know the name of t' t large river which flows across South America into the Atlantic Ocean, and whose waters can be traced far out to sea? The mountain, from whose siderj the br-^"..: lows, is only twelve hundred feet in height. The candidate ; i >/i ose behalf I labour, will be certain to be highest at the poll. 208. As is sometimes used as a Eelative Pronoun, and wMcli as an Adjective. 209. Sometimes tlie Eelative Pronoun is not ex- pressed, but understood ; as, I have the book you sent ; that is, I have the bool<; tchich you sent. 210. Sometimes the Co-relativo is understood; as, Who stirs, shall fall ; that is. He who stirs, shall fall. 211. Sometimes the Co-relative is a whole sentence ; as, — He has not returned, "vhich is a source of some alarm. Supply the ellipses, where they occur, in the follow- ing sentences, and parse : — Exercise 96. The letter your father lost cannot be found. Give it to the cni? you love best. Tell me the tales I delighted to hear long ago. I II 2 ii 100 ENGLISH GBAMMAB AND ANALYSIS. hold to you the hands you first beheld. Send the recipe of which you spoke. Send the recipe that you spoke of. Send the recipe you spoke of. That is the king we love so well. He must place me in a hall which is fit for monarchs to dwell in. He must place me in a hall fit for mouarchs to dwell in. Byron is the author of the lines he repeated. I forget the words he used. Are you acquainted with the writings he lectured about? The watch he had belonged to his father. The sword thou hast was worn on many a bloody field. Who steals my purse, steals trash. That banker took with him no money, which shows he had no intention of leaving the country, as was reported. We are such stuff as dreams are made on. A man should never be ashamed to own that he has been in the wrong, which is but saying in other words that he is wiser to-day than he was yesterday. The king, who was compelled to dismiss his mmisters, determined to call to his councils fresh men. The king, compelled to dismiss his ministers, determined to call to his councils fresh men. There has been, which may easily be shown, great deception practised. Who does not work, must starve. I did not learn which book was lost. For which reason he will do it. 1 do not care who knows it. The wisest man that ever lived is liable to err. They de- clared him innocent, which he could not be. The gentleman you have just seen is the celebrated poet of whom so much has been said. Those who seek Wisdom will find her. There was there- fore, which is all that we assart, a course of life pursued by them different from that which they before led: Who lives to virtue rarely can be poor. The feat was performed by one of the men, but by which (man) I cannot say. I may do that I phall be sorry for. He that committeth sin transgresseth also the law, for sin is the transgression of the law. ITe spoke as follows. The namea sre aa follow. ANALYTICAL LESSON XXIIL 212. Ex. — 1. The lord of the manor brought the friends vrhom we met to spend Christmas with him. 2. Give the letter to the baker, from whom T shall receive it as I pass. 3. We have a religion whose origin is divine. 4. The staff your grandfather used cannot be found anywhere. TllE liELATIVE PltOJJfOUN. 101 Clauses, Vomplex Scntcvcc. (a) The lord of the manor brought the friends to spend Christmas with liiui (6) , whom wc mot 2 Complex Sentence. (a) Givctho letter to the baker (h) from whom I shall receive it (c) as I pass 8 Complex Sentence. (a) Wc have a religion (ft) whcsc origin is divine Complex Sentence. The staff cannot be found anywhere (h) your grandfather used Kind of Clause. Suhjcct. Fred. Comp. of Fred. Exten. ofPnd. • to spend Prin. CI. to b. Tlio lord of l)rought the Christmas the manor friends with him (cause) Subord. CI. to a. "we met whom (adj. cl.) the let- ter :di.r lb.) Trin. Cl. to b. you {under St.) give to tlio baker (indir. obj.) rfubord. Cl. to a. I shall it from whom (adj. cl.) receive AW (place) Subord. Cl. to b. (as) I pass {adv. cl.) Prin. Cl. to 6. Wo have a religion Subord. Cl. to a. whose is divine (adj. cl.) origin not ' Prin. Cl. to b. The staff can be found (ynniaiet) anywhera (place) Subord. Cl. to a. your used which (adj. cl.) grandfather (nndst.) Analyze Exercises 93, 94', 95, and 96. 102 ENGLISH 6^EAMMAB AlO) AJXJlLYSIQ. U fe i v/1 ■ I I THE COMPOUND EELATIVE PRONOUN. 213. What is called a Compound Relative Pronotm, as it IS supposed to include the relative and co-rela- tive ; as, I hear what you say; that is, I hear the thing which you say. 214. What is sometimes an adjective ; as, I know not by what means we shall obtain it. 215 W7iat, as a compound relative, will include, sometimes both a nominative and an objective ; some- times two nominatives; and sometimes two obiec- tives ; as, '' 1. I heard i(;7ia« was said. 2. ^;»ae was said, was true. 3.1 neard what you said. io^wIPsafr^ ^^ ^^^^^^ objective by heard, and partly nominative lu (2) it is partly nominative to was said, and partly aomina- tive to loas true. "^ *"*"» said ^^^ ^* ^^ ^^^*^^ objective by heard, and partly objective by 216. Whoever, whichever, whatever, whosoever, ivUch- soever, whatsoever, and whoso are Compound Eelativo Pronouns. Ex.— I will tell what I mean. What I a comp. rel. pron., partly obj. by tell (Rule III.), and I partly obj. by wean. (Rule III.) ' Exercise 97. ^ He says what he thinks. I repeat what I heard. Write what IS new. Sell what you can. This book is what is wanted. What you may say will not affect the question. We are very anxious to know what has happened. I will state what I was ir^u i,„t I cannot vouch for its truth, as my autliority is questionable. ' You may do what you please, but nothing will avail. Whoever goei TUE SUBJECT AifD THE OBJECT. 103 in will not be allowed to return by tliis gate. Whoever will pro- ceed to the spot will find an immense cave extending into the earth. Think on whatever is honest. I speak not to disproT© what Brutus spoke. When ho saw what had been done, he lifted up his voice and wept. We speak what we do know, and testify what we have seen. In what light soever we view him, he will bear inspection. What (adv.) with fatigue, and what with hunger, they were in a most miserable condition. I will tell you what lettera to write. Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man ehall have his blood shed. The Sul}ject and the Object. 217. Sometimes the Subject of the verb is a simple Sentence or a Phrase. Sometimes the Object of the verb is a simple Sentence or a Phrase ; as, (He is guilty) was the cry. He said (I am dying). Exercise 98. The Bible teachus " God is love." He asked. Where is jour brother ? He shrieked out aloud, '* Clarence is come, false, fleet- ing, perjured Clarence, that stabbed me in the field by Tewkes- bury." (That you have wronged me) doth appear in this. (Read- ing good books) improves the mind. To suffer is the destiny of man. To obey our parents is our duty. Hunting the tiger is a favourite sport in India. To knit together the broken bonds of friendship will be no easy task. That you said all this, I can prove. They took it away from (before his face). Come out from (under the table). Caesar cried, " Help me, or I sink." Did you say I omitted a part of my lecture ? To do to others as you would wish that they should do to you, is the golden rule. The poverty of many is the wealth of some. '• No more, there is no more," he said, «' to lift the sword for now." She answered, " Seven are we, and two of us at Conway dwell, and two are gone to sea." Quoth he, " Put out the boat and row me to the Inchcape rock, and I'll plague the priest of Abcrbrothock." When he will returu is uncertain. (Four times five) is twenty. Four times five are twenty. (Three and six) is nine. Three and six are nine. " I will try " has wrought wonders. 218. Sometimes the Object of a preposition consisth of a Phrase or a simple Sentence ; as, He will leave before Friday. He will leave before {you come). Note. — Prepositions governing simple sentencei are by 9om« called Conjunctions. (See Ex. 87.) i.'»Sf fc'i m N'^^i*> 104 ENOLISn GltAMMAH AND ANALYSIS. Exercise 99. You Fill not return before Thursday. You will not return before (the work is finished). The meeting is postponed till evening. The meeting is postponed till (the chairman has returned). He gamed his end by perseverance. He gained his end by (persevering in the work). From a butcher's boy he rose to be chancellor. From (being a butcher's boy) he rose to be chancellor. In (laying down the law) be sure that you give justice. 1-et us conclude the public worship of God by (singing the Sixty- third Hyran). Eemember to lock all the doors before the mana^^er goes home. Never blame a friend till you are satisfied that he has done what has been laid to his charge. Before I would endure such obloquy, I would ^eave the country. Tarry till I come. The letter came after nine o'clock. The letter came after everybody hod left the ofiTice. After 1 have once explained it, do not forget It. Ihrough being intemperate, he lost his situation. To (living soberly and righteously) add living godly. If there be any here, let them come forward. INTEEROaATIVE PEONOUNS. 219. Who, which, and what, when used in asking questions, are called Interrogative Pronouns ; as, • Jf'^^a^eyou? fF/iom seek ye? TTAa* are you doing ? Which IS the book ? .» & " ^^v/i Who Whom an interrogative pronoun, 3rd pers., eing., masc, nom. after are. (Rule X.) ^""(Eule nf)"'''' ^'"^ ^^'^" ^'"^'' ®'*^" ''^^' ^^ '^'^' Exercise 100. Who has the pencil-case ? I (have) . What will he do ? Which of the kings died on his bed ? Robert (died ). Who can measure aie waters of the ocean ? What shalfl say ? Wha waTdone ? Nothing (was done). Which may be made most readily ? TWs V\ hat should be done to the person who owns this ? Who will introduce me f^ the gentleman who manages the bank here ? I. io which oi the partners should I apply ? (To) him. From wliom^comes such a letter ? (Such a letter comes from whomS ^x.oru; uiQ xo wuom shaU we give thanks for the service which has been done to us ? Peter. Whose house should be visited first? made ? ] was won tained th( that even^ Who did : Yes, I did He cares creeps. "' have ? T Were dea angel, the should as! Whatsoev There are before he this, 'tis G cise, whic] the son o There is a is it? 220. "^ Object ii Ex.— 1. is staying He does n S. Who si * Each NOUN CLAUSE. 105 first ? Ours, made ? His. ■was won has In whose name has this announcement been The anniversary of the day on which the battle again returned, and we, whose fathers nobly main- tained the honour of the English name, are met to commemorate that event which spread so great a halo round our country's arms. Who did it ? I. Who will go ? I. Did you bring the message ? Yes, I did. Who can carry this ? I. Whose is this ? Mine. He cares not what he says or does. Then came forth whatever creeps. What say you ? Who goes there ? Which will |you have ? They asked him a question. When do you return ? I dare do all that may become a man ; Who dares do more is none. Were death denied, even fools would wish to die. Were he an angel, they would not believe. They love each other.* We should assist one another.* I will go wherever you desire. There's a tide in the affairs of men. Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with all thy might. There are those who express a different opinion. Keats, a little before he died, said, " I feel th.e daisies growing over me." In this, 'tis God directs; in that, 'til man. Homer is remarkably con- cise, which renders him lively aiid agreeable. Who is this David, the son of Jesse? I hear a voice you ci"^.r>oi; hear, Which says I must not stay ; I see a hand you cannot see, Which beckons me away. There is a reaper whose name is Death. Who 's there ? Which is it? Tell us, for doubtless thou canst recollect. To whom should we assign the Sphinx's fame ? ANALYTICAL LESSON XXIV. 220. "When a simple Sentence is used as Subject or Object in placo of a noun, it is called a Noun Clause. Ex. — 1. Hear him repeat what he has learned. 2. Where ho is staying is not known. 3. To refrain fror. evil is a duty. 4. He does not intend to leave before he puts his affairs in order. 