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Lesage, at the Office of the Minister of Agriculture. 1 i 1 T ?ht J' 1 ■L PREFACE, the demonstrations on the maps exercises, which refer to piet Jt^:?;^:£-:r;f anh;sr:;;t ;^i; j-&sr-^- ^-^^t^ ^ - situation of countries, population, religion, gove. :., .ai^ To ^ ''^""'' '" '^"°^' ^^ •' The exercises afford an easy and agreeable means to 'impress uoon thp minH nf .k . contents of the maps, without fatiguing the memory with nnm„n ? °? '''^ ^''^''"" ^^e they are easy to forget. Every day exDeriPn^P rrZ« .1 "°"',f "^^^'"''es as tedious to learn as accent Of thi great fttractnUS^p^a'pTSrstud^ ^^^^ - is the result of them, for success almost inyarkbVaccom^^^^^^ be found only after long research : with a ffw explanaron frlT . ?^ '""^^ ^'^"''^'^^^ to by the pupil when necessary. explanations from the teacher, they can be referred The maps need no commendation ; a single elance at thom cffi^^. f^ .u • The .ap. 0, .he Provinces of .he Dominion Vr l^la^XS ^^tSr 'id Abyssinia Afghanistan "].'**, Africa " America "',"' Animal KinffJoni.... Antilles , "" Arabia Argentine Conlederatlon. Asia Australasia .,'."' Austria .'.',', Barbary '.'.!!.'.".' Belgium , .'...'.'." Beloucliistan, ..'."......' Bolivia ....'*" Brazil British Columbia.."...','. British Isles ."." Canada .."."" Cardinal Points ......... Central Africa .,', Central America Circles [\ UnUl, .)•> aM •• 3i 32 33 8 G , 21 30 36 27 34 2C 32 21 20 14 23 9 3 35 17 4 21 China 31 Climates .,....,. 6 Climate of Canada ......... 37 Columbia 14 Commerce 33 Continental features ,.'.".*" 2 7 I Continental Waters 3 CONTENTS. Denmark ]" 24 Dominion of Canada...... 9 Eastern Africa " 31 Ecuador " 19 Egypt .'.■.';;;;;; 34 England 23 Europe '_'"" 22 France .!!!!!.!!. 25 Germany 27 Greece 30 Guiana " 19 Hemispheres "",.'" g flindoostan ..'.'.',".' 33 Holland "'"]" 2C India .'.'.'.',"" 31 Ireland* oa Italy ;::;;;;; 29 Japan Latitude and LongituJo' Mttlay.^a Manitoba ',""" Mexico Mineral Kingdom.. ........ Motions of the Earth...... Natural Divisions 'i New Brunswick Newfoudland North America " North West Territory....".'. Norway Nova Scotia '','.'" Nubia ."._' Oceania ......!.... Ontario .'.",'."",'.' Paraguay ...'.'."." Patagonia .'." Persia ]" Peru Polynesia Portugal '„[\[[ Preliminaries .".".".".".".""' . 3t . 5 . 36 . 14 , 17 , 7 4 1 12 15 9 15 24 It 34 33 II 22 22 32 20 37 28 1 I Prince Edward Island... Principes and definitions Prussia S»ebec ;;;;;;;;; Hussio Scotland „ Siberia ■.'.■" South America ....'.!..'.'.".' Southern Africa .".".. Spam Sweden „.,^ Switzarlond Tables '.""" Turkestan .' Turkey In Asia .'.",'.""".! Turkey in Europe United States United States of Columbia Uruguay Vegetal Kingdom '.','." Venezuela „, Western Africa .', West Indies Zones , 13 1 . 27 10 24 30 18 35 28 24 28 44 32 32 29 16 19 22 7 19 35 18 6 MAPS. Map of the World No l North America 2 Dommion of Ginada 3 Pravince of Quebec 4 Province of Ontario. 5 Prov. of New Brunswick 6 United States 7 West Indies ." 8 South America „„,... g Europe 10 British Isles „. 11 Central Europe. 1... 12 Asia ,^.. IS Africa „ 14 Uceania „ 15 Palestine. jc ^.. • il r P lo la pli i Th isk mo v.. • NEW PBIMABY GEOGRAPflY, ILLDSTRATED. PAlllUMLNi- IIuC^L- 01' Olr.VWA. PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS. LKSSO.X I.-PRKLIMINARIKS. j I ■ ^Vhnt is Gro,,raphy ?-Geography i. a d.'.- j :;'■'I'''«■^«'■>'''•'^■^■tha^dll^.,„.^,,l4l,,.i,,|,al;i, l h Ihc Surfarr of ilv Juirih Irn U^Tlw Sur face of the Earth is not lovol, it i„v...„(s ■, lai-- iimiiiu'r or Pliysical Featuivs. .5. n-hnnio yo„ mean by Physkal Features ?- Physical Features a,v ponio.,. of vai'lous onus whicli bear diHeivat names; as, mo.in- laiiis, soas, nvurs, i<^c. l. Iloiv arc the p/ujsh'al features diculecU-Tho Water. '''"""'''' ""'''" ^'''"^^'^ '"'" ^^^^ ^"^^'' LESSON H-XATURAL DIVISIONS OF LAND. 5. What are the natural ,/irisions of Land f- The natural Divisions of laud are coutiuents islands penuisulas, isthun.sos, capes, hills' mountains, volcanoes, &c. ' -An Archipelago <-'■ n//,/r ,, a t'oniinent.>~\ Continent is a , vas division of land ul.iH, ran I.e traversal : willioulcrossin-soas. Kx. : Animira. h,) '■ ll/<"/ >s an Ulan.l.'~\n Island is a portion «»l land .Mitirely snrroniid..d l.v w.ilrr. K.v • Tli,. I'^Iand of Orleans, near Qii.dj,.,'. ''^. ^\hal is an .\rchi/ir/a>/i, .■>- i^ a group of islands. '•>• ^yfiai /. a Peninsula >--\ Peninsula is a portion of laud almost surroiin,l..d j,v water- h\. : Nova Seofia. 10. \nuu is an Isthmus .>-An Isthmus is a narrow neck of land whiel. ronn-cls two hu-er portions. Ex : The Isthmus of Panama. 11. What is a Caprf-X Qape is a no.nl „f land which extends inio ll„. water. Ex • Cai.e Sable, of Nova Scotia. (';) II" any of the pliysic.il IWitures aro in ihn vicinitv Cerenue to tlioso given as e.xumjilt's. CONTINENTAL FEATlflES.— NATURAL DIVISIONS OF WATER. City, Pexinscla, Isr.AND, Mountaw, d-c. LESSON IlI.-CONTINENTAL FEATURES. 12 What is a Mountain ?-~\ Mountain is a groat elcvalion of land, Ex.: Mount Roval. 13. What IS meant by the altitude of a moun- tain I'— The Altitudeof a mountain is itshei^-lit above the sea or a nver li. What is meant by a Mountain Chain, or Range ?-\ Mountain Chain or Range is many mountains jouied togelher. Ex. ; Notre Dame Mountains, in Rimouski County, P, () l.'). What is a ///7/:''-AHillisasmall inoun- I-1U1 Ex. : Tlie western part of Mount Roval 10. Wliat is a Volcano ?—X Volcano is a moun- taui wlucli emits burning matter. Ex.: Mount Vesuvius, in Italy IT. What is a Plain ?-.\ Plain is a flat tract ot country, or apparently of tiiesame level. Ex • The Plain of ChamMy. IS, W/iat is a Plateau Table-Land ?--A Plateau or Table-Land is an elevated plain. Ex. ■ the Plains of Abraham, at Qu.^hec, arc a plateau. 1!». \^hat is a Valley ?~\ Valley is a plain between mountains or hills, ordinarilv crossed i by a river. Ex. : the Valley of the St-Maurlco. ' -20. What is a Desert ?~\ Desert is an unin- , habited and barren tract of counlrv. Ex • \ho | northern part of the North West TerriturN LESSON IV.-NATURAL DIVISIONS OF WATER. 21. What arc thc,Natural Divisions oficater?— The Natural Divisions of water are oceans, seas, gulfs, straits, havens, streams, rivers, lakes, etc. ' 22. What is an Ocean?— \n Ocean is the lar- gest body of salt water separating continents Ex. : the Atlantic Ocean, oast of America. ^ 23. Wliat is a Sea ?—A Sea is part of an ocean. Ex. : the ]Mediterranoan Sea. ;2l, Wliat is a Gulf?—\ Gulf or Bay is a part ol the sea which stretches inland. Ex. : the Gulf of St-Lawrenco ; the Bay of Fundy. 25. What is a Strait ?~\ Strait ig a narrow passage of water which unites two larger por- tions. Ex. : the Strait of Belle Isle, ])elweon Labrador and Newfoundland. 20 What is a Haven ?— A Haven is a portion of water which extends inland and affords .secu- rity for ships. 27, What is a Reef?— A Reef is a chain of rocks lying near the surface of the water on which ships are sometimes wrecked. 28. What is a Current ?~A Current is a part of the sea in which the water flows a.s in a river. ( I I I it tl R E of LESSON V.-CONTINENTAL WATERS 2!). What is a Lnhr >~\ Lake is a portion of water almost surrouiHled J.y land ; if vcrv small it is called a pond. 30 Whul. is the Valley or Basin of a river '— Tho Valley or Basin of a River is the tract of country drained by the river and its ailluonts Ex. : the Valley of the St-Lawrenco which (vv- tends from its two banks to the sources of lis iri. butaries. 31 What is a slope f~\ Slope is part of a basin. : E.x. : the River St-[.awrence has a north and a south slope. 33. What is a Waler-Shculari/?—\n Af- fluent or Tributary is a river lliat flows into an other river; the place wliore two courses of water unite is called Confluence. Ex. ; the City of Sorel is situated at the confluence of the River Richelieu with the St-Lawrence, and the Richelieu is an afQuenl or tributary of the St- Lawrence. 36. What is the Source and the Mouth of a river ? —The Source of a river is the place in which It takes its rise or commences ; the Mouth is the place where it empties, or flows. 37 What is meant by Up a River and Down a River ?— Up a River is towards its source, and Down a River is towards its Mouth. 38. W/iere is the Riyht Rank and the hfi [tank of a River ?~The Right Bank of a River is tlie bank on the liyht hand of a person turned towards ilsinnulh.nr p.iu- ~.\ Canal is an artilicial nvor or channel tilled wilh water for the pas- sage of vessels. Ex.: Rideau Canal. il What is a Torrrnt /—\ Torrent is a rapid '■iirrent of water occasioned by rain or the" mel- tiny of snow. LEsso.N vir. •5-2, Nuu) may the Posilim, of the different points on the surface uf I he earth he determined /—'Yho Position of dillerenl i.laces is found by means of ^ihe Mariners Compass and the Circles. ■53 ll'/)/r/i are ilw Cardinal />„//, /,v .>— The Car- '' dinal Points .ii,. North, South, East, and We'st. ' 43. What side is the AW.7 .^-The East is the 3ide towards which the sun rises. iG. What side Kslhe IIV4'/i>-Tlie Westis the Side towards which the sun sets. .\rAM]M:ii's Compass, 47. Where is the South ?-T\w South is the side on which the sun is at noon. NOTIONS OF THE EAIITH.— CIRCLES. 48 Where is the North?~Tho. North is tlie point opposite IhoSoiilh. 40. How mmj the Canlinal Points he [omul out ? -riie Cardinal Points may l.o found onibv a person turning to ll,o sun al uoou, ho will face the south, his hack to the north, his ri-hi hand to the west and \m left to llie east 50 How are the iulrrmrdinte Points named?- riie intermediate Points take their name from the two points hetweeu whi.di they are. {See tiie Illustration, page 3). 51 Where are the Cardinal Ponds on m«M.?_ On maps, the N, IS at the lop, the S., at the bot- tom; ihe L.,at the riyht; and the W., at the LESSON VIIi.-MOTfONS OF TMK EARTH. ■y2. Of what shape is Ihr earth ?~T\w oiwlh is Round, neai'ly like an oran-o •j;i. How IS H known that the earth is round?— liie earth is known to he round : list herause It was several limes cnvumnavigated , 2nd he cause the shadow of the moon during an eelinse IS always round; i*kc. 5i. What IS the length of the Cirrnmferenee of the ewrth ?-The Circumference of the eartii is «:o,000 miles. 55 What IS the lrn;,lh of the Diameter of the r./7K>-Tho Diameter of the earlh is nearly 8,(100 miles. •' 5t] What IS the DmmHer railed around which the earth seems to rerolre ?-^rhc Dic^meter around wh.rh the earlh appears lo rev.dve is called the Axis. 58 How man!/ principal Motions has the earth ? -ihe earth has two principal Motions: one on Us axis; the olher, around Ihe sun 58. In what direction does the earth rerolce on IIS axis.'-rhe earlh turns on ilsa.vis from W.-^t to East. a.ris ! J^'^''' l'»".i'l'ws the earth lahrtorrrolrennih ■I lie earlh revolves on ils axis one,, m iwenly-fnu!' hours fiO. How long does the earth take to describe its revolution around the sun?-The eavlh revolves around the sun once in about 3G5J days. 61. What effect is produced by the diurnal, or daily rcvolution?-'The Diurnal revolution of the earth produces day and night. 6-2. What effect is produced by the revolution of the earth around the sun?-The Revolution of the earth around the sun produces the seasons, which are Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Win- ter. LESSON L\.-CIRCLES. C3. What are Circles in Geography ?— Circles in Geography are imaginary Iinespassing around the earth on its surface 04, How are Circles in Gcographi/ divided?— Ihe Circles of the earth are divided into two liinds ; Great and Small Circles. 05. Into how many parts is each circle of the Sphere divided ?— Each circle of the Sphere is divided into 360 degrees, each degree is divided into 60 minutes, and each minute, into 60 se- conds, 00. Which are the Great Circles f—The Gre&t Circles are the Horizon, the Meridians the Equator, and the Echptic 07 What is the Horizon ?— The Horizon is a great circle which divides the earth into two equal parts. (i8. What is the Sensible Horizon ?~Thc Ben- sible Horizon is the circle which bounds our view and where the earth appears to touch the sky. Each part of the Globe has its par-'icular Horizon. 09 What is the E, LL, Longitude. ^- Torrid Zone. B' N. temperate Zone, U- S. temperate Zone. A, h. Frigid Zone. LESSON X.-GrRGLES.-(Co«/m»../). 73 What is a MemUan?~\ Meridian is a great circle which e.xtends north and south aroiind the earth passing through the poles, and divides the earth into two Iiemispheres- the Eastern Hemisphere and tlie Western Hemi sphere. ' 74 IF/,y /.s this circle called MemUan?~lus tji Hed Meridian, because when the su n reaches (a) Arctic, because of tJie con<5tpiint(on/.„ii„ >^ ^ iArclos) which is in the nortirof the heavens!^ ^''''' ^"'' U>] Opposite tho Arctic. a f;i5f '"' '""'"^ <^'°"'' '' '"^^' "^^m^here means half Jl'is line it is noon, mid-day for the people who live on tho illuminated portion. _ 7.-.. What is a First Meridian ?~X First Merid- ian IS a particular meridian, varying with aUIorent countries, from vvliich longiU.de is reckoned E.v. : In England the First Meridian passes through Greenwich ; in the United States hrough Washi.igton ; and in Franco, through 76. Which arc the Small Circles /-Th<^ Small Circles are the Tropics, the Polar Gircles, and the Parallels of Latitude. ' 1^ What are the Tropics .^-The Tropics avo two circles parallel to tho eguator, at a distance 01 l.i^" from It. 78. How arc the Tropics dislin,,vishcd ^-The one north of the equator i.s called the Tropic of Cancer; and that south, the Tropic of Cap- ncorn. ^ j^. What arc the Polar Circles ?-Vhc Polar Circles are two smaller circles parallel to the north caledihe .1^/. C.VW., and that at the ' •south, called the 4,/«m/eC;>c-/e LESSON XI.-LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. «0. What is Latitude ?-Latitude is the distance 01 an J place, north or south from tiie equator SI. Jfow arc the Degrees of latitude counted? -Iho Degrees of latitude are counted on the meridian, beginning at the equator. 82 How can north or south latitude he dislin- finished onmapsf-h^mn^Q is north ^^■\^el^ the degrees are counted in going upwards, loolung j towards tlie top of the map,and.o«/A when thev I count ni looking towards the bottom of th^ i map ' I 83. What is Longitude ?--Loilgitnde is the i distance of a place east or west from the first i S4 Hoic can cast or iccsl longitude he d^sHa- mshed o/ia m«/j?_Longitude is cast when the 6 ^ONKS A.0 CL,MATBS.-THE T>mKii;in^5]^I===^^^^ doyrcos count towards the right, and v.rst wher iney count towards tlie left. LKSSON Xri.-ZONES AND CLIMATES. «5. n7,«; «,,. Zones ?-ZoneB or Belts aiv divisions made on the terrestrial globe hy the tropics and polar circles. 80. How many zones are there /-Thcvo are five zones: one, Torrid; two Temperate; and two 1' rigid. B7 Where is the Torrid Zone P-Tlie Torrid Zone is between ;he two tropics. 88. Where are the Temperate Zones?~lho Temperate Zones are comprised between the tropics and tlie polar circles. 80. Where are the Frigid Zones ?-The Friffid Zones 1.0 between the polar circles and the poles. 00. Wiiat is meant by Climate ?— By Climate IS meant the difTerent degrees of heat or cold at the surface of the earth, {a) 91 Which Zone is the hottest ?~Hhe Tori'id Zone is the hottest. (Torrid means burning) 92. What is said of the Climate of the %-inid Zones ?~The coldest Climate is in the Fiv"^id Zones ° i>^.— What is said of the Climate of the Temper ate Zones ?-T:ho Climate of the Temperate /^ones IS milder and more agreeable thai' that of the other zones. However, the climate of these zones varies more or less according to the pro.xim- ity of distance from the others. LESSON XIII -THE PRODUCTIONS OF EACH ZONE. 9 i. What elfecl has the climate of the Torrid Zone on t/ie human race ?— The climate of the Torrid Zone renders man weak, languid, and indolent («) Il'is-'ilmitionoiilyrererstoheat and cold the 'Cli ma e may a so ho considered as healtl.y or unheait v d v or damp. \VI,en i,luces known by the pun s posS anl iSf "'"'°"^' ^"^^ "^'y '^« advan aieou Ty c d a^ U What sorts of animals docs this Zone pro- ^«.?-The animals of this Zone are nume4us ad generally very ferocious; the serpents and other reptiles are generally very venimous. The birds are very beautiful. 96. What are the vegetable productions ?~The v.,'getablos in the Torrid Zone grow with great uxuruuice. The fruits are delicious and refresh- ing, the flowers beautiful. 97. ^Vhatis the effect of the climate of the Tern perate Zones on man ?~ln the Temperate Zones man enjoys better health, is more active, hap- pier, and more civilized. ^ 98. Wiiat eff'ect does this climate produce on ani- mals j'-riie animals of these Zones are less fero- cious and more useful. Znlt ."'t[ " '"''^ '('''Oetables in the Temperate Zo. . ? The vegetables of these Zones are more Ireful, the fruit more substantial, and grain for the use of man and other animals more abund- ant 100. What effect has the climate of the Frigid Zones o/M«Wa«rf?