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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est filmd d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent ia mdthode. 1 2 3 32 X 1 2 3 4 5 6 (fV (f. iL ^ ''Jifl'> \ OUTLINE OF A PLAN FOR A GKNERAL AND CONTINUOUS COLONIZATION SOCIETY. C ■^ BEING A SKQCEL TO •'HINTS ON THE TIMES." nv JOHN WRIGHT, Esq. PmCE SIXPENCE. LONDON: C. DOLMAN, NEW BOND STREET; T. .JONES, PATERNOSTER ROW. DUBLIN: R. COYNE, 4 CAPEL STREET. 1847. iiiiiiiliil'"'-'"^ :iii[lltM:M(iiii ««W i Tf^-f-h-T-"' i ''-'Y— ' PREFACE. Having formerly deeply interested myself in promotmg the establishment of many existing Colonial Banks and Emigration Societies, and devoted more time and money in furthering such objects than most individuals, it is natural that, left as 1 have been without occupation for near seven years, I should have watched the defects of past systems, and dwelt on what would most eflfectually p^^ve their remedy. ,, -n ^xr i Passing much of my time with my son-in-law, Mr. F. Worsley, who cultivates a large farm in a parish of Sussex, probably more weighed down by poor-rates than most others m the United Kingdom ; the rehef from such burdens is so co.apletely interwoven with an amended system of colonization, that we have seldom met without its forming a leading subject of con- versation. After mature reflection, the outhne of the following plan, suggested by him, seems far more likely to answsr such purpose than any other, particularly if railway extension can be made ♦^^o proceed in conjunction with colonial advancement in British America. . The system proposed will always be creative of its own wealth and future means of extension, and may consequently be carried out at small comparative outlay. This simple mode of operations, combines economy with the advantage of concentration and facility of communication, being the first necessaries for colonial advancement. Successful railway promoters and directors, above all others, ou«^ht to encourage it, for they should bear in mmd that the high wages they are here giving to railway labourers can but last a few years, and when ended will only render them discon- tented. Is it not therefore due to the labourer, who has so mainly contributed to the promotion of their wealth, instead of turning him adrift when his labour is no longer needed, to prepare the way for future reward in our colonies, where the extension ot his employment may be interminable : and enable hini (which is never likely to occur here) soor to become a respectable landed proprietor ; and capable, under his change o, condition, of ren- dering countless advantages to the land of his birth ? JOHN WRIGHT. 18. Aldermanburu, May 24, 1847." ON COLONIZATION. After my late observations on the enormous internal resources of the British Empire still undeveloped, it must appear almost inconsistent to advocate emigration as a means of national relief, otherwise than rendered necessary by the singular combination of circumstances novi^ pressing on the country. Among the principal of these causes is, that every difficulty, instead of facility, has hitherto been thrown in the way of bringing waste lands into cultivation, and not turning to the best account those actually in the course of tillage. No one doubts, since the meeting of Parliament, of the good wishes of the administration to afford all relief in its power ; but, after months spent in debating, many of their best plans for its accomplishment have been frustrated, timidity has prevented them from proposing others, and Parliament is about to break up, leaving the good intentions of ministers to be buried alive, and their political coffin, like the iron one of Mahomet placed between two load-stones, held, as it were, in a state of suspension between bigotry and the fear of Methodists on one side, and Irish landlords on the other. And, till Parliament again meets, all conjecture is buried in uncertainty, w^hether the corporeal existence of her Majesty's present ministers will be again reanimated to carry out the spirit of good intentions, or, on the Tartar principle of transmu- tation of souls, their actual execution, like the Catholic Relief, and Corn-law Repeal Bills — will not pass into the body of Sir Robert Peel, or some greater favourite of popular repre- sentation. Happen what wdll, the public will be sure to benefit, while future history will consign to the ingenious inventor and suc- cessful operator that portion of merit which attaches to each. With so many interests to consult, this state of things cannot however be altered with anything like sufficient rapidity to affiird immediate relief. Emigration, out of all proportion to past years, has been, and will be resorted to as a matter of necessity ; and from want of any combined system on behalf of government in balancing numbers adequate on one side for the cultivation of the soil, and, on the other, not to add to its burdens, thou- sands, particularly in Ireland, who, with such mutual advantage, might have been located in British America, are now as it were a2 rushing out of the country to the Vnited States ; and, like every thing else done in a hurry, or neglected till necessity for action becomes imperative, all is sure to be done ill. Thus, while we are staking on one hand the future prosperity and importance of the country on making the British Empire the great workshop of the world, under an assumption that reciprocity in commerce with every foreign nation will fall at our feet, we seem to overlook, as it were, such national advantages of reducing speculation to a certainty, as in a manner seems nearly incomprehensible. Really the inaction of government — with ships, people, and land at its command, under immeasurable control, and an expenditure that would be repaid tenfold — seems so inexpli- cable, that it can only be accounted for by a dread lest in- creasing the population and importance of British America will only accelerate its independence ; or, on the system of half con- fide'nce, formerly shewn to the Catholics of Canada, that the ac- cession of so many Irish may overturn the Government — though, through their loyalty in the last American war, and the sympa- thetic emeute (so correctly narrated by Sir F. B. Headj, these beautiful provinces were saved from being now annexed to the United States. Want of a fixed system of colonization has, in fact, been driven off so long, that the mode of emigration now pursued in Ireland is more, where calamity presses, like bundling its wretched nhabitants out of the country as so many cart-loads of pestilential rubbish. Under other treatment, both nature and reflection would have taught us to regard these poor out- casts as the most precious jewels of the realm ; commerce, with all its ambitious and selfish views of gain, would have told us how, in an altered form, the pauper, here dependent on exist- ence from poor-rate or burdens levied on his richer countrymen, might have been transferred to a colonial home with advantage, and so rendered a source of ever increasing national wealth to the land of his birth. Many even of the most enlightened members of Parliament have, and even still deprecate emigra- tion, and assert there is no necessity for it ; — this point I by no means wish to dispute ; for there is little doubt, if all waste lands were brought into cultivation, and if the most approved systems of husbandry were pursued both in England and Ireland, as are followed in our select agricultural districts that, — particularly if the potato were to return to full bearing — the British Empire alone would support nearly double the number of its present population. No one doubts the sincerity of ministers in^ wishing to see Huch a state of things accomplished ; yet, owing to the dif- ficulty of satisfying every interest that must be consulted, and a thousand unforesoen iinpcdiments, more than a century may pass away before the strongest government can accomplish such desirable ends. In the interim, all must admit that though emigration has gone on at the annual rate