<^,
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
11.25
■^1^ 12.5
12.2
— 6"
2.0
U 11.6
V]
V2
^.
.^V
'/
M
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
i\
<?!>'
\\
^<i
V
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY )4S80
(716) 872-4503
o^
.<&'.
CIHM/ICMH
Microfiche
Series.
CIHIVI/ICIVIH
Collection de
microfiches.
Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques
Technical and Bibliographic Notat/Notas tachniquas at bibliographiquaa
Tha Inatituta haa attamptad to obtain tha baat
original copy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia
copy which may ba bibliographically uniqua,
which may altar any of tha imagaa in tha
raproduction. or which may signlf icantiy changa
tha usual mathod of filming, ara chaclcad balow.
D
D
n
D
n
Coiourad covars/
Couvartura da coulaur
I I Covers damaged/
Couverture endommagAe
Covers restored and/or laminated/
Couverture restaurAe et/ou pellicula
Cover title missing/
Le titre de couverture manque
I I Coloured maps/
Cartes giographiquas en couleur
Coloured Ink (i.e. other than blue or blacit)/
Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire)
I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/
Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur
Bound with other matsilal/
RaliA avec d'autres documents
Tight binding may cause sl.adows or distortion
along interior margin/
La reliure serrie peut causer de I'ombre ou de la
distortion le long de la marge intirieure
Blank leaves added during restoration may
appear within the text. Whenever possible, these
have been omitted from filming/
II se peut que certalnes pages blanches ajoutAas
lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte,
mais. lorsque cela Atait possible, ces pages n'c.it
pas 6t6 filmies.
Additional comments:/
Commentaivos supplAmentaires;
L'Institut a microfilm* la maiiieur axemplaira
qu'il lul a AtA possible de se procurer. Les dAtaila
de cet exemplaire qui aont peut-Atre uniquea du
point db vua btiiliographiqua, qui pauvant modifier
une image reproduite, ou qui peuvent exiger une
modification dans la mAthoda normala de fllmaga
sont indiquAs cl-deaaoua.
|~n Coloured pages/
Pages de couleur
Pages damaged/
Pages endommagAes
Pages restored and/oi
Pages restaurAes et/ou peiiiculAes
Pages discolouredr stained or foxet
Pages dAcolorAaa, tachetAes ou piquAes
I — I Pages damaged/
r~~1 Pages restored and/or laminated/
r~^ Pages discolouredr stained or foxed/
n Pages detached/
Pages dAtachAas
Showthrough/
Transparence
I I Quality of print varies/
Quality inAgale de I'impression
Includes supplementary matarii
Comprend du mat6riel suppiimentaira
Only edition available/
Seule Edition disponible
I I Includes supplementary material/
I — I Only edition available/
Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata
slips, tissues, etc.. have been refilmed to
ensure the best possible image/
Les pages totalement ou partiellement
obscurcies par un feuillet d'errata. une pelure.
etc.. ont M filmAes A nouveau de fa^on A
obtenir la mellleure image possible.
The c
to thi
The fi
possi
of th«
filmir
Origii
begin
the la
sion.
other
first I
sion,
or ilk
Thel<
shall
TINU
whici
Maps
differ
entiri
begin
right
requi
meth
This item is filmed at the reduction ratio checked below/
Ce document est film* au taux de reduction indiquA cl-dessous.
10X
14X
18X
fWW «
22X
26X
30X
1
1
/
12X
16X
20X
24X
28X
32X
The copy filmed here hes been reproduced thenkt
to the generosity of:
Netional Library of Canada
L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grAce A la
ginirositA de:
Bibliothdque nationale du Canada
The > manes appearing here are the best quality
possible considering the condition and legibility
of the original copy and in keeping with the
filming contract specifications.
Les images suivantes ont 6tA reproduces avec le
plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et
de la netteti de I'exempialre film*, et en
conformity avec les conditions du contrat de
filmagG.
Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed
beginning with the front cover and ending on
the last page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, or the back cover when appropriate. Ail
other original copies are filmed beginning on the
first page with a printed or illustrated impres-
sion, and ending on the last page with a printed
or illustrated impression.
Les exemplalres originaux dont la couverture en
papier est imprim6e sont fllmAs en commenpant
par le premier plat et en terminant soit par la
dernlAre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impressl'on ou d'iilustration, soit par le second
plat, selon le cas. Tous les autres exemplalres
originaux sont filmte en commenpant par la
premidre page qui comporte une empreinte
d'impression ou d'iilustration et en terminant par
la derniire page qui comporte une telle
empreinte.
The last recorded frame on each microfiche
shall contain the symbol — ^> (meaning "CON-
TINUED "), or the symbol V (meaning "END"),
whichever applies.
Un des symboles suivants apparaTtra sur la
derniire image de cheque microfiche, selon le
cas: le symbols —^ signifie "A SUIVRE ", le
symbols V signifie "FIN".
Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at
different reduction ratios. Those too large to be
entirely included in one exposure are filmed
beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to
right and top to bottom, as many frames as
required. The following diagrams illustrate the
method:
Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre
filmAs A des taux de reduction diffArents.
Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre
reproduit en un seui ciichA, il est filmA A partir
de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite,
et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre
d'images nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants
illustrent la mAthode.
1
2
3
32X
1
2
3
4
S
6
'/I-
t
V
THE SEVEN' WONDERS OF THE WOULD.
1— LlirlilliiiMsi' oil till' IbIuiiiI (if lMi!irci«, Alrxiiiiilriii, 4-Tlic Temple of Diana at EpheHUS.
2— Statiif of tlie Olympittii Jupilii. 5— Tlie Mausoleum of Arlfmlsla.
S— The I'oloKsus at Khodeu. (>— Tlie Pyramiib of Kgypt.
T -The Walls aiid UutiKint; tiafdeui* uS Uubyloii.
'1*
f
I
n
7
Ik. ».-
THE WORLD:
HISTORICAL AND ACTUAL.
WHAT HAS BEEN AND WHAT IS,
O'.'R :;i.OBR IN ITS RELATIONS TO OTHER WORLrS, ANP BEFORE MAN.
Ancient Nations in the Order of their Antiquity,
THH MIDDLH AGHS AND THEIR DAKKNKSS.
IHK I'UrCSKN'T PROIMJCSOK THK EAUTH IN THF.IK (JKADUAL KMKRGKNCR KKOM HAUKAKl.sM
INTO THK SU.NM(;MT OK I'O-DAV, AM) AS rHKY NOW STAND Ll'ON
THK PLANK OF CIVH.IZATION.
I OGKTHBR W n H
rsKI-TI. AM) INSThTCriVK CllAin'S. I?KFKI{K.\(K TAIiLES (>K IFISTORY. KI\\\( K
CO.MMKIUK AMJ l.l'IKI^ATrKK FR<>.M H. C. l.-oo, TO THE I'HESEXT TIME.
^c:nrron» I^Unant i|llii»ir«tion!i.
By frank gilbert, A.M.
I,ATK.\sM<<T,\NTrilKAHI-|lKll I'. S AT ClIICAllI) ANI> A^<S(>(1ATK Rl.lTdll OP llIK IvTKll HrKAN;
AcTHi ! IK The Mantai. nr Amkiiiian I.iteiiatihk.
I llliON I (). ON I ,
e'. K. 1' .\ U 1 S II .V CO.
I<> Kl\(l M .. i;\M.
^-
l^"
ii||n»iiv lYirtlhitf O.inp.inv. rrinttrs.
A. /■♦-».■ A Co., F'f-i irot^iMTi
I'niuihur »^ lleniif)*rrr>, Himlcrs.
/_
^
4^^^^'i':- ^t'
a
Ills :i:.'f i.s at oiieo Im^y
Hiiil iiniiMriii;;. 'I'iio iioo-
|ili' liiivc niori) tliirst for
kiiinrliMlirt' tluiii time tit
ili'Miti' to its iicciui.sitioii,
iiiul of tliiit littli', iniu'li
iiiu>i ht' i^ivoii til tilt' inir-
rt'iit topics of the (lay as j)res<.'iitt'il
ill tilt' iic\rs|iaiM'rs. 'I'lio aim of
'I'm; WoKi I, i- 1,, iiiiri tliiMJi'iiiaiiil
of this laii:i' (lass of till' |(ul)lic
for a volimif wliitli shall in' fiicy-
('io|K'(lic in its raiiye of imfoniia-
tioii,yotso writton as to be iiii iiii-
lirokon account of niaiTf! progress
ill the past, ami coiulitioii in tiio
pl'csclil.
Kach cliapt«.'r forms an essay
suhstiintially complete in itself iijion the suhjeet an-
nounced in the heading, h is also a link in a chain
of intelli<rcnee wliieii encircles tlio globe and binds
in a grand unity all the known ages. This method,
adopted with grave ajiprcliension of its feasibility,
was found to be natural and easy to follow.
Preliminary to the history and introduct .ry to
the body of the work are presented such scientific
facts in regard to tlio heavens above and the earth
IxMieath as were deemed nee-'ssary to an intelligent
understand ag of man's environment. No attempt
has been nuulc to give instruction in the sciences,
beyond the accomplishment of tins object. Modern
scholarshij) has disclosed in dim outline the illimit-
able lield of prehistoric humanity, and a faint
glimpse of that vast tield is also afforded for the
same introductory ]iiirpose.
It will he observed that each rountry or people is
jiresuntod in the order of its emergence from obscur-
ity and followeil in its development until the present
time. Into the ocean of the .\ctual debouch the
iiundterless streams id' the Historical, from the Nik'
of Egypt to the .Vmazoii of America. Care has
been taken to give 'o each the relative prominence
to which it is entitled by its real weight and inlUieiice
in the scale of civilization. Separate facts, too, have
been treated upon the sanu! principle. There is vride
latitude for honest and intelligent dilTereni'e of opin-
ion as to the importance of almost every i'V(!ntr, and
no two estimates woukl agree entirely uiton details.
Every subject which seemed to ri'tpiire pictorial
representation to render it more intelligible and in-
teresling has lieen illustrated. These illustrations
are believed to add very materially to the intriasic
value, as well as the attractiveness of tlie volume.
Tliere are many subjects which cannot be fully pre-
sented unless " the art [ireservative of art," as j)rint-
ing has been called, is supplemented and rounded
out by the engraver's art.
Of course in a volume covering a tield so vast.
many things which are in themselves higiily import-
ant must be passed over in silence or mentioned only
brielly ; but the endeavor has been to avoid the
omission of anything necessary to the general
plan of the bo(d\, as set forth upon the tille-pagi'.
In the veritication of facts the author of a work
which is telescopic rather than microscopic, cannot
make original research, and often there is a wide di-
vergence in the statements made by standard author-
ities. In this book no statement will be found for
which good authority could not be adduced, and in
many cases (more es]K'cially in the statistical part)
(^iii)
IV
^Mv
PRICKACIC.
;,'r('iit, clTiirt liiiH Im'i'ii miidi' to (Ictcrmiiii' I lie ri'laiixc
\vi;i;,'lil of U'sliiiiciiiy and roiifonii lluTi'lu.
Ill tliu pruparatinu uf tlii.x MiliiiiKt it lias Ih'iii
iissimitMl lliat. Llic ruaiU'r in far mun! iiitcn'sli'il in
Aiiiuiicaii liisliiry tliaii in t'nn'i;:n liistory ; in iiiod-
(>rn liiiics than in iinlii|iiity. If tla> space (It-votutl
to art, for instaiici', in tlu- rnili'd Staler is small, as
CKMipari'd willi llial ^.'ivcn to tlio art (if sunio (itiicr
(•(iiinlrii's, wliili) Anu'iiian indiistvy is ;,'i\i'ii especial
prnniinunce, the reascin is Ihal. iniicli as nii;.dit lio
said in i>raise uf art in the I'liiled Slates, it is unde-
iiialilu that the typical American is an artisan rather
than an iirtist, and his hands are more skillful in
the use of tools and implements of induMtry than
the hrnsh and chisel of art.
'I'hu earliest nation uf wiiicii \re know anythiiiir.
E;;ypt, seems to have heen mainly anxious to pre-
Herve tho hody after death; the i^realest of all
nations in actual attjiinments, KiiL^land, has duv(d-
oped what iniLdit he called factory mechanism, —
machinery wiiich enulili'd the KiiLrlisii to convert
raw material into merchandise on terms to defy the
competition of tlio worlil. America has wrouiilit
much in the Kni,']ish line, hut tin listinctive jiecu-
liarity of tho United States is care for the numlier-
U'ss comforts and conveniences of life. In a
word, it seems to he the mission of American
industry and iiii^euuity to liirhten the lalMirs and
enhance tho happiness of ilie toiliiiLr masses of
mankind. The trutii of these oliservations is olivi-
ous, and it only remains to say that throu;,diout the
volume the aim Iwis heen to liriiiLT out in due jiromi-
neiu'c the distinctive churacleristics of each people
or iieriod.
It will lie ohserved that the readiii;,' matter has
heen rc-iiiforced hy copious slatislies, selected and
arran^rcd with reference to tho ;.'etioral sco|)o of
TiiK WiiKi.ii, consiitntiu;; a compend of leadin;;
facts, ndatin^ to tho |iast and to the present natioiig
of our ;;lolio. These tahles, hased on the latest
allainalile information, aim to make the hook
availahle for the purpose of reference, especially in
connection with the index, and will meet, it is Iio|k'iI,
II Willi- now felt. I . sjieakers, writers, professional
uml husiiiess men and others, whose limited tim<t
will not permit their consultiiii,' e\hausti\e treatises,
hut who demand that the salient points shall Ix) so
arran^red as to lie easily found just when desired.
Hy the joint aid of the tahle of reference and the
index, it is entirely feiisihie to almost instantaneously
secure the information desiri'il. 'I'he table of eon-
tents is desi;^ncil to lie a complete and ready fjuide
to tho reader in selectin<r topics iihout which to
read, for the lnHik is ci|nally adapted to continuous
and occasional reiidini;.
'i'hc author is uin'cr threat olilii:ations to " (ias-
kell's ('oni|i<M(liuni of l''orms," and such eminent
statisticians as Miilhall, Nichol and Walker, for
tabular maltir. also to L. '!'. i'almor;to I'rof. W. 1'.
.lones for assistiinco in the chapUTs on ('liina, hikI to
the lloii. v. K. .lones, of Melbourne, for aid in the
preparation of the chapter on Austiiilasia. In the
body of the book due iTedit is ^fiven to the iiiuner-
ous uiilhors from whom (piotatioiis are made.
It oiil\' remains to add that one more neeiled labor
will have been |ierforiiie(l if this book shall satisfac-
torily till the niche in the liiirary and tho place in
the family-circle for which it was designed.
i
I
* J
Tl
^ i.
fc
r litiu
r
r
:£l-
C Tk' ' ' '
V , I
\ , /
-'. '"' .'.
Si^^siivi^l^viiiiiiiiiiiiii^
V , J
wr
V (V
\ , L
J^\.
^'-'^ '• ^-^ ' ^-^ '' ^ '-^ '^" '
TllK
< IIILnitKN (IK Till
SIN
Till-;
KAItTII WITIIiiI
..,,
II.
MAN
I'llKIIISTOUIC MAN
III.
Till'.
MOST ANCIKNT
i:(
IV.
Vl-T .. . .
K(iYI
T AT IIS IIKST
V.
TllK
IIKCI.INK uK K(
.VI
VI.
r . . . .
IC(iV
■r AM) TllK t;l
VII.
.iiltY III AI.KXANDKIA .
Ki.M
r AS IT IS .
VIII.
rnii
II'IA AXU THE
IX.
I'jnKMt lANS
Tin:
.1 KWS .
X.
\I.
llKllltKW I.IIKIfATIKK AMI skcts
XII.
ASSVHIA AN II SYlilA
XIII.
I'KItSlA. I'AKTIllA AND Till-. ZKNDA VESTA
XIV.
OHEECK A.NI) IIKKO WuKsllll'
XV.
HI.sTOKIt' WAHS (IK (;I(EE(E
XVI.
STATE CHAKT IN (JHKE( E .
XVII.
(JKEEK CLASSIC LITEKATIHK
XVIII.
(iKEKK rillLOSOl'IIV AND AKT
XIX.
(JHEEK AND UOMAN MVTIK U.lKiY
XX.
THE WOULD OK THE ANCIENTS .
-^-^♦^>
pAiia
"5
37
48
5»
SS
59
84
63
73
86
90
103
109
XXI.
MDDEKN <ii(EK( K AND THE (.KEEK ( IN lt( II
XXII.
AN( lENT 1IAI.\ AND rUIMrilVE UilMK
XXIII.
SEMI IIISTollli lliiME
XXIV.
IHlMK AND < AKTIIAI/K ....
XXV.
I, AST ( ENiriiV (IK TllK HdMAN IIEI'I III.IC .
XXVI.
C.KSAII AND THE KMrillK ....
XXVII.
LATIN ( I.ASSK S ....
XXVIII.
Illli KMI'KlfiiltS KUilM AI (il sll > Ic 1 A1..VH1C
XXIX.
I'HIMITIVE ( IIUIsTIANII V ....
XXX.
THE I'AI'Ai V AND MdlH.KN ( HHISITANITV .
XXXI.
riAI.V AND THE ITALIANS ....
XXXII.
TllK DAHK .V(iES ...
XXXIII.
THE SAHACKN EMI'IHE
XXXIV
THE IIV/ANTINE EMIMl.'E . . . .
XXXV.
THE (ITTOMAN EMl'lliE iTIIIKEV)
XXXVI.
lilSSlA
XXXVI L
I'dl.AND AND THE I'dl.ES . . . .
XXXVIII.
MEDIEVAL liKUMAXV . . ■
XXXIX.
(iEHMANV AND THE UEKUKMATION
XL.
NEW (lEIiMANV
Ttnm
I J.J
>*i
148
155
tte
165
'M
■77
184
184
'<)5
aoo
»3
aiS
•35
(V)
' r-*"
•4-
1
.*
* -
1 vi TAMM';
~
r
OK
lONTKNTS.
1
r
XI.I.
Ptni
LXVI,
CtiiH
INTI{|,I,K(TIAI. (iKIiMANV , . • , .
141
IIUITISII INDIA • , •
411U
XLII.
LX'HL
1
4
ACSTIIIA IIIMIAKV «
•49
ArsTI{M,A^'IA «...
40
XLin.
LXVIII.
IIKUm M AM) TIIK NKTIIKKI.ANDN , . «
■55
.lAI'AN AM) TIIK JAI'ANKsK
*t
XLIV.
LXIX.
nl.l) KHANt'K
ifil
THE CIIINKHK KMI'IKE .
LXX.
4J4
xr,v.
THE CIIINKHE • . . •
44'
•11(11 MI'll AM) DKt AV OK KliKNfll MdNAIU IIY ,
i
a' 7
LXXL
j
XLVI.
MINOU AHIA AND AKUICA ,
43]
' TIIK K1IKN( II IIKVOMTION . , . , ,
a/l
LXXIL
XLVI I.
MEXICO AND TIIK MEXK ANS ,
4(11
NAI'OLKON AM) IMS ('AMI'AlliNS , . . ,
iHl
LXXllL
XLVIII.
HOITII AMEKICA , . . .
4«7
I,ATTKIMIAY FUANt'K ,
•H,
LXX IV.
XMX.
CENTIIAI, AMEIIK A ANI) THE Isl.KS
OK THE HKA
477
I'Kl/riC, (lOTIIIC, AND MUdUISIl SPAIN . . ,
•44
LXXV.
L.
NOIITII AMEHICAN INDIANS ,
#
4«5
KKHDINAM) AM) ISAHELLA
300
LI.
LXXVL
EAHI.Y ( (il.ONIAI. IMTED STATES
491
CATIIOLIl' SI'AIN
3"5
LXXVIL
LIL
( IH.ONIAI, (iltOWTH AND Ol TdltOWTH
500
l-OUTldAI. AM) TIIK I'OUTKlirKSK *
315
LIIL
LXXVIII.
INDEPENDENCE ANU UNION
«
«
5>9 1
TIIK SCANDINAVIANS ,
3»o.
LIV.
LXX IX.
THE vol N(; lIKPt Itl.lC
>"'
HWITZKUI.ANI) ANI) I.KSSKU KIHOI'K .
3>5
LV.
LXXX,
THE PEHIOD OK ( nM PliOMI.sK ,
5aa
t)U) KN il.ANI)
33«
LVL
lll.l) KN(il,ANlt ANI) TIIK I'LANTAOKNKTS
LXXX I.
(34
TIIK PKUIOD OK ( ONJ'l.K T
•
*
5»V
LVIL
LXX XII.
MHUKUN KNliLANU AM) THE I'l-ANTAGENETS
343
HISE ANI) KAI.I. oK THE CONKEDEKACV
J55
LVIII.
lA'XXIlL
I.AN(ASTi:U ANI) YOHK
349
rilK PUESENT LNITED STATES
•
5S4
LIX.
LXXX IV.
j
THE TIDdUS
355
(iOVEIiNMENT OK THE INITKD STATES
"' !
LX.
LXX XV.
TIIK STlAIiTH AND THE COMMONWEALTH
361
PRESIDENTS AND I'UKSIDKNTIAI. EI.ElTloNS
j8o
LXI.
LXXXVI.
I'HKSKNT KNca.AND
sft?
STATES AND TEIMUTOIMES OK TIIK
INITED
STATi:s,
5«a
LXII.
LXXXVI I.
LITKUATLKE OK ENGLAND
375
AMEUKAN INVENTIONS AND INVENTOKS
.
.
Oaa
LXIIl.
LXXXVIII.
SCOTLAri) AND THE SCOTCH ....
38a
A-MKUICAN INDISTHV ANI) AUT
.
.
*»v
LXIV.
LXXXIX.
!
lUKI.AND AND THE lUISH
38;
AMERICAN MTEKATIRK
.
638
LXV.
XC.
n
TIII4 DOMINION UK CAN^VDA
394
TAIILES OK REKEKKNCE
650
1
19
^-^
■*■ s
V*"
\
f
n
■4,
d
H
4f
44>
477
49>
500
555
57'
380
5«»
(•21
6..,
638
650
5C
PAOB. (
Abhast Kh«.*divc nf K^TPt '^
AMul Mainid II tfA
AtirUrihinil lltlni^ ...IQ.Y. a^\\
Ahi( u of Tvre ^7
AlmriiCtniA nf (lerniuny JfJ
Abr;ih.ini tA
Alm-llL-kr Suc< enU Miihoiiiim'il ic>H
'I'lir S.ifiu rn Kinpirf tiiuirt loH
Up aminj^i-H llii- Koran n/7
At>vssitti:i, nr Mmlcrn Kthinpla f^*
INipiilatinn uml Art-ii. , WV-
Acadia ami the Atadiann 3<>5
Ac.itti'inirH in l'"r.ince ^70
A( hatan J<t-ai;ut'f The 107
Aillltlt'K IJJ
ArropuliH lit Atlit'ns, The 117
Actiiiin, Tlu- Battle nf 157
A.laitis, .li.hn 51.S, 5S0
Adams, Jitlin (^tincy $*% 5'Vt 1
Ailtlisoni Jimcph J79
Ailil.iiilc 417
AdltT nn the Jews S<» 1
AdidphuH, (MiKtavus J,(.^ ,
Adrian I, Pope iSii ,
Adrianoplf ioi
Adrl.inopolilan IVridd ic/)
Adiillmn, Thf Cave of 1^5
yl'Uoliiin league. The 11.7
vl'Nihylii.s no
ViCstip and his Kahle.4 no
yl'^neas of Virt,'il irti
j^HL-as in Katium 1,^5
ylCnt'id of Virj^il^The, loi
Afjfhanistnn 455
Africtt, Minor Ania and 41;^
Ancient Libya ^^d
Kvploratinns in ^50
Apamrinnnn and Iphi^enia >2
Aiiassi/. Louis. f\.\.\
Age i>r liable, the Gcddrn \o
Fables, Poland'!* jiS
The Stone and nron/.e ^2
of the Mammoth* The ,40
of the Mastodon, The 40
The Auy\istan 150
of the Anlonini'S i^tS
of Poetry, the Silver and Golden 161
The Apostolic 17^
of the nishops 17*^
of the Popes 17s
The Medieval 17S
The Dark iSt;
of Chivalry 190
'■W^'
A|rnniillcl>in nf Alomulria 57
AKini'iiurl, lluttlv ol .151
Ai(r 'n ■ awn MV
Aitr:iiiii,. .Primitive tx'>
A);rliol;i iinil Itritain ,VU
AKri|i|M, Meoeniun ■.(■'
AKripinn '"'
Aim/. "M
Aix \.\ Chapclle, IVncpiif. .ti<>
A ..il.iiitm 5')l
Aliili.iiiwi Clulms S^H
Alaric. Thu Oi.lh 171
Tlir Kmprrors tr(im AiiKimtuii to 1*15
Sacki Unniu 17'
Alaska
• !!'M
All.a Irfintf a '.15
Ailurt I., HinpiTor nf rurmany 150
Allif-rt 11., ICiiipiTiir orcicnnany 150
AllitTt v., of Austria it,o
lii'i null's AIImtI II. of Germany ... Jjn
AUiirl, I'riniL- nf Wali-s .jf.S
Allii(;tnse«, Till', a I'mti'stanl Sect f^i
Ali'inliiTt, D' a? 1
Alexander The Great 5.1.55. "oi
■'\U-xander SoviTus 168
Alixaiider I 'ij. a^'
Alexander II J15
Alexander 111 iif)
Ak'xanilria, GInry of. 55
Commerce of 56
Museum at 56
I'ulilic- I.ilmiry 57
Tlienlnjjical Warfare at 5S
Alexandrian Philosophy 57
Chri'itianity J^
Alexis, lunperor of lly/antine aoj
.Mfdnsii \II .11 1
.Ml'cinsoV 315
AHonso I .fii;
Alfred The Great .IV'. ,175
Alijeria 157
Al^erine Piracy 521
.Mhand>ra nf (iranada jyS
All Mehcnal,lhe Saracen ni^
Allen, Ethan .^05
Alliance, The Holy i\\
Alps, The iiK
yMsace — l-orr.iine i\Q, Joi
.\niaileus, Victor iS*'i
.\inadeus .11.1
Amanothph II .. (<»
Amanothph III 50
Amazons, Theseus battles with the i>a
I'Ani.
Amrndmcnti In the Cnniilltulion S'l)
Aiiierican Intiiann |Sj
l.iteratur*' A.iH
In vent ion H and Inventors fiaa
fnduvlncs 6jf)
Ainmon, The God .v
Alexander's Snriship to jft
Anipltictyiinii' l^'auue. The. 107
Amru, The Sarncen in RuypI 58
AniKterdain ,ijS
Annirath, Th<' Sull.in joa
Anatomy— Horn at Alexandria 57
AnaliaptiHtK i\t
Aiiam, nr Cochin, I'hina ^53
Ananu'se Literature .\t^\
Ancient Ki;vpt, The Most \\
Italy, and primitive Uiime ,, ..l.1.{
Ancients, Tile World o( Ih.' iji;
Andersen, llan.s laa
Anderson, Maj. Koliert .5.1". S.V)
Anilersonville Prisrtn i;|i
Andorra (iQ
Anilre, M.iior ^i 1
Andrew of llunf;ary rtjj
.Vntlronicus aoj
Anyevine I>vnasty \\\)
Aniflo'Saxnns in Kn^jlani! i,\.\
Anne, C^iieen \Ui
Animal Kin);dnm,Thi' ^0
Antietan, Battle of 517
Antilles, The. 479
A ntioch %
Antiochus Epiphanes 7'i *»5
Antony, Mark 150
In Kuypt 1S7
.\ntonius, T. Aurelius i^S
Antonines,Tlu' A^je of the I'^S
Apostolic Ajfe, The .. . 17^
.■\pponiattox, Surrender at 546
Appius, Cl.iudius I ^r>
and \'ir^inia 1 (o
.\ polio, The Colossus 1J5
Arab Shiek, .01 oS
Arabs and the Saracen K/7
Arabia and the Arabs 455
Aradnus U.
Aratjon and Castile a»/)
Arlula, Defea". of Darivis 101
Arcadian I.eatjue, The 107
Arduvoloj^ical Discoveries S3
-Vrchimedes ii6
Architecture of the C.rerks i iS
nf Corinth 130
Vlll
PAr.K.
Arcliilcctiirr in China \\'i
jti (iiTinuny ^.'7
ill I'ranic ''•)
All .1 of c.'ivili/.:itinn .1*^
"I' K^ypl J'
i.r I'.Tsiii >.,
Ill rrusriit Il;ily l"'|
lit* tin- llv/.intitu' ICinpirc -mu
:ir 'I'ulkrv i<V
111 SilMli.l ^1"
"f I '"1.111.1 .117
III' Priissi;! J|l
111' ( irnn.liiv 2(i
'i( Anslriii .! jti
(if IliiiiKnry 'yi'
i.r lln-ni,i JM
III" HrlL'ilini ■f5>
111' till- Ni lliirl.iiiil> -•v
ill riirtiii;.il .ii.i
(>(■ Niirw.iy .i-'J
111" Swnliii .l-'.i
III" l'.ili:lil:l .(■>(
Ill" AnNtr:il.isi:i pi
111' llu' I'niliil St;ltrs ;70
Ail;i nlim- Kiputilii- in'^
Ill)
INDKX.
Alfurcr Q^iibir
AllMll.lsillS ....
.'\tlu-ni.tiis, The
.Mill 11-, Thr I'iiv 111".,
Aihiir '.
Alliiiil;!, CapUiri' nl" .
.\lilvs;l
I' -vr.K.
.11^
■ .■;•*. 17"
. 1;
. I'l'-
ii.
ArisUiplianrs n
Ari^liilli- IT
y\riiis, 'Mlc I'nsliyUT 5
.'\ii/iinil S"
Ark.in-as 5'i
Arkwtiitlil, !^ir llUli.inl "J
.\rinaila I>cstriivril, Tin S)i,ini>li \i'.'
Aniiilil, llrnrilul- v;. 51 i, ;i
Arniilil lit llri-sii.i is
Aip.ul Pvliaslv 111" I liiiii;.ii \, l In- -■;■
Arlrinisia, M'liliiw III" M. 111 Mil us ij
Arl anil Ai liirvi-im ills, Titanif |
111" l.>ll.M|ll.l
.s I A
.\lliinir- (ii-ticral, Thr
Aml..l>.m,J.J
Amr^t.ult, Thr It.irU- nl*
.\tit:"^lMir^, I'diifn il (if
Aii;;ii>.l.u» A^t', 'rin-
Ati;;tistus, I''rriifri<-U
Au^justim-, :ui li.irly fliristiaii Writt-r
AnmistiiH- M'lnks
Aumistiis, (.'.i-Hiir
IVtr.ils Antony
Ill Al.iric, Till' MiniK-ror'., from
Aureliiis, Manns, ICuiiutit of Ufitni*
Anslfiliti, Tho Mattli- of j;;
Austria- 1 lun^rary ^|'/
<nTni.in and Semi < Mrin-in i(i)
Tilt' Dual l'".nipiri' l'"«»rinc'l -'(ij
'I'l.c na|i*-lMn u' iitiil I lohrii/oUirn 2\'t
Uh.iiloliili and Ottoiar :\<t
Th." Purhy an.l \nh I>m-!iv .-^j
Modern or I*ri"-cnt j; i
nini:^arv and llu- Ma;.'v.irs 2^\
Tin- I lap'.lMir;,'^^ in I !nn;i.ii \ j; (
Pri'sftU ( tiA-crrnnt-nt id' tin- Miii|iirc. . . , j; j
Kiliymn and ICdiir.ilion jq ;
llosnia and IhrM l;o\ in i 2y\
'\'hv l-itrr,itiin ot' I hmuarv ■ -S|
Th-' I'itiis nl". .•;(
Australia, Wolrrn \:n
Arra, Dil't, I*^\|iorls . . . ji
Auslialasi.i, till' Colonits ot |i i
Australasian lndi'[U't)drni<' t26
vasha 107
d
ihvi k IMiiloso|.|i\. and 11 |
Klru^» in r ji
Ilv/antinu J05
r li-niish and Dnii h jqj
in Spa n _\t,i,
Anwrif-in ('.J7
Artirlis of Confrdi lation ;u
Artluir, CIu'sUt A 5/^, 5^>
Arv.i .1-7
Arv.ni Haci", 'ilur ss, ij., ,
A:-' riii:s lie;
A-i;i 'iM. \frira. Minor 15^
As-as u..-'. .' . f hinroln S|'.
t>. ^- '■*■• \-'. S'-'J
A.s . ti 'y . -N ttional J75
( 1?\ I .t ;:islativi- j;'i
I'lu
• I'"
A
A■>-^vrian An' iquity ^t
Ninus and Srtruraniis si
Sinaclii-rili and Sardanipolis s,_.
'I'hi- (.'ily of Nini'Vfli '^J
H.ihylnn and Its Ilanyitiy (Jaidi ns s;
llal'vlonian Histruv '^ ;
.\k-\aiidrr and Ilabylon v;
Hiccnt Arrlia-olo^jical l>isrovnics S{
Assyrians, 'I'Uc 51
Aslrononiv, The Scii-ruT ot ^5, \i
AstrnnonuTs 2.\, ^5;» .1-- .is
A/ti'cs in Mt >
.\,'orts I --lands \\~
A/nrts and I'oitn^al, 'riu- p|
Itialbar, Thr I ity of s,
lldnl.niu 'lowir ot'. - .)
Hati\ Ion, Ji-wi^-li * aptivitv in ikj
TIk- C'i:y «'I ^j
Ilat)vlonians, liarlv history of the >i
HmUvj a. n oji
Itai il, a foin poser ji;
H.ucin, Uou'er i|i, ^ "^
1 1. icon, I''ranri-- ^77
Ua.-on's Itrhidlion \<i\
Ua;:dad, till t'iiy n( ^-*
It ihania l-^l.mds, Tlu- (71)
Ilakuttiin, \iii liicl J15
ItalaUl.iv.i, riir n.illU- ot* ji^
r.ahhvin, i'ltunl, ot" I- landers joi
It»l""I ■ its
ItaTK-roH, Croru^e cj (
Hank of I-:ni;land .^""^
'riie rniteil S'.ites 51 S
llanUinLT S\ stem, I'. S o^f.
M.ud.s N. 1' . 5,V',.>I'
Itarb.
Kntrts Iialv
Uarneveldt,.lo|ni, a MuLli ^<lidie
liarons War, Tile
narnel, Tlie MitlU' of
Ilasiilc, l*all oflhe
Malhsheha of Nineveli
■ -7.=;
r.\r,K.
Matties of the Franco Prussiiin War jji
Ha vari an llepulilit , The j;.>
Il.txter, Uiehard n>(, ^yH
lla/il Asrcnds nv/.antine Throne joa
H.i/ilian DynaMv, The joj
Ueaeonstield, l.<ird jy^^
Hianreijard, t irneral i;;i, 5(11
Iie< ki't, Tlininas, d m)
Hree. ler, I.vuian (^19
Hreihir, Hirirv Ward ^ij
II. tore I iistorv i(
n.irat, The t'ity of ^^t
IMC-"-! (XS, j.xi
IKlyiinn arnl the \« ilurlands ^51;
Ueli^jion and lldtiration i5fi
Java Putt li (iovernnu-nt i^Ct
I vpo;^'rapliy an<! Kisounes J57
The !>uli h in I li->torv i^y
The Nation and Its (ireat War jc^S
The Throes ot the Outch llepuldie j^H
Period of Prosperity ^5**
l-allof the Kepuhlic /5,,
Puleh All J5.,
Wall rl. HI jf,,
Mel i sari IIS, Clene.al ^ot
I te loot hi Stan ^^t^
Melsha//ar, Kin;^ ot It.dulnn St
Hi lus, The Temple of <j
Men ires, The fit v of .|nS
Il.nedek, Marsiiall J J,,)
Ilen^al, the t iiv of .\<\\
1 ten ha dad, Kiii^ of Svria s.j
Hmuu tt.j. i; o|5
lletui'll^jton, llattle ot' 511
Her I in, The I-'reneh I-Lnter ^'s;
The I'niversity ot. j;^
The Treaty ot. j;[
Hereniee's Hair, T!ie ( in ip jj
Heethovi n j(f
Hey, A Tnrkisli .-oS
IliMe, The H.Hiksof the 70
The I*ersian ss
Hirnev, James (i ^jy
Ilish<»pof Uomr, I'ojM 17.S
Hi sniark, Count \'t>n _• ^S
HIaek Pealh, Tli.- .i|S
Hladeiishuri;, H.itijeul" 5^,,
Htaine, Janus ( • z^iit^
Hlair, l-rank P 5;)
Hlaneli IT d, Tliimias t>2^
HlenhinuTlur Haltle ..f j(.,
Hhiilu'i, Marshal i_i7, t'H>
Boahdil, Moorish Kin^ j.m
Peteated Iiv I'Vrdinaud ."^c)
Hoadiera, (^^leen _\\\
Hoard of Tradt- and Plantations ^oii
Hnbadilla, A.lmiral ^'1
Horeaiio rot
Hoi lean J70
"••kl.ara ,^,
C-nlli-^i-sof ,=,,,
Holeslas I., of Poland iiS
Hoh-yn, Annie ;;/»
Holinjihroku of La ni aster .U"^! .^5"
I'rowni'd IleiTiy IV .i<;o
Holivar, Sitnon.. , . (;o
Holivia, H.puldie..t*. \-;\
Hoinlviv, 'I'he I 'it v of .pt7
Itonaparle, Napoleon 2S1
Hotia parte, l.x)iiis 359
r
i^H
-f
I'AOK.
....'('
....JW
«>\, 37s
iO I
. . iOi
, ■ . .17.t
Si'. 5"!
(.19
f'V)
'4")
•>.(
', .V"
.••■'5!!
. . . J5"
. . • JS''
• ■ •'57
• •■■'57
. . JSS
...iSH
...■iS^
....!!;'»
...J5"
. .. -"<*
. . . .itll
...4';';
''.!
..■^■1
.'■ii;
••I":
.'yii
1^1
.... IS I
.ii"*
.... W'
..U^. .15"
.IV
IT"
(71
("7
jM
159
I
J^
i.M)i:x.
I'VfW .
.1S..(1"
u>
J^l
S".l
SI"
.V'l
■<\
P
I ' I
•,1".S. ,1'^'>
■ 5;-
Huli.ip;lTtf. l.i'-t'pll
HnnMlcIl Hi |>MMIll.lti"n
Ilosni.l, rill- 1•T'»^ iliic ut"
llDsliiii, " iVa I'.irtv,"
Ivvacuatioti n('
C irt-.lt I''irf ill
llii^vvoilh, ll.illlc iif
It.is.u.l
II.M.IIIV l..'V
Ilcil/ iri-, \l.mii
Itoiirlmi)'- in I'r.int c, TIu'
lt>.Mir, H.llllr 111 llii-
Ill il..ml, llii Diikrilniii "U
Iti.i.MiKl, Mrs. Ann
III. 11;;:, (ii lUTal
lliiK.-, I'll.' Air "-•^
Ui.inilvwiiic, Thr lilllli- ..I ;il
llra/il, rlir ICinpirr >•!'. !'">, .i'"^
Kinlfiliiiil ICsIalili-licil .tl^i I
n.iiil I'lilrii (701
llriMlcpiMr, A'lri.in IV ,\\<i\
llr.ikrnri.lnf, Jolin (' 5;". S'nj
llrirliin.ikiii;^ ill I'-yvpt 17
llriu.lil..|.'llll .\:\ I
ilrilish liiili.i (I"'!
Ilritiiiis, Till- Am ifiit .in
Hl-nn/r anil Slmif .Nyr )J
Uriiiili, lli.irl.illi- (Si
1lrmvni-.C. I'' '..(7
llnnvn, (Jimral ,Snj'
Ilrnwn. Jiiliii .>-•<>
Ilrowiiiin^. Mis .(N) 1
UnnvililiL'. It 'I'irt i-^l j
Urilrr, Itiihiil .US..i">l
lllllssa.l'itv "I' .'1"
llrvaiit. \\"illi.iiii * iiIU'ii '.(
Ilriis-i 1I-. Ill, Cilviir.
I pi isiiii^ in
Ilnilii^, J'lnitls
Hniliis, Marcus
Uriiv.rr, l,.l
Illllvislis. I'ril'Sts 111
Iliirli iii.ili. J.iillfs
ItiM-Jiiu-r, I'rnt'
HiirkiitT, < trnrral
Ilm-,,li. s ,.| \'iri;il .'
Itiiil'llp^Hi ill j.ip.in
in I Inn, I
Hiul, Cinrr.ii
Hiiiniis .Ayiis, Tlir Cily "f i'>s
llillliin J71
Ilillwi-i.I.vlinn i^^i
lull It nil, ILillli-sol" S.ii. .Si'i
Hull Imi;1iIs of Sp.iin 11 |
Illin.!. sralliaiiil lli'i. li-lii; -'51
Ililiiki r. iir llriM iI'm Mill ^i;
lliinvan, jiihn. (7^
lliir^iiynr, (iciu'ral ;i j
Huryiinily. Kirst Kiii){ "I' .(-'5
Diiki-ol' Jiis
r.iirki-, I'Minuinl 171*
iliirinah, nr l*"artlifr I mil a (i;(
lliinniiil.i IsU-s, TIr- \<\
limns, Knlurl .(^rt
Iliirnsiiic, Ainlinisf I'' 511, S 17
Iliitlir, Saininl c*
lliitlcr, Itrni-iiniii I'* Sll, S>(^
llvlilus, I'itv iif '■<>
Hvr.Hi, l.ciil ifi, i'iii
llv/.aiitine Einpiro, 'riic i'i7, -'mi
Cnipirc, Ana anil Consirv.i-
.. iiij
• ■i'M
J M
I, ilHl
171
■ ■ .S? 1
I'll
I. I""-
..(IS
•■.IS I
111
,1, .5.1 1
. iCis
., l"S
■ m
.1.1'-
■-'17
•U"
ISI
•511.
Ily7. inline
lisiniil'
Jiislini.in .111(1 llclisariiis
Till' C'ivil Law
Hra/il Dviiasly ••
Till- r<.iiinriii.ins ami I..itiii I'riis.nlrrs
IViIui't'i^i ami llif Turks
Hv^.inliiitn, Cilv III' '
i'aliinct. Till' Mii^lisli
Ill' lIli- I'liilr.l Sl.Uis
C'aluit, I..I111 1"
('a!iiit, S.ti.i-lian .v>
« ilir.il, I'lilni .Mvarr/
Cull UilMUiiin. Tlii-ll. k
C.inarviin, Tliu fast li' 111'.
t '.IS ir, Julius. ..4S, ii;i, isi, 15.S, i.S''. 1 S7. '
t'.i-sar, TiliiTius
t'.rsar. C'aiiis (ir Caliijula
r.vsirt'a, Tlif I'ily III'.
t'.liro, I-Ziivpl
Cains, M.iriu ^^■•
Caius, C'.r^.ir i''S
I'alai-, I'ilv 111' J' -'
Caliulla, I'ilyiil' I'»)
(^llU'iiilir, 'i'lii' liri'u'iiri.ln .1;
'I'llr Hussi.ln is
TIu- I'^^jyptian (s
C-al.l.r,iii...! IM
fallii.nnj. C S^i
('.ilir.iriiia S'll
C.iltplis 111 Daniasciis 5.1
i .ilipli of M.ili.iiiiiiifii 107
I'.iliplis, KirsI l''iiur I 1'^
1 '-iliu'iila, I'aiipi-rnr 1' s
-\ssassinstcil I"''
i'.itinar, l^iiiiin ot* (.'i
t '.ilvin, Jdlm ^'i^, ;.'s
r ilvinlsts anil I.utlirrans c\j
I'ainlivscs S.l, '.^
Caniilrn, Hall If ol' i;i i
t'.iniilllis ( '.iptilll-s \'rii I'
'■K.
11.1
IK
C.irlisl W.ir, llw
I'arlos, Hon
r.irloviiiyi.ln 1-^ilpirr .';7
M'.i.islv i''i
larlyli-, riioin.is (sl, (V.
C.'ariilina, North oij
I Soiitli 1,111
Carolin.i, I 'oloiii.il History 107
l*"rrni-li lliimifiiots p/S
I'.iiiiol, p'rin, h Ministi r , . .■7s
C.irtll li^r, Koillr .Mill I I t
Its IM HI' in lli^lorv 1 ||
l*'irst l*iini«- W'.ir ... 1)1
Il.tinilr.ir .lilil I l.lnnili.i: 1 (^
SiToml I'uiiir W.ii , 1 11;
1 1. (nihil. 1 1 t'riisscs the Alps i ('-
ll.lltUol C'.in.c i|0
K.ill ol" Cattli.ii;!' I (7
U'.irlliaifi'ni.ins, TIu' i)t
I'.irtirr, l.ii-.pirs j,,,;
, t'.isiinii, I'lic Hcstorir jiS
Till' tiiiMt jiS
^'asiniir I \* jis
i^li
.11 1
. . .. Kr)
of. 117
... 15J
■ii'S. •"■7
1 1, '■
. II'
ill'.
■ ! 'I
■V'l
11;
. i'l"
iiK.
1 'anaila, Doininion
1 'i-nsiis III I'sSi
Taiulisli Disiov
Ai-.hlia ami the Ai-a.li.ins. .
Cli.iinpl liii's Poliry
Ilrilisi, |'o!i,-v
01.1 XViirlil I'rciniliiis
'Phi' '.mrMiis III (o'l
M .iiiloli^iaml llnilsoii ll.iv .V/i
1'olilic.il svsl'^in ot io7
Virtu il Imlcpcnilcni'c ;o7
lii.lpriu-itv V'7
("itirs, I'^ilnrati'iii, Uailroails .V'l
1 .iiliiailor, Ih,^ I'^sipiiiii.iiix ^.,1)
Canaan, l.aiiil of ',i
I'an.il, '1 lir Sill'/ 'o
Tlir Cloar i M.i xitna .... 1
Canil.uc, 0;_ii'fii 's
famlia, Tlir Maiul of 1 .•(■>
C.mmr, ll.illlrof 1 p,
t 'aiitcliiirv, llishiipric (if. \\ (
Caniitr. the Dim- (.'i
Uiilrs, Mniit.iml {\i>
l^lp(' (if (looii iiojui ,V7. is^
t'.ipi' N'cnli? I si. I mis p7
Capi-ti.m I.ini', The ai'j
Till- N'.ilois llramll Ji.i
( '.iplivilv of till- JfWS '<)
•"1
•■"■7
, - i't
■•••M7
•..117
. .■■ ip)
....|S7
1 si ,
••■•517
. .. ■-•Ol
— .1,; 1
t'^lstilr a.iil .\ra'.;oii I'nitril
I astoraml I'olliiv. Sii.lili 11 .Xppr.ir.iii
1 '.I la line, 'I'li.^ ( 'oiispir.n^v III.
I'.itaracts of till' Nile
I'jtliirim- ilr Mr.liii , .
Citliiriiic
('atlu'iiiic 1. 1' llu--.i.i
\V 11- Willi Turkrv
rititioiis I'ol. 111,1,.
( '.ito till' IVn-or.