6. Who shall be sent to Paris ? * Each other and one another are called Reciprocal Pronouns, 100 ENaHSH GUAMMAE AND Ai^ALXSIS. Clauses, i.'l 'i CtompZeos /Sentence. Hear hiiu repeat what ho has learned Complex Sentence. Where he is staying , (&) Is not known 3 Simple Sentence. To refrain from evil is a duty Comple^-c Sentence. (a) He does not intend to leave (&) before he puts his afiaii's in order Kind of Clause. Prin. CI. to 6. Subord. CI. to a. inouncl.aaohj.) Subord. CI. to 6 (noun cl. as subj.) Prin. Cl. to a. Suhjcct. Simple Sentence. Simple Sentence. Who shall be sent to Paris ? Prin. Cl. to &. Subord. Cl. to a. (ady. ci!.) Simple Sentence. Fred. You(undst.) he he noun clause (a) To refrain from evil (in/, phr.) He (before) he hear has learned Is staying is known Camp, of Fred. is a duty him (direct o6j.) (to) repeat (indir. ohj.) what Of Pr* Wlio docs intend puts iliall be sent to leave (indir. obj.) his affairs Analyze Exercises 97, 98, 90, 100. wheii {plac% not! (fnaml nol (mam inor( (mani to Pa (pM INTEEJECTIONS. INTEEJECTIOJSrS. 221. An Interjection is used to express some hv den feeling or emotion ; as, Alas ! he was killed, has no grammatical connection with the sentence. Exercise 101. Alas 1 you do not know the misery of their position. Oh ! \ orator's voice is a mighty power. Hurrah ! the foe is comi] Oh 1 come ye in peace here, or come ye in war ? Ha i wl means this warlike guise ? Hurrah ! the work is done. HoUc who goes there ? I would willingly assist you, but, alas 1 I cs not. Hark ! the lark at heaven's gate sings. Lo ! I will sta at thy right hand, and keep the bridge with thee. Tush 1 mi your own business. Hush 1 'tis the dicebox. Oh 1 but to breathe the breath of the cowslip and primrose swe( With the sky above my head, and the grass beneath my feet. Heigh-ho I 'tis weary, weary work. Lead on, farewell! that this too, too solid flesh would melt, thaw, and resolve its into a dew I Oh iie I 'tis an unweeded garden that grows to set La 1 how you frighten me. Pshaw 1 who told you that story ? Adieu I adieu 1 My native shore Fades o'er the waters blue. Nouns of the First and Second Persons. 222. Nouns are sometimes of the First and Secor Persons as well as of the Third. All nouns addresse are Second person, and are in the Nominative cas called the Nominative of Address. Exercise 102. I, James Miller, declare that this is the very paper. I, Dav: Stewart, certify that he bears a good character. I, John Burn am responsible. You, Martha Davidson, are quite correct. Yo; sir, must be the man. Jessie Craig, bring the book. Oh ! nigh and storm, and darkness, ye are wondrous strong. Eoll on, the deep and dark blue ocean, roll ! Plato, thou reasonest wa Oh ! coward conscience, how dost thou afflict me 1 Were nearer, I would pluck it down. Ho ! maidens of Vienna ! Ho I matrons of Lucerne ! Weep, weep and rend your hair for those who never shall retun Oh ! sacred Truth, thy triumph ceased a while. m> u- 108 ElTGLISn OBAMMAE AND ANALYSIS. Now haste, Bernardo, haste 1 Bo men to-day, Quirites, or be foi ever elavos. Stay, gaoler stay, and hear my woe. My beautiful, my beautiful ! that standcst meekly by, With tliy proudly arched and glossy neck and dark and fiery eye, Fret not to roam the desert now with all thy wing6d speed. Oh, father I wilt thou ask me to return ? Peter, bring the cash- book and a pen. James, can you bring a message for me ? That in Three Ways. 223. Tlie word that may be either an Adjective, Conjunction, or Eelative. Which of them it is in any case, must be determined by the part it phays in tho sentence. Exercise 103. That tree must be cut do^vn. The fields belong to that man. You have destroyed the books that I gave you. Report saya that Davidson has made a failure. Come to me at 4 o'clccL,, that I may show you how to do that puzzle that I got for yod. If, then, that friend demand why Brutus rose against Cresar, this ia my answer— not that I loved C^sar less, but that I loved Rome more. The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power. And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, Await alike the inevitable hour : The paths of glory lead but to the grave. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. To be or not to be ?— that is the question. Is this a dagger that I see before me ? The evil that men do lives after them ; The good is oft interred with their bones ; So let it be with Caesar I You all did see, that, on the Lupercal, I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse. I am no orator, as Brutus is ; But, as you know me all, a plain, blunt man, That loves his friend ;— and that they know full well That gave mo public leave to speak of him. But, Only, Since, and Very. Exercise 104. There is but one. I would go, but am not able. All have fled but me. You are the only man remaining. He has only to call THE AUSOLUTE PHEASE. 109 for me. "We have not met since Wednesday. Since no work can be done, I may go. How long is it since you were here ? Yon are the only director hut Thomas, who has heen hero since last evening. Since you say so, I will believe it. He ran all the way, but was too late. Only return and you will bo forgiven. All are served but me. That is the only horse I have. You are very kind. I have found the very ring that was lost. The Absolute Phrase. 224. A Noun or Pronoun with a participle, quite independent, in construction, of the rest of the sen- tence, is called an Absolute Phrase ; as, SJw having diedf he mourns his loss. 225. Syntax. — Eule XIX. — The Noun or Pronoun in an absolute phrase is in the Nominative case. Exercis'^ t05, Columbus having finished his account of his voyage, the sove- reigns sank upon their knees. Thus talking, the old man's shape troubled me. William Penn approaching the Sachems, all the Indians threw down their arms. The king having been slain, the army broke up and the soldiers fled. The carrier having for- gotten some of his commissions, my uncle had to set out for the city by himself. The sbip latterly went on the rocks, the crew not being able to prevent it. God, who art in heaven, we pray to Thee. The matter coming to the ears of the secretary, the conspirators were arrested. They believe him to be the culprit. He became a thief. He died since then. Ah, yes ! he did. Call, Seem, Name, Sfc. 226. Some verbs besides J:o he have a Nominative after them ; as. He is called John. Some are also followed by an Adjective. Exercise 106. She walks a goddess and she moves a queen. He was called Longshanks. They grew angry. We felt wearied. The child was called Andrew. He was chosen leader. He will turn out a -••■. • rni_ -^ 1X7-*1 -3 ^•^«/%(s V/-V1-I l-»nTT/\ rev*r\TVTr\ foil Viiiain. iiiey wuru uaiucu TTtiiuciisco. av^-^ nctru- gi-.