of 100,000 for the last twenty years, yet an increased population is treading on our heels in a ratio that ex- ceeds all former records of the world; and machinery is every day becoming so perfect and productive, that, if our population were even now forty millions, and that classed in the most per- fect proportion of conferring mutual benefits to each other, yet, with the steam engine always adding its influence to the labour of the manufacturing portion of thecommimity, a derangement in our artificial state of existence will ever take place, and one member of society or another will ever be left in want, of forced to emigrate. Indeed, reasoni::g against emigration is an absurdity, when all our trade with America is mainly owing to the vast numbers who have emigrated there from a country which has quadrupled its population since emigration commenced ; and its approval, both by God and man, is best denoted, that with this enormous increase at home, the population of the United States and our own colonies, mainly derived from the Anglo-Saxon and Hibernian race, is now nearly equal to that of the parent state. In a few years it will exceed it. Thus the good effects of emigration are notorious and pal- pable ; they need no comment, and the only question is. How a system can be adopted which will still more benefit those who depart from our shores, and those whom they leave behind ? This problem seems best answered by asking ourselves — What would have been tlie increased benefits to both parties, had the United States still constituted a portion of our color. ' Why, all our machinery, factory, and agricultural popula- tion united, could never have supplied the demand made upon their productive industry. Then, both countries acting in con- cert, prepared lodgment, and the certainty of employment, would have ever awaited the prehespoken work of the British emigrant. There would have been no need of workhouses, but for tl.3 aged and infirm ; indeed a sufficiency of useful labour could have been only retained here by higlily remu- nerative wages ; and universal prosperity and employment would have existed throughout the whole community. These dreams of lost advantages are now, however, childish and futile ; so without sitting down to blame those through whose obstinacy, illiberality, or stupidity, they were thrown away, the right course to pursue is to turn reflection and com- parison to account, and sec how, in another section of the same 6 hemisphere, gaining the second heat in the race of colonization, may not still counterbalance the bad jockeyship evinced by the loss of the first. As my first observations are mainly directed to the imniediate employ of Irish paupers now perishing from want, and the anticipation that when railway labour is dischaiged in England, a state of things will arise that can only be compared to dis- banding the Pretorian guards in the latter days of the Roman Empire, which so rapidly hastened its downfall, it is quite clear, with ai. the demands pressing on government, and the total impossibility of satisfying them, from the unprecedented pressure on the monc^'-market, combined with the vmmediate necessity of action, that British America need only be spoken of as within the compass of our existing means. If we neglect such an effort, and leave the emigrants alone to their own slender means, nearly all — as is the case at present in Ireland — will pass in torrents to the United States, where they will, with the combination of evils that drove them away, treat such last necessity as solely attributable to the neglect of a paternal government. Such reflections will render them sullen and inveterate enemies of their mother country, beside abstract- ing their usefulness in promoting the advance of our manufac- turing interest, on which we now mainly stake our national prosperity. Australia or New Zealand, in point of climate, it must be admitted, may be preferable to British America, but to take out labourers there can never be done under £20 a head ; and neither can government, nor the force of the greatest and wealthi- est names in the United Empire, now as beretefore, command money for such extensive undertakings. Should peace, how- ever, be happily preserved, and abundance again take up its abode in the British Empire, emigration will again flow to our magnificent South Sea possessions. All should recollect that the railways under construction will then be reproduct- ive ; with such additional wealth, England will find itself richer than ever. New vents for our commercial enterprise will be constantly on the increase, and which, under our acknowledged state of artificial existence, are, I am ready to admit, of far more consequence than the export of our people. Now, while the pressure on the money-market continues, and no systematic plan of colonization is adopted by govern- ment, the British emigrant for the time being may look in vain for a new home, other than in British America, or the United States. And who should hesitate in endeavouring to place him in that portion of America, where, under proper direction, his services would at the same time be most conducive to our national prosperity ? ) L t It is therefore useless at present, witl> our limited means, to look to either Australia or New Zealand, with all their advan- tages of climate, till a period of greater riches return?. The se favoured districts may, however, in the interim, through indi- vidual enterprise and existing colonial societies, be always increasing their importance as great marts to the monster work- shop, by following out the plan adopted by the sagacious inhabitants of the United States, and precisely in the same way holding them out for settlement and naturalization to the entire population of the world. This system, at all events, (for at least twenty years,) should exist on a perfect footing of equality ; and in those thinly peopled islands, navigation laws and right of imports to the foreigner should be on a perfect equality with ourselves. Such inducements would be considered an enormous boon to our continental neighbours, and at once diminish the jealousy ever increasing on the continent, particularly in France, Bel- gium, and Germany, where we are openly accused of the loweat selfishness in monopolizing every colonial market in the world. Newspapers exist at Ghent and in the commercial towns on the Rhine (which while residing there I have often read with a smile), whose sole intent seems to be to expose and defame the commercial policy of England ; and unfortunately such engines of malignity, combined with existing distress, have there gained too much credit with the trading community. Belgium, since its separation from Holland, has been left without a colonial vent for its fabrics, and is openly expressing its anxiety to be again united to France as in the days uf Napoleon; and so, at all evenu, have the benefit of entry into her African possessions.* Have we any thing to fear from any such rivalry, compared with the enormous advantages of filling up islands now crying out for labour, and capable of containing at least a hundred millions of inhabitants? Such a course wovl.t I am convinced, be the true and sound policy to adopt, and iftore effectually guarantee the blessings of peace than any othei we could pursue. Emigration of foreigners w :uld never come rapidly ; all would be English in the next generation, and too many settling in any one district could always be guarded against. These islands, generally speaking, are better calculated for natives of southern climates than ourselves — particularly those nearest the equator. Teachers of French, Spanish, and Italian, would instantly be * Indeed, however absurd it may appear, it is asserted in Belgium that wo clandestinely promoted itp separation irom Holland to increase our factories' ex- ports to Java, not being even satisfied with our own colonies — so insatiable is the idea of our trading propensities. 