Drstrovs ('■irtli.it^c
Tlir V.iiiii:;cr...
Civc Dim !l,rs, rii,^
C.ivoiir, il.ili.in Statrsin.iri
t'lil.ir Miiiintlin, II. Hill' III.
C'ril.irsof la'lianiin, Mir
t 'rllir anil Moorish Spam
1', Its, if (oral llrilaiil
Cr Its .111,1 Ccltiv I'rocrcss .,,,
I "ills lis III * '.111. 1,1,1 »,o
of III,' I'lliliil Stalls i;|Sj 1;-,,
t"i'lilral .\'iirri,-.i |-,i
The Stairs of. ,-s
("hiinplain I"ounils l^nrlirr j,/i
I h.imillorviMr, llatllrof ijjS
1 'iMiinm^;, Or u^ ^
C'lialilc.i Sj
("halilcan Ilrirks s*
l"!i.irlriiia:;n,- aiiil ("hiv.ilrv . iijii
ami till' D.ii k .\i,'rs. . . . uf2
ill < il I iii.inv iiS
al .\i\ I.i ( h.ipillr JJ5
Dynast \ ji,j
("harlrs Ml j„,
("li.iriis \'I .H5
("h.irl,^ \"n J, I,
("h.irlrs \ II ti<.\
I'hirlrsIX ."S..'i'7
rliarlr,. M.irtrl. mi
III Ir.its thr S.ir.irrns J',;, jji;
rh.lrlrs \ JS.;
( liarli's \" iiKi
t"liark's 11 10,)
(•|i..rlrs \l (i(
("liarh'sXl ;{i\
l-"harh's I., .iiiil I'.lrii.uiirnl (',.» . \''\
V"|s
INDEX.
I
PAOB.
Charles I., at Marston Moor ^^H
Charles II 364
Ueturns From Holland .^^15
CharlcsU)!! Attacked 5(V>
Chart, A Gcolotrical 3S
Charter, 'I'he Majfna 341
Chanis of Lindtis lag
Chasidium Sect 80
Chaucer, Gunflrey 347i37^>
Cheops, The Pyramid of 4'>
Chicajfo Fire, The 564
ChickainauH-a, Battlf of 54 1
Chilperic IV., Kinj; of the Franks 2f>a
Chili, The Repuhlic of 174
War wuh Peru 476
Chinese Empire 434
Its Territorial Extent 434
China Proper. , IH
The Shanghai Ue^ion 437
The Valley of the Hwan^-llo 437
Interior China 437
i'roducts o! Chinsi 437
Rivers, Climate, Forests, Flora 439
Minerals, Petroleum, Animals .^39
Corea and Its K.xclusiveness 440
Manchura and the Modern Tartars 440
Motijjtdia and the Monn<'ls 441
Thibet and the Grand Lliinia. 441
Chinese, The 44*
The China ot Fable 44a
The Dynasties of China 44.7
Confucius and the Great Wall 443
The Most Civilized Land 443
Kulilai-Khan and Marco Polo 443
International Commercial Intercourse. ..4H
Population and Government 445
Revenue and Taxation 440
Peculiarities — Occupation 447
Architecture and Art 449
Education and Office-Holding: ^50
Hanlin University 450
Religion of China 451
Ev- of Great Reforms 452
Chivalry, The Aj^e of 190
Chlnrolr)rni Discovered 627
Chrisna, of India. 174
Christ, Jesus the 173
Rome and 173
Fotir iiio^raphies of 173
Paul Preaches 174
Christian Commission, The 549
Christian IV 232
Christian 1 321
Christian X 321
Christiana, City of 322
Christian Church, The 175
Churches, The Eij^ht 174
Christians, Persecutions of by Pag-ans, . . . 174
Christianity in Ej^vpt 5S
Constantine Embraces tOg
Early Hays of 174
Paul's Preaching' , 174
Catacond>s of Rome 175
The Apostolic Aije 176
Papacy and Modern 177
In Hritain 334
In Scotland 3S2
Chrysostom 17')
Chiis.in Archipelago 43^
Cliurch, The Greek 132
PAGE.
Eight Christian 174
Its Primitive Simplicity 174
of the Catacombs 175
Apostolic Age I7''>
of Rome i77
The Russian a 17
Churches, Strength of the 1S3
Cicero it;3. i57i »^?
Cincinnatus 1 40
Cities of Ireland 39^
of Japan 4^7
of China 444
of Italy i**4
Civil Service of the U. S 571
Civil War in Portugal 31S
In the United States 529
Civilization, The Area of. 3S
Classics, The Latin irto
Clay, Henry e^z;^
Claudius i^v*
In Rritain 333
Clement V., Pope 263
Clemens, Sa?nuel L 647
Clenistbenes of Greece 106
Ck-opatra and Antony 157
Clifl House Indians 4S6
Climate and Resources of Egypt 4J
Clinton, (Jeneral 509
Clinton, DeWitt 612
Cloaca Maxima 13'i
Clothing of the Egrj-ptians 54
Clovis, Mernng 262
Clovis, Merovingian Dynasty 224
Accepts Christianity 261
Cnx'us Pompeius 151
Code Napoleon, The 27S
Colliert, M 2^19
Coleridge, The l*oet 3S1
Colfax, Schuyler 554
I Coligny, Admiral 2'/>
1 Cr)llins, Wilkie 3S1
Colonial Policy, Roman 137
History of the U. S 491
Colonies of F ranco 293
of the Netherlands 25')
of Spain 30^', 314
of Portugal 317
of Sweden 323
of England 373
Colorado 596
I Colossus of Rhodes, The 125
C'olt, Samuel 62t^
1 Columbia, The United States of 471
I Columbus, Christopher 302
Sails for the New World 303
Death and Disgraced 3a(
; Comets 3^1 3?
I Commerce of Europe 264
of Alexandria 57
of the Pha-nicians 67
! Conuncntaries, Blackstone's 370
I Conunons, House of 341
Commonwealth, The English 361, 364
Comnens, Isaac 202
! Compromise, The Period of. 542
I The Missouri 522
Conception, The Immaculate iSi
Confederacy, Rise and Fall of the ^^^
Cont"'*deration, The Swiss 32^
Confederate Staies, The 530
PAGE.
Confession oT Faith 38^
St. Patrick's 3SS
Confucius, The Age of 443
Congress, First Continental 503
Second Continental 504
l.'nder tlie Constitution 516
The Confederate 557
Conservative Leaders, English 372
Consini, Leonora 2M
Conspiracy of Cataline 152
Constantine the Great .,.,58
Succeeds Constantius i6q
Declared Emperor 169
Embraces Christianity 169
Decree of Milan 169
Defeats Lucenius tfx)
Removes to Constantfnople 169
Constantine IX 202
Constantine XIII 202
Constantine II 384
Constantinople Founded 1(39, 200
Resists Repeated Sieges 198
Constantius and Galerius ifiQ
Constantius, Son of Constantine 170
Constellations of the Zodiac 32
Constitutiim, Canadian 397
of France 276
of the l\ S git;, 569
Conti, Prince of France 219
Continental Army 505
Money 517
Consuls of Rome, First 13S
Continents and Population 3S
Convention, The National 276
Cooper, J. Kennimore 641
Cooper, Peter 625
Copenhagen, City of 321
Copernicus 35, 24S
CopL^ and Coptic Races S»» ''3
Coptic Justice . - 54
Copley, John S 637
Copperhead ' '. the North 53S
Corday, Charlotte 27S
Cordova an<I Moorish Spain 296
and Its literature 297
The Fall of 29S
Corea, Island of. 440
Corfu, Island of. 126
Corinth. City of 129
Corinthian Architecture 130
Coriolanus 141
Cornelia 149
Corpus 'Juris Cirilis 20 1
Corn Laws in England 371
Cornwall, Duke of 226
Cornwallis, General 514
Corsica, Contjucred . 145
Cortex and Mexico 462
Costa Rica, States of 47S
Cotton Gin, The 523,624
Cotton Industry, The 632
Cow pens, Battle of. 5 [4
Cowper, William 3S0
Council, The Nicene 179
The Vatican 128
of Constance 228
Courts of tlie U. S,, The 579
Cracow, City of. 218
Cracus 21S
Cranmer, Thomas 356
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
Da
De
De
Dec
De,
Deci
Def(
De<
De
De';
Dela
Dclp
Delt;
Delu
"Til
•» j ! »-
-W
.■443
..503
. . ■ 5"4
...5'6
..■557
...I'lS
...i5»
....5«
. . . iCq
...169
,. . 169
....169
....>fv
....169
.... 202
20a
.?S(
169, 200
....198
ifio
. .. ''°
3»
.397
.. ..276
■ 5'5. 569
. ... 219
5"5
5'7
«.?*
3^
276
<M'
625
... .1>'
..35. H*?
St. ''M
■■■■54
■ ■■'^'37
.■■538
...27S
. . . 2lj6
... 297
...29S
....440
....126
.... 1 29
....i.V>
....M'
...149
.. ..201
...■371
226
5H
...S-!3i
145
.478
624
.514
.3^
.179
.128
,.323
.579
..318
..21S
. 3S6
PAOR.
Cnitcr, The 'I ycho .^i
Creation, The Theories of. 37
Crt'cd, The Nicene .. 17^
Cri'sccnt, Success of the -J07
Cressy, Buttle of j^o
Crete, Island of 12^1
Crd'sus of Lydi.i <X»
Croinwfll, Olivi r 36^
Dissolves Piirliainent 3''5
Becomes I-ord Protector 365
Cromwell. Kichani 365
Crusade, The First i(>i^ 263
The SecnnO 191
The Third njz
The Fourth 192
The Fifth 192
The Eighth uji
The Latin 202
Cuhu. The Island of. 4.S0
Curtis, (irneral 533
Curtis, Cleorffe \V fy^S
Cnshltes Dynasty, The 52, ^>5
Customs of the Egyptians 51
Cuvier 39
Cynics, The 1 16
Cvjirus, The Island of i2r>
Cvrus the Great S3» 9''
Da^^nhcrt 224
Daiinios of Japan 432
Dakota Territory. 5t>S
Damascus, City ot S4
Siege of, 192
and the Saracens i<*S
Dana, Richard H 641
Dana, James D 64.^
Danes in History 321
Dante 1S7, 193
Daaton 27^1, J7S
Darius Hystaspes ^*i 97
Dark Aijes, The. . . 1S9
Medieval Chaos iSy
Feudalism and F'euda! Tenures 190
Guizot on F'eudalism 190
The Crusaders vjo
Charlemagne 193
The Minnesingers iq^
Witchcraft, Wesley 194
The Saracen Empire 1S9
Darwin, Charles .3S1
David, King of Israel 70
D=^vidl 3S4
David II 3S4
Davis, Jeflerson 530, 555, 561
Daza it'x)
Deborah 70
Debt of Egypt 60
of the Colonies 502
Decatur, Conmiodore .521
Declaration of Independence 506
Decline of Egypt 52
Decree of Milan 171
Decretals, Forged Docmnents iSo
Defoe, Daniel 179
De Grasse, Count ., ..5H
De Kall>, Bamn 513
De'Launay, Gov 2Jj;
Delaware t;^}<
Delphi, Oracle of io3
Delta of the Nile r^2
Deluge, The '19
INDEX.
PAGE.
Demosthenes 113
Denmark 321
Dennistm A. L '>24
Dentatus 1 10
D'Estaing, Ciiunt 512
Destruction of Jerusalem 7'
Detroit, Surrender of .' 5'0
Developments, Gradations of. 41
Developments, Geological 39
Diana of Ephesus 120
Dickens, Charles 3^'
Diderot 27 1
I>iocietian t'*t
Directory of France, The 277
Falloflhe 2S0
Discovery of the New World 303
Disraeli, Benjamin 373
as a Novelist 3S1
Dollinger 234
Dombrornka, Princess 218
Domesday, Book of Engl;' d 33S
Dominion of Canada ■ 39|
Domitiiin 1/^17
Donation, a Forged Document i^»
Donel.son, Capture of Fort 533
Dougla.Q, Stephen A 527, (00
Dowlali, Surajah 404
Drake, Sir Francis 359
Drake, Joseph 11 fy\n
Draper, Dr. J. W 6^
Dresden, Battle of. 2S:;
Dryden, John 37S
Druzhacka, Elizabeth 222
Dublin, The City of ^90
The University of 391
Duft'erin, Lord 397
Duncan and Macbeth 3S4
Durer, Albrecht 259
Dustan 336
Dutch Republic, The 25S
Commerce 25S
in Histo.y, The 257
The Medieval 2;;^
Acknowledged by Phillip II 30S
Art 259
Dwellings of the Egyptians, The 54
Dynasty, First Egyptian 46
The Cushite S^t^^^S
of Fatima, The 59
The !*t<demic 155
The Ommiad 19S
The Bazilian 202
The PahTologi 202
The Merovingian 214, 2f'>2
The Ilohenstaufels tzn
of 1 lungary, Arpad 250
The Hapsburg 250
Dynasties of China, The 44 ^
Eads.John R 62S
Earth Without Man, The 37
Its Surface in Square Miles 37
The Planet .as, 26
l':arih's Strata, The 3S
East India Company, Dutch ^03
The English — ^o\
Ecologuesof Virgil, The... ifii
I-Icuadiir, Kepublic ot 471
Ecumenical Council of Constance 22S
Edda, The Elder 321
Etiict of Nantes 26S
XI
TACE.
Edinburgh, Founded 334
Edmund I 3^0
I'.dmunds, (leorge K 5Ut
Educatiim in Turkey 2017
in Germany 241 247
in Au-'tria 23,1
in Belgium 2,vt
in the Netherlands ••••257
in l-rance nt\
in Denmark 321
in China .(50
Edward the lilder ..336
Etlward the Confessor 336
EdwarM I. of England 343
Annexes Wales 344
Scotland, a Dependency J^S
■'lebcllion of the SctUts 315
Edward II 5^0
Defeated and Captured 3.^6
Edward III j^f,
Lays Claim to France 340
Defeats the French 346
Edward I\' 3-j
Victory at Tewksbury 3^^
Defeated by Warwick 353
Edward V., murdered by Rlc'iard III 354
Edward the Black Prince 3^6
Ed ward \'l »rS
Abolishes Mass ^^S
Lady jane Grey 1 lis Successor 258
Edwardian Age of England, The 3^7
Edwards, Jonathan 0J9
Edwin of North uinbria 3 Hi 3^1
E'^bert, King of Wesse.x 5 je
^M^ypt. The most Ancient 44
The(jeography of. . , , ,^^
Its Climate and Kes( purees 44
The Uositta Sttme .. 4-
First Egyptian Dynasty..., \6
Cheops, Pyramid and Sphinx \6
The Shepherd Kings 47
The Dawn of Thebes 47
llie Meinphian Kingdom 47
At Its Best jS
Froui Memphis to Thebes 4S
Kanark and its Tombs (S
Cataracts ot the Nile jS
Reform in the Calendar 4s
Amanotliph and the i:xodus )9
A G impse of < ireece
Raineses the Great
Home Development and Compiest
Gold and its Inthience
Decline of
Shish ink and Bubastis
e Cushite Period o
S3
5.1
=,.1
■S3
Th(
Commerce and Discov
Assyrian and Persian Wars
Cauibyses Work of Destructi(ni
and Greece
University at Heliopolis p,
Coptic Justice r*
Clothing arul Dwellings ri
Domestic Life in
Political D visions in
Survey by an Eminent Writer.
and (ilory of Alexandria
Alexander and Alexamlna.. . ,
Papyrus Making
The First of the l*tolemies..
.54
5»
■S^
•55
• SS
•55
•56
r i
I
Xll.
INDEX.
PAGE.
figypl, AlexikmlriHn Commerce ^fy
Its I'ulWif Huililinys 56
The Must'iiiti, Tlif Library ^t>
The PloltMiiics ami Science 57
Alex.iTuh'iaii Philosophy 57
Material Uurlinc of Alexandria 57
Aiexarnlrian t liristianity 5*^
Thenl(.fr,cal Warlare 5^
/enitliia in Kyypt 5S
The Saracen Invasion 5*^
I'resrnt $tj
Turkish Siibjiii^ation . . .59
The l*rest lit P nasly 59
I>ehl and Political Cnnsccimnces f-o
Uailroads and the Sue/, (>ana,I 'wi
Cairn and Alexandria (n
Thv. \ilc8 Natural Uicources li^
Slave Trade and Kdiication M2
The l*resfnt Popnlalinn tu
The KeUahs, Copts and 'iurks 6^
Elder Kdda, i'hv ^n
Elijni Marbles 1 r9
Kliot,John f\^S
Eliot, (Jeory^e y<i
Elizabeth, CJiieen of lCni;l.ind tjS
Declines I he Suit of IMiilip II ^\^S
DflVals tlu; Spanish Amada 35S
Marv, (^iieen of" Scots j^ij
Favorites oT the (^icun ;v)
Ualeiirh- Drake 3^^
Enu'lish I-iteraturo v^"
Elizabethan Aij^e ol' Literature ^'o
Einancipatinn, The Proclamation of 53S
'-rnanuel, \'iilor iS^i
Oinerson, Halph Walilo '1^5
llini^rants nl I'^rance 27^1
CniiLrralion of ilu- Irish ^lyo
■itnpirc, The Koman 155
The Saracen iS». '■»;
The By/antme joo
Tlu' Ottoman 205
Thi* Urilish ;i\2
ICinuHt, Holier I ,v>3
ICnipirors from Au^i'ustiis to Alaric if)^;
ICnc\c!upedKi <tf France 271
Eniflaiid, Old i^^i
Karly Itritons ^j^
C;esar in liritain _J3_(
The Druids x\ 1
Kouian Con(|uest 33 ^
Advent of the AiiK'Io-Saxon .^^|
Cliristian Evany:elization ;^\\
Irish and Koman Church .i,Vi
The Svnod of Whitley .^15
The Danish Incursion 3,^5
From Alfred to luhvard 335, Xu
The Norman Invasion .U7
Harold and William 337
Domesday Hook and Uealty 3?"^
Henry I., I-on^' Ueiyn 33'^
and the Planta^M-nets, Old 339
Tliomas ii Beckct 330
Stronjrbow and Irish Subjug-ation 3^9
I It-nrv II., Sorrows 3 |0
llichanl Co-ur de I^-on. 3(0
Ji>hn and the Matjna Charter 3(1
Henry HI. and Parliament 3(1
F.iiward and the n irons 3^1
Uo^'er H.icon, Scientist 34-'
Architecture and Free Masonry 3p
PACfK.
Knffland, Retrospect of Old 34J
and the Plantajjenets, Modern 313
Edward I. and bis Ambition ,^Ti
I.lewellen, Welsh Policy 34-(
Arthurian I.eu'ends 34 <;
Wallace, Ilruce, Subjection of Scotland ..34;;
ICdvvardand Scotch Indepemlence 3(1;
Edward II. -K.hvard III 346
Fr.mce and the Hlack Prince 3('i
Chaucer— Wyclilfa 147
Richard II., and Wat. Tyler 31^
Hou-es of I-ancasterand York 3(9
Perioil of the Roses 3.(1;
Henry I\'. and Wycliflfe 35 ■
Henry v. in France 351
Henry V!.— One Hutidrcd Years' War. .351
Jack Ciide's Insurrection 351
The War of the Roses 35^
Edward IV 352
Warwick, the King Maker 35 j
Edward V. -Richard HI 35^
Hos worth Field 35)
The House of theTudors 35^
I leiiry \TI. and his Times 355
Henry VHI., bis Character and Timi's. . .35'!
Edwaril \T. andJaiieGrey 35S
Hloodv Mary 351
Accessmn of Elizabeth , 55s
Philip of Spain 35-;
Marv, t^ieen of Scots 35S
The ICIizahethan Age 35S
I'n-Ur the Tiidors. 3''0
Ireland imder the Tudors 3'io
The Stuartf^ anil CtMnmonwealth ...3'ii
The (Jnnpowder Plot 3/11
Sir Walter Ualeigh 361
Trtbacco and Pnt.itocs 3 j
King Jatni's Version ya
Virginia and New England. - 30^
Charles I. and Royalty 30J
Cromwell, The Long Parliament 3'>;
The Conunon wealth 3'i.(
Charles H., James II 361
William and Mary- Anne 3^15
Close of Stuart Dynasty 36^1
At the Present Time 367
The tieorges^ William 1\' .30S
\'ii t<tria and Priiue Albert ^ . .3/vS
Cnloman Intervention 371
Kevoliilionary and Napoleonic Wars. ...371
The Corn I-aws 371
Political Parties and Leader"* 372
Rny.ilty.its Palaces and Revenues 373
Parliament, The Ministry 373
The Cnited Kingdom and British Empire. 373
Colonial Possessions 373
England, The I-iteratureof 3-5
Cha\iccr and his Times 376
Shakespeare and his Contemporaries ...37''t
Milton and In-i Contemporaries 57S
I.iteiature of the Restoralion 37S
Addison and the Spectator 379
Hvron and bis Peers 3'x)
The tJreat Novelists 3S1
Contemporary Men of I-etters 3S1
Latest Tvpe of Literature in 3^1
Finulisli, William .1 569
Epbesus.The City of 126
Teuiple of Dian:v 126
Epicurean and Stoic Philosophy i ro
I'AOK.
Epictetus ifti, irt3
Erfurt, The University of J30
Ergamcnes 65
ICric of Denmark 3ii
Ericsson, John 533, 6^7
Krin, as Known to the Celts 3S7
Krostratus ia6
Escurial, Palaces of the 308
Fspartero, Regent 31a
Esjpninaiix of Labrailor 399
lisscnessect 74
Ethclbcrt, Earl of Kent 3^4
Ether, Discovery of 6J7
Klhiopia Subjugated bv Egvpt 51
Secession of 52
and the Pho-nicians 64
and Kgypt (V
Elective Monarcliy. ... 6j5
The Arts and Sciences of 65
Present Ethiopia or Abyssmia 65 ^
litrusci and the Etruscans 134
Romans Capture 141
Etruscan Art 140
I'airipedes no
Eutaw Springs, The Haitlcof 514
Evilmerodach S3
I-xeciitive Department, The 57J
Exodus from ICgypt, The 49
ICxpostion, The Centennial 565
Ezra the Scribe 70
l-'abian Policy, The 146
I'abius, Consul of Koine i jo
Faille, The GoUlen Age of 40
Poland and Its 318
The China of. 44 j
Faclory System, The 0J4
l-"air banks, Thaddeus ojfi
American Scales o^f)
I'air Oaks, Battle of. 535
l'"arragut, Aduural 5(9
l'"armer. From Shepherd to \2
I'"atima, The Dynasty of ^t>
Federalists of the V. S., The 517
I'Vllahsof ICuypt.The .tM
I''enelon 2(h)
I*"enian IlrotluThood, The 31)^
Ferdinand of (iermany 2^2
b'erdinand I\' 2:;o
l-'erdinand and Isabella ^00
Capture of Malaga 21/.)
Ferdinand \TI., (tf Spain 310
Fergus, The Celt 3'^2
I'errend, ICxtract From 2jo
Feudalism and Feudal Tenures iS«)
Defined by Guizot lyo
in Poland jiS
in the Netherlands 25S
in Scotland 3S4
Fichte 246
Fiticenth Amendment ^53
Fiji Islaruls, The 4S^i.
iMllmore, Millard S-J". S*^
)*'inances of tlu? Contederaiv 560
l'"ire Arms, The Manufactory of. .625
Fisher, Capture of Fort 559
F'sheries, Canadian 595
of the I'nited States 629
Flanders, The Count of. 25S
Flavii, a Roman I*'ainily 167
Flemish and Dutch Art 26ii
■fG
FT 5 — I
fl__
INDEX.
Xlll.
i-.\r,F.
Flodilcn Heiirhts. nattle of. .^s.
Floruncf, Tlie City of , iS/i
I Inriil.i 19''i .W'^
KInridii I*urch;iscd .V
Knntaint', La 270
Kt«)te, Ciimtnodorc., 5,>J
Kiirrt'st, (ifniTil 5}Si 5^t
Knniiii at Koim-, Thi' i'»^>
Fourlcinth Amciulinont ^s,\
Frame, Oli! 2'»i
Ancient (laiil 2''i
Clovis ami ihc Franks 2f^\
Tlif MiTovm^-ian Line V*2
CU.irU-i Martfl ami S.muons jni
Carloviniji.in amt Capttian Dynasties... .i^ii
TIic House of Valois if.i
Al»el;iril am! Iluloise 2"\
St. Louis, Molay, Serfs i'>\
Batlle of A^iiuourt ami J'xm of Arc. . .,2'i(
The Keriaiss.mce ami llaliclais 2"|
The \'amlnis antl ,|t>hn Calvin i"5
Massacre of Si. Harlholonu'w's i'ij
Frolestantisin Orifani/.t'i! in 2V>
Triumph md Dei ay of Monarchy ^07
Henry of Navarre i'>7
Recantation anti Toleration i''S
Louis XI n., Hichelifu 2f»s
Louis XV a'vS
Intellectual Proirress 26S
Persecution ant! Oppression ^v
Literati of that Period. rn)
Louis XV. aiul John Law J70
Finance and Colonization 270
American lie volution ,,, 271
Great Ilevohilionary Writers 27 1
Colonies in America 27 1
Colony in India .270
The devolution in 272
Stales (iencral — National .\sseinblv ....272
The lias tile— The Emigrants 275
Fliiiht of the Koyal Party 27'.
Legislative Asseinldy 27 >
Chani^e of the Calendar 270
Thejacohins 270
The (iirondists and P. line 270
The Kei^n of Terror 277
The Directory 277
Napoleon and the Revolution 277
Notahle Characters J7S
The Code Napoleon 27S
Napoleon and His Campaigns 2St
Latter Day 2s >
A Ueoail of the IJourlions 2<n
I^niis Phillipe, Kinj^ 2*^;
I^uis Napoleon. 2()o
The Siey^e of Paris 20 [
Centralization in 292
Importance of Paris n)>
Laml and Rents 2i)\
Reli^^ion and Education 2q\
Colonial Possessions j(;^
Contemporary French Literature .,VM
The Rise of the Republic _>t>2
Jules (irevy, President..., , 2y2
The Cities of ii)2
Franks Invade Gaul.. . , afti
Franklin, ;;.nj 507, 62^^ 6^9
Frankhn, IJattle of g^^rt
Fredericksburg, Rattle of 5^7
Free Ma»onry in En^^hind 342
I' AGE.
I'Vee Trade in Enpiand .17'
Fremont, John C 53S 5^2
l-'rem h of Canada, The .195
Settlements in the Miss, Valley ^ir>
I'rench Revolution, 'I'lie 272
France Declares War Ai^ainst (Jermany 2,(11
Franci'', Joseph I., ot .Austria 251
Franks Allies of Rome, The i*n|
Un ' Charlemay^ne i*^|
Invade Gaul ....2f')i
Frederick L, called Harbarossa 225
and the Lomliards 22<y
and the Crusades 22/i
Frederick II., and tlie ("rusades \i)2, 2 2n
Wears the Crown of Jerusalem 22'i
Drives Pope Grcijorv IX. I'"rom Rome.. 22')
Establi^lies Court at Palermo 22^^
l*'rederick I., Klnj; ot Prussia 2\^
i'Vederick William I., Kiniy i)f Prussia 2\^
I'Yederick William I\'., Kini;- of Prussia. , ...yS
I'rederick Wil.i.im, Cro\vn IVince 2(o
Frederick II., Called Frederick the (Jreat.. .2.50
War with Aust ia 2,/*
The Seven Years' War 230
Division of Poland 2y'y
Sympathy lor America 3,^7
Frederick III. of Austria 2V'
Fuller, Mir^^arct ''•12
l'"uller, Thomas .(7*^
I'ullon, Robert l'>2_\
l-'u.-'himi, lialtle of H2
(laelic Lanifuai;e, Ihe (SS
(iaines Farm, ll.itlle of 5(0
(f.iiha, a Roman Imperator if^rf)
(Valerias, a Roman Imperator i<)S
Galileo 3;
( i.il veston. Capture of ^\<
G ima, Vasco da .■ • • -3 '7
Gambelta 291
<f. lines, The I'"our Cireek 107
Garilialdi, of Italy iS'>
Gartield, James A 5(2, 561;, ^-^^
(Jates, (ieneral ^,2
(J.iul, Contpiered by Rome .if'n
Invadcil In* (Jermans 2fu
Invaded bv Franks 2f>i
lU
...I^4
...12S
....4^
( tauls Invade Rome, I'he
(Jeni^his Khan, a Tartar Chief.
(ienoa and l*isa, The Cities of.
G'Osrrii/>//iii, by Ptolemy, of Alexandria,
Geography of E^ypt, The
Geolo:;ical Periods ^7
Chart 3S
Developments ^9
Georpe I., lillector and Kinj*- V'7
South Sea Bubble , '.-^'7
Georpfc II y\'^
Geortje III y»S
The Revolutionary \\ ar 3'»S
( leorjje IV (6S
Cieorife, Prince of Denmark }\i
(i'-'orpri^i 49"^, 5*^
(ieor^'ics of Virj '.i, 'I"he i^ti
German Thouj^iit and Intellig'ence 2^2
Music and Literature 245
Universities and Libraries , 217
Philosophy 2n
Order in the North 227
(Jermans, I'he Medieval 22;^
Germany, Medieval 22.5
PACK
...22;^
...22\
..22\
Genna.y, The Ancient Teutons, . . ,
Introduciifm of Christianity. ... . . ,
The MiTo v I n-^an Kinij-
Charles the Hanuiier
R.-i^ai of ilie Stewards 22^
C"hailemay:ne, Ludwitf 221;
Harbiirrjssa, Otto jjg
lit juisition and FreiU rii k II 220
Decline of the Empire 22(1
The Hanseatii- League 227
Conversion of Prussia 227
and the Reformation 22.S
John Hu>iS at I'rajjuc 22S
Ity/antine ICmpire Falls 229
Invention ()f Printini; and I*aper 2,^0
Martin Luther, Diet of Worms 2^1
Translation of ihe IMile 231
'I"he Au;;shuru' Confession 2.12
The Thirty \'ears' War 2^2
2\dolphus ai.ti Wallenstein 2^,^
The Pe.u-e ot Westphalia 2 n
The Lutheran Churcli 234
New 2\ti
Military IJe^inninjj of New 235
Rise of Prussia, Frederick William 2_\%
Frederick aiiil .Maria Theresa 2^0
The Divi-i<tn of Poland 2 v
Th<- French Revolution and 2\j
N.ipoleon in (ierin.my 2 57
Jena Illueher and Waterloo j\-j
The lJ|)ri--iiij»- in iS(S _■ ;S
William I. and llisniarck .j^s
Schleswiij and Holstein 2 ^S
The Seven Weeks' War 2;';
The Hohcn/.oUerns i\-t
The Franco-Prus.^ian War 2 (o
The Seven Months* War 2)o
Paris, its Resistance .ind Capitutalion . . j jn
Alsace-Loraine 2(0
Pri'.sent States and Reconstruction j 1 1
Compulsory Education and Army 2\i
Area and I*opulation 2(1
Intelleitual.
JH
Development of (n-rman Tiiou^ht 2\2
An Intellectual (i,iiadrarii,'le . j )j
Atl.urnuent> in Music 2\2, 2\\
Philosophers of j|:;
Universities and Libraries of 2-17
Schol.irship ot". j.fS
(ieUysbury, IJattle of ^^S
Ciibralter, The Straits oi'. 5^, ^m*, ^mj
(Jideon and I lis It. mil . . 70
Gilbert of Ravena, I*ope iSo
(iilln-rt, Sir Humplirey jiji
(iirondists of I'V.mce 27'i
(iladstone, Willi ant E ^72
(jlo'.icester, Tlie Earl of 351
Glue
•"■i\B
God Ammon, The 56
Thoth, The jg
(lodlVey of Itouillon 191 , 265
(Jfxls of .Myth(tl4>KV 120
(Godwin. Earl of Wessex i j?
I Goethe
"it.?
(i(»lden Aj^e of I'able.. .
of Pnetry
("Jolden lIor.leofTartarj
! (Joldsmilh, Oliver
1 Goodyear, Charles
I (J..rill;..The
.. aii
....,So
...6i7
•••■39
I
XIV.
INDEX.
PAOK.
Gothic Alphabet, The ii\
Spiiin if))
(joths nf (itTinan y, The i J -»
(ioviilar, City of '^
(iovtrniiunl of tht* I'nitcd States 571
n!' Itlly !<'>
of 'rurl<L-v *oS
Grai'i liiis, 'rihiriiis i (o
Gru-ilius, t'aiiis if)
(iruilatinns of Dt'vcldpim'nt ■( 1
Gr;ininl;i .mil tlic Alh;nnlna i<*S
Gr.in.l \'i/.i. r, The JoS
Gniiul IJ;iina. , H'
Gniit. r. S.. . ^1^2, 5J4 5.iy. 5*^, giji, 551, $64, ^<s,
Graii.in, Kinpcror 171
Gravtioitu, Battle of 2\n
Oray, Asa (^
Gray, Tlioinas ..^^t
Great Hntain, Territory of ^\i
Greece at)>l Hero Worship t/i
Its Pre-eiiiiiience 90
Grecian Peculiaritv yo
Aifc nf K;ible ami Toetry </y
lis Political Divisions yi
Grille aiul Schlieniann 91
Heroic Ay^e and Hercules 91
Theseus ami the Amazons 92
The Trojan Heroes, 92
Homers and the Heroic A ^ti 92
The Siey-u of Troy 93
The \Vanderi«ijfs o( Ulysses uj
Hisltiric Wars 95
The Spartans and Messenians 05
The Four Great Wars oi' i/t
Asia Minor and Cnisns 9')
The Pel si. ins ami lotiians i/S
Persian Invasion 97
The Glorii'S of Marathon 97
Therinnpvlie and Its Deiense 9S
TIk' Battle of Salamis... o'^
'! heinisiocles and Greece's Ingratitude. . i**)
The Peloponnesian War '/<>
1 he Genius of Pericles ^m
Philip of Macedon 10 >
Alexander th^- (ireat I'x)
Roman Comjiiest 102
Modern (ireek Heroism to2
State Craft in lo^
I-ycuriTiis and His Kaws iO(
The Spartan Monarchy io(
The Laws of Draco i«>5
Solon and Athens 105
The Constiiution and Its Features lo^
Solon antl I.ycury^uii nvt
Clenisthcnesand Democracy mo
Pericles the Statesman k/i
The Four la-ayues and Games 107
The Delphi Oracle h.S
Classic Literature of 109
Homer in Literature u\)
Hesiod, .Msop, and other Poets no
Sapho, Pindar, ami the Lyrists no
The Dramatists and Attica no
Conu'dv and Aristophanes ni
lleiodotus Xenophtm and Plato in
Ari>tol|eand PhiIo^ophy m
Demosthenes ami Oratory n.^
Philosophy and Art ii|
Socrates and His Phil()snphy 11$
Epicureans, Stoics and Cynics n6
PAGE.
Greece, Painting and Sculpture M7
Orders of (irecian Architecture nS
The KIgin Marldes 1 19
and Rome, Mythology *if. nn
Jupiter and Celestial Heredity 120
I'he Amours of Iho Gods 121
Olympus 122
Phaelon and His Presumption 124
Peg isus and Poetry 12,?
Centaurs and Other Monsters 123
The Uidille (tf the Sphinx.. 124
Orpluus and Kurvdice 144
and the Greek Church iH)
Corinth, Ancient and Modern 129
Byzantine arul Moslem Kule 130
The Venetians and the Parthenon 130
The Greek Revolution 131
Intervention of the Great Powers 131
'I'he Monarchy Kstahlished 131
Present Government of. 131
Condition of the Country 132
Greek Church and 132
Greek t hurch lilsewhere 133
Its Characteristics 132
Outer Greece 125
Greek Church, 'Hie 171
Poets and Philosophers 93
Greeley, I lorace 5^14, ^44
Green, General 514
(ireenland Discovered 324
Gregorian Calendar, The 35
(iregory XIII., l*ope 31;
Gregory ' ' le (ireat 179
Gregory II., Pope iSo
Gregory VII., (Ilildebrand) iSo
War of the Investitures iSo
Gregftry IX., Pope 226
(irevy, Jules 292
Grey, Uidyjane 35S
G iialemala 47S
Guiana, French, Iuig!i--h and Dutch 470
(» linea, a Tract of Country in Africa 457
Guilford Court House, The Battle of 514
(iuise, Hou.se of 366
< lunpowder, First Used 22S
Cnmpowiler Plot o! Guy Fawkes 361
(iustavus, Wasa 322
Gu->tavus, Adcdphus 323
(iulenherg, John 230
Hadrian, Emperor 16S
Haeckel, Krnest ^47
I l.igue, The City of the 356
Hale.JohnP 5^7
Halicarnassus, City of 121;
I lalifax, Canada, 'I he City of 3t>S
Hallam and tlie Dark Ages 193
Halle School of Philosophy 247
Halleck, Gen. H. W 550
Halleck, Fit/. Greene 641
Hatnilcar 14S
Hamilton, Sir William 3S6
Hamilton, Alexander 517, 51S, 636, 640
Hamlet, Prince of Denmark z^i
Hampden, Jfdin 363
Hampton, Wade 563
Hancock, General W. S S3S. SSo. 5^9
Hancock, John 506
Handel 345
Hannibal 14S, 14*^
Hanno MS
PAOB.
Hanftealir League 127
Hapsburg, The Dynasty ot 250
in the Netherlands jjS
Hardee, tieneral 563
Harper's I''erry, Brown at 529
Harrison, William H 52s, 584
Harte, Biet <>49
Ha.Htings, Battle of. 337
Havdn, Joseph 245
Hayti, The Island (.f 4S1
Havana, Thf City of 4S0
I lawthorne, Nathaniel fi\S
Hawthorne, Julian 64S
Hawaiian Islamls, The 4S4
Haves, Ruthi-rford B 5^.5, 5S5
Headley.J. T 64S
Headley, P. C 6+S
I leb rt 277
Hebrew Nation, The 68
Bible, The 73
Literature and Seels 73
Hegel 2f6
I leine, Heinerich 244
Heison II I2rt
Heidleberg, The I'niversity ot". 34S
Helen, WifeofMenelaus 92
Ileliopolis, The City of 2g
University of 53
Helenic University, The 57
Helveti and Switzerland 325
Hendricks, Thomas A j;''^
Henry III. of Germany i'x)
Henry II. of France 266
Henry III. of France 2<yj
Henry IV. nf F' ranee 2(/i, 2<'7, 2'i8
Henry, Count of Portugal 315
Henry I. of Ltiiil and 339
Henry II. of Kngland 33S339.3to
Henry HI. of Kngland 341
Parliament I'-stahlished 341
Henry IV. of Kngland 350
Henry V., King of Kni-land 351
Henry VI. of England and France 351
Henry Tudor Defeats Richard III 354
Crowned Henry VII 355
Henry VIII., King of 1 .ngland 356
Henry, Patrick 503
Henry, Capture of Fort 533
Herbert, George 378
Hercules 91
I lerder 243
Hero Worship, Greek 90
Heroic Age, The 90
Herods of Jewish History 71
I lerodotus 1 1 1
Herring, S. C 627
Herschel, Sir William 35
I lerzcgovina, I*rovtnce of 254
Ilesiod 103
Hibernia, as Known to the Romans 3S7
Ilildebrand, Pope 180
Highlanders of Scotland 383
Highways of Rome, The 137
Hildretb, Richard 644
Hill, General A. P 53^., 563
Hill, General D. H 563
Hiram of Plucnicia 67
Historic Wars of (Jreece 95
1 listory, Before 23
Hitchcock, Fid ward 644
^ s>
.... «7
■'50
'5S
...Sf'i
i'9
(^49
.U7
MS
4'*>
4^
.. 648
'mS
4S4
..5"S. 5S5
chS
(hs
'Tl
68
73
73
M'''
»44
u6
'. »4S
9>
i')
53
57
3^5
,5^6
iSo
.' 166
2(17
,.3«i, i(1, S'*
, 3'S
3,W
..33S. 339.31°
34"
34'
350
35'
e 35>
354
355
35ft
.503
533
373
9>
»43
90
90
7'
. . .111
«»7
35
»54
103
3S7
180
383
"37
64+
• ■53^5''3
.. .. Sf'i
f'7
95
»3
fm
i^
I'Ar.E.
U(>hcnlin<Un. H:ittlr of i^;
llcilunstaufi'N, I)\n;isty aif>
llolK-n/olltirns, ilidisc nf i^j
lloi.iiii.i, J. (J, rjjs
llnli.inii, Ki?»L;tl(nn tit" ij;'», i;;*^
U-llv spriii'^'--, Thu II m If or' j;;-!
Ilnlnu-^, (>. W .. ..f.j'.
I l»lv Aili.incL'.'riu' j'T
Mm t.biiikil. Von ^3» ^1"^
I IiniiLiniu-s 50
Miiiiu'r 90, 101, iO()
Hiimltir.ts, 'Ihc Stiitc (if .. .47S
Mritish. (79
Honor lus 171
llnotl, (Miicral 545, 5((.
Ilnini, 'I'lioiniis _^So
llonkir, (H-n.ral S.15. 5?^. 5l»i S^o
Unpkiii.s, ICzfkict .qij;
Hn]>kir)s, Samuel tuj,
Iloracu loa
HotUntot, TIiL- \i)
Ildiisf of Krprt'SuntativL's, The 572
I Ioii>.ton, (iuiu'ral Sam 5J5
llowir.i, (iinL-ral O. () 55^
Ilt)\vc, Klias ..<>i'> '
Ilowi-lls, J. I) rx^^) 1
IIowc, I.ord 5(K^ i
llowL', (iciu'ral 509 !
I luiNori's (i.iv CompLmy _y/i
I luyiu'iiots of I'V incc 205 1
H«ill.(;emTal 510
Munif, Diivi'.l i7<>, ,^So 1
lltuiirarians ami Maria Tlu-ri-sa Jfi '
Ui-'tory — ij;o
I.ittralurf and I<anjjua^je J54 j
I £uii^:irv- Austria ^^^)
The Ilapslniry and 2;.-
The Dual (Jovernincnt 2^0 I
and Maria There'-a iy\ 250
Area of 250
Hunter to Shi plierd, From 41
Unss, John, at Praifue 22S
(Opposition to the UomiNli Charrh 2?S
Hussite War, The 22S
Huxlev iSi
Ilyades.Tlu- XU
Ibrahim 60, t;i
Ibrahim, 1"he Devil 219
Iliuria, or CVltie Spain 20 j
Iceland and its (iovertiinent 320
Iconoi'Iasts, Uci^n of the 201
Ida, Mount 126
J da ho Territory <;,»
T<,'-iiatius, llishop i7f>
Mad, linmer's 92
lllinoi'i 5,)9
luiitatiiin of Christ 1S1
Itnmaeulale Conecption (*roc!aimeii l'^l
Impiachnurit Trial of Johnson 5^^
Inaiiff" ration of Washinjjton 519
India of the Ancients 127
Inilia,the Krench in 270
India, British 400
Victoria, Empress of 400
The Aryan Race 400
Alexander the <ireat .40^
Portuguese and Dutch 40.1
British Kxpulsion of the Dutch 404
LordClive and Surajah Dowlah \o\
Hastinj^N'-Cornwallis 40)
INDEX.
r\GR.
India, ThL' Si'poy Mutiny 4"7
Vii'irnys iif tlir I'rown 4i>7
Ouin MiTiili'tli — I-<ml Ilipon 407
Ihf MiiKul Knipiru 4""*
lUii.iriv. llu- lli.lv lily t<>"*
S.mskrit aiul ii> ro^siliilitics 4i>'<
K.iihv.ivs— I'.ipul.itinn— KLlii;iiin. ..... .<i>3
Iii.liiin IVrriti.ry '»l, (S<y
l.ulianWarsin the West 5"'
War in Flori.la 5»
Imlianu '"'
Indians, Thf Ainirican tS
Origin. if llu- H.uc f^S
.M..iinils and Mound llmldtrs +-i6
Clitr I l.iusi'S \^''
C'avc DwcHlts 4^7
Nativi' Tribes of llif Allanlic 4'>">
Kuservalionsof the United States (S.^
Thu In.lian llureau 4S
The Indian Territory 4*;
Oppurlunity and I'rospects 4./.
Tlicir Relation tii U. S. I listory f («
Indians of Cana.la, The y/>
Industries of tli ■ U. S bi9
[nfallil.ilitv, I'apal iSj
Inkerman, ll.ittle of Jit
Innocent III 'Si, 19*. ""
Impiisiiion Kstalilished, The iSi
of Spain, The 3°'
Insurance 'M"
IntLllettual C.errnany Hi
Interior, The Secretary of the 577
Investitures, War of lS<)
lonians. The 97
Isles, The IJ'i
Iowa 'Mi
Iplujtcnia 9'
Irenaiis of I.vons 17(1
Ireland, Kn^land, In 3(o
Suliiujialed liy the Tudors v»
and the Irisli ,5^7
Its Silu.ition and Area ,?'<7
Koad-i and Products of 3*<7
Conversion under St. Patrick .^^7
Its I.aniiuiife anil Literature .^'nS
Counties and Provinces .^SS
I-;ni;lish Kule jSS
Daniel O'Coonell and Parnell 3^y
Uevoluti.inand lleforrn i^j
I£tniy:rations to America ..^90
Irish Land Law— Its Cities .....190
Kiuinit and the I'niled Irishmen .jq.)
The Kcnian Brotherhood ,W3
The Land League ,19)
Irish Missionaries in ICn^land .^.t:;
Policy of the Tudors ,{6o
Church, The 3S7
Land Hill, The .v.io
Iron Industry, The . .t'l.j.i
Irvinjj, Washington (42
Isaac t(» Moses, From f-o
Isabella, Ferdinand and 300, 305
Isabella II 3 ' »
Islam, .fc^ Saracen, also Mohammed
The Cnivertaty of 61
The Followers of 19S
and Constantinople 207
Islands, The Ionian 126
Isles nfthe Sea 479
Ismail, Khedive of Ej^ypt 60
XV.
PAI.K.