_The climate of the Frigid Zones renders man, stupid and inactive, and gen- erally impedes the growth of Ins body and the development of his mind. 101. What is said of the productions of the Frin- ': Zones ?~l\re.. Zones produce a large quan- tity of fui.y annuals; but there is littbveVta- LESSON XIV.-THE THREE PHYSICAL OR NATURAL KINGDOMS. ' The Animal Kingdo.v. 102. Oftchatdo^s the Animal Kingdom consist ? -Ihe Ammal Kmgdom comprises all livm-^ creatures on the earth and in the waters. 103. What are Carnivorous Animals ?— Carniv orous Animals are those that feed upon flesh ; as, the lion, the tiger, the bear, the wolf the fo.\, i< oduce ?_The most part of Trees and Plants produce flowers and frmt. ^^d-nza 115 Where do the most beautiful Flotvers and nchest Frv,ts ,9.0,0 '<-- The ,,ost beauti/ul Flowers and richest Fruits grow in the lorrid Zone. _ 116. Which are the principal Fruits of hot, or tron. teal countrmf-The principal Fruits of hot countries are the oranges, pine-apples, hnnan-m nutmegs, figs, olives, ^c. , ^ ■luauas, ilT. What are the principal Fruits or the Tern l^rate Zor^es?-'Yh. principal Fruits of the romperate Zones are grapes, ap,,les. p.a.s peaches, plums, melons, cucumbers, .See rtl ■> ^^rlf "'■' "''1''-l'^'''P"l('>-ain3 or these re- fpons?-.The principal Grains of the Temperate /mies are wheat, oats, barley, corn, rice, L' Oaf^J r ?"^"" "'" ^"' produced?- Hg.ons America, and Tea principallv in China and India. ^ ' m Where are Sugar and Cotton prodw:ed ?- Sugar and Cotton are produced principally in opcal countries a,,d in the southern portion le United States. Boet-root sugar is ^S^d HI temperate regions ' LESSON XVI._TIIE MINERAL KINGDOM. 121 Wkat IS meant h,j the Mineral Kingdom ?~ By he Mmeral Kingdom is mean, the va ous luids of stones, metals, and ores whi-hT, drawn from the earth. 122^ H7t«; are the prindpal metals i'-The prin npal Metals are gold (the most precious of " H'on (the most useful), silver, pl'ma . , •' t'opper, tin, lead, ike. ^ " min. 1-23. What are Precious .S7o«.,v .^-Precious ' Stones are stones whirti are verv sf^^uve and nHKUit, as, diamonds, rubies, sapphires^ raids, amethysts, &c . 124 What is Coal?~Coal is a very us..ful mmeral, and is used for fuel ; from itgas is mad to light our streets and houses Id Tllli WESTEHN HEMISPHEnK—fASTEHN HEM ISPHERE. ^IMZEIS^IO^ r.nssoN XVH. THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE GoMPnisrxu iXoi.th and Souri. Am,.;,,„.a. eAJn ^f T'''^'' Continent w.s .lisrov..- ed by Christopher Cohnubus. 11,. s.t s.ul Imm 01 ban balvador. 2. America was so nanicl afUM' Aiuoriciis Ves corrnr"/' °^"" '■''''^^' """ -"^^^ World, on ac- count of ,s recent discovery and to distinguish 't rrom the Eastern Continent, or Old World which was known long before the discovery of America. ■' 3 The aborigines, or original inhabitants are surif ;T' ^"^">' ''"'^""^ ">'." v'oodsand subsst chietly on fishing and hnnlin- ih.ir number is rapidly decreasing. ■i. The arts and sciences are making rapid nro- gross in the x\ew World, particularly in North America where they are reaching nearly as hiHi a degree of perfection as in tiie Old World. TlIK LkNDIN,; ok f,'0l.0.MlM-S AT San Salvadoh. Lesson XVIII. EASTERN HEMISPHERE. I. Tlie Eastern Hemisphere comprises Ed '•opo, Asia, AlVica, and part of Oceania^ •2- Europe, ailliough the smallest, is the most ''nlighteued, most industrious, and; coinpaTc^ / tivoly, the mostpopnlous of the great divisionslif tiio (ilobe. It was peopled by tlie descendants ul Japhet, liie third son of Noe. :<• Asia is noted for having been the cradle of the human race, and that of the Christian reli- gion It Avas peopled Jiy ihe descendants of ^om, the eldest son of Noe. •i. Africa is the residence of the Black Race It was peopled J)y Ihe children of Cham the second son of Noe. It is especially remarkable for the intense heat of its climate, and the bar- ]>arism of the greater number of its inhabitants. 5, Oceania comprises immerous islands in the Pacific Ocean, the principal of which are the largest of the globe. ;Australia, the largest is now generally known as the Australian Couti'- nentj on account of its size.) *> ios Eli c' most •mpartv / sionsof' 'ndaiit? J NORTH AMERICA—DOMINION OV CANADA. 9 Animals qf Nobth America Lesson XIX. NORTH AMERICA. Area. 14,712,000 sq m.-Po;; 82,056,000 ait ot the ^\ ,torn Continent ; it extends fmn, .0 Isthmus of Panama to tho\.Yre, " t 'o " 1^ dn.,cd into several countries : Greenlai 1 ' Dom.niou of Canada, United Slates \ evi o' Gontral America, and tiie West indie;.' ' u „, n,.-/',,„,,,„,„, ,,5-,,„„„_ 1. The Dommiou of Canada .. ihai pan of r^orth Ani.Tiea u„nd. h.s l,e„veen iIu/aiHic Oce.mand.hel,nKedS,at,.s; (he A.lanlic and Pacific Ocean. 2 It -om/;;7>.s seven provinces, vi/.- Oueboc Ontario, Nova Scotia, X,.w Brunswick, S Colnnibia. Pnnce Edward Island, Manitoba, and one lernlory, tnoXorth-West. 3 The .,/.,^//,,,, of (he Dominion may be i h^.ih,.d as ollmvs, French Canadians inhab^t g pn.inpally (he Prov.nceofQuebec, English, I Insi, and a lew (housand Xegroes aiiS lij j i. The Frenrh language is spoken by the I-rench-Canadians an.l (lie Acadians, the En-W sh ' language is spoken ]..y ifie others. " «>« Ihe I-ederal Parliament is composed of the Govenwr-Gcura/, a Prmj CounoL of a Senate ^^^^ ii House of Commons. '^'>^>iaie 0. Each Province has a Local Government omposedofa/.n,..««./.Go,,,,,,,,„,.,,,^,„,^.'; tounal, and a Legislative Asscmb/i/ ' AhoutamilHonandahalf of (he inhabit- ants proless the R„nian Cadiolic Mujion, the others belong to ditferent Protestant se/ts ,, ^''"""'o^' is not inferior to that of nnv ei t''r'"''I'' '", 1^" ''''^'^ ' '-^eTeal number ol secular, work with a zeal worthy of praise. PnOVINCE OF QUBDEC. 1 " •'• The surface of th,. Dumini,„i is v.m'v nir- t'TCsqiu. and i^l(<^(.sti^,^^ Two .•hams of nioiuil- ■H"s 01 luodoralr clcvaliou (.xt..ii.l akm- tli.. valloy of II,. St. Lawn...... Tl... I'rovin".. of Umano .•oiilaius th.' finest lakes in ll„> wori.l • "^y discharge th.,r wafers int.) ih,- Atlantic ""•oiigh the majosti.. St. Lawnni.^.^ 10. Most of its ruvn- are run.lnr.l int.-r.-slin- i'v th.nr falls, among wlii.d. may h.> parli.Milarlv remarked th.> Falls of N.agara, on.> of the preat^ est marvels of nature. 11. Jho products of the Dominion m most part arise from asrumllnre an.l (lie fisheri.'s, whi.-h are the most productive in the world. Mines of gold, copper, coal, pelir,leum sprim,'s, etc also abound h\ Indus'rij and Commerce are v.-ry prosper- ous, principally of late years. After the United btates, It IS the most commercial country of America. Numerous railroads and canals which run through various parts of the country, are lavorable to its commerce. Telegraph lines coii- iioc the diiferent Provinces of the Dominion (and messages are sent to foreign places ) 13 0//««.a, capital of the Dominion, is beau- ■ftiUy situated on the right bank of the Ottawa lUver ; It IS making rapid progress since it was iliosen as the seat of Parliament. The Chau- 'l-.re I'alls, n..ar th.^ city, are very remarkable, and attract many l.)urists. Lesson ZvXl. PROVINCE OP QUEBJ^O. Area: 193,;]55 s.j. m.— Population ; 1,191,000 I. Ihe Province of Quebec is situated on both s..ies of the St. Lawrenc," from the Province of Ontario to the Atlantic. Its scenerv is very pic- turesijue. "■ '■ '2. TJie Laurentides, in the north, and the Alle- yhames, in the south, are the principal mount- ain ranges 3. The climate is severe in winter ; but in summer and autumn, very agreeable, and salu- brious at all times. 4 The principal river is the St. Lawrence, one of the fin.,>st in the world ; it traverses the Prov i>K-em all its length; its principal affluents on le north are : the Ottawa, th.) St. Maurice, and ho Saguenay which forms Lake St. John, the largest lake in the Province ; those on the sout'i are, the Richelieu, St, Francis, the Chaudiere and several others. ' 5. Five-sixths of the inhabitants a:-o French-Ca- I _•» nadians, the remainder are Irish, Enghsh, , Scotch, and a few tJiousand Indians J\i^''/'T\ '"''°''"J' °^ "^'' population pro. j foss the Cathohc rvligion. i rn!n ^'". ""! 'f ''""^ ^''^•'*- producing wheat, I corn oats, barley, etc Pears, apple^r pUun. i «"dchernesa!epr,d,>cedingreat abundance i,; the district of Montreal. The forests a.,, nn. ,. with mapletrees from wJucli sugar is made in large quantities, « Industry and commerce niv developed willi great activity, particularly, in Montreal which rivals some of the large cit.es of the United states. 9^^"f/;^'-,populalion 59,000, IS the capital It is built on Cape Diamond and overlooks the river mnnr'T^'r '■«"""-y-'^^""-^«/, population 20,000, IS the largest city in the Dominion and the emporium of commen-o.-7VuY. /?,...., pop 7 5,0~Lens pop r,,G9 1. -5or./, pop 5.fi3G-s\ John, and Sherbrooke are flourishing towns Lesson XXII. PROVINCE OP ONTARIO. Area 177.780 s.j. m.-Po;>i,/«/,-on !,(i-20,900 { The Province of Ontario is situated west of Quebec and north of the United States. It Uiebi eat Lakes, Us .sio/^' is imdulatiir^ J.r^"u.g^^^^^^ ^' The prill, .ij.al rnrrs are ili,. ^t ? .mv,.„,, "-Ottawa, the Grand, and the Tlllr"""' wJhnf^,'^?'''''"'''"''''^"''''^'''''^'''' Ontario MtitheSi r.awrn,ce. form the largest bod V of resh water onlheglol,e. These h.lZ-s .re e'pe cialy remarkabh. for tiie limpidness of their waters and for the tempests to which thev re - ret I^c^ween Lakes Erie and OiUari tlie famous Falls of Niagara '^. lis population is composed of Irish Rcot, h I'rench Canadians and a f.-w thou.sand Indians: <>• llio I lolestant reliijwn prevails ; one-sixth of the population are Catholics, the Eiigli.j, /„„ giimjc IS generally spok.'u 7 The sou is generally bntile and produces nearly the same stapl,. as the" Province of Que- ftec Copper. p.Mroleum and lumber are abund- (Ult. 8. The artich.s of commerce are, l„„,ber grain, flour, potash, and petroleum. These are exported in great .[uautiti..s to England and the Lulled Htales. Toronto, population, •,(^09J, ,s itie capital of ""' vince. It is /. very flourishing city h 12 NOVA SCOTIA.— NEW nillNSWICK. Niagara .'uspension Bridge, Hill :led on a boautifiii bay of l.ake ;)ntano its iarr)or is safe aiul rapabio of .•oiilaimii^i a largo luunbcrof vesspls fipsides Ihn capital th.-re am many prosperous towns ; the priiieip,,! are • //«»/^Vo^/, pop eivKJ, 0//rt»Y,, pop. 21,5 io; ion '/o«, pop I,),seG; Kingston, pop 1-2,407 Lesson XX [fl NOVA SCOTIA. Area- 21.7;^0 si[ u\~Popiilalion ' 387,800 1 Nova Scotia, formerly eallo.l Ararlia, i^ a peninsula siluated south of llio Gulf of St Lawnmco, it is divided into 18 couiiti.'s.includ^ ing'iofCapo Breton Island, it is eonuecied with ^ow Diunswiek by the Cliiegneelo Islhiuns e Tlie eoast of this Provinee is indented witli many haijiors which are very favorable to i.avi. gallon It bas no considerable nvcrs. 3 The c/imalc is not so cold as that of the Pvovnice of Quebec. ■t The population is composed of Ii'isb. Scoich English, Acadians, (descendants of the fhxt French settlers, The R ..estant rclHjion is pro- fossed by the three-fourths of llie population and the Catholic religion by the remainder 5. The principal products are thos(> nrlsju- Irom the gold and tb „al mines, The mos't productive of the latter are tliose of Pietou and Sydney in Capo Breton In the norlhwrst' great attention is paid to the cultivation of IV;:;t' fi-eos, and on account of the fine orchards this portion is called " The Garden of Nova Scotia." C. The chief productsare those of agriculture, lli«' llsheries, gold and coal mines, andship-bmld- I'lg, ^^c. The exports are fish, coal, gold, gvp- sum, and potatoes, c^c Th.. imports are flour, bquors, silk, avooI, cotton, and other wares 7 /M7-«r, population 29,58-2, IS the capital its ''.'"•bor IS one of the finest in the world It is the cbi,>f naval station of Great Britain in Amer- i''a. and the trvminus of the Intercolonial Rail- niad \armouthand Pictou are the most im- portant towns r-Kssox XXIV. NEW BRUNSWICK. ■ bvw, -27,^,22 s(j 111 -Population, 285,591. I New Brunswick lies south-east of the Province of gneboc and is connected with Nova Srotiaby the Chiegnecto Isthmus, it forms a '••vfangle abruit m miles long and 190 miles wid.> It IS divided into fifteen counties 2. liie Surface is generally undulating. The loftiest mountain are scarcely 2,000 feet hi^h • they are sitnajed m ihe north-east " ' 3. Its rlima/r IS not so cold as tha"t of the Province of Quebec 4. The St. John is its principal nvcr, it crosses the 1 rovmce from north to south, and is nav i.irable as far as Frederictou At the distance i.-f -220 uules from its mouth, it forms a beautiful I I r iwp.uhcularfallnf80i;.otln.h It nowH inlo the Bay of I- imdy, iirar Ihf nly of St, Jnhu. 5 The population i.s composo.l nearly Uk. ih,i of ^ova S,.o(ia. Tlu« Insh are the most nu- morons. 0..-//uV,/ ofH.o popnlalion are Rou.an L-^''-/"/'^', popuhition melndiug lor and, .iI,n00,istheinostunportantcityof .he 1 rovince ~.)fonclon and f/,«//,,m, are flourish- n>'hmond. Th,.>e pen,.(rato (ho Island from 'M_'P.)s.t,w//.nv/e.. and divide it into throe penii" sulas 'i The clnnan: is milder than the adioinin- '''•';v,nco.s ; the atmosphere is e.xempt fromoTs" •""^1 IS very healthy "J'» lo^b, '•• 'i"'"''"/'«/^'/«y;/,9<-onsistof8eofh, ri.sl, Ana '••""s, and English settlers, Roma, Cathol ,^ oousn^^^^^^ r>. T'lo products arc chipHy ngnniltural. ing towns Li;ssu.\ XXV PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Area: 2,!3i sij ni.~Populafion, difiil 1. Prince Edward Island is the smallest Province m the Dominion, hnt proportionjly the mn.t populous It is situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, north of Nova Scotia, from whu^h Uis..paratedbytiieStra,tofNor,liunilKM.lan;i . 111., eo.st IS indented with nuin..ions bavs the pjineipal of which are Hillsborough and MANITO.^.-.«,„.riSH COM «BIA. <> ''«''''''«'n/«OMsistsi„ fanning, nshin« ,„,i (iftlllPslic use. ""«• ui ,,,/: '■''!"•'"'"•'•"'■», I«.|..ilal„u, 7,50(1, is i|,„ ,,,.,,. ;;;l ,J. .. l.n,.o,, . sMu.,„va.i. , huL is «liv.Tsili,.,i Willi somo Lksson XXVI. PROVINCE OP MANITOBA. Arru: 1 ;{ 350 s.j m-Populalion, \^2,im. ' ■ Manitoba, is so callo,l from th,, la ko of tho samo name which is partly nulMsProvinr It .s siuate.1 on th. Red R.vor, wh-nco W s untjlJ^S^^^^^ 2 The surface is Jove, and . vored w,lh I'l'.iirii' land ■ hich K'''Hi|)s (if lives. •<-Tl..w//.m/.,svrrys..v.Mr .» winl.r, and the •fffiveraiine veryrhanp'ahle. . 't'sdran.edl.ylhe Red River, li.e Assini- '"""•;•"■;'"'" Saskatchewan In the nort I, . watered hy tl.e sonthern c.vtrenn.ies „f I ake Manitoba and Wiiniipc-g. J. The pnpnfannn is comj-osed of Metis, ^en-r •:»IIy SI.eak.n^' th.. French lanj^na^^e. The ,■ jnnty profess the Catholic reli;/ion G The a^^'ricnltnral capahUities „r n,,, soil •-••mnot he surpassed for several prodnctions I .'• """"/''Y;, popnlafon 5,nnn, is the c-.m|..l I Us.u.^.,at,hejnnction'of;i.A^^ amIRedRner H -s the commercial metropohs of commerce of ,|,e Nnrlh West.-Sf. RoiJi o.UluM,pposi,o l.Md. of the Red Ru-er, .s he ; chiepiscopal Sen. ?'aiut/\r. Lesson XXVII BRITISH COLUMBIA Bntish Columbia, formerly called Now Ca edoma, .situated at the west/rn e trem ,y and the Pacific Ocean Vancouver Island at the south-west, forms part of the Province jt, Boniface 2 This Province is very mountainous ; the pmc.pal ranges are the Rocky in the east and liic .ascade in the west. h,.l/' "' ''f,'" '^"^"f'^lly agreeable andsalu- P ? . ' ' r '"' ■ ''"''' '° '"'«"«« ^« 1" t^'ie other i o.H.r, Winter is com- I Province. 7. Victoria, po,,iiiation 4..V.0, is llic capital It IS situai.d at Ihf. .sonllKTM p;,rt of Vanconvcr Island lis environs aro ivniaiKuhlv hcanlifnl - Nnr irr^/mm^r is the next in iniporlancv, it is situated on the n<.rlli shore of lln- Fraser Iliver H.. miles from Vi,-toria; its site is nia^Miilicci and Its rlimutr inconiiiarahle. C. This Territoy belong. '•, the I)o„n,.ioii since IH,0. It is governed by tho authorities of Manitoba. 7. I'nrry animals are v.tv nuineiouM, and the livers and lakes aboiHKJ with e.v.-eli. m fi.si,. r-r;ss(.N X\|\. THE ISLAND OF NEWFOUNDLAND. Lesson \ XVII I. NORTH-WEST TERRITORY. Arm: 2,450.000 s.;. m.-Pt,/,..- about 80 000 I . The North- West Territory is a vast tract conntry lyin^ in the north of the Dominion of Canada, and extending to th,. Arctic Hegions .. J his country has no r.,.markable nionntains • but It contains many fiu.. iakes, the chief of which an< : (JreatSlav.