8 supplied — besides Germans from the borders of the Rhine — and soon give these splendid possessions all those advantages of universal education and knowledge of modcrix languages so much admired in the United States. How attractive would they then become to our retired heroes of the Indian army, who, after a long residence in India, would naturally prefer a warm climate; and taking the example of the successful transfer of Hill Coolie labour to the West Indies, the easy attainment of most useful and faithful servants would c;>mbine with a cheap and sound system of education to render these possessions a most desirable abode. How many of our Indian officers would then transport the most tried and faithful of their former dependents, if not whole battalions of discharged soldiers with their wives and families ! Then would China also unfold boundless resources to the labour market, and the advantages gained there (in no vert/ creditable manner, to glut our trading propensities) be fully atoned for by a useful and legitimate transfer of exuberant labour to where it was most wanted, and simultaneously re-act as an incentive to commerce without fire or the sword. A constant intercourse between Australia and the East would be sure to ensue ; and combined with the advantages of an enlightened Christian education, would probably soon acce- lerate the extinction of Paganism in India and China, as well as increase comniercial intercourse with those populous countries. The facility of gradually accomplishing such an advantageous transfer of hunran beings, seems indeed, on reflection, capable of immeasurable extension at little or no cost to ourselves. It is only to begin. If universal settlement were encouraged as in the United States, labour from India and China would flow in as a matter of course. Then, in conjunction with French, German, and other foreign settlers, we should soon have the southern pn^t of these colonies teeming with wine, silk, and oil, for whicli, from their position, they are so pre-eminently adapted ; and while the experieaced wine-grower of the continent, combined with British capitalists, directed operations, labour of the most steady and industrious kind would never be wanted from India or China to carry them into execution. While in their northern latitudes, cotton, sugar, tobacco, and coffee, could be produced to any extent. We should then in right earnest rapidly create new worlds to trade with in the most certain manner, and without troubling ourselves about the precarious and visionary uncertainty of free trade with foreign nations ; believe me, we should soon change speculation for a certainty. V i 9 V t i I. If any thing in fact, could tend to produce free trade, it would be by thus shewing both European iind American nations, that we were rapidly laying the foundation of total commercial independence in our colonies alone. This observation particularly applies to Fi ice, Spain, and Portugal, who, though now enjoying those inestimable staples of wine, silk, and oil, in so pre-eminent a degree — hut above all, ioine, for which our disbursements alone are annually at least eight millions sterling — still resist all overtures of free trade. Some say it will come in time: but I am convinced nothing could accelerate it like encouraging, by enormous bounties, foreign wine-growers to settle in our South Sea colonies; and, as an inducement to settle there at once, reduce the duty on all colo- nial wines to four pence a gallon — it would then be about double what government now gains from the malt and hop duty on a gallon of beer. What duty do we receive from our only wine colony, the Cape of Good Hope? why the paltry sum of about ^50,000 a-year; whereas, with a duty corresponding to about twopenc a gallon on ale and beer, or a halfpenny a quart, we realize the enormous annual item of more than i;3,000,000. In addition to this, should the potato prove an endless failure, the economy of barley will be a measure of far more absolute necessity than sugar alone can meet. Thus situated, what minister would not be delighted to gratify the public with colonial wine at little more than the price of beer, if attainable at double the gain to the revenue, and so render it, as in France, the beverage of the poor as well as the rich, and not an article of more luxury, as at present in England ! We may also be assured, that if the diminutionof duty on any article of revenue could realize Mr. Rowland Hill's post office anticipations, and at the same time produce other enormous national benefits, it would be the proposed diminution of duties on colonial wine ; and as its effects would be slow, it would never, with our increasing population, diminish the tax on malt and hops. Besides which, the"- ' another important reason for accele- rating this measure : we at present want increased settlement of Europeans at the Cape of Good Hope, where, singular to say, alone among all our colonies, the Aborigines give us real cause of inquietude ; and as no French, or German, or other foreign settler would havf a fancy for becoming a Caffir, a nume- rous militia raised from the European settlers it would then attract, would soon supersede the neeessitv nf a lanw militarv force. All here stated should convince the mind that to pro- ■3Kf! I 10 duce never failing employment at home, and draw up our Southern colonies as trading points commensurate with their coloesal dimensions ; universal settlement and free entry for all nations till adequately peopled, should be resorted to, com- bined with a large bounty on wine-growing, and for which they are so peculiarly adapted — but probably New Zealand, South and Western Australia above all the rest. This change of system would serve gradually, if. not rapidly, to produce such desirable ends.* Our Southern islands present most singular facilities for settlement. United they have full 12000 miles of coast; and supposing it planted with towns at the interval of twenty miles each, and each coast town to contain 5000 inhabitants, averag- ing cities and towns together, at once 3,000,000 inhabitants to trade with would rush into existence, all placed on God's great highway — the ocea:: — and so, for a century at least, ren- dered independent of either roads or railroads for the extension of future settlement. Coal has also been discovered on various points of these extensive shores, so that steamers stationed fifty miles apart, starting in the morning and returning in <^^he evening, would keep the whole coast in a constant state of communication, and later beget hundreds of villages between them in aid of com- mercial adventure. Now, who can call such ideas speculative ? when, with redundance of land, ships, and countless millions of human beings, both in India and China, over whom we could control the complete moving power, and with ourselves and all Europe ever ready to assist where money was to be made, should there be a difficulty in changing old systems for new ones, particu- larly if attainable at so little cost to ourselves? Indeed it appears that God could never have given us such territorial vastness, but to be turned to good account ; and surely we should strangely bury our talent, if we neglect to promote a work to which our present situation so palpably invites us. Till times of prosperity and abundance of capital return, so much for our South Sea colonies. As the tide of emigration in this free country, particularly in times like the present, can no more be checked than that of the ocean, some cheap system is now absolutely necessary. * No persons arc at present in greater distress than the wine-growers in South- em Europe, or to whom preconcerted emigration would be more acceptable. They are notoriously orderly and industrious ; and as nearly ail are equally convei'saui in the production of olive oil, raw silk, and the preparing dried fruits as well as wines, we should, by their introduction, add four most important exports to that portion of our Southern possessions best suited to the European constitution. 