-nii i-^h^^. She seemed displeased. What is it called ? Yon is the very man who seemed so distressed. Oh, kind sir I help me. Who seeme to be too happy? He. Yours seems good. She feels stronger. 10 ENGLISH OEAMMAn AND ANALins. i-ia Adjectives used as Adverbs. 227. Sometimes an adjective is used as an adverb* I'ull well he knows. ' Exercise 107. TliG sun shone bright. The lark sang sweet in the bine skr ; 3 snow fell husjied and silent for throe days. Thoy bowed low . _^ mistg of evening were spreading wide. The wind sonnded 1 ?"i^l' *l'®, ^^"^y ^^'^^ ^'"^^^' T^o ^^'^^^ sped swift to the '' ' u ^"„ ^^'^ ''^^o^'® ^^^ father's men three days we've fled j ether. How sweet tlie moonlight sleeps upon this bank ! The nts burn blue. Oh mighty Cnesar ! dost thou lie bo low? Impersonal Verbs. 228. Verbs which have only the Third Person are 'ied Impersonal Verbs. Exercise 108. ■'it rains. It snows. It blows hard. Methonght my dream B lengthened after life. Did you hear how it thundered ? It ia •m to-night. It will thaw before morning. Analyze Exercises 101, 102, 103, lOL, 105, 106. '7. 7,1 SUPPLEMENT. 229. All the difFerent ^m J^ of words in the Endisb nguagc have now been considered. They are arranged under eight heads, called tho igbt Parts of Speech; viz.— Noun Adverb Y^o^o^n Preposition ^^jective Conjunction ^®^'" Interjection. 230. The science which tr^nt a nf nl] fTioo/^ pi««„^« ^r ords both as words simply, and as words combined I sentences, is calle- "English Grammar. LETTEBS. ni 231. English Grammar is studied in Six Divisions : 1. Orthography, wliicli teaches how to spell words correctly, and to divide them into syllables. 2. Pronunciation, which teaches how to pronounce or sound them correctly. S. Classification, which teaches how to arrange them in their proper classes. 4. Inflection, which teaches how to change them, BO as to express number, person, gender, case, timoj etc. 5. Syntax, which teaches the proper connection of words in a sentence^ and why certain forms and inflec- tions must be used. 6. Compost ion, which teaches how to express thoughts correctly, neatly, and elegantly. To these some add — 7. Etymology, which teaches the origin of words. Of these seven divisions, only three are treated of in the foregoing pages : viz., Classification, Inflection, and Syntax. Letters. S32. A Language is the whole system of words used by any particular people. The English Lan- guage is the whole system of words used by the people in the British Isles, and by their descendants in the United States of JSTorth America, Australia, New Zea- land, eLc. It is also called the Anglo-Saxon language. The words composing this language are all made from twenty-six letters, called the Alphabet. These letters are divided into vowels and conso- nants. A Vowel makes a full and complete sound by itself. There are seven vowels— (x, e, i, o, u, w, and ?/. A Consonant cannot be sounded easily without the iip of a vowel. There are nineteen consonants — h, c. iieip I m,n,p,q,ryS, t,v,sc,z. f'9ihjyh 112 ENOLISII OBAMMAH ANIl ANALYSIS. t -J 1 ft* Syllables. A vowel may make a word or syllable by itself; a consonant cannot. 233. A Syllable ie a complete, distinct sound ; as, dof/, or mas in master. If a word consists of only one syllable, it is called a Monosyllable ; as, vest If it cousjists of two sylla- bles, it is called a Dissyllable ; as. mvest, vestment. If it consists of three syllables, it ia called a Trisylla- ble ; as, investing, investment. If it consists of more than three syllables, it is called a Polysyllable ; as, in-vGs-ti-ga-tion. 234. Two vowels coming together in one syllable make a Diphthong ; as, oi in voice, oa in boat. Three vowels coming together in one syllable make a Triphthong ; as, eau in heaiity. Point out the vowels, consonants, and diphthongs in each of the following words, and divide them into syllables. Exercise 109. Cat, boy, note, Gase, moist, music, moan, mean, mien, meaning', desuoy, commandment, representation, recoil, mountam, (lissa°- tisfaction, employment, undoubting, monumental, mournful, sin- fulness, foivible, visible, detestable, inconceivable, persistent, misunderstanding, beware, recomm-^ndation, satisfaction, irreli- gious, spontaneous, horrible, arithmetician, poHtical, resuscitate, society, illustration. Kinds of Noims. 235. Nouns a:o divided into Five Classes — Proper, Common, Abstract, Collective, and Verbal. 1st. A Proper noun is a name tl • belongs to one person or thing, and distinguislies it i'rom all others ; as, James Smith, London, Thames. A proper noun always begins with a capital letter. 2nd. A Common noun is a name that belongs to every individual in a whole clas^ ; as, doj, river j %wn, maUf tree. •fADLES OF QENDEE. 118 Ord. An Abstract notm is a name derived from Boino quality or action j as, blacknesSy height^ cruelty, wisdom. 4tli. A Collective noun is a name given to a group or collection of persons or things ; as, crowds jloch^ committee. It soniotiraoa takes a singular verb and sometimes a plural verb, aocordin{? as the whole group or the iuJividiials of the group are thought of. When the verb is Bingular the nou* is neuter. 6th. A Verbal noun is a present participle used as a noun ; as, reading, writing. To what classes do the following nouns ])elong ? — Exercise 110. Stone, dog, tree, England, flock, tea, Clyde, Parif/, street, whiteness, reading, gold, multitude, Africa, Glasgow, strength, penny, taste, fleet, ship, goodness, majesty, spelling, smith, ma- son, Henry, Berlin, Benlomoud, joy, covey, hearing, army, Peter, Jamaica, county. TaWes of Gender. 