-, (in.al H,,,,-, Athabaska >Ninnipeg, and Manitoba. ;i. The climate isextremely cold and is opposed to all cultivation, except the western part called the Pramr,, which, being milder, can be easily cu tivated. The other parts are usefnl only for hshing and hiin ling. 4 T'.e , jncipal rivers arc the Mackenzie and Its tributaries; the Nelson, the Saskatchewan and many others. ' 5 The ;;oy;u/a^/o« is composed of the employees of tlie Hudson Bay Company, and a large number of Indians, the most remarkable of whom are the Esquimau.\. Arm: 'cJ.OOO s,f. m.~l'npu/,ifinu : |:i()0()(| 1. The Island of Newfoundland .. situated 1-1 '••C.llofSt.Lawren.v. Ils.oa«t Lnindenfed with a great deal of bays. .2 Thrrlinu.tr is not ;, snbjeci to changes as l"-'t"f the conlinenial provinces; ,t is a lillb. moist, but salubrious. 3. The/„/..i. are estimated to cove. on<.-thirdof llie island; the rivers are not ronsiu ruble. jJ:J^l P^^/^"'«''''« is '-omposed, in gr^at part, of Irish.-Iis government is similar t, that of Canada Catholics constitute five-sixlus of the population. .^. The quality of the .o/nn the interior, is but l"ll.) known; potatoes are of an excellent kind Coal, gypsum, copper, silver, lead, iron, and other minerals are abundant. C. The Banks of Newfoundland are v, v re n^arkab e, and cannot be surpassed for fishing' especially for cod. ^' 7. Newfoundland is the only British color v in North America that has refused to enter in., the Dominion of Canada. 7 Ilmrt's Content, at the east, is the lermi lus of the Trans-allanctic Gable. 0. 5/. John's, population 22,000, is the capital IS situated at the east, on Avalon Peninsu U Its harbors sheltered by two mountains a has a very difficult entry. ' .'! Lksson X} UNITED STATES. ^'•^«.- 3,010,000.4 „wv 38,519,500 North \' 7.'''^'^, ^*^*"" """^J"'^^^^ Ihatpartor nalaonthenorlh,anaM.xu-oo„ the soulh th. 3. TJ„. eli„Me ,s variaW,., In ,l,e „„,,,], n j, in uio middle, temperate, ■1. Between the Allen-inni- .i,, 1 n o- Af., 1 I, -'^^uL^iianj and the Sierra M.U r. anges flou- the Mississippi and Miss u nuis Irom north to sonth. Tlie former Ins ™;"yLranelu.s.tlu.pnncipaIofwhieh,": ; ^^--,.h.01uo, the Kansas, and the Yell!;:; 5 Four of the grea^ Canadian Mrs form part of iie houndry hetween the States and Can a Lake Madugan lies entirely in the States ; Capitol. I <)• The population of thc> Uint(>d S(n». , I its_apr tndes, its language, and its religion. ' .,,,;/ ';/^''^^''^^'''"^''''''^'«''^ divided into several ^'•'N IS the most numerous H- The enghsh /..,»«,, ,,.,,„,„1 • nu,yova-nment of ih., United Slates 1. , ^.;d.M.alRepuhlicofwhich theehiefoffie IS eahed the PrcsulnU. Kaeh State has ; v local government. US' o\mi 10. Iiidustni is exercisoJ .'.. nii 1 1 trades and arts. "^'^^'^^^ '" ^^» branches of 11 ft)»n«nv.r is as considerable as that of any Inch are spread over the Union ailbrd great hicihties to commerce. ^ 12 The ;;n)r/»m are numerous and valnal)le llie chief minerals are, gold, silver, quicksilver m.n, coa , copper, lea,l, lime, gypsum, and salt! All kinds of fruits and cereals are raised- Oranges, pine-apples, bananas, apples, pears etc " wJioat, corn, cotton, sugar, etc. ' ' !3 Washmglon, population 100,200 r ■ MEXICO.— CENTRAL AMERICA. mac , ,(s principal ornament is the capitol. ciWifZ.!"''^' population 913,000, is the largest c OS in1r ■'', ?"^ ""•'^ °^ "^'^ "^«^^ commercial aro abon mT'^'^-";'''''"^'^''^^^'^'"' ^'^'^OO. There Lesso.n XXXI 17 Lesson XXXII. CENTRAL AMERICA c-u ■ ,9,'^*^^^^"ierica counn.ls tli. Uvo AhutI- utlwr^" ^^--'uat,.., LetweeuMe.i , t'«^u.es It from one extremity to the oilier MEXICO. ^'•^-«: 668,000 sq.m.-Po;;: ,8,744,000. StatVs^w °° ^^'f '"""^ °^ 'J^« United ui's^r^^a,:''^""'^^^^^-^--^ M 'drf (Vnt, ^' n'''""^ ^^' ^'^'^ Sierra : ''f '° (Mother Range), which forms a plateau so level nn,i „..t • , "'' '•■ whool .o • extensive that a ^v heel-carnage can be driven alon^ it without obstacle, for 1400 miles. 3. Between Puebla and the City of aS^rt;'", ''r ^''^'^'"'^^^ Popocatepet S:^u^Si;igr ^^™^^ ^^ -- ■i. Its c/«m«/6' is hot and unhealtliv nu n coast aiKl temperate in the elevaS^^^^^^^^^^^ «>• Its population is oomnosed nf.hr' i o'Ho Spain ;,,ujr;;e^r„7!',''^r'f; /. Its products ar(> wJi.m Vv.,.i .luarchy, briyanda-o •n„l ,i " ''''''''> ^'''^ ''Y t-snf:;„nmiunc;tion '^'"''"^'^'^'^^^ 8 000 ft. "'^■'^^' lc/euco,on an elevation of SrcAR Ca.vk 3 The Sierra Madro traversp^ fi r,.-, '■■omity to the other. It a a .ri t v ?' r "' ''" ^- The Riv. Sa„ .Tuan , : V sH n""- ennnni^fc r „i X" ""1111 ui «,()s[a Jiu'a onne. ts Lake .Nicaragua with Ihe Caribbean Snn' nior.//,/o;MsnomauCalhoIir ^''""' ^1 m WEST INDIES.-SOrXH AMEniCA. 7. New Guatemala, population 40,000, .u-ar tli, IVif,c coast, is tho capital a.u] the nio i i„ nor an cav of Guate.nala. It was fro,,,,, Uy d : I'oycd hy .arth,j„akes.-Tlu, other cities anV • '•'I"'■'J"'^^"•aI•a,i,Mla,poplllalioll:{^,,(l^n. l'i:ssos XXXIli. WEST INDIES. i -irra li:,,(l(,Os,, m.~-I'oj>„la/ion: .i,20-:,400 1- Tli|'WestIndiesinclmlcallthc rsi.'uulsiu theenv>roas of the Car.bbcau Sea. Th , divided into Greater and Lessor Antilles. 2. The Greater Antilles an> r«/;« and /'or/r, V?'ro bolongin,. to Spaui ; Jamaica, to e1 la, 1 and Hay,, which fonns two republics Tl e .' n.o..Uu,.us in tl. interior, and sloping ,o..L.d: 3 Their d/„,r,/c is hot and nnheahhy nearth.. coast, but very agreeable in the in,er or. I noanes or violent storms, sometimes sweepov ,• tlie and and sea, blowing down trees, dest'n ing houses, and wrecking ships.. '" detelidan t 't'""' ''''^'"^' Euvoi^o.^ns and their dtstendants, Negroes, and mi.xcd races 5 Their .0//, generally fertile, produces sugar 0. The Lesser Antilles are divided into Wind- ward and Leeward Islands ; those of tho no th arc ca led the Windward, those of the sou h rom Martuu,ue Island, the Leeward. Th ' Ix'Iong to diiferent nations: En-land LV., •Iollaud,Denmark and Venezuera ''"''' Animals or South America. Lessqn XXXIV SOUTH AMERICA. 7 y/;,™,popnlali.noo,j,ooo,isthocapitalof Area: G,,),r2,00()s.i.m.-Po;Ht/a//o/i; 25,880,000 I South America is that great division of tho Western Continent, which is unif-d to North America by tho Isthmus of Panama It is r.Mnarkabl.> for its long and beautiful riv<.rs liigli mountains, and vast plains ; for th(> variety ' of Its vegetable products, minerals .^c. 2. On tho western coast are the Andes whicli oxtoud from north to south. Tliev contain many high pr>aks and some active volcanoes. 3. Tiio most remarkable among the many valleys of this part of tho world are tlu" re-ion of the Llanos or Savannahs (level grassy tracts), which occupies most of the basin of tho Orinoco • iho SUvas, or forest plains, in tho lower part of tho basin of tho Amazon ; and Pampas, or prairies of tho Argentine Confederation. 4. The po;Kt/rt//o/i of South America includes the original Indian tribes, Whites and Negroes. The Whites, who are mostly Spaniards and Portuguese, are tho ruling people. The Indians form more tlian one-half the population. Sr» •■•.■• 1 "■■^s '-^ many UNITED STATES OF COLUMBIA 5. All the Slam of the country are reDuhlir-. except Brazil, which is an empire ^^'"" b The native productions of South Amerin a e the potato, vanilla, Indian corn, th co ^ or chocolate-tree, the Peruvian Bark and X' caoutchouc, or I"dian-rul>ber-tree Sout L ' nca also produces sugar, cotton, cofTee „d" ' bananas, and, in general, all the tropical fr'ts' The chief mineral productions are gold silvo patina, mercury, copper, iron, lead! ti,; „ ' •^/^''^"^ft remarkable animals are the jaguar a species of tiger ; the pi„na, or American fi^?.' the ant-eater, the lama, the alpaca,lc L r ' ! serpe.^s, called ^--.on.OW. infe t tl e fo^-e fs There are also many birds of beautiful pU^ iiESSON XXXV UNITED STATES OF COLUMBIA. f Th«^n'T ^^■:^-^'^I"'l"''on : 2.795.00,,. I. The United States of Columbia (.Vr,. (^ranada) are situated in (he uorth-we^ ol Sou ^:T\ '''''' r ^^""-l'"J -^ the lurtl by me^^^Ganbbean Sea, and west by ,he Paciflc It from north to south '"llxs 3. On account of tlie numerous ravines and mountains defiles, traveling is greatly imp ded the only means of conveyance in the mmuithi' region^is a kind of basket-chair, carried b^t th'e^S:^::;::^""^^"""^^^^^^^'--^-' of the Orinoco and Amazon rivers 6 The 50// of the low lands produces su^rar coffee, cotton, and tropical fruits, , he eleS regions, grains and fruits of temperate cl n'l^' 7 no,ola, populat.H, 45,000,^110 capita is Mtuated near the centre about 8 500 ft. above (ho -i.^:;"-::^;:^!^^ VENEZUELA. I Venezuela is si(ua(ed at the e'lsf nf Umted States of Columbia, it co L " '^^^^^ Plani,..,eredbyther).....audi,sbr:ci:' ._ Nearly one-third of 111,. ,.oun(rv is covered yi(hmoantau,s,th,.p,.incipalofwlnrh',n , J^u-une, or Eastern Andes, ^vhKdie..:;.;:,;:^ 3 Its soil and climaW are upmiIv ih . i;r,°^S!:;::;:'"- -''"''----::<: J.Jhe cocoa of V .„* ,s „,o „« i,, u,„ M CO been „bu,u. i» 6-„„„,. i. .„;;,f,l';.:: 90 ECUADOR. andn!rotpUr'^"'^^^'^^-'''^-^^"^''-''ia 2 It contains some of the most elevated peaks m the Andes, many of which are volcanoe Catopa.1 and Chimborazo are th« most iri'l' ^-n Which ,....,j:;^-l-~ 4. Cid Silras. covered with dense forests. The eastern part is lrav(M'sed hy the Brazilian Mounlaius. 3. Its clinnuc is mild and generally healthy. I i The Amazon, called the '' King of Rivers;' and its numerous Irihutaries fertilize the country. 5, Two-thirds of the population are Whiles of Portuguese origin ; the remainder includes negroes, mulatloes, and aliout half a million of unciviliziHl Indians. ^ G The lanrjuaije is a mixture of Portuguese and French. The Roman Gotholic religion prevails 7 Its soil, reniarkahle for its fertihty, pro- duces coffee, sugar, manioc, wheat, Indian corn, cotton, tuliacco, rice, and fruits Brazil produces more colfee than any other country. 8 On the grassyplains immense herdsof horses and horned cattle roam ahout ; they form one of the prini'ipal sources uf wealth for the country [). There are many mines of gold and silver. Diamonds and rubies are found in greater abundance llian m any other part of the'^world. 10. Manufactories are yet in their infancy , hut commerce is very extensive II Rio Janeiro, population 4-20.(JOO, the capi- tal, is th(- largest city in South America and the principal scat of foreign trade in the empire. — Bahia, the second city in extent, has a fine harbor. Culture of Coffee. Lesso.n XXXVII. PERU. Area: 540,000 sq m— Population, 3;500,000. 1. Peru is situated south of Kcuador and west of Brazil and Bolivia. 2. The central region Is an elevated table land about 12,000 feel above the level of the sea , its climate is mild and agreeable, 3. On the coast, which is very sandy, It is uniformly hot, and no rain ever falls, though the dews are very dense and of frequent occurrence ; east of the mountains the rainy season lasts one-half of the year. ■i. Peru was tin; most civiliziMl country of South -Vmerica, when it was dlscovtu-ed by the Spaniards under Pizarro in order to e.xtorl gold from the Inca (/.-//if/i and his people, Pizarro and his advnnturers had recourse to the most unluMi'd of cruelties. «.:f 'W J. «.T y .1. BOLIVIA.— CHILI. — Anr.ENTINE CONFEDKRATION. 21 5. Its chief products are cotton, sugar, Indian corn, tobacco, Peruvian-bark, and fruits. Lima, population 121,000, the capital, and largest city, i? built on a small river, flowing into the Pacific and about si.x miles from its moutii. It was destroyed several times by earthquake's. — Ccillao, is the chief seaport. Lesson XXXVIII. BOLIVIA. Area ■ 480,000 sq. m.—Populalion, 1,987,000. 1 Bolivia, (i) formerly called Upper Peru, is situated between Brazil and Peru. 2 It is mountainous in the west ; m the east are extensive plains ; the centre is a vast and elevated plain, cold, but in cerlain places very fertile 3 It is wat(M'ed by the Madeira and its affluents, tribntarles of the Amazon •i The people Inhabit the valley of tlio Andes which is fertile and salubrious. 5. All the grains and fruits of tlie teini)i'ra(c zone are produced. There were formerly very rich mines of silver, in Bolivia, but little of that precious metal is now found. Chuquisaca, or Sucre, population 21,000, the capital, is built on a table-land about 9,500 feet above the level of tlie sea.— Z,« Paz^ population 7G,000, is the chief city. Lesson XXXIX. CHILI. Area . •?G0,000 sq m.— Population, 2,146,000 1 Ohili is a long narrow tract of country lying between the Pacific coast and the Andes 2. The Andes contain many volcanoes which cause frequent and violent eaithquakes that often destroy whole cities. 3 Its climate is salubrious and temperate the soil is very fertile, except in the north where rain seldom falls. (1) Tlie name Bolivia was given to this vast country in honor of Bolivar, its deliverer. i. Its iirodiicts are iiemp, wheat, Indian corn, p'daloes, liarley, fruits, wine, and oil. Its minerals aiv gold, silver, iron, copper, tin and lucri'iii'v ■). Otfthc! coast of Cliilt are situated the Juan Fernandez Islands, on one of which Alexander Stdkirk Uved for many years, and gave rise to the story of Jtobinson Crusoe 0. Santiauo, 115,000, the capital, is situated on a very high \>Mn.— Valparaiso (vale of Paradise), population 70,000, is the chief seaport on that side of the Pacific. Lesson XL ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION, OR LA PLATA. Area . 880,000 sq m.— -Population, 1,737,000. 1. The Argentine Confederation, known formerly under the name of La Plata, lies south of Bolivia and east of Chili. It is almost entirely covered with plains called /ja»ipas, which afford pasturage to a multitude of wild horses and cattle. In the north lies the desert of Gran Chaco. 2. Its climate perate. 3. This country is watered by the Parana, the Paraguaij, and their affluents, and by many other rivers wdiich flow, for the most part, into lakes without outlets. i The western part is fertile and produces sugar, cotton, grapes, tobacco, wheat and other grains, but raising cattle is the principal source of wealth. 5. The commerce with Chili is very active ; mer- chandize is carried across the Andes, by means of mules. 6, Buenos Ai,res, population 200,000, situated on the south-west side of the Rio de la Plata, is the most flourishing citf.—llosario, population 20,000, on the Parana, is the capital. is generally healthy and tern- 22 I'AKAGHAY.— KIDUl'i;. Lesson XLI. 1° PARAGUAY. Area; ;i,n0O sq. m.—Population, 1,:{;}7,000. I Paraguay is a small rounlry sUnated south of Brazil, its surfarc rises irraduaily towards tlio contrc. 5 Its climate is mild iiud hcaltliy, and its soil fertile ; its chief products are sjram, rice, cotton, tobacco, su^'ar, and Yrrba Matr, or Para- ;,'uay tea. The raishig of cattle is the chief pui'- suit. Asimcion or Assiriiplion, population, 15,000, the capital, lies on the left bank of the Paraguay 2o URUGUAY. Area : 70,000 sq. }i\.— Population, ;{87,000 I. Uruguay is the smallest state of South America; it is situated between the Argentine Confederation and the Atlantic Ocean. 2 Its climate is temperate and its soil fertile There are several mountain chains in the north 3. It Is watered by the Uruguay river and its aflluents. i. The cattle and horses which roam over the plains, form the chief wealth of the inhabitants 5 Montevideo, population, 126,000 on the Rio de la Plata, is the cupnal—MqUlonado, is the chief seaport. 3» PATAGONIA. .l/v(( . 280,000 sq. m.— Population, 120,000. 1. Patagonia is a cold barren region in he southern p;irt of of South America ; it is inhabit- ed by Indians who live by hunting and fishing 2. South of Patagonia is situated the island of Tierra del Fuego, (Land of Fire) so called from its volcanoes , it is separated from the mainland I)y the strait of Magellan (discovered in 1520). 3 South of Tierra del Fuego is Cape Horn, the passage of which is very difflcult on account of the winds and currents. 4. East of Patagonia are the Falkland Islands, which belong to England •••T EUROPE. Area : 3,704,388 sq m.— Population, 2',I(;,043.0U0. I Europe, one of the five great divisions oilh(« Globe, forms a part of the Old World ; although it is the smallest of the five great divisions it is comparatively the most populous 2. It is traversed by many mountain chains, the principal of which are the Alps ; Mount Blanc, 16,000 feet high, is the cuhninating point. 3 Its climate varies considerably ; in the north and east it is cold and severe ; in the west and centre, mild and agreeable ; below the 45 => of latitude, perpetual summer generally pre vails 4. Among the many rivers which water this part of the world, may be mentioned the Volya, the longest river in Europe, the Mine, and the Danube 5. Christianity prevails throughout Europe, except in Turkey where Manor letanism still ex- ists The religion of Russia and Greece is the schismatic Greek. Catholic. In the north Pro- testantisme prevails, in the south, Catholicity ^' w B 11 f( G b ^r ',1 "/r ^•' CRE\T nniTAIN. 23 0. The European governments are principally monarchies ; the most part are mild, but some arc very oppressive. 