11 not only to gratify inclination, but to save thousands from perishing by want. tl^firrf o °^ ^'•^nsit can only apply to British America or the United States. It is absurd to carve out plans for better- ing the latter country, not only alienated from us, bnt about every third year threatening us with some acts of hostility:— tyllvf r''^*'' T^^\ °".' '^'"P^rary state of depression, and their feehngs of exultation arising fiom the Mexican conquests, are now more likely to occur than ever. Beside, these intelli- gent people well know how to take care of themselves. A^T^ amended system for placing emigrants in British America is therefore imperatively necessary, and in times like there to be carried out with vigour and the utmost economy. Ihus the nearest point of British America presents itself L the natural field ot first operations, and which, I think, could be adopted with every prospect of success; and, after weighing all considerations in my m'-l, no location appears to me to unite such certain advantag [however the word railway may uw frighten the ears of the public), than combining one with a plan of colonization from Halifax to Quebec. 1 his great work once finiched, money would at a future aay when our leading lines of railway are completed, never be wanting to open increased communication through our fertile districts placed between Quebec and the Western extremities pt Entish America, described by Captain Marryat as increas- mg every yard in salubrity and productiveness, as the extreme West is the nearer approached. These beautiful provinces are already extensively peopled, and every day rapidly advancing to the acme of civilization. And, indeed, notwithstanding the state of the times, most important improvements are there actually progressing. It only wants a railway between Quebec and Halifax, the nearest, harbour to Europe now open in America, to render ims hnest and most interesting country in the world accessible at every season of the year. These districts, now solely dependent for their winter com- munication with Europe by railway through the United States, entail on us a servile state of dependence, besides adding two days more of sea voyage, by landing either at Boston or XNew 1 ork. Make the railway proposed, and we should imme- diately have one grand continuous line all passing through ilntish ground to our most Western boundary. All interven- tion and annoyance of Custom house oflicers, right of search, and taxation, would cease with I't T.iL-o voo/,v,|r.j, ♦!,-. t>u: — alter landing at Ostend, the mighty St. Lawrence would be the envied goal finally attained through a similar great high- way of continuous riches and prosperity. 12 The advantages of this access are so vast in perspective th-vt L'srr^ '" "• " r'-ri?-^' particularly L tL route by the St Lawrence is closed for half the year, and when open IS most dangerous and circuitous. ^ If, at the same time, a trial of the system of colonization hereafter advocated, could be carried out in combinadon with No^rS W^; '' T"'^ "u^^7^*^^^ ^"™ the first li^ o a ," Sk r ' . ^ ''^'"''^ '^^^' ^"""^^t 'he widest, and ulti- mately the most nnportant, part of America with the Pacific Its northern position should never be objected to when put So^tTTtr ""'\ ' "l ^'''T '' the UnLi situated to ?he ag|istlo?hcr'""' '''"' "'^'" "^^^ ^'^^^"tage is contrasted Though cold in winter, the salubrity of British America is C'Ses't ''"''"' P^"""'" ^"'^ ^^^^"^^ -- »"- - Thougli the States may give in their Prairies more immediate returns for labour than probably any country -n the wnr i yet, with first settlers, thiy are generally "^XSvf of Tu' bilious fevers and other enervating diseases. Ihe Canadian States ultimately afford equally beneficial returns for agricultural labour, though retaVed from the clearance of timber; but as this timber^t present constitutes an immedmte source of wealth, its clearance is every day in- JrSutaTf- :r ^^ ''-''' ^^ ^^ ^--^ ^-- «fe prJdic. , With the risk of the perpetual failure of the potato it is impossible to bound a perspective limit to the aianta'<^es ^ f uninterrupted communication by railways connecting Hahfax TBrS^i' a""'"-'"' ""''l' '^'' ^'^treme o\' our wester?i folontes ot the yeai No river m so cold a country could rival a railway; and what between the carriage of timber m berals and agr,cultural produce, if a large trfct of land Ilong 1 / side was conceded with if, even without carrying a sinSe passenger it must higldy remunerate. With the pfesent S traordinary wealth of Russia in view, placed far more noTtherW and disac'-antageously for outlets, a.'id the Baltic perpeuaHy Si A.:er;r;i ^^^" ^^^ ''-'' ''- ^^-^- p-V4 -'f The enormous store of bullion now possessed by the Russians affords the best criterion of the weilth of nonhern nat ons A few years ago they were considered a barbarous horde and Uieir country httle better than a barren waste, while t£ known poverty was so great, that, during the war, the ol unimportant m.lUary movements could not take pla e wit ou . id A a subsidy from England ; and when they afterwards appeared as borrowers in our money market, they could not obtain a loan under a perpetual interest of near ten per cent., and subjecting themselves to the repurchase of their obligations at double the amount ot the original receipt. How is this extraordinary change accounted for? Why, the toundationot it all merely rests on the same productions for which Jintish America is so pre-eminentlv qualified; and with a railway to Halifax under every advantage of commercial exit, corn, flax, hemp, timber, and provisions to export, it will soon attract every other source of riches. Such exports occa- sioned the wealth of Egypt of old ; and to whatever country in succession the Almighty decrees the transfer of wealth and grandeur in the round of perishable empires, he has only, through the productiveness of its soil and the industry of its in- habitants, to make gold, and all considered most precious, fall prostrate at its feet. Nations arrived at the acme of power by deeds of arms, putted up and exalted by advances in science and mechanism almost exceeding human comprehension, then start with amazement in viewing the advance of a despised rival ; and if not consigned to perdition, they must then see in a correct light all their vain sign: and mistaken symbols of wealth, when reduced to the necessity of buying food from the foreigner. Ihis fictitious state of prosperity, once so dazzling and deceptive with Greeks and Romans, productive of every inde- scribable luxury and the excess of human gratification, justly exemplified the delusion of national elevation grounded on such false pretences, while the germ of real elements of greatness and national prosperity passed successively to France, Germany, and Jiritain. "^ It would be saying too much, that we and our immediate neighbours are receding in like manner ; but it is impossible to mistake the signs of the times, or to blind ourselves to the conviction that North America and Russia, with such natural elements of wealth combining in their favour, are henceforward destined to tike a lead in all that attaches to national wealth and greatness. With such advantages, can the migration also of the mechanic be prevented, and the carrying with him the science of his craft ? We may possibly after a time introduce free-trade principles throughout the world ; but so selfish and protective have all foreigners naturally proved themselves in their commercial treaties when factories were once encouraged and established, that to ourselves and our colonies we must mainly look for creating an increase of trade. 