Isocrates n 3
Ispahan, Capital of Persia sy
Israel and th.' Hebrews oS
Isthmian <» imes, The 107
It.ilians — Il.ilv and the iSj
It.tly anil Primitive Uoine 133
The Peninsiil.ir of Ancient 134
and the Itali.ins is|
Tile Y.iunm'st N'aliou |S(
The Lomli.irds |S(
in the Dark Ayi-s js^
Till- I'Vee Cities iSj;
The Chief (ilory o! Medieval 1S5
Fm.iniiel and Italian I'nily isii
Pope Pill N'lno Sfi
The Present (iovernment 1S7
Condition of the Country 1*^7
Literature anil .\rtol ..iSy
The Iiali.Lo Kenaissance iSS
luka, llattle of jjS
Ivan, (Jrand Prince of .Moscow 2ii
Fxpels the (jolden I Ionic Jia
Monarch id the llussi.is 21a
Ivan, The Terrible 212
Ivry, The Italtle of ji*j
lyeyas, liii eror 13,
Jackson, Andrew 5^", 5-4» 5*^3
Jackson, (len. Stonewall 535, 56a
Jacobin K;;vpt '*)
J.lcobins of I'Vanci-, The 270
Jairellos l''ainily, The 219
James I. of I'>i;^l.»nd 301
The (iiinpowdcr Plot t'o
Translation of the Hible .v»2
James I. of Scotland 3S(
The Haronial Power ,)S(
James II. of Kntil'ml .505
ICstablishes the Illooily Assi/.es .103
Defe.lted at lioyne V'S
Jaines II. of Scotland .(-!(
Cavil and llordtr W.irlare 3S4
James V. of Scotland 1^4
Navy Uuiltand Fisheries ICsl.iblished. . ..(Sj
nele.iled at Flmlden.. j^.;
James \T. of Scotlaiul 3'<(i
James, Jr., Henry f^g
Janizaries, The 206
Japan and t!ie J ipanese ^27
Description of the Count rv (27
Its Cities, Products aiul Population )2S
Mines and Minerals 12S
Its Farly History (2S
Its Greatest Colleen Koyu (29
Letters and Philosophy (29
Buddhism Introduced no
F'irst Contact with luiropcans (30
Jesuit Mis-.i(ms, The Dutch 431
Tycoon Iveyas . . .431
America and Commodore Perry 431
l-'all of the Daiiuios. \\i
Christian Calendar Adopted 433
as it is, or New Japan 433
Idolatry and Sintuisin \3;^
Methods of Transportation \;^;\
Modem Missions 133
Japanese Literature 133
Java 2.0
Jay, John 640
Jeflerson, Thomas S'^, 5"^', '^U^
Jena, Battle of 237, 2S5
]
•_ J*
XVI.
INDEX.
PAOK. I
Jiphllllll 7ri
Jiriiini! I7'i
JercMiM', ChauiKy '>i'*
Jcnis.iU'in 70
iinil tlu-.liws 7 J
SiiiMiiils tri AltxancU'r 7n
C',i|)(nri'<) Hv I*ti»k'iiiy SottT 711
Oi-stroyctl l»y Titus 70, I'li)
(inclfny, Killi; III" Ml
t'hrislians Drivi-iiotil by S:il.iilin ut:
Jt'sus till- I Iirist. 17 (
TIiL- Soiifty of iSi
Jesuitism .111(1 thf Tnt|tiisiti<tn i^i
■rile H.i.lst nf 1>^J
Jesuit Mi^i^ii'iiis inj.ipan, China ami India. ..||i
111 AiiH'ric.i Si
Jesuits, riie Sen ill V ,,| the I^i |
Diss.iluliiMihv l>.i|i,il Hull ISJ i
Jewish Literature iinil Seets 75
History— Tin- Intangible in 7i
I'erseeutions ill Kniflaml ,U"
Jews, The (iS
A Peculiar I'eiiple f'S
The l-'aiherliiioil nl' /Miraham '>S ;
Friiin Isaac tn Moses («, 1
The I'erioil of Ihejuilges 'o
S.iul aiul David 7*^
Su'oiiion Kini;, l*oet and Philiisopller 70
Disunion and Suli juration 70
The llestoralion .iiid the Maccabees 71 !
Under the Ifi.aia'i Uod .. ..71I
Destruction of jerusaU'iii 71
Persecution in Dispersion 72
Improved Condition of the 7J
Jerusalem and the 7.'
In I'.iland -'-•J
Persecution in Sp.iin ,V'i
Joan of .Vrc -"»(
John the livanjfelist 17"
John of Saxony i.^i
John of Kni;laiid it"
Siyns tin: M.itjn.i I'harter ip
John III. of Portugal il^
l-^st.ihlishes KiMi;doin t>l* llra/.il S'"^
John Maria Joseph .^i^
John of (l.uint .it"
Johnson, Dr. Samuel, Lexi)),'r.iplur i'"
Jolinson, Anilrew .sl5' S.^l- S'^'.s
Johnston, -A Hurt Sydney .vU. .s"-
Jidinstoii,Jose|)h 1-: 5.55, ^ij, jl". 5".''
Jones, John Paul Si 5
Jose|ih, Son of J.icob (n, "9
Joseph II -]'*
Josephus 74
Joshua 7"
Jiivian 171
Juana J"5
Juire/, President of .Mexico 4"S
Judah, Ihe I'ribe of 7"
Jude.l or Palestine 7"
Juilt,'es. The Period ol the I'-i
Judici.iry "f hn^land L'lider ICdw.ird I i(.s
Juli in 170
Jupiter, The I'lanet -'5, i"
The .Myllloloi;ic.il God lit i
Jurispniilence, Uoinan it^
Justin, Martyr 17^
Justin II 1Q7. 201
Justiiii.m, Kmpcror 201 [
Carpus Juris Civilis Joi I
.il.
.Ill
K.iani, Persian
Kails, '.s
N
rtoi
K.ins.is Vchraska Hill, The <,i^
Kant, Immanuel J|'>
Kar.iilet, V)
Kat/b.lch, The Uatllu of ty;
Keirny. (iener.il S.tS
Kills, John. I•;M^'lish Poet .?"> 1
Keiser i\\
Keiiipis, i\ Thomas isi
Kennrlh, Kinjf of the l.owl.inds )S)
Kent, Chancellor <<\\
Kentucky *^.\
Kepler, The .VslroniHiur ^i,
KheUlve o!' ICyypt, Thi'
Kiah-tsinii. Cliiiiesi. I'aiipi'roi
Kinijdoni, The Animal
Kinijs, The Leirendary
Kinijs, The Shepherd
Kiik of Sc-otland
KlopstiH-k
Kniu'hlsof St. John, The
'>('<
5'1
•• •■(»(
.W
. I i.l. i.f*
(7
.1^'
i\\
ii/t
lA'ifisl.itive .\ssenibly of l-'ranie
Leijt n Is, The Arthurian
Keiceslrr, K irl of
l-eip/ii;, I he I'nivirsity of
Ihe Il.mleof
I JO The t.ri it. Pope
Ian X. ,111.1 I.iither 171J, I St,
I-eoIII., Pope
Crowns i'harlem.i^nc
I.eo III. of llv/.intine
'I he Ileiun ot'lhe Iconoclasis
I,eo IV. of the ll\ /amine
I.to .Mil., Pope
I.eonid.ls ;it Tiler inopyl.e
I.iopold of S.ixe C'obury, Princi' 1,(1,
Iao|i,ild II. of S.ixe Coburjf
I.epidiis, .\iilonv, Cx'sar's Master of Horse.
M.dc
r.K.
J76
Hi
.Vti
,JiS
».t7
•7')
'.)'
, iSo
11) J
JOl
JOI
JOi
l>il
.9S
■•55
'57
Knox, John, and Presbyter ia 11 isui iSo
Kon.esM, Stanislas m
Koran of Mohammed, The ii;7
Kosciusko, Thad '.ens, D.. *i:nds Pol.ind Jjo
in Ainerica S'J
Koshrocs II., Kini; of Persia 197
Kossuth .150
Kr.isicki, Archbishop m
Kreuili.i at Moscow, 'file ii\
Kulilai-Khan tU
Ku Klux Kl.ui, The Si+
L.ibrador and tlu I-^^ipiim.mx .Vl
l.alayilte de Mar.piis J71. 272, 511
Lake Keirillus, li.ittleof. 1(7
Trasiiiuniis, H.ittle of 1 ('»
Kamartine -7S
Lancaster, The House of .(to
Land Hill, The Irish ,v>i
Land Lcaiiue of Irel.ind ,;o(
I..es*in^, a (ierin.in Dramatist i(,t
l.exin(;ton, It.itlle of i;o|
Liber. 1 1 Le.iders of Knt;land ,(7i
Liberia, Tile Uepilblic of 457
Lilurius, The Thirty-Sixth Pope 171;
l.i'ir.irii-s and I'n versities cif (ierm.iny -*)7
Lichtiiisteiii. Tin* Province ol 3:4
l.lmboury. The Dukedom ol". J^S
Linioln, ..Vbr.ih.im ;,io, 5.(^, 5S5
Lisbon 1 a ken frtiin the Moors 311;
(treat L.irtht|u.ike in ,ii'i
Literature of the Jews 7,1
The I lebre w Itible 7,)
The Sepiu.i;jint. 'Ihe Talmuil 7,(
S.idduces and Ph.irisees, Kssenes 71
Testimony of Plinv 71
Philo on the Kssenes 74
Josephus on Jewish .Sects 71
The Chasidim So
Felix Adleron the Jews s,,
of Persia S.,
(ireek t'I.is>ics iri>
The I-;ltin and Preclas>ic I'd
inmi.i;,^e of Ireland, Ori;:iii.il .
..r
.9.!. 11
.. . \"
Laoci'ii^ii, The
La Plat 1 of South Aineric.i
Lathe, riie 'OJ
Latin (.'lassies i!»i
Macauley and Priiuitive L.itiii ifx)
The (".olden A;;e KM
The Silver Au'e i",5
The Historians of Uouu 164
Latiiiiu, Tiie .\ncient \. it ion of. t (4
La\v, John, ** Mississippi Hubble.'* J70
Law, The Coptic 51
The Jewish '<i
The Lieiiiian 140
The Salic ,!!.•
Lawrence, Commodore 519
Laws, Lycur^us and Ills 10,1
of Drac lot
of Soldi 10;
of .Napoleon, or Coile Napoleon J7S
Leatjuc, The Ilanseatic J»7
Lea^^ues, The I*'our (ireek 107
Lebanon, The Cedars of f>-j
Lebrun, a French Artist 270
Lech I., Kintj of Poland 2lS
Lee, (ieneral Robert K 5 V'< 5 ("
Legendary Kin^s of Home i.J,(
Itali;
.1^7
In the Dark .\;;es lo.i
of the S.iraci n I'^inpire u;o
'I urki>li -'oS
of Pol.ind ill
of (ierm.iny i\i
of Ilunu'ary .'54
I'nder Louis XIV ii\)
of Cordova and Moorish Sp in J07
ofSpain .(l,(
of Portu;:al (19
of the Scandinavi.ms (25
in Fnj^land .(47, ,('0, ,(75
in Scotland (S6
in Irelaiul ^SS
ofthej.ipanese |jS
in .\iiierica o(S, I'ny
livv. a Unman Historian if'14
Llewellyn, of Wales .344
Locke, John 37.S
Locomotive, T!ie 02,5, (125
Lombards in Italy, The iS(
London Captured by Hoadicea (.),(
Longfellow, Henry \\' 0\^
I.onif Island, Battle of 51.9
I.<uii^sireet, General James 5.(2, ^t^£
Lookout .Mountain, B.lttle of 542
Lorraine, Alsace and 240
Lome, Marquis of. 397
l'\I.K.
.... i-"
..-■Hi
U'
JiS
.n?
'■')
IMI
»M
joi
J01
J"j
"^.i
[ ]
..nil '55
»55
ll(irsi-.i57
fw
»U
5i'(
.17'
457
'"')
ny i(7
»:t
J.i-*
.(■'. 51". 5'<5
.V5
?i"
7.1
7.1
7.!
us 71
71
71
71
. Ill)
.1^7
. I'.U
. -'5-»
. ."17
.....V.l
■ ■■■V)
... .W5
;""■ .175
l-^>
lJ-<
".'i'^. "W
"'H
. .. .,m
.17'*
1-^1
,w
"t5
5'"'
..5H. ,5"-'
51-
.21"
.1"7
r
^t^
INDEX.
XVll
PAor.
I»»l .St;ir<, The JJ
I. i tins III It.iv.iTi.i 1,11
Konis l,\. Ill' l*'r;inrf ii>j, jf'ij
Convnkt'S a l*.irli;tmt-nt V\\
I,iniis X. lit' I'V.iiicc lh'^
l.jiiiis XI. i)f I'r.mcc J^4
I.iiiiis Xm. iif I'r.liuc jnS
Louis .\IV., I 111- (iraiiil jAS
Louis W. "t* Kranie 170
nnil John l«i\v J70
anil \i-\v Kr.incc tyn
Louis X\'l. of Kranie J71
Marie Antoinette J71
nnil ilie Uniteil Stairs 171
Ix>nis.\VIII i"»c)
I^uis I'liilippe, of Franee 1S9
I..oiiis \. of l'iirtii);al ii;
lanisiana 41)9, V"^! '".5
1.0 V I,.inils, or the Xethcrlamls ji;N
Lcwell,.! imis 11 f^\>^
J^i\nl.i I'".ni ids the SiK'iety of Jesiia iSi
Liiltboi'k, Sir John 4.5
Liiceniiis, Det'eat of titt
1. Ill ins. Kill); of Koine 13')
Lucretia. Tr.ijjedy of 137
Lucretius i6i
Luilwii; the l*ious 3iS
LunilvN L.uie, B ittle of ..519
Lutlier.tns, Numeric. il Strcnijlh of .J34
Lutherisin anil vVn.ih.lptists . .. .J^i
LutluT, M.irtiii, anil tlie Hetorrn.ilion i\o
I.u'/en, The U.illle of J33
Lu.\einbiiri; Dvn.isty of (icrm.my 2J(j
The Dukeil-n of j;S
Lye uri^iis at-'l fits Laws 103
Lyilia, 'l"he K.int;iloin of 9ft
Lyon, (jen. -N'atli.iniel 533
M. lean ley, I*oril 3S1, irto
Macluth t-i|
Mace ilJe.s, Kule of th • 71
M'l'lellan, (ieneral (J. H ;ii, 537
Maciliinou'^h, Comniolore 520
M;u\-iiiini.i, Philip of ino
M.ii-Kcn/ie nil the Tiiik 2ng
M iiM.i on, .M.irsh.ill ati j
M.uoml), (iineral i;jn
MailMu-rsim, Cii'iu.r.il i|^, ^^3
M.iciilier' on. J. lines 3S11
.McCorinick, Cyrus f)z~
McDowell, Geiiiral 531
Mailaifascar, 'I'll Isi.iinl of 456
Maileira, Discovery of 310
Mail ison, James 51S, ^s^, ^,|n
M,i-i of llu llasl. The S7
M.li;:ia I'll irter. The 3|i
M.U'iia (ir.eci.i 134
MuL^nuler, (ieneral 535
M.iine (<}.\
Mairv.irs of Austria- 1 1 imu.iry 250
M.ilau;a. t ity ami Captire of 2i)i>
Mailione, Kihvaril (» 637
M ilcolin I., of Scothln.l 3S(
Malt.i, The Islanil of ii;i
Malvern Hills Hattleof 535
Mamelukes Subjili^ate ICiivp: 59
M.iminoth, The .\i;e (.f the 40
Man, rill- Karth \Vi;hi.nt 37
anil Nature jS
l''roin Sponije to 39
Prehistoric 40
PAOK.
... ,VX'
,. .41"
....14J
....17"
,...37"'
Manitoha, CanKila
.Manchuria, founlrv .if
.Maiilius Tori|u.itus
M.ins.iril.Thc Architect
M.irat, Jean Paul
Marathon, H.ittle ol 07
M I rhU s, I h.- Klijin "19
M.ircellus, (ieneriil MS
.Man us Aurclius "'.5
Manloniiis, Oencrnl 97
M.irenuo, llattle of '17
Mirijall, I'resident .113
Marijaret, (tjieen of the D.mes 3"
Marifaret of Scotlaml .l"*?
M.iria Christina .1"
Marie .Antoinette 'T'^
.Marion, Gent 5'.1
M.irius, Cains '5"
Mark Twain on the Sphiii.x 4''
M.irll'ornii;.h, Duke o"" ^'^>
Mars, The Planet '5. '«
Mirshall, Humphrey 511
Marston .Moor, llattle of .)"(
Martins, The Campus 134
Martyr, Justin '7''
Mary, (^leen of Knul.iiul 35**. .V'''
Marries Philip II., of Spain 35"*
Persecutes the Protestants 35*<
Mary and William of Oranfje 3'i;
Mary, (li.ieen of Scots 3'*5
Maryland loi, l'<^
.Masonry of Old EngLmd, Kree 3M
Massachusetts '«>»
Mastodon, The A(f e of |o
Mather, Cotton 'M"*
Matter and .Motion .17
Matthias of (Jerinany 33J
Maurice of N'.issau '5*1
Maiirv, Commo.lnre ^>tt
Miusolus, riieTomh ol. lit,
Maximian i'«)
.Maximilian, The ICmpcriir t''>4
Maxiimis of llirace kW
Ma/arin, Cardinal 3' S
Meade, General Geori;e G 53'<, 550
Mecklenhuru Uesoliilions, The ^05
.Medes and Persians, 1 he 53
.Medici, Catherine de i'<i, 2^.7
Medici, Mary de 3f>S
Medieval Germany 333
Mehemel, ^^li fio
'.lehcmit. Tewlix 59
Melanethon, 1 hi lip 331
Mellioiirnc, The City of 430
Mem|diis, The (ilory of 4''
Mcnili Issohn 3.j'>
.Menclaiis of Sparta 93
Menes of li^ypt t'>
Mercurv, The Planet 35. 3''
Mercia, Kingdom of. 3H
Mero\ inifiaii Dynasty 334
Atrocities nf the 334
Messenia, Kinjfdom of 95
Messenian Wars, The T'hree 95
Mel iinorphoses, Hy Ovid I'J'
Methodism, The P'oiind. rs of 3f)9
Mel/, Hatile nf 3(o
.Mexico and the .Mexicans /l
Discovered hv Corte/ 4('t3
The Aztecs and T'heir Civilization 4fii
Mexico, The Compiest of (U
Mexican Inilepciulence \t>\
Civil W.tr and Mexic.ini/atinn \(\\
Political I'lirtunes of Santa Anna ('>3
The Meiiiaii War I'M
Dlsestahlishinent of the C'hiiri h tO)
M.ixiiiiilian anil the Monroe Doctrine.. . |ot
The French in Mexico |'i|
Juarez, and Political Stahllily ("5
Siihseipient Presidetiti* 405
The C ily of Mexico 4(15
llesources of the Countr\ |'i6
A^jricullure anil Tr.insportation 4'/i
llanco N'acionul Mexicano 4^16
Mexican War, The 535
Michigan fioH
Michai 1 VIII 30J
Mickiewic/, Adam Hi
M iecislas I., of Poland aiS
.Miecislas II. of Poland 3iS
MiKnard 370
Mikado, Ueliellio 1 Ayaiiist the 43J
Milan, The Decree of Kig
The City of iV.
Militarv Duty in (ierinany 3)1
Milky Way, The ,13
Mill, James Stuart 3''i
Miller, Joaquin oje
Miltiades Defeats D.iriiis .17
Milton, John, and His Wrilinys 37S
Minerals in the I'. S 033
Ministry, The Knijlish 37)
Minnesota o.)5
Minor Asia and Africa 453
Minute Men of the Ucvolulion 5o(
Miralieau 373
Missions, Motlern 1S3
Missouri 'o"^
Milchell, S. A 35
Mississippi 005
Mississippi \*alley, Krench Settlements in.. |(>j
Mithridesof Parlhia sy
Mithridales Defealed by Sulla 151
Mnckern,The Battle 337
Modern I'-t;ypt .^9
Persia •<)
Kthinpia '>5
(ireece 103
< Ireece and the < in i k I hurcb 1 39
Christianitv, The Papac\' and 177
Missions 1S3
Moiful ICmpire, The 40S
.Mohimmed, The Prophet 195
Vames Kadijah 195
Be.rins Preachini; 19/1
S»:eks Safety in I-'lii;lit ii/'i
Builds a .Mosipie at .Medina lijft
War L'pon the Christians ic/)
Captures .Mecca n/i
Death m/i
The Koran of 197
Mohainmeil II.. at St.iuiltou' 307
.\Iohammeilan l'>a Dates I'"roiM ii/>
Mohammedanism, The Slrenu''tti of 197
Moliere, a I*"rench \\ ritcr 370
Molav, Jaciiues 3fi3
Moltke, Von, a Ciencia! 339
Monaco, UeiniMic of 330
.Moni^olia and the MnnmiU 14 1
Monitor and Merrimack 53 (
XVIll.
INDKX,
r
PAOI.
Miinmnuth, Hiittic of Jii
Moiunf, Jiinit'H $ji
Mimriit DiK'trinv, The 517, jSj
Montiiiiu Territory no;
Mnnttnc'uro, The Principality <>( yi
Monlpcnsit-r, The Duke of jii
Monti lal, The City "f .H»H
MdUH'Sacer, The llilluf 1.14
Mcxin, The Karth's 15
\L'ptiinL''tt 25
MtMins of Satnrni The ■ ..25
of Jupiter, The 15
of Uranus, T..e 2jj
Moors in Spain, Ttie jgi;
I'erseriitions of tlie. 301
Moore, Sir Tlioinas 357, 376
Moriaii, Marsliall 337
Morgan, General .539
Mor^fftrlen, Rattle of 3iS
Mnriscneii nf Spain 301, 30S
Moroe, or Kthiopia 65
Morocco 457
Morris, Geor^^e I* 64 1
Morris, Robert 513, 517
Morse, S. K. H 620
Moscow, The City of » '3. ^''5
Moses, The Law)<ivcr 49, '<)
Moslem, The Ileliever in 197
Mosque of St. Sophia 201
Moswijah 19S
Motley, John L 644
Mound-BuUders of America 486
Mount Cenis Tunnel 317
Mowini; Machine, The 627
Mozart 145
Muhlenberg and the Lutherans 234
Multiple Sbirs, The 31
Munda, Ilattle of 156
Murad V., of Turkey 208
M urfreesboro, Ilattle of 53S
Museutn at Alexandria 56
Myloe, Naval Ilattle of 145
Mystics, The Sect of the iSi
Mytholo);y, Greek and Roman 110
of the Scandinavians 3^4
Nabonasar, Kin^ of Rabylon 83
Nabopolasar, Kin(f of Babylon S3
Nantes, The Kdict of 268
Napabi, Temple of 52
Napier, Sir Robert 66
Napoleon Honaparte and his CampaiKn 2S1
Appointed First Consul 277
Italian and Egyptian Campaign 277, 3S2
Elected Emperor 277
The Code Napoleon 27S
At Austerlitz '37,282
At Marengo 237, 2S2, 277
At Jena 237, 285
Dissolves the Assembly 2S0
At Dresden 2S6
Victorv lor llie Allies 2S6
Imprisoned at Elba 2S»)
The 100 Days Camp.iign 280
Battle of Waterloo 2S<i
Death at Helena 2SS
Napoleon III.— President 2yo
and Ibe Coup d'et.tt 2i)0
and the Crimean War 2qo
The Siige of Paris 2()i
Declares War with Germany 239, 291
■■AOE.
Napoleon III.— Surrender lit Sedan 240, 291
Nascby, The Hattli- of 3')j
Naihvdie, The Ilattle of S4'>
NmrnredDin 89
:"<utal, Ibe Colony of 458
National Guard of France J71
AsHcmbly of h'rance 271;
Conventiimof France 27'!
Nature and Man 3S
Naval Rattles of the Civil War SW
Navy Founded by Henry V., The llritish. ...351
Navy nf the Ar..erican Kevolulion.The 515
of the War of 1S12 519
Navy, the Secretary of the 576
Ni bo. Temple of S3
Nebuchadnez^.ar 82
Nelnil.x% or Star Clusters J2
Nebraska 'OQ
Necho II 53
Nemean (James of Greece 107
Neoplatonism of Alexandria 57
Nepos, Cornelius 103
Neptune, The Planet 25, »6
Neriglosar 83
Nero— The Emperor 166
Nerva, Roman Senator 167
Netherlands, Relgiumand the 2;5
Typography and Resources .'57
The Dutch in History 257
Dutch Commerce 25S
The Dutch Republic 25*!
Nevada fiio
New England, Early Colonial History of. . . 403
Landing of the Pilgrims 493
Plymouth Colony 494
Colony of Massachusetts Bay 494
Harvard College Founded 494
Settlements in Connecticut 495
The Charter Oak 49s
Persecution of Roger Williams 495
KingPhilip's War 49S
The Illustrious Names of Early 496
TheSalcm Witchcraft 496
New Hampshire 610
New Jersey 610
New Mexico Territory 611
New Netherland's Discovered 496
New Orleans, The Battle of 519
The Capture of 534
New Stars 3'
.N'ew South Wales, The Colony of 413
Area, Population, Government 413
The Mineral Productions of 414
Newspapers in U. S (>\(^
Newton, Sir Isaac 3Si S****
New York, Early Colonial 496
Henry Hudson Discovers 496
Trading Post Established by the Dutch. .41X1
Tiic " Patroon" Syste-n Introduced 49(1
The Dutch Governors of 497
History 611
New Zealand, The Colony of 423
Nibelungenlied, Medieval German Poetry. ..242
Nica;a, The City of ao2
I Nicaragua 478
I Nicene Creed, The 17(1
I Nicene Council, The 179
N'icholas I , Czar of Russia. ... 214
Nicomed-a, The City of 202
I Nightingale, Florence 214
■■AOK
Vihilism in Russia 215
Niirtrod, of Assyriu 9|
N ineveh, The City of 81
Ninus, King of Assyria 8|
Niphon, The Island of 427
Nilnris, Qiieen of Assyria S.|
Noriiiana, The 2dj
Normanily anti llritt.inv 26i
And the Norwegians (jj
North Carolina fuj
North -Lord 370
Norway, Consolidated with Denmark (ai
An Independent Kingdom 332
And her .Merchant Marine 332
and its Literature jja
Its Revenue and Resources ^ii
Nosks of the Kenda Vesta 87
Novgorod, The Republic of 310
Nubian Kingdom, The. . . (9, (14
M'"*^* 45. S»
Valley, The t\\
Numa Pompilius — King nf Rome \\ft
Numidianjugurtha 150
Obelisks of Egypt, The 49
O'Connell, Daniel 3S9
O'Conor, C.iarles 565
Octavius, Afterward Augustui Cicsar 157
Odyssey, Homer's 92
Ohio 613
Oimemepthah, King ot Egypt 50
Oiniemcpthah II gi
Olga, Regent of Russia an
Olenborg, The Danish House of 321
Olympic Games of Greece, The 107
Omar, The Caliph.at of 58
Omnibus Bill, The ja6
Ommiad Dynasty, The 198
Opinion of Astronomers 25
Ojiorto ana its Win" 319
Oracle, The Delphic 108
Orange-Nassau Family, The 358
Orange River, The Teritory of 458
Orbit, Position in the 36
The Moon and Her 36
Orchan, Tlie Sublime Port 206
Ordinance, The Northwest 522
Oregon 613
Origen of Alexandria 176
Orleans, The Siege of Raiseil 264
The Duke of 270
Osci, Early Races ol Italy, The 134
Osinta, King of Egypt 51
Otbinan F''ounds the Ottoman Empire 208
Olbo of Bavaria 131
Otlio, Imperator of Rome 166
Otlio, the Great King of Germany 225
Restores Peace in Italy 1S4
Otis, James 507
Ottawa, Canada 39S
Ottocar 349
Ottoman Empire, The 206
Ourique, The Ilattle of 315
Ovid, Roman Poet 162
Oxford, University of 343
Packenham, General 520
Padisha, or .Sublime Porte 206
Paine, Thomas 27^, 377, 640
Painters, Celebrated Italian 1S7
Palaces of Egypt, The 54
of England, Royal 373
c)pr*
1
l-AOK
...in
8l
Rl
8l
...417
i^.l
i6t
iOi
t«
"<J
.170
... .»»'
J»»
J»*
J"
3"
87
aio
....4'>. ''4
...... 5»
t^
n't
'SO
49
,lS9
S'^'5
"57
9«
613
50
S'
an
i"
107
S8
Sa6
iipirc
»5
3'9
108
»5S
458
30
.36
io6
S"
("i
176
i<H
^^o
'34
5'
joS
'3'
i6fi
I'i
'S4
S07
.WS
a49
io6
3'S
16a
34»
S»o
206
»7''. 277. 640
'S?
54
m
ifC*
-^
I'AOl.
l*iil.iHili>Ki Dyii.tHty, The jtu
■■,il,iiiii.il>'>, I'lil.iml Divided intu iiS
I'.iilrev.jDliii (J : t>\i
I'.iliTinii, rlie I'lty nf. I Hi.
I'.iliniiiu' in the Timv .if C'hrint, .. 17J
fiilinvra, /t'liotiiu (^iren of 5H
liiu Cilyof '<4
I'linaina, tstlimiiH ami Stale iiC 471)
I*iin.Sliivi>nie .Nation, A jji
I'apaiy uiul .Mndern I'liristianity 177
Ita Sliiw Orowlh 17'*
rupal Iiil'illiliililv, The UiiKi'in iSj
I"a|UT, l''irst .Made lyi
Papyrus, When Kir«t I'setl 55
I'lra^imv Hepilbllc, The 4'>'<
Paris, Sie({e nf j(i), H)i
rtie iiniHirt.ince nt'. ii>i
Paris cil Trciy mid Helen of Spartu 9J
Parker, Thendore '■4.)
Parkman, Kramis 'i44
Parliament Kstalilished in Kn^land 141
and I'rninwell, The Lontf \f^
Uniler Cromwell, The Hump 3(15
of Present Kn);lanil \';\
Ahnlished, The Irish jSg
'l"he Canadian 397
The Australian 4)3
Parnassus, Mount laS
Parnell and the Irish 3SQ
Parsees of Persia, 'I he S.S
Parthenon of Athens, The 117
Parthia and the Zenda Vesta S/i
and Uome, Darius... '. ^t
Pascal 170
Pasha fif Turkey, The loS
Patat;onia and the Pata);oni.ins 4'VS
Patents and Patentees... ftai
Paul Preaches Christ 174
Paul, Czar of Russia ai^
Paulus, Consul of Rome 14^
Pavia, The City of iSrt
Pea Ridne, The Rattle of J.y
Pedro, Doni, Emperor .11**
Pelasifi, The 134
Peloponnesian War, The 1^9
Pcinberton, General 54 1
Penal Colonies of Australasia ,411
Pendleton, Georjye H 545
Penn, William (97
Pennsylvania 497, 615
People, A Peculiar fuS
Pepin of (lermany ii$
Pepin, The Short 325, 20a
Periandcr in
Pericles and Aspasia 106
Period, The Cushite 5»
of thejudjjes fn)
of Compromise s,n
of Conflict, The 5J9
Periods, The Geolojjical 37
Perrault 270
Perry, Commodore M. C jfi
Perry, Commodore C). M 519
Persia, Parlhia and the Zenda Vesta So
its Early History and Wars S6
Physical .\spects and Conditions S/,
Darius, Parlhia and Rome .S7
Zorasten and the Magi S7
The Pars es and the Zenda Vesta SS
Summary of the Persian Bible S9
INDK.X.
I r.\(.tL.
. Persia, Comparative Antupiity *«>
'•"•••"• •">
' Persian Invasion of Uicvpt JS
Isolation ^'
Mtcr..ture W>
War with Greei e 97
Persius, a Uonwin I'oi't i"a
Persecution o( the Jews 7a
of Christians 174
Persi|Hilis, The Cliy of. S7
IVni.llepulilicof 47J
I-'rancisict, Pi/.arro Invades 473
.Mines anil Uiiano llids of 474
Peter The (ircat. Czar of Russia iiJ
I'elerat Rome, Saint I7>*
Petir Tiie lleniiit n/i, i' \
Petershurj;, Capture of $\i>
Petition of Ri;;hls, The ,t",l
Ph.vdriis, Failles of ifti
Pharaohs of ICtrypt, The 19
Pharisees, a Jewish Sect 71
Pharsalia, The Rattle of. ... . i^J
Pharos, Li){htliouse on the V
Phidias the Sculptor 117
Philir, The City of I't
Philip of Macedonia icn, ina
Phili p II. of Spain JJS .!""
Marries RIondy .Mary ,v>"
and ()^ieen Elizabeth 307
Philip The Handsome i'\\
Philip VI., First Valois King i'4
Philip III., King of Spain loS
Philip IV,, Kinifof Spain .109
Philippi,The Rattle of 37
Philo anil the Essenes 57, 74> "7
Philosophy, Alexandrian School of 57
and Art, (Jreek 114
Phienicia and the Phirnicians (if
The Cities of '/i
Tyre and Sidon 66
Commerce and Enterprise. ^7
The Colonies of frj
The Arts and Industries ^7
Disappearance of the Phcrnicians 1.7
Pickens, General 51 j
. Ids of Scotland, The ^Sj
of England, The 333
Pierce, Kranklin 527, 5'^4
Pillow, Massacre of Port 542
Pindar no
Pisa, The City of 1S5
Pittsburg Landing, Battle of 534
Pius Anton ills 49
Pius IX., Pope 1S6
Dogma f>f Immaculate Conception iS/»
Dogma of Infallibility 1S6
Planets, The j^, 2'), 36
Plates, Explanation of the Astronomical ... .30
Plato 112, 115
Plattsburg, Battle of. 519
Plaiitus if'ii
Pleiades, The 32
Plhchmen, Mciothph :;i
'*''">' 74, i"t
Plow, The 0J4
I'liitarcb io(
Pocahontas and Capt Smith pyj
Poc, Edgar .\Uen (1)0
Piiictiers, The Battle of 225
Poland and the Poles 217
I'M.K.
Poles, Their Plrsl Appearame 217
The CiiKiinirs l<\-udaliMm 21H
A Mimarchic.il Republic aiv
John Sulueski 119
An.irrliv .mil Intervention 2J0
St.lnisl.is and Neighboring Powc s. , . . . 220
Nt. Pcli-rsburg and Wars. iw 220
Kail of tlH' Republic 22<i
Kosi'iuHko 2au
Polish Character istli'fl aji
Ilussi III Poiicy, Pan Slavonic Preain., ..aai
Liter. It lire, Paul .Soboleski aai
Polish Je\vs, Religious Pcrsrculions in
Piilani or Poles, The J17
Pole Star, The \i
Poles, Pol.ind and the 117
Policy, Rom. in Colonial 137
Pidish Characteristics jji
literature aa 1
Jews m
Political System of Canada 397
I'olk, James K S^Si S'^l
Poll Tax Rebellion of England .347
Polybius, a (ireek. ,. . 144^146
Polyc.irp, a Christian Martyr 176
Pompey the Graat 7', '$>
Pfimpadour, .Mailain 270
Pompilius, Numa 136
Pontius Pilate 71
Pope, General iY', SS"
Pope, Alexander 379
Popes of Rome, The 17S
Population of Ireland, Increase of, 3S9
of the Japanese Empire 127
Porsena of Clusiuin 137
P<irte, The Sublime 20t>
Porter, Commodore 549
Porter, Kit/. John 517
Port Hudson, Capture of 541
Porto Rico, The Island of 4S0
Port Said, The Town of 61
Portugal, The Kirst Appearance of 29S
and the Portuguese 315
Alfonso of I.eon and Castile 315
Maratime Supremacy 316
Zarga, daGama 317
and Colonial Possessions 317
Don Sebastian and Sebastianism 318
and Brazil 31,8
Civil War and England 319
Exportation of Wine 319
Portuguese Literature 319
Absorbed by Spain 31S
Revolt Against Spain 31,8
Possessions of the Netherlantis 256
Postmaster General, T'he 57S
Totter, Paul 259
Powers, Hiram ^,37
Pragmatic Sanctiiui of Charles VI 2,^6
Prague, The University of aaS
Great Riot at 1^1
Praxitiks, The Attic 117
Prebble, Commodore cii
Pre-lii..loric Man ^o
Trescott, W. H Cm
President, The Duties of the 572
Presidents and Preside tial Elections 572
Presidential Electors 579
Prevost, Sir George j;20
Priesthood, The Roman 177
KIX
XX.
INDKX.
PAOB.
I'riinitivf SuviiKi', Thr 41
Aur.iri.iitittni. I v>
I liri»liuriilv '7,!i '77
l''iilli»r«, Till' 171'
Piiiuilnn, I hr ll.itllv nf Jlo
I'riiitintf InvriiliM Jih
l'ri»i, The hij
Priiiliir, Hiihiiril A .U
Prc.iliH IH iiikI Kk.iiIh »( li lanil ,CV
I'riilcrlotali C.I Knnhind l.^liilMinhril J'>^
I'nilrslaiit Itirnriiialliin, Thr i**!
Wur, Tlu' Ijs
I liuri li in !•> iMir il<i>
Pr()lt-.|.iiit», Till' I'.iirlv iHi
TliL* Prrsri-iitiori)! nf the iHi
Proti-Ktiniimii in (irrni.inv JiS
in I'ranii' J">
anil Wvilillr .ISO
Pru-sia, 'I'lu' IliHf iif j,(S
The lliiusf ol' Iliilu'n/iilUrns i 15
Di'il.iri's War Ayainsl l-'ranct* J (7
Dele 'It'll at Ancrstuilt ami Jena i,|7
VictnricK at Kat/lin( li «nil Mm kirn J,17
Hliilur Dil'iuUil at l4'J|>/iK '17
llliK'lur at VValiTliKi il7
William I,, KinK ol I'rus'iia j^S
The Sfvcn Wiiks' War t.V)
Sihleswiij I liiKt.'in War J,lS
Ndrth Gi-nnaii Cnnfrderation i,v>
War With Kranii- t,v>
Ilatlh'M Around and Surrender ol' Met/ ..iig
Sedan and Capture ol Nnjioleon III J.v;
Siejfe Aiul t'apture ol' Puis i,\i)
Heavy l-'rcmh Indecnnitv Uequired i-^a
A I'arl of the Oerman Ein|iire. .. ifi
Psannneticus I 5.1, '15
Ptoleina'us, Claudius li^
Ptoliiu.iic- System, The uS
Ptoh mil- Dynasty, The 5?
Ptolemies, The First of the s'l
and Seieni-e, The 57
Ptolemv, K|iiphanes ^5
I'tolemy, I'hil.ipaler H
Pti.leiiiy of Alexandria n^
I'uhlle Domain of the United States 570
Pulaski. I'ount 51 J
Punic War, The !■ irst 144
The Second 1 15
The Ihird 14'"
Pyruuiiil and Sphinx, C heops 4^1
Pvramidn ol' K(;ypl 4S
Pyrrho, Ihe h'.ither of Skeptics Iifi
I'yrrhus ( Kpirus 14.V
I'ylhi.l of .' :phi loS
Pytlii.in l> uues of (irecce 107 '
I'ythias 2iS
Quarles, I'rancis, ICn^'lish I'oet .^7'* 1
CiuelK'c, The Cily of. Jg7 |
Caplurid by WollV 501
Mnulji:oinfry before .^05 |
Qiieens and. The Colony of 4'.'i
Ana .(ii
(Jjiiritar\ I^.md of Koine I.V*
Ualn-llais, Kranrois.. .. i'\s
Ha ine .•70
II ail road, The Pacific .(;''4
K.iilro.id Strikes of l'<77 .5"' I
Uailroud Industry I'. S f\13 ;
Railroads of Ciinada, The .v>7 i
of Hriliih India 408
PAOI.
Il.iilrnadii of the J.ipanror Knipire "11.1
l<.ilri(;h, Sii Waller, an l.nulish Stotrdiiitn ..|Vj
IntrixliieeH I'ohacoi into KiiKland .ftj
Arretted by Kinu Jaiiu-i .v<i
Inlroilucen llle Pol III) into ICnKlliml. .{nj
iiml I'^arlv ( olonial lli>lory 4i>i
UanitHcN t , of K||vpt 5**
K.iitieM-ti 1 he (treat- So
It ipe of Ihe S.ilunen I |'i
Kaanaui'ii Diaiovcrlet in A»yrli K|
Kavenna, Italy 171
Keiimhtrucilon Art,The SSI
Uei'onstrui'lion of the (icrmiin l-'nipire 141
Hel'irence lahli s, Sft t'uHiS 0/ liflrrrHtf..
Itelorination, Tlu' Proleslant iSl
I'nder ihc llussitis. The jiS
Urtjillus, ll.ittle ol Lake 1.17
Ke^'lianl, The Painter J70
Kr^ulus II ml the Punic Wur 145
IteichittaK anil llundesriith, uf (ivnniiny 141
Keid, The Philosopher .js»i
Kei)rn of Terror in Kranct '77
Kuliuiini in I'Vancv i(>j
In Scandinavia Jii, .lis
In China 451
Keli>(ionH of History, The Ten 17s
llelitfiotis Toleration in Auslrtu '53
Toleration in llel^ium iSf>
Toleration in the Netherlandii '^7
Tiileralion in Spain ^\\
Itembrandt, Painter i.^o
Henm^ and Round us 13
Ueiiaissance ill l''rance, The V-^
in.) ipai 4.tJ
llepublic. The Dutch JJS
The I'all of the Dutch ij)
The Itavnrian iiji/
The Krench 17^, J>;i
of Spain, The \m
The Swiss .tij
of Andorra .1^0
of S Ml M.irin .l.v
Thr Uoinan • I.^S
of Novjjcuod, The in,
of Poland iii>
Republican Pnrly I'nder Iturr and Jell'erson.Si7
or Anti Slavery Party V"
Reservations of the l^ S. Indian jSj
Kcsourccs of I'^iivpt, 'I'he \\
Kestoratifin id' I hi- Jews, The 71, 74
Kevcdution in I*. iris 340, i7i
in Portui;al Against Spain .(iS
RrynoIdH, (icncral J. K St'
Rhacotis, V'illai;e of s.S
Rhine, The I'onfeduration of the i\j
Hhotic Island fiif>
Rhodes, The I'iiy and Cohfssus of. ws
The Island of ig^
Rhodolph, I'ount of H.ipsburjj l.\t.}
Kmperor of lierinanv i m
Richard Cceur de Leon .no
Riih ird II., of Hn),'land .V|'<
Richard III , ol Kn(,'l.in ' .Vs(
Richelieu, Cardinal i\i, .'>S
Rirhter.. . 241
Riot, The Can. idian ,viS
in New 'York, The Draft i,.\l
Ri.bert of Normandy i^^i;
Uobespi'Trc and the l*'r nch Uevolution i7'»
Rochambeau, Count 511
PAOK,
Rom.in Mvth'dnify, (fii-i'k and lil
Uepiihlii I 1 he l.iisi Century 14)!
ii«e, Ihe 179
llnmanols, The Uniine of tht *ij
Itiiiiie, Am lent ll.ily and Priniitiv* 1 1,|
The I'er.nsula of Italy 134
The l( .11 IS .mil lilies .1J4
l.atiuin and Alba I.oiikii C'onipurt'd 1.14
/lams and tli. t'.itnoiit Twins IJS
Tile l<'ouildlnif of Ifj
The R ape of ihe Sablnes ••\}/>
'The ReiKii of iNum.i Pomplliiis \\t\
The TiriiuiiiH, I. mills and Tullil I.|A
Primitive Ai{rariani'in , .,..,1(6
Konl.in I'oliiiiial Policy 1,17
The I'ublic lli)(liwavs 137
I'anpiin Ihe Proud 1.^7
The I..ist of the l.e)renilary KinKi 1,(7
Send Historic i.jS
RepublicaniKiii and l''irst Consuls of 1.18
The Rivalry of Classi s i_j8
ICstablisliment of Tribunate l.)9
Agrarian I sin and the Plebs 139
Cincinnutiis and Dental us. . . 140
Virgin I us and \'iri{inia 140
Coriolaniis luul His Pride 141
Greek and Itoinan Meals Compared 141
Invasion of the tiauls 141
Ihe (i nils and Latins 14J
and ( .irih.i^'e 143
Pyrrhus and His Klephiints 143
C ar 111. I ^e and Its Place in History 144
The h'irst Tunic War 114
H.iiiiilcar and Hannibal 1.^5
The Second Tunic War 1 45
Hannlhal Crosses the Alps 146
The Ha I tie of C.inna* 14ft
The K.ibian Piilicy 14^
Scipio and llle W.ir in Atrica 140
'The T'lirllier Cont|iicsts of 117
'Third Tunic W.ir, T.ill of t irihaue 117
Last Cinlury of the Roman Republic uS
'The .March of Compiest 1 |S
Area of the Republic 1 18
The Censor and Younjfer t ato i^g
'I he Gracchi 1 |.y
Sulla iinil Ma rills 150
'The Unification of Italy.. 150
Uurniiiir of 1 ji
Sulla Dictator S'
Pi)nt[u y llle (ire .1 152
Juilca and Spain Taken I Si
Cicero and the Conspiracy of Cataline. . tsi
Julius C.esar, His I' irst Consulate 153
Ca'siir and the Km pi re 155
C,es<r and the Calend.ir 1^5
'Testli ny of I-'roiide S''
'The Ai;e of Skepticism \zfi
'The Assassination of Ca-s.ir i^'i
'The 'Triumvirate 157
Cleopatra of Mijypt 157
Aiimistus and His Policy i.s7
'The Muipire and flu- SenaU' 15S
T-opularity of the limperor Aumistus.. ..t5i>
'The Au^^ustan Aye 151*
Latin Classics ifo
'The Kinperors from .-\ut^usf us to Alaric, iri^
'Tiberius C.esar and Cali|;iila 16s
Rome in the Days of Nero if'/»
'The Sieye of Jerusalem f<i6
1
— S
■■■>
iM)i;x.
XXI.
<»<!,
<\tt*.
Inuiislus .
I'AC.I.
Home. Krnm Vf«pa»l.in l<> Trn|:m l^7
II iilriin lo M.irtu< Aurdiiia iM
Ihf I'.inirii I«l
'lilt' Ak<' of >!<•' Aninnin** iM*
t'l|ii.in the LnwyiT I'M
Dim li'tliin iinil I'liniluntin* tttf
Jul I.I II Ihr A|i<>'Mlt 170
WiMkneti mill DiniirnNlon 171
'I'htiiildiluii, the I'lTiiiitni'iit Ulviiian nl
Kinpirv I7>
Thr <irrrk anil llninnn Chiirrlui 171
The I.unI Diiyt iiC Impcriitl 171
■ml I hrul 17)
■ ml IMiiiilivc I hriilinnitv 17)
Till' I'.iiiiii V iinil Mii'Irrn Chr'tlliinlly.. ., 177
Till' IC.irly I'mih". 7M
Piipi'i I.co .mil (iriKory 174
I'up.il Ciirriipllon :inil the Kcfiinimllun . . |So
Priitentiintiiiii In llulv 181
The Mv>tii's iinil lni|iiiHilinn iKi
Thejciuim anil JcHiiitiHin iSi
Philip Sih.ifl nn the Church iir l(nine...iSj
Prmcnt I'upe iinil the Vatican tH\
Spiritual niviRitins uf C'hriiitentlnm,, .. . 18,)
MiMlcrn Miiiiont litj
Preiicnl Ituly 1S1
Kninrrcr, Klnit nf K^vpl S'
lliimului, llic I'liiinilcr iif Koiitc 134
Koaccraim, (Scncnil 541, S(o
Kn«c«, The War cif the ,U1
Knuetla Stiine, The 4f
KoUeril.iin, The City of 156
Rnuinnnia ,)J'
llouKiie.iu,JeanJa(|uei J71
Uuhens >S9
Rubber, Vulcanized 617
Kuilnki, Persian Pnct S9
Kiirik, Oranil Prince nnd Kniinder of Rusiia, Jio
RuKSia, The l>awn nf »io
Nc)v({ornd, Thedrenl Republic jio
Grand Princea, From Riirik to Igoc lit
Ol^a's Revenf{e and Piety an
Vladimir and (. hri-lianily an
GeiiKhis Khun nnd the (inlden Horde, .,aia
Ivan, Peter and Catherine au
Moscow nnd Napoleon aij
Alexander I, and the Ilnly Alliance ai4
Nicholas and the Crimean War J14
Alexander II. and the Serfs 115
Nihilism, Siberia at;
Present Condition of ai<i
Greek Church In aift
Russian Calendar, The .);
Saarbrucken, llittle ol 140
Sabbakon of I'Uliiopia 65
Sabelli Race, The lU
Sabines, Rape of the i.]is
SadditceH 74
Sadowa, llaille of a.V)
Safes, American 6J6
Sahara, The Desert of 457
Saida, City of 67
Sais, The Town of V, $i
St Albans, The Rattle of 351
St. AuiiUstine, in England 334
St. Bernard, Abbott of li)l
St. Il.irtholoinew, Massacre of i^s
St. Clair, General 516
St. Coluinba, an Irish Saint 3S3
St. Helena, The Island of 4^0
l-AI.H.