236. The Gender of nouns is distinguished in i je ways : — 1st. By distinct words for the masculine and femi- nine. 1 •! Masculine, Fembdne. Masculine* Feminine. ' H Bachelor maid Sir madam S Beau belle Son daughter Hj Boy girl Tutor governess ' fl[ Brother sister Uncle aunt ^H Earl countess Wizard witch ^1 Father mother Boar BOW ^1 Friar nun Buck doe .. ^1 Gentleman lady Bull fcOW ■ ss Governor matron Bullock, ox, steer heifer BB Husband wife Cock hen ^s King queen Colt filly ^s Lad lass Drake duck H| Lord lady Gander goose ' 1 Man woman Hart roe ^1 Master mistress Horse mare ■■ Nephew niece Earn ewe ^1 Papft mamma Stag hind Z 114 ENGLISH OEAMMAE AND jLKTALTSIS. if . 2nd. Bj a differenco in termination ; as — Abbot Actor Author Baron Bride^oom Benefactor abbess actress authoress baroness bride benefactress 3rd. By adding a word ; ae — Czar Duke Emperor Hero Marquis Widower, etc. .ISfrtn-servant matflf-servaat Coc/c-sparrow ?je«-sparrow J/^-bear Pea-coc7c czarinft duchesa empress heroine marchionesg ■widow, etc, "pea-hen Formation of Plural. 237. 1 The plural is generally formed by adding s to the singular ; as, pc?2, pens. 2. Nouns whose singulars end in o', or, sh, and ch soft, add es for tlie plurals; as, lass, lasses ; fox, foxes ; dish, dishes ; church, churches. 3. Nouns in o, preceded by a consonant, add es ; ajs hero, heroes. But canto, grotto, folio, and some others take s only. 4. Nouns in y, preceded by a consonant or tlie vowel tc, change y into i, and add es; as, dttty, duties; sohloquy, soliloquies. All others add s; as, loy, Iot/s. 5. Most nouns in/ or fe change/ or /e into v, and add es ; as, leaf, leaves. But grief stuff, turf, hoofffe, muff, etc., take s only. G. Some nouns are alike in both numbers ; as, deer, isheep, swine, dozen, etc. News and alms a^e generally singular. ^ Singular, Slan Foot Tooth Goose Mouse Ox Child Plural. men feei teeth geese mice oxen children Singular. Brother Cow Die Fish Genius Pea Penny Plural. brothers, or brethren cows ,, Idne dies „ dice fish „ fishes geniuses „ genii V<^^^ ,, pease pennies ,, penco Father-in-law, fatl.iers-in-law ; ' Court-martial, courts-martial; Uousin-gerinan, cousms-german; Aide-de-camp, aides-de-camp; esc. etc. KIITDS OF iLDJECTrVES. 115 nna ;hesa presa oine rchionesH low, etc, j-bear i-lien dding s and cJi , foxes; es ; apfi or the duties; loys. V, and ^, deer, lerally ■al. ircthren ine ice shes enii case enco iiiial ; camp; Form the plurals of the following words : — • Exercise HI. Book, hat, knife, hero, match, fish, box, hoof, party, day, goose, pea, news, folio, deer, grouse, sister-in-law, foot, paper, rope, life, turf, child, die, brother, calf, chimney, cargo, rush, motto, oglio, penny, louse. Kinds of Adjectives. 238. There are four classes of Adjectives : Proper, Common, Numeral, and Distinguishing. 1. Proper Adjectives are formed from proper nouns ; as, English, French. 2. Common Adjectives express qualities ; as, good, wise. 3. Numeral Adjectives, or Adjectives of Cluantity, are divided into — Defiuite Numerals j as, one, five, forty, both, etc. Indefinite „ as, all, some, several, many, etc. as, each, every, either, neither. 4. Distinguishing Adjectives : as, the, this, that, etc. Distributive >» » 239. Common Adjectives have three degrees of com- parison, as given at No. 41. Besides being compared as already pointed out, many adjectives are compared by prefixing the adverbs more, most ; less, least : as, common, more common, most common ; or, less com- mon, least common. Tell to what classes of Adjectives the following belong : — Exercise 112. British, holy, ninety, every, just, American, t ?e, several,, whole, Indian, 1866, fifty, both, many, those, great, red, Scottish,, none, yon, happy, immeasurable, supreme, an, Irish, African, true, beautiful, fourth, twentieth, merciful, black, the, *a, one, I 2 116 E^^OLISU OltAMMAIi A.^D AlTALTSia. i*t* Phrases, ^e. 240. Such phrases as, as far as, as it ell as, as if, so that, etc., are called Conjunctional Phrases. Thev have, however^ been parsed in single words in Exer- cises 79, 87, 89. 241. Some conjunctions are used in pairs; as, Mther — or, neither — nor, whether — or, both — and, though — yet, etc. They are called Correspondent Conjunctions. 243. When, where, whence, while, why, whether, wherever, wherely, wherein, etc., are called Conjunctive Adverbs when they connect Clauses. As their gram- matical function is to connect Clauses, they have been parsed simply as Conjunctions in Exercises 87, 88. 243. At 'present, in vain, at length, in general, at last, in fine, etc., are called Adverbial Phrases, since they have, when combined, the force of adverbs. Each word may be parsed by itself. 244. When, where, why, whence, how, etc., when used in asking questions receive the name of Inter- rogative Adverbs. 245. According to, out of, instead of, alon^ with, etc., are Prepositional Phrases; but they may also be parsed in single words. FALSE SYNTAX. Correct the false syntax in the following sen- tences : — Exercise 113. Them are the vegetables I like. Him being on deck we gava three cheers. The bishop's of London's charge gave great ofiFence. The bishop's of London charge gave great offence. Peter's? John's, and Andrew's occupation was that of fisherman. Grey hairs are death's blossoms. He upholds Englands glory. m FALSE ST^.AX. 117 sen- He had the greatest reason to love they who had most injured him. They who had most injured him he had most reason to love. He invited my brother and I to dine with him. He is the etrongest of the two, but not the wisest. He finds it more simpler (o take your plan. You had scarce gone when he arrived. These sort of people should be avoided. Are each of these boys ready f Either of you are good enough. Hand me them slates. Did you buy them pens ? Those kind of coals are bad. He shot a owl. Do they consider it a honour ? Many an man fell. The com- mittee was divided in its opinions. Every man in the society, whatever be their circumstances, must pay their share. The crowd was so great that the police could not disperse them. You are the captain, not me. Love and friendship is refreshing. You and me can try to sell it. Him and me are the worst. He and I