14 How is this to be done ? Treaties with other nations can never accomplish such a course of events: it can alone be effected by making our splendid colonies — by nature, even su- perior to the land we live in — equally attractive to every class of society, and enable every emigrant, both of high and low degree, to write home to his friends that he has bettered his condition by the change. How easily a combined system may verify such assertions, and that with no more pecuniary advance than will be tenfold repaid ; while the neglect of such timely opportunity will be little short of our sounding the retreat from the summit of national importance and dominion. What powerful reasons for clinging to British America, as the surest preservative of our national independence ; besides the opportunity of making emigration not only a relief from exuberant numbers, but converting it into the factor's best and safest hope of support ! ' The successful working of the Ridant and Welland canals, has opened the dawn of prosperity destined hereafter to develope the enormous advantages of the Canadas. Giving them a free legislature is every day adding to the love of country in the estimation of its inhabitants ; indeed, were a systematic plan of colonization to follow in the wake of so much good already accomplished, would not this country, so largely endowed with every advantage, soon be pronounced superior to our own? Would not its self-importance become so great, as popu- lation increased, that, with the innate love of self-govern- ment common to mankind, but, above all, to those springing from the Anglo-Saxon race, it would be so much above the power of control, that concession of its complete independence would be impossible to refuse ? That is the important question ; and no one whose opinion is worth having, returns from these districts without, to say the least, feeling the most lively apprehension that an increased development of their enormous resources must ultimately lead to such a finale. Every successive parliament, meeting with a perpetual reitera- tion that government can take no part in any systematic plan of colonization, with such palpable facilities at hand, really be- trays an apprehension that doing too much may be the un- doing all. Were I minister, I own the probability of such results would operate as a perfect balance question in my mind ; and an eye of care and watchfulness would be ever fixed on the scales that held the weight of independence on one side, and the advantages of commerce on the other.. Indeed, so certain should I feel that the scale of independence would ultimately kick the beam, particularly if any immunities 15 were curtailed, that the question of independence can be solely viewed as the work of time, and that time so short that it might evttT occur in our own days ; — a very long protraction oj it is next to impossible. Is it not, therefore, already — without our risking strife or bloodshed — time to pave the way for such a finale ? Finan- cially speaking, the Canadas are a serious outgoing to the British nation — though, as a vent for our redundant population, and as an impetus to trade, they aiFord enormous advantages. But if, by a wise and binding treaty, both politic and commercial, a severance from the mother country could relieve us from so enormous an outlay, and still strengthen our future bonds of amity, who should hesitate to advise it ? Were it only held out that, in addition to the free constitution already existing, the independence of the Canadas was to be announced whenever the most promising of the junior royal princes, having attained an age to mount a throne, was to be proclaimed sovereign of the Canadas, how gratefully would such an announcement be received by both contracting parties ! particularly if at the same time, a treaty reciprocally advantageous in commerce, and offen- sive and defensive in war, was made between the colony and its founder. In this enlightened age, while emancipating every denomi- nation of the subjects of the crown from the penalties and disabilities formerly attaching to all but those who ranged within the pale of the established religion, was it equitable to hold the family of the Sovereign alone bound by the prescription of bygone ages ? Was it just, in all that attaches to the two most important points of our existence — viz., the choice of religion, and the selection of a partner for life — to restrict the family most entitled to pri'"lege from alone gratifying natural inclination, and the exercise of private judgment. Few reflect on the consequences which former precaution and prejudice, supposed to be unalterable in their decrees, have thus imposed. Monstrous as must appear the injustice of such measures on due reflection, who would dare attempt an alteration till the tyranny and selfishness of representative or democratic governments is better seen through, and the one-sided bargain exposed, that asked everything from the Sovereign in favour of the subject, tohile it conceded nothing in return ? How few think, when commenting on the hubbub which the Montpensier marriage has occasioned, from what source all this clamour really took its rise — why, from none other than that of British sovereigns from intermarrying with Catholic families of their own standard, with the true spirit of the dog in the man- ger, excluded France from alliances we could not contract our- 16 any way pre udicintr thp rf^lim'^r. p ^f'"^^" irom fetate, without While such restrict bns, however remain .L I- i aTr rr^TT'^ rd¥"°? ^^^:^<^ father in warring with his finest cobT/? or like h^m rT.jf?"^" ing a family which in their youth were nerWfh.^' a ^^^''" and most promising ever se^n, eitW to^d e?n terile'cSr"' or, in compliance with the unnatural law of the land Lw''^' ill-assorted or improvident marria-es the resnU, nf 1^- '""'^ notorious to every one ? We can now «! ^ I ^ "^^'"^^^ ^^® George III. would have acted had God Jl Z ^^' -T'f ""''^^y to form a proper estimate^f thet^sl^ow^^^ ^f'ZtnT "iSedTfTe^t Jit '^^-^^^4^^^^^^^^^^ for his numerous cWIdrln o [ZT^^^'Tr''} '^^^'^''^ created new kingdoms^ h^s pToVn^ln^ that tlt^ ^1 'SLt^eZ^'''' '-'' '-'^'^ the^efdlnTett^: of desperation, they had S t^ Portutf^ "^X^f^ LU US uy a commercial Irwof^r ^♦' l i" . •••^••jy Umtca 17 Ji the th( - youthful and splendid family of Her Maiestv'« r,vo„j father. It is a so a fact well known fK .f u ^^^^Jf ^^3^ «. grand- ItZ' ^'/'^''TTi"^' ^" ^"ticipation of the risiitS of S,''yK'"e " ■"°''™'^ tribute, make one entra/c; c fmo" ,o n most disadvantageous terms. pirrnersnip Now till a railway connecting Quebec with H-iUfpv o«j B 18 eloquence to retain eve.7 useful emigrant for his own boneflt- can we ever be said to be on terms of equality, or in any wav likely to hold our own, particularly when instead nf fh^ bmnties and irmmnities heretofore gi^en [o our CanndL St:i' ^'^^ '-' ''-'' '-' ^-^-'^ sWectT/Srt" The point, on reflection, admits of no arrument and no tm^o should be lost in constructing a railway connecting thse 1 iSr^r.rTi''-' ^?V^ "^gl^<^ted, independence o? a partner! ship with the United States will be the inevitable conse^quence while If we make a continuous railway from the Canadas td Halifax, all such danger may pass awayf ^"^ Difficulties will be made, that the country between Halifax and Quebec is hilly, and many parts unproductive and hat without the aid of government money could at present be never found for such an extensive undertaking^ ^ ^ ^^ My answer to this is. Let only the Railway be started from Halifax let a mile or two of land on each side be conZTd fnZ mdertakersforcoloni.ationUdvauiages of communiSon woutd HC:JI '" "t -^ ^"1 •"^'^"^^ the%djacent knd of enoloi^ value, and be so obviously seen through that «ll ^^: V- nrietors of the land alon^ the line wTuV to gLre'LlaCe" It for shares m the undertaking ; and as their gain would be obviously increased by adopting such a n].n;«f "^ 1 consent could not be oLainera'f^rtd salfZ^AltZZ \r^f v^^ '''''^^ legislative enactments. "^ My belief however, is, that this line would even in itself prove profitable as a railway only; for before Tn^J^i twenty miles from Halifax, ifwou^d^itherc^^^^^^ opTn Tt^i^ton'rf 't 7 'PP;r •' ^^ "r *° the^Xtrnow open at i^icton (but, from the ice, only accessible bv sea for seven months m the year), that the proprietors of them would naturally soon construct a railway to connect them wkh the ma n hne : self-interest alone, under such circumstances, woullc'm. the^li^%'''''Ir^ '^^ °" ^° *^^ ^^^^"^"« of the Bay of Verte the land for the pasturage of cattle, and the growth of oats' consti.u.i„g .he ,„.!