Hl.J.ilinn, \. K.,ThrCilvnf. 3gH
M. Jiilin, I he Kniuhli nf I4J
SI, p.iiiiikan'l trelanilN Cunvcrsinn \'<1
Ciinli'.KiiiM III l-'ailh .I'M
M. l>i'iii«biirKh, Cltvof Il«i no
SI. S.i|.lii.i, I he Mii«i|iieiif ioi
S.ilailin C.ipliire* Jerii»alciil '<>»
S.ilanil>, Naval liattlv of. >»
Sallimt "''1
Salic Law nf Spain, The ,31 J
S.liiilnile ll.icc, The I4>
S.iiiiHon, the iHraelita 7"
>andvH, (leiir^e ''3**
S.iii Diiiiiinijii k'^i
S.inilwich KliniN, The 4''l
S.init.iry ( iiininl<i<ti(in, The SPJ
Sin .Marinii, Ihe Ripiibllc of, , 3,1"
Sanskrit III India, The 4i>'*
SunS.ilva.lnr 17''
S.inta Anna, President of .Mexico 4M
Sanskrit K.intfiiatfc ^7
Sappho no
Sarai't-n Kinpire,Thc,
»)$
Miihammcd , >'H
Mecca anil Medina l</>
The StrenKih of Nlaiii ii/l \
Ihe Great Kinpires ii;7
Mohsmiued Murals, The Kiiru ii«7
The C.iliphate and the Omiuiad Dynasty. 114S
Divisiiin and I'all iil (lie Knipire 14S
The S.inuenN and Mmlern Civili/atinn. nt)
Saracenic (iliity and lis Kclijise ii;i)
Saraliitfa, llaltle of 51 J
Sard. map. ihis, Kinu of Assyria Si
S.irdini.i C.iplured by the Romans MS
Till- KinKdiini of iVi
Sardis, Ci|iilal of I.ydla 97
S.iisiim.i Rebellion injapan. The 41a
S.iliiro, ihe Planet 35i l''
Saul, KintfDl Israel 70
Savage, The Primitive 41
Savatfe Station, The llatlle of 531
Saviiiiariila, an Karly Aniipapist iSi
Savoy, The House of iVi
Saxe-Coburt;, the Kint^domof iS5
Saxe, John G 647
Scales, American 'ufy
Scandinavia and the Scandinavians 3J0
Iceland and its Literature 3^0
The Danes in Histiirv 3J1
Nnrivay and the Norwejjlans \ii
Sweden and the Swedes 343
Mylholo({y of 3i»
Greenland and the Norsemen in America. 3Jt
SchalTon the Roman Church iSj
SchelTer J'o
SchellinK i\i'
.Schiller, Von a.(''
Schieswi^ and Holstein Qiiestion 3J9, 321
Schlieinann's Kxpliiratinns at Troy i/n
Science in Kn^l.ind, Society for Promotion of. v**^
Scii), 'Ihe Massacre of 131
Scipio in Spain 14^
Captures Carthajfe 147
Scotland and the Scotch ^Si
Scnti.i and N'ova Scotia ]^i
The Picts— The Anjjlo Saxon 3"^^
Conversion to thrisliar'iy.... I'iJ
Ferjjiis the Scotch -Irish, .lan 3^2
Edwin and Eilinbiirjfh 3S3
I'wm.
Scotland, Cnnstantlne II. and Enul.ind i^^i
Diiiii an and M.n Inth ('44
James I. -I'l'iidalism ('if
Mr me .ind liidepeiidence 3H4
Riibirt and Ihe llniiseorSlliarl |>4
Dnid II., Jiiiiei. V IS
llenr> V'l II. iiid ihc Si'nlch Crown \'<%
M.irv, Cf' "id'Siots is<
James VI. Ilccnines James I. uf KnKland. |Sj
John Kni'i and Presb>lerlanisin 3V>
I'nion Willi I'.nKl.ind 3SA
Scolih I. ler.iliire and Writers ftf.
Scott, Sir Waller (*.
Scolt, Gcnel.il Willllrld JI91 JiJ, 53 1
Sculptors, Null d li.ilian 1H7
Si Mbi.i <•( Ihe AncientiiTha I)<7
Seb.isii.in, Do. 11 1'^
Seceskioii, Southern ^\n
Ordinance lit |iealed 5S3
Sects, Hebrew l.iter.iture iind 73
Sedan, ll.lltle of J|n
S«dt(v>ii k, tietieral John Slj
Seliuciil.e, Ihe N'iclnrv of Sj
Seliin, Sultan of Turkey 8j
Semirainis, (^ueen of Assyria Si
Si'tnmi'H Kaph.iel SS^
Sen.icharib Sj
Senate of Ihe I'niled States, The 57a
Seneca I'vJ
SeneKaiubia, The C'oiinlrv of |S7
Seph.irvaim, Ihe City ol S4
Sepiiy Mill in V of India, The 107
Scpliiaijint, Hebrew llible 7J
Sepiildler, Till' llolv HJi
Serfs, Liberation of Russian ai$
of I'rance Liberated J^^
Serrano, President 3H
Servetus lluriied bv Calvin J65
Servia, The Kini;diim o! 330
Serviliiis, Ciinsiil of Rome 139
Servius, 'r.!ri|uin .137
Serviiis, l''lavius rfxt
Sevastopol llouibarded by the Allies J14
Sevechiis ni" I'^lliiuiiia rtj
Seven Ye.irs* War, The i\^
Severus, Alexander 16S
Seward, William H 517
Sewer, The Cloaca Maxima 136
Sewinjj .Machine 'iad
SextuH and Lucretia 137
Seyiuotir, Horatio $^4
Sh.ikespeare, William 37A
Sluba, The Hiicen ol 65
Shepherd, Fron Hunter to 41
lo I''armer, l'>om 4a
KinKS of Kuvpt 47, 49
Sheikullsl.im loS
Shems-edl>im .Mohammed S9
Sheridan, (Jeneral Philip H 5H. .S'i3
Sherm in, (ieneral W. I" 54>i 545, 5V>
Shill.itier, II. P , .'147
Sllishank and Itiiliastis ^a
Siam, 'Ihe Kin^rdom of , 453
Siberia, in Russia in Asia a 17
'Ihe Rivers and Mountains of 417
Area and Piipiilaliiin il7
Sicily and the First Punic War 144
Sickles, General D. K S-|i
Sidney, Sir Philip 376
Sidoii, The Cities of Tyre and f/i
'■^ al'- "^Tlcsr
■X
xxu.
INDEX.
PACK.
SitTra Li'diu* |.s7
Sii^isiiminl I., Kinu (if Piil.md 2U)
Si^jisiminil II., thr Liist itf tlu- Ja^'-^lIdH no
Si^isnitiiiil, Kinu <>f Swfdcn _\:\
Siij-iis (if I lie /oili.u' ,V
Silesia, Vhv i*rt>vitli'iiii' ot* j ;^
Silk t'ultiin- in tin- I'nilol Sl.itt-s (\\i
Sil iinan, lU-iiiamin (n-j
Sinliiisin Worsliip ^\\
Siphara, Tlu' City «»!" N|
Slavs, The Polisii ii2
Slavonic UcpiiMir, Ihc l>riam of a j.m
Sit iwaiki, Julius J-*i
Smith, Ailam ^71)
Smith, (u'lii'ial Kirln* Sf^
Smith, I 'apt a in John ^Oi
Smti^ijU-rs of Kh.'iir Island .nul ilu- (M^pii-.^o;
Si>hi,.^ki,John, A Poli>h Knler ji.»
Di'lVals Ihrahim. Thi* Di'vil iio
Di-lVats Ihf Turks riuU-r Mu^tapha J 10
Sohic^■ki, jaiiu's, of I'olanil Jio
Sohitski, l*aul 221
Scxralt'S iij;
Solar Systi'm, Tlu- io
Solomon, Kini;f 70
Soloii atul his Laws loi;
Solyi :on The Ma;;nilict'nt hjj, jo;
Sons of LilurtN , ( >r;jaiu/i'il 50;
Souilan, Africa is7
Smith Anu rica, Ilu- C'oiintrits of |f7
South t 'arolina 'mo
Soiilh M.iuiUam, 'Hu- llalllc of i;;;
Southiy, KolK-rt .^'^i
South S«a L'onipany. Tht- v"
Spain, t't'Uic, tlothic ami Mnoiivh jw(
Ihcria anJ thi- l''irst Ayt* of Spain jo(
Tht' liolhic i*rriotl 2.>f
'nii'oloirical Aninio'«ity :o\
Invasion of I ho Mtuns :it^
The Moori'-li Kini»(Ioin Kstahlishcij . , . . J05
.Vvi-rrocs .iiiil lit Iii:ious lti-ai't:on .'g;
;'"all of I'or.hiva ami lli>i* of (Irana.la.. ..'.>'<
The AUianihra j.>'>
Spots on the Sun, View of
Spoitsylvaiiia, Battle of
Spiirins t'assius ,
SUnnlioul, or Constantinople
Stamp Act, The
. Siainslasi.f P.»laml
i Stanton. Ivlwin M ,
I Siarof llelhUheni, Thu
St. irk. fol.John
: Stars. The 2:
\ Statv. The Secretary ot"
' State Sovi-reiyntv, The Doctrine ot'
j Stall's of the (iennan l-.inpirc. . . .
<0'the I'nited States
of Cohimlii.i, The I'nited States
leainlioal. The
I Sttplien (it X'ciulome
] Mephen, Kim,-- of Mti^l.uul
I Steplu n I, ol' 1 !nni;ary
( Stcpluns, Aiexaiuler II 5,(0. 5S5t
' Sterne, Laurence
The Kail of .Mala^-a
The t'liruniesl of (Jran.itia
I'eniinanil an«l Isalulla...
Hjut I'ot lilt,-- il
The Moots ami M.Misccn'
l*erseciilion ot llir Jiws. .
Tlie Ini|uisii<ion and Auto
. JiX)
■,ta f.'
..^oi
Christopher Coluniliu>s nnA his Carter.. .\o2
Inilian ami AtVicaii Slaveiv .VM
Till- last I>ay^ of iMf.Iinan,! ami I>al'eUa.v>|
Catliolic, Chapter 1.1 ;>-:;
IMiilip anil J nan, I v^
The Kscurial jo;
l*ortui;uese ami Spatii.sh Cic)\vn< ^nS
Pedine anil l.os■^ of Ten iioi \ 50 >
X.ip.tUon ami Sp.tin ^lo
The UnlerslVoni Charles \'.tt.l-,il>, ila il..^ii
A U< puMic \\^\
Altiiri/o .itul the l*n --t nt (nu t rinm nl . . ,^1 ;
Art ami I .it era lure ol 51,1
SpaiU>, hire. I . fi^i
Span a, Thr Kin^d.aii of.. . u;;, w'^, ii.(
Spartans. The 05, <i\\
Spencer, Her -ert .^i
S[ieii>cr, ICihmnul ,^7'>
Sphviix, The C?real Pvi ainitl ami pt
Spouj.'e to M.m. i'"rv'm tile .l">
•3»
SIS
JO|
i20 ,
57"
..U
5' J
. .W
S7.^
S.v
5'J-
■t7i
\i)2
3;o
.V"
^vrence 3S0
Steuheii, Baron 51.;
Ste\ Ills. ThaiMens , 5; ;
Stewai ^s, or Major Oonii 22^
Stewart, Coninioihire :;u>
Stilicho 171
Stockholm. The City of ^jr
Siom ami Bron/.e .\ixc, 1 he 42
I'he Koselta 11;
StiMu -man. < lenerai 5^;;
Stor\, \V. W ....".^7
Stor\ . jmi^e ,,.... .(v(3
Stowe, Harriet W O)^
SirashiirL'. I'he Sieije of z\o
St rat heme. Ancient ^^;
Sironi,H»o\\ , Karl of Pemhroke ,^n>
Smart, CJenei.ilJ. K. B 5^'
Stuart, ililluTl C o;;
Stuart, Prof. M..ses (^^■^
Stuarts ot ( iennan V, 'I'he 22^
of I-aiylanJ, The _;oi
Suhjiiijalion ol the Jews 70
Siieiunins , loj
Sui / C.mal .iml Town 00
SullVaye in the Cnili .1 Slan-s ^7,,
Suih.lk. ihe Dnki Mt i^i
S;iII,i. Cornelius 1^0
Sullix a[i, (ieneral 500
Sumner, Charles ^j;
sii inner, (rcneral IC. '* ^>'»
Sun, rhe ChiUlren of the j^
The Paternity of the .25
Spols on the ^i
Sviprenu- Coin t, The. .. . 57.)
Sumler. I'lMt, BoinlMMlinenl ol" 5^0
Sweiles ill America. Tlie .pj;
Swcilenlxirii, lOiiiaiuiel . . .. , ^j (
Sweilen. Kirst l'"oumletl \22
anil Proteslaniisin (i ^
tiustavus Aihilphus J2.1
Ttie lateral are <il*, \2\
Scamlinavian M\ thohty v \2\
SwethnhorL"^ ami the Chu-cii ol tlie New
Jerusalem
Swift, Jonathan
Swini^. Haviil
Swil/i rlan.i ami Kesx-r Kutopi'
The Ilelveli ami Medi.-v.il Swil/erl ind,
TheStory of William Tell
ihe Mountain-- o|' ,
•ST"
.(vp>
..VS
I'AI.K.
Switzerland, The Mt. CenisTumu-i \2y
and the Uehirmation i.-S
'I'lie Swiss as Suhliers _^j*<
Swiss I.iioraturc and I'niversilies i-n>
Sydney, The City of (-•)
Sylvester 17 >
Syraeuse, The City of ij(*
Syria, Antiocluis, ICpiphanes ol". 71
in its Kirst IVriotl Si
l^ntler the Selneid.e S|
Modern, and Syriae ^5
Tallies of Uelerenee. .\stron<Mnical 30
ctf Ancient Historv and Literature, Kroin
B. C. i:;iHi ti. .A. I) ioo o:;i-*v>i
of AnuTican and I'anopean llisti>ry and
Literature .\. P. iooto A. I>.l*^'<J. . .fV>j-fWj
The Principal Countries ot the World .. .'VS5
The Cominerce of the World ^sjj
The Leyislatures of the World (vSfi
I'on^iressional .Apportionment, Ba.^ed on
Census of I'v'Mi ^tSo
The Industries of All Nations n^-j
Monev (tf .Ml Nations, I'lnnpared Willi
Population. f»'<7
Armaments of .Ml Nations, or the Art of
War f.ss
The Capit.il in- Wealth ol' ,\11 Nations.. oss
The IC.irniniis or Income of All Nations, fiSs
The Increase ol Bailroads since 1^70.. . .(vSS
The h'ood Supply of .\1! N'.itions .oS.;
The Kood of .All Nations onj
Ai;ricullural and Pastoral Industries of
the World .kxi
Increase of Population since 1^70 coo
Constimption of Ctittoii, Wool, I'l.ix.
Kte <int
Manutaclurers of .\11 N. it ions (hjo
Cfold and SiKer Production of All Na-
tions (M)i
The tlold Ctiua^eof the Woriil /H,t
The .Mint Coinaire of the I'nited Slates. (.01
Inere.ise of Conunerce and Balance of
Trade r.)j
Clold and Silver I'oins of the I*. S u>2
Coin Mintid and PtiulucliMU of Precious
Metals ,H)j
Production ..f Iron and Steel Works in
C. S ,MJ
I'. S. I'inancial History ( i^
r. S. political Historv i\n
LI. S. Midlary History ..^tyi^ta
U.S. Naval Historv..' " .7.«.
PapeiM'Mu\ and l-'i .u tional Curi 1 11. \ in
L.S ....701
Pension Statistics of the C S 701
The Presidents and Their I'ahiiu is, 7,1^, 7o{
Bi^hl of Sulliaiie itt States 7.1)
New Testament Canon -o}
The Chinese ICmpire 71 ^
Koreiyii l\xchani;e 710
Pav Boil of the Le.idin:^ Civil olhcers
V. S ;,o
Pay Boll I'.S.Armv, Navy and Marine
Ct>rps 710
I>istatu-< s jin.l Standards of Time 705
Ilisltuv of the Siveral Stat, sand Terri-
tories ..70(1
!*opvilalion of the Several Stales 707
Po;Milalion of the Le.idinj^ Cities ol the
l". S 70S
I
,
^. .-^
^
1
r.M.K. 1
r
(J?
• '7>
7"
.Si
irr, l''rnm
(iHl-JOJ
<tiiry iinil
■<i...n\\-"^\
kVnrl.l...".><;
'"'•5
(kVi
(vSl)
0^7
r.,1 With
f-S;
Ihc Annf
N.lliims, oS''
• 1^7(1... .'>SS
MS "S.)
">)
luslrus of
ix)0
^70. ... . c^f*
.,.1, I'l.ix,
I«)C1
f All
N";i
.'til
,1 cji
•,1 SI:
l.lhlll
(1)1
1
....(■.)-•
S. .
. r«)l
I'r..
i('ii>
. . ."t)i
W.mI
i^ ill
'^M
'vini iu\ Ml
iiii, :^. 7"-', 7"i
•7'i
.71M
•7"!
7
\il
..11
ci-rs
n.l
M
llilU'
'iin
.itu
lis.
'itii
1
iTli -
?. 1
f llu-
707
INDEX.
xxm.
PAOR.
Talili's, I'opiilatiimof tlu-Cilusiilllif \V(irl.l.7i>s
IU'li);iou.s ami KiUiialuMial Stalistirs i.f
V. S 70.(
Thf Mitrif aii.l Si in.l.ir.l SysU-m nl"
M.-asure 71'
Tarilu> 'M
Talm.itfi-, r. He Witt <'!•)
'ralinnil.Tlu- 71
TaiiuTl.im* ^t '•
Tarakus of Klliiopia ''5
Tarlton, lii'tuT.il .SM
Tar<iuin, lau-ius, Kirii; of Uoiiu- i.^"
Tar.|uin Tlu- I'roml H7
Tariiiiii) Snvius ' i7
'r.iri|iiinitis t'oUatinus i.l^
Tirt.ir Inv.isiim of Itiissi.i, Thr .'i J
TaMiMiii.t 4M
T.iyl.r, ll.ivar.l 015
Taylor, Jrit'iiiy 37*^
T.ivlor, i.i-ii. Kuliaril 5(", .sot
I'.nioi, Z.i.lifi V .<;■!■'. S"* I
Ti-U'^raph, riu' ojf*
IVli, Willi. i.n.an.l Swiss Ili-toiy V"
TtMiipk-s ot" Ku'\pt, 'Tlu- ^i, 51
Till Triln's of Israel... .70
'IViini'ssi'f oi'j
■ri-Tiins..i\, Ailriil ,i'-l
TcrfiuT "0
Trrrilorv an.l Triln-s, 'I'lu' liuliaii I^-)
Ttrril.a i.il <i<»V(rtum-iits, Tlu' .s7.j
'IVrror, 'I'lif Kfii;ti i>f -77
'IVrry. lii'luTal .s>'>
'''i-rtallio» of I'atlhairc 17''
IVnnr.of Otlicv Hiil .Sit '
Ti-vvJix. Klu-.livi' ol' ICiivpl .S'j ,
Ti^Hk.-l.uiy. ItatlU-of .ViJ I
■IVxas, U.pul'li.- of SJ5 '
.\liiH'.\u.l to 111.' I'r ili-il Slatis S-'j, "17
,!"-
Il.ik's .11 Mililus
hi-l.i's ill I'-iiypt s
ill liii-ri^-
hoinistoi-U's
lli'O.lr.l, (|.iu'eii
lu'.irit's ot C'rr.ui'.n
ll,..,lor. II., of AIns-ini.i
'■I
..,.1-^
.11
/), 10')
.. JO I
■■■ .17
...65
lll.niilsui- I'f <.'.l.lSt.llltill.>pU' 171
ll.s.US llu' I'li.ll- of .\llUlls ,. ill
■>.\"
'riu'itnopyl.c, rill- (iloi\ of .jS
Til s<> ..f Marliil I.ullur Jjl,
Tliii.fl an.l tlu- lir.iii.l l.l.lill.i { M i
Tlii. rs, M., I'ri'-i.lillt .if I'r. line MJ
ThiitiiMilli .ViiHii.lintMit 55.t
Tliiily Yiars' W.ir . ..-•.(<
Tll.Miias, liili. lim. 11 .Si". . , •, .;.Vi
Tliolh, till- l*'jryptiau lio.l \i)
'Ih.ahtii.tsis, Kiiij;: !>>
•Ilicil 11.11.. si-, IV .so I
Ihn.v.li.Us n: '
rluinli.iii, .MU'll (i s".
Tilui, Till' Uivcr i.vt
riluiiusra-sar i-S
'I iciiuis, ll.ittle of 1 1"
Tiijl.Ulipik'Sia- S|
Til.iiii, Saiiuicl J 5"S
rirli.ikiis '\S
Tims 71, i(«.
rAoi'-.
Tokio.J.ipan 4^7
I'oronto, Till- nty of \7'^
Tlie Uiiivuwity nf .V^
rorquu.iiaila !»'
Tory r.irlv I.paiUrsof Kn^'laml .17."
Towirof H.ilul, Tlif '■"
I'vafalnar, Tlic Itatlleol 2Sj, ,v
Traj.m '"7
r'aslnuiiiis. Untie of l.ako t \v
Ir.lii.i, rii.' ll.iltle of 1 1"
hint .\ll.lli, Till- S-N
Irtiil.ui, llu: Hitll.Mif sio
I'if. ; V, rill' Sfiiil.oy of llir S71
luMty of lU-rliii, I'lii; -'.vl
■rriliiiiiatus KstHlilislu'.l in ItoiiU' i.V
I'rilus, Tlu' IV-ii 7"
Irilu's of the Atl.liili.- I'oast, Tlle lllil all .l'^^
rriiiiiiie, riie N. Y .S' s
I'liiiily C'i>lk-;,'e, DiiMill .V,i
Tripoli, a i'ountrv in Atriea Is7
I'ripolls, Tlu-rity of "■
I'roiaii War, The oJ, o.s
Trollope, .\iilli.iny l^i
rr..wliriili;e,.l. T "I^
I'roy I'.ipture.l hy the (ireeks o!
I'royes, The rreaty of .151
Traiiilmll, John '\i7
Ttnlots, The 1 l.nise of the .t.S.s
Inlli.l, Wife of l.iuius I.!"
T'lllias, Ilostilius !.('•
rulliiis, Servitis 1.1"
'I iiiiis, .MVie.i I.s7
Turkestan an.l .\iieieiit Si-\thi.i (5,:^
I'urki-v, or tlie Ottoman l-.inpire J."
Ailri.imiple anil 'lainerl.liie -o"
I'll.- I'"all of I'oiistaiitiuople i"7
S..lyman the Matjnifuiiit 11.7
Tile I>.i line of the 1-anpire J07
Ueliyi.in ami liitelliyeiua- in -'o**
Present I'.imlitiou of -v''^
Ar.-a, Popiil ilioii, ( i.>virnnuiit ^o"^
li.hi.Mlion, U.iilni.iils, llel.l j...<
Tvelio, Ihe Crater ii
I'yeo.ai ..f j.ip.in ICst.iMishe.l (;-■
Tyler, .I.iliii sis, s^l
Tvkr, W.it,aiul the r.ill T.ix ,tp
'Tviulall ,!si
Tvie an.l Si.l.m. The I'ilu s of i-i,
r kill. I .111.1 111. k. 11.111 .1..^
niiU J^l
ripian ii'S
rlriea I'.kn .1, liueen of Swi.kii ;-■;
I'Uss.s of liha.a ..-■
The W.lllilel ilu^s ,'f .11
I'lv.hri, A Uae.- ..I .\ii.ieiil llilv ii|
I'lihislorie Man \\
I'lii.m of Sw.'.I. n an.l N.ir\va\ .t.! ,
I'liileil Kill;;il.nn, 'Th.- .t7t
I'uiti.l St, lies ol (.'.iloinhia, The 171
laiite.l Sl.ites, Karly I'oloiiial llislory of the, .pit
ICiiiilaiul .iiul I'aiL'IlsU ,\uu ri.a pii
The Dulell an.l New \ellui l.iluis |.ifi
The Sp.inish anil I''rem-li Si ttleuii iits j.is
Coloni.il (trow til an.l Oiiltiiowlh s.Ki
lloaiil of Tra.le ami I'l.inlalioiis joi
luter.ol.ini.il W.irs 5,.,,
I'Veiii h, Sp mish .liul ICn^iish Posses
sions 501
Capl.ire 111 Hjiebee 501
lol.mi.il Dei'lsan.l Monev .Siu
r \(.K.
I'liiteil Mail R, 'The Stamp Ai'l 5..^
Smut; fit luj ami the (iaspee S'H
The Itosion 'Tia IVirtv soj
Kirst Colli ineiil.il f. ingress 5...^
Minute Men an.l P.iul lievere ;..|
ll.lttks of I.e\iiii;l.iii ami I'oneoril so|
C'ontiiuaital Anin Oi^.mi/eil 505
■Th.- Il.itlleof Hiink.l Hill j.«;
I'.v.ieii.ikion of Moston 5. v.
Ch.lrli ,1011 ami Moultrie 5.*.
Pet lar.lt I on of Iiulepemli n. e ^tf.
PliniiieiMl Men ot the Perioil s. o
In.li-pemlem e an.l I'liion 51 »i
The Hessians anil Imliaiis ;.»)
'The 'Two Itritish (m-iii ral Howes 510
'The Hal tie of l,..n^' Isl.inil 9..1
The l>efeat of Hiirijoyne 510, 51 j
I..1 I''a\etteaml l'"renill Ue.nforei iileiits. .53 l
'The ntittle..f llie Mran ywiiie si 1
ll.illle of (krii aniown ami I'^vaeii.itinii of
Phi fill el phi. I s'l
'The ll.itlle of Kenning ton . . 511
\'alley l-'orye ami the Hour of (ilooin sii
An i ties of Oonti'ilei.tlion Siihmiu. .1 s,\i
I*"r iliee Ueioyiii.-es Ameriian Imlepen*
lieu. a' S'J
Tlieli.itlle.it M.iiiin.Milh jij
'The f 'aiiipai;;iis ill the S. uih ^n
'Th« Treason of .\i:iol.l i;ij
'The Siirri lull 1 of Coriiw .lilis 51J
'The Nav » ol 111. l!.v.l.ili..ii 511;
'The .\ilopli.in ol Ihe I 'olisliliili..ii ^15
'The Yoiinj; Hepuhlie 510
I'lleetiim of W ashiiiylou ,is Pi. si.l. nt. . , c 10
ll.iiiiil'on anil the I', s. H.iiiK 51S
'Tlu: Perioil of t."oinproiiiise 52.'
'The Periii.l of l'..iilli. t i;.m
The l!is,. ;iml l-'.ill .,f ih,- (ouk .k raey .. ^s.^s
'The Pres.iit ;,,|
'The (iovi rnilleiit .it the ;7l
The Presi.lints,.! ill,. ;s,,
Till' Sl. lies of the vij
Iti\ entions an.l lin i iilors .,f Ihe (..■_•
The I ml us tries 111 ihf /-.-o
.\inerieaii I.iler.iliire ot"^
I'm verse, The ('..11. . pli.m ..f Ihe j(
I'liiv.rsity ot .\l.\,imli i.i, Tlu- lleileiii.' 57
..t" Islam, Cair. 1 ;
.fPi.i-il .■-•
al I..ii./ii: '.. j:
la furl ..,
'i\ 111. iiImul,' _■;, I
.ii'Merlin -•;.;, -1,
..f,|. u I .•|;
ol II. Ilk ..,7
of ll.i.ll.lHri; ....'i^
ort'opeiih i:;ell \il
ol'Toroiilo (oS
ol I l.inliii, ( hiiia (50
I'liiversilies ot i ierill.lnv, 'The ;-\2
of Heltiiuni, 'Tile ^^it
of the \i Iherl.lmls .'^7
of Svvtl.'.erl.inil (.'.i
ot Irel.iml t.ji
I'psal.i, Sweden, 'llie Library .•! .'J |
I'ramls, 'The PI. met .'5, -"o
I'rhan II., Pope jf.t
rriii;nav, The Uepiililii of (6S
I't.ih Territorv t.17
N'akaitiniaii 171
4
:-^iaiC-.rT.. .
I
XXIV.
t^
INDEX.
PAGE*
Viilintinian II 171
\':ilcrins Corsiiis 1 )i
N'ak'riiis, a Kninan (JciuTal 1,^7
Van Kurtn, Martin S-J.'ii S^i
\'.iti Dii'inan's Latul )'>
\'an Dnrn, ( Jcncral Sl.l
\'.iti Dyrk 251;
\'aii liyck, Hubert.- 25'»
\';iti luck, Jan J^J
X'alcncia, The Tri-aty of ,li 1
V^alois lir^intliorthc Capelian Dynasty ^'\\
Vatican Council, Tlic iSj
at Uuuic, The iS^
Vaudnis, The, a Keli^rious Sect j(>5
Massacre of the i'-g
Vene/uela, The Hepiiblic of 170
Wiiicc, The C'i'y of i^j
Verms, The Planet ^Si ■:"
Venluii, The Treaty of . ....2(>i
Vcrnmnt f)iS
Versailles, Louis XVI Retires to ^75
Vespasian . . . t (//.
In llritain. Ji\\
Vesta, I'crsia, Parthia aiul the Zenila V>
Vice President, The Daties o( the 572
Vickslnirj^- ("aptiircil 541
\'icti)rla, (^lecn of Enfrlaml 4117
Marriage wltli Prince Albert .ViS
Victt)ri.i, The Colony of 479
Vienna, The City of 2.^7, Sfo
Napoleon at 2^7
Vionville, The Rattle of 240
X'iryil, a I'oet of Konie I'lj
Virgin Inlands, The 471 j
Virjfinta, I'"irst Settleruent in 4:^2
Caplainjohn Smith and Pocahontas (gi
Slavery Introduced Into \>n
F'irst Indian War \t)A
The Colonial (iovernors of \j;\
Hacon's Hebelliori in 49,(
History of (uy
Virginia, The Death of 140
Virj^inius, a Koinan Tribune 140
Volcanoes 2\
Volcanic Kruptions 24
Voltaire 271
Von Humlioldt 23
Vladimir of Novgorod 211
I'-mbraces Christianity 2r i
Warner 246
Wakefield, The Hattle of 352
Waldo, of Lyons, Peter iSi
Waldcnes, The iSi
Wales Absorbed by Kny:land, 34 f
Wales, Llewellyn, Prinfcof 344
W;iles, The h'irsl KnH:lisli Prince of 344
Wall of China, The (jreat .tt3
Wallace, William JlSt-i'^J
Wallenstcin and the Keforrnation Vi
Wal|)ole, Sir Horace 3(7
Walter, The Penniless lui
Walton, I/aak 37s
\\'ar tor (irecian Indejientlence 1 (o
The P'irst Punic , ., 1 1 )
The Second Punic 1 15
The Third Punic i 17
of the Invrslitures I'V)
The Crimean 214
The Hussite - 22S
The Thirty Years' 232
TAGE
War, The Seven Years* 235
The Seven Weeks' 231^
The Dutch.. 2.:;S
'I'he Peninsula 311
of the Hoses, The 3j;2
The Mexican \(\\
of America, The Colonial 501
Tile Kevolutionary 5o<i
with lui^land, The Second .51S
War, The Secretary of 5;'t
Wares, Henry and William ''(3
Warren at Bunker Hill, General 505, 50 >
Warren, Seth 512
Warsaw, The City of 220
Warlburg, The Castle of 231
Warwick, The Karl of ^^2
Washinj^ton Territory *ao
Washinjjton Selected as the Capital 516
Hurnt by the Uritish 521
Washington, George, aiul Vlrjjinia Militia, 501
Present at Hraddock's Defeat 501
Takes Counnand at Boston 505
and the War of the H evolution 509
Inaugurated as President S'7i 5"^*
Watch -inakinjf in America <'i\
Waterloo, The Plain and Town of 2'kj
The Battle 2^1
Watts, Isaac 179
Way, The Khunmian 145
'1 he Appian 145
Waytu', General Anthony 510
Weiipons, Bron/.e and Stone .,43
Webster, Daniel 523
Webster. \nah C\\_\
Weimcr, The Court of 213
Weisenberjf, The Battle of 240
Wellin^lim, I-ord 311, 2S<)
Welsh Chiefs at Caernarvon 344
Wenda, (^leen 21S
Wesley, John and Charles 3<'*;
West, Benjamin 637
West Iiulies, Tlie 479
Westminster Abbey 337, ^\i
West X'ir^inia (120
Westphalia, The Peace of 233, 3^3
Wei land 243
Wheeler, William A 506
Whijr Parlies of England 372
Party of the United Stales 590
Whipple, E. P 6.('''
Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania SiTw
Wliitby, The Synod of 335
Whitfield, (ieor^e, and Methodism. 3^^
White Plains, The Battle of. 509
Whitman, Walt (4S
Whitney, ICli 624, 523
Whitticr,John G t}\i;
Wilherforce, William 370
Wilderness, Battle of the 541;
Wilkes, Captain Charles 532
\V illiam, Duke of Normandy £<\\
Invades Lngland 203
Claims Kny^lish Crown 317
Defeats Harold at Hastin^^s 337
Crowned at Westminster Abl)ey 337
The Homes- Day Book 33S
William and Mary 30:;
Victory of the Boyne 3''i5
Act of Setll meiU Pas.ied 305
William 1\'., of ICiiKland 3'vS
PAGE.
William I., First Kin(f of the Netherlands... 257
i William II., of the Netherlands 257
William HI., of the Netherlands 357
William of Nassau a0
WilHam L, Klnir of Prussia 338
Crowned Kmperor of Germany 2^9
Keceives the Surrender of Napoleon.. ..2.^0
Wiljiamsburfj:, The Battle of 535
Willis, N. P rm
Wilson, Alexander 6.^0
\\'ilson, Henry 565
I Wilson's Creek, Battle of 53a
. Winehell, Alexander (^\^
i Winchester, The Battle of 542
Wirt, William ^S9
Wirz, Henry 542
Wisconsin 620
Witchcral't of the Dark Ajyes 193
and Kingjames' Version io.(.
Innocent VHI., Bull Against 194
Richard Baxter and John Wesley on 194
S liem, Massachusetts 194
Wittenberg, The University of 230
Wolfe Captures Q^iebec 501
Wolsey, Cardinal 356
Wood, Jethro 624
Woodworth, Samuel rk(o
Wool Industry. ^133
\\'oolinan, John 639
WorcestiT, J. K ^143
Wordsworth, William 3S1
World of the Ancients, The. 125
Outer Greece 125
Rhodes and its Colossus 125
llalicarnassus and its Mausoleum 125
Diana of Kphesus .,126
Syracuse and Archimedes i2rt
riie Ionian Islands 126
Crete and Cyprus 1^6
Scandia, Sarmatia, Dacia, and Thrace.. .127
Scytbia and India, Arya 127
Ptolemy and His Geography 128
The Ptolemic System 12S
The Great Periods of the 24
Worms, The Diet of 231
Worship, Greek Hero 90
Worth, The Battle of 240
Wyclifl'e, John 347
Wyoming 'lerritory hai
Massacre of 51a
Xenophon 113
Xerxes the Great 5J» 9S
Ximenes, Cardinal of Spain 302, 3(/>
Var(tslaf, Prince of Russia 211
Yesso, an Ishind of Japan 427
Yokohama, a S aport Cily of Japan 427
York, Richard Duke of 352
York, Kdward Duke of 352
Crowned Kdward IV 35a
Yorktown, Cornwallis* Surremler at 514
Ypsiiantis, Alexander, arul Demetrius 102
Zabringen of Switzerland 325
Zama, The Battle of 147
Zend.i Vesta, Persia, Parthia and the S6
/enobia, (^iieen of Pahuyra 5S
/erubbabel, The Jews Under 70
Ziska,John 229
Zoroaster anil the Zenda Vesta 87
Zululatul and the Zulus. 45S
Zwingle and the Relbrmation 32S
Ji
til.
yu.-
i.fi
iii.s
inn
-^-
^^^titMtltltitltitltMtltltltltit^^
k
w
[ BEFORE IS HISTORY. 1
■1 !—»
:^ ^:v ^r^i ^ ^v "^:v -u ^:v v >> i>:5- >:>- fr>-^ -nB ^^^S^^I
§-}^^{^-i
CIEXCE hius (lispolloil thoold
dolusioii tliiit iill tilings wcro
(Ti'iitt'il for iiiiiii, tliiit lie is tlio
(liiiiiKiiiil of (Ti'iition, iill rlsu
hi'iii;; iiH'iv SL'ttiii;,'; hut it is
iioiu! tiie k'ss true, that no
eoiieejitiou can ho foriiied of
tlio miiverso, except in its luuuan
relations. It is eijually true, that in
order to follow the jiatli of human
jiroj^ress intelli.^ently, it is neeessary
to lirst glance at the Viust lii'ld of
knowledge, outside the domain of his-
tory, antedating all human records.
Such a i)reliminary survey will serve us
a litting introduction to the sjHjciiic
inquiry in hand, and, indeed, forms
an integral part of it. The great You lluniholdt
may he said to have finished the demonstration of the
fact tiuit " the universe is governed hy law," hy
wiiicli it is meant that all tilings proceed in an or-
derly and rational inauner, as (Jreat Britain or the
rnitiMl States may he said to he governed by law.
It is the part of science to discover and disclose
those laws, in their manifold relatiims. It is hut
yesterday that man began to unravel the mysteries
of creation. For thousands of years the eye of gen-
ius was dimmed by the mists of absurd conceits and
immemorial blunders.
.Vlheit the ancient folly that the universe was
made for man has Iteeii cast into the limbo of e.\-
]iloded heresies, il is uudenialile that tiie prt'para-
tious maili! for man were elaborate beyond all pre-
conception. Whether one glance over the celestial
field, and pause to ponder u))on the wonders of the
heavens, or delve deeji into the earth to ascertain
the marvels of geology and ])aleontology, one is
alike impressed with the magnitude and miniileness
of the ])reparations which rendered thi.s earth habit-
alile b} human beings. From the remotest star in
the Milky Way to the tiniest siH'ar of grass, all forms
a i)art, neeessary and correlative, in the mighty sys-
tem of being over which man sways the scejiter of
sujierior intelligence.
The anti(iuity of the human race is a problem
thus far deliant of solution. Mil)lical chronology
has been somewhat variously inleriireted ! diiler-
ent scholars, l)ut science and scripture agree that
man was the last and crowning result of creation.
Vastejiochs intervened between the beginning and
the end of the journey whicii began in the dim
chambers of niere conceiitivc potency, and ended in
humanity. It would be foreign to the object of this
volume to discuss the polemics of science. The field
of 2»ositivo and definite information is far more in-
viting and profitable. It is wiser to calmly glean
and garner the wheat of knowledge than to frantic-
ally thresh the tares of controversy. It may be,
and doulitlcss is, a grander flight of genius to skim
along the azure of pliil(wo[ihic thought than to wearily
plod along the road of events ; but ius a preparation
for the intelligent perusal of history, a few geiuiral facts
of nature are vastly more liel[)ful than the sublime.st
dis([uisitions upon the alistract ami the abstruse.
The development of existing cosmos out of jiri-
mordial chaos, produccil continents, oceans and
mountains in the place of a vast globe of li([uid tire.
The great muss of the earth is still in a tluid and fiery
(2.3)
— ©iV
•a
''^mse
fleaoB
24
HKFORE HISTORY.
state, covered by n ('oinpiirativcly lliiii crust of cold
iiiid solid siihstiiiu'C. Ill traciiif^ the lu'cessarv
course of tliis cliiiii^e from a iiiDltcn to u solid con-
dition, ii scieiililic \vri(i'r of our (lay reiiiiirks: " As
the interior iiecanie iiurd and I'oiicri'te by eoolini^,
furrows, corrutralions and depressions in the exter-
iiiil crust of the glohe would occur, Ciiusin2jrreat in-
eqiialilies in its surface." Volcanic eruptions are
simply the escajie of the central tire, ami liahility to
such erujitions would he proportioiiati' to the thin-
ness of the crust Once this jrloho must have oeeii
little else than one universal volcano, helchimr fin'
and liivii at eviTy iioiiit. In the earlier stages of
creation, volcanic action |)layed the chief part, even
lifter its LTcneral suhsidence.
As volcanoes were the i;reat aLreiicies of the sreo-
logiual dawn, so glaciers cunie in tiie cool of the
evening. The transition from more than Irnpical
heat, the world over, to universal winter is supposed
to have heen sudden, and no salisfac tory hypothesis
has yet heen deviseil for its t'\p!anatioii. Agassiz
says of this t'ra of frost : " \ vast mantle of ire and
snow covered the plains, the valleys, and tlie seas.
All the sjirings were dried up; the rivt'is ceased to
tlow. To the moveinenls of a numerous and ani-
inaled creation sucei't'ded the silence of death." It
was in the period immediately following the general
thaw, or springtime of (h:il snpreiiie winter, that
the |ireseii(, lift' of tiie earth was lieguii. >«alnre
having, as it wi'i'e. frozi'ii out, and gotten rid of lier
experiments, zoological and hotanieal, was readv to
create^ man and his vital eiivir(Mimeiits.
In point of lime, then, the gre;it period of the
world was before man, as well as liefoi'e history.
Mi" *fS
h
lil
as
of
"1
slii
of
wli
eve
of
wiij
Til
k^
Tin: I'atkhmty of the Sin— Ciiiep Memheiis or the Soi.mi Kamii.y— rEiiiuiiiTiEH
OF THE Seveiiai. I'i.aneti— The I'hoi'Eiities of Matteii— Density. Vei.oi ity ami
IllAMETEIlOF I'lA NETS— The MOON— SlNHl'OTtl -I'llEI ES-'ION AMI MlITII'll: ST A 11s-
TiiE Staii of Hethieiiem and ITS HEAi'FEAitANi E— The Mh.kv Way and, Mtaii-
Ci.rsTEiw— Comets— GiiAviTATioN Time— Noted Astuunumlks.
IIOU iKist sot tlie solitaiy
ill fiiiiiilios, was spoken
f mini, but it is (,iiil,e us
a|iiilical)Ic to worlds. TIrto
are, it is true, waiideriiij^
stars wiiicli seem detiaut
of the law of assoeialion,
there are human heinos wiio
shoot oir on taii^rents of solitude,
forminrr ex(;e[itions to tiie general
rule of society. The rule itself
is. iiowcver, mine the less forcilile.
In the opinion of some astrou-
-?■•;/' Tox oiuers, tiiere exists stunewhere in
\.^/^y^ tiie limitless and illimitable vast-
uess of s[)ace a luiuinary which
is the center and source of life,
li'^ht and existence. IJut no eye
has canirht a gliniiise of it, nor is there any like-
lihood of such discovery. The utmost stretch of
astronomical intcllio-enee iroes to the ascertainment
of suns which are, each in its sphere, the head of
a jilanetary system or family. Every lixcil star that
shines in the (Irmament is the father of a family
of worlds, and the same is true of countless othei's
which lie beyond human ken. however assisted the
oye may be by the telescope.
The central body, the li-j;ht and life, of our system
of worlds, is the Sun. 'i'lic planets and satellites
which lielong to this system are absolutely depcnd-
^, J £• '
out ui)()ii the father-sun for the necessaries of life,
110 less than for all the luxuries of planetary exist-
ence. 'J'hey can never reach " majority," but ever
remain " infant-;." (Jhildren are they of a parent
whose jiatriarchal authority must be respected for-
ever. Without the heat of the Sun, every planet
would iiecome little clsetiian avast iceberg. There
are many memliers of this family too small for
observation from an earthly stand-point, and many
which can be discerned by the tclescojie can not be
exjilored by it. and are hardly worth mentiiui. The
recognized and iini)ortant children of the Sun are
Xeptuue, Tranus, Saturn, .Jupiter, .Mars, Kartb,
Wmius anil Mercury, eight in all. Some of tlesc
have satellites of their own, or, as they might be
designated, children. These grandchildren of the
Sun, so far as tliscovi'ied, are eighti'cn. The
.Moon is the satellite of Karlli. .Mars, \'enus and
.Mercury have none. Saturn has eight moons or
satellites, .lujiiter four. Ti'anus four, and .Neptune
one. l'')'om observation by the naked .eye, the .Minm
occupies a prominence out of all proportion to its
real importanc'c in the solar household. This planet
of ours is somewhat belovr par in magii'tude. it
is, hovrever, one of the more favoreil children of the
Sun in jmiut of relative position. Someof the plan-
ets are so far i'en.,,ved fi'oin the Sun as to sutler
ju'i-petual winter, uhile otht'rs endure a continuous
furnace heat.
Jt would hardly be of interest to "go a-sailingall
(25>
mm
aum
26
THE CHILDREN OF THE SUN.
iiL.
iiiiioiig tlie little stars," but some members of the
family deserve special attoiitioii, besides tiie Earth.
Mercury, the smalk'st of the noteworthy planets, ia
the nearest to the Sun. " I am blinded by my own
The Earth.
light," says the Orniuzd of the Persian mythology,
and Mercury might well say the same. It is sup-
posed to have very high mountains. Its tempera-
ture is seven times hotter than our own. If its
material were as liable to combustion as our own,
it would have been consumed with ferv'd heat long
ago. Its days arc very unequal in length, and if
inhabited at all, it must be by very peculiar people,
veritable salamanders. "Tliey must," observes a
French autiior, "be as vivacious and mad as raving
maniacs." Venus must have twice tlie heat of tiie
Earth. Like Mercury,
it has immense moun-
tains, some of them at
least twenty-five miles
high. It is studded
with islands, and has
an atmospliere not very
inference or guess of
Telescopic Views of Venus.
unlike our own. Tite
the ;istroiioniers is that Venus is a very lovely
world. Althougli destitute of moons, it has the
benefit of refiections from Mercury and Earth.
Mars is nearest to Earth,
and pre.sents close analo-
gies to our planet, espe-
cially in atmospheric
plionoinena and polar
cold. It is believed to
have a very dense air.
Continents and sciis are
distinguishable upon it.