we know. Agnes or Anne will give us their company. Neither the king nor his minister will trouble themselves. Eacli should bring their books with them. Look at them blossoms on, the apple-trees. That is the beggar which knocked at our door. The shepherds killed the fox who killed the poultry. Send tha child who you got the book from. Thinks I to myself. This will not last long. There is as much real religion and morality in this country as in any other. Wisdom, virtue, happiness dwells with the golden mediocrity. Neither you nor I are concerned. Let thou or I the battle try. Esteeming themselves wise, they became fools. Travellers have often mistook the way. Who sung the song ? Her. The cat sprung out. He arrived at Liverpool, and from thence he went to London. He did not say nothing. Can your father not do no work ? Nobody can say that none ol us did it. Let the business go on whether I am there or no. I did not get no time to give you a visit. Neither tliou nor I are able to come. She is as good as him. Who goes there ? Me. He that Cometh unto me I will in nowise cast out. You are a greater loser than me. He is much taller than her. Who can write a letter ? Her. The train of our ideas are often interrupted. Don't he know ? She don't know. It is not fit for such as us to sit with the rulers of the land. It is me. Who does he speak to? He was the most noblest fellow I ever met. This is John Jones his mark. Neither he nor she were there. Who done this ? I seen him. It was him. Do you know who you are to go to ? I have beared it said. He has went away. Between you and I, I don't believe it. Apples will be plenty this year. You are a much older man than me. Who did they tell it to ? I cannot' by no means pennit it. I expected to have dined with you last week. The meeting were numerously attended. A herd of cattle peacefully grazin.fo; afford a plcp.sing sight. I shall pay, whether I oft*"!'' n*" ^'^ 'W\trk ciinli-n 9 H^irn 'Rvf>l"Tro'"r fo tlipir foofo I 118 E2;rGLISH GBAMMAE AlfD ANALYSIS. PKOMISCUOUS EXERCISES. To be parsed syntactically, and analyzed. ihl^'tF '^^^ St '*' ^"*^^'' Exercise and temperance strenff- abou To'ta'c^^;- f''^*-''^^^ '''''''''' ^^° be 'gained wiSt laoour. 10 practise virtue is the sure way to love it. Business f mand of nature, of reason, and of God. A friend cannot be knovvn m prosperity, and an enemy cannot be hidden in adversity ^e^Zm^lhlZ^^^ J'^^*^^^' a^d honour v!f,f V^ r r^y.*^^* ^^^ ^^ *ears, shall reap in joy. llend your heart, and not your garments. The true consiStionTs fsfrawtin'f ^''KT'- ^^^.^^P^^P^ aredetermined tTqua^r : and faTr L^f 1*^'' T^^'^^?- ^P^^ y^""' ^^P^' ye wonderfu . and Ian. Soft is the strain when zephyr gently blows and thA smooth stream in smoother numbers flows. ^ The labour oTyelra nnll''' 'T^'^'"'^. ^' ^ °^"^P^^*^ reformation. A ?mffS unbo oms freely, advises justly, assists readily, adventu I bold y flhnvte^'T'-^^fr"^^ ^y name, held out to ne lis cold' Sned 1nd'a taj;' fin'.T °f /^^ognition. The door was suddenly tlipv HnWn ,P,', ^^V'/, '^.^^^ ^ow, are honourable men. How tney tinkle, tmlde, tinkle, in the icv air nf -,ia]i+» ^^ui^ n i that over-sririnlHp nil +i,i i ^^J aii oi .iigiit! while the stars lum o\ei sprinJile all the heavens, seem to twinkle with a rrvs S£:ffl; of :;.St ^l^e^ofaXr "'"-■ -^^ The shades of night were falling fast. As through an Alpine village passed A youth, who bore, 'mid snow and ice, A banner with this strange device— Excelsior I Sweet was the sound, when oft, at eveninr^'s close Up yonder hill the village murmur rose ° '' There as I passed, with careless step and slow, The miuglmg notes came softened from below! Cradled in the field, he was to the last hour the darling of tha fs^ru'4t;^!?i^^^ -j^p - "- cabiret!tttr'f:4Sk .o.^o„ » i«,^ui. xne victoriouB veteran glittered with PEOMISCUOTJS EXEECISES. 119 his gains ; and the capital, gorgeous with the spoils of art, be- came the miniature metropolis of the universe. The isles of Greece, the isles of Greece, Where burning Sappho loved and sung ; Where grew the arts of war and peace ; Where Delos rose and Phoebus sprung — Eternal summer gilds them yet ; But all, except their sun, is set. Is this a dagger that I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let Me clutch thee. His was one of the few, the immortal names that were not bom to die. A time there was, ere England's griefs began, When every rood of ground maintained its man. Not enjoyment, and not sorrow, Is our destined ei .1 or way. The atrocious crime of being a young man, which the honour- able gentleman has, with such spirit and decency, charged upon me, 1 shall neither attempt to palliate nor deny ; but content my- self with wishing that I may be one of those whose follies may cease with their youth, and not of those who continue ignorant, in spite of age and experience. I am at liberty, like any other man, to use my own language. They knew well that if he was lavish of them, he was prodigal of himself; and that, if he exposed them to peril, he repaid them with plunder. His fah, like his life, baffled all speculation. Great actions and striking occurrences, having excited a temporary admiration, often pass away and are forgotten, because they leave no lasting results affecting the wel- fare of communities. If the. author of the Irish Melodies had ever had a little isle so much his own as I have possessed, he might not have found it so sweet as the song anticipates. He did not feel the driver's whip nor the burning heat of day, Tor death had illumined the land of sleep, and his lifeless bodj lay A worn-out fetter, that the soul had broken and thrown away. She moulds with care a spirit rare, half human, half divine, And cries exulting, " Who can make a gentleman like mine ?" All worldly shapes shall melt in gloom, The sun himself must die, Before this mortal shall assume Ti- : i«i:i._ 120 ENGLISn GEAMMAE AND ANALYSIS. arro?ant «'^ *^' ^^'^' ^°^ '*°°^ «^^" the brave. I am mon. cSsed? NnfTfr* ^^^ '^^^" ^ '''''' ^^^""^ God hath not to Deak uILhv'''''' ""'' ^^'g«««*l^y«elf unknown. From peak to peak, the ratthng crags among, leaps the live thunder. The way was long, the wind was cold, Ihe minstrel was infirm and old ; His Avithered cheek and tresses gray Seemed to have known a better day. The harp— his sole remaining joy- Was carried by an orphan boy. Who sang of anciejit chivalry. Our bosoms we'll bare for the glorious strife. sua rose all tlieir boats were manned and armed. As soon as the The quality of mercy is not strain'd : It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven ?/iS" *^\P^ce beneath: it is twice bless'd: It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes. Endowed with a great command over herself, Queen Elizabpth soon obtamed an uncontrolled ascendancy ovei hrLple and wmle she merited their esteem by her real viviZl S^^if ' ' gaged their affection by her pretended o^es. ' '^" '^'' '°* 'Tis pleasant by the cheerful fire to hear Of tempests, and the dangers of the deep. And pause at times, and feel that we are safe • Ihen listen to the perilous tale again, ' And, with an eager and suspended aoul. Woo terror to delight us. When questioned, he declared them to be soldiers. In their statements, whom do they represent me to be ? Eemember that tation wht 'h' ^ '' ""'''' ^'''^ ^°^^^^ '^'^^ -^ rX"?i 'in * ta ion which has been so courteously sent. Attend, thou son of earth, to my instructions. Let them laugh who win Wern hp in confess his fault, he would be forgiven. 'l Tn'endei laYt ye r to have visited you Loved and admired by his friends, he fell aTacrf' one hnn?'^r '*' ""f''^'''^ • ^^'-^ ''^"^^"^ '^^ ^^' report occipicd one hour. Generally speaking it is injurious to our race To miles a day. He bought a log of wood 16 feet long and * yard Icttu^olT^"" *M ^''"* ^^1'* ^^^'^^^^ 1^« ^^^ "ot another woildto conquer. Moses was the meekest of men. To attack ing indeed, but it is C\^ :ting \, ith Ghadows. PE0MISCTJ0U8 EXEnClSEB. 121 I am mon- cl hath not From peak ler. loon as the * ces. Elizabeth iople, and, le also en- In their iber, that the invi- ou son of ere he to ; year to 1 a sacri- occnjiicd ace. To led forty d i yard another ?o attack lie jSght- Like the dew on the mountain, Like the foam on the river, Like the bubble on the fountain. Thou art gone, and for ever. They could not find a house large enough. Over is not under. Once is too often. An i/ ruins the case. Ah ! is an interjection. God said, Let there be light, and there was light. He thinks him- self a gentleman. I felt the pulse beat. They live near us. We met near the river. Whether he or his brother will go, I cannot tell. It rains, and the wind is never weary. At once his eye grew wild. Inasmuch us ye did it unto one of these, ye did it unto Me. Aroused by Gelert's dying yell, some slumberer wakened nigh. There are two of us present. Yet here at nights I sit. Beading the Book, with Donald at my side ; And stooping, with the Book upon my knee, I sometimes gaze in Donald's patient eyes — So sad, so human, though he cannot speak— And think he knows that Willie is at peace, Far, far away beyond the norland hills. Beyond the silence of the untrodden snow. To the left of the Athenians was a low chain of hills, clothed with trees : to their right, a torrent : their front was long, for to render it more imposing in extent, and to prevent being out-flanked by the Persian numbers, the centre ranks were left weak and shallow, but on either wing the troops were drawn up more solidly and strong. These are Thy glorious works, Parent of good I • Almighty ! Thine this universal frame. Thus wondrous fair ; Thyself how wondrous then Unspeakable ! who sitt'st above these heavens. To us invisible or dimly seen In these Thy lowest works ; yet these declare Thy goodness beyond thought, and power divine. Tho line of the gentle Cowper, •' God made the country, and man made the town," has passed into a proverb. At present we fly from York or Exeter to London by the light of a single wiutei'a day. There is a gulf betwixt us. To be or not to be ? — that is the question : — Whether 'tis nobler, in the mind, to snflfer The stings and arrows of outrageous fortune ; Or to take arms against a sea of troubles. And, by opposing, end them ?— To die ? — to sleep, — 122 ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS. h ^ No moro ;— and, by a sleep, to cay w« end The heart-acho, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to. It is lon^ by ten feet. It i. ten feet long. The cnnalis twenty yards broad at tlmt point. This the worth of ten sliillinRs. Thi? IS woi;th ten sbillings This is worthy of ten Bhillings. Your 590? 'I T? ^v ?• ^^t ^°* ^°^"^ ^'^^b- The monument is 120 teet high. Yet much remains to conquer still : peace hath her victories not loss renowned than war. The time, it is to be hoped IS gone by, when any defence would be necessnry of the liberty of the press.' as one of the securities against corrupt or tyrannical government. A good book is the precious life-blood of a master-spirit embalmed and treasured up on purpose to a life beyond hfe The worth of a State, in the long run7is the worth [nVJi^.if n^fr- ' '^^7f ^"^ ^* '. ^^^ a State which postpones the interests of their mental expansion and elevation, to a little more of administrative skill, or of that semblance of it which pract-'ce gives, in the details of business; a State which dwarfs its men in Older that they may bo more docile instruments in its hands even for beneficial purposes-mil find that with small men no gi-eat thing can really he accomplished ; and that the perfection o^ machinery to which it has sacrificed everything, w 11 in the end avail It nothing, for want of the vital power which, in ocdei tJiat the machme might work more smoothly, it has preferred to banish. There's not a flower on all the hills : the frost is on the pane : . \ only wish to live till the snow-drops come n^ain • I wish the snow would melt, and the sun come out on high. 1 long to see a flower so, before the day I die. Howe'er it be, it seems to me, 'Tis only noble to bo good. Kind words are more than coronets. And simple faith than Norman blood. There is some soul of goodness in things evil. Would men observingly distil it out. Were I but capable of interpreting to the world one half the great thoughts ard noble feelings which are buried in her gi-ave, I should be the meainmof a greater benefit to it, than h ever likely to ?v Ifi'Tf?