7. Europe possesses a great number of institu- tions winch disseminate education among the people; the arts and sciences are much attended to. 8. In the south the vine is cultivated to a high degree of perfeotion, and the lemon, orange, olive, fig, and other tropical fruits are produced Lo^DO^. Area Lesson XLIII. GREAT BRITAIN. 122,550 sq. vl\.— Population^ 31,817,000. Tins great division including England, Scot- land, and Wales, together with Ireland forms what is called " The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland." They are also known as the British Isles. Its colonial possessions are found in every quarter of the globe. 1» ENGLAND. Area. r.'^MO aq. m.— Population, 21,487,088. I England is the most important division of Great Britain ; it is separated from France by the English Channel, and from Ireland by St. George's Channel and the Irish Sea. 2 In the north and west, the surface is undu- lating. 3. Its climate is mild and humid. The princi- pal rivers are the Thames in lite east, and the Severn in the west. i. The Anglican is the estabIlsh(Hl religion , about one-third of the inhabitants ;nv Catholics. 5. Its io// is fertile, and agi'icuiture is carried to the highest degree of pcM-fectinn ; the chief products are wheat, l)arley, oats, potatoes, I'kc. It is also remarkable for its abundance of useful minerals. C. England is eminently industrious and com- mercial ; it is noted for its rnmmerrr, the number and variety of its manufactures, and for the number of its ships which cover the sens and fill every port. 7. There are few countries, that contain in All sorts of grain and fruits, for the use of man and beast, are raised in abundance i). Europe is remarkable for its civilization, commerce, industry, and its magniflcenl cities which contain numberless works of :irt and science. 10. The principal cities are London, Pans, Vienna, St. Petersburg, Rome, etc. Tliey are magnilicently built and ornamented -i.-ijt ii DENMAnK.— NOnWAY AND SWEDEN. proportion as many railroads as England. 8. London, on tlu>Thainos,popnlalion 3,883,000, 1^ t 10 capital and the most densely peopled city 01 thegloljo; It contains many snperhhnildin'-s the most (vlcbratod are St. Panl's Cathedral and West minster Abbey. !•■ Tlie other principal cities are LivcrpooL ropulation 500,000, the se.'ond most commercial city of the worl.l ; Manchcslrr, popnlalion 350,000 ; Bn-nunoham, popnlatiun 34},000 ; Leod,, popula- tion 2..!),0()0 ; Shrljleld^ population 3 ',0,000, all mannfactnring cities ; />m7o/. population 183,000 IS the cluef seaport. ?» SCOTLAND. ■ hra, (comprising the adjacent islands) • 3] 3^4 s(l.m.—/'o;j;(/«//o//, 3,358,013. ' ^ 1 Scotland, ronn("rly called Caledonia, is situated north of Kngiand from whicli it is separated by the Cheviot Hills; it is divided imo two parts, the Highlands in the north, and tile Lowlands in the south. 2. The Higlilands are cold and mountainous but th.'v contain many picturesque sites, tlu' Lowlan.ls are level and well cultivated. 3. The principal products are those arisni" from agricultuiv ; there are several coal and iron mines. Its hslieries are verv important 4^ Edniburgh, population 197,000, tiie capital IS remarkable for ils castle and ancient royal palace (Ilolyroodi.— 67«,s7;fHr, population 477,000 IS the c.ly most iniporlant for population and nianuhiclures.— /)in),/fr, population 119,000. ^" IRELAND. .l/v^,,,|,ou I 33.000 s,i.m.-Po/j»/r,//o;,, 5,402,759. 1 Ireland, is an island situated west of England ; from its constant verdure it is called the Emerald Isle. 2. E.xcept a few mountains near the coast Ireland consists of a vast plain covered with prairies and peat-bogs. 3. Its clmate is very humid, its soil is fertile and produces wheat, oats, barley, fla.x, and the host of "Potatoes," which last constitute the pi-nicipal food of the peasantry. •i- A great number of Irish emigrate every year to America. The greater part of the inha- bitants are Catholics. ^^. Dublin, population 2ir.,000,the capital, is built oil the LilTcy, its many magnificent edifices rank among the first of Europe. - Z?^//-^,/, popu. ation 1.4,000, and for/.-, population 79,000, are the chief seaports. Lesson XLIV. DENMARK. Area: I'o^'dm ^([.m.— Population, 1,900,000 I- Denmark consists of the Danish Archi- pelago and the peninsula of Jutland ; it is situated south of Norway and Sw(>den from which it is separated by a part of the Baltic Sea, whi.'li hears the names Skager Rack and Catteoat 2. Its^ surface is flat and low and in some places below the level of the sea. 3 Its climate is mil.l and humid, but very healthy. Its soil is, in general, very fertile • grain is produced in abundance. Cattle and iiorses are raised in great numbers. 4. Its oovcrnment is a constitutional mo- narchy. 1 he Lutheran religion prevails. o. Its fislieries are very extensive ; herrin- salmon, mackerel and cod are abundant. C. Its foreign commerce is very active. 7. Copenhagen, population 180,000, the capital IS a fine city situated on Zealand Island. Lesson XLV. NORWAY AND SWEDEN. Area of Sweden 170,000 sq.m.-Po;j. 4,159,000 -^?Ta of Norway 123,000 sq.m.-Poy;. 1,712,000 I: Norway and Sweden, together with Denmark constitute Scandinavia. They form but one kingdom, and occupy a peninsula in the north-west of Europe ; they are separated bv the Kiolen Mounts. I the nuSSIA IH iRUnOPE.— FRANCE. 25 2 Tho surface of Norway is mountaTnCus, that of Sweden is level, except in the north. The scenery of the sea coast is grand and imposing. 3. Their climate is cold but salubrious. In tho north vegetation is very rapid in summer, which lasts only three months. 4. Their government is a constitutional mon- archy ; each country has its own legislature and laws. Protestantism prevails. 5 South of tho Lofodcn Islands is a very dangerous whirlpool much dreaded by mariners. G. Sweden is remarkable for its iron mines which are said to be the best in the world. Tho other products are agricultural. 7. Stockholm, population 135,000, is the capital, of Sweden.— C/ima'anja,population 70,000,capital j*of Norway. Lesson XLVI. RUSSIA IN EUROPE. Area : 2,095,000 sq. m.— Population, 68,390,000. 1. Russia in Europe occupies the eastern part of Europe and includes almost half the con- tinent. 2. Its surface consists of low plains. The principal rivers are the Volga, the largest river of Europe, the Don, and the Dnieper. 3. Russia is separated from Asia by the Ural mountains ; in the south the Caucasus and the Black Sea separate it from Turkey in Asia. 4. Its climate, in the north-east is very rigor- ous, but in the south it is more temperate. The central part produces wheat, barley, rice, hemp, flax, and tobacco. There are several mines of iron, copper and platina. The platina mines of tho Ural Mts. are the richest in the world. 5. Tho government is an absolute monarchy The religion, of which the Czar is the head, is the schismatic Greek. 6. 5/. Petersburg, population 667,000, the capi- tal, is a magnificent city ; it was founded by Peter the Great.— J/os(?ow, population 368,000, the ancient capital, is the most remarkable city ; it was burnt by the inhabitnlTls in 181-2 at Ihe ap proachof Napoleon l.— Warsnu^ population ;':.:,,. OOn, on the Vistula, is the capital of Poland. Lk.sson XLVIT. FRANCE. Area : 108,000 sq. m.~Population, 36,.50v',000. 1. France is separated rroni England l)y the English Channel, from Spain bv the Pyrenees, and from Italy by tho Alps. In^he sniith and' east it is mountainous; tlm p«sf forms a part of the great northern plains. Notre-Da.me, of Paris. 2. The four principal rivers of France are the Seine, the Rhone, the Gironde, and the Loire. 3. France, before 1790, was a kingdom but since that lime it has successively been a republic, an empire, a kingdom, and is, at the present time tl87Gi a republic. The French are for the most part Roman Catholics. 4. The climate of Franco is mild and healthy ; tho soil is very fertile ; it yields,ia abundance,all the fruits and products of the temperate zone ; in the south, wine, oil and silk ; iv the uuVtli Jl 26 whoat ana all other grains. There is .'ilso a great quantity of bcrl-sKgar made. / ■'». Paris, population l,8->5,0nn, tl)e / C'ljiilal, luiill on llie Seine, is one ol" the finest ciiios of Knropo; itrontams many ^^upei'h clinrciies, niagnincent m< of Siiaiii. Tlio wino of Oporto is one of tlio rhiof exports. 4. Portugal was formorly much renowned for its discoveries and trade with India ; but of late years it has greatly fallen. 5. Lisbon, pop. -iv'o.OOO, tho capital, is built on the river Tagus , it was nearly desiioyed by an earthquake in 1755.— 0/)or/o. pop. 89,000, is the chief commercial port. CATUIiDIUL OF MllAN, Lesson LVI. ITALY. Area : 1 16,000 sq. m.— Population, 26,254,000. 1. Italy is situated south of Austria and Switzerland. It consists of a peninsula in the shape of a boot, and lies between the Mediter- ranean and Adriatic; Seas. 2. Its surface is greatly diversified ; the Alps occupy the north, and the Apennines traverse it in all its length. 3. Tho majority of the inhabitants arc des- cendants of the ancient Romans, and profess the Catholic religion. i. Its diinulc is very line, but excessively warm. Its soil is generally very productive. The F>laiih; of l.oinbardy are the most fertile of Kurope The pntducts of Italy are grains, rico, sugar, olives, grapes, oranges, fi-s, hv. 5. Italy is n-inarkable for its (liio arts; music, painting and sculpture have flourished hero more than in any other country <■•• Rome, pop. 240,000, is tho capital of tho Christian world and the residence of its liead, Our IIoly-Father the Pope. 7. Naples, pop. 41't,000, capital of tho kingdom of Naples.— .V//«/i, pop. 1!)G,000, capital of Loni- bardy, it has a inagnilicent cathedral— VV/i/iv, pop. 114,000. capital of Vonetia, is built on seventy-two small islands ; communicatioiN between the ditlerent parts of tho city is carried on by means of light boats called gondolas. ^ESSON LVII. TURKEY IN EUROPE AND GREECE. 1° TURKEY Area: 203,500 sq m.— Population, 16,437,000. 1 Turkey IS a country south of Europe. It is an undulating region of hills and valleys, traversed by mountain ranges of considerable height. 2. It is watered by the Danube and its affluents. 3. Its government is despotic, the ruler is styled Grand-Seignior or Sultan ; he is also head of the religion which is the Mahomedan. 4. Its climate is very severe in the north ; the south IS milder but very variable. Its soil is fertil , particularly in the valley of the Danube, bu, idly cultivated ; the products are maize and other grains, silk, cotton, rice, grapes, olives, &c. 5. Constantinople, pop. 1,075,000, the capital is built on the Bosphorus, or strait which unites the sea of Marmora with the Black Sea. 30 ASIA. — SIBERIA. 2° GREBOE. Area : 19,250 sq. m.~Population, 1,349,000. 1 Greece, is situated south of Europe • it consists of two peninsulas separated by the gulf of Lepanto. 2. Us government is a constitutional monarchy. The religion is the schismatic Greek. 3. Its climate is temperate but changeable. Its soil is fertile ; it produces grain, fruits, the vine, and olives. Marble of an excellent quality is abundant. 4. Athens, pop. 48,000, the capital, is situated near the gulf of Egina ; it is famous for its ruins and in ancient times for its fine arts and littera- ture. Animal,, of Asu, Lesson LVII. ASIA. Area : 15,196,000 sq. m. — Population, 629 - 329,000. ' 1. Asia, is the largest of the five divisions of the globe, it is noted for its mountains, its great rivers, its ext.Misive table-lands, plains, and (losort-^. 2. It is particularly remarkable, as having been tlie cradle of the human race, and of the Christian Religion. 3. h^ population, whicliexceeds half the popu- lation of the world, is couiposcMl of three classes, VIZ : The Cau(;asian, which occupies the west ; the Mongolian and the Malay, whioli occupy the centre and the east. 4. The people are oppressed by their ^ornv;- ments which are, for the most part, despotic. Asia is the seat of all religions ; the greater part of the population are idolaters ; many profess Mahometanism. The Catholics are not numer- ous. 5. Some of the principal animals are the elephant, rhinoceros, lion, tiger, camel, and jackal. Among the birds may be mentioned the peacock, pheasant, and crane. 6. Asia, on account ofits large e.\teut, possesses almost every sort of climate and a great variety of minerals and vegetable" productions ; gold and diamonds are abundant, and on the coast the pearl fisheries are carried on by persons called pearl-divers. Lesson LVIII. SIBERIA. Area : 5,249,000 sq. m.— Population, 8,329,000. 1. Siberia occupies all the north of Asia. It consists of a vast dreary plain, and belongs to Russia. 2. In the north the climate is extremely cold and the ground freezes to a very great depth • the valleys, near the south are fertile, but badly cultivated. 3. Gold, silver, and platinum are found in the Altai and the Ural mountains; but the chief articles of commercial are furs, principally those of the sable and ern ine. 4. Siberia is used by Russia, as a place of banishment, for political offences ; it is regarded as a great punishment to be transported thither. 5. Irkutsk, population 28,000, in the south, is an agreeable place of residence.— roto/sA:, popula- «;' »»-» *f-> CHINESE EMPIRE. — JAPAN— INDIV 31 tion, 17,000, in the west, is the chief commercial emporium Lesson LIX CHINESE EMPIRE. Area : 4,088,000 sq. m.—Pop. 309,000,000 1 The Chinese Empire comprises China, Mongolia, Mantchooria, Thibet, and Tartary , these provinces are little known. 2. The principal mountain chains are the Altai and the Himalaya, containing Mount Everest, the highest point on the globe. The Hoang-Ho and Yang-tse-Kiang are the principal rivers. 3. The government of China is absolute, but possesses a patriarchal character^ Buddhism is the dominating religion, while the doctrine of Confucius is followed by the emperor and the learned. 4. Its climate, in the north, is colder than that of Europe in the same latitude ; in the centre it is temperate, and in the south pretty warm Its sod is well watered, fertile, and highly cultivated. 5. Tea is the chief products. Rice and other grains, sugar, cotton, tobacco, and indigo are also raised. G. Among the curiosities of China, may be mentioned the Great Wall, which is 1,500 miles Ion O ) it was built to protect the country from the Tartars 7. Peldn, population 1,800,000, the capital, is one of the largest cities of the world.— Ca?iton, population 1,000,000 and S/ia/j^/iaJ, population 200,000 are the chief seaports. Lesson LX. JAPAN. Area : 200,000 sq m.— Population, 35,000,000, 1. Japan, situated east of China, is composed of many islands, the principal of which are Niphou and Ycsso. 2. The mountains are elevated and contain many active volcanoes. The rivers are numer- ous but inconsiderable. Water Spoi't. 3. hsgovrrnment is an absolute monarchy ; the emperor is called ma>lo The prevailing reiigion IS Buddhism. 4. Its climate is changeable, and in the north very cold. Its soil is sterile but carefully cul- tivated ; It produces rice, wheat, barley, tea, cotton, and silk. The camphor and varnish trees are native of Japan 5. The Japanese had no commerce with foreigners previous to the year 1854, but since that time their ports have been free and they have adopted many American and European iii ventions. 6. Yedo, population 2,000,000, the capital, situated on Niphon island, is one of the most populous cities in the wovld.— Yokoltama is a new city and depot for the Europeans. Lesson LXI INDIA. Area, of HindoosLau, 1,250,000 sq. in— Pop »/«- lion, 130,000,000. j Area : of Farther India, 1)20,000 sq. m —Papula tion, 42,000,000, 32 TURKESTAN, AFGHANISTAN AND BELOOCHISTAN.— PERSIA.— TURKEY. 1. India comprises two largo peninsulas south of Asia; Hindoostan and Farther India also called Indo-China and India beyond the Ganges. 2. The principal mountain chains arc the Eastern and Western Ghants and the Himalayas. The Ganges, Indus, and Cambodia arc the largest rivers. 3. The greater part of India belongs to England. The other petty states are governed by despots. Nearly all the inhabitants arc idolaters. 4. Its climate is excessively warm, except in the mountain regions, which are temperate. The chief products are rice, cotton, indigo, sugar, silk, &c. Diamonds are found in the mountain' defiles. 5. India is noted for the Banyan tree, whose branches grow downwards and take root again, so that one tree may produce a whole fores" ' G. Calcutta, pop. 616,000, capital of Iliudoostan. -Hue, pop. 100,000, capital of Cochin China - Mandeleij, capital of Birmah, and Damjkok c^nial of Cambodia are the chief cities Lesson LXIL TURKESTAN, AFGHANISTAN, AND BELOOOHISTAN. Area : 1,200,000 sq. m.