A fair idea of its topog-
Tolescnpic View of .Mars. , 1 /• 1
rapiiy may be formed
from a study of the map of North America,
with this transposition : that the continent of
one stands for the water of the other. Science
shows it to bo a very old planet. Tlie otlier plan-
ets, Neptune, Saturn, Ura-
iins, and Jupiter, are so
very far off tliat tlieir pe-
culiarities are less known
than those of the other
members of the family of
the Sun. The rings of
Saturn, however, deserve
mention. The most plaus-
ible theory is that they Telescopic view of Jupiter.
consist of an accumulation of satellites, completely
filling its orbit. These satellites, however, defy
anything like definite observation.
In this connection, it may be well to give some
facts general to
the solar system.
The properties
of matter are
fourteen, viz. :
Divisibility, in-
destructibility,
impenetrability
(or the occupancy of space), variability (i.e., gas,
liquid or solid), inertia, motion, force, gravitation,
magnetism, electricity, heat, refiection, refrac-
tion, polarizing and absorbing, cohesion and
repulsion. Taking water as a standard of unity,
the density of the planets is as follows : Nep-
tune, 1.25; Uranus, .!)7 ; Saturn, .76; Jujjiter,
1.32; Mars, 5.12; Earth, 5.44; Venus, 5.11;
Mercury, 6.71. Tiie velocity of planets, stated
in miles per second, is as follows : Neptune, 3.491 ;
Uranus, 4.369; Saturn, 6.196; Jupiter, 8.389;
Mars, 16.50; Earth, 19.13; Venus, 22.50; Mercury,
30.76. The diameters of the planets, expressed in
miles, are as follows : Ne})tune, 32,243 ; Uranus,
34,704; Saturn, 71,936; Jupiter, 88,316; Mars,
3,900; Earth, 7,925.3; Venus, 7,566; Mercury,
2,960; the Sun, 851,730.
The ^loon is too prominent a factor in the celes-
tial problem which a,stronomy has been solving for
thousands of years (but can never fully solve ), to
be overlooked. It is insignificant from the .stand-
point of the universe, or even from that of the
Sun ; but the Earth has special interest in it.
Everybody has heard of "tiie man in the Moon,"
Telocoplc View of Saturn.
■7'c
'■.%;
'g
^ -g V-
itiiioiit of
Science
lier plan-
r of Jupiter.
30111 pletely
ever, defy
give some
iturn.
f (i. c, gas,
gravitation,
m, refrac-
lesiou and
d of unity,
ows : Nep-
5 ; Jupiter,
nius, 5.11 ;
nets, stated
;uiie, 3.491 ;
iter, 8.389;
D ; Mercury,
xpressed in
3; Uranus,
,316; Mars,
; Mercury,
in the celes-
1 solving for
ly solve ), to
[1 the stand-
that of the
terest in it.
the Moon,"
k
PLATE I.
PLATE II.
/' T. .1 T /•; TTJ.
■^ — 'I.*,
THE CHILDREN OK THE SUN
.il
liiit tlic wisdom of till' tok'sco]ii« jiroiiomiccs hiiii ii
niytli, or, if ho ovor oxistcd. it was nKcs uf^o. Tlio
.Moon is net down as ii viist, ciiiinii'l-lioiist'. It liiiH
m'itiiiM' iiir, wator. nor lif(' of any iviii<i. Its uwfiil
craj;s uro alisoliitcly (lesoluti'. Tiio supposition ih
tinit it is an cxiiaiistLMi, oiirnt-out. and used-up
world. If thi'ie is iifu ut all, it must Im utterly
iiniiki' anv liiiowu to man. It is the Saliara of the
skies. Distant from the eartii only 240.000 miles,
It IS attraeti'd and lar^rely eontrolled bytliis jjlauet.
The term saleliiU' is appropriate. It is not exhaust-
ive, liow'jver, for it, too, is a planet of the Sun.
Altiiou},Hi distant 1)2,000,000 miles from tiio head
of tiie family, it is more intlueneed by it than by
the Karth. The action of the Moon upon tliia
lihiiict-is chielly in the ebb and How of the tides,
'.^f >s ' ;'- • / ,>'- r u> It** '>"g<' craters
W^^^W^V-i 'I'-e. some of
/:;}-^I.^-;JJ'/m^y-^ them, one hun-
'', '^ dred miles in
''via diameter, and
- ^
the whole sur-
face of the
moon appears
to bo honey-
combed by cx-
tinctvolcanoes.
The Moon has
its itlia-ses from
full to crescent.
thoOraterTycho.aa seen by Telescope. Thev ai'O thc
uiiterent ])ortions of her illiiniiiiated surface, which
she presents to tiie Martli in revolviiif^ mound it.
When the dark side is turned toward us the Moon
is said to be new ; then it is half-full and horned,
and by these pliases the revolutions of the Moon
are ascertained. The time between full moons is
29i (lays • a synodical month, or luiiutioii.
Sun-spots were lirst carefully studied by Fabri-
cius in the seventeenth century. They have been
observed very closely ever since. Those of to-day
are iioi; those of two centuries aizo. Perpetual ciiango
goes on. I'iiey are the result of some kind of tre-
mendous storms or cyclones. That vast furnaco
seems to be subject to inconceivable perturljations,
by the side of which N'esuvius in action would bo
cold calm. The flames aro supposed to rise to a
height of 100,000 miles sometimes. The rents and
chasms in that ocean of flame are measureless iu
widtli and depth. Astrntiomers have measured one
chasm or sjiot
t hat wius found
to be large
enough to
hold one hun-
dred Earths.
A still larger
spot was meas-
ured in 1839,
and found to
be 186,000
utiles in diam-
eter. The
Bjieedormove-
mont per-
ceived in spots
exceeded tiiat
of thc most Tcluscopk view of n Sun-siwt.
violent hurricanes, three to one.
The term precesnion applies to the gnulual fall-
ing back of the eipiinoetial jioints from east to
west. In his apparent annual revolution around
the Earth, the Sun does not cross the e(piiiioctial
if
■•'■,*•■' •
■ i
y], 'i.'i ,',
,■■;■••*..'■, v.-;
■M:^^
:IH|
|9
mi^'^'
m
B
^HPt''' ^ ''■•'*
'■w'-'iM
1
^^^^^^(■1 .
^
mm
Aries.
Taiini.i.
Libra.
Scorpio.
Siii-'itturius.
Cspricomus. Acciunriiis. Pisces.
TnK Twe;.vk SiiiNs op THE Zodiac.
at the same points one year that it does the next,
but drops to the west about 60 seconds a year. The
y
I 3*
Tin: CIIILDUKN OK THF. SUN.
c'litirc prccfwyidn nf thi criuinoTOs rpqtiiro* ii ]>pn'c)(l
of iK'iirly '^0,000 yciir;. Coii^equciillv the iip|i;iiciit
pit.sitioim (if the slurs ooiistiinllv imiliT^fo cliiiii:.';',
and the l'i)lc-sliir. cvimi, is iiut tin' s;imi' in all (Mih.
For till' I'onvi'iiii'MiH! of asfroiioiiiii'al slmly, tin'
liciivi'iis iiri' iliviilcil ititoflistiiict spaci's, roprosiMitcd
on flic map by tlit> figures of animals or otlior
nlijcct-i. Thi'sc spaces, with the stars they fontaiii,
arc culioil conntellations. 'I'liuy iiri! (listin;;uishcil
us northern, /.odiaiial, and southern, aecordin;; to
their positions in respect to the ecliptic. Theri' are
twenty-live prominent consicllaiions in the north,
twelve in the zodiao and ei;;litccii in thi^ south.
3fultipl<' sttirs are those which seem to tlit! ordi.
nary oli>cr\cr to he single, hut which, when viewed
throu;;h a telescope, appeal' to lie two or more stars.
If there are only two, they are called doiihle, or
binary stars. Variable stars exhibit periodical
chtiiipcH of hrifjlitnoss. Temporary stars are the
luminaries wliieli make their appearance suddenly
in the heavens, often very brilliant, !)ut after a
while fiulin;: away, or nearly so. If they do not
disappear entirely they are called /lew stars. Astron-
omers can arrive at no satisfactory s(dutioii of this
mystery. Some stars known to the ancients are
not to be found. They are called lost stars.
One peculiarity of astronomy is that it can fore-
tell events in its own line, and also discover lost
information. I'"or instance, it is known that in the
year 4 15. C. a brilliant star appeared, which astron-
omers call the "Star of Bethlehem," and of this
star the learned i'rofess(U' (lounnier remarks: "In
1887 the ' Star of Meililehem' will be once more
.seen in ' Caseopiii's Chair,' and will be accompanied
by a total eclipse of the sun and moon. Tiie star
only makes its apiiearaiiee every ;J15 years. It will
appear and illuminate the heavens, and exceed in
brilliancy evi'ii .lupiti'r when in opiiosilion to the
.sun, and therefore ne:irer to the sun and brii,ditest.
The marvelous brilliancy of the 'Star of Uelhlc-
iieni,' in 18S7. will surpass any of its previous visit-
atiojis. It will 111' seen even bv noonday, shinin;^
witha([uick, tlasliini,^ lii,dit, the entire year, after
which it will :,n-adually deci'case in briuhtiiess, and
tin ally disa|i|)eai', nut to return to our heavens mil il
'-i'^O'-.*, or :5i:> years after 1887. This star first
attracted I lie attention (>f modern aslnniiinii'is in
the year l.")7.J. It was then calleil a new star. It
was no new star, however, fiU' this was the star
which shone so luiLditly 4 IV (/'., and was the star
that illuminated the iieaveiiH ut the nativity of
Christ."
Hi'-idi' th(> plaiii'ts which bel/ie^ to our system,
and Ihe-iinsi.f nilier systems, which aro, for the
most part, the countless stars of cuir liiiiiament, i-s
the .Milky Way. That is too sliar|dy delined in its
indi\ idiialily, as seen by the naked eye, to be passed
over, all hou;,'li, in point of fact, no |mrt of the sidar
system. It comprises luminous matter; iiL,'i.'re'_'a-
tionsof stars. .\s one vrriter expre-ses it, "The
.Milky Way presents ],iitches of dilTuse. himinoiis
uiatli'i', and many niilliiuis of stars, somt; isolated,
others foriueil in ;,'roups, and formiiii;, in its total-
ity, a kind of zone or rin;^', the diameter of which
would lie aJMUit six times j;reater than its thickness,
ami of which our <un would form a jiart. It has
lieeii est imated that li;,dit would not tra\erse the
distance between those iicbilliW unil theeailhin less
than sixty millions of years, while u cannon-ball
woiilil reciuire 37,000 million.s of years to traverse
the same distance; yet the limits of the universe
vriuild still be untouched. A.s Hiicliner and others
eimteud, it is liij^hly probable that the universe,
liki! the earth, is a sphere, with no " junipiii;,'-olT
place" anywhere, ^^'tar-cliiatera awwriiv of kin to
the Milky Way. Some of these jrroups have been
ascertained to contain no less than "^ij.OOO stars,
such as the Pleiades, the
Ilyades, and the j^nnip knovrii
as Bi'renice's Hiiir. These ^dob-
ular clusters, or ;;alaxies, are
supposeil to be lieM to;;ethei
by their motions au<l inutual
attractions. Nil'iiln are star-
clusters, only so far otf as to In-
■ .. , , . Nl'llllhl- MiWrd HirDUgh
va;,nie even to the telescojuc uu'T.h.Miipf.
eye. The separate stars cannot be disiin^aiished.
They form the extreme ver<,'e of celestial discovery,
and serve to suirLrest the inliiiite >paces beyond
the reach of scientilic iiiipiiry.
Bv all iL,'iiorant pi'ople, "freat consoiiuence is
attached to comets. .Vs a matter of fact, they are
trilles, and literally lii,diter than air. They are
small, irreirular neiiuhe, which travel in space, and
which, coming within the sphere of the sun's attiac-
tioii, ap|)roach that iiody ataii ever-increasin<^ veloc-
ity, revolviiiiT around it, at a varyin;^ ilistance fnun
its surface, and ai^^ain moviiii^ oil' toward other
J
^ *l^
»tur
,ity tif
'.>r tlui
iK'iit. iit
.1 ill its
• |lllSSl'll
Ik' >i)liii-
, "'ri..' I
llniln>ll:^ I
[A totlll-
f wliii'li
lickiiCf'.-*.
U liiin
fi'se lilt'
111 in It"'^
iiiipii-l)iill
tniM'i'so
uiiist'isc
11(1 otliei'S
Ullivi'VSL',
iiliiii);-i>lt
of kin to
iiive b(TU
DOO stars,
il ilirimgh
.npu.
iii;;iiislu'd.
(lisriivi'i-y,
,>s hfVDiiil
jULMlce 13
I, they lire
'Pliey arc
spaw, iiiul
liiTs attnii'-
tanco friiiii
vanl ollu'r
•
«
♦ !»
^
«
■ »
%
> *»
'' V ♦ • o
^ * ' ' '
' » ■ > ,
■
/
•; r •
*
^ »
-^ • x
' '" /u
" iri-i () (f
•
I
t 1
k1
/ •• •
9
4
/
/
/'
/'
/
114 *
1 ^
H 1
t f
■m.
1 ' .;
\ •■'''■'/-■
■■V'
\4
It /
?t
,r « J-
'^ »
'*>^ *
/
\* :
4 ■
(T-
fy3
/ *
/
/
* ^V*-'^
, ., J, %' ■
\*<
/. ■'' \
1-
/
.. A<y * ~"' -"^ '^ •
\ ^
\
/
■0
/
/;
t'
^ v
o> ,
' "
/ « ',
/ V ^y ^ • ' \
i
■fv ^^l *
' Ti
.-'-)
</
/V ruo
^N
; . i^
/*-^ \ • oA
"v '^ >■ . /
^ :
1
f;^ ^^\-'>- I
»■«
1 'r-
r
w
1^'
Uj
^ CL ^-<. o^
c
^;.r. O
♦^^
^^ \
^
»
1
/O
;£♦ Ti
»'^
\ ,,/^iiiu\ '^ >' /
* £•
, V
« 'n 1
1- "'..
* J"
V"'^ f \('( p>>' I'-'/
\
• '.^ ,- », '1
* / ^ •*• *
1
(
/
♦
\' ' ^
\° ^-
.* . 3^ ■ .
V .* .'V^
^. ' .- . /
V
1
- '/'
• V ' •'■ '
^ . / . • \
\
• / ■ /
^
'0
\ *
^^v
\ \ \
* c'^' ' /
k
O
M
\
.'''''^^ \ / 4
^ vA\ \ ^ <
> /•- . ■ ■ ■ '<
'' ♦
' <^ '« >< /
H
'^ '' - '
* "-.•/,■># • ♦ \^ 'P ,
*
• /
/
S
f
Q^
» • ■¥■
o. <'' -~-y
♦ \\
X'tA 1
'<.^^
°/*v ,
♦ . ^
^ /-
• n ■ ♦ !..' l'»\
'*4^^ v^
>^/
■*
\
V
A.r,cs * '
C' V . ♦ ,1,
^ /
SCALE or
\
\
/-* — ■♦
\ i> ♦ - \
\ y>
MAGN 1 T U D El
~,
/ -W T -_^
-- ^ - \
*
\ . , / ^
\
■'j?,.
Il . *^ ■ «• '/ -
/
y
J . * > '
^'^l(/
'"?/;<,
'/; '"" '.:'.-*--^- .^
/
' , "^
1
2 3 4
■
'S
^-
*
>
« x «
^
-4^-,
^J«
THE CHILDREN OP THE SUN.
35
rt\uMi)iis of tlit> sky, losiiijj tlioir volncity xs thoy
rt'ci'iK'. 'I'lioy vary in llu-ir iiiituro iiiul niovo-
ini'iits, iiiiii iviilly possess very littlo aotuiil sijifiiili-
cimci' in tlie solar
I'couomy. Tliey
arc to the solar
.-1 stum iibowt what
u light inorniiig
fog is to a day
in tliino. Comets
aroinfroiiuent.lmt
shooting stars aro
very common, and
deserve brief con-
sideration. They
are sometimes
( omit of iHitf. called /w/tVe«,iU3r-
olites, or meteorites. This branch of science has
not reached basis of demonstration in its details.
Enough is known to warrant the i)ositive iussertion
that these seeming eccentricities aro not freaks of
nature, but results of established laws of the uni-
verse, es|)ecially tliat great fundamental law, gravi-
tation. This law of gravitation is so very fundci-
nuMital, ii\ fact, iis almost to deserve the apjiellation
of " l''irst Cause," or, as a (iorman vTould jjut it,
"the cause of the cause of the thing caused." One
extract from Hand)osson's lectures on this subject
will serve as a titting bridge l)etween this subject
and its immediate successor, lie sa^ :
"It luis been found that the earth revolves upon
its raj)id course like a vast cannon-ball amidst
moving clusters of rings of bullets, (iirculating ever-
lastingly in lixed ellipses. These rings are regular
rivers, without beginning or end, wliieli pour along
tiieir i)eds in celestial projectiles, intersecting at
several points t!ie i.ivisiblo route vrhich the earth
follows around the sun. Tlu! earth, in passipg
through tluMU, is struck by thousaiuls of the small
planets. wi\icii drop to its surface, and its attractive
force drags a great number more of them into its
train, causing them to revolve around it for some
time, like so many imiierccptible moons, until tlu'v,
too. fall to its surface in the shape of shooting stars."
Wlienever and wlu'rever there has been anything
a])proaehing a eorri'ct. compulation of time, astron-
omy has lieen the base of I'cikoning. Tlie Mixyp-
(ians, (Jreeks. and h'oniaiis. not only, but tiie Hin-
doos and C-hinese, all ailoptcd llu' sanu> gen.'ral
jilan. The moon is the convenient stand-point for
computing months, as the sun is for computing
days and years. The present system, sometimes
called the new style, was iniroduced by Pope (ireg-
ory XIll. in 1582, as the result of careful study
and observation, aiul so accurate is it that the vari-
ation between the computed and the actual vear if-
not over oiu' day in 5,000 years. The liregorean
calendar vras at once lulojited in Catholic countries,
but it gained general credence in I'rotestant coun-
tries only about the beginning of the eitrliteenth
century. Uussia has not even yet adopted it. 'i'ho
{{ussians, or the nuMubers of the Creek Church,
reckon from the birth of Christ, old stylo. Tho
.Mohammedans reckon from tho lliglit of their
propiiet from Medina 1,;500 years ago; the He-
brews from the creation, 5G41.
Several great lustronomers deserve mention for
the services they rendered imiukind in making
known the wonders of tiie heavens. First of all
ranks Oopernicuis, born in 1473, a (ierman, wiio
voriiied the ancient theory that the sun was the
center of the S(dar system. After his day this
was a demonstratcii fact, and not a mere hypothe-
sis. Galileo, born 1504, made further discoveries in
that same line, proving beyond a doubt that tho
world moves around the sun, not the sun around
the earth. Kor that "heresy" he vnus tried, and
would havo sutTered martyrdom had he not recanted,
his recantation being no detriment to science. Cal-
ileo was an Italian. Kepler, a (ierman, born in
1571, m;ule great progress in tiiis scieni;e, and with
good reason exi'laimed : "I tli'n'; thy tho\ight.^
after tiiee, Cod." He discoverid several of the
fundamental laws of the solar system With. Sir
Isaac Newton, born in lt')4v, Kngliuid came to
occupy the front rank in asfrm'omii'il discoveries,
for he discerned tliat greatest of all laws, the law
of gravitation, or the reason why the jilanets
revolve, as well as why tho apple falls to tlu' ground
when shakei; from the .>teiu. His supreme lavv is
tiiat nuitter attracts otiicr matter in jiroportion to
its nuuss and distance. Sir William Hersehel and
his son, belonging in their life work to Mngland
and the present ivntury. deserve exalted rank, as
do Miti^hell, father and daughter, in this countrv.
Elias t'olliert has done and is doing very much
to bring astrononiieal knowledire
roach of the general public.
;e within tho eas^
•fl® ^
■a
mm
■H^,-
11
36 TAHLES AMD K
XPLANATION OF PLATES.
TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIONS OF POSITION IN THE ORBIT.
Namk
I'LACB OF
I'KUIIIKI.IOS.
.\NMAI.
Valuation.
I'l.ACE OF
N'oicTH Node.
.\N.MAI.
Vakiatios.
. Incli.natio.n op
1 OllBIT.
An.niai.
Vaiuation.
lercury
Venus .
n 15° 30' 48"
g 9° 42' 32 "
09 10° 46' 38"
-.;<- 3° 45' 28"
"[' 13° 18' 47"
L^ 0° 35' 33 "
]W 18° 86' 8"
Q- 14° 19' 28'
-f- 5.84"
- 2.68'
K 10° 50' 39 "
H 15° 33' "
><'"l8° 33''*i6''
09 9° 31' 27"
69 92° 34' 37"
H 13° 17' 9"
Q 11° 9' 30"
— 7.83"
— 18.71"
— '2"3.29"
— 15.81"
— 19 42"
— 36. "
7° I/' 18"
3° 23' 32 "
4- 0.181"
+ 0.045 "
Karih
h 11.81"
- 15.82"
- 0.65"
- 19.37'
L 3. 4"
Mars
1° 51' 6"
1° 18' 85"
8° 26' 24"
0° 46 30 "
1° 47' 3"
— 0003"
— 226"
— 0.156 "
+ 0.031"
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
1
Table showing the iliamctir ia miles, and tlie lingular diiiniettT of ciicli body, in seconds, wnen at the mean distance from the Earth; the S
weights of each as compared with those of the Sun and Earth, and the Densities as compared witli that of the Eartli, and with equal bullte of water.
Sun ....
Mercury
Venus ..
Earth...
Mars ...
Jupiter .
Saturn..
Uranus .
Neptune
DlA.VKTKlt IN
Mii.es
851736
2960
7566
7925.6
3900
88316
71936
34704
33343
Seconds.
1923.6"
67"
17.1'"
5.8""
38.4"'
17.1"
4.1""
2.4'
Weioht
Sl-.N — 1.
1.000000
1
55t!i555
WEioi:r
Density
De.nsity
Eakth — 1.
Karth - I.
Water — 1.
354936.
0.284
1.533
0729
1.893
7.518
0.9101
1.032
5.572
1.0(100
1.000
5.4
0.1334
1.105
5.965
338.718
0.258
1.393
101 364
0.149
0.804
14.352
0.19
1025
18.98
0.335
1.807
Tlie following are the Elenieiits of tliii Moon, and of her Orbit.
Mean Distance in Radii of Earth
Mei'n Distance in Miles,
Eccentricity of Orbit,
Diameter in Miles,
Angular Seiiudiameter
Weight (Eaiiii = 1),
Weight of Eartli and Moon (Sun being 1),
14' 44'
59.90435
237,638
0.054844
3153
ti. 10' 46 "
0.011399
Sidereal Revolution, days,
Sy nodical Revolution,
Inclination of Orbit,
Revolution of Nodes, Days,
Revolution of Peri^a-e,
Density (Karth == 1).
27.381661418
29 530488715
5° 8" 47 9 "
6798.28
3232.57.-.34
-TIlTTtr
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Plate I.
Contains rcpresenlationsof the plaTirls Vomi.s anil Mar.--. .Iiipiter and
Saturn. The IJL'ure of Venus (I^'Il'. "J) is copied from a drawing by
Seliroeter ri-prtsciitiiiL' the planet near its inferior eotijunetion. The
figure of Miirsil'ig. )i is eojiied from a ilrawiiiL' by Seeehi. The fiL.'Ureof
.Tupiter. (Kig. Ml IS copied from a drawinu' in ilie Sideri'iil Mc-ssi'ii^'er
and the llgure of Saturn iKig. 4i is eopieil from a dr.iwing by Dawes.
Plate II.
.shows the apparent si/.e of the Sun as viewed from the
cts, and the relative sizes of the eight priueiiial planets.
several plan-
Plate 111.
Is a representation of llie appearam e of llir full .Moon, copied from
the engraving of Hear and Maedler- also a repri'seiilalion of portion of
Ibe luoiui's surface as seen with a powerful teleseoiie near the time of
the lirst ipiarter.
Plate IV.
Contains representations of Comets. Fig. 1 is a representation of
Halley's comet as it appeari'd to the nakeil eye October 'Jll. IN:ri. ;iccord-
iiiL' to Strave. Vi-j. a is a represcnt.ilion of Donali's comet as it ap-
peared to the nakeil eye Octolu r in. ls.-iH. aeeorilii.gto I'rof. liond. Fig.
:) is a telescopic view of the head of Donati's comet as it appeared
October S, 185(j, according to I'rof. liond.
Plote V.
This Map shows all the prominent ciuislellations visible in the United
Stales; the center is the North I'ole. The map shows all the Fixed Stars
of not less Mian the third magnitude, with many of the smaller stars.
tlie
tlie
Off
out
T
iii.s-o
jeer
'-leeij
liiivtl
the
beiiH
a; tUc
water.
I2I6GUI8
|31)48S115
»■ 47 9"
6198.28
o.r)6r)T
Oil! turn'
of
ll.RMltUti"" of
is;iri. ;ici-<iril-
lu.l 11^ it «!>-
..llcmil. V'V-
Is it nlipi''"'''''
ll„.Vis.'il Stars
lumUcr -tiira.
^
■k^
« THE EARTH WITHOUT MAN. ®
WITH A GEOLOGICAL CHART.
I
CHAPTER II,
Matteh ani> Motion— TiiE()HIK:< op C'ltEATioN-CiEoi.ociicAL I'Eiiioiw-NATrnE and Man— The
Continents and Poi-ulation— Geolo(J1(A1. Ueveloi>ments~-Fuom Si'onue to Man— Tuk
Animal Kinuijom.
S^^^^
F tlio facilities for study iiiii;
all llie i>lanut.s of our solar
system were tlie sauio, tliis
^^ world would dwiudlo into
iiisii^uificaiU'O, hciug 0110 of
the smallest of tiie lieaveu-
ly bodies. It is, however,
al)lo to boast a surface of
l'.iT.l"^4,00() s(|uare miles, and a plau-
i'tary mass amounting to "i.-di.doo mil-
lions of cuiiic feet. All this matter is
m constant motion.
Ti
le
ess r-.)cl
an! never at re,-
As tlie earth itsel
' t'han.Lre-
;il)solute-
is m motion.
so are its component [larts. (Jradual
chancres are heini: wrouiriit tiinuu''!'
thii
S iUltlVUV.
Xature, ininnitahle in
its laws, hut forever variable in its
phenomena, never repeats itself." The rotation of
the earth is around an ideal axis. j)ussin,i; throuirh
reference in this connection. We know that it was
a slow devel()i)ment. That much is certain. The
records of iieoloj,'y show that " in the be,!j:inninf:f,"
must have been millions, and probably billions, of
a'.5es at,'o. and that the present life, animal and veij-
etable, of tiie world, incluilinj; man, must be of
comparatively recent date. The commonly received
opinion is that oriuinally the jilanets were sparks
from the sun, vast ij;aseous or li<|rid matter, and
that, bv a ))rocess of coolinir and stdidifyiiiir, was
brouirlit into existence tiie rocks, soil, and various
transmuttitions which make up a habitable world.
It is supposed that .some planets are now ,£foin<T
through the jirocess of [irejiaration for utility, and
perhaps others, a,i;ain, have literally outlived their
e, one
the tw
o jioles.
T
le movement is from rii^lit to left.
or from west to east, that is. contrary to tlie api)ar-
eiit motion of the sun and stars.
The orijiin of the earth is an unsolved, if not an
insoluble, mvstery. In-renimis tiieories on thissui)-
ject liave been elaboratetl, l)ut none of them have
jeeii actually veritied. Kiuit, Laplace, and others,
have devoted a ijood deal of studv to the birtli of
the earth. Their iilea;
s are interestiiiL
without
beiiiu; satisfactory, or worthv of more than mere
With a lamp of geological science for guiil
might, by descending a shaft sunk deeply in the
earth, reail, j)age l)y jiage, the histtu'y written in the
strata penetrated. Kacli stratum reiiresents and
records a vast aiid distinct formative period.
Tliese strata umi^ be classed as shown in the
subjoined cliart. Tiie organic remains, animal
egetable, whicli are contained in a greater jiart
or V
of tlu'se various formations, alTonl the jtrinciijal
data for aseertainiiiir. fiiMiueiitlv with abstdute cer-
taintv. till' (U'der of sue
ei';
ers.
T
len^ IS, however, more or
)f tl
r less li
le various
ipping over.
the ages not being so perfectly disconnected in |Pi(
ductions as the scientists at one time supposei
iM)
-««■
■Kuaan
ram miiiiiiMiiiiiari
J^5
3«
THE EARTH WITHOUT MAN.
" Tlio idea is not warranted," says Heclus, " wliich
connects some kind of cataclysm witli the end of
eacli jxeologiciil jieriod, and continuity of life lias
linked toffetlier all the formations, from the organ-
MAN.
O ij ^ ^ r.' ij Q tj (i rt
o I) n o t) " .» 1 o ">
con
MAIJSri'lALIA.
M ARSI'I'I A I, MAM MALI A .
t'lSlI (llOIll 111.!!'
riiACKOKMAMMALIA.
liEPTILIA.
^F; fflTTn 7 TTTp r TTT ;
■r . I . I ;
Upjief Ludlow lloelc
PUT,
F^aniftreu TA mis t on* -
stouvr LuiHowHanle E
^£Cfi>>vluriir Ximettona
m^^
gSs^Ma/*
S^
jB:";
Var0.dac:isan(lttQne^
65
HATRACniA.
lln^cctf.)
TRACE OK UKPTII.E.
I'ISII hi'tirocercniu).
MOM.USCA Cdpiinlopoila.
(iastrropcMlii.
hna-liiopodii,
INVEUTEIiliATA.
Criismrca, rlc.
AimclidH, etc,
/DophytiF. ((c.
TirK EautiiV .Stiiata. (Hitrlicock.)
izod beings wiiich first made tiieir appearance on
earth, down to tiie countless multitudes which now
iidiabit it." To this miiy be added, in a proncral
way, tliat the hijriier the organism is raised in the
scale of being, the narrower the limits between
whicli it is confined. Man, for instance, is found
in all parts of the world, but the liigher tyjjcs of
manhood are quite limited, llunnin renuiins are to
be found, on the other hand, side by side with tiie
i)ones of the cave-boar, the nnimmotii, the woolly
riiinoeeros, and other extinct species.
About three-quarters of the earth's surface is
covered by sea. No part of this surface is witiiout
its organic life, and beneath large jutrtions of the
land arc dejjositeil the vast stores of fuel and metals
of every kind. Am|)le })rovision is mswle for the
hai){iiness of every kind of creatures, 'i'he under-
ground resources belong e.tehisively to man. lie
alone can apjiropriate to his use coal, iron, copper,
silver, gold, and kindred resources of nature. Tiie
relations man sustains to iiis surroundings form an
interesting subject of study. It is only where all
conditions are favorable tinit satisfactory results
can be obtaiiu'd. It is no less true that, were all
nature auspicious, this very favorability would be
paralyzing to hunuin effort. Some obstacles must
be encountered, or no triumpiis are to be expected.
Perpi^tual summer balm, plenty and ])leasuro
unceasing, would undermine the ciuiraeter and debil-
itate the system, wiiile arctic winter, sterility and
suilering are no less l>enund)ing.
On the American continent, the area favorable
to civilization is small. In Souih America the
temperate region is luirrow, and subject to disad-
vantages so serious as to jjrecludethe hope of great
South American prosperity. North America is
much more favored, and. with Asia and Pairope,
comj)rises the great area for civilization, and it will
be with these continents, for the most part, that
general liistory must have to do, not only now, but
during tiie ages to come. Man can adapt himself
to almost any vegetable food nature furnishes.
The])()tato,nowas important as wheat, was unknown
to our anci'slors of a few centuries ago. If there
were no wlieat or potatoes eitiier, we c;)uld get on
very well with some of tlie otlier cereals and roots.
Rut tlie continent of America tried in vain to pro-
duce a permanent historical civilization without
that one animal, the iiorse. While, therefore,
details of zoology would be out of place iiere, it is
well, before jiroceeding to the records of man, to
pause for a brief consideration of the animal king-
dom by which man is surrounded, and upon which
he is so dependent.
^ ^
cs of
iro to 1 1
,h the
rooUy
ace is
ithout
of the
metals
iov the
iii. lie
L<)\>pev,
e. The
foviu an
rhere all
^r results
were uU
would be
-Ics nnist
expected,
pleasure
iind dehU-
pvility and
favorable
[iiovica the
to disad-
.pc of great
lAnu'viea is
nd Europe,
I. and it will
' part, that
ily now, but
[apt himself
furnishes,
as unknown
to. If there
c.mldgeton
Ills and roots,
vain to pro-
tion without
[le, therefore,
|ace here, it is
IS of man, to
aninuil king-
Id upon which
— a
Ll
THR EARTH WITHOUT MAN.
39
According to Cuvier, the greatest of all natural-
ists, ami second to none lis a scientist, tlie living
animals are divided into two great classes, tliose
having backliones, and those destitute of tlie same;
vertiihrates. and invertebrates. 'I'lie former include
lishes, rei)tiies, l)inls, and mammals, the latter being
all those living things which nourisli their young
by direct food supiily from liie mother, 'i'lie in-
vertel)rates take in inoUusks, such as oysters, snails,
cnttie-lish ; also spiders, l()l)sters, and insects gen-
eraliv, inciuding tiiose iialf-developed, pulpy tilings
calleil " radiated animals." One of the very lowest
forms cf life is tiio sponge, familiar to everybody
as a toilet article. .
The Hint is a petri-
fied sponge.' 'I'he
coral, as ornamental
IS tlie sponge i.i use-
ful, is anotiier putri-
facti(Ui of animal
life as found in the
sea.
It is a popular
theory witii the sci-
entists tliat one form
of life develops into
another, and that
all. from man down,
originated in tlie
very lowest form of
vitality, a form so
very nearly akin to *
tlie vegetable kingdom as to be alniost indistinguish-
alilo from it. This isatheory, not an established fact.
If it be true, tiieii, wo are not only descended from
monkeys, Init from a first jiarent lower in tiie scale
of being than tiie dumb oyster, the useful sjxmge,
or the l)eautiful coral. The lowest form of man is
about as much like the ciiimpanzce (tiic most
human of animals) as he is like tiie civilized man.
If tills world were visited by a being of intelligence,
or rather of cajiacity for intelligence, but utterly
ignorant of wiiat he was to find here, he would
infer, as a strong probability, tiiat the develoiuncnt
from tiie least to the greatest was by gradual stejis.
lie would nowhere Iind any "connecting link,"
liowever, but everywhere suggestions and family
resemblances.
The soft-footed auimalcula>,or rhizopoda,lciKling
Femnle Hottentot.
up to sponges, infusoria, corallines, corals, echin-
odermala, and parasitic worms, constitute the
(litlerent species of the tirst division of animals.
'I'iie second division, with its countless sorts
of worms, is just one step removed from insects,
crabs, sliriinps, and mollusks. Tiie latter grade
into lishes ami reptiles. Tlie [irogress to birds and
animals of the mammal family is a mucii longer
stride ; still tlie resemblances are preserved througli-
out. Tlie emiiryo and the skeleton, however, show
the kinshij) of nature more clearly than existence
in its perfection. For instance, there is no mis-
taking the man and the (H-angoutang, seen in any
_j, vitality, but their
skeletons, with
iiaiids and feet cut
off, are almost in-
(1 istingu ishablo.
That any species
ever passed over, by
development, into
another species, is a
theory witlnnit the
support of direct
evidence. There is
not ail attribute of
man, however,
wiiicli is not found
ill rudimentary
form in the brute
creation. The old
idea of instinct, in
distinction from reason, has lieen abandoned.
Kational use of intellectual faculties accounts for
intelligence, judgnient and efliciency, wiiether in
man or lieast, liird or insect.
Tlie animal kingdom has been compared to a
great city. From it go out many tiioroiighfares,
and each street has its own starting-ixiint and des-
tination, not necessarily separate in all respects, but
maintaining individuality even in intersections.
Along these .■> reets are found all sorts of people,
and all sorts of business. The IJroadway of tiiis
city of Fxistence is Man. All other roads, whether
parallel witli or at right-angles to it. are tributary,
and contribute to its supremacy. There is inter-
dependence throughout, but all in consistence with
the grand idea of climacteric unity in man's rule
over " the earth and the fullness thereof."
Fcmiile Gorilla.
'fj
tfHuk
^^k
rUlCHISTOKlC MAN.
,>luia>> iukI
liitL'V, with
It. eiunt-' cit-
Ivo been u»
I caves, and
Luce as the
Ld on fn>it^»
„UISUM.1 n.otsnn lish or ll,.«l,. n.runlin- t.. his ! „f a cavc-.he has a tent n.u.le ..f the skm. ..f IkmsIs.
,,j,,M,rtunili.'s and iirrr^-iiivs. K..„.i-i,iir. hv slow ' vwU' in its Miiiplirity. >tiil a -ivat in,iM-nv..n.ent on
aii.l .qM.iual slrps. In.m ihr rasnn of ,laiivr>t >aN- a In'le in llie -roinid. It was a -f. at >tr,, \n .^r,,
a-,.ry. |,niiiiti^r mail wa^Mill a hiinivr. Ii\in- hy from wild U. .h.im'stir aimiials. '1 he hruir aii.l
,|„. ,'luKe.oi' ali«lin-.a^riirinii,>taiHT. mi-ht dili'f- man in.rt on th.' same levul wlifi. lM,tli live i,y
iniiu. What is iiuu tiir ivivaticm of lli.' o^vv- lapiiir and n iulrure. ( ; ra/.in- is an a^vnt toward
wori<rieisiii/.ed man was tlir lir>t ..mploymeni of the tahledands .d' ei\ ili/at ion. The llchrews can
il„. race. A iHnpir .IriKMidi'Mt, iipon wild Leasts trace their descent from tiial Jiedouiu shuik,Ahru-
Prcliisloric Man.
■^-■■-7
ami fish for stistenaiiee arc necessarily mi<:ratory.
Tliey must follow the trail wherever it leads, ami if
neither the u^anie I'orthe lish ajijiearin tiieir accus-
tomed haunts, they must <jri) in search of them.
l''rom huntinir to pastoral life is tlu^ natural
iTiii'latiou. This. too. is sonu'what niiLTfatoi'y. The
lloeks must he led beside still watei's and into <;fi'een
pastures, he the saiiu' far or lu'ar. The shejilu'ril
is some advance upon the hunter and tisher ; still,
he is very near the bottom of the ladder, lie can-
not build him a house or form society. The she])-
herd mu<t be in constant veadiness to move. Instead
ham, but we may all rest assured that in the far-
away aL'es our ancestors fed their Hocks aiul jiitched
their tents in true Arabic fashion, however obscure
till' anmds may he. The huntei may be as is<dated
from the rest (d' his kind as the deer of the forest,
nuitinjx onlv at the fierce inipuise of a j)assin<r pas-
sion, but the nomad belonirs to a tribe. It may be
small, or it may braiu'h (Uit into an im])osin!j mul
littidc: it is surely a ureat improvetnent. There is
a conununity of interest which heu'cts society and
stimulates ijrosrre^s. Most nations can he traced
back traditionally, if not historically, to this jirim-
i)
.^1:
uh
42
PREHISTORIC MAN.
itivu or tribal system. 'l\n' fiitlicr is tlic p.'itriiircli,
iiiid us .siicii ii link' kin;.', iilisdliiti', iiuU'L'd, hill with-
out teiiiptation to (Icsiiotisin. I'ofts iovcto iiictuvo
tiic jmstoral life. It lias charins for roiiiaiu.'e ami
sciitinu'iit, L'S|K'cially wiu'ii viewed from afar.
To tiio pastoral life succeeds the a,i,'rie\iltnral
])liaso of proi^ress. Necessity is the mother of civ-
ilization. It takt's a i^reat deal of hind to maintain
a very sm.dl pastoral population. With the ineroasn
of people, it heeomes inipossihle to live hy meat and
milk alone. Very likely there have, almost from
tiie first, heen some crude attempts at lilla;;fe, hut,
in proportion as the people improved, the cultiva-
tion of the f,'round has always frained in relative
liromiiienco. It is only when ai^'riciilture is the
chief reliance of a people that permanent habita-
tions are Imilt. and stable institutions are out of
the (lucstion with vajjrant trilx's of llock-teuders.
It may be .said, then, that when a jieople have so
Stoiiu Ax.
(Mound Builders'.)
bKiJiu Iluiiiiiiur.
far prospered that they are tillers of tiie .soil, farm-
ers, properly so called, they have reached a stage of
civilization which fairly takes tiiem out of the pre-
historic list.
Tiiere is abundunl evideiiiH' of tiie correctness (d'
this theor\ of progress. We now give the more
promiiieiit facts in support ol the foregoing obser-
vations.
'I'lie rude implements discovcod in the valley of
the Soninie. ill France ; at lloxne. Santon. Kowii-
hani, and Thetford, England, in con junetion with
cleiihant remains, and those of other e.\tiiict ani-
mals, raises a presumption which is irresistible : their
makers were rude barbarians. Flint instruments,
found ill the irravel drifts at I'oiite Molle, near
Rome, attest tlie same fads. So do many of the
relics of .\meriea. In fact, wherever science has
explored, and, as it were, had access to the libraries
(d" prehistoric man, the same line of facts has been
ascertaiiieil. The nearest approach to an exception
to this mil' is found in .\nierica. Here, on this
contini'iit, there was once a progress reaching civil-
ization, and that without the pastm'al phase, '{'here
was, however, an intermediate phu.se, and the priii-
cijile of gradation from low to high is }ierfectly
traceable in the remains of the aboriginal Aineri-
can.s. and in Peru there were shepherds with vast
iloeks of sliee[).
MentiiMi has been imule of the Hint or stone, and
of the bronze age. Man seems to have been endowed
with a strong predilection for some .sort of imple-
ment. The researches of archa-ology have traced
out live distinct stages of the stone age, and on so
broad a scale as to sliowthe operation everywhere
Ciippir liilics from Wisroiifin.
of the same grand law of growth. First came the
rudest Hints, mere chunks of sto:ie. Then came
Hakes eiiipped from the rock, and showing tln'
dawn of the creative or fashioning faculty. The
third stage indicates some skill and art in the fash-
ioning id' the Hint. The idea of form and comeli-
ness, of ailaptaliility and convenience, crops out.
'i'lie fourth age was the beginning of grinding or
nibliiiiL;-. The points are made siiarp by attrition.
Tlie lifth stage brings us to the perfectly jiolislied
and i|uite artistic llint implements, which show
constructive invention. Some of these Hints are a
rude sort of ax, one jiiece fitteil into another, like
ludve and blade. One is impres.sed with the
iiniuense jirogress made from the use of a jagged
^-
of t\u>
Ills 1)W'
oil Vlii^
iicr oivil-
.. 'riii'i-o 1
tin- I'l'i"- '
A Aiucvi-
witli vast
stone, anii
,ieiul'>w^'^
of iiii\Ao-
iivu tniceil
iiiid <in so
ovevywheve
'ivst came t\u'
TliLMi caiiu'
showing t*"^'
fiieulty. 'I'lif
art in t\»c f asli-
.,„ iind CA)UK'\i-
,(•0. cvoi)S our.
,f grinding <"■
■p hy alt.vitiou.
is. wluL'ii p1h)xv
Ih.so iVnits aiT -^
to another, like
,ssea with tlu'
use of a jaggv.!
J
PREHISTORIC MAN.
43
stone, such as an apo niijrlit use, to the somewhat skill slowly uttaincil in tiie tnakinp of stone and
curiously wroui^lit and lahoriously tinislicd Hint copper iniplcnients was broiii,'lit into ri'(iuisilioii.
iuitchut.
U'liilu there are found these five gradations, there
are indicated hy tlieui three stages of iiuuian proi,'-
riss. The Hints, iiu[)lenients of tlie case period,
sliow man at his wiu'st ; the Hint Hakes belong to a
people devoted to tlie chase, while the "ground, pol-
ished, and fashioned stones Ijespeak a pastoral age.
not unmixed witli tlie initial steps of airriculture,
The archii'olo^'ical desij,'iiatioiis of these three ages
arc the palicolitiiic, the niesolitliic, and tiio iieo-
litiiic. No nation has come up to civilization with-
out passiiijj throiiirii those primitive stages.
lietween the fifth dv stone a.'e and the bronze ago
intervened a sixth sta<jo. transitional in character,
ill which copper, cold and crude, was hammered
into shape. It was used like a stone, ami not fuseil
and fasiiioiied in conformity to the jieculiar prop-
erties of metals. It was treafii' as a kind of mal-
leable stone. Very little creUive proirress was made
anywiu're during this sta^'c. This period is fmind
evervwliere, hut evidentlv continueil much lon;rcr
and iniprovcnieiits were easy and inevitable. The
world over are found traces of the iiirth of bronze,
tile dawn of its day, and the brilliance of its aunu'a.
Manufacturing by molding beiraii. The corner-
stone of all construction was laid when smelciniT
and molding commenced, and that corner-stone
may be said to have reached arouml the world. It
was at this point of development that the iikm-c
advanced peoples became celts, i. e., tool-makers
and users.
Sir John FiUbliock remarks that "the use of
bronze weapons is characteristic of a jiarticular
phase ill the history of civilization, and one which
was anterior to the discovery, or, at least, to the
general use. of iron. Soon after iron, came pot-
tery. .Man found, not only the advaiitaiie of soft-
ening metals with fire, but of hanleninj,' clay with
it. A mass of evidence proves that a stone ai.'e
prevailed in every great district of the inhabited
world, followetl, as general proirress was made, bv
the other aires named." As Fiirnier observes, •• The
ni the new world than in the old. The Promethean I develo[iiiient of man must have been doubtless the
^'ift of fire seems to have come much earlier to the same in all )iarts of the earth, or that, in whatever
barbarians of the Mast than to the savages of the country we may consider him, man must have
West. passed tliroujrh tiie same piiases in order to arrive
Tiie seventh stage opens to view the bronze age | at his |)resent state. He must have had everywhere
propet. Then lieiran the fusinir i)f metals. The ! his age of stone, his epoch of bronze, and his epoch
soft copjier and hard tin were lilended into the ' of iron, in orderlv succession." In a word, the ])re-
broiize of the prehistoric age. That was probably I historic man of the past still lives in the unhistoric
the result of a lucky accident. Wiieii once the idea
of melting and mixing metals was conceived, the
man of the present, and the march from savagism
to civilization is over substantially the same road.
niiiiiigliiiijiiiiiaiiiiiiiMf
^;.
*.\'i
^n^JJJJJ^^
S£ II 111 III ill lMT
THE MOST ANCIENT EGYPT
* M 'S 1 ^
M.