„ wealth of IrelZV^ZZT i:tZ of .h,s assertion, bacon, the sole viand fonnerly attainable bv i ra I 19 Xol.^tnth'SZ'r"'' "'■<' 'V -l">l<- route; bJZ side, and the rrnlnh nf r i ■ ■'^^>.*^^ I'undayon one posi ion would-be reacL.?"^^^ •" '^' '''^'''' ^ ^^""nercial vvitliout reS-nt tTtH^ .P"''''''"l^""r^''^^'« advantages, down it fn the winter ^-f '°''''^"f /^ ^^^ ^^ that would flow still more fertflo nn«J: • ^-'^"''^ ^>^ "^'^ ^^^^^ ^^^l^ec, and our ing, as dVsc be/bTS'^r-"^ '"°'' ^f*'^"^'^ position-forn- western world * ^ ^^ ^^"■'^''' '^^ ^"^^ ^^^^^^ "^' '^e No hesitation should therefnrn p.vi*«f fi, .* -r ^u nient of adeauate o^^iZ ,. ^'^"°':^, ^^/^t, that if the attain- uniSke three" truToT'^'' '"/"^ ""''^ P""'" """"s '° valuation! ' " *''™"«"« " '° goveraraent at a fair pos^rbielffl.i*f„T£ (""-i "'>-'• ,i',»oIely referable to lion«fv "'"V"""^* "n 'lie nionfy uuirkel), nothing but dis. entafLson t\fr,r'd"'"T'«''T"'' "^o"'"' "' »" "™u • on eaoh side „f ,L ' ^"""""""f". for the resale of the land aU p?eri™7„lli ™''™\'""«»% «* could not fail to repay -to''reS"Brit°ir7n°""'''' P'™ S' '""'' "'"' i^PO^anee are reaS. ^^""^^^y « "ew mode of railway traction an^thn"' '^l'^'"'''' *''^ ""^^'"'^'y locomotive engine is retained to the' tKnd IF'""' °'^^"i^"^ ^^^^ ^" Lffecti/elnTmli «ze of England pru?er: it isamonf ^Tric^ 'I "" '''" ^"!^^^'. '^ «^°"« "A th^ and represents the sL;dl'ernr^,rth!^ '"''"''"^ '" ^'^^ ^°'-'''- and however cold in winter it is Lh^f ''' '^''' ^'''*'^" ^'"''^ a"d Genoa, hemisphere is so advInSous t nl„L . '""""'''• ^^ *^"""*^y '» "'e western tension. advantageously placed as a concentrated nucleus for future ex- li ^0 to, whereas any derangement in stationary engines arrests the whole line. Its powers are best described by Mr. Gooch, the chief engineer of the Great Western Railway, who has witnessed them in a practical form on an incline of one in nineteen, near the Maidenhead Station; and his written opinion of its pro- bable advantages has been given in the following words : — (Copy.) Great Western Railwaij. Engineer's Office, Paddinqtim, „ ^ „ March 25th, 1847; My Deau Sir, The following is the result of the experiment I made with Mr. Galloway's locomotive enj^ine, in which the driving wheels are placed horizontally, and act against the sides of a centre rail. Weight of engine . . 20 tons. Ditto of load . . . 13^,, 33i This weight was taken at a slow speed up an incline of 1 in 19, with a pressure on the boiler of 601bs. in the inch ; and calculating the power of the engine and actual duty performed, we have as follows : — With steam at 60lbs. in the boiler, the average effective pressure in the pistons, after deducting back pressure, will be about ."iOlbs. in the inch. Then the area of the two cylinders 308X50=ir>,400lbs., and double stroke of piston equal 32 inches, and circumference of driving wheel, 116 inches. Therefore as 110 inches : 15,400 : ; 32 the rim of the whiel, And gravity per ton . . 1 in 19 i= Friction ditto : . . . . 4,248 traction power on 'Ribs. , lbs. „ . 125 X 33-5 tons =3 4,187 lbs. Resistance overcome. Therefore 4248 — 4187 = 6 lbs., the total loss from the friction of the workmg parts of the en ^ine, which is as small a loss as can be hoped for in any class of engines. And from the facility of applying screws to mcrease of the weight, with driving wheels to any required amount, there is no difficulty from slipping. I am, yours obediently, (Signed) Daniel Lovell Gooch. To Capt. Fitz Maurice, M.P. As Mr. Gooch acts under the immediate control of Mr. Brunei, 1 have no doubi, his words convey the opinion of his talented employer; but after the disappointments attaching '^^ I fl i to the atmosplieric system, either Mr. Brunei, or such eminenf engineers, would, without pructicai experience on a regular woikingjineof railways, be wrong in giving a decided favourable opinion, for fear of misleading the public on the one hand, or crushing an invention of such superior utility on the ether. Having had the pleasure to form Mr. Galloway's acquaint- ance when I took out the patent foi the screw propeller for Mr. Smith, and when against the advice, and coupled with the severest ridicule of nearly every scientific man I consulted, ivith the exception of Mr. Galloway, I could not be otherwise than struck with his superior judgment, while conclusions as to a final result were only to be drawn from the model form of the invention. But even had he tried to dissuade me from embark- ing in the adventure, so fully satisfied was I that a practical trial would correspond with the performance of the model boat, that nothing would have stopped me from constructing at my own expense the first steam-':>oat with an engine ; and the success of which led to the building of the Ar jhimedes, and paved the way to the universal adoption of this most important invention. The trial of this system at Maidenhead, precisely corre- sponds, as I conceive, with my construction of the small sea boat alluded to, being the first on the screw principle that ever sailed the ocean. It now remains for a regular practical trial on a working line of railway, to make the next stage of ad- vancement correspond with tLe performances of the Archimedes Steamer. Shi>uld this third stage of trial answer, it will warrant its future introduction in a complete practical form. Mr. Gaiioway showed me in model his new mode of loco- motive traction, before this most simple result of his invent- ive genius was exhibited to others ; and, as with the screw propeller, so certain was I on first inspection, that the expecta- tions it then ini>pired would be realized in practice, that had not my ability to afford pecuniary aid been extinguished, no person would have deterred me from aiding Mr. Galloway, as 1 did Mr. Smith, in bringing this result of his inventive genius into practical use. Happily, he found as warm and efficient a supporter in the Hon. Capt. Fitz Maurice, M.P. ; and, as far as it has been tried, all practical proofs correspond with those of the model. I well recollect meeting Mr. Brunei after the Archimedes had sailed to Bristol, and whose then favourable opinion of the success of the screw system ied to its adoption in the Great Britain steamer; and I have now every reason to think his opinion is as favourable on the merits of Mr. Gallo- way's invention. Of course, it would be madness to try it in combination with the system of colonization now advocated, till its practicability liji on a reguiiki line of railivay hoi deen fullif tested in England; but ill passing from Halifax to QtM»bec, its advantages would be inestimable : for, independent of overcoming all gradients, i»0 as to render > 'fher cuttings or embankments unnecessary, there can be no doubt that this mode of traction would in rtO way be retarded by frost. The centre rail would act as a co4npfined as our colony, while the railways, running direct between them and the Atlantic Ocean, give the key of the door com- manding both exit and entry solely to the Yankee ? The an~ nexed map, which shews the railways that exist and those that are contemplated, will best explain the necessity of independent communication. If we do not give similar facilities, believe me, with soft sawder on oni side, and the boast of warlike prowess, acquired by tiic conqiiest Oi Mexico, on tuc otiiCf, no stone will be left unturned to persuade the Canadians to dissolve partnership with Victoria; and, without writing for the Gazette to announce a new partnership with ^iessrs. Polk an ^ Co., would it not be 24 -i II .4 far better for Her Majesty and her amiable consort — restricted as they will hereafter find themselves, from advantageously in- termarrying their numerous offspring with the powerful nations of the continent — tv/ become the founders of new kingdoms in America; and, if the foundation stones were cemented by a connnercial treaty of a century's duration, how acceptable would it be to the trading community here, to say nothing of the enormous saving which withdrawing the military occupation of Canada would occasion. By still retaining New Brunswick and Nova Scotia as