— Population, 12,000,000 1. Turkestan, or Independant Tartary, is situated W of China. Most of the inhabitants are hunters or shepherds and lead a wandering life, however, a good number live in the cities. —Bokhara, pop. 150,000, and Samarkand are the principal cities. The chief manufacture is silk Commerce is carried on by means of caravans. 2. Afghanistan and Beloochistan be- longed formei'ly to Persia. The surface of Af- ghanistan is a succession of mountains, valleys and high table-lands; while that of Beloochistan consists of rocky and sandy deserts. 3. The raising of cattle constitutes the wealth of the country 4. The. government of both is despotic The religion is Mohammedanism Cabnl, pop. 60,000, is the capital of Afghanistan and Kelat, pop. 15,000, that of Beloochistan, Lesson LXIII. PERSIA. Area : 470,000 sq. m. —Population, 9,000,000 1- Persia is situated east of Turkey; it is diversified by clusters of hills and chains of mountains, with extensive salt and sandy deserts. 2. A great part of the inhabitants lead wander- ing lives and live in tents. 3 Its government is despotic, the sovereign is styled the Shah. The prevailing religion is Mah- ommedanism. 4. In the north, its climate is cool and moist ; in the centre it is subject to extremes ; and in the soutli hot and unhealthy Its soil is fertile produces wheat, rice, cotton, sugar, and different sorts of fruits. 5 re/iera?j, pop. 81,000, is the present capital, — Ispahan was the ancient capital. Lesson LXIV, TURKEY IN ASIA. Area: 66D,000sq m— Population, \fS,\QQ,mQ. 1 Turkey in Asia, formerly Asia Minor, Is a part of the Ottoman Empire and the most west ern country in Asia 2 Its population is composed of Jews, Greeks, Turks and Arabs 3 Its government and religion are the same as in Turkey in Europe. 4. This country presents a variety of climates. Its soil is fertile, but cultivation is neglected , the products are the fruits and grains of tem- perate climes, cotton, tobacco, and the poppy, or opium plants . 5. Palestine, or the Holy -Land, is the country which was the scene of nearly all the events, re- corded in the Holy Scripture , Bethlehem, where Jesus Christ was born ; Nazareth, where He lived, and Jerusalem, where He was put to death "Tr AnABIA. — AFRICA J ^ are found hero. The Dead Sea is situated in this country It is supposed to cover the sites of tlio cities of Sodom and Gomorrha. C. Smyrna, is the principal port. The ruins of Babylon and Nmive are of great interest ; Tyre and Sidon, formerly renowned for their com- merce, are, at present, only small villages. Lesson I.XV. ARABIA. Area. 1,200,000 sq. m.— Population, 8,000,000. I. Arabia is a peninsula in south-western Asia ; it is noted for its great deserts and its want of permanent rivers, Mount Sitiai is situated at the head of the Red Sea. 2. The Arabs, descendants of Ishmael, are divided into families, or tribes. The inhabitants of the desert, called Bedouins, lead a roving life and live in tents. The Arabian horses are fine animals, they are treated by their masters as members of the family Camels are used a" beast- ot burden. 3. Its climate is hot and dry ; rain is rarely seen except on the mountains. Its soH is fertile on the coast of the Rod Sea, but the rest of the country is sterile The products of Arabia are coffee, dates, indigo, spices, gum arable, etc. 4. Muscat IS a flourishing citY.-Mecca is re- markable as having been the birth-place of Mahomet, it is the holy city and place of pilgrimage foi the Mahommedans. Lesson LXVL AFRICA. Area: 10,936,000, sq. m.-Pop. 75,000,000. !■ Africa, is one of the five great divisions of the globe and forms a part of the Old World It IS situated south of Europe, from which it is separated by the Mediterranean, and south-we=t of Asia to Avhich it is joined by the Isthmus of bue^. In the north is the Sahara desert, the largest of the globe. Anduls of Africa. 2. The states of Africa are generally of small extent ; the governments arc despotic " The reti- gion, m the nortli is Mahommetanism, in tbo other parts idolatry 3. Owing to Its burning climate, and its want of bays and navigable rivers, this country lias never been wholly explored, and mucli of llie interior is entirely unknown 4 The north only is inhabited by whites, the other parts are peopled principally by the negroes 5. Its soil IS little cultivated, but tlio natural products are various and luxurious. The prin- cipal are ivory, gold dust, found in the rivers and ostrich feathers. ' 6. The vegetable productions are the gigantic baobab teak, acacia, mangrove, ebonv, cocoa- nut, date, and ail palm, 7. Th-( most remarkable animals arc, the lion, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, giraffe, and elephant! More than sixty species of the antilopes have been discovered in Africa. Serpents are numer- ous m the forcL^ts and crocodiles in the rivers. Insects are exceedingly numerous, many of them, as the ant and locust, are very destructive. 34 BAnBARY.— EGYPT.— NUBIA ANU ABYSSINIA.— EASTERN AFRICA. Lesson LXVII. BARBARY. Area: 533,000 s([. m.—Population, 10,221,000. 1. Barbary IS situated iiorlh of Africa horder- ing on Iho Atlniitir aiid Mcditorranean ; it derives its name from the Drrhrrs, the original inhwbitants of the country, wliose descendants still inhabit the Atlas Mounts, which traverse the whole country The States are Morocco Algeria, Tunis, and Triiioli. ' 2. The Mocrs inliahit the towns and villages, the Arabs lead a wandering life. Those trfbes were, for a lon.g lini(>, the ^MTor of mariners, by their piracies. ' 3. In the north its climate is excellent and the soil productive ; all the giains and fruits of Eu- rope are cultivated. The leather of Morocco, called morocco, is the principal aiticle of trade. ' The capital of each state bears the s:. - >.nie name as the slate. Bami and Fizzan belong to Tripoli, Algeria is a French colony since 1830 Lesson LXVIIL EGYPT. Area 180,000 sq. m.—Population, 5,214,000. 1 Egypt IS situated on the Mediterranean in the north of Africa. Its primitive history is given in the Bible. 2. The country is rendered fei-tile by the annual overflow of the waters of the Nile. 3. Most of the inhabitants are of Arabic descent ; the remainder are Copts, Turks Greeks, Jews, etc. ' 4 This country subject to Turkey, is governed by a Pasha. The prevailing rclir/ion is Moham- medanism. 5. Its climate is extremely warm. Its soil pro- duces rice, grain, cotton, sugar, indigo, tobacco, and the mulbeiry-tree. 6 Egypt is famous for its antiquities, the rums of which are found at the present day, the principal of which are the pyramids, obelisks colossal statues of men and animals, and magnifi- cent temples. 7. Cairo, pop. 282,000, the capital, is built on the ^ile.—Alexandria, pop 181,000, is the princi pal commercial town.— Thebes, contains many famous ruins. Lesson LXIX. NUBIA AND ABYSSINIA. Area : of Nubia, 320,000 sq. m. — Population, 500,000 ; of Abyssinia 280,000 sq. m.-Popw/a^^on, 3,000,000. 1 These two countries are situated south of Egypt and are washed by the Red Sea, and by the Nile and its affluents. 2. Abyssinia is mountainous, but very fertile. Nubia consists of sandy deserts inhabited by Arabs, who rear great number of cattle, includ- ing sheep and goats. 3. Their gooernments are despotic, 4. The climate of Nubia is hot and dry, but healthy ; that of Abyssinia is mild and agreeable. These countries produce barley, cotton, indigo, tobacco, coffee, &c., &c. G. Khartoum is the capital of Nubia.— Gont^ar, that of Abyssinia. Lesson LXX, EASTERN AFRICA. 1. This division comprises a strip of country extending about 3,000 miles along the east coast of Africa. Very little is known of the interior of this region ; the coast is generally flat, and in some places marshy. 2 The climate is hot and unhealthful ; the soil, fertile. 3. Berbera, or the country of the Somolis, is S-E of Abyssinia. The capital is Berbera. 4. Zanguebar, is south of Berbera j a great commerce of gold, ivory, and slaves, is carried on ; capital Zanzibar. 5. Mozambique, belongs to Portugal ; capital Mozambique. ^■ t SOUTHERN, WESTERN AND CENTRAL AFRICA. 35 6. Caffraria is inhabited by savage tribes.— Natal and parts of Caffraria are English colonies. 7. Madagascar is a large island S-E. of Africa, separated from terra firma or the main-land, by the Mozambique Channel. Tananarivo, is the capital. The islanders are called Malagachers, or Malgachcrs. SOUTHERN AFRICA. Lesson LXXI. 1. Southern Africa extends to the south of Ethiopia and comprises Cape Colony and many other districts ; it is diversified with lofty mountains, elevated plains, and arid tracts of desert. 2. The inhabitants are composed of British settlers, Dutch farmers, Hottentots, and Gaffres. 3. Orange rwer bounds it on the N. and the Snow mountains traverse it. 4. Its climate is tempeiate and agreeable, its soil fertile ; the products are cotton, sugar, coffee, indigo, tobacco, etc. 5. Cape Colony belongs to England ; it is an important place for the ships in the East India trade. 6. Cape-Town, is the capital, the inhabitants are nearly all English or Dutch. Lesson LXXIIL WESTERN AFRICA. . 1. This region embraces many states, princi- pally Guinea and Sencgambia. 2. These countries are remarkable for great fertility and luxuriant vegetation. The greater part of the surface is undulating and mountain- ous. In Upper Guinea and Senegambia, it is low and swampy, to a considerable distance inland. •S. Sencgambia, situated east of Soudan derives its name from its great rivers Senegal and Gambia. ■4. The inhabitants are principally Negroes who live in a savage condition under despotic governments. The Europeans are established along the coast. 5. Its climate on the coast is hot and unhealthy, especially to strangers ; in the interior it is more saluinious. ^ G. Guinea extends from Senoganibia to the river Nourse, and is divided into two i)arts Upper and Lower Guinea. The principal states of Uppi'r Guinea are Ashantee and Dahomey. In lower Guinea are the Portuguese colonies of Congo Angola, and Benguela. ° ' Lesson LXXIV. CENTRAL AFRICA. 1- Soudan is divided into a vast number of petty states only partially known, but differing widely ui magnitude, population, and character. It is a highly fertile region with a diversified surface and a hot climate. 2. The inhabitants are principally Negroes, I said to be more civilized than those of the West' I 3. The Sahara, or Great Desert, is a vast table- land, covered with rocks, sand, and salt. Its sterility is due to the almost total absence of rain. 4. Insomeplacej .--^springs form sorts of little isles called Oasis ; they are cultivated carofully and produce dates and a few other products. 5. Gum-arabic is obtained from the acacia tree ; salt, from the mines, and ostrich feathers, are the chief articles of exportation. 6. The southern pai-t has been visited by Dr. Livingstone who represents it to be a fertile plain. 7. The sources of the Nile have been recently discovered on the great plateau of Central Africa. 36 OCEANIA.-tMALAYSIA.— AUSTRAI^SIA. Lesson LXXV. OOEANIOA or OCEANIA. Oceanica compriHos all tho islands ol' tlio Pacinc Ocean, and isgoncrally divided into throe parts: Malaysia, Australasia, Polynesia.— Area : 4,500,000 sq. m.~Populalion, 25,92 i 000. Animals of Oceania. Lesson LXXVL MALAYSIA. Area : 700,000 sq. m.— Population, 23,000,000. 1. Malaysia lies wholly in the Tomd zone and comprises many islands, the principal of which are Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, tho Philippine Islands, tho Moluccas, or Spice Islands. 2. This division was called Malaysia, from the fact that the greater number of the inhabitants are Malays. 3. Its climate is hot but healthful except on the low coasts. Tho principal pi'oductions are sugar, camphor, pepper, nutmegs, &c. 4. Tho Bauda Islands are given almost exclu- sively to the rnllivaiiou of nutmegs, The chief minerals are diamond, gold, ancl'iron. When under the influence of opium, the people are very cruel, they sometimes remain in the public ways and kill all they meet. ' 5. Datavia, on the Isle of Java, is the capital of the Dutch possessions.— J/a/uV/«, in the Philip- pine, is an important city. G. The greater pArt of the inhabitants profess the GathoUc religion ; a considerable number are still pagans. Lesson LXXVII. AUSTRALASIA. Area : 3,590,000 sq. m.— Population, 2,470,000. 1. Australasia comprises Australia, Papua, or New Guinea, New Zealand, and many of the' adjacent islands. 2. Australia, on account of its immense size, is often called a continent. A few mountain rangos, of little elevation, line the coast ; the interior is not much known and appears to be nothing but a vast sterile plain, 3. The natives belong to the tribes of Oriental negroes ; they are very ignorant. 4. Its climate, in general, is salubrious, there are very fertile plains on the south and east, but gold mining occupies the traders more than agriculture. 5. The remarkable animals are the orang outang, kangaroo, black swan, lyre-bird, &c. 6. Sydney, is the capital. Melbourne, is the gold region and capital of Victoria district. 7. Tasmania, or Van Diemen's Land, is an island south of Australia, the inhabitants rear a groat number of sheep and other flocks. 8. New Zealand, consists of throe islands, its surface is mountainous, its climate, agreeable, and soil fertile. The forests abound in ship- timber. 9. Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand belong to England. <-> CO cl la: II . 1 wa mci cor Sco tud bclri win win war gre£ time duri is e; tioni 5=S rroat K** POLVNESIA. 37 Melbourne. Lesson LXXVIl. POLYNESIA. Area : -50,000 sq. m.~Population, 452,000. 1. Polynesia, " the reyion of many islands," comprises all the islands of the Pacinc not in- eluded in the other two divisions ; it is the largest part of Oceania. 2. Many of those islands are the work of little insects that form calcareous lodgings for them- selves theses are afterwards covered with sand and niariue herbs, and in this manner become habitable. 3. The inhabitants of these islands are Malays and European colonists. ' 4. The Sandwich Islands form the pi|incii)al group and are the best known ; they are in the line of commerce between North America and China and are often visited by English and American vessels. 5. The 5oc/e/// Islands are remarkable for their beauty and fertility. C. The Caroline Islands are an immense group of which we know very little, it is said their nihabitants are able navigators. 7. The inhabitants of the Friendly Islands are mild and affable although ferocious in appear ance. '■ 8. The .}farrjucsas Islands, belong to France • their natives are said to be more finely formed than any other Polynesians ; they are, however very ferocious. ' CLIMATE OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. The climate of Canada is nearly the same as that of Nor- way, Sweden and St. Petersburg. Both the heat of sum- mer and the cold of winter are much greater than in the corresponding latitudes of Europe. The nlimate of Nova Scotia is extremely temperate, considering its western lati- tude. In Halifax and the eastern countries the mercury seldoni rises in summer above 80° in tlie shade, and in winter it is not onon down to zero. In the interior the winter is about the same, but the summer is considerably warmer. The climate of New Brunswick is subject to great extremes of heat and cold : the thermometer some- times rising to 100» during the day and falling in the forest during the niglit of the same day to 50°, Sti!| the clim.:!.3 is exceedingly healthy and favorable wo agricultural opera- tions. The climate of Prince Edward Island is much milder than that of Nova Scotia or New Brunswick and IS remarkably salubrious. The winter is long and cold but the summer is eminently fated for the growth of ordi- nary cereals. Manitoba and the Saskatchewan country have the same summer temperature as the most favored parts of the St. Lawrence valley. Tiie winter isothermal IS that of Quebec. The climate of British Columbia varios according to the locality, owing principally to four causes • viz; greater or .ess distances from the vicinity of the mountain regions, diJTerence in the nature and the ciuantltv of the vegetable growth, and difference of level The low portions near the sea and on Vancouver Island hav- a moderate climate with a general range of from 20» m wnter, to SO" in summer. COMMERCE. (1) Commerce IS the oxchanpo of cortain colonial commodities or morchandizo. There are two sorts of commerce : foreicm commerce, which ,s c^irned on betwe.m countries; inland commerce which IS carried on in the same country. *7;"r ''TTu '^^''^'''S' of goods through a state for which they are not destined.) 