^ . v/ CHAPTER IV. M * -
'h\M
I'ciT NTAINIIEAIl UK IIl^TilHV TlIK (iKoi.llA I'lIV OK KliVI'T Cf.TMATE AM) HK«(iI 111 K-i TlIK
I!o^i:tia Stum:- Kiii-T Khvi'tian Dyna^-tv— Cukdi's, ui« I'yiiauiu a.nu Sriu.NX— The Siitr-
iiiui KiNc- TiiK Dawn uf Tiiedls
^ ^
^ ''^ .s ;illi'iii|il lias lict'ii iiiiulc to ' I'l'L^iiPii of tlu' iiiidividt'd Nile, iiiul Lower Kjiypt (if
li:ici' man in liis civilized i tlic vast drlta. tlirnimli wliicli il llnws in several
.-lale Id l'',tlii(i|iia. Imt tlie streams, hrdadeniiiii: ihe area oi' ]ir(Hliicli\('ness.
nearest III llial eiiuntrvtliat, Hesides tliesi'. wei'e a lew o-reen sjiols in the desert.
researeli lias li
leeii aide to
C,i^ ruiiie is I'liivpt. Tlie land
-■,•,»>■ Ml- "-.M"' ' ••■■ "I"" j "> its j;'eiii:ra|iliieal |Hisiti(in, the ('(Minlrv was |iro-
' I't'^V- tit the riiaraiihs. the ji\r- i teeted from hostile ini-iirsiniis liy a lietter than ( 'hi-
aiiiids. llie S[iliin\. and the ■ nesi' wall, and allowed to d('\clip|i iinrnially until a
eiim|iarati\('ly late iieriod, Xui that tin
maintaineil tlu' aseendi'iiey al
the in
Nile, if not tlie verilaMe eradle ol' eiv-
ilizaliiui. was its earliest historic home.
I>y civilization is here meant that
>!ri'am of inteiliu-eiice and lietternioiit,
wliieli, lrirklin;f thronu:h the a,:jfes. has
'' rtilized l'',iiro|ie and Aiiieri;'a. The
^^pf-i myriads nf China and .lapan are not
'^ " without a civilization, and it may
antedate that of more \\'e,-tern iieo|iles. hut it does
lint lieliiii'j: to' that steadily wideiiinif current of
tliou^iit which irives n certain unity to all the lands
and limes. IVoni Ihe dawn of histury to date.
As 11 term in jreoi.M'a}ihy. Kj^ypt represents almost
as lixed and unvaryinii a quantity as America.
Nature has determined its houndaries. Il is indeeil
Ihe country of the Nile, or Kiiyiitus, as that river
was onee called. From the seven mouths of that
uranil river, throuirh which it dehouehes into the
Mediterranean Sea on the north, to the cataracts or
rapids of the south, which arrest naviiration at
Syene, and from desert to desi'rt. on either side,
extends this wondi'r-land. T'lijier KjJ^ypt is tlu'
me race
V... the time, hut that
imiinity from hoslile incursion eiijoyeil hy that
people was such as no other mil ion ever I'njoyi'd
until the I'liitcd States caiiii'
national developnieiit.
upDii the slajre of
It was nut necessary to
iiaiiiMiai iii'\ eiii| iiiu'iii . ii ^^ ii> in'i iKH-e>>iii> ii'
exhaust the resources and ini;eniiity of the peo|ili' in
war. 'I'liere was am|ile leisuri' for ami incentive to
the cullivalion of the arts of peace.
The Iiainless liand miirht he the aiipellation of
Ku^ypt. The productiveness of the soil is not depi'iid-
ent upon caprii'ions clouds. Durinfj; our sprint^
months the air is sultry and the irroiind parched.
The rains of nniuntainous Ahyssinia c(imniin,Ldi' in
thoupjier \ilo, and hy ahout the middle of Juno
the Tniijhty tlood reaches K.irypt. and the overllow
hejjins. The licdds of tlu' ilidta are one vast sheet of
►.._ .1.,..: ^... t >j.,..i 1 1 /»..^..i 'PI.,.
11^ in. i.i.T y't iin »tv iiii (ii\„ .'iiv .(»!-" I rin,\,i. ./i
water durinjj .\uji;ust, Septeniher. and Octoher. The
villages, hiiilt on raised nnmnds ''" ' ' ' ""
are little islands.
or artificial hills,
.._ The water is red with Ali\ssinian
mud. When the water disappears, early in Xovem-
her, the alluvial deposit is the richest of
soil
and
(44)
JFT
I
i
1
(in
a
of
ciei
ami
frt
hroj.
curs
writi
'V
.<>\f-
il 11
that
lilt
re of
y to
lie in 1
ivL to
ol\ of
vIr'.I.
lo-lr ill
1' .hiiiL'
,l'Vl\oW
iirt of
r. Tlu'
1 hills,
ysiiiiim
ovi'iu-
1, uiul
u
1
^
f
THE MOST ANCIENT EGYPT.
45
I 111' 1 1'ucliitioii !•; |ii'oiii'_'ioin, 'I\rn croiw il vc'iir cun
111' raiscil. I'"iivt wliiat ami i)arli'y, llicii corn and
nil'. Till' lalii'i' criiii is sowi'il to ^.tow diiriiiLr llio
inuniiaiiiiii, L''i\ini,' n«i' to llu- proMTh almut fasiini:
liivatl (»i'<'il) upon llic watiT. it is liarvrsti'il intinij
tor tiio stToiiil ('ro|i to lie pill in, ami matiirt'il iliirin;.;
till' saint' \i'ar. A country so I'criili' can support a
\.ry dciiM' popuiatioiM'spi'ciaiiy as ilic water all'oriis
facilities for Iransportution
ami i'\ciiaiiL,'c. l''oi a joiii,'
tiiiii'irojiianii prcciiiiisstoncs
ranic from I lie soiitli, and to
sonic c\tiiit roiiinicrci' is
still maintained in that di-
iiTiioii. The Niiliian mines
uere the " himanzas" of aii-
tiiiiiity. To them Thehes
was larirely imli'liteil for its
ii|inleiice,lieinLr for live Inin-
died years the richest, city
in the world. Th" water
which overtlowed the delta
supplied tile clay for most
excellent hrick, and u road-
way lor tlu stiipondoiis
hlin'ks of stone whitli are
still conspicuous and mar-
velou.s in ruins. It is from
the inscriptions on these
moiuiiiieiital ruins that the
oldest aut lieiit ie history must
he uleuned. Fntil a fpiite
recent date those hiero-
^dypliics were a sealed hook.
TI"^ discovery and deci-
piicrinij; of that key to the
mysteries of Kifyiitiun rec-
ords, called the Hoselta Stone, led to the recovery of
a lost treasury of knowledge. .\iid here, an account
of this i)ass-keyto tlie historic treasures of .Mo.st An-
cient Ejryjit can hardly fail to lie read with interest.
The IJosetta Stone wa,s discovered in ITiHt. at
Hosetta, a town on the delta of the Nile. It is .sup-
posed to iiave heen .set up oriirinally in a temide,
and wiLs, in its ])erfect .state. :{ feet i inch high, 3
f 'I't ') inches wide, and 10 inches thick. It hius heen
hiokeii. hut liiis still 14 lines of hieroglvi)hics. '.Vi
cursive Egyjitian, tlie .so-called demotic or eiic"iorial
writing, and 04 lines of Greek. The latte serve
Tlie Intprinr of the Orcat
I'^T'iiiiiil
as tile clew to the rest. From theCiri'ck inscription
il ap|K'ars tliat il was erectetl in lioiior of King
I'tolemy Kpijiliani's, in the ninth \cai' of lii.s reign,
M. ('. r,ni-T, liy the priests assemhled in>\nod. 'i'lie
liirtli of the king is narrated ; also tlii' distiirhaiices
in rpper lvg\pt. tlie inundation of the Nile, tiiu
death of I'tolemy I'hilopaier. llie attack of .\ntio-
chiis, and especially that a I'ojiy of this s\ nodicul
in.scriplion .should he car\ed
on a lahU't ami erected in
every temple of the tirst,
second, and third rank.
tliroughoiiL tlie country.
Ahoiit one-third of the hiero-
glyphic jiortion was ]ire-
served, and nearly all the
(ireek and demoiic versions
of it. At the capitulation
of .Me\andria to tju' i'lii-
gii.-li. not long after its dis-
covery, il came into posses-
sion of the coiii|Ut ri/fs. and
in due time found its way
to the British .Museum and
was iHihlished. It was at
once recognized as a key to
till' deciphenncnl of hiero-
glyphics if only the com-
liination of the lock could he
discovered. Eminent (ireek
scholars succeeded in restor-
ing the (ireek text, and
Egyptologists made some
jirogress toward understand-
ing the rest of the in-
.scription The deinotie text
is still .somewhat inexplic-
iihle, hut tinally, in ISol, Bnigsch Hey is sujiposed to
liave( ^mpleted the translation ;.f tlie hieroglviihics,
ullhougii the work was not really jierfected until ISCT.
One year after, another tahlet in three languages
was found at San. The hitter is in good preserxa-
tion and has :5T lines of liieroglyjihics. % lines of
(ireek. and T'i of demotic writing. Tlie decree of
Canop,sus, served to complete and vcriiV the {irogress
already made in reading hierogly]>liics. Hetween
the two, it wavs positively ascertained tiiat they were
used for sounds, not ideas, and the exact import
of these sounds was determined.
Tile nitcricir (if the Ureut
I'viuiiiid.
II
;l
46
THE MOST ANClbN 1 ^
iliitiii
U. (
K;:yi
Tlie
till)
nati'
fi)rty
but
chit
"■ TT.U.w tin;. furuUhoa. it La. U'cn
.anonK-:^. ^''''' ,,,,ai en joyca- state n«l>t.s
.two in n.un>.er. hatU^nj .> ..,..,., ,i,„
eii
irl
foil
of
^■^^^''"''rt''--t;onar.ou.oi,nty"ortUo
•f''>-^^'^'fT;S V utU I is Mo.-, the
ie.t monarrh aoliiutiiy ^___ _^ issui-posua,
Ua- ayke of Co
chc
ro
til
1
cv
f(
tl
f
onlie. wiucl» now
,ruhius somewhat
To ov.rUow of tl>f
iU.. lloeanseateni-
los to hi' ereetoa in
^,ery viUa-e or eity.
whicli wore the nuun
features of the towns
It mav he ohservea
iKittheaneientEtiyi"
i;,nswerereinarkal>le
.orilu'ir piety. M'i"y
oftlu-vnestsworcthc
p,ions of royalty, ana ._ .„ia,.,ssea
t'-''>>-:r7"^'"'' n.l;Uasas--•^:r--
iiv.r. A hst of tl>e Win.. ,f i„tm'st
,,uiahe,ivenJHn>twouai. H^^^^^^^^.,^,^,,.
^-^^>-^^'^^'^n:;ri:a:::'-->-'^'---'^
,^y,^, of years. ^''^' '■„,^,„,,.,f .1,. Urst eonquor-
---'r'"/''"rF.'i.Inaia,..uaea.ana(>reec.e.
'-•^ '''; ^'TV^nu Moses, ana Minos.
"'^•"^■'>" ^*""; M nplnan avnasties. hnt only
'^'''^^^^"" M.^ otowereain.o,l>ere..on
one smr.ssor of Mlu n ^^^. ,^^^^,,1^,,. „t
.,f perpetual .lory. ( >>^>'l.-;^;^, ^ .,,■ ,,;, voi.n wa
,U theu.es. Tle.erownueiW.nK ^^^_^^^.^,^^,^.^_
tUepvran.iaheari.uilusnanu. ^^^-^ ^,„,,„„,lra
Uei.ht hv --IC. feet hroaa a th ^^^^ ^^^, .,„,,,^ ,„•
1.V seventy n.inor,.vranua>.aM^^^^^.;^^_.^,l^,,,,
ti,„eorr,valr>. ' " •,„ t„ entona. it.
''"''"^■'''"''''';sphin.(eallea by the Arabs
The I'uiiaer ot the >l'l>inx ^ ^
t».eM.ion..f.heNi«ht;v-';^|;;;"j/,,,,,,,,„
'rmofaii -'i'''^''^:;t:rJ-u'.s.wha.h
o..'''nhosoUdr..k.ey.e. .ath^ ^^^^
,,u.na tifty feel ;•'-'/>' ;;,^,,,,^
,,.,^^l.vi.4^^ain).,aat.n, a. or ^^^^
'1 .Uj ilviw eloiiuenlly ^iM!' .
sentnncnt in^i'i'i j
p.aulieworkorarl: ;^ ,,,, ,,,fore me at last.
The^'veal Une«a.M..a ^^^,^^^^ ,j,j^^,^^, ^^,^,
a ai.Miity not of .arth
\n its mien, ami m Us
(.(.nntcnance a liem;.'-
„itv s>ieh as never
unvthin.i: human wore.
It "was stone, hut it^
fjcemeil sentient. If
ever i.na-e of stone
thought, it was tlnnk-
i„„, It was hi"»<""-
tnwara the verge of
the landseape, vet
lookimx at nothing-
^^^^^^^^ uothin-i hut aistanee
r^- '•>-"- '^ ' "^ ' "^ ""'""^^ . ,,, h-okin. ove, ana heyona
,^,„l vaeaney. It N^a .^^^^^ ^j,^. ^,^,t.
^■v^"-v'>'i"^ "^ '*"■ ;" : ;• be oeean of Tinu-
1, was ga/.iu.u' out on ,^;^,,,, f^vlher ana fur-
ov-linesofeentu^-wa-^i-^^_^^,^^^^,,^„.^,,,,,
, ^.^.^.^„,,„,. ^"-^"V";' , ,„„,,uentiae.awav
^n.kM.aea at l^'^V'"';! '\,"i, ,,,. thinking of
;:.varatlK.hori.ono,ann,uU.^lt^^^_^.^^. ^^^^^^
the wars of aepat-iea ^. ^ • ^^^ ^,,,, „„i.,„s whose
seeue,eateaanua>tnM ^^^^^.^,^^^^j^^^,^^^^^^
,,„eaunihilat.on .thai nut.
.bose annihilation a - ";-^^^,^^^^^,.,aeeay. of
,.,,v. the life ana aeath. tlu ^^ ^^^^^ ^,^^. ^^.^,^,
ve.housanaslowrevolvm a^. ^^^^^.^,^^,^^,,^^,,,1
of an uttrihuteof tna.i-ot y^' „„,,i.,„_wnni.ht
->- ^^ ^^''^ 'r;;-::i ^^L-' know what
i,„., visible. tan.a.le to,, . ^^^^^^ ^^^^, ^„..
.1 . tlwi-e i^ 1, me,no,le^ 01 0,1,
eoUM-lishea. aua t'"^^/ .,,„,
.,,ly a trilling --ve ;;tM;;^;^^;,,^^^^
sonie apl>
lisbea— alheit
l,v— will hi-.ve
'^"■'''''''•"■'''f;beni;i!i;o;thatawells in these
, .n,,„veiation ot the pauio
J
f -^
NT lis
I'lirlli
in its
\)L'iii^:-
noviT
uwori'.
Imt it
f stttue
r( lliiiiVi-
liHiWni'j;
ori^o i>t'
\K'. vol
Hilling—
ilisUinco
licyiiiul
III' \»ust.
'Viun—
lUi'l t'"^'-
tDiri'tlii'V,
\,.. UNVllV
iiii<ii>'i "''
vs il ini'l
,ns w\i'>s«'
\ WllU'iH'll.
y illlil SOl-
\ iifciiy-"'
;l^ tlu'iyi"'
Uunw wiuit
\iat uro ;i'-
4u'a— all'oit
•— wiU bi'.ve
u'lls in tlu'se
;t*-
THK MOST ANllKNT K<;YPT.
47
J
jiriiM' I'vi'H tliiil, liKik so st(>ailf;isllv luii'k ii|ioii ilii>
tliiMi,'s llii'v knew iH'forc lli>ioi') wiis Imhii, U't'orc
Tradltioii liiul Ik'Iiii; tliiii;,'s tliut wiTi', uml forms
tliiit iiiovcd ill u \a;,'ut' iTa wlilcli cm'Ii I'lK'Irv
arii| Uoiiiiiiu't' scari'i' knew nl' -and luu-ist'd oiic liy
oiu' iiwiiv, k'liviii;; the >lony divuiiiiT Holitarv in tlio
iiiid-t of a straiiiTi'. lu'W a^rr. and Miicoiii|iri'iii'iidi'd
Hti'iii's. 'I'lie Siiliiiix is ;;raiiil in its lomdiiu'-s ; it is
iinposiii;; ill its inai.'iiiliid(' ; it is iinprt'ssivc in tln'
invstcn- that iiaiiu'-' omt itsxtorv. And llifiv is tiiat
ill tiiu overshadow i nj; niaji'sty of this rii'rnal tl>;iiiv of
stoiio, with its ai'i'iisinu' ini'inory of tlio lUrds of all
UiU'n, wliich ri'voals to one soniftliiii'^ cf what he
nhall ftvi when lie siiall stand iit ia<t in thu
awful prcst'iur of (iod.
^. ^ <I> ^ 'l'
J/'
^
(^H'noi\
An I'inini'iil Kgypt-
olojrisl dcsirilpcs lus fol-
lows tho nicthod of |ivr-
iiniid Itiiildin^: " Kirst
the nni'k'iis was fornicd
by the erection of a
Hinall pyramid upon
the soil (if tiie desert.
It was liiiilt in steps.
and contained a stone
ehamher, w(dl eon-
srnieted and finished.
Then eoverin,i;s were
added until tlio final
size was reaeiied. and
at last all was imdosed in a easinij of hard stone,
deftly lilted tojiether and polished to a;,dassysurfaeo.
Tiie pyramid, thus finished, presented a ffiurantie
triaiiirle on eaeh of its four sides. The .^tone nsed
for the inner strneture w:is found near the place of
ereetion, hut lus the work iiroi,'ressed. Ipcller material
was linaiglit from the mountain i[uarries as far up
the Nile as tho modern As,sonan." The irranite last
referred to was as hard as metal, and susceptilile
of an e\i|uisite polish. The dales of conslruclioii
of llie Spiiinx and the irreat pyramid are suhjects
of conjecture, and authorities wididy dilTt'r in their
conclusions. It is su|)posed that the tenth kini.' of
Memphis was rei<:nini; when Ahraham, forced hv
the stress of fodder for his tlocks, drove hi.s herds
to P],u'yi>t. there <;ettin<jf liimself into trouble by jire-
tendini,' that his wife was his sister. It may be well,
in this connection, to speak of an ejusode in Eiryp-
tian history which sorveil to consolidato the country
politically. We refer tn the reii.'ii of the Shepherd
Kin^s.or Ilycsos, vrho scour^fed !'!>,'_> pt for one hun-
dred years, i'roiu the mea>?er ueeoiints pivserved,
they must have been to tliat coiinliy uiiich what tho
(iidden Horde, iir 'i'arlars, vTcrc Ik |{u»ia. \ race
of shepherds ami traders, these .\ralis ;.'radiially
;,'ained a foothold in liower l'ii,'ypt. Some tliink
they were the I'hilistines before liiey seltled in i'ales-
tine; others, thai tlioy wero thu Hebrews, between
the time when .loseph. ov, as the tablets call him,
Zephnet-l'lio-nich — .loseph the I'ho'iiician -was a
ineinber of I'haraoli's cabinet, and the subju;.'ation
of the Isratdiles. He that as it may, for a eenturv or
so these interlo|)crs maintained a certain soverei;.'nlv
over the a>,'ricullural
'^^MMHk^
l''cM'i'ii;ii ('ii|ilivi"< Miiklii',' llriclii
and mechanical Hiryp-
lians. Salatis \ras the
first of these Shepherd
Kinirs, and five otliersi
are named iu the chron-
icles. l''inal!y I lie peo-
ple becanii' so restive
under f'orei;:n dondiia-
lion that I'pper and
Lower K;:ypl joined
forces and swept Ihc
enemy (ml of the land.
The union thus form-
ed imdnded the minor
states of the coiinli'v,
and survived its imniedjate oci'asiou. The kin^s of
Thelies nuvr l)eeame moiiaiclis of all Kirvpt. mueh
as Ivan the (ireat secured fiu' the urand iiriui'edoiu
of Moscow the soverei,i,niIy of all I he Kussias throni,di
the expulsion of the Tartars. The I'liaraolis of
Abraham, , loseph, and Moses, were the rulers of
Memphis, or F/ower K;.apt.aiid it was doubtless for
the pyramids that the llelirew slaves were coiu-
IK'llcd to make "bricks withuiil straw," and it
was in all [iroliability from the fecund ooze of the
delta of the Nile that the ma;,Mcal and miraculous
ten plaijues spninu'.
And now,withoui rcaryinj,' the reader with mere
skclet(Mis of facts, names, and dales, we take leave
of Mo,st Ancient H;rypt, only paiisini,' t ake
this remark, althouirh Kirypt has well iieen called
"the inoMiimental land of all liie world," no con-
temporary monuments of Meiies. the first to reii,ni
over all the laiul. have been discovered.
,-»!»-*■„- T»ir^^.:va'^ -■!
, „ ,-,,,.,,u K.ivrr \!i Ko.o.
IMF'!
VJL--<
.^'■'■
V , . „•■ tin- 1 -nusc lu.usis of aeath .-''\' i i,,,.! t\u' .'.u-
J,solon,lu.iai,M--! ^ „,,„^.„ ,,,..vn K,v,n
..vasnotsuuplvui-l'tn'M
as>vnaa.u.v. MonM.l>i> =-'
,,ovvc.r K^vi-v rouia boas.
;u-muM,h.aa,vhi.>r.uval
> l.Mt arl. Ill 1'^ uiiiH
H'n,a, ■v>'^-';--; ' ;r:;t;;;
fediM'-'''''^-''^7" \;;. .ua..s,al.-
^ ""'"•"'"" ^■':';:: e or n,ouan.l.
%• U,s lUTsovvc tiu' name ^^^.
^ ^vith tlu. most nuMur^ '1' '"■
..o.t.o.ua,o,u.oni.^ --UM. u
K,.vnnan litV tlu'asaua>
;,,s.,ul,la.ur lH.nv.vn l-^M- ^ ,,,,u.vrully rWs..
.,r voavs a^ro a.-.l ""''.,,„,..,, „r tlu' n>ostn>ar-
>"ao.a. .1-u' '>'>-'-:'"; ;,,. va>..nai,u-
->- -•'>-'""^"";;;; la;.,, .uai «■.-''> "•';
NVitluaU a.u.n.,nu. .o t;. - .;;;y, ^i,.,„,,
,,,,.orayuas.i..;vUlMoM.u .^^^^^^^^^
,„ „olr llH- luoiv uui.ulaul l.u ■
ruHl of K-M't. ,, n vrM tl.at t\u' new IH'vi-
1 ''^^''^'';i";,-:i;ho;.:vnaavwasvor^^
. .ovk showing .^'•-'', '*;':': ..,.., ulon.iral .i.l
, . ,s a>.a un,.volUa..l.. I 1h' cat >'• ' '^ ^,,^^„aea ! the caUMulnal \'' ' "^ , ,,^,,i, .,,■ ,„oa.vu .on.-
,,,,Etl^u.,>iau^vaa;.^lnUlaaa^..^^,^^.^^^^^^_,^^_^^,^^^,,_
tnu'.l-.iUona.Mslauaol <>" 1 ^^,„.^,aool.-
.,lis. near Mcmu,.1us. In ^^
,.,,,.njoyodthosov.vo, > ^ ^. ^^^, ^^.,,,,aoof
lnM,eshaao.T>l^'y^^^;:T.,,,a.lK..oun.U.<.
1
,„. he shadowy days ';';.'■...;,„, .h. rounlU-:
Kan.d.--vosolikoan,^l>aa.— ^^^
,,,,,,,.rU.nUlassav.c.otn 1^^ ^^
,„^^,t„.MH«.o.dou,uU.dvMt.>tlH
.IuliusCa-sav.vrhu.h>.nu>^^^^ litll. n.ovc Uu.n a
'"'^'•"^T^ rr'aai t^ .i.h CM.o,a.va (ror .ha
„vaU-s, of U..n,ans >'-;^^^:;' ,,,„,,,... The
unaanu.n.alaudnauuau 1. .^^^
H,or.kouvvvhiU>too.a. > -u ^^^^^^_^^^,^
,,U,vs. ai.a of a anomimnt i.-M
'^
^
^
4
Jo —
EGYP'l'
AT ITS 1»K
aid ai^cat '^<^'^\"V leaning, lie conquered
numerous tribes of ^;;;;;\X^^^^^^
,;;U.io;;, eucouvagea t>--;;-- ; ,,,, .eaten by 1 i^^^— .llTS^f ather of C^vcekcivib^ion. It
fromtbeu- aaNcr..in_^ .__ _- ,^.-«" - : - ^::^^^ \.,.lnctcd tlic
^ If!^!^3cing tbe cbiof man
,,ie.tof "eboiKm.,l.iof «^ ^^^^ ^ban one
uno.^ the ^^X^J^^ He espoused .be.r
eause, gave thcn> a c " ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^.^^
religion, encouvag d t m ^^^^ ^^^^.^ ,
with ibe Canaan.te.. '^"^^ ^ ^^^,„, i^totbe desert,
Amanotbpb,beretn3. a. th ^^^^^.^^^ ^^^^ , ,g
1 '1, .iftov \Oais III ' _ . , .„li,.»r;
the land of tbeir
jiUies whom in
p,irt Ihey dispos- | '^^^ j; ^ 5^>^j
sessed.
IIow nineb this
liistory was a dis-
torted account,
^ve leave tbe
reader lo judge.
]t is certainly in-
teresting and cu-
rious. The two
,,e(.]dus tbus in-
timately assoei
ated in tbe far-
„1T days nitiy be
said"to have
tliven to Europe
'•aul America .^^^o uiu»u
their great ebaraetei .>t.c^ ^^^^.^ j^^^^.^ ^,en
,ooweourrelig.ona..Utt^l^.^^^^^^^^
traced, througb nnun a *'^^.^^ ^.^.in^.tiouof inodcrii
times. It would be inter-
e.tin<' to follow tbe Lx-
..austolbelraudofProm-
i.o but that ^Tould be u
tangent, and we must ncjw
ai<missfron. our thoughts
in connecti.m with Egypt.
ti,c children of Israe..
Thothmosisn.vva^thc
.extkingof Egypt, i^;;^
1 '^l, ctands 1)0-
'"m
*
'•^ii^
Sais, on the east
of the Delta, and
eonductcd the
>lediterranean
commerce of
Egypt, ^eing for
tiie most part m-
dei-endent and
free. Gradually
they spread and
improved, enjoy-
ing the privilege
of" intercourse
with cultured
>^gvpt for five
hundred years.
Fhially, at the
at -ffbicb
i'!^
tune
,,,^^_______, wo have arrived
'■ " ~ ~J the aovernmcnt,
,,ey incurred the emm y of^ ^^^^, ^^^,r
They belonged to Lowei i^g>^ ^^^.^.^ ^^^.^.^,,
Egypt ruled the -^ ;,, „ tU them. They
,ut as the ll^^^'^-^^^V ded veral.cities (l^o otu.n
^.^,,,,edtoGreece>um^^^^^^
Thebes among the "^ Athens is sup-
ti.o seeds of ^^-f ^^^^^ that second great
posed to owe Its oii.i
"t come now upon the ^^^^^^^'^
J: .dl other Thel^u xia^ ^^^^, ^^.h-
r.rst king who bore tlu^ n m ^^^,^^^ ^^^^
- . ,v ^ the 1 ing, ^^t least left ""f !;»g' ^^'^^ , ,,n, Oimemep-
Thothmosisl\.wa.the ., ^^^^.^^ ,.,i,,,ae . U« .^,^a tl>o i"scrip-
,e.t Uing of E^pt. T^ -;;; ,,, ,,, industrious ^^,,^ ,ro very
temple which staiid^ b - ^,^ ,^ of his ^t ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^,_
uveentbe fore-legs o. the .^^ deciphering ^^°^°^;, .t the The-
Sph^nx, near Memphi , ^ ^.^^^^ l^'^"'f ^ ":' Jn-v. War and
Jis evidently the work ot | i ^^ ^ ^.. ,„ ^ts highest gK'iy. ^^., ,^^
^^ . rru.,f .ulilice
7-
^|'i
^ 9
Vl
EGYPT AT ITS BEST.
51
IC
id
of
cd
or,
he
, It
the
3rtllt
east 1
,aud
t lie
Hcau
;c of
>g f ''^'
u-t in-
aiid
.dually ,
id and
, cujov-
vivilDgo
■course
lUured
[or five
years,
at the
arrived
eminent,
Upper I
driven 1
Tl>ey
(Bo oti'>"
sowed
lis is s\n>-
lond great
,ici» towers
>,C8. Tlic
eved uotii-
urvived tlvo
Oiiueiuep-
tlio iuserip-
rcp, are very
of Myv^-
ht the Tl»e-
War tv»^i
united n'^
ui\ tlie nion-
u.
us
arclis the Nile can boast. His name is liardly less
imposing than that of C.-esar. He was succeeded by
I'lliohinen-Meiothph, Oinieinptliali II., Osinta, Ilo-
iiionT, and four more kings bearing lii.s own name,
and then the glory of Tliebes departed, not a sud-
den and overwliolming calamity, like tiuit which
dimiiK'd tiie ligiit of Troy and Jerusalem, but else-
where, and witii diminislied luster, shone tlio star
of Egyptian p]mpire. The last of those kings was
a contemporary of Priam, Aciiilles, Helen, and
Ulysses. Tiie period from Rameses the Great to
Kameses tiie last, was nearly two hundred years.
No nation of anti'piity relied so much as Egypt
did upon the development of its own resources for
growtii and splendor. Indeed, no otiier natioii ever
eipnUed it in this proud pre-c>ninenco until the
United States of America surpassed it. The mar-
tial spirit was not wanting even upon the banks of
the Nile. Tiie tablets al)ound in evidences of con-
quest. Kameses the Groat seems to have inaugu-
rated a somewiiat new policy. Hitherto wprs ap-
pear to have been waged for defense, and against
encroacliiiiu: neighbors. But he marclied forth up-
on a campaign of subjugation. The carved and
painted walls of 1'iieban temples portray victory
over the Etliiopians and the Arabs not only, but
Tartars, or .Scytiiians, Modes, Persians, Syrians,
Lyciaiis, and, in fine, the com tries generally now
known as Turkey in Asia, and Russia in Asia.
How thorougli were his conquests we cannot ascer-
tain, but they were certainly extensive enough' to
give that king rank among tiie great soldiers of
mankind. The art of war must have been inucli
the saiiio then as it continued to be, down to the
invention of gunpowder. Steel was known and
used both for offense and defense.
The population of Egypt at its best, when the
glory of Thebes was brightest, is supjiosed to have
been about o,;JUO,000. This estimate is based on tiie
registry of tlie crown tenants of the military age.
Tiie subjugation of Etiiiopia brougiit the gold-
mines of that country into tlio direct possession of
the Egyptians. To realize the importance of tliis,
one siiould recall the situation of tliis country before
and after the Mexican war. Prior to that eontlict
tlie precious metals came into the coffers of the
United States througii commercial intercourse, but
after tliat, tlie mines of California (a part of the
territory secured from Mexico) were worked to the
best atlvantage, and a new era in prosperity was in-
augurated. Those ancient mines diffused wealth
over tlio known world. Even Palestine sat, as
it were, under the drijjpings of the Egyjitian
mint, and so astonishing was the increase of wealth
in Jerusalem, tljat tlie ciironicles of tlie Hebrew
kings declare that gold was as i)lenty as stones in
tlie streets of tiiat cajjital during the reign of
Solomon. The Ophir of tlie Bible is suppose<l by
some to have been simply a port on tiio Red Sea,
the gate through wliicii tlie gold of Eirypt
poured into Palestine in exclange for tlie })rod-
ucts of tliat "land tlowing witli milk and iion-
ey." The exhaustion of those Nubian or Etliio-
pian mines had much, jwrhaps most, to do with the
ilecay of Egypt. We shall see further on in this
history how Spain derived advantage from the
mines of the new world, only to make its fall the
greater. The light of three thousand years is too
dim to alniit of a close analysis of tlio cause?' of
Egypt's fall, but certain it is, tliat its iirosperity was
not abiding, and tiiat by the time tiie last of tlie
Rameses passed away, the glory of Thebes, which
had been gradually fading for a century and a iialf,
suffered a jiermanent, but not u complete, eclipse.
*?-
;-
-«?
■. 1^
"if?
••s^
i1
U|
(!
til
hi
it,-
toi
laij
J^
<a »>
THE niXLINK OF EGYPT.
5,3
\()
tl'V-
iUlil.
I'or-
VI ike.
r ami
UlilU,
WW
r. ill'-'
iliiti.'-
n;Uny.
luT iia-
ui, n"^-'
1\A1iavlhI
A I the
ailileil to
)vks si ill
tvuiule>iv,
)\\avcl\ «if
L'ldVCll lit'
3 Ciisliit^J
^'>
r
■*7p
khijjs estal)lislied tlioir court at Tliebes, later iu
Meiiiphis. and .still later ut 8ais, in fjower E^'vpt.
The Kliii()[iiaii euii(|uer(>rs. like the \i)riiiaii.s wiio
took Eii.irlaiid, were griuliiully ah.sorbed, and as Nor-
mandy was lost gi<;lit of, and conquered and con-
(|ueror,s lieeuiuo unified as KiiLrlishnien. so Cushite
and native Coptic gradually merged in Egyptians.
Tiiis Cushite period, as it migiit be called, was not
without its glory. From the Greek.s and IMxeni-
cians tlie jieople learned navigation and caugiit tiie
sj)irit of enterjirise. The priests tried to discourage
all ja'ogrcss, anil did succeed in greatly haniiiering
it. hut some of the monarchs were great and secular.
Aiiout the middle of the seventh century before
the Ciiristian era. I'sammeticus 1. encouraged iu-
tei'course with the (Jreeks. He employed them as
soldiers, gave (ireek names to his children, and al-
lowed C(douiesfrom (Ireeee to settle upon the Delta.
His son, Necho II.. sent a lleet on a voyage of dis-
covery from the Ued Sea, with a view to circum-
navigate Africa, and see if there were not some
"Northwest" jiassage for commerce. The expedi-
tion covered a period of three years. The Straits
of Gibraltar were discovered and sailed through.
As far as known, thi.s was the most far-reaching
voyage which had ever been undertaken at that
time, and quite outstripped the "sailor's varu " s|)un
by IFonuT about the wanderings of I'lvsses.
Xecho carried on extensive wars with tiie Assvri-
ans. or, as I)y tiiat time they deserved to be called,
Habylonians or t.'haldeans, for Nineveh had fallen.
This line of military policy was carried on with va-
rying fortunes, amid scenes no longer of much in-
terest, until Cyrus the Medo crusiiod the liberties
of Egypt. What he began, liis son Cambv.ses (hi-
ished. lie thoroughly overthrew the ancient em-
pire of Egyi)t, and henceforth its most ancient
form ceased to exist. The original, independent
iind African mition was no more. Afterwards
Cambyscs took Sais, captured King I'sammeticus
and over-ran and sacked the cities. From that
time on, the Egypt of the pyramids has had oidy
its past to boast of, and its ruins to glory in, and
its subse(pient achievements have been mainly due
to foreign inlhiences.
It was in the year 'yV^ H. C. that Cambyses
inarched his confiueriiig barbarians into Egypt, and
:{:}•> H. ('., that Alexander the Great invaded the
land of the Sphinx, During tho.se two centuries
the country was at the lowest ebb of happiness and
the high-water mark of misery. The di^mouiacal
Caud)yses madly destroyed and desolated out of
wanton savagery. 'J'he stupendous works of art at
Thebes and elsewhere, were laboriously distigured
and ik'faced. His wanton Medes and Persians, the
\'andals (d" their day, took s})ecial delight in break-
ing oti the heads of statues, the beard being held
in as much veneration among them as the " pig-
tail"is iu China. No incousiderable portion (d' the
destruction now witnessed anu)ng the ruins (»f
Egypt is chargeable to tiiem, especially during the
reign of the mad Caudiyses. His innuediate suc-
C'ssor, Darius, was a mercenary ruler. He cared
more for the sjioils and revenue than for malii'ious
gratitication. Taken as a whoK', that i)eriod of
two hundred years was cme long, relentless, and
desolatMig tyranny, relieved briefly during the war
of Xer>es with Greece, wiieu the opportunity for
revolt was imiiroved, resulting, however, in no act-
ual benetit to the Egyptian.s.
Tiuit was a dreary period. Its details luv un: -
terestiug iu the extreme. It is only from the staml-
point (d' general results that it iwsses.sessigniticance.
What was really the nu)st im[)ortant thing of all.
was the fall of Egyi>t as a vast -ichoolhouse of the
nations. The pursuit of knowle<lge in that coun-
try wa.-* Ijeset with exceeding diHiculty, especiallv
for the (irt'ek. The foreign student of philosophv.
science, autl art, wcuild need Irue heroism to trust
his life iu any ])art <>f Egypt, especially if he were a
(rreek. T'hat was an excet'dingly fortuiuite thing
for Greece and the whole world. It stimulati'd and
ileveloped the indigenous civilization of Greece, and
coidributeil incalculably, although indirectly, to the
glory of Athens. The intellectual sce|)ter id" the
world i)assed from Coptic into Grecian hands, never
to be regaiiu'd. Henceforth the very glories of
Egypt, if they do not really belong to (ireeee. are vet
so very Hellenic as to have a distinctive tvpe more
suggestive of Athens than of Thelies or .Memphis.
It was during this decline of Kgy[>t that the univer-
sity at Heliopolis JH'eame the fouidain-' .'ad of lih.
eral education for the civilizeil world. The seh()(ds
of that city canmit lie dated in their origin, but [t is
km)wn that it was there that Solon, I'ythagin-as,
Plato, and the learned (ireeks generally, repaired to
study not oidy "the wisdom of the Kgyptians." jiut
the science, pliilosoj)hy, institutions and literature
\ '
mT^cuNu OF F.gvHT
. . <• f < ......fin V . y . i ' „
v.vsitios of *'^"'-'"'^ :> ;. ^_ „f tlu. liiws ..f the Coptic
-l,),,,, are son..' U-atuu> t ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^_
1-. to the oldest e.p...--;^^^^^^^,^^,,,,,,
than any record ot ir. ■ . ..vinciple of crnm-
,,, U.W was retr.lu>tun. |n, -1- ^^^^. ^^,^ ^^^
straintiuthe f'*;--, Z^^^;:,, *Ure far better
^,,,1 a tooth for a tooth. >'- ^^^^^^^^ ^^^,,,,
l"-^-^-^^'":T:''';:;;ri:.u::.n,-roraehtwasn;.
severely runished. In.. ^^^^^^^ .^^ ^^^,^^.
^,,,,,., 'nu'..'--J--!:'''',|:;..,,;,,tatnte..flim-
^'^''''''^''T''Vf Ihe K>'v,.tia..s w^ts ...ostly linen
Theeloth.nirot thi b 1 ^^ ^^^^^^^^^,^^^ ..xvendmg
,Uo vron.en 7'''"^^;;,, ;,;,..;;. of eoarse textun
.,,,,1 so.newhat shoite.. • ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^.^^ ^,„„,,.
,vanv.l...t the hea.l ^^a^ • • ^^^. ^^.^^■^^^.^■^,,, ,,,,,
thmu- in '!"■ ''■■'>- "^ ;',;,; ,,,s a sn.all plot
'•^ ^^:'^'"^;M';:;r, oK- one wife, but l-oly
A pnest eou.l .>.".> „art of the eon.-
:-■ ^.r^CJ'\^''^^''^- -'-;■":
munity. 1 ''.e ia..> • ^.^i ,, arts, the re\-
P-^^'-*^-^'''^''^^:'; on 'H..,!. tl.e peasants
,,,,,,oftl.e,over.u..entcon .^^^^^^.^.^^^.^^
,„, ,,,, ,v..w.. land^. l.e a ^^^^^^ ^^^.^._
notfarfron.eleve,.m,U,.>o -^^^^ .or
.al purposes the eo, - ^. ^^^ .,^ ,,^„,,,,
eou..ties. varying fHMnm^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^.^^ ^.
fvo.n thirty to tortj --;;,^,,^^.,,. i^, ,n.y bo
visions for l>f 1"'^^%^, f^.e arts of this period
*^"'^"""S/;^'ulure and painting of
.o.npare poorly ^ f ^^ ^^J, ,,, the n.aster.
(irecee; the pupd f ai ^^"1 ^ - .^^^^^, i,i,torian
Spe.acing of tins po .^, a^^ ^ ^, ^he
^''''- 7^ :;;:c!u«-hieU to explain the
K.ypt.an lavrs '^"^ ^^^^i^,,, ,,, two circu..istances
.a.a„d.edforn0.etw.^-n.ehy^_-;-
tocracy. First, every sol.l e. a . ^^^^^^ ^^^^
,,,,, ,ere o.dy tvu^ted to .- ^^.^,^ ^„
estate in the e..untry as wW^^^^^^^^^
.uai'ditfro.n enenue fion. ;J f,„.,„,,i a
;.as a..d tu.nults at hon. I - ^^^^^^.^^^,,,^ .„.
part of the ^-'^^^^'Jl^ .,,esthood. Every
titution was the ^^^7^^'^*;,> ^^.^, ,,.ery phvsician
,W,.gv...an. sexton a..dvmdUal.cv^y^P^
and .iruggist, every l'^^^> ' 'J / ' ^^^^ .inter, and
nmster a.ul a.ttlu. ev -^^^^
land n.easurer. eve > '"-^^ .' ^^.,. of this sae.-ed
teller. belo,.gedtothep>^^H^^
""'^ ;'^ 'll^'h^^r. 'the san.e tu..e chief-pvi-t
„.as the head , ^^'^'f ,,iuie the ten.ples
and ,,eneral-n.-eh.e of th u . ^^
„ere both royal palaces and waUeu
strc.gth. ^^ ^^.^^e i3eeu in part
I'he power of the k , ^^^^^.^^^^ ^,j ,j,,
,,ased on the opuuon --^^^ ,,,,, ,,een the
,„a,.y; a..d howevei "^ ^J^ " '^^^ t b.ick knowl-
pviests, however ti-Y '-^j;- ;,\\ , terrors of the
Llge f.-o.n the l-j; ^ ,", ^ power i.. this, yet
noxt world as a.^ ->?- '^ ^^^ .l,,,.,. .unst h.wo
such . governnuM.t, wh m ^ ^^_^.^_^^^^„,^ .,f the
been far more tree tl'an t >t ^ fam-
sword. Every t-U'l^ -^ f ;^^' ^ ,, tin.e n.agis-
ilv of priests, who we.e at e - ^^^^.^.
tnttesof tl.ee.ty andthe'U.t^ '^^.^j.^_ ,^,^^^
,er by the san.e r.ght a. ^^^^ ^ ^'^^^^^ ,„, ,iete.
;,,,,, betwee.. church -d t. ^ ^^^^^ I ^^^^^^
But the ^--'--'^P^ .;i ;father. After all
changed by Uan.eses II. f^"^^''^ the power of
K,ypt w.. united m.de^-- .^J^^^^
tl---7M:r"T," pi cesbuilt by these kings
the several c.t.e>. »^ ^,,i,,utes and produce
,verc not ten.i.les ^^J J^^ ^ ;,, pay a stand-
of the g..ld nH..e. ^'^ ^^ .,,,,,, alo.ie could
i„Sarmy;u..d ^> /^ , f "' ^ttles so f ar from home
Uanreses have ^''"^^'I'V ^ tt Inks of the Euphra-
a. in Asia Minor a.ul ^\^\^,, ,,,olly unllt-
tes. The n.Uitary 1;-;-^':^;;;^ ., ,„ plainer Tes-
ted for foreign vvartaiu ^^^^^^^.^^. ^j,i,,,^aid and
son in bistory t*^'^" ; l^;:^,, ,,ui,u employs for its
period of decline.
M'i-
-C^
IS-
ua
llU
to
ty-
(l a
iu-
vevy
iciiin
lion\-
■tune-
f crrOllt
in l«"'*
t of tlio
)ecu the
kuow\-
,vs of the
I t\iis, yet
u^st inivc
ut of t^^^
inivy fai"-
nic uiiigi^-
(\iu'4 t\icvv
hi:.. 'n>o
comvh'te.
^Aftev I'.Vi
L powev of
\,eutAeuce of
those kings
uu\ i>voduce
payasttuHl-
|ii\oue could
from \io"^^
the Kupl'i"^-
|vl>o\ly in>lit-
3 plainer k's-
[;,,\.-ndid aiKl
uploys^«^-i^«
ered uyou its
-#
EGYPT AND THE
GLORY OF ALEXANDRIA.
^^Mii^^^felWr
CHAPTER VII.
M
\11.XAM1KU AM) Al.KXANIlUIA— M'llK I'llV I..K— I'Al'YIirs M A KlNd— Al.EXANDEU AMI KliVl'T —
l'lll>-T cir TIIK I'TIIT.KllIK^ Al KXAMIIIIAN ClPMMKllrK AM) I'lHIII' Itlll.DlNdS -'I UK MlSK
IM TlIK I.UlUAin Tim; I'TDl.KMIK-l AM) Si IKM K— Al.KXAMIIMAN rilll.DSdl'llY -TllK MaTK-
lilAl. I)i:i I.IM; IIKTIIK inv Al.KXAMllllAN ( llltlSIM AMTV ■rilKOl.nlllCAL WaUKAUE— ZK.NO-
lllA IN Kcivrr I'Kll-lAN liAVAliK- 'IllK SAltAI KN INVA^<11)S.
^^ ci'i ^y. ' ^
^^iiiil^^^^l ^■ tho iMC'tuoric .siilcn.h.r uf
^■^lfeM%M' AU.xun.ler. (irtvc. nuiy
^Jn^^^im&'^^l \vi'll take pLTiietiiul i)fiilu
^i^^T^i^MJf^^ It is none the less truoMiul
^*^t"
"I FT'-- , ■■ I
it
he was by no means a tyii-
ieal (ireek. lie helunged
(fe'iii; ■*'.^-''V-'i:-~i,'^) to l)arl)arie .MaLcdonia,
in*. I, <TF '"''*" which hii'l little ni eoni-
^'^&* iiion with "hissie Athens, or tlie cul-
-r£jjjjfe tnre whieh Ins iiiiulo the name of
^^^IjSi Greeee illustrious. I [ is exjiloits helong
""'^Skt? indeed to another portion of this his-
^^'j^ tory, l)ut we are now about to enter up-
^•Sfc)! ^/ on a chapter of the past wiiieh consti-
tutes the one giMnd nioiuiinent to liis
glory. His dazzling splendors as a
^^ world cou((ueror will sliine forever, but
s' the kingdom was diviiled upon his un-
timely death, and fell into fragments. It was
saved from universal disgrace by the Ptolemaic dy-
nasty, and tJie still greater and nu)re enduring gen-
ius of Alexandria (for there are local as well as per-
sonal genii). We iuive seen Egypt rise and fall,
being tlie wtjrld's greatest academy, even in its de-
cline, Ih't Persian oppression aiul the enervating
iiiiluence of wealth had so vitiated tiio Coptic race
that it seemed incapable of recovery. The new \\c-
riod of Egyptian greatness is more Hellenic than
Coptic. It is Greece transplanted in Egypt, much
as the glory of the United States is England trans-
jiorted to America. For three centuries tius dyntusty
of the Plolen'ies endured, ami for nine ce!i-
tiiries, Alexandria was the great literary and scien-
tilic metropolis of the world, rivaling in scholar-
ship, if not original works of genius, Athens and
Rome at their best.