colo- nies, if a railway passed through them we should take the best bond of security for the due fulfilment of any treaty with the Canadas ; while in Halifax we should even possess the Gibraltar of America, with the advantage of the finest port on that side of the Atlantic, possessing unlimited command of coal for our steamers, on which the future command of the sea will ever be mainly dependent. Should the stepping stone of debarkation for the British emigrant once centre at Halifax, how soon would screw steamers universally take out the poor as well as the rich ! for the con- sumption of coal for ten days only would be far more than compensated for by the saving of provisions for forty ; and that dreadful purgatory entailed on the poor emigrants, of passing often sixty days with a tribe of women and children on the deck of a vessel under every species of discomfort, in a voyage to America, would be reduced to a fractional proportion. These vessels might instantly return with a full cargo of either sawn timber or provisions to Her Majesty's Dock Yards — ingredients now indispensable ; and instead of all the parade of experimental squadrons, what trial could be so efficient or nationally useful, as government steamers practising with steam out and sails home, especially when in returning they would always have the gulph stream in their favour ? Should private enterprise, therefore, not give all this accom- modation in the most satisfactory manner, is it too much to expect, the aid of government — now so beset, to provide for the necessities of the poor — would not mingle with it ? The following is the proposed plan of working out the system of colonization, whether dependent or independent of the con- templated railway ; or its adoption by government or any com- pany acting independently or in concert with it. X f^ r z < / ,\« f 42 40, A States & British America. ' .fa^ iet*vee^rv the^ T A Map shewing Existing & Projected Lines of Railway in ■ SailH-e^f vrv Uiuttei States Jhr-nved. or tw^vt^ i ■ -Projected. Itrve- Jhorrv SaZ^etjr^ to Qtceico ccn^t u .M€€il hjn^ of Jiaxlway ictween, which^ cuvd. tA^ 43''^ S 47^€ieffrtejtkt ZcuidL is ^^tuiZ to cun^ t. O O Q o ■ :s OF Railway in the United States & British America. ^ tuiied^^d.. Unxt^ StcUe.9 tvrU^ JeZlotf totes JhifrLed. or lui^er eortstrur/t&n^. Ta&^aur^ to Qicedec^ euv«L M>ntrcaZ. y ie/jween. if'hic?v cuicL thje: Zok^.s /"that ts to sa.y iefyve<-7v the- t ZevrttL z<> ^TwzZ to «7j^ ttv th^ world. t OUTLINE OF A PLAN Fur a GENERAL & CONTINUOUS COLONIZATION SOCIETY UNDER GOVEENMENT CHARTER, And supported by the constituted Authorities of every Parish in Great Britain and Ireland. CaVZTA&, £1,000,000. IN 100,000 SHARES OF jElO. EACH.— DEPOSIT, £\. SUGGESTED BY FREDERICK CAYLEY WORSLEY, Esq,, The best locality for a first settlement, if looked at in a ffreat national point of view, would be on each side of a ra^lwaf ex tending from Halifax to Quebec. i^^iuway ex- It IS proposed that the government should give the land along the hne wherever unceded; and, where abeady ceded colC" °^"r' f ^^""^ *" ^' P^i^ ^^' it i^ churls of the compa«3^, at a just valuation. '' c.'^h T-^^^ ^l ^°?!!"lf^'=^ ;^« railway at Halifax on £100.000 of^the line? '^^'""^^^^ ^"^ *» ^^ ^ound to perform ten miles If on finishing ten miles, the sale of the land on each side should not reahze sufiicient funds to proceed farther, and the society declme going on with the undertaking, the freehold land on each side to remam its own property, but the society to Im Irtr^P'"'^ '^rt "P '^' ^^i^^^y *° ^'^y «ther parties Tnd .fl .J'^'T ^•'}. *¥ ^'^dertaking, on the same terms ; and all claim to a right of more land to be transferred to the new company. Every succeeding ten miles of the railway to be liable to the same conditions. At every advantageous locality a station to be placed, and a small town erected, with a good hotel, publichouses, and other buildings calculated for agricultural labourers, mechanics, and others usually inhabitmg a country town in England. lo Kisure throughout handsome and architectural towns l°Sn!llJT' % -"Plf P^^!^ °^ ^^ldi"g to be submitted to P p. Dy wnien all purchasers of land for future build- ings will also, withm a given range, be bound to adhere. in the event of the consti:uction of a railway not accom- c ; i 2 panying the operations of the society, then it will select, for reasons assigned hereafter, either Prince Edward's Island, Nova Scotia, Lake Breton, or Newfoundland. The plan of the society is simply as follows : — To unite the different parties naturally interested in emi- gration, and to do collectively what has been done with so much success by intelligent individuals in the United States, namely, improve lands for sale, and then resell them as quicJcly as they can be turned to a fair 'profit* Those naturally interested in the success of colonization con- sist of the_ party wishing to emigrate, the parish ivishijiy to be relieved of its burdensome poor, and the government wishing to remove the redundant population of the mother country to its own colonies; to these maybe added, the capitalist ivishing to make a profitable investment by uniting the resources of the above interests, under the systematic direction of an organized body. In the first place, the interest of the emigrant must be pro- vided for by securing him greater advantages under the protec- tioii of vhe society than he can by any possibility obtain as an individual. Secondly — The parish must be guaranteed against the possible, but improbable return, of their parishioner, and his becoming again burthensome to the parish. Thirdly. — Government must be assured of the well being of the emigrating community before they can as a party sanction a Colonization Society on so permanent and extended a scale. Fourthly. — The capitalist must be convinced the investment is sound, before he will advance funds or engage in the manage- ment of the society. To secure the interest of the emigrant, — the greater proportion of whom have not sufficient means to provide for their out- passage and maintenance for the first year— the society proposes to prepare a home for his reception in the colony previous to his leaving this country, and to take him there, free of all expense, provided he can place in the hands of the society « 10 as a guarantee that he will work for and agree to the rules of the society for a stated period, say one year, during which period he shall be provided by the society with lodging and maintenance, or, if preferred, paid wages at a maintenance price, taking the cost of provisions in the colony as data; after this pe iod his money to be returned in full, with a division of all profits arising from his labour after six per cent, on the capital of the company has been paid to the society. And to insure the * This system Las seldom failed to yield a return of twenty-five per cent, after allowing for oil expenses, and frequently far more. s I I emigrant from the possibility of loss, full security to be given for his deposit on the lands of the society ; such security to he invalid should he not agree to the rules of the society, &c. N.B. — This pledge to the society is of the greatest import- ance, and would at once put an end to the imposition, hitherto so fatal to colonization societies, of the emigrant immediately quitting the lands of the society after the expense of preparing a home for him in the colony, and removing him from the mother country ; it would also preserve untouched the small capital of the emigrant, to be applied advantageously as soon as he had become familiar with the wants of his new station in life: and his ' t^" P«'-so"s emigrate from each 40^000 emigrants would be annually removed to our colonies' with a renewable capital of £1200,000. colonies, till resold^'H fi^ "-T" '"'^ '"^'^'^'^ ^^"^« °" it« °^" account In 1 Z. ' ?J ^'"-t '^''".^^''' ^^" b""d farm houses, shops, a 1 of wbTp) -uTl''^^ '^ ^?'^^''"^* ^^""'i ^^ a ^"^-al district ^tj^^:^z :t:tior ^-^ ''- -^^^^^^-^^ x'n t^urnli t"?;:?" f '.