13y exportation is meant the natural of manu- factured productions that a country furnishes a foreign one, and importations i^ to bring from foreign countries those productions which we I have not m our own. I Industry is the art by which man adapts to his own wants the productions of nature. OOMMEROE BETWEEN CONTINENTS, Principal objects of exchange betiveen the five conti. nents of the World. Relative Importance.-EunoPE, notwith- standing its small extent, but including the most active and intelligent population of the globe produces a quantity of merchandise superior to any other continent, and it is a great source of commercial movement between all the parts of the world. America, by its white population of European origin and rich natural productions, holds the second rank. Asia, is the third in order, on account of its Chinese and Indian population w^ho are verv laborious. Oceania, is the fourh in rank, by its Dutch and iM)glisIi colonies Aiiuca, on account of its unfavorable physical featuiTs and its thinly scattered population, bar- barous and savage, holds the last rank. Exchange ta kes place particularly between when carried on with ndelifv it?, «fto commerce; and the best means of civilizS^' inLmlr ''"'^'°,"' ""'^ °^ siom of voyages ] ""^'^"°"- (Recollections and impres- England {for more than two-thirds), France, Ger- many, Belgium, Holland on the one part, and Ihe United States, Canada, Chma, the Indies and Australia on the other Exportation - Europe exports to foreign counties : 1° Its manufactured productions : cotton, wool silk textures, ready made clothing, fancy wares' linen, furniture, &c, articles of jewelry • clocks works, musical and drawing instruments, objects of art and science and library requisites. 2° Alimentary substances: wines and spirits refined sugar, flour, preserves, &c., &c. ' America exports : 1» Furs, potash, pearlashes, fish, lumber and petroleum oil, from Canada. 2° Cotton, corn, flour, Indian corn, (1), tobacco, corned meat, gold, and petroleum (2) from the United States. 3° Silver from Mexico. 4» Colonial commodities (3), Sugar coffee, cocoa- nut (4), India-rubber (5), dye-ioood and cabinet wood from the Antilles and Brazil. 5° Wool, hides, dried m^^ats from the Argentine pampas. 6° Gold, copper, guano (6) from Peru and Chili. inrL^'li^"^" '^°1'^ i^- ^ gi'amineous plant of America, havinir Sntries'' """^ '""''' ^"'"^^ '^'^ P""°'P^' f°°d m many n,\if*''*°'*""-' °'' Stone Oil, IS a substance resembling tar or bitumen , it is extracted particularly from coal bogs' ♦ „k; ^^ colonial commodities is generally meant the veee- table productions coming from colonies. ^ a.f ;.^°rT' ^""""^ '■''^'"^^ chocolate is made, is the bean or grain of the cocoa-nut tree. J. India-rubber or caoutchouc and gulta-vercha are substances produced by the dessicalionaf aSy juice extracted from several trees. ^ '' . 6. Guano is the excrement of sea birds which is foiinH m considerable quantity on the coast of certain warm countries. It is an excellent manure. -i- r^ 1 1 ^ <- INTERCONTINENTAL COMaIERCE. 39 Asia furnishes : 1° Gold, silver, platina ,1), diamonds, precious stones (2), and the furs of Siberia (3), 2» Tea (4), silk (5), silk-worms' eggs and the silk-goods from China and Japan. 3- Cotton (6)^ dyeing drugs (7), rice |8), spices (9), opium (10), ivory, carved wood, paper and porcelain from China, Japan and India. 4° Brass from Japan, pearls (II) from Ceylon, cashmere shawls (12), goats hair and musk (13) from Thibet. ' 3' Coffee (14), gum (15), mcense (16), coral (17) from Arabia and Persia. cious:^^'"'"" " " '""'" "'■'^ ^"" ^'^"«' " is rare and pre- diaUn'!CaremS.r'°^^'^ in jewelry are : the n„?„ {"';?''«"«9 animals live in cold countries the winpi ^ 1 Th. !.?r '"'' ''^E'""''' •na-'tin.white fox beaver "aT 5. this cateri)illar . ^ " "• '>--»iiio i^ruiiuciion 01 the « IS a caterpillar of a species ofbutterflv- feeds on the leaves of the mulberry-troe ' produced by an insect maader. Cochineal is daVson'^ni'fnSr'couSrif fP'^"* f."'"^^^^*^ '" food in China and Indil ' " '^™' ">" ^""'^ipal niLS;!S?ree7orr';;ulSeftl°' 1^ ^^n^-^ ^ sst^^^ss:^^.^:^r3;^^^^^^ poipy^'^rirnarc'ctic.'" "'"^'^'^ '^'^ '^'^ ^^-'^ o^'- 11. Pearl is a substance produced in certain sea sheik 14. foy/ee is the stone of the cofTee-trpe fmit = ok k cu tivated particularly in Brazil and the Indies '' ' ''"'"'' balk of'Saintl"""^ ^"^^^^"'^^ which co'i^es from the !5; neTcorai V'f ''?, °i''''^'"°"s «"J odoriferous gum. small mannranlmals'^i Jd'p^olyJ^s'^Tnlh^"'""' '' of Oceania a multitude of reefs luhmn.?nl'™['"f°^^ and islets are likewise formed by polypus '°'''' '''""'^ G° Figs, raisins, carpets from Smyrna, Da- mascus sword blades, tobacco, olives (1«). leeches from Turkey in ^Vsia, spoiiges (I!)) from tli.» coa^t of Syria. Africa furnishes : | 1" Marble, iron, and tin; early fnuts of Algeria. 2° Cocoa-nuts (20) and Madeira wines. 3° Palm-oil (21), earth-nuts (22) from Senegal 4"' Ostrich feathers, ivory (23). and dates (24), from Sahara and Soudan. 5' Cotlon, corn and gum from Egypt. C" Wool and hides from Cape Colony. 7o Sugar (25), coffee, and vanilla from the Bourbon and Mauritius Islands Oceania furnishes : 1° Gold, copper, cattle, ^vool, and flour from Australia and other English colonies. 2° Colonial commodities : coffee, sugar, indigo, and spices from Java and the Moluccas (l>ittch possessions) ; pewter from Branca, and cigars from Manilla. 18. The olive-tree is a small tree the fruit of which is pulpy , It contains a stone, and gives olive-oil. 19. Smnge is a very porous substance , it is produced by small marine animals. prouuceu ,1„P«H h°^?2"""'f ^'^ large fruits with shells, milky pro- duced by the palm-cocoa-treo. nnlli hvt^i^'"*f*' ^m'"® '^'"' ^ ^''"P'^ s'"" trunk termi- an fJ,l°- ^'?'"' °V°"^ ^^""^"^ ■ " produces wine, j,alm- oil, fruits : dates and cocoas, > i « „J^">'^"^® ^'^''^'^■"^t IS a creeping plant the seeds of which are oily, 23. Ivory is the substance of the elephants tusks 24. Dates are the juicy fruit of a kind of palm-tree 25. The sugar-cane, a tall kind of reed, is a gramineous plant cultivated in worm countries and m damn coil u produces a sweet liquor, from which sugar, syrup and rum are made In Europe sugar is obtained from the 40 INTERCONTINENTAL COMMERCE. C t; S( G la El ba (I an ] whc the swn REMARKS. 1. Comparativo statistics of the commcrco of sevoral American states, taking Canaila as the basis, and sup- posing it to bo of $1,000; wo shall have' tlio Uniti-d Slates, 4,500; Mexico 250 ; Central America, 90 ; Antilles 1,000 , Ecuailor, 35 ; Peru, 250 . Bolivia, 50 ; Chili, 220 ; La Plata, 250 ; Paraguay, 20 ; Uruguay, 80. 2. The production of coffee on the globe is about 5,000,- 000 bags wf 200 pounds each, the half of which is furnished by Brazil ; the other countries which produce it, are Java, Ceylon, Hayti, and other Antilles, Mauritius, Bourbon, Arabia, Abyssinia, &c. 3. Production of sugar in \^(i(j.— Cane-sugar : Cuba, 1,000 millions of pounds, English Antilles, 300 m. ; French Antilles aud Bourbon, 200 m. ; Java. 200 m. ; Brazil, 2iO m. ; United States and others, 400 m.—Beet sugar : France, 360 m. ; Germany, 3G0 m, ; Austria, 120 m. ; Belgium, 50 m. ; others, 200 m.— Total, about 4,000,000 pounds of which Cuba alone produces ono-fourth, Canada produces 18,000,000 of pounds of maple sugar. 4. Tea —China exports 100,000,000 pounds of tea, which it sells about 10 cents per pouml, and which is srld at London 40 cents. The English consume one-half of it, the Americans one-fourHi, and the other fourth by Iho rest of E\irope. 5, Tohaccn.—Tho consumption of tobacco is supposed to be four billions of pounds producerl by live millions of acres of land ; the United Stales, Manilla, Ilavanah, Turkey and Persia give the best More than $800,000,000 aro expended in narcotic, in the word • toi)acco, opium, betel, Ac, 0. Annual production of gold ■,— Calilornia furnishes 100 millions dollars , Australia, GO m. , the Ural and Altai mountains, IG m. , Mexico, 4 m. , Andes, 4 m. ; Urilisii Columbia, 4 m. , Afri-.a, 2i m.— Total about 200 millions of dollars. POPULATION of the principal CITIES of the DOMINION OP CANADA, Moiitreal, Qc 107,225 Quebec, Qc 59,G09 Toronto, Ont 56,092 Halifax, N-E 29,582 St-Jean,N-B 28,805 Hamilton, Ont 2C,71G Ottawa, Ont 2l,5^o London, Ont 15,826 Kingston, Ont • 12,407 Branlford, Ont 8,107 Ste-Galherine, Ont 7,804 Three Rivers, Qc '7,570 Belleville, Ont 7,305 Guelph, Ont 6,878 Levis, Qc 6,691 Fredericton,N-B • 6,006 Ghatham, Ont 5,873 Sorel, Qc 5,636 Port Hope, Ont 5,114 Brockvillo, Ont 5,102 Hull, Qc 5,000 Moncton, Ont '4,900 Sherbrooke, Qc '^,500 Peterborough, Ont. Gobourg, Ont ■ Darmouth, N-E Stratford, Ont Lindsay, Ont IngersoU, Ont St-Hyacinthe, Qc. Woodstock, Ont., Godcrich, Ont.... Barrie, Ont. Owen Sound, Ont. Yarmouth, N-E Pictou, NE Oshawa, Ont Dundas,Ont St-Mary's, On* Bowmanville, Ont StJean Dorchester, Qc. Joliette, Qc..-.., Sidney, N-E Liverpool, N-E ChalUam, N-\! in 1871 4,611 4,442 4,400 4,3 io 4,049 4,022 4,000 4,000 4,000 3,398 3,369 3,300 3,200 3,185 3,135 3,120 3,034 3,022 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 r "^^'^"— "^""•^■"■'■'■rv iii in -t (,000 pounds of anada produces ds of tea, which hioh is srld at nc-halfof it, tho h by Iho rest of 10 is supposed to millions of acres lah, Turkey and 00 are expended betel, Ac. ornia furnishes tho Ural and Andes, 4 m, ; ■Total about 200 DA, in 1871 4,G11 4,442 4,400 4,049 4,022 4,000 4,000 4,000 3,398 3,369 3,300 3,200 3,185 3,135 3,120 3,034 3,022 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 ^ PRONUNCIATION GEOGRAPHICAL WORD^USED IN THIS WORK Ah represents the sound of a in far ; 0, A. Abyssinia (ab-is-sine^h). Adriatic (ud-rc-at ik). Affrhanistnn 'ahf-gahn-is-tthn). Africa (afre-kah). Alabama (£;l-4-bahmah). Albany (awlba-nej. Alexandria (41-ex-an'dre-ah). Algeria (fil-jere-ah). Algiers (ahl-jeerz ). Alleghany (41-le-gay'n«). Alps (alps). ' Altai lahl-ti). Alton (awl tun). Amazon (am'ah-zun). America (4-mfer'e-kah). Americus Vespucius (ah-mfefo-kus ves. poo she-us). Am'ster-dam. indes (an'diz). inglesea (ang'g'l-se), tngola (ang.golah). in-nap'o-lis. int-arc'tic. intilles (ahn-teel'). int'werp. ipennines (ap'en-ninz). irabii (i-ray'be-ah). Lrchi^ielago (ar-ke-perj-ge) irc'tic. Argentine (arjen-teen) Ctonfedera'UoB. irizona (4r-e-zo'nah). Ir-kan'sas. ishantee (a'lsh-ahn-ta'). I^sia (ay'she-ah). is'pin-wall. ^.thens (ath'enz). Ulanta (at-lan tab). V.t-lan'tic. ^t'las. K.ugusta (aw-gus'tah). Austin (aws'tin). 'Australasia laws-tral-ay'she^h). Australia (aws-tray'le-ah). Austria (aws'tre-an). a y, of o in fat« ; a, that of a in fat • b ofcinmo*. i „r .• ; . - ofo in mode ; u, of u in pure ; "of « in 'in ' '' °^ ' '" '""'' ' '- o*^* ««» P*". Babylon (bab'e-lCm). Bahama ibah-hay'mah). Balize (b4-leez'). Baltimore (bawl'te.more). Bangor fbanggor). Barbary (barber-^). Barca (bar'kah). Batavia (ba-tay've-ah). Raton Rouge (bat un-roozh i Biivariii ib^-vay re-ah). Behringiberint,'). Bele(J^|.Jerid(b9-led'el.je-reed'). Bel-fast. Belgium (belje-um). Beloochistan ( bel-oochis-tahn') Bengueh (ben-gaylah). Berbe-ra. Berbers. Berlin. Berne (bern). Bethle-hem. Birmingham (birming-4m). Bohemia (bo-he me-ah). Bokhara (bo-kah rah I. I Bolivar (bo-levar). Bolivia (bo-live-ah). ; Bordeaux (bor-do'). 8orne-o Bornou (bor-noo'). Bos ton. Brtt-zir, Bridgeport. Bristol. Brownsville (brownz'vil). Brussels (brus seir). Buddhism (boodizm). Buenos Ayres (bo'nos ay'riz). Burling-ton. O. Cabul (kah-bool). Caffraria (kaf-fray're-afc). Cagliari (kahlyah-re). Cairo (ki'ro). Calcutta (kai-kut tab). Caledonia (kal-e-do'ne-«h). I California (kal-e-forne-ah). ICallao (kahl-yaho). Cambridge kame'brij). Canada (kani-dah). Can'cer. Candia (kande-ah). Can-ton'. Cape Breton (kape brit't'B). Cape Horn. Cape May. Capri-corn. Caribbean (kir-rib-be'an). Cas-cade'. Cattegat (katte-gaf). Caucasian (kaw-kav'she anv Celebes (seie-bes)." Ceylon (se'lon, or se-ldwn). Champlain (sham-plane'). Chnrlutte ishar'loti Town Chesafieuke (chesi-iitek) ' Chicai?u (she-kawgo). Chili (chil le). China (chinah). Cincinnati (sin-sjn-nat te) Cleveland ikleov land;. Columbia (ko-lum be-ah). Concord (kongkiirdj. Congo (konggoi. Connecticut (kon-nct'e-kut) Constantinople ikon-stan-te-no'p'l) Copenhagen (ko-|)en-hayghen). Cordova (kordo-vahi. Cork. Corsica (kor'se-kah). Cotopaxi iko-to-[iax'e). Crimea (krim-eah). Cuba 'kubah). Cumber-land. Czar (zar). D. Dahomey (dah-homay). Dakota (da-ko tab). Dalmaiia (dil-may'she-ah) Danube (danvoob), Darfur (dar-fo"or'). Delaware (del'4-wire). I Den'mark. I De-troif. Dnieper (ne'per). Dominica (Uom-e-nokah(. Don. Dublin. Dun-dee). Ecuador (ek-wah-dore'). Edinburgh (edin-biir-ruh). Egina (e-jinah). Egypt (ojipt). Elba (elbah). England (ing'gland). Equator (e-kwaytor). Erie (e're). Erin. Esquimaux (eske-mo, or cs'ke-moze) Ethiopia, (e-the-o'pc-ah). Etna (et'nah) Europe (yoorup). Falkland (fawk land). I PnONlINClATION OF OKOOIIAI'IIICAL WOnDS. Fozzun frp.T-sahn'). Flor'c ic ', I Fran'c. FrnnkOir!, .frankfurt). Frionrily (frnndl.), Islands Frigid (fridjid) Zone. o. Golicia (gal-ishe-ah). Galveston Ignlvos-tun). Geneva (jon-e'vah). aeeiioa (jono-ali). Georgia ijorjo-ali). Germany ),jer mah-ne). Gibraltar (jt!-bra\vrter). Glasgow (glas'go), (fondar, GrAmnian 'prainpe-an). Granada (graii-nalrdah). Great Hritaiii (Lrit fn). Greece greoss. Greenwich (grin ij). Guatemala (gaw-te-mahlah, orawash- tay-mahlali). ** Guajaqiiil (gwi-ali-keoi). B. Hague (haigj. Halifax (hal'e-fax). Han'o-ver. Hartford. Havana (ha-van'ah). Hayti (hay te). Hinialaya (him-awl'e-ah or him-ah'li- 8.1) ), Hindoostan (hrn-doo-stan'). Honduras (lion-doo'-rahs) Honolulu (hon-o-loo'looj Hot'ten-lots. Hungary (hung'ga-re). Huron (luriui). I. Ice'land, Idaho (i'da-ho). Illinois (ii-lin-oyz', or il-lin-oy Indiana (in-de-au'ah), In'di-an-a])'o-lis, Ionian (i-o'ne-an). Iowa (i'o-wah). Ire'land. Irkoutsk (ir-kootsk'). Ish'ma-el, Ispahan (is-pa-hahn'). Italy (it'a-lo). ' J. Jaguar tjag-yoo-ar'). Jamaica (ja-may'kah). Japan (jah-pan'). ')• Java fjah'v.ih). Jerusalem (je-roo'sa-leni). Josao (yes'so). Ju'aii Fur-naii'dcz. Kamtsclmtka (kahm-chuhfkah) Kansas (kan'zas). ' Kelat (ko-laht'i Ken-ne-liec'. Kentucky (ken-tuk'ei. Kiian (kawn, or kan). Kartoom (kar-loom'). Kings'ton. Kiolon (ke-o'len). Kurile (koo'ril). L. Lalirador (lab-rj^lore'). Lama (lay'niah), Lap'land. La Plata (lahplah'tah). Lawrence (law'renss). Le-pan'to. Lew Chew (loo-choo'i Liberia (li-be're-ah) Liffey (lif'fe). Lima (le'mah). Lipari (lip'ah-re). Lisbon (liz'bun). Liv'er-pool. Lof-fo'den. London (lun'diin). Louisville (loo'is-vil). Lyons (li'ijnz), M. Madagascar (mad'a.gas'kar \ Madison )mad'e-siin). ' Madrid iinah-drid'). Magellan (mah-jel'lan). Maine (mane). Majorca (raah-jor'kah). Malay (m&-lay'j. Malaysia (mah-lay'she-ah). Malta (mawrtah). Man'ches-ter. Manilla (ma-nil'lah). Marmora (mar'mo-rah). Marquesas (mar-kay'sahs). Massachusetts (mas-sa-choo'selsl Mecca (mek'kah). ' Medina (me-de'nah). Mediterranean (med-e-ter-ray'ne-an) Melbourne (mel'burn). ' Memphis (mem'fis). Mexico (mex'e-ko). Michigan (mish'e-gan). Mil'an. Milwaukee (milwaw'ke). Minnesota (min'ne-so'tah). Minorca (min-or'kah). Mississinpi (mis-sis-sip'pe). Missouri (mis-soo're). Modi'iia (nioil'en-ali). Mo-ham'med-an, Mongolia (mon-go'le-ah). Mont Blanc (raong-blong'). Montevideo (mon-te-vid'(M)). Montpelier )mont-poeryer). Montreal (mon-tro-awl'), Morocco (mo-rok'kol. Moscow (raos'ko). Mount Hope. Mozambique (mo-zam-beek). N. Nankin (nahn-kin'), Naples (nay'plz). Neth'er-landa. Neuse (nuco). New Brunswick (nfl-brunz'wik) Newfoundland (na-'fund-land). New Guinea (nil-ghin'ne) New Hampshire JnQ-hamp'shir). New Ha'ven. ' New Jersey (nil-jer'ze). New Loudon (na-lun'dun) New Mexico (na-mex'e-ko). New Orleans (nd-or'le-iinz) New York. New Zealand (nu-ze'land). Niagara (ni-ag'4-rah). Nin'e-veh. Niphon (nif-on'). Norfolk (nor'fok). North'amp'ton. Nor'way. Norwich (nor'rij, or nor'witch). Nova Scotia (noVah sko'sh-ah Nubia (noo'be-ah). O. Oases (o'a-soz, or o-ay'seez). Oceanica (o-she-an'e-kah). Ontario (on-tay're-o), 0-por'to. , Oregon (or'e-g'un). I Ottawa (ot'ta-way). P Pacific fpa-sif'ik). Pagan (pay'gan). Palestine (pal'es-tine). Pampas (pahm'pahs). Panama (pahn-ah-mah'j. Paraguay (pah-rah-gwi'l. Parana (pah-rah-nah'i. Paris (pir'ris). Parma (par'mah). Patagonia (pati-go'ne-ah). Pe'kin'. I Pembina (pom'be-nal Persia (per'sho-ah). Peru (pe-roo'). Pesth (pest). Philip])ino (nrip.pin). Po. Polynesia (pol-e-ne'sh Popocatepetl (po-jKJ-ki Port au Prince (port-< Pcirt'land. Porto Hico (por'to re' Portsmouth (ports'mu Portugal (por'tli-gal). Pii-lo'mac. Prague (praig.) Prince Ed'ward. Prov'idence. Prussia, (prush'yah). Puebla (pwob'lah). Pyrenees (pir'en-ee«). Q. Quebec (kw«-bek'). Quito (ke'to). B. Racine (rahs-seen*). Rhine (rine). Rhode Island (rode i'la Rio de la Plata (re'o di Rio Janeiro (ri'oji-ne'n Rome. Rot'ter-dam. Russia (rush'yah). S. Sacramento (sak-rJ-mei Sahara (sah-hah'rah, o St. Anthony (stnt an'to St. Domingo (sent do-m St. John (sent-jon'). St. Lawrence (sent Jaw' St. Louis (sent loo'is). St. Paul (sent-pawr.) St. PetersDurg (sent pe'i Salem (say'lem). San Fran-cis'co. San Salvador (sahn sahl PnONUNCIATION OF GEOOnAPHICAL WORDS. Pembino (pom'bo-nah). Persia (per'sho-ah . Peru (pe-roo*). Pnsth (post). Philippine (ni'ip-pin). Po. Polynesia (pol-e-ne'sho^h.). Pojiocatepetl (po-iKj-kah-tay-pet'l'l Port au Prince (port-o-prinss'l. Piirl'iand. ' Porto Hico (por'to re'ko). Portsmouth (porls'mCith). Portugal (por'ia-gal). Po-to'mnc. Prague (praig.) Prince Ed'ward. Prov'i-dence. Prussia, (prush'yah), Puebla (pwob'Iah). Pyrenees (pir'en-ee«). Q. Quebec (kwe-bek'). Quito (ke'lo). Racine (rahs-seen'). Rhine (r'ine). Rhode Island (rode i'land). Rio de la Plata (re'o day lah plah'lah), flio Janeiro (ri'o ji-ne'ro). Rome. Rot'ler-dam. Russia (riish'yah). 