Ilitiierto, in our history, wo followed the course
of .mipire as marked out upon the tablets and
memorial stones of royal association, lint we may
now jiass out into the broader ocean of literature.
About the time of the Persian invasion, papyrus
became common and cheap in Egypt, and what is
more, the use of letters took the place of picture
writing with its slow work and unsatisfactory re-
sults. The way was thus made ready for Alexan-
dria with its libraries and bo(d\-lore. There are in
Europe, to-day, no less than ten thousand Egyp-
tian papyri, ihit our main concern is with Alex-
andria, Its kings and savants, its erudition and its
literature; in fine, the jiart taken by it in the devel-
opment of man.
Having established his sway over all Greece and
the Grecian cities uf Asia Minor, Alexander led his
forces against Darius. His war upon the Persians
endeared him to the Egyptian heart, so that wiuMi
he went thither he was haileil iis a deliverer. With
a (juick eye to the jiossibilities of empire, he deter-
mined to erect a city worthy to perix>tuato ins name
near one of the mouths of the Xile, where then
stood the small village of Khacotis. The site was
(55)
sr
■rSSs
n'i'j#' ,A Twair.^**
;f
J^=^
■56
k(;yi'T ano thk cjlory ok Alexandria.
L
wi'll cliusc'ii, iiiid iiltlmiiL'li III' iR^vcr rt'liinicil to
carry oiil ilic |ilaii. liis idea, barely l)e{?un in liis lifc-
tiiiii'. Ixire I'niil. Jii'twueii tliat littlo villii,i,a' iiiiil
till' island nf I'iiaros. llic wali'V was exceiitioiialiy
di'c|i and )icfiiliarly wt'll ada|)U'd for tiic harbortij^o
of snips.
Alf.xiiiitU'r trcati'd ilii' Hiryptiaii ])rc'jiidic'0>( witii
rcs]»t'ct, instead of tryiii;; to exasperate and iiii-
iiiiiiate tlie [icople. His vietorics over tiie Per-
sians maiie seenn iiis liold ui"in tlie land of the
pyramids, and ]'.u- revoreiue for Amnion and the
otlur deities of the Nile, made his claim of sonship
to Ammon a hi,i,dily aiijjreeiated coinp'imen^ It
wa:' 'i^ht years after his entrance upon EiU'ypt chut
he d 11 ' Haliylon.
dniiMj. wli.li i)eriod
YC'V little had l)een
done to carry out his
plan lieyond preparing;
til. way for it. His
hall'-ln-othcr, Philip
Arridanis, was declar-
ed by his jrenerals.
ii'senibled at l5aliylon.
to he his successor,
hub in the course of a
fe\' years the e^npire
fell into frajrments,
these f^enerals dividiiiLT
it '"'tween themselves.
The jirovince of
Ejryjit fell to the lot
of I'toleiny. From the
first, he was virtually
king of the country, and his dynasty continued
■\rith varying Ibrtiines, until finally the imjierialisni
of Rome absorlied the country. 'I'he city wiiich ho
built and made his capital, survived the dymisty
with ■which in ."flory it wi's indivisibly united for a
brilliant series of centuries.
The first of the Pt-demies. B. C. ^ti, was sur-
named Soter, and the last in point of fact wius Cleo-
patra, wild applied the fatal asp to her breast 15. C.
30. The real ;,dory of Alexandria faded gradu-
idly iis the light oi Christianity oiiscured the bright-
ness of pagan ])hilosophy and scieiieo. No other
date can be fixed for the final eclijise of its splen-
dor so appro))riato as the burning of its unirveloua
and vast library b 7 the Arabs, A. D. 040. "We
sliall not. iiowevir. in tiiis chapter, catalogue the
kings who ruled in .\le\andria or the emperors who
held it in vassalage, imt endeavor to give an idea of
the actual jilace held during these years iiy the
city wiiieh may be said to furnish the connecting
link between ancient and modern times.
'I'his city combined commercial with educational
suf)reinacy and in its palmy days, which were many,
had about tiiree hundred thousand inhaliitants,
which, by the way, is aliout its present iiopiihitiim.
It was laid out on a generous ])lan. The two main
streets crossed one another at right-angles in the
middle of t'j tow,\ wliich was from the first, three
miles long and nearly a mile w le, with streets wide
enougii for carriages.
Ujion the iieigiiboring
island of I'haros was
erected (about three
centuries lieforo
Christ) a gigantic
light-house of white
marble, which is class-
ed as one of the seven
wonders of the world.
As described, the early
city must have been
peculiarly modern.
The })ui)lic buildings
which Ironted the har-
bor included a cham-
ber of eoininerce, and
beside the wharf and
cenicter}', there were
tlieatcrs, circuses, race-
courses. pul)lic parks, public libraries, public schools,
and the temple of Tlicrapis, which might pass for
a cathedral. The chief of all these institutions
wius the University, generally called the Museum.
This Museum was the home of j.hilosophy and
learning, tlio re.-ort of .-.tudents old and young. Its
groat hall was devoted to lacturos, and was also used
as a din'ng-room, for the physical necessities of the
scholars were duly regarded. The state spent va^s"
sums of money in maintaining this institution. On
the porch and in the spacious grounds gathered " in
groups and knots" tlie scholars and professors in
the jiursuit of knowiedge. In the old Cojitic uni-
versity previously mentioned, the savants taught
only what was, strictly speaking, " the wisdom of the
A I
T
EGYPT, AND THE GLORY OF ALEXANDRIA.
57
li is cli»ss-
t\io seven
the \fovU-
v.ive been
inoilevu.
ed t\ie U'K--
,1 A c\iiu»-
vievce, and
^v\ulvf and
tl>eve vvevt"
vtuseis.vace-
,,\ic sehools,
g\\t pass i"!*
"institutionri
.le Mu^^euni.
losopby and
vounil- ^^'
.as also used
-ssities of tUe
,^ si>ent ^a^'
;titution. On
;aU>eved"in
,rofes-">i''5 m
Coptic luii-
I'
id
[uants taugbt
^visdomoftbe
Kixyptiiina;" hut tliis IIclli'ni(> riiivorsily wiis truly
t'usiii(i|iolittiii. lt(lrc\r kimwli'd;,'!' fniiii tliu wlioki
wiirld. Its lilu'iiry wiis early n hir^'e one ami steadily
iiicreaseil with the >;ro\vtli of litenture.
It may he well to say here Unit llie Alexandrian
lihrary was lired three times, and nearly destroyed
tach time; lirst by (Ja-sar. when he eon(|iiered tiie
city: si'cond i)y (Miristian fanatieisni, imd lastly hy
McihatnmedaM fanatieism. liie loss i)eiii,<,' <(reater
uiMin each ri'|K'tilioii. This vast repository of liter-
atiuv was open to tiie puhlie for reading and for
ropyinir. and the latlor was an important industry
in tiiosediiys of more thirst for knowledf,'e than
facilities for its gratiliciition. The papyrus and tiio
sc'ril)e of those days were the jirintinj: press and
compositor of nn)dern times, 'fiie tirst Ptolemy
was a historian of no meai\ attainments, aiul the
last to make that name illustrious was an astrono-
mer second only to (Jalileo andCoiiernieus. It was
not bravery alone which was rewarded in Alexan-
dria, nor yet conimereial enterprise. Neither was
under-rated, l)Uthotli were held in less repute than
seholarsliip, art. anil all -which the term culture
embraces. Sculptors, painters, poets, iustorians,
linguists, scientists of ail kinds, and every dweller
upon tiie lofty table-land of intellectual life, were
tiic real aristocrats of that city. Xot only was
Alexandria a ro|)ository for all tiie wisdom of (froece,
but it embraced the body of Syrian and Assyrian
Icarniiiij; and .Icwisli literature. Tiie scattered
writiiiiTs of tiie Hebrew toiifjuo were i,'athered into
one iiook and translated into (ireek (for Alexan-
dria lieiiifjf a (irecian city, in fact, nuule Greek the
lanj.'uage of general literature). That translation
is known as the Septuagint, and is identical with
our Old Testament. Jesus Christ and others in the
.New Testament, (pioted from the Septuagint, when-
ever thev ([Uoted at all from the scriptures of their
own people, which shows that the Septuagint Aras
the version used even in Judea.
Never did a sovereign show more appreciation of
intellectual superiority, regardless of nationality,
Mian the fonniler of the great house of Ptolemy.
He lived familiarly with the learned men of his
capital, courting tlieir society. He was not so
much their patron as their friend, for he did not
liave tlie otfensive ways suggested by the term
'• i)atroni/,e." The list of eminent professors at
Alexandria would be a very long one, covering the
entire range of intellectual imrsuits. Thi! noble
citv was an iLsyliim for the banishi-d free-thinkers
of otiier lands. None wen' more fannuis than the
physicians. Anatomy was iiorii at Alexandria, and
so indeed was natural history. Mathematics was
brought to a still higher degree of perfection there
than ever before attained. The study of nature by
patient analysis and consecutive observation was fair-
Iv begun there, without being carrit'd to any very
satisfactory degree of jierfection. There was in the
Alexandrian dissecting-rooms and ztiological collec-
tions the suggestions of modern science, but the
dilference is that between the gray of early morn
and full sunlight. ITnfortiinately, between that
twilight and this daylight was the almost rayless
darkness of a thousand years. When .Mexandria
fell, night overs|)read the world, its mantle being
finally lifted only by the invention of printing.
The jieculiarity of Alexandria as conipareil with
other groat cities of learning, ancient and modern,
was the i)aucity and insigniticance of its original
literature. The coi)yiiig business seemed to lie un-
favorable to the development of originality. It can
boast no Homer, no Plato, no Virgil, no Horace, no
Tacitus. In the world of ideas, poetical or pliilo-
soiilii(^al, its every contribution to literature might
j)erish without any very serious loss. Much has been
said of the Alexandrian school of philosophy, its
Neoiilatonism and its Agnosticism, hut these terms
suggest vast erudition, with a singular barrenness of
ideas. Piiilo, the Jew, was second to no Alexan-
drian in his [ihilosophical ability, and his works aro
extant and accessible to English readers, but they
are dreary and vajjid. The attempt to adapt Pla-
tonic! thought to Helmiie theology was futile. The
long list of writers, prose and poetic, contains no
really great name. It is not for its jiroductions of
genius, but for the conservation of learning, that
Alexandria is entitled to wear a crown of metropoli-
tan sui)reinaey.
Its cominorco continued with some intcrrn])ti(ms,
but without eclipse, until the trade of India and the
far Orient began td go around the continent of Af-
rica, instead of througii its northern portion. Tho
voyage around Africa and through the Straits of
Gibraltar, previously mentioned, bore little fruit, at
least it had no direct I'oiuioction with the discovery
which left Alexandria stranded upon the desert, un-
til the construction, or rather the reconstruction, of
=iC
«•■
mtmm
mmm
mmm
'k
5»
k(;yi't, and the (jloky ok Alexandria.
]
the Sue/ Ciiniil l»y Ki'Ia'ssciw, since wliicli tiiuo it
has rcsiiiricd scuiic ('(iiiiiiicnial iiii|i(irtiiiic(>.
What lias ii<i\r licfii saiil of Alcxamlria as ii scut
of k'ariiiiiL.', |HTi>ari's (iiic to iMKicr-taml tiic pari
tiiki'ii h_v that ivinarkalilf cilN ill (k'toniiiiiini,' tiic
character ol" < 'hi'isliaiiit\ . wiiich service, he it i^dod
i>r ill. was tlie liiial _l(irv nt' tlii^ city. The liale nf
tlie iiitiVMhietion of Cliristiaiiity into Kirypt, is nncer-
taiu. St. .Mariv has tiie traijilional honor of its in-
trodnction. 'I"he first oppouent of Christianity, tlio
fatlier of all who assail it as unworthy the "divinity
which doth hedire it ahoiit.'" was Celsns of .Mexan-
dria. lie was answered liy his tow nsnnm. Ori^'cn.
That controversy partook of the metaphysical liair-
spliltinir so popular in that university town. Ilitli-
ei'to. till' Christians had been content to lie practical
jiii'tisls. The scholarly and scholastic .Vle> andrians
raised and discussed matters of opinion, and inaii-
LTurated the tei'rilily demorali/iiiii; policy of exconi-
municalion on douniatic ui'oimd. Tlieoloiry. as a
Held for dialect icconiliat and ani^ry disputation, was
liorn in the .Museum, and was the natural otVspriiii^
of the Alexandi'ian school of philosophy. Il was
there that Hislmji Athanasiiis insisted upon the di-
vinity of Jesus, and I'resliyler Arius <lenied it. ear-
rvinu' the controversy >o far as to occasion the Ni-
cene Council and Crccil. and makini,' a schism in
the cliiii'ch. over a creedal point ijiiitc foreiiin to
the simple thoiiLiiit of the primitive Christians. I-'or
a time .Vlexaiidria was the capital of Cliristianity,
almost as truly as Kome afterwards herame. Hut
that |iriiud posiiion was only lirielly held. \» nen
Coiistanline had cstalilished his court on the IJos-
]ihorus. the cilv nami'd in his honor liecame the seat
of empire for the (ireek Church, and Home as a
rival ca|iiral, became llio metropolitan see for the
rival western church.
The opinion of Athanasiiis was espoused in Tlome-
aiid that of Arius in Constanlinople, and Alexan-
dria lost its prestige. Constantino sought to make
his urban nainusako a groat seat of learning, the
central point of (Jreek thougiit, and an iutelleetuul,
as well as religious center of intlueiico. In this lie
so far succeeded as to .sap the life of Alexandria.
\\'liat Uoinaii coiKpH'st had hardly imiiaired, and
Arab couquo-st 8ubse(|Uoiitly attemptoil, the rivalry
of Coustiiiitiiiople very nearly elTecteil. The real
secret, however, of .Mexandriaii decay was the un-
due proniini'iice given to mere learning in distinc-
tion from real thought, and polemical theology in
distinction from actual religion.
In the year \. !». •ild, occurred an interest iic
episode in Egyptian history, /enobia, (^ueeii oj'
I'lilmyra, one of the most interesting characters in
history, was acknowledged by all I'lgypt as (|ueen.
She made the country a provinci' of Syria. Her
reign was Hhort, but its influence u|toii I'pper Kgypt
IK'riiianeiit. Two yeans after her sovereignty began,
she was taken captive by a Homan army and iiir-
ried in triumiih to Uoine. to spend the rest of her
days in enforced retirement.
'I"lu' Coptic (dement still idling to the idea of sep-
aration from imperial Rome thi'oiigli Syrian leader-
ship. 'I'liis movement failed, but tlie Copts of I'p-
|K'r Hgypt were tired with a (|iiencliless purpose to
break the hateil yoke. When, at leiigl h, the l!o-
man Kmpire was divided. Kgypt fell to the lot of
the I'lastern Mmpire. 'I'liat was about the begin-
ning of till' fifth century. A century later, the
Persians having eoiuiuered a large part of Syria, in-
vaded Kgyiit. Temple ravages were committed, but
the capital was not taken. Other raids followed,
but no decisive ad\ antage was gaineil. The eountrv
siiirered terribly from the rivalries of I'ersia and the
l"]astern Minpire. Then came the Saracen. One
of the first countries to Ito eompiered by the follow-
ers of Islam, was the land of the I'haraohs. .Vlexaii-
dria only otlering serious resistance. The Saracen
commander who won this province was .Vnirii. It
was under the Cali|)hat of Omar. It was by .Vinru
that the .Vlexandrian library was burned the third
time, in obedience to the instructions of Omar, who
said, " If the books are the same as the Koran they
are useless, if not. they are wicked, therefore they
should be burned in any case." In this spirit did
the Saracens ever rule all Egyjit. It is none the
i less true, that ultimately, the treasures of Alexan-
i drian kiiovrledge were largely preserved and disseni--
j inated in Europe by the Mohammedans rather than
I the Christians. The service to civilization rendered
j by the Moors in Spain, might be called without e.x-
' iiggeration, Egypt's last, best gift to mankind.
T
Js
« — ^
of ^'l•l'-
.)f V'l'-
•JlOSl.' 1"
Uio Uo-
itl'V. til*'
■^yviil, iii-
OlUUlll'N
on. ""^'
,0 I'oUoW-
AU'\an-
Siivacoii
Awivvi.
\\
IV Aitu'u
I i"\ie tl>ii"'l
)in!iv. ^vl>"
Koran tliey
i-ot'ove tlu-y
is noni' t\io
of AU'san-
;iinl (li^><eni-
niUK'V Uian
ion venik'voil
I without ex-
uikiud.
J-- -•■
.fitititx»I»:».f.tj^^
^^y^y^
irii!i'n?iiiii;ii:iii:Siii!ii
Ea
' ■ J!- a. Ji! ,",'!'„ ,':i!
.♦.fj.tjjj. ♦.♦.♦■
s
CIIAI'TER VIII.
KciyrT, OEixinAniii Ai.i.Y spkakim; — I'lmM AMiir rn Sai.ai>in-Tiik Mamkmkki anii Tiiik-
ISII SlIl.rriiATlMX l'llK»KM' DVSAJ'TV IlKIlT iiK Iv.VI'T. AMI IT" pMllTII A I, ('ll\HKylKN( KM
- IIaii.ii(iai>« ami tiu; sik/. Casai. -Caiiih, ami ink I'iik-km- Alkaandima 'I'iik N'ii.k
NaT! iiAi. l(t>iiim K-— Slavk Tiiadk ami Km i atkis -I'iie^ent I'oi-iuation, Kellaiix,
CdITH AM) TlllKH.
oxisioiu*', i>olitioiilly. (liiriii:.' lliis('oiitui'\, ;iu(l is imu
siilijool. to a niiM'l sulijiiizalioM, rotaininif tlio scm-
hlaiico of inili'|«'i:(lt'noo willioui its rcaliiv, <tri'tclics
a ,i,mlf wliioli may lie siillioiontly siiiiMiicd for our
liur[ioso ill fow words; for «lion Aloxandria fell,
I'lgyi't liociiiiio oiioo more cnvclojiod in "a darkno-
that MUglit lio foil." Undor tho t'ali4ilis, uliko at
Dama-soiis iind Kairdad, it \ya.s a moro oiplicr. 'i'lio
Fatima dynasty of tlie Saracon Emi)iro ^rainod jmis-
sossioii of tlio countrv in U^C undi'r wliioii Cairo
was foundod. and liocamo, as il has romaini d o\or
sinco, tiio iMpital. 'I'iiat i'anmns I'aynim. Saiadin,
who did so MUioii 111 liallU' I lie Crusailcrs. ohtaincd
iho sovoroiuMily of JO^vjit. and a ni'W era sccnud
alioiit to dawn U|ion the land; hut with Ids doalh
tho Kmiiiro was disinonduTod, and Ki^vpt auain
lapsoil into uttor insiirniticiincc.
In l"i")0 uamo tho regime of tho Mamoiiikos.
They wore Tiirkisii or Caucasian .slavos, wiio hocamc
so strong, being tmstod witli tlic affairs of state hy
tiioir onor\ atod nnistors, tliat they rose in successful
rohollicni, deposing tho Sultan who foel)ly roigned at
Cairo. They wero never fully C(nii[Uorod until Xa-
p(deon won the victory of the I'yramids, .July. IT'.IS.
Tho Ottoman Empire succeeded, however, in reduc-
ing the country to a partial condition of vjissulairo.
Tin's reduction dates from I.")1T, Seliiu lioinir tho
Ottoman sovereigi- under whom the subjugation was
effected.
The present Khedive (Arabic for king). Mehemet
Towfik. came to the throne in ISTii, upon the akli-
'r^ E ail the countries ot tiio
&)^ world Kgviit alone is the
same, goograpnically si)eak-
tiB'-,— «?«i-rrwi«m3 '"^'' "yesterday, to-day, and
^^fski'^ifSfS^m fi'ri'ver." Natural bouiKhi-
V'S'^U^^i<^^^.w4. ''le-^ deternnno its area.
SP\\^'\^ ^^'■'^ Kgypt As It Is, presents
L.yl^^-^ the same topographical po-
'%/:^-iX'\ '^'"''"'■ities as did tho Kgypt of the
hviti^ J Pyramidsand tiu' Sphinx. The coun-
try endiraced is the Iciwesi, (ir nortiioru
• livision of the valley of tho Nile,
from the lowest cataract, latitude
•vM' :i' 4 J" north, to the Mediterranean
Sea.lalitude.'n';!.")'. Measured on the
meridian lino, its length is 4.")(i miles,
hut making due allowance for tlie windings of the
mighty river, its length roaches (UMi miles. The
average width is eight miles, tiio maximum width
being Kio miles, '{'be whole area of the valley, m-
cluding the Delta of tho .Nile, is only ll,:!.")! si|uaro
miles. There is a good deal of semi-desert country
included in Kgypt lU'opor, on either side of the valley,
which swells tho area to i:,').i;i(i s(|uarc miles. For
administrative purposes, there are tiurteen provinces
or counties. The jurisdiction of Kgypt, as a nation,
extends to some outlying regions, Nubia, Darfur and
a vaguely defined territory, mostly barren sands,
with oci"isional oases.
Hetween the Egypt which Amru eomiuerod and
the present nation of that name, which came into
(59)
t^"
<*— f' fLi
■tm
1
^
"TTc
60
i:«,Vl''I' AS IT IS.
citliiiii iif lii^ rallii'i-. I>iiitiil. He i-i till' hImIi nilcr iE(,'>ui).(M)().u(M). 'rii,> iicliial cnninil nl' ilic iiiitinn is
i)f tlif ilsriiislv rniihili'il hv dial Iriilv Lfical man, in tin: liainls of iin ■■Inti'i'iialimial L'oiiiniis.siim dC
Mclicnii't Ali, \riiii was a|i|i<'iiil(Ml irnMTiior df
l''.;.'\|>l. lis vircroy of tilt' Sultan at (/nMstaMlinii|ilr,
ill isnCi. His ri'iLrn us a siivrri'ii.'ii licjfan li\i' yi'iirs
iuti'f. Mi'lii'iiH't Ali rcinaiiicil ii|miii tin' ilinmn wliidi
he liiiiisclf iTari'il until ls|s, lli^rldi-i snii. Ilira-
liiin. dicil llic same yi'ar, ami tin' cniwii passnl to
Lii|ui(latiini." ('(iiii.|iiis('il (if si'M'ii iiioMiln'fH, 'I'lic
|ifcsi'iil, Klii'ilivc lias un annual alluwuncr 'if *^."iO,-
(IIM) fur liinisclf. ♦•i.'iO.iHMi fur liis iir|iiwi'ii falliiT,
mill *;(.")( »,t 10(1 fiir iillioi' iin'iiilM.'rs uf liii' luyal
family.
Till' liiilniiwls <>( lliat, omiiitry an' tlii' piiijH'rty uf
Alilias, Aii's Lrramlsiin. IIi' won' it- uiilil |s.')-l, wIh'Ii lliu state. 'I'lioy cxtuinl, ali lnM, aliniit a tlidiis.iinl
his unrii'. Saiil. a iiian nine years his junioi'. sui'- miles. 'I"he i^'reat, pulilie wurk nf l'!i.'y|it, l)e|iin;,niii,'
eeeilril iiim. in ISC,:) Ismail eaiin' to the ihi'imi', u to moilcrn limes ami |irai;ti('al mailers, is the Suez
niaii of .suuli (triciitiil i'xli'a\au'aiici', holli in jmhlic 1 canal. It has a total kMi<,'th of ninety-t\ru miles,
t'uiro,
iiiil)ruvonioiils and personal or household liahiis,
that liu became a, hopeless bankrupt. Jlis abdica-
tion wius the result brought about by the (combined
jiressure of British and Freiieh creditors. One of
the [irodigalities of the Khedive wius an agreement
to pay the Sultan an enormous triiiuii! in exchange
for more jierfect independence, for the indejien-
deiice achieved by force in ISU left some vestiges of
vassalage. In ISfiii the almost comiilete disinthrall-
ment was puroliii,sed by an agreement to pay a lib-
eral annual tribute and furnish Turkey in time of
war a I'ontingent of Egyptian soldiiTs. In every-
thing else the .separation wa.s absolute.
The debt of Kgypt at the clo.se of I^SO wius about
and is wide and deep enough for the jiassago of
large vessels. The sidings serve the same purjio^
iw switches on single-track railroads. The number
of ve.s.sels which passed through it in ISTiJ was 1,477,
with a tonnage of •i,-i'.ii'>,M-i. It was iirst oi^ned
for business in ISO'.i. The cost, in round nunil)ers,
of this short canal was *l()U.()UU,()U(i, so (lilllcult was
it to proti^ct the channel from the drifting sand.
This canal was a triumph of French engineering,
its projector and const ructor having been M. de Les-
seps, the indefatigable head of the Panama canal
project now being |)uslied for the uniting of the two
groat oceans. At the iirosout time the Suez canal
is under British control, More than three-fourths
-"• s >
Al
re\
fre
lei
b.'.
sle
1
ro)
.|U,
■d,
^
s »
r-
lif*"
bCJBB
ijtutmeumtfmi
I;
■I, ii
■ Ji
I .:.,')H
II :<
Ui
i
62
EGYPT AS IT IS.
d see lids, ill ivround-iilxnit; w.iy, tlirou^ii .sovcM'iil lat-
itudes, forniiiif^ ll>o I'uiiiDUS Ciitui'ucts of I lie ^lile,
tlie lust 1m'1.ii( at A«s()iiaii, the (Kniiidary between
Nubia and iigyi)t. Vm about lii.eeii hundred
miles this iiuijestic river receives no tributary. Tiie
Wiiite Kile is believed to be the ])arent river. It
origiiiatcj^ in a large lake, tiie Victoria >iyanziv, sit-
uated in e(|iiatorial inoiiiitains.
The valley of the Xile. from I'liihu to Cairo, is
hedged about by chains of hills. The Delta projicr
is, however, one dead level — a plain without s(j much
are fyiiul in the desert. The crocodile and tiie hij)-
popotamus rarely visit the lower Xile. Wild hogs
roam 111 tlie marshes borderinir the Delta. Camels,
donkeys and mules are raised in lar^jre ((uantities. The
ju'incijial crops of the farmers are. to name them in
the order of their imiiortance, cotton, maize, (Uir-
ra, beans, wheat, barley, rice, lintels, lupine, jrar-
dcn vegetables, clover, sugar-cane, flax, hemp, to-
bacco, sesame, oj)iuin, henna, indigo, sattlower,
roses, inelons, oranges and bananas. Sheep are
raised largely, and it is a great country for iioultry.
Port Siiiil. and tlie Nortliurn Em(1 of Uiu C'anul.
as a hillock. i'he desert betweiiu tiie Xile and the
livd Sea is somewhat diver^^itled by liiMs. The usu-
al rock forma' iiiii of the coiiii,ry is limestone, with
some ji'ranite in the soiitlu'rn portion. The only
minerals foiiml in luantities to yield revenue are
salt, natron and ir",re. The phiiits wliich imture
produces without tiila;;e iisualiy have hairy, thorny
exteriors. The ])a!m-tree llor.rishes wit!) very little
cultivation Oranges, ligs, and tamarinds abound
and are of an excellent (pial'ty. Olive, mulberry, and
pojilar trees thrive there.
Zoologically speakiuiT. Kgyjit does not make very
mucli of a showing, (iazelles, hyenas, and jackals
The slave trade still survives in Kfjypt to some
extent, but it is being suppressed griuhially, and
that mainly through British influenee. A system
of poiiuhir education, very imiK^rfect and inadequate,
still of vast advantage to the rising ireneration, has
been adopted, and it is not too mnch to hope that
Egypt may once more have a place aiiionu the really
important members of the family of li\ iiig nations.
Of the present i)opulatioii, a modern writer has accu-
rately, if somewhat floridly, remarked : " In the ill-
paid fellahs who cultivate the soil and work tlie
boats and water-\rlieels, who live in mud hovels,
wearinjj very little clothing, we see the unprivileged
th
e(
W(
in
A
.1
)vels.
oged
[
■• &
\
4
^
EGYPT AS IT IS.
63
class, that has lal)i)rea umler various masters from
vory early times, unuoticod hy the iiistoriaii. These
are the same in the form of the skull as the Galla
trilie of east Afriea, and were probably the earliest
inhabitants of the valley. Siieii werJ the biulders
of the pyramids, as we learn by eomi)aring their
heads witii the great Si)iiiMx. Tliey suffer under
the same i)la,i:ues of boils and blains.'Ofliee an(i of
flics, as in the time of Moses. Their bo.lies are
painted with various colors, pricked intotiieir skin,
as they were when the Israelites were forbidden to
make any marks on their tlesh.
"In the industrious Coj.ts, the Christians of the
villases, the countiiij:-house, and tiie monasterv,
with skull and features half European and half
Eastern, we have the old Egyptian race of the Delta,
the ruling class, sucli us it was in the days of Psam-
nietichusand Shishank. Between Silsilis and the
second cataract we find, under the name of Nubians,
the same old Egy))tian race, but less mixed with
Greeks or Aral)s. Such were the Nabatse who fought
against Diocletian, and such in features were
the kings of Ethiopia. Saba-Cothpii, and Ergame-
iies. We know them by their likeness to the stat-
ues, and by their proud contempt of the Fellahs.
They were both zealous Christians ur.der Athana-
sius ; but Christianity has only remained among the
mixed race o^ _ Copts.
" To the east of the Nile, near Cosseir, and again
throughout the whole of Ethiojiia from Abou Sim-
bel to Moroe, are the Ababdeh Arabs, brave and
lawless. These were the Southern enemies con-
quered by Rameses, and they often f(jught against
the Ronuins. They are the owners of the camels now.
as they used to be. and are the carriers across the .^ands
of the desert. To the south of Syeuc. iu the desert
between Ethiopia and the Uad Sea, are the less civ-
ilized marauding Bisharcon Arabs, the Blemmyes
and Trogloilytes of the Greeks. These Arabs seem
to be less at home on the banks of the Nile than
the Co[)ts and the Nubians. They no doubt I'each-
ed the valley at some later ]ieriod, wIumi the others
were already settled tin're, and reached not bv pass-
ing thniugh Egyi)t, but by crossing over from the
Arabian side of the Red Sea.
Some modifications of this classsficaticn were
among the results of 188'-i, which in a small way
changed the political status of Egypt. In 1880 ef-
forts were nuido to organize a National or purely
Egyptian party, the aim of which was to rid the
country of foreign hilluence. This movement cul-
minatoil in 1881 iu an insurrectionary agitation, at
the head of which was Arabi I'asha, who, born a
FoUah, had risen througli service in the army to the
raiik of C-f'tieral, and had become the Khedive's
Minister of War.
After an oj)on rupture with the Khedive, .Vrabi,
having control of the army, ignored the authority
of the Controllers General, appointed by England
and France, and in this way came in contlict with
those powers On the 25th of May 188:3, France
and Englaiul j)resented their ultimatum, demanding
a restoration of the statu (]ao. Arabi declined to
comply, and after weeks spent in fruitless negotia-
tion. England decided on military interference. The
war opened with the bombardment of Alexandria
by the British Fleet under the command of Admiral
Seymour .luly 11, and closed with the capture of
Tel-el Kebir Sept. 10. The Britisli force, under
General Garnet Wolseley, had invaded the country
from theliiu) of the Suez Canal, and General Wolse-
ley attacked Arabi's army July 10, with a force of
liOOOO men and 60 guns. The P]gyptians were
routed and Arabi surrendered. Cairo was occupied
July 15, and witliin a few days all the insurgent
troops had laid down their arms.
The Khedive was restored with the old powers,
the army was reorganized under English supervi-
sion, and reforms were undertaken in the civil ser-
vice. Aral)i Pasha and liis leading associates were
tried for treason and condemned to death. The
Khedive commuted the .sentence to banishment, and
they were sent with their families to Ceylon. As a
result of the war English methods of reorganization
were introduced in Egypt, the Khedive and the
Sultan id' Turkey consenting.
To the initial observation of this chapter, mav be
appositely added, that in comparative importance
as ;i member of the household of imtions jiresent
Egypt is the greatest conceiwiole contrast to the
Egyjit of antii|uity.
iL
r
^ »
k-
ETHIOPIA
^^^ THE PH(EN\C\W^^
CHAPTER IX,
KTIHOI'IAN AM) I'lllKNIC IAN C'dN.IKrTlHKS— KtIIIOI'IA AM) EuV I'T— ELECTIVE MoNAIK.IIV AND
(;i.lMr.~KS CM' ('IVII.IZATIl)N— I'lllilSTIAMTV -TlIK AUTS AM) SCIENCES IN KtIIIDI'IA — MoDEItN
KriMDlMA. oil AiirsSIMA-l'lllKSIClA. AM) I'lllKXlCIAN CITIES— 'iVllE ANl) SiDON— CoMMEHCK
AM) KnTKIU'III^K — I'lllENICIAN COLONIES— TlIK AUT.S ASl) iNUUSTniES Of THE I'lKENUlANS —
The DisAri'EAHANcE of" Tins I'eoim.k.
►i^^-e#
•^T-i
F tlic lidiiorod iiiunes. ill tlio
list of iincioiit iiiitioiis uiul
|K3i)i)lt'.s, iKiiic iire more .shad-
owy uiiil viiguu thiiii Ethiopia
iuid tlio PhcJLMiiciiiii. , Tlio
, nr^ ^^^i&^ ^i ^v--^ foriiiLT stands for a woll-do-
C^^j?*^^^^^^ filled region of eouiitry, pri-
marily, Init is often confound-
ed witii Africa in general, and Egypt
in })articiilar ; tlie latter, applied to a
j)eo])le wlio can liardly be said to have
had an abiding habitation. The Ethi-
opians occupied a land now penned up
and isolated, but once the lialf-way
liouse between interior Africa and
India. There was, indeed, a Phaniicia,
liut, tiie Plioonicians were free rover.s
of the .sea.s. Herein the two pre.sent the sliariiest
jiossiblo contrast ; liut in the estimation of many,
tliey are equally entitled to liouor; one for origina-
ting civilization (an unsul)staiitiated claim for Etlii-
o()ia), and the other for its dissemination. liooks of
ponderou.s fv/.c and great erudition, if soiuewliat fan-
ciful in tlicories, have been written to show that
even Kgypt and Jiidea derivtMl their civihzatioii
from Ethiopia or Cusli, wiiiic^ whole liiiraries iiave
been jiulihsiied to prove tiiat tiie promulgation of
l)rogre.«.sive idea.s must lie ac(Te(liicd to the cnter-
jirising IMio'iiiciaiis. W'itliout going into tiie dis-
cussi m of those siKJCulativc themes, it may be of
interest in this chapter to familiarize the reader with
the lauds and })eopie.s .suggested Ijy the heading.
In tiiat .soutlieast region where tho sources of
tlie Nile have Ijeen sought, mountains abouml, and
there are also rich valleys. From time immemorial,
two distinct races have been found there, the Ethi-
opians and tiie Arabs. The latter were ever nomads,
but tiie former dwelt in cities, possessed governments
and laws, left momimental ruins distinctively their
own, and were once far-famed for their arts and cul-
ture. The Nubian valley was once as fertile as the
delta of the Nile. It is so still, except as tho sands
of the ailjacent deserts have drifted on and overlaid
the original soil. Cataracts im})ede navigation and
make a strong barrier between Ethiojiia and Egypt.
Caravans have always been tiie deiiendeiice of Nu-
bia for commercial intercourse. Camels and drom-
edaries are river and sea co that country. At the
soutliern extremity of tho Nubian valley, the river
spreads itself and incloses numerous fertile islands.
Along tlie entire lengtii of this valley, one may even
now encounter a succession )>f grand ruins, nioiiu-
iiients which rival in beauty and exceed in sublimity
the marvels of Thebes. Hut for all that, Ethiopia
can give no intelligible account of its youth and
usefulness. Tiiose monuments are dumb. No Uo-
sotta stone lias unsealed their lips. We know from
Egyptian records, tliat tlie Pharaohs carlv invaded
I An
c
i<
l)e
loso
in:
"71
(64)
sr
ETHIO: lA AND THK PUCENICIANS.
^\S
tlu! territory, subjuj,',tluil tin. j^oplo anil eiiriclied
tlieir own country with the truusiires of the vaii-
(juislic'd.
l-'runi sciiilcrud iind hricl' mention liere and tliere
in the remotest aires of history, it iseviilent that the
Etliiopians were a warliive (.eoiile. and atone time
masters of the naviiration of the Heii Sea, and a part
of the iieninsiiia of Arabia. 'I'hey were indeeil eon-
([uered by Kjrypt. but hiter. wiien Ki;y|)t'...eon(iueror,
('and)yses, attempted to extend liie sway of tiie
Mede.s and Persians to that eountry, lie failed. Nat-
ural barriers were more potent, however, than hu-
man i)rowess.
At one [termi of Eiryptian history the nionarchs
of that country were Etliiopians. This C'ushite dy-
nasty furnished three kinus. Sabbakon, JSoveehus,
and Tarakus, the latter called in the Hebrew histo-
ry, Tirhakah. In the reign of Psammetiens, the
entire warrior easte of Egypt migrated to Ethiopia
and became the military instructors of tlie jjeople.
Tiie Ethiopian kings w^re elected. The electors
were the priests, for there, as evervwhere, the church
sought to rule the state. A singular custom i)re-
vailed. If tl.c eccdesiasties wanted a change in the
administration they disj)atehed a courier to the mon-
arch with orders to die. So jjotent was su|)erstition
and priestcraft, that this mandate apfwars never to
liave been resisted until as late as the reign of the
second Ptolemy. During that sovereign's rule in
Kgyjit, Ergamcnes, of Ethiopia, received orders to
1 An Ktliii]|Man priiierSH tiiuiliin! in n/il<i>ix/r<im, or car drinvn liy ox-
en. ',' OviT liiTis a Hurt (if iiinliivlhi, :) An utti'iidant. 4 Tlu' clmr-
ioteer or ilrivtr.
Ik! his own executioner. Unt he was a (ireek })hi--
losopher by eihication, and instead of meekly obey-
ing, he slew the priests and instituted a new religion.
This country, called als',< Meroe, was no! averse to
female sovereignty, if a stranger to female sutlragc.
More than one (pieen ruled tne land of C'ush. The
(^leen of Sheiia is supposed to have been one of the
.numl)er, and certain it is that Candace, who made
war upon Augustns CiBsar, was one of the most,
illustrious sovereigns of antiipiity, scant as is our
knowledge of lier. She was indeed defeated by the
world-con(|uering legior.-J "f Home, but she was able
to secure terms of jwaee which were highly honora-
ble, and in strong contrast with the tragic fate of
Cleopatra.
It is highly jjrobaljle that Ergamenes introiluceil
the worship of .fehovah, among other gods, for un-
der (^ueen Candace (the second probably of this
name) we Iind, from the Acts of the Apostles, that
her Secretary of the Treasury, as the officer v,-(,uld
be called in this country, traveled by chariot to Jeru-
salem for pur^joses of worshii). The accoiint rc| -
resents him as reading the scriptures as he jour-
neyed (the Septuagiut, probably), and as having
been converted to Christianity by Philip,
T'races of the Christian religion are to be found in
Ethiopia, ])ut the Ethiopians took more readily lot lie
worshi() of Islam's pro[)het than to the fellowship of
Jesus of Nazareth. That once grand and powerful
eountry lung since lapsed into barbarism and ceased
to possess interest or importance.
We cannot better close this account of Ethiopia in
its relations to antiquity than Iv; q\u)ting Ur. Tay-
lor's comments upon its arts, commerce and Mianu-
factures: •• The pyramids of Ethiopia, tliough in-
ferior in size to those of Middle Egyj)t, are said to
surpass them in iiichiteetural beauty, and the seiiul-
chors evince tla^ greatest jairity of taste. Hut the most
important and striking [)roof of the progress of the
people in the art of l)uilding is their knowleilge and
emj)loymentof the arch. T'he Ethiopian vasesdepict-
cd on the monuments, though not richly ornamental,
display a taste and elegance of form that has never
been surpassed in sculpture and cidoring. Theedi-
Hces of Meroe, though not so profusely adorned, riv.il
the choicest s|K'cimciis of Kgyptian art. It was the
enlreiKit of trade between the North nd the South,
betwi'en the Kast and the West. It does not aiijK'ar
that falirics were woven in Ethiopi.i as extensively
as in Egypt; Imt tlie nnuuifactures of metals must
have been at least as flourishing ]5ut Meroe owed
its greatness less to the produce of its soil ur its fac-
N,?
II
..^[•tmilf^tUi
i9IW*rac,-*i?H-^-^«^*«^ v«=> ^-.
1}
i
^
'k
66
ETHIOPIA AND THE I'HCKNICIANS.
lories tliiiii to its position on tiic inlcrst'ct-ion ol' tlio
le:uiin;j ("iniviin-rontos of uncicnt comrniTcu. 'I'liii
^'H^iit. cliiinLrcs in tiicso linos of trudc, tiic dovastii-
lionsof sncct'ssivi' colli int'i'ors. ami rcvoliil ions, iJio
wifli Knjjfiaiid wliicli lu^ffaiioarly in 1S(;,S. In a few
iiionLlis llie('on((m;st, wasconi[)k'to, and ratlicr llian
yii'ld to Sir Hobort Xajiier's doiiiand for uncon-
ditional siuTciidcr, Tiicodorc ('(.iniiiiittod suicide.
fanatieisin of tlie Saracens, and t lie desi met ion of ' Marly in liis reiirii lio liad shown some lii<di mialitics
tiie fertile soil by t.lio cncroaclmionts of tiie desert-
sands, arc causes siiHicic ) t- for the ruin of siicii a
])o\\erful cinpii'i'. Its decline was ]irol)al)ly aceek^-
rated liv the iiressnreof the nomad iioriles, wiio took
adxaiilaii'e of its weakness to plunder its defeiisidoss
cil izeiis."
if statesmanship, and iiisjiired the hope tiiat Ethi-
opia would oneo more hecoiiK! a fairly pros|H'roii.s
country : but that hope was doomeil to disapjjoiiit-
iii(!iit. (ioiahir, the caiiital and chief city, once had
a pojmlation of 00,00(1, but now it lias liardly more
than one-tenth of that ir.in.ber.
C'outt of Tyri'.
Tiie ]io[)ulalioii of Aliyssinia, the jiresent Etliio-
pia, so far as there is a mo(lerii couiiM'y corresjiond-
iiii:- to ancient. ('u<ii,is aiiout l-.'.(iii().(i(i(l. Tiie cum-
.non peoplt' arc industrious liusiiandmen, liid(Uiiriii^'.
for I lie most part, to I lie Ai)yssiniaii Ciiurcli, aliraneli
of (Jliristianity wliicli retains tlie < >ricnlal rite of cir-
cunioision, as 'lo less liiiidiiiL^ tlian liaptisin and tlie
sacrament <if vii ; Lord's Supper. 'I'lie irovt'riimenl
is an absolute n.onarciiy. In IS.")."), Tiieodore II.
was crowned kin<r of Abyssinia, and under him tlio
country came into considerabk' jiromiiieiice. lie
conceived tiie idea of coii(|uerinic I'lirypt. Tliis really
eliimerical idea, and the iniprisoimient of certain
Britisli subjects, linally imolvcd 'I'licoilore in a war
I'lui'iiiciawas an insigniticant, trietof hinil \v. tlio
iiort:li of Palestine, aloiiij the coast of the .Mediter-
ranean Sea, of uncertain extent. A i)lain twenty-
eight miles in lengtli and averaging al)oiit one mile
in wiillh, constituted iMio'iiicia projier, lii'mined in
lietween liie sea and tiie mountains. Later, the lerni
applied to a strip of country \'-H) miles long and
some twenty miles wide. The uioilcrn Ueirut is
witliin its limits. So were the old cities of J'.yblus,
Tripolis, and Aradnu.s. But the cities which imido
it illustrious were I'yre and Sidon, or Zidon. prover-
bial in the days of our Savior for their wickedness.
Both wt^re great commercial cities, less than twenty
miles distant from each otlicr. The modern name
\
jr-
l,v-
111
inu
id
is
us,
liido
Ivcv-
Ik'ss.
luno
-A.
ETHIOPIA AM) THE HHOiNlCIANS.
67
ol" Ridon is Saida. Tyro is now in iiltor ruin. It
was overt lir-nvn hy AloxaniltT tlie (J real, and its
dt'striution jJi-oparcMl the way for t.lio supremacy
(if Alexandria. .Vil tlio otliur cities of l'li(enicia
acii'iiled ill'.' (Jrecian yoke witliouta strn;,'jfl('. 'i'yro
retrained somewhat its ancient ]iros))crity, hut, never
its relative iiM|Kirtance. lis coni|ilcle destruction
occurred diiriim tlie C'rusailes. The [teojiie hecanie
convinced that- tlieir position vras a most unfortu-
natt' OIK', hein;.'' especially liable to military dejiri'da-
lion.and.so, asa X'eni'tiiin historian expresses it," the
'I'yrians, one day at vesjiers, leaving,' the city empty,
without the stroke of a sword, without the tumult
of war. embarked on iioard their vessels and sailed
awav, no more to return.*' That was a jirocetMlini^
eminently in keepinir with the l'li(unician spirit of
adventure. Tliev had alwavs been a sea-faritiir peo-
pic.
They dwelt alouiT a coast indented with llarbor^ and
ba\s, well Mipplied with timber suitable to -liippin;:
purpose-. The famous "Cellars of Lebanon" beloriLreil
to. ami lari^'ely explain the marilimc enterprise of,
till' l'h(enicians. Then' cities were not parts cif one
!:reat empire; but freeand iiidepciideiit states, joined
tojiether by the loose tie of a confederate Icairue,
Sidoii beiiii;' the head-center at lirst. ami aflerwi.rds
Tvre. The people uere sailors and nn'rcliauts, and
till' iliviilini;' line between piracy and commeroo was
vauue and uncertain.
'J'he earliest authentic history of the IMi(enieiaiis.
is the account of the reluii of Abica of Tyre (B. ('.
lono). That was in the days of David, ills son
and heir. Hiram, was a broad-minded sovereiirn. as
his negotiations with David nnd Solomon show.
I'nder liiui, Tyre w." •> the eoninicreiul eapital of the
world. One hundred and fifty years later, Carthaui'
was founded. It was an ulTtshuot yi" Tyre, and
.served an important purpose in the westward exten-
sion of commerce. Its strii.Lr.i-de with Rome for the
sui)rennK'y of the world belongs to a later jR'riod of
this history.
Aiiart from that struggle, known as the I'unie
Wars, the IMio'iiii'ians were content to coniine their
ambition to the water. That was their element.