* '''•^' *,^i ^.'^'^ ""'''^^^ unprompted and unassisted by her all but unrivalled wisdom. I I THE ANALYTICAL 1\ HOD OF TEACHINO ENGLISH Oiti^MMAB. (Extracted from the " Museum,^' September, 1867.) We propose briefly to consider the Analytical Method of Teachiug English Grammar. The ordinary method employed is a synthe- tical one. The synthetical method commences with the word, |nd having shown how many and what are the different lands of l\rordg, or parts of speech, then proceeds to explain how these words are modified or inflected, and how they are arranged to form sentences, so as to express thought. The analytical method begins with the sentence, as the expression of a though*, examines the parts into which the sentence is divisible, and the relations between these parts, and then arrives at the consideration of the words of which they are made up. Which of tliese methods should be adopted in the teaching of English grammar ? We answer, neither exclusively ; the analy- tical method should be employed for imparting the first knowledge of the subject, and especially for bringing out its general princi- ples ; and the synthetical method is proper for a more detailed subsequent course, and for storing up in the memory the facts and rules of the subject. As Archbishop Whately has well ex- pressed it, — " The synthetical form of teaching is indeed sufii- ciently interesting to one who has made considerable progress in a; v study ; and being more concise, regular, and systema';ic, is the form in which our knowledge naturally arranges itself in the mind, and is retained by the memory ; but the analytical is the more interesting, easy, and natural kind of introduction, as being the form in vhich the first invention or discovery of any kind of Bystem must originally have taken place." ♦ **•«» Neither method, as we have already observed, should be used exclusively. Upon this point we quote the following from Sir William Hamilton's Lectures on Mcftaphysics : — "Analysis and synthesis, lliough commonly treated as two different methods, are, if p 'operly understood, only the two necessary parts of the same m ihod. Each is the relative and the correlative of the other. Analysis, without a subsequent synthesis, is incomplete ; it is a mean cut oiT from its end. Synthesis, witliout a previous analysis, is baseless ; for synthesis receives from analysis the elements which it rccomposes." * * * * It * Two principal objections have been made to the use of the ftnaiytical method, as the basis of a first course of instruction in y 124 Fnf,'!ish grammar. In the flr^t plnco, it hrtn hr^n tiTffed that if r.uxog together two difTercnt tnibjcoty, viii., ui,ui,;,i3 o: Bc-atcucea, nml what is ordinarily uuilerstood by the term grammar, and thus distracts the attention of the child, by requiring him to learn two things at the same time. This would be a very serious objection If there were any valid foundatioL for it. Our answer is eimpl- that those who look upon anal, sis of sentences and ordinai-y grammar as two separate and independent subjects are altogether in the wrong. They form, wLm rightly considered, but one whole; so that it is impossible to teach the latter, without at least implicitly and blindly recogi ising the principles and facts winch it )s in the province of thei former to investigate. Does not, for instance, a comprehension of the meaning of such terms as nominative case and objective case, necessarily involve an un- derstanding of what is meant by the subject and object of a sentence, although the words subject and object may never have been used by the pupil ? Does not, again, a comprehension ot the office of the adverb, as. expressing the time, place, &c., of the action indicated by tha verb, necessitate also a know- ledge of what IS intended, when we speak of the extension of the predicate ? And can the pupil pgssibly tell what noun or pro- noun the finite verb agrees with, unless ho is able to discover the subject of that verb ? In fact, it is impossible to parse without imphcitly analysing. This objection then falls to the ground. But, in the next place, we are told the analytical method burdens the memory of the pupil with an additional set of technical terms ; the study of grammar already involves the learn- ing of a large number of technical terms, and it will be by no means a good plan to add to this difficulty b^ the introduction of new ones. It is a sufficient answer to this objection to point out how very small is the number of new technical terms introduced. They might almost he counted on the fingers ; we have— simple, complex, compound, subject, predicate, object, direct, indirect, enlargement, extension, principal, subordinate, co-ordinate. Thepe are positively all that can be considered as essential. And it must be further observed that these words serve, Hke all techmcal terms, to fix and give precision to the ideas which they represent, and therefore render the acquisition and retaining of the subject so much the easier, and the knowledge of it so much the more thorough and lasting. This is indeed ncohing but the object and i..se of all technical terms. So that the knowledge of the prmciples of analysis being, as we have shown abo\j, neces- sary for the study of the remaining portions of grammar, these technical terms must simply be looked upon as so many aids ia the attainment of such knowledge. Butlej: & Timuer, The Selwood Triuting Works, From*, anJ London, rged that 11' u" Bt'UtcUCOS, lar, and tlma to learn two >us objection er ia eimpH nd ordinai-y •e altogether id, but one , without at es and facts gate. Does such terms volve an un- obiect of a ■ never have nprehension ime, place, ilso a know- ision of the oun or pro- discover the rse without » ground, cal method 3nal set of IS the learn- 11 be by no oduction of to point out introduced. ^e — simple, 5t, indirect, 50-ordinate, I essential. :ve, like all which they etaining of it so much Qg but the owledge of o\ J, neces- imar, these iuy aids in idon,