8. Sacramento (sak-rS-men'to). Sahara (sah-hah'rah, or sah'hah-rah) St. Anthony (stnt an'to-ne). St. Domingo (sent do-ming go). St. John (sent-jon j. St. Lawrence (sent law'renss). St. Louis (sent loo'is). St. Paul (sent-pawr.) St. PetersDurg (sent pe'terz-burs). Salem (say'lem). *" San Fran-cis'co. San Salvador (sahn sahl-vah-dore). 43 Sand'wich Is'lands. Santa Fo (sahn'tah fay). Santiago (sahn-te-ah'go). Sardinia (sar- -• 1* < " .■>«■)» I ■■ '" (.1 / n.' ] tf foil i WiV JL i'ltl 1 i.s-ViJ ■/- ■V>.; .u ( CO tr at n » 71 5" ^ cr 63- cr p p p o P cn O s o cn ft P K^ ir* ir* ej CD CD « fl >1 g 13 B g' CD tn O cn CO P CD CD CD S' - 5 5 t= S £L £i ^ cn 3 >— •— > '^ ■"-? OQ (3- cn CD ^§ CD CD P J3 Si. 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I' " ' >- ^^^\-"v«^rs.'' •••'*. .1— ..■iiiiiulJih,-''^;^*.-' ... ,ii.i...iiV i siter ^ .vm,I-V **"'■ ' k'"" rj.,„..v ^"■' """■"■ -i- 1 r .. if ' ,1,1'' I.'O I' ..'^■.'t 4- fiXEROlSES ON NORTH AMERIOA-HMap No. 2) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15, 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21 22. 23 9i What ocean north of America ? Ar. What ocean west ? At. What large bay in- the north ? Hn. What gulf south? Mo. What country in the north? B-A. (Dominion 01 Canada). What country occupies the central part ? US. What two countries in the south ? Mo., C-A. What is the capital of the Dominion of Ca- nada ? Oa._Of the United States ? Wn. Name and point out the capital of Mexico j»/o.— Of Guatemala. Ga. Point out four of the principal islands in the Arctic Ocean. Bs., At., Me., N-D. ■ What large island east or the Dominion of Canada ? Nd. . What twolarge i? • vest ? Q-C, Vr. Name the three pr.;..A^ai islands south-east of the United States. Ca., Hi., Ja. What peninsula east of Canada ? Zr.— South- east ? N-S. What two peninsulas bordering on the Gulf of Mexico ? Fa., Fn.— That situated on the north-west of Mexico ? Ca. What peninsula north-west of the Dominion of Canada ? Aa. What archipelago south-east of the United States? B-L What isthmus between Mexico and Central America ? Tc-Between Central America and South America ? Pa. Pohit out Greenland. (70). What cape south of Greenland ? K What cape south-west of Nova Scotia ? Se. Point out Capo Sable south of Florida. Point out the three capes east of the United States ? Cd., Ik., Fr. What cnpe south of Lower California ? S-L —West ef the United States ? Mo. What mo mtains in the west of the Domi- I nion of Canada ? Ry. I 30. 31. 32. 26. What mountain ranges between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean ? Ce., S-N. 27. What are the Rocky Mountains called in Mexico ? S-M. 28. What mountains in the east of the United States? Ay. 29. What bay west of Greenland ? Bn.—Wh&l gulf east of Canada ? S-L What sea south-oast of the Gulf of Mexico ' Cn. Point out Campeach/ Bay (20).— Fonduras (22). What gulf west of Me.xico ? Ca. 33. Point out Hud?-^i strait.— (62). 34. What strait connects Baffin Bay with the Atlantic Ocean ? Ds. 35. Point out Banks Strait.— Lancaster Sound.— Gulf of Boothia.— Fox Channel. 36. What four lakes between the United States and Canada ? Sr.. Hn., Ee.. Oo. 37. Which of the great lakes lies entirely in the United States ? Mn. 38. Point out Great Bear Lake.— Great Slave.— Winnipeg. 39. Point out Lake Athabaska (60)— that of Wol- laston.— Of the Woods. (50). What river flows north and empties into the Arctic Ocean ? Me. What two large rivers flows from the west into Hudson Bay? CI., Nn. 42. What is the superior part of River Nelson called ? Sn. 43. What river flows towards the east and empties into the Atlantic ? S-L. 44. What river flows south into the Gulf of Mexico ? Mi. 45. What river in the north-west of the United States flows into the Pacific Ocean ? 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HE.MlSPHKnES. Western,— Eastern. Northern.— Southern . CONTI.NENTS. Western —Eastern. Australian. GnA.ND Divisions;. V. it a. America.— Eurojie. Asia.— Africa.— Oceania. Nomii America. Greenland. Dominion of Canada. United States.— Mexico. Central America. South Amehica. U. S of Columbia. Venezuela. British Guiana. Dutch Guian.i. French Guiana.— Brazil. Ecuador.— Peru. Bolivia.— Argentine Confed. Paraguay.- Chili. Uruguay.— Patagonia. EunopE. England.— Ireland. Scotland.- Norway. Sweden.— Russia. Poland.— Lapland. Germany.— Prussia. Denmark. Austria. Greece.— Italv. States of the Church. Switzcrlani., Belgium.— Holland. France.— Spain. Portugal. Asia. Siberia. -China,— Japan. Thibet.— India.— Ilindoostan, Farther India.— Anam. Siam. — Malacca. GENERAL RECAPITULATION. ThoToi'm of questions are left to the judgment of the teacher. Beloochistan.— Afghanistan.' furkestan.-Pe«sia.— Turkey. Arabia.— Minor Asia. AriucA. Moroco.- -Algiers. Tunis.— Tripoli. Barca.— Sahara. Egypt.— Nubia. Abyssinia.— Zanguebar. Mozambique.— Natal. Cape (]olony. Lower Guinea. Uj)per Guinea. Sonegambia. Soudan. Salt Lake City. Santa Fe.— Mexico. Puebla.— Vera Cruz. Havana.— New Guatemala. Port au Prince. St. Domingo. South America. CITIES AND TOWNS. Do.Mi.NioN- 01- Canada, Ottawa,— Montreal. Quebec— Toronto. Fredericton,— Halifax, Charlottetown,— Winnipeg Victoria.— St, John N, B. iHamilton.— London, Kingston.— Brantford. St. Catharines. Three Rivers.— Belleville. Guelph.— Levis. Chatham, N. B.— Sorel. Port Hope, Ont. Brockville, " Hull,— Sherbrooke, |St, Hyacintho, St. John's Dorchester, United States. Portland.— Concord. Mont|)elier.— Boston. Providence.— Albany. New York.— Brooklyn. Buffiilo.— Oswego, Philadelphia,— Baltimore, Washington,— Richmond. Raleigh,— Tallahassee, Montgomery, New Orleans,— Austin, Galveston,— Cincinnati. Cleveland.- Chicago. Memphis. — Detroit. Milwaukee —St, Louis, Sacramento,— San Francisco, Bogota,— Panama. Cartagena.- Aspinwall, Caracas, — Georgetown. Paramaribo. — Cayenne. Rio Janeiro, — Bahia. Pernambuco.- Quito. Guyaquil.— Lima. Chuquisaca. — Parana. Buenos Ayres.— Asuncion. Santiago.— Valparaiso. Montevideo. Europe. London.— Liverpool. Manchester.— Birmingham, Edingburgh,— Glasgow, Dublin,— Belfast,— Cork. iLimerick,— Stockholm, [Christiania,— St. Petersburg Moscow.— Archangel. Berlin,— Frankfort. Copenhagen,— Vienna. Constantinople. — Rome. Naples.— Milan.— Turin, Genoa.— Venice.— Berne. Brussels,— Paris,— Lyons. Marseilles.— Bordeaux. Rouen.-Madrid.-Barcelona. Cadiz.— Lisbon.— Oporto. Asia. Alexandria,— Khartoom. Gondar, — Zanzibar. Mozambique.— Cape Town. Oceania, Melbourne.— Sydney. Manilla.-Borneo.— Honolulu. I Irkoutsk.— Tobolsk.— IVkin Canton.— Nankin. Shanghai.— Lassa.-Yodii Calcutta.— Madras. Bombay,— Delhi. Bangkok,— Hue— Saigon. Kelat.—Cabul,— Bokhara, Teheran,— Damascus. Jerusalem, — Mecca, Medina,— Muscat, Africa, [Tunis,— Morocco,— Algiers, ISLANDS, North A,merica, Prince Albert /y ml. Iceland— Greenland, Newfoundland. APticosti.— Prince Edward (ape Breton. Bahama—Greater Antilles. Cuba.— Ilayti. Jamaica.— Porto-Rico. Lesser Antilles.— Yancomer. South America. 'loamus.—Falliland. T'i'na del Fucgo, Chiloe. Juan Fernandez. Europe. Iceland, {of A^nerica). Great Britain.— Ireland Shetland.— Orkney. llebrides.—Faroe.—Lofoden, Corsica,— Sardinia,— Sicily. Malta.— Candia.—yon(-«n. Asia. Nova Zembla— A'i/n/e. Saghalien,— ya;)a;j. Niphon,— ,Iesso. Kiusiu,— Formosa, Hainan,— Ceylon. Al'IlICA. .l;o;r.— Madeira. Canani.—Cape Verd. Men a. >; i St. IIe'._..„. Madagascar Mauritius Bourbon. Socotra. i A ^ ^ p Si C( Li Ca Lo Sa Mi So Ah Flo Lo' Noi Der Spa Hal Kan Mai; Pan; Fare Sabh Sable Gallii Horn Nord. Clear. 1 I i GENERAL RECAPITULATION. OCEANIA. AUSTHALASIA, Australia.— Tasmania. New Zdaad.—Nodolk. New Caledonia. New Hebrides. Papua. Malaysia. Sumatra.— Java.— Borneo Celebes.~P/iilipptne. Luzon.— Mindanao. Polynesia. Caroline Islands. Ladrone Islands. Sandwich.— Eawaii.—Oahn Marquisas.-Friendiy Islands Society Islands. PENINSULAS, NoiiTH America. Alaska.— Nova Scotia. Florida.— Yucatan. Lower California. EunoPE. Norway and Sweden. Denmark. Spain and Portugal. Italy.— Crimea. Asia. Kamtchatka.— Corea. Malacca. — Arabia. Asia. Severe.— East. Romania.— Comorin Africa. Bona.— Guardafui. Good Hope. Agullias.— Verd. MOUNTAINS. North America. Rocky— St. Elias Fairweather.— Brown . Hooker.— Fremont, U. S. White.— Caicflrfei, Sierra Nevada. South America Andes. — Aconcagua. Cliimborazo,— Cotopaxi. E fit OPE Kiolen.— Ural.— Caucasus, Balkan.— Carpathian. Apennine.- Pyrenees— Alps ISTHMUS. Panama. — Suez. CAPES. North A.merica. Farewell.— Race. Sable,— Cod.— Hatteras. Sable, U.S.— Mindocino. South America. Gallinos.— Sit. Rocque. Horn. — Blanco, (west.) Europe. Nord.— Mntapan. Clear, — Wrath. Asia. Taurus — Ararat. Hindou-Kouch.— Altai. Himalaya.—Evorest, Africa, Atlas, — Kong. I Snow.— or the Moon. DESERTS. Sahara, or Great Desert. Kalahari. — Cobi. OCEANS. Atlantic. — Pacific, Indian, — Arctic. Antarctic. Europe- White.— Casi'ian. Black. Mediterranean. A ilriatic— Biscay Irish,— North Baltic— Bothnia Finland. Asia, Kamtchatka,— Ocholsk. Japan,— Yellow. China —Bengal, Arabian.— Persian, Red.— Aral. LAKES America. Groat Bear,— Great Slave, Athahaska. — Winnipeg. Manitoba —Superior, Michigan,— Huron. Erie.— Ontario. Champlain.— Of the Woods Great Salt Lake. Maracaybo.— Titicaca, Europe, Onega,— Ladoga. Geneva,— Constance. Asia, Baikal.—Tengri. Africa. Tchad.— Victoria,— Nvaiiza Albert Nyanza. ! Tanganyika,— Nyassi. STRAITS AND CHANNELS. North America. Davis,— Hudson. Belle-Isle, Canso.— Florida. Mackinaw. Magellan, S, A. Ai'rtiCA. Bab-ol-Mandeb. Mazan.bique. Europe. SEAS. GULFS, BAYS, Ac. I English.-Bristol. North America. St. George's,— North. North America. Baffin,— Hudson. St, Lawrence, — Fundy, Delaware, —Ghesaneake, Campeachy.— Honduras, All Saints.— Panama, George Dover, Gibraltar, Asia. Behring — Malacca, Sunda. RIVERS, North America. Kwichpak or Yucon, Afackenzie.- Churchill. Nelson, — bt. Lawrence. Ottawa. St. Maurice. Saguenay. Chaudie/e. ■St, Francis. Hichelieu Hudson.— Delaware. Mississippi.— Missouri, Ohio,— Kentucky, Tennessee. Illinois,— Missouri. .\rkansas. Rio Grande. Colorado. Sacramento. Columbia,— Eraser, South America. Mag. lalena,— Orinoco. Vniazon,— Rio Negro. Ma.lcira.— Tocantins ^an Francisco,— La Plata, Parana,— Paraguay, Europe. Thames,— Shannon Volga — Don. Danube — Po. Rhone,— Guadiana. Tagus,— Douro. Sj:ne,— Rhine. Elbe.- Oder. Vistula.— Dwina. Asia. Obo. — Yeneisi. Lena. — A moor. Hoang-IIo, (r«//o,/.). . Yang-tse-Kiang, (nieu.) Cambodia or Mekon Irrawaddy.-Brahmapootra Ganges.- Indus, Euphrates.— Sihon. Africa. Nile.— White Nile. Blue Nile.— Zambezi. Orange.— Congo.— Niger. 1. 2, 3 4. EXERCISES ON SOUTH AMERIOA.-(Map. No. 9.) 5. 6. 7. 8 9. 10. II. \l 13. li 15. 16. 17 18 19, 20. •21. 22. 23. 2(i. 27. 28. 29. What sea at the north ? On. What ocean east ? Ac. What ocean west ? Pc. Which two states are most northern ? G-C. Va. "' Point out Central America. (10 n). What isthmus connects Central America with Columbia ? Pa. What is the capital of Columbia ? S-F Name the capital of Venezuela. Cs. What gulf north of the Isthmus of Panama ' Dn. What bay south of the same Isthmus ? Pa. What large river traverses Venezuela from west to east ? Oo. What river flows through Columbia, from south to north ? Ma. What island north-east of Venezuela ? Td. What gulf north-west of Venezuela ? Mo. Point out Lake Maracaybo. (10). What cape north of Columbia ? Gs. Point out the Equator (0).~Brazil.— Guiana. Whpf, is the capital of Ecuador ? 0». —That of Brazil ? R.J. What mountains between Venezuela and Brazil ? Pa. —Those between Guiana and Brazil ? AL What chain iu east of Brazil ? Eo. What two countries west of Brazil? Pu., 'u. What is the capital of Peru ? La.—Oi Boli- via ? Ca What large river traverses Brazil from west to cast ? An. What tributary of the Amazon takes its rise iu the Villa Bella Mountains ? Ja. What one in the west of Peru ? Ue. What affluent of the Amazon waters Bolivia by many of its branches ? Ma. Which are the two principal affluents of the Amazon below the Madeiro ? Ts., Xu. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35, 36. 37. 38. 39. 40 41. 42, 43. 40. 46. 47. 48 49. 50. 5i. What one connects the Orinoco with the Amazon ? JVb. Point Marojo Island.— The River Para. What river .lows into the Para ? Ts. What five states south of Bolivia and Brazil ? La., C/., Pa., P,j., Uy. Point Rio do la Plata. What is the principal tributary of the Rio de la Plata ? Pa. What countries are watered by the Parana ' B-.\., L-Pa., Py., Bl. Which is the principal affluent of the Pa- rana ? Pi/. What river forms, with the Parana, the Rio de la Plata ? Uy. What countries arc watered by the Uruf^uav' L-Pa., Uy., Dl. " "^ ' Point out Salado and Pilcomayo, tributaries of the Parana. What mountains traverse Peru ? ,4s. Point out the five principal peaks in tiiP environs of Quito ? Pa., Ge , Aa., CL, Co. Tell the height of Mounts Coyambe.— Coto- paxi.— Ghimborazo. (See the Map of the World Map No. 1). ' Point out the peak Aconcagua, the highest in America. (32). What is the capital of La Plata ? /?o— Of Paraguay? An. -Of Buenos-Ayros ? Z?.^.-Of Uruguay ? Which country is the most southern ' Pa. Point out Ter"a del Fuego. What strait separates this island from Pata gonia ? Mn. What group of islands east of Magellan Strait ? Fd. What cape south of South America ? Hn. *) J J tin 4 ,i \^ •/ ^/ ^"^^1^.■ ^Ji-^v^-'i^ :iL ')fe__,v!i£'-™»'v SOTa:£iiiMi;E3a. i :^ii 1 "^^z / A. H. ... .-^U'r.. . Itiili,/, Ml/,.,, !■; z I- K I, \ ^/tv' ,HK<"' f t,.„v.-- .•O-a.-'-"'-" '^'I'MII,,,. l'lili"l'("'»J?'|4^(., .,',./..> .-^ ,. V> ■■■ "'■•I,,/ •^''iluii „ A t - ' /J k- ■ , i<.iij£v/ „ ^ ;, ^v. . .4 m I '^-'I'lH,,. ^■'^^ Si ^v«/ - .vwi'. V'''"'''™" K,M../.to../«-l.';- ■ r . ^^ •H'uiil.., --ir.j^'.'^4"! i H ^-'"-^4% lJv<>c^#'^- s n .J_-_T ■.Ti'-:v«..>r*f«A ^ V /„..„ ..t.^v V F= /" -. \ 'Tfci'/ — — Y'-,n"^t>\ -^ ^^ ■.,.. -^ Sa.mi.' '^'-4^ • :; ,;?!?^'JVKfe-;f >«v.^ '" T .*tt"r' IJ •• ''''■''''■''•'''■''■^T^ivJliJBf'n.l..,. ^■'f^,^,>,/.,.....tf 5 ^ H""A,,i„, r.i/""f"""*^w:i|tr'y^v'«' i,\ \ .//.^.ifnf «rt.v */5,, ,, ,■ \ ,,,ii.„iin> 1 > cvJi.././.../!,. ^^ 'i- f. / '^ i\ T 'I' / ^ — — Mi.i.W'W. »wii/,.,i.«ojftj 0. V.5 ;V- / / r / K ---/-. I«o <^ i '1 ,1 I? il -• 2 « u-. 43 j^ *-* c «■ into t ^^9 ti: •^ . «^ o .O 6C <§ tn S o 82 in to ^ c y: c I •J o c ? .— '^ ■~ a; .2 ■-'- - rC •— t; rt O ■" a; o tJ = ^ *-• 5 ~ ~ i^ tn 60 ^a ^ ^ \^\i =§ « 13 CL, xi O ^— u r^ •^ W °5 - »-" r^t 15 «)'> 1. Point out England.— Scotland 2. Point out Ireland.— Wales. <• What ocean west of the British Isles ? At f. What sea east ? Nh. i. What sea between England and Ireland? /A. ;. What channel south of England ? E-C. ■ What islands north-west of Scotland f Hs • --North ? Oy.- \orth.east of the Orkney Is- lands ? 5^/. ^ What largo island lies on the coast of Eng- land, in the English Channel ? Wt What island in the Irish Sea ? Mn.-^oini out Anglesey Island (53-4;.-.Point out Holvhead. iinjrrrz'r^"''^"^'^^^-^"'^'^^-- What cliannel between L-eland and Eng- land ? S-G. ° What channel south of Wales f Bl What strait separates France from England ? What cape north of Scotland ? ]J7i —South west of England ? L-E. . What large island west of Scotland ? Se. ■ What islands south-west ? /y., An Which is the largest island of the Hebrides ? Ls. llnd •™-""''""' between Scotland and Eng- Point out the chief Firths (bays) of Scotland. %., Fh., Sy., Ce., Ln. Point out the chief bays or estuaries of England. Wh., Ts., Le.. Bl, Cn. Point out the bays on the western coast of Ireland. A.., De, Te, Ml, Gy, Dl. Wliat large canal crosses Scotland, from Moray Bay to Lorn Bay ? Cn What lake does the Caledonian Canal tra- BRITISH ISLES.-(Map. No. if.) 28. 29. 30. 31. 25. Point out the following rivers in Scotland. Sprey (3/.), Deo, Tay, Tweed. 26. Point out the River Humber. (0 /.) 27. Which are the chief tributaries of this river? Dt, Oe, Dn, Tt, Name the principal river flowing into the Wash? G-0. Point out the Thames. (0 I.) What is the capital of England ? Ln. On what river is London built ? Ts 32. What is the capital of Scotland ? Eh JJ. Near what bay is it built ? Fh. 34. What is the capital of Ireland ? Dn. 3a. Which two large canals have their terminus at Dublin ? G-C, R-C. 36. Which is the largest river in Ireland ? Sn 37. Name two of the largest rivers in the south of Ireland. Bw., Br, 38. What lake in the north-east ? Nh 39. Which are the three largest counties in Ire- land ? Ur, Lr., Mr., Ct. 40. Point out in England : Liverpool, (3 /.) ; Man- chester, (2 /.) ; Birmingham. (2 /.) 