^""^ ^"P°^^^' ^^^^ ^° continually^Sf th ir u> urning that nidustry to account in a new and rising country unfailing! P'^P"^^^^^" ^^^^'"^ ^^^ grades of society, haf rendered tha?s'if r?'pj;7\" f" -u "'^^^^g^^ 'dividends on its capital than six per cent., but will add all extra profits to the stock of the Company, in aid of further operations of a similar nature or give occasional bonuses; first reserving one third nf'r.vS as hfL''l'i?'''"^ stipulated wages, to be paid to such emkrants as had adhered to the rules of the Society. I % To assist the emigrant in the purchase of land, and enable the Colonization Society always to have its money reverting for fresh operations, it should act in concert with a Loaning Society. f^.^r^'' ""'"'T!- ?,PP^^ *?"' deficiency, as loans granted by th^ are, and should only be, made for a limited period. Ihe only loaning societies calculated to lend money for a conhnuous pmoi, would be Colonial Life Insurance Societies^ S,./ :/ , ''""l"' ^"«t^t"t^°"« in England, would lend the average devoted tovtortgage investment to similar mortgages in our colo- nies, varying from £50 to £500. ^ The insurance department might either be conducted sepa- rately or tn conjunction with the Colonization Society £20 000, as a guarantee fund to first insurers, would be a most ample security which might be gradually repaid, with interest, as premiums from insurers came in, and a bonus of at least 50 per cent, on the guarantee fund paid back to the coloniza- t.on department, should it not be blended with that of in- surance. After which the society, it is conceived, would be most advantageously conducted on the plan of mutual insurance. Ihe ^.quitable Insurance Company, acting on the mutual system, has now an accumulated capital of £15,000,000 divided between the funds and mortgages, and averaging 3i per cent., and has given bonuses to the insured of more than 300 per cent In the contemplated society, an interest equally secure could be commanded at 51 or 6 per cent, making the accumulations to the insured far greater, with a saving of at least one third on the premiums paid. A Life Insurance office established on this system, and in- suring lives in England and Ireland in the usual manner, would be entitled to every encouragement, not only as a benefit to the msured, but as constantly accelerating the reduction of poor-rates Indeed, seeing how the facility of obtaining money on mort- gage from the leading life insurance ofl5ces has promoted uni- versal improvement here, it will probably end in most of these institutions extending such advances to our colonies, and thus obtain 6 per cent, interest, instead of 3^ or 4. Advances made on real estate, with such facilities of export and communication in British America, would even be better secured than here, where land may be said to have arrived at Its summit value; whereas, the value of land so situated in iiritish America, must ever be on the ascendant. jacside which, as a Colonization Society, founded on the pro- posed basis, could always form a correct estimate of the emi- grants industry, as well as of the land he might purchase, it could, without risk, safely guarantee the regular payment of interest on any sum lent on mortgage. Keasons for Selecting Prince Edward's Island as the first Model Colony on the proposed plan, should the Society not act in concert with making the contemplated Railway. First.— In our present relations v/ith the United States, its insular situation, like that of the mother country, effec- tually guarantees its possession to the British dominions. Second. — With the exception of Newfoundland, the shores of Prince Edward's Island, (being about the same distance irom England as Nova Scotia), may be reached in a shorter voyage than any other British colony — the time required by steam vessels from Liverpool being but ten days, and from the West of Ireland it is calculated eight days will suffice. _ Third. — As abridging the time of such a voyage would, it IS conceived, be a source of economy, by lessening the con- sumption of provisions, and it would also be an inducemct t to the most respectable class to proffer their services to ihis Society; the Company therefore propose to purchase or charier a large screw steamer, which, under sail, might always return with a profitable cargo — but it is hoped, as all vessels of war will probably adopt this method of propulsion, that the govern- ment \yill be induced to devote the trials of a system still susceptible of so much improvement to so useful an emplovmcnt — the return of sawn timber or salt provisions to the"^dock- yards of the royal navy would naturally I.>e a remunerative cargo. Fourth. — All emigrants, when once landed in Piince Edward's Island, could be immediately placed in their future home with- out further expense to the Association; indeed a few hours after disembarking. Fifth. — In Prince Edward's Island, good springs of water are found every where ; the land is, generally speaking, of such superior fertility as to have acquired tlie name of the granary of British America ,• it })roduces in the greatest abundance all the qualities of grain, grasses, potatoes, and roots known in England, also hemp and flax ; and hops are generally considered of a superior quality. As before stated, it is proverbially healthy, and ague is there unknown, and there are said to be more per- sons in the proportion to the ponulation, of an extreme old age — even above 100 — than in any ather country of the world ; the air, though cold in winter, is so pure, healthy, and bracing! Fish is so abundant on the shores of Prince Edward's Island, that cod fish is sold at three shillings the cwt. or about a farthing per pound, and all other fish in the same proportion (an in- calculable advantage to the poor and first settlers). It is also attainable in all parts of the island, as no part of it, owing to numerous bays and creeks, is more than eight miles from I I the sea, tliough tlu- island, accordiriff to its surfaoi? on a map, measures one liuiulred by tliiity, or nearly 2,0()(),00() acres. Of this quantity about i3()0,00() are cultivated, about an equal quantity are occupied by inlets of the sea, and of the remainder the greater part is considered fit for cultivation. So placed, nothing can excel its position for outlets of produce. Standing within tlie Gulf of Canada, a central point of British America, and actually in sight of Mtw Brunswick and Nova Scotia, and also within easy communication of Canada and Newfoundhuid, no spot could be placed better for extended operations of a model ugvkidtnral colony. Besides tiie advantage of abundance of wood, both for fuel and building purposes, sacmld its supply of such fuel be ever exiiausted, it can be easily replaced by the abundance of coal in Nova Scotia, the principal mines of which, at Picton, are directly opposite the south side of Prince Edward's Island. Independent of the advaiitago of iish, as an article of food, the fisheries are of so much consequence in a commercial point of view, both her" and at Newfoundland, and draw such a concourse of fishermen from all nations round these islands, (always in communication with each other), as hitherto to afford a ready market for agricultural produce, which will be rendered doubly advantageous by the enormous price those articles now command here : and should it be found desirable, th"* Society will erect curing establishments on the most ap- proved principle, to ensure ready markets for animal produce. The usual mode of disposal of land in Prince Edward's Island, would make its acquisition extremely easy to the society. The cold in winter in this island is less severe than in Lower Canada, while the summers are hotter and the weather more settled than in England, and the harvest is usually finished by the middle of August at the latest. As the island is about four degrees south of London, the shortest day in winter is about one hour longer than in England, while the summers are so far hotter (as in the South of France) iittXo ripen melons in the open air. Printed by M. S. Myers, 9 Eslier Street, Kenaington Lane.