Of course they had a large land trade, for it was
i necessary to their inercjhant marine. That trade
; had three branches, — the .Vraliian, which included
the Egyptian, and that with the Indian seas; the
Habylonian, or the heart of f"enlral .Vsia and North
India; the Armenian, including what would now be
ealled Southern Russia. What their ships did was
to 1)1 I'ige the watery gulfs, which neither camels nor
the fragile boats of the Xile could cross, and thus
maintained eonimereo between jieoples otherwise
isol;iled from each other. Vast caravans from
" Araby the Blessed"' iirought frankincense, myrrh,
cassia, gidd, and precious stcnu^s. cinnamon, ivory,
eiiony.and similar merchandise. Jjike the Jew of
to-day, the l'h(eiiician was to be found wherever
there was money to bo made in tratlic. and since
commerce is the great au'encv in tla^ advancement
of civilization, the corsairs of Tyre and Sidon were,
in elT(^ct, however mercenarv their designs, the great
evangi'lists of anti(|uily, missionaries of learning
and progress. They submitted to Nebuehailni'zzar
without serious ri'sistance, and later, to Persia, but
all the while maintained commercial liberty, 'i'lie
payment of tribute was exact(Ml and complied with.
All along tho Mediterranean. I'laenician colonies
were established, and trading-posts grew into cities
These colonies «ere to be found on either shore, iiik
on mainland and island. They even imshed theirad-
veiit u roil skei'ls through the straits of ( iiiiralt a r, estab-
lishing trade with the liritons and the Scandinavians.
Kr'm'iffliBI"- '"iiii '■!-* Tail f"*™
^^^5**^*^*'!^?i^^r*«P*w^::**'?? '
&±
iiiijiiii j iiiii I »i 111 ! iii IIP
li
>
P
'1^ ♦
CHAPTER X.
iV PEctiLiAii PEOIM.E— The Fatiiehiiooi) <iv Aim.MiAM I'ltciM Isaac to Mobes— TnE Great Law-
liivEii— The I'f:Rioi) of the .Iiixies— Saii, ash David— Solomon; Kino. Poet and Piiii.oso-
Kii— DisrxioN AND Srii.ricATioN— The Kkstohation and the Maicaiiees- Indek the
HoMAX lioD- 'I'lEE DesTIvIITION OF .IeUISAI.EM -PeK?<E( I'TION IN DlSPEHSION—I.Ml'llOVED CON-
DITION OF THE .Ie\V><— JEi.ISAI.EM No l.ONOEIl THEIll DuKAM OP PaIIADIHE.
HE object (if this cliiiptcr is
t(i 1)rino- to iiiind I lie iihm'k
iiii|)()rt;ui1 rcalun's (if scrip-
tiiral iiistdVv.iiiKl siicii iiiii-
toriiil Ij'iiiis ;iii(i c'xpi'i'ic'iicf.s
us tiirow lii^lit tliorcMipoii,
rosiTviiig for another eon-
nectioii tliat (.Towiiiiiir irlorv of
tlio Jews, Jesus Christ and his
mission. Ciiristianity belonsrs to
tlie present, albeit its roots draw
nourishment from the jiast. A
Ilelirew chronoloo'ieal tabl(! will
lio^ lie found in the Tables of Ik'fer-
^>e ' .'..ces.
in lakiuijr h jft'nerul survey
of the wh(de world, past and
nationality stands out eonspie-
distinetive c'iiaracteristies. The
,h'v>i are that nationalit.y. Tiiey are indeed " a
peeuliar p(tople." l)esj)ised and perseeuted, dis-
persed and maligned for nearly two thousand
years, tiiey renuiiu steadfast and apart, clingini^
with tireless tenaeity to their immemorial customs,
the Hebraic blood unmixed and pure, always and
everywhere. AVherever found (and they are almost
iibi(|uitous) they are as distinctly ''the children of
Israel'' as if intermarriao'e with otiier mitions were
an absolute impossiltilitv. With a history as s[(e-
cific as if it were the record of u day, they take us
back to the very foundation of all t'xistence. and
siuiw us the founder of the nation, Abraham, in his
relations to tiie wliole human family, lie was an
present, one
nous for its
-./^^i:^; r-^ .;»j|y\vliilV4
Au Arub Shuik.
Aral) Siieik and i)elonge(l to a tribe of Hedouin
slicpherds, which sacriliced their iirst-born to a|i-
pease tlu; gods of tludr idolatry. Abraham, wlio
was born about 15. C. ^vdt), eujoini'd upon his de-
scendants the substitution of a sacriticial bc^ast for
a liunnin being, assuring them that he did so by the
express eoninuind of .leliovah, whom they should
worshij) in all singleness of devotion. Tiie story of
the rescue of Isaac iiv divine interoosition is told
0*. -
pri
ha^
Ara.'J
to
witi
tr IK
nio-|
niajj
Jro(l
i.I
eal
not^
( fxS )
I
^
THE
JEWS.
()(,
1^
with niinntciicss, and must have imxluccd a pro-
found inipri'ssion. Then, Ion, ho look euro to w-
niovu to a ro^rioii of country ri'iuoto from hi.s ances-
tral lioini'. WhuM, in hilur tiuu;, the liistory of tho
Jews he;(an to be written, the recford wius carried
l)aok to the very morning of ei'eati(jn, and each gen-
eration given from Adam down, together witii
nnuiy details, sucli as tliesacriliceof Aliel, t lie wick-
edness of tho antediluvians, tiio l»eliige, the Tower
of Babel, and other incidents too familiar to ho
mentioned hero, but all of which, taken together,
tended to strengthen the hold upon the children of
Abraham of tiie religious changes instituted, and
out of which the distinetive nationality of the Jews
grow, by a gnuUial ])rocess of devcloi)nient. The
oneness of the Deity, and Abraham's abhorrence of
Ininnui sacrifices, may be called the Joachim and
Boaz of the Hebrew tenii)k', the parcn., thoughts of
the very nation itself. Isaac did not make any
marked contribution to the nationality. He lacked
the vigor and the personal power of his father Abra-
ham, and his sou Jacob, or Israel. 'Uiie latter saw
Arrival of Jacob's Fiimily in KKypt.
liis somewhat numerous family, with their vast
ilocks, comfortably (juartered on tho rich pastures of
Lower Egypt — (ioshen — while one of the sons was
prime nuiuster of tiiat great kingdom. That must
liavc Itoen a proud day for the patriarch. But he
was not unmiiulful of tho groat mission of fidelity
to Jehovah which his grandfather inaugurated, and
with his dyin- breath lie besought hisoiiildren tol)0
true to the great trust of nationality l)0(jueatheil to
them. His eye of faith saw his descenilant:; wend-
ing their way back from Hgypt to Canaan, tiiero to
nnike trial of a pure theocracy. It was four iiun-
drcd years before tiiat hojio was realized. Some
idea of what tho Jews learned during those centu-
ries may bo inferred from a j^orusal of Egyptian
history, llow much of that time viiis sjient in sla-
very wo know not, but it is safe to say that the lie-
brows !iad the full benefit of tiie discipline of bond-
age, and also of a.ssociation t»n terms of amity witii
the most ci\ilized [)oople tiien on I lie globe, and
tinit by the time thoy returned to Palestine they
wert ineomiiarably better prepared for tiie responsi-
bilities of nationality than they would have been
hiul they remained wandering sheiiherds, dwelling
in touts and seeking new pasturage as immediate
wants might dictate.
Moses was a greater genius than Joseph, or any
of his ancestors. Ho was a thorough scholar, famil-
iar with all tho learning of tho day, and the laws,
customs, and history of Egypt. To learning he
added reflection. It was not in vain that ho foil tho
lloeks of Jethro forty years. During those years of
seclusion ho had time for meditation and the devel-
opmont of vast ideas. When, at length, the time
came for him to lead tho Hebrews out of btmdage,
he was i)rei)ared to bo their great lawgiver. What-
ever view one may take of inspiration, it must bo
conceded that the preliminary experience of Mosts
was admiralily iulapted to prepare him for tho great
work in hand, ami here it may bo well to say that it
would be improper in a work of this kind toeuter at
all u[)on the discussion of the inspiration of the Bi-
ble or the sjiocial interposition of Provitleiuo! in Jew-
ish affairs.
Counting the years of captivity in Babylon, the
Hebrew nation dwelt in Canaan about fifteen litin-
dre(t years. It was B. C. 14oU when they crossed
Jordan e(|uipped with an elaborate code of laws and
system of worship. It was to he a theocracy, tho
government ai'knowledging no king but Jeiio\ah,
the priesthood being the nearest approach to royalty.
Moses was not the founder of a <lynasty. l"'rom in-
fancy to manhood tho adopted child of a king's
daughter, ho still had no sympathy with tho iionip,
pageantry and luxuries of court. He tried to pre-
serve the Hebrews from such an incubus. For a
few hundred years the experiment of a pure theoc-
racy, with k'adeis called " Judges," worked well ; at
least, it gave satisfaction; but the people finally
wearied of such Arcadian sinij)licity. There were
fifteen ,)>'dges, ending with Samuel, anil including
one wom.Mi, Deborah, and that strongest of men,
Sanisor.. That was a period of much conflict and
not inich real jirogress. The books of .Joshua aii'l
-h t
iddBBn
Mi >
w
TO
Till': I lows.
.hiil^cs reveal In ii- a |ieii|)le tin I lie liriiik cil' uller
liarli,irisiii, sunk in I he iie|iili-: nf iLriiniMnee. anil in
iinniineni iJanLi'ei' nf ia|i,-inL; |iei'nianenl ly inln iilnja-
li\. It uasal the liei^MiminL.' nl' llie lil'leenl li een-
lur\ liefun' Cliia-I, tlial .Insluia led tln^ |pec)|i!e
aeiip-s .lurdan, and the last i>\' llie e|e\enlli eenlnrv
\\\u'\[ SaiMIU'l. llie last (if (lie jildu'es. d(divured ll|t
llie I'eins III' Lruverimient. 'Vo thai iperind iMdnie^'ed
ilelidrali willi her -iiiii;-. (iidenii and hi> hand, .leiili-
lhah and his dauuiiter, ami Sai .11 ih" sinai^': il'
so familiar (i> l lie ri'ader as In call l'(ir (Hily I he liriel'-
est iiienl ieii.
The tir^l Uinir. Saul, was e\idenlly ehuseii fur liis
L'reat slalure. wliili' his siieee^sor, l>a\id, was lUiiaii
(if Licnius. l-"inni llie eharaeler L;'i\en Saul une is
iiiil ^urpn-ed ihal he failed In fnuinl a dyiia-^ly.
David is s|Miki'H {i( as a man afier (lixj's nwii heart,
liv wliieli il. i< not iui|ilied that |)eii\ a|i|iriiveil the
main wfdiiL;- he did, liul that ln' was the riirht kind
n( man to (leveluji tlie rude lii'hrews iiitn ail iiii-
iMirtaid iiat inn. anil irain fur that |ie(i|ile reeiiniiitiun
aiihini;- the family nf iiatinn^. Il \\a~ diiriiiL' the
reiirn of this suvei'ei'jn liiat llie .lews were ahle lo
.-eeiire di|iliiniat il- eiiiineel inn wifli E'i'yiit. IMueiiieia
and 111 her iial iniis in I he \ ieinily. I )a\ id was a ::real
Hari'iiir. a Irue slale-man. and a Lrnnd pnet. Ileliad
a Versatile L;'i'iiiu-. Some nf hi- |i<aliii- ari' tiMimil-
iiarv and \elienienl In suit ihepre-enl tasle. hut
the inile|iendelice of liolli liraiielies nf llie Hebrew
natinii, aliniii fniir huiidreil years, the .lews dn iint
seem In ha\e made much |iriiLrress. TheN ceitainlv
made 111) iiii|pressiun u{inn llu; outside world. It. was
a eniislant. warfare helweeii Pimintheism and jmly-
tliei-^m. The jieniiie seemed to he infalliated with
nther religions, an I in |ier|petual jierilof losin;,M heir
peculiar ideas, and of nier;fii:ir in | he <'omnioii herd
of idida 'v. I'liit I I'll 'ty in Haliv Imi cured tlieiii
"f all ih- jin-ili'/-. ,1 fo aki' .lelidViili. 'I'lis was a
very reiaa' i^alde '.icf, i|.iii.' iiie\|plieiil)le. iiideud ; lull
wha'i ,er ill I'l'iiMU. 'I is eerlain that those .Fews
\rlio return. ' 'in ii.c i|itivity ucre cured of all
leuniiii,' towards ill her A few of the older
jieople could remcmher the old eitv nf .lerusalem
with it< mairiiilieenl teliijile. and the Imrrnrs nf the
sietre, the rek'iit less eruidtyof Nehiichadne/xar. and
the sins for which the |ien|ile were |iuiiislied. IJiit
for the iiinsi jiarl. all was new to the restort'd |ieo-
]ple. It is tlioiii,dil. Iiy many that, llie .lews had no
literature hel'ore this lime. I hat iheliistorv. laws,
and |ioetry of the nalioii had liceii |ireservei| and
handed down orally, hut this i.- not proliahle. Il, is
no doiilii true, however, that coniact, for two i,'cner-
alinn< uiili the learned and pidisliod Hiihvloiiiiiiis.
had heen of incalculalile advanlai^e tn them, and
very likely (inriiniis nf I he hislnry were written for
the lirst lime li\ \v/.vu. the serilie. His miiiut is
lliat he iseiitilled Inhi'jh rank in the world of pne- hnriie hv oiiK one honk, and ^cM'ial hooks an
-\ IS iiiilisiiulalile,
A~
-late<iiiaii ho was loo i aiionvmous.
\v mav liave wihieii tliose. and edited
much de\ nted to his o\\ n iiartieular trihe, .rudah. in i new edit ions, as we say, of all tln^ Ilelirew literatim:
(lie. The disnicm- of that dale, and all hut a few of the minor propli-
inelion t mill l-racl a- a wli
di-l
liermeut (if tlu' kini^dnm follnwed al llii' dc, h nf ets antedated M/.ra.
his suceessnr and smi, Snlnmnll.
Tl
le naliiiii was
Several (if the lionks of the I'lilile relate lO tli
never reunited pnlil iealK , hut all trihal distinct ions ' ('aptivily and the rcsloral ion, after which the I'.ili-
were aii'es aiio ohiiier.ited, and it i- impossihle lo i lical record is almost .silent. Tlmsc of the minor
discriininate liet ween the .lews jirnper and the 'IV'ii j prophets, which lieloiiy to the later period, throw
Trill
I'l'ljS
iinon was another irreat iicniii.-
lie iirnv-
verv little histnrical liLdit. Il
U, (■
,i.)(i
that the Ilelirews were autlmri/'.ed hv Cvrus in re-
ttrihuted In him may he a cnllectinn n( ua- . turn to .ludea, and many of them did return under
tioiial ]iroverl>s. hut the soim' which hears his name the leadership of Zeruhhahel, Thev formed a I'er-
atieslsthe exuherance of his voiiihful ima'/iiia- ' sian prii\ inco or sat rajiy, and so remained for over
lion, while the I'ieelesiasles attests the pr(jfoiiiid ; two hundred years, the liiirh |iriests heiiii,' alloweil
philnsnphy of hi- old aire. The yoiinu: m;'!' who to act as ^'over
iiors, usiia
Iv. The V
ol'Ce ol i'ersiii
could Sill'' nnlv nl Inve, and wlm lia
d ever'
ippor-
I Ulll
tv tor eiijoyment, reenrded in his old ai^e the
was liulil, Alexander I he (li-eat received the siili
mission of .Ii'rusalem, and after his death I'tolemv
Iter vanity of earth. He was the great }i()Ot and Soter 1( (jk the city, carryiiiir away one hundred
the one philiiMipher nf old .Tudea,
l-'riiiii the death nf Snliimnii to the overthrow >i\'
thniisand ca|ilive.s. J[t'iict'forlli, lint il the liinnans
came inln pos-cssinii t>\' il.. ludea was the prey
V
val(j
pe;
li/i
man
lie J
aiinil
ndi)
.•ii:aiil
iiiii
■d
piirpif
( tlu'
r.ih-
lilMll-
III n'-
liiiili'i'
I'cv-
dVl'l'
lo'.Vfil
Iciiiy
|iiilr>'ii
liinMii;^
\
<i- —m^
iiii; iKws.
71
,,f i'i> :il iiiiwiTs, nn« K-\|il ami 110 , >\i-i:i. Ami- ' liloodv ina-isacic I'lillownl. lli'ivnl was .-iicci'ssliil.
(.(•Ill iinl llic I'tiilciiii.'s t:ivchMi ii. ami rac.'ii 'I'liis iiiliiiiiiaii tvraiil ilii'il i" \'>.<'. :>. ami liis siic-
llm,, I IJH'V hail a >laim ii|iiiimI. Iii1>. C. jil'.l. ccssnf, Ardiciaus. vras I lie I liTml who .-.laU'.'litcn'il
Anil" i.iis !'!|iiiiliaiirs 1.1' S\ria inuk .11 nl |iliimli_'rr' : the iiiiinn'iil-;. in 1 lie llcmli-li licijir nf killiiiLj lln' in-
1 'ii \ I'l' .Icnisaji'h . niassa<Tri| \a.-l niiniliri's uf faiil .Ic^ii-. in A. I). •'>, lir was lianislicil I'm' his
lla ,. itplt'. ■H'll ili'-rci'aicil ihr hiiK |ilaci'- Thi' , cnii'll ir<. 'I'lun 1 he scrpU'r (Icparlril IVom .ludca,
siuiril ,(M'Vcn .imrr than I 111' i-nii'liirs nt thi'Svri- ' ami llif iirxi, nilcr was a liniiian l'niciii-al(ir.
an I, spoilers anmsiMl ihi' ii:''iiiiiil iiiiliu'iialiun. AiiiuiilT ihr lalter riiliTs was I'mii iiis I'ilalr. In
'i'lic Ma(M'al>"aii \' ,1,, rujluwcd, in whiih llic .lews A. I >. :i I, AL;ri|i|i;i was iiuult' kini; ol' .Imlca. bul.
unili'V ihi' MactMhcc's shmvcil ■j:vvM, hcroisiii and I ujion his death, seven voiirs hitur, tlic prD-uoiisiil of
.IiTiiMilcin, from
valor. Under .Iiidas Macciihees, favnruhlc teriiisof
peaeo wiTO secured . lasting;, however, only 11 short
time. The S\rian power was iri'esist.ihh^ hy llio
.lews. When (K. ('. ViU) I'onipey the (Ireitt de-
manded the siihinissioii of the. lews to itoniaiisuay
he was hailed as a deliverer, ihit. a few years later
aiiiiiher liiiiiian, ('rassiis. plundered the teiiiple.
rnliliinir it of \a-i treasures. Ti-ouhlous times
iiLTaiii prevailed. The A-iiiodeaii fainily ruled as
siilijert kiiiL^rs, and had done so fiu' over one hini-
dred years, hut, iu li. (!. o*,, ili'rod led ii Uoiuau
army in iiu assiiiilt u])oii .lerusalem for the avowed
.jiiirposo of dethroniiiLr I he ruling' ihiiasty. .\
.Mdiiiit of nlivrs.
Syria hiul Jtidcu within his jurisdiction, and it iia.s
baun ii part: ol' Syria ever since.
In A. !>. tit), a rehelliou broke out. au'ainst K(i-
iiiaii authority in Ca'saiea, a city established by
the iionians ainonn' the .Ji'ws. X'espasiaa marched
(;o,(i(i(l soldiers into .hidea to (piell tin; tiprising.
■M'ler 1 wo vears of ineU'eetiial wart'are hostilities
were suspi'nded nntil A. J). 7(), when Titus, the sou
of N'espasian (the latter heiui;' then i'lmpei'or of
iioine) laid sie^'e to the city, and after a d(!sperato
rusisiauce to(jk it. So stubborn iiad been the de-
fenso that 'I'itus dotortnined to destroy the Jews,
root and brancii. He razed their sacred eit v to the
9
m
- fff^^ i- l t-m^mx^mf ' i f ^' ^■ ■ ^ ^■,....,^. ^
A
I
^
7T
72
THE JBWS.
grouiiil mill ilispcrscd tlio poojilo. From tliis time
on tlicy luivc lici'ii a nut Ion witliout a count r\.
Till' liisloryof tiiuJinTS in disiRTsion is tlu! story
of cniclty iinii injiislicu ciiiTicil to tiiu utmost vit^c.
Uonii' |ii'rs('(;utc(l tlicni Iicciiusl' tiicy were sucli imlt-
i(l iuliiui'L'iits to tiiu worsiiiji of .IcIiomiIi, to tiic I'x-
cliisiou of nil other doitii't". It was tlii' custom to
ilcify the (Icail cmjx'mrs, ami pay to them certain
liomafje. which to a lleiiruw would he idolatry. To
the iioinan jjovernmeiit, refusal to worship as |)re-
scrihed hy the authorities was treason. The Jews
were free to worship their own (lod in their own
way. and the Roman mind could not see wiiy they
sliould oliject t<i payinj? the prescribed respect to
the memory of deceased emperors. Out of this
state of alTairs gri'W hloody jierseeutions wliicii con-
tinued down to the days of Constuntine. The
Christians could appreciate the conscientious scru-
ples of the Ilelirews. Indeed, they share<l them,
and were herein on a common level with them.
Thev. ti)(i, hiul lieen persecuted nnich and often for
refusal to conform to the religious rc(iuirements of
the State. Hut none the less, they i)roved more
cruel in their treatment of the Jews than the pa-
gans had. It was for a very ditTerent reason. In-
stead of being very grateful to them for being the
" l»eculiar i)eople" from whom they had derived
their sacred book, their Deity and their Savior,
the Christians seemed only to remember that Jesus
Christ was crucitied at the instigation of a .Jewish
mob. T'hat all the jiatriarchs, proj)hets and apos-
tles from Abrahatn to Paul were Jews, and even
the Lord himself, hml no mollifying influence. All
through the ages the Jews were persecuted by the
Christians, and in tliis day there is a strong popu-
lar prejutlice against them all over Christendom,
on account of one act of mob violence.
There has been a gradual i!..i..oM;ii... t in public
sentiment towards the Jews, and for the most jiart
the laws discriminating against them have been re-
pealed. The progress iniulo by thcni in attaining
the front rank in all the higher walks of lift; is
phenomenal. Tiiey hold the jjurse-st rings of com-
merce and linance generally, to such an extent that
they nniy be called the bankers of the world.
There are a great nniny Uothsehilds (Jii a snniller,
yet largo scale. In music the Hebrew genius has
excelled. In statecraft the children of Israel aro
pre-eminent. In every civilized aud half-eivilized
laml they are a nation within a nation, a peoj)le
within a people, neither seeking nor allowing as-
similation with their neighbors. There are no in-
dications of any tendency toward (Jentilism.
It ;uay bo lulded that since the rod of oppression
iuis been broken, the Israelites show no longing to
return to Palestine. On the contrary, they have
a keen scent for any land " flowing with milk
and honey," offering good opportunities for busi-
ness, and modern Canaan is sterile and uninviting.
Originally shepherds, then slaves in l)rick-kilns,
later farmers, they are now wholly given to traflic
and all the different phases of exchange, with every
trace of the agriculturist obliterated from the na-
tional character. It has lieen justly observed by a
modern Hebrew writer that " the majority of in-
telligent Israelites in the present liave long since
abandoned the work of building up an independ-
ent national existence of their own. Their jia-
triotism lias been illustrated upon all the great
battlefields of this century. The achievement of
higher conduions of human life they are disposed
to regard as the fulfillment of Messianic prophecy,
and the furthering of this end in intimate xmion
witn their fellowmen Jis the highest dictate of
their religion." To the United States government is
duo the high honor of being the flrst Christian na-
tion to accord the Jews absolutely full and eipial
rights before the law. and the example of this nation
was eminently helpful ty them iu securing their
rights iu other lauds.
^.^ivAUUii' i ■"■
JUmUU A^iif^^« A^.^&iL!i
r II
',^
ami
mij
tiaj
-|Ui,
• •rail
pa.-
sili,|
tail
(■ast|
cahll
'i (he
clasfi
lUUIIIIIIUIIUIHIHHIIIIIUIIIIHIIHIIIIIIIIIinHIUIHIIIIHIIIIIimlHHIHIIIIIIIHHIUtlHIIIHUHIHIHINIHnNIINIilllMlilMIMIII
HEBREW LITERATURE AND SECTS.
IIIIUIIIIIiaUIIIWUIUUIIIHIIIIUMIIIIIIilllHIIIIIINHIIinilUIIIHIWIUIIIIIUIUUIIimilllllUUIIIIIHMIIIIIIIIIIIHMHHHIl^
~^T^'
>Ut<^uuuyji J
^(i)'^
S2WM
CIIAl'-rER XI.
^
TllK iNTAMMIil.K IN .Ik\V1-.|I IllsTIHlV 'I'llK IIkIHIKW III III. K Til K SKI'Tl'AdI V T— ThK 'I'MMt II-
SADIII'i I IS AMI I'llVlili'KKi l'.s.'<KNK«— Tt>TIMl>Ny "P I'l.lN V -I'lll l.o ciN TllK K«SKNK!« —
JOSKI'IU « (IN .iKWIll Ski IS — TllK ClIA^'MMM — I'KLIX Alll.KIl UN TllK jKWrl IN I.ITKIUTIIIK
ANu or To-UAY.
^fe(^
\l
^^tO^' ■<7^VUi,
\IK chapter iuiiiiodiatiily
jirccuiliiiL,' I Ik; jirrsi'iil ouu
uas (k'Votud In llic oiil-
wiinl facts (if .Jcwisli liis-
torv, oiiiittiii;^' siicli drtails
as Ik'Iuii!^ iiicru ainiriipri-
alrly in lla' lalmlar stato-
iiicals yi.'t to hu imMlf, also vcserv-
iiig for a later oliuptrr Christ aiul
f'iiriHtiaiiity. Tho J-'oiiiiiU'r of
our ruligioii was imlued a Jew hy
nativity, but lio was also a part of
_ ihiMioniau Enijiiri'. Tlic Jews
^1 (f^' Ls;^ have \)vvn and arc a Tiii;.dity jiow-
'd'Ss^/^o t'l' ill Ihi' worlil, apart from thuir
yt'.'A^fa''^ uatiiiiiaiity and tlio rLdigioiiwliii.ii
v-^.i
■c.
m-'
lias hci'u addptc'il hy tiio civilized
worlil. .ludaisui must ho cla-ssed
aiiiuug the supremo forces of maiikiiid. One
might he entirely familiar witii Bihlioal and Ciiris-
tiaii history without forming auytliing like an ado-
([uato conception of Jewish influence upon the gen-
eral course of events. While tiiis volume may well
pass hy many important matters, upon the sujijio-
sitiun that tiio reader will consult his Hihle for de-
tails (if Hebraic history, there are phases of the
case wiiicli servo to exidaiu the otherwise inexpli-
cable potency of the Hebrew nation upon which
tiic sacred record throws but very little ligiit. Thi.s
class of facts will occupy our main attention in
tills conneoTinn. Bui upon tho threshold of our
presc'iit subject is tlie book of books — the Hiblc.
The Old 'restanieiit is held in c(|ual reverence by
Jews and Christians. In each of those great
churches some hold that volume to he tiie word of
(iodintlie fullest sense, while others see in it simply
the most important part of the lileratiirc! of a re-
markable people. 'I'hoOld 'reslanient, as it is held
hy Protestants, consists of thirty-nine hooks, orig-
inallv written in Hebrew. Their age is iiiicerlaiii
in many cases. The oldest manusi-ript of the Old
'restament which is now known dates from lldO.
It is the opinion of many learned scholars I hat the
laws, history and poetry of the .Tews were never re-
duced to writing until after the Captivity. Others
again, contend tiiat Closes left lichiud him a body
i.f laws, and a history n]i Id date, to which anony-
mous writers added from time to time, and this lat-
ter theory is more consistent with the representa-
tions of the Bible itself and with what is known of
the Jewish ])eople.
AnioiiEf the literary treasures of Alexandria was
a translation into (ireek of the Hebrew Bible. It
is known as the Septuagint, from the tradition
that the translation was the work of seventy per-
sons. The ((notations in the New Testament were
nuu.le, as internal evidence proves, from that rather
than from any original version. It varit'S only
slightly from the Hebrew text.
Next in rank to the Bible stands, in .Tewisli
(73)
5V
m
III
» ;.
H-i
'■ _MJm-^^ m iriiillli •xl.,'. ^1^ .MA..,
^— ' -
t
mCltUKW I.ITEKATUKK AND SKCTS.
ire
( -liiiiiitiiin, till' 'riiliiiiul. Tlii^ isii lihriirv In iNilf.
comiMi.-n'il hv iii:iiiy wriii'i'-* llir"iii.'li ii Inn;,' pi'riod
i>( I mil', t'livcrniL' iln' rniirr ninuf
ll<
lliniiirlii, >|(iritiiiil iiml .'(■(•iilar, witli funic j;r>ili>i|iio
i(lii'ni|ils at si'ici' •('. p'or nianv fcniurii'S it has
\V\\)]r. au'l ImiL' iit'i,'l('i!ti'(l. is (li'>icr\ in;; t'f far ninii'
allcntiDii.
U (' rclVr to tlif I'lss
Tiiat Inil-
iant OHSiivi-it., I).' tiuimu'v. Iial tlic ti'nii'i'il_\ tn \>\i<.
noiiiu'c this siTt a nivlli, nr railicr. ii .xnil «( Ini-
L'fi'v. Ill' niav have hi'en -int'i'if. ailin>n''li tlii.'< is
MTvcd as an aiitlinriiv ii|miii all inattiTs nt' Caitli | u|ii'n tn (Imilit. llinvcvt'i' that nia\ Ik', tin' iiyiMith-
ami ri'liiri'iiis |ii'afi ici' aiiMm',' thr .lews, ami the I'sin is siinjily |iri'|Misici'i)us, 'i'lici'c arr lliri'c ili--
^.Tcat lir..ini'ss uf ihi' iiliic.ilcil |irii'stli(niil was to tiiiut anil nri'.'inal si)uri'i'~ nl' Ivssinir inl'iirnial imi.
asci'i'tain ami niakr knm. n ihr I'niiti'nis of tin' Tal- | narni'ly, i'linv, I'liiln, ami .lii>c|ihus. 'I'hrv ai'i' nut
I'liiiri'ly Iniriniinions, iuii dilTi'i- unl} a- it wnulil be
natural fur tluvi' writrrs to ililTor who luul wiilrly
ilistani |iiiinls i>\' uhsi'rvation. Jusi'iiluis, iu'lnir n
.lr\r wlin ri'sidi'il in .Irrusali'ni. hail the hi'st means
nin
I. Ii
lia< lii'i'h riini|iai'rii In all oi'i'aii uliirh
unlv an i'\|m'I'I iiiarini'i' rmilil navi;,'ati', ami on
wliit'h the nn-kilU'ul an I inrxnrririiri'il wmilil hi'
• t. As a hill
il of nat iiinal nnimi i hi' 'ralmml has
II all 1 111' I'l'i'iir
I. rrmn ( Irlii'sis to Malarhi. mii
hrrii a ;.''i'i'ai [iiiwrr ammii: thr .Irvvs in I lir ilisprr- i uf inl'urinal imi ; I'lins', wlin nii'rrly rrussnl tlu'
-inn aii'l |M'rsi'i'iil imi. luiiiitiy, tln' least ; IMiilu was an Ali'xainlrian ili'w.
riiny. tilt' I'lilrr, hui'ii in \rrnna t wmty-tliri't'
u'ar* at'trr thr (Jhri-iian era KeLran, wmte in tii>
natural histoid this |)a>saire :
" LvillL' tip the West of AsiK'ltetes, ami snilieieiil 1\
n
restaineiit we are eniirronteil \vi
limls nil iiiilieatiiHis nt' seetarianisin. In the \e\r
til I'harisei's ami
Saililiieet's iniliiL'ini,' in all tin' ranenr nt' seetariaii
aniniiisitv. The-
,'ets seem tn ha\e enme inti) ; ilislani t(
lie Its ni>\iiiiis I'xhalat lulls, are llie
existenee hiiween the Kesfuratiun iinlereil hy Cyrns , Ksseiii. a |H.'u|ile that li\e ajiart fruin the ffurlil. ami
ami the siihjii'.Mtiun liv leune. The Sailiiiieees marveluiis almve all ulheis thruiiL'hiint the wliule
were \eiv euiiserv at ive, tenaeimis lor the law-
M
iml oiirtli. t'lir tliev ha
M' nil wmneii aniuiii,' them ; li
iVLrnlat inns 111" Muses, siis|iieiuns ut' any ami every j sexual desire they are straiiuei- : niuney I hey have
tliinir n"t distinetly hased uii the I'l'iitateiieh. The I nune ; the |ialiii-tri'es are their unlv euni|ianiiins.
'liansees were inure ineliiied
1 til aihipl Miisaie
|)av after dav. huuevi'i', their iminliers ari' I'lillv re-
in eiirreiit uiiiiiiuns. In time tiiev eaine lusiihsii- i eriiiti
miillitiides lit' St ran ire rs \iliieh resurt ti
lull' t radii inns nut unly t'nr t he inure ancient law, . them, driven I hit her In adii| it their usages I ly t he tein-
liiit fur the iniii'i' innderii ihniejhi. In the days nf | pi'^ts nf fnrinne. and wearied wiih the miseries uf
III' Sa\ inr the ehief dilTerenee lietweeii theseseets | |if
as nil I he duel riiie nf I he resnri'eet inn and iinmur- iri'.nvd
And thus It is that. tliriiiii.di thnnsands uf ai:e
i In relate, this |ie(i|ili' eternally iiruluiiLie
talitv. The Saddiieees rejeeted Imtli. rimlinir im I their e\is|ciii'c wit hum a simile tiirlh takiiiiT jilare
\rarrai!' fnr either in llie I ks uf Muses, while the
riiarisees aei'e|iti'd and lauL:hl linth. lindiiii.' imth-
iiiL,' iiiriiinst, either in Mn-e« nv ilir uther iiruiiliet.s.
.'sns was uuts|inken
II eril ieism nf linlll. hill nil
their eardimil jiniiit uf dill'erenee he was a I'
le saiiii was true n
irisee.
i'aiil. and all the earlv fa-
inle.'ral is t lie duel riiie nf immnr-
i;
ihei's. Indi'i'ij
tality tn ihe (Jhristiaii idea o\' reliudnii that it i
ditlieiilt In iinderstaml Imw a seel whieli rejeeted
thai dncii-iiii' cniild lir reliLTinus at all. and esjie-
eially linw it cniild he ranked as the emiservat ive
nr iirthndnx liraneli uf the ehiireh. It inav he said
that ( 'hri-l iaiiity ha« never heen Saddiieaieal. Imt
the .lews, a- a LTi'iieral t liiiiLT, are. and I'hurisaism
(ii-inu the term in iin nU'riisive sense) is a jiart uf
{'liristiaiiity.
Aniither sect nf the. lews, nut iiiriit imied in the
there, su fruitful a suuree uf iiii|tiilatiuii tn it is that
weariness nf life wliieh is felt hy others."
Iv\ee|it as in I he anlii|iiii \ nf the sect, I ll'.v'.s idea
of it was siilisiant ially enrreei.
I'hiln's aeenlinl is as fnllnws :
" < Mir law^river trained an iiimimerahle liudv uf
Ins |iii|iil> In |iarlake nf these thin^^s. heiiiLT. as I
imaLrinr. hiiiinred with the a|iiielhitinii uf Ksseius
heean-e uf t heir exeeediiiLr liuliiiess. And tliev dwell
in inaii\' eities nf ,1 iidea. and in iiiaiiv \ill;iL;'es. and
iiitrreat and |iniiiilniis enmmuiiil ies. .And this seet is
lint an hereditary ur f;iinilv eiiiiiiei'tiun : fur fainilv
ties arr nni s|inki'ii \i( with re fere nee In aets voliiiila-
rilv |ierfnrini'd. hut it is ado|iti'i| nn aeeuiinl uf theii'
adiniratiuii fur virtue and luve i>\' Lrentleiiess and liu-
inanilv. At all events, ihrre are nii rliildreii aniuiiLr
the l'l-<eiie-: : nn. imr any yniii lis nr jirrsuiis niily jii-i
■*75
i
.sii|
CiJ
Sill
wl
a;
iie
Jierd
iiiei
wlia
lisa
siiir
(illKj
lav
j I'ly
J.
HKIIUKW l-lTKUAIl UK AND SIA I S.
75
fiitorini; iipiiii iiiniih |, Sliici' ilic (||.|in^iiioii> ,,(
all suili iH'fsiPiis an- iiii^lalilc ami lialilc In i'liaii;:i's
rroiii tlu' iiii|H'rl'crliini- iiniilciii l" ilii'ir a^'f, lnil
llii'V iiri' all I'lill-Lrri'" II null, aii'l tvcii alriMilv ilr-
flinini; Inward nlii av't'. Siidi a-* arc u<> lipiiucr car-
ricil a\ra\ Itv Ihc iiii|K'liii>sil\ of llnii' liucllK |iassiiiiH,
aiwl arc not niidcr llic inlliiciii c nf llic a|i|M'iii('>, Iml
Micli a> t'lijiiv a L't'iiiiiiii' fn't'ildiii, I lie mily Inic aini
real lilii'i'ly. Ami a |iI'imi|' i<\' ihis i< t,i ln. I'uuiiij in
llu'ir lil'c III' iH'rl't'cl rriTilmii.
" Nil (iiic aiihiii^' iliciii \riinirr< at a II til ai'i|Mi"c
aii\' |ifii|M'rl\ \vliair\cr nl' lii- own. nrilhrr Iihiim' rmr
hlii\('. nni' laiin, imr llnck-. nur hciiU. imr an\tliiiiii;
(if an\ Mill wliicli can lie luuki'il ujiun a-i ihc I'niiii-
lain ur |irii\ i>iiiM of ridu's. Imi iJu'V hriiiLr liicin ln-
P'lliiT inlii llu' Miiilillr as a nninnin .^lnck ami en-
joy iihc coniniiiii. i^vnrral lirnrlii froni il all.
"Ami llu's all ilwcll in llic same jilaiH'. inakiii::
i'ImIis. ami sociciics. iiml cnniliinalions. ami unions
will) oiu' aiioiluT. ami linJnL;' i'\('r\ liiin;.' lliniii;;lionl,
liii'lr wlmlf livci.x willi n rcrcmr in tlu' ]i;('iicral lul-
vaiila;:!': Iml llu' ililTrrcni nirnilui'- of this liody
liavc dilTcrrni ('Mi|iloyint'iils in which I hc\ occujiy
I lion ISC I \cs and lalmi' w iilnnii iic-iialimi or i'css;ilioii,
iiiakinu' no iiiciil ion of ciilicr cold dP iic;it or any
chanu'c III' lcni|icratiii'c ;is an cMiisi' fur dcsistiiiL;
I'r their tasks. Uui licl'.irc ihc >un ri>cs ihcy hc-
lakc I hcni-cl\cs to their daily work, ami I hey do no(,
(juil it iinlil soiiic time aller it has set. when tlu'y
relurn I ionic re joieiii'j'no liss I liiin I hose w ho lia\ c hecn
rxercisiiiLT themselves in u\iiinaslic contests; for
they inia^iiie that whatever they devote thenisidves
III as a practice is a sort of Lrymnasiic c\ci'cise of
more advanta;ro to life and inure |ileasaiit to hoth
Hdiil and liody, and of uiori' enduriiisx henelit and
Oi|iialiilily, than mere athletic lahors. inasmuch as
.such toil does not cease to he iiracticed wHli delight.
when the a^'e of viifor of hody has passed, for there
ai'ij some of tJieni w Im are dev oIimI to ilu' ]iractice of
agriciiltiire, hciiiL;' skillful in >., thiiiL^^ as the sow-
iii'j and ciiltivatiiiLi'of lands; nUn ''s airaiii, are shep-
luT(l<? or I'owherds. and e\|H'i'ienceii in the nianai;e-
nieutof every kind of animal : sonu av cunninu' in
what rolati's to swarms of hi'cs; others au'aiii are ar-
tisans and hamlici'aflsmeii. in order to^Miard aL'ainst
sull'criiii:' from want of an\lhiii:iof which there is at
times an actual ni'ed ; and these men omit and de-
lay nolhinir which is rei|uisile to ijie iiinocenl sup-
jily of the noi'ussaries of life.
jily o;
" .\ccoriliiii.d\. each of these men «lio dilTcr so
widely in re!"|K'cti\e I'mploymeiits. m hen they have
received their wa^'c.-, ;:i\e them lip to oiii' jK-rson
who i> appoinled as ilie uiii\ersiil nlcMard .iml gen-
eral nianau'cr. and he. when he has ri'i'civcd i he
iiionev. iniiiiediaiely i.'iH's and purchases what i« nec-
essary, and fiiriii«lies wMh foiKl in aluimlance. and
all ill her things of uliich ihc life of man .-land- in
need. .\ml those who live io;.'eiher ami I'al at the
same lahle day after day. conlenled with the same
lliiiii.'<. liciiiL' liivci-s of friii.'alit\ and inoderal imi.
,imla\er-e In all siimpi iiousne>s and e\lra\ auaiice
as lieiiii;' a disease of lioih Imdv and mind. Noi on ■
ly are their i aides in common. Iml all I heir iln-^s. for
in the winter there are tlii(d^ cloaks found, ami in
the summer liudit, cheap mantles, so that whoever
\niiits one is at liherty. witlioul restraint, to •:(> and
take vrliii'hever kind he chooses, siiu'e what hidon^is
to one hcloiii^s to all. ami on llio other hand, what-
ever liclmi;:- to :ill Ih'Ioiius to ouch individual.
"Ami auaiii. if any mie of them is siidx, he is
cured from till' coninion resources, hciii^ attended
hy the L'ciieral care and anxiety of the whole hods.
Accordiiiudv the old men. even if ihev liapiK'H to lie
childle-s, as if I hey were not only the fath.ersof
many children. Iml were rwu also parliciilarly 'ii-
jiy in an alTcitionate olTs|ifj||^-, nf,. acciislomed to
I'lid their lives in a most happy and pros|M'riiiis ami
carel'ullv allcndeil old a;^(' ; lieiiij,' lookeil upon hy
siicli a numlicr of people as worthy of so iiini'h hon-
or and provident regard that they think themselves
hound to cai\' for them even more Troin inclination
than any lie of natural alTeeiion.
" Aj^'ain, jH'rceiv in.u'wilh more than ordiiiaryaoute-
iioss and accuracy what is aloni'. or at. least ahove
all other thing's, caleulated to dissolve such associa-
tions, they repudiate marriaire. ami at the same
time they practice coiilinence to an I'liiinent de-
Lfree : for no one of the Kssenes ever Tiiarries a \rife.
Iieiause woman is a sidtish creature, and one addict-
ed III jealousy in an iMinodei'ate dcirree. and lerrililv
caleulaied to a;,'ital" and overturn the natural in-
clinations of a man, and to mislead him hv her ciui-
tinual tricks; fur as she is alvrays studvint^ deceitful I
siK'cches and all kinds of hypocrisv, like an actress I
(111 tlie staL'c, when she is alliiriiiir th'' eyes ami
ears of her liusliand, she proceeds to cajole his pre-
dominant mind after the servants lian'lieeiidecciv.'d.
"And a. fain, if there are children, -he lieeomc^ full
?;
Il'
'^^SmM-^^.. ■,.:^ ; .*,-,^-.
^^
» * •
71
76
HEBREW UTERATUKE AND SECTS.
of )>ri(l(_' ami all k1ii(1>' <if license in iuT sin-ech. ami A\
ihc .il).:uuiv savings wiiicli siii' pivvi.msly mt'ditatuil
in ironv, in a (lisgiiiscil inanncr, siii' now begins to
iitcLT witji an amlacions contidonco. and liucoining
nttcrlv siianR'ioss, siu' pmcvt'ds to vioU'nce, and does
iiiiinln'i's of actions of wiiicii everv one is iiostilo to
siicli association : lev tin' man wiio is Ixmnd under
the inlliieuce uf the uiuirnis of a woman, or of ciiil-
drcn l)v the necessary Iw.a of nature, being over-
wiiolmed bv tiie ii.iiiulses of atrection. is no longer
•lie same l.tmiu ;''\r.irds otiier. . ijut i.i entirely
clianged, navbig. w''. .tout be'iui" ::-..ar: of it. i)eeume
a slave instead of a freemiii.
" riiis now is tile enviable system of life of these
Kssenes, so tliut not only j)riv ite individii;,l>, but
evrii iniglilv Ivings. admiring ibe men. veiM-rile the
sect and inereast' tlieir dignity ami majesty in a
still iuLrher degree bv tiieir a|i|iroi)atioii and by the
lioiiors whici' th.eyeoufer on tlieni."'
Tlie foregoing extract is a fragment o'" the lost
works of I'liilo, preserved iiy tiie historian of tlie
primitive cimreli. Eusebius. It muy i-' found in
the fourlii volume of Vonge's tran-lation of I'hilo's
wirks. Tlie following excer[it is from I'hilo's essay
o\\ ■• 'The Virtuous being also {'"rec " :
•'Among tiie iV.'sians is ilie body of the .Magi
[called in tlie gospel 'wise men of liie Easl'J. ilore-
over. I'alestine and Syria too are not 1-irreii of ex-
cm phirvwi-dca and virrae. wliich eomitry le-sligiit
portion (»f tiiat populous people, the .ie\>s. i:;habit.
There is a portion of that people called J'^ssenes. in
iiumlier something im I'C than four thousand. lii my
cipinion. who '"riM' their name from their Jiiety.
though not according to any accurate foriii of the
Ciivek dialect, beciuse they are, above all men. de-
voted to the service of (iod, not sacrilicing living
animals, but studying rather to preserve their own
minds in a state of holiness and piety. These men,
in the <irst place, live in villages, avoiding cities on
account of the habitual lawlessness of those who in-
iiabit them, \u'll knowing that such a moral ilisease
is contact with wicked men, just as a real disease
iiiiirht b" from an impure atmospliere, and tint thi.-
Mould stamp an incurable disease upon their souls,
of the-c men some cultivalc the earth, and others,
devoting themselves to those arts which are the re-
sults uf peace, benelit both themselves and all who
come in contact with tlieni, not storing uji t reasures
of silver and gold, n^r aci|uiriiig vast sections of
earth out of a desire for ample revenue, but j)rovid-
ing all things which are re([uisite for the natural
purposes of life ; for they alone of almost all men,
having been originally poor and destitute, and that,
t<io. from their habits and ways of life, rather than
from any real dolicioncy of good fortune, are never-
theless accounted very rich, judging contentment
ami frugality great iibiuidunce, as in truth they are.
" Amongthose men you will find no makers of
armors or javelins or swords or helmets or breast-
plate-^ or .-liields; or makers of arms or military
engines ; no one. in short, attending to any em[iloy-
ment whatever connected with war. or even
to any uf those occupations, even in jieace, which
arc easily iierverled to wickeil purposes; for tliev
are utterly ignorant of all tratlie. ami of all com-
mercial dealings, and of all mivigation, but they
rejmdiate and keep aloof from all that can possibly
alford any iiidiiceinent to covt'tousness ; aiid there is
exer 'ise to trairi them toward its attainment all
])raiscworthy a' rions by which a freedom which can
nevei' lie enslaved is tirnily established.
'' .\ml a proof of this is that though at difTorent
times a great number of chiefs of every varit'ty of
disposition and character have occupied their coun-
try, some of whom have endeavored to sur})ass even
ferocious wild beasts in cruelty, leaving no sort of
inhumanity uiijiracticed