41. -In Scotland: Glasgow, (4 /.) ; Dundee, (3/.) 42. -In Ireland : Belfast, (6 /.) ; Cork, (52)! 4J. In what direction from the Irish Sea is Lon- don ? "it -^'^"^^"''gli ?-DubHn ?-Liverpool ? 45. What is the width of England, comprising /r 3u i ""'ier the 50th degree of latit\,de? •iC. What is Its length, under the 2nd do-roe west longitude ? '^ ' 47. What is the position of England with regard to the Irish Sea ? 48. -That of Wales with regard to the sanio sea ?— Ireland ?— Scotland ? « > «^f \ « •» «'J ^ • "J ! 12' o ■s ^ cfl So o 0) t. JS 5 ^ V ns B a C g So °s „::x;^^ -2^ n>Zi c'S HrtJS S =2 a ■§ S- ^ J S o o a SS 2 -^ « o (M CO 3 -S CO c^' no eo i^ 00 05 o C G^« C^ c-< (>» jf5 ^ V3 ^ S i>5 O o S3 D <3 S^ .2 -? ^ o < a a=' P'E^ ST «i \ 1/3 fl ■^^ ^J ^ (J o c ^ S!^ art "3 « rt >., r? « !^ I » i ■« ^ ^ ■.-» ^ i -a a rt t-. rt S 3 C 2 c 5? oi c rt ^ - 2 i^Q •= f rt !? ^ c ►2 := 'g C rt ?! 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Name the states bordering on the Mediter- ranean ? .Mo., Aa., Ti., Et. What are their capitals ? Mo., As., TL, Co. What states border on the Red Sea ? Et., Na., Aa. What arc tlie capitals of these states ? Co., Km., Gr. Name the states on the south-east coast as far as the Tropic ? SL, An., Zr., Me., Sa. What is the capital of Zanzibar ? Zr.— Of Mozambique ? Me. Point out Cape Colony and name its capital ? C-Town. Point out Natal and name its capital ? P-N. Point out Lower Guinea. (10 s). Point out Upper Guinea and name the states which compose it. La., Ac, Dy., Ya., Bn., Cr Name the states of Lower Guinea ? Ba., Aa., Co., Lo. Point out Senegambia.— Sahara or Great Desert. Wiiat large island south-east ? Mr. What ch.mnol between it and the mainland ? Me. What group of islands north-west ? Ctj What isthmus between the Red and Mediter- ranean Seas ? Sz. What capes on the four cardinal points ? Bn., GL, G-IL, Ye. What capes between Capes Gardafui and Good Hope ? Bo., S-Sn., Cs. — Between Capos of Good Hope and Verde ? Fo., No., Lz., Fa., C-C, T-P., Ps. —Between Capos Verde and Bon ? Bo Br., SL, Tr. ' Point out Barbary. (31 0). What chain of mountains crosses Barbary ? As. What peak in Morocco ? Mn. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 3G. 37. 38, 39. 40. 41 43. 44. 45 46. 47 48. 49 50. 51. 52. 53 What chain west of Zanzibar ? {Mts. of the Moon). What two peaks in this chain ? Ka., Ko. What peak between the two Guineas ? Cn. What mountains north of Upper Guinea ? Kg. What gulf south-east of the Red Sea ? An. What strait unites that gulf to the Red Sea ? B-M. What two gulfs, in Barbary, formed by the Mediterranean ? Ks., Sa. Point out the Gulf of Guinea, (0). What strait separates Europe from Africa ? Gr. Point out Lake Tchad m Soudan ? What rivers flow into this lake Yu., Si. Point out the largest river in Africa. Ne. What are the three lakes near its source ? At., Va., Ta. Point the river Zambezi. (15 s). What IS its affluent on the left bank near its mouth? Se. From what lakes do these rivers issue ? Na., Sa. What large river rising in Soudan flows through Upper Guinea ? Nr. Point out the republic of Transvaal. (23). What river separates this couuti v from So- fola ? Lo. What river forms the northern boundary of Cape Colony? Oe. What river in Lower Guinea separates Loango from Congo ? Co. Into what body of water does the Niger flow ? GGa. What river forms nart of the northern and eastern boundaries of Senegambia ? 5/. In what direction from Algeria is Morocco ? — Tripoli from Egypt ?— ICgypt from Nubia ? in what direction from Nubia is Abyssinia ? What country east of the Red Sea ? Aa. What canal connects the Rod Sea with llie Mediterranoan ? 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't.V^ 5 -^ V ■t > I -^ ■■■■ - - « ^r: ■* ' " ^-5. z-i s ' '^ i S- --. ^„«i.^j ^' JC .J- "^ "•1 l| J 1 ;; . .: -* -; ■ 1- ii'^ i ' ^ -*- ■? x.r. .i e <■ i < '4', < I -'• 2.- -ii • i'5 111 1^^ Mi (iovroiit HvhlunA '^y >' 'rhnltii .r- ZureithiifiiF *'"' 4 ki^ 1 <" n p ^- ''i^rsFSTio bi w Pt'iiin of J Ptmin of •' ■'•^-^ jiiitihi /•'//; # * A V i^ r ^'•^dilSi '"'7 — ^AsJUwolll ^ ' /I'imM'nfc I'^W.i'/'i.i'UjftiX ,/'■ All T a II II u II ran Kt^niH ^ CaesaTHfl BozDtht Jlclii (iamn] f''a^ f'inttnnrt .'fi ':*. ii A-v^ 5 .€-.^' *'^'*"^^^ ■lappa or, r»uho/ , r- i.^--. c 4^ ; , / / I;.- ,,,, - - K \ _^-nfith, \MaHeM,,,,:- % ■[ ^ /",s<>'^ " '■ -> .»> S' ">^- — 1 - V » — V ^ >- - -'t. H*hithoth.' ^ 1 fc» ^ I T EXERCISES on PALESTINF -(Map No. 16.) 6 7, 8, 9 10. 11. 12. 13. li, 1.1 10. 17. 18. 11). ■20. ■2\. •2:\. 1. By what sea is Palestine bounded on the north ? Mil 2. Into how many provinces is it divided ? 4. 3. Which province occupies the northern part ? Gc. 4. —The centre ? Sa. 5. —The South ? la. What river runs through Palestine, from north to south ? In. Into what sea does it llow 'I D-S. Wiiat province cast of the Jordan ? Pc. What divisions or tribes does Galileo com- prise ? ic, M., Zn., Ir. What country north-west of Galilee '.' Pa. What tribes east of the Jordan opposite Galilee ? Dn., Mh. Name the river whose tributaries drain Ma nasseh. Yh. . What sea between Zebulon and Manasseh ? Ge. What tribes does Samaria comprise ? Mh., Em. What tribe is east of the Jordan, opposite Samaria ? Gd. Name tribes coiitained in Judah ? Dn., lin., Ja., Sn, What tribe east of the Dead Sea ? Rn. Wiiat desert occupies the south-eastern part of the map ? 5/?. What people inhabited the tract of country lying between Palestine and the Syrian Desert? As., Ma., Mo. What people inhabited llic south-western part of Palestine ? Ps. What is the capital of Palestine ? //,;. What large city in llio norlh-( Ar! ft., What reninrkaiih^ iiioin.taiii ip i'; jiorthern pai't ? Ln, Which other niounlain i; -iiuated oast erf Mount Lebanon ? A-L. What monulains south of Anti-Lebanon ' J-H. 26. Point out Mount Carmel. (33 /.) 27. Which other mountain is situated nearly in the same Latitude as Mount Carmel '/ 7V. What mountain south of Mount Thabor ' Hn. Point out the mountains of Judah. What mountains east of the Dead Sea ? Am. What mountains east of the Jordan in the Perea ? Gd. Point out the mountain on which Moses died. No. (31-35). Point out the mountain of Olives. Which two remarkable cities stood on the coast of Phffinicia ? Tc, Sn. Point out the Plain of Acre.— That of Ma- geddo, {cast of /ssacfta ?■).— That of Charon. Point out the wilderness of Judah. Point out Nazareth.— Siberias.— Samaria.— Shechem.— Bethel. Point out Jericho.— Bethlehem.— Hebron. Point out, on the Mediterranean, Caesarea.— Joppa.— Ascalon .— Majuma. What cape is formed by Mount Carmel ? CI. Point out Capernaum.— Cesarea Philippi. Point out the Decapolis {near the Sea of Ga- lilee). Point out the river which, flowing near Mount Lebanon empties into the Mediterra- nean ? Ls. Point out the river in which St. John the Baptist baptized. In. What tribe of Jiidali has a division in Ga- lilee ? Dn. Which tribe is partly east and partly west of the Jordan ? Mh. What valley south of the Dead Sea ? St. What is the position of the country of the Philistines with regard ir/,ludah? ' — The cOiKitry of Amoii wiili r."> n/i u. ,t Dead Sea ? What wildnrness somii-east (^ 5fe twjje of Simeon ? 7n. 28 29 30, 31, 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44 45, 46. 47. 48 49. Mo 44 DIVISIONS AND POPULATIONS Table I.-SHOWINC, THE POPULATION TiiF COUNTIES w Tin-; PKOVINCE of ONTAIIIO. Counties. 1 Addingtoii ,. . . ... ,>|3li 2 Bothwell .. 20701 3jBrant 3-22J'J 4 Bruce ;j«ji5 5" ■ Popula- tion. 8 !) 10 It )'2 13 li 15 IG' ni Canhvell.. Carleton .... Dundas. ... Durham .. .. Elgiu Esse.x Frontenac. Glengarry., rrrenvillo!. .. Grey Haldimand. Ilaitou Hastings.... 18|JIurci). IGJOO 21739 18777 37380 '.VM\m 3-20U7 10310 ■i«727 51)395 2009 1 22fJ0C 4S3G4 34207 26 CUU.NTIES. Popula- tion. pnt, 26836 Lambton { 31994 Lanark .' !.'.'.'!.'.'.'.'i 33020 Leeds | 20710 Lennox j 10396 Lincoln Middleu^x Monk 27|Nnrfoik 28 Northuinbcrlani 29 Onlariu :iO,0.\ford 3I;Ppp|1 32|Purtli 33!Pelerboroug)i.... 3'ijPrescott 35|Prince Edward 20672 G6769 15130 30700 39086 45890 48237 1G369 46536 30473 17647 20336 llo < 37 38 39 k< 41 42 43 CoL'.NTIKS, |3f)|Renfrow 27977 Russell Simcoe StorraoMt ... Victoriu Waterloo. .. Welland. ... Wellington 44iWent\vorlh, 45iVorlc Popula- tion. l)ISTmcT^. Agoma Manitoulin Muskoka Nipissing Parry Sound 18344 57389 11873 30200 40251 24265 03289 30883 59882 5007 2011 5400 1791 1519 Taule n. -CITIES, TOWNS, AND PRINCIPAL VILLAGES of tue PROVINCE OP ONTARIO. Names of the Villages, Acton West.. Ailsa Craig... Albion Ale.xandria... Alma Almonta Alton Amherslbui'tj. Ancaster Angus Appleton Arkona Arnprior Arthur Ashbumliam . Athorley Auksville Aurora Aylmer West. Avr 2 43 21 5 10 44 38 21 20 36 43 33 20 39 45 9 41 Popula- tion. Baltimore. . Barrie, C. Bath Battersoa..., Bayliam Beamsvillo. Beaverton... 700 750 1000 800 3:)0 2080 400 1936 600 400 300 500 1714 900 1197 400 300 1132 1400 1300 Na.mes of the Villages. 28 500 38 3398 1 600 11 350 9 350 24 1000 29 700 Belleville, C Bell Ewart Berlin, C Blairton Bluevalo BIyth Bobcaygeon Bolton Bond Head Boston Bothwell, C .. Uowmainville .... Bracebridge Bradford Brampton, G . Brantford, C. Bridgeport Bridewater Bright Brighton Brookville, C. Bronte Brooklin Brougham Bruce Minos Brussels Burford Burrits Byng Inlet g Popula. tion. 17 38 41 33 18 8 40 5 38 27 2 8 40 38 31 3 7305 600 2743 350 300 700 1000 1000 500 500 995 3000 700 1130 2900 8107 700 450 500 1357 5102 550 650 300 1298 1000 600 400 307 Na.mes of the Villages. Cainsvillo Caledon Caledonia Camden East.. Campbeillurd. . Canlleld Cannifton Cannington Carlelon Place.. iCiirronbrook ... Castleton .Cayuga, C... Cenlreville Cliarl(>slon Charlosvillo IChatham, c [Cliatsworth Cliippawa Claremont Clarksburg ClilTord Cliflon niinon Cobourg, C. 39 9 14 42 29' Popula- tion, 43 i2 IN 28 |Colboriie 12s |Co;ebrook j | ICollingwood !3x ICnIombus !2!i' 300 300 1246 500 1000 400 600 800 1205 1000 400 803 300 300 300 5873 450 922 500 300 G.')0 KilO 20:6 4442 823 300 2829 'iim {a) Those figures relate to tho numbers added to the Counties cofllained in the Table .. J, 18344 57.389 11873 30200 40251 242C5 C3289 30883 59882 5007 2011 5400 1791 1519 300 300 1246 500 1000 400 600 800 1205 1000 400 803 300 300 300 5873 450 922 500 300 050 IlilO 2(1 :o 4442 823 ;!00 2829 400 » * J. #. DIVISIONS AND POPULATIONS. Names of the Villages. Conestogo Connaught Consecon Cookslown Co'ijcsville Co(iPnhagen. ... Cornwall, C. Cruig Sholin Creeraore Delaware Delhi Delta Demorestviile Dickinson's Landing . Dingle or Dulton Drayton .. Dresden Drumbo Driimmontville , Dundas, G , Dui]n\ iilo ^Jurham E Eganville Egmondville Elmira Elora Embro Erin Exeter P Farran's Point Fenelon Falls... Fergus Fingal Fitzroy Harbor , Flesherton Florence ... Fonthill Forest Fort Erie Frankford Gait, C Gananoquc Garden Island Garden River Georgetown Glenallan Glencue Glen William Qoderich, C Gome or llowick 39 40 43 1 9 1 6 14 20 26 201 42 Popula tion. 450 500 500 600 400 300 2033 300 300 400 300 300 300 300 1000 500 1000 600 1000 3135 1452 1200 400 500 800 1498 484 COO 1000 300 750 1666 500 300 350 350 500 500 835 900 ?9 3827 2020 11 762 40 400 10 1282 43 400 25 700 16 300 18 3454 18 400 Names of the Villages. Greenwood Grimsby Guelph, G. Imjersoll. ... lona Irish Creek. Iroquois Jarvis . Keen Kemptville Kincardine King Kingston, C . Kingsvilic Klineburg Koniora Lakefield Lefroy. . Lindsay, C. Lestowell .... Little Britain.. Lloydtown London. C ., L Origiial, C... LougliborQ Lucan Lucknow Lyn Lynden Grafton o Granton Gravenhurst . .140 29 24 43 Popula- tion. H Hamilton, (; Hampton Hanover Harriston Harrowsmith Harwood Hastings Hawkesbury Hawkesvillo Haysville Hespelor Hillsburg Holland Landing Hollin Humberstoiie 42 44 8; 14! 43| "i 28; 33, 34 41 41 41 43 45 43 15 33 38 40 31 40 45 5 34 1 25 4 22 44| 600 350 100 500 800 0878 2C7I(; 400 700 1000 300 400 900 1671 500 300 797 400 700 400 400 4022 500 750 781 iOO 400 872 1907 ,300 12704 800 400 500 300 300 4049 976 330 400 15826 800 450 1000 800 7,50 400 M McGilli\riiy Madoc ' Mallorytown Maloiie MnncJiestf'r [Manilla |Markhaii! iMarlintown [Meafunl Merrickvilli, Mf'rritioii .Millurd Millhiink Mill Bronk Mill Poini Milton West, G Mitchell .Mohawk Mono Mills . Morefield .Mnrelown Morpeth Morrisburg Morrisson Mount Brydges Mount Fori'st N Napanee, G.. Neusuult Nowboro Newburg Newburg Newcastle 'New Dundee .... Neio Edinburg.. . New Hamburg , New Market Niagara .Vormanton North AuKiift .. . O Oakvill" Odessa Oil Springs Omcmee Onondaga Orillia Orono Osgoode Oshawa Otterville Owen Sounds, G 45 Name.s of Till-; Villages. G. Popula. tion. 41 29 4 45 29 29 13 Nurlh Oijiiro 33 300 800 300 300 300 500 I (.100 400 1200 023 1000 400 300 1200 500 891 1802 400 500 400 400 600 1156 400 550 1370 2907 050 500 828 1000 1109 300 596 1003 1760 1000 750 400 .500 1684 750 3.50 600 400 2832 lOiiO 350 3185 545 7.50 3n.-?9 -■r 46 ,50 13,890 11,310 3,703,250 3,357,000 144,430 208,570 10,100,011(1 24,000,000 4,900,000 1,900,000 1,400,000 2,000,000 3,700,000 5,000,000 298,829,000 v.— Asle. Guiana Brazil Venezuela Columbia .. Ecuador.... Peru Bolivia Chili I La[)lata or the Paraguay Uruguay Patagonia Faulkland Is .[HeiiuLlic Argentine Total., 141,000 2,724,000 410,000 457,000 208,000 540,000 480,000 200,000 880,000 74,000 70,000 280, 0(" 0,000 233,000 10,045,000 1,505,000 2,795,000 1,040,000 3,500,000 2,000,000 2,20ii,000 1,737,000 1,337,000 387,000 120,000 600 0,470,000 26,959,600 IV —Europe. CoUNTniES. Chinese Empire. Caucasia Siberia Ilindostan Arabia India Turkestan Turkey Persia Ja[ian Afghanistan Beloochistan Total 4,088,000 2.000 5,249,000 1,250,000 1,200,000 920,000 040,000 669,000 470,000 200,000 300,000 110,000 15,158,000 370,000,000 4,000,000 8,329,000 130,000,000 8,000,000 42,000,000 6,500,000 16,000,000 9,000,000 35,000,000 4,000,000 1,500,000 634,329,000 VI.-Africa. Area in square | miles. I Population. rfus=ia Xorway and Sweden., .Vnstria France Turkey Si)ain Italy British Empire : England Ireland MOO.Oiio 290,000 210.000 198,000 204,000 177,, 500 116,00(1 53.320 33,000 6.S, 0(0,000 7.870,000 30,0(0,000 3O„5OO,O0O 16.000,000 16,400,000 26,fi'i2,000 22.704,000 5,403,000 >aiiara \l irocco. A LTcrla. 'IVipcli iTudis iK.rvpt.... iN fiia Ab\ 'isinia. Liberia. Zanguebar. Mozambique Sierra-Leone Kordofan, Sennaar, Ac, Cape Colony 2,200,000 2,000,000 222,000 S,000,000 190,000 3,000.000 331.000 500,000 49,000 3,300,000 I!t2,000 •">.0OO,000 3-.'0 000 500,000 280,000 4,000,000 40,000 8 ,000 260.000 4,000.000 38':, 000 300,000 44,000 50 000 100,000 1,000,000 230 000 1,000,000 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) Hi 11.25 Li 2.2 2.0 lA. ill 1.6 TTiL-X Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 873-4503 «>*^ ^^:.. 50 DIVISIONS AND rOPl'LATIONS. Tadle v.— (CoH/(/(?(f(/.)— content and population op the different PARTS OF THE GLOBE. 1 VI.— Afrioe,.— (fo/i/Znua/.) VII.— Oceania. Cor.vTiiiiis. \va in S"U.nru mil'.-'. I'l'pulalion. 1 Sumalia ' rJa.ica .fay-.! :3n!i Borneo 2 1 -40,000 4,3.'.0 ^49,730 2,000 300,00(1 71.791 33,300 120.000 ■402,000 2,973,127 20,215 100,200 270,000 l-4.S,000 3,500,000 50,000 12,000,000 7u0,000 'i OdO 000 3.'iO.(i00 liTd.OOO 2.V;,(J00 3N0,(l0O l,iOO,OIM) 2,;i0.'»,(!0(l lli.4,00(/ 312,000 1,000,000 7.000,1100 .■),000,000 H.fiOO.OOO 20,000,000 12.200,000 4.000,000 5,000,000 lIolU'iilols Country LowiT GniiK.'a Uppf'v (i\iiiii'a Coleb'.'s Moluccas r*hilini)inps .. 2,000.000 2,000,000 4 000 000 Sciief Tin l)i ,T PnhjDf'sin .. . 1,(HI(.',000 1105.000 Soudai (T Ni^^rrolia Austi alia Australian Africa Tnsrnaria 120.000 Mn'la.vscar New ZtMliind 220 000 ')therl lands N"\v (luinca 200,000 400,000 I'ctal 11,000,000 75,000,000 Total 2,031,702 31,095,000 'FERENT 1 3,500,000 ) 50,000 ) 12,000,000 u 700,000 1 '1,000.000 1 5,000,000 ) 2,000,000 ) '1,000,000 ) l,oo(;,ooo 7 00,^, 000 ") iv'o.ono '2-.'0,000 200,000 u 400,000 2 ,11, no,-,, 000 '' 3?86 02534915 -j WORKS ON ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY. A Primary Geography, 1 vol. in-18. A New Illustrated Geography designed for the middle course embellinhcd with 10 colored Maps. ' The New Primary Illustrated Geography, for tlie use of the Christian Schools in the Dominion of Canada. The Imperial Atlas of the Dominion of Canada. A New Illustrated Geography for the use of the Advanced Course, containing 30 beautiful colored Maps and about 100 Eno-ravinLr^ The Geography and Questioner, intended to serve as a key to the Kxerci.ses contained in the New Illustrated Geography and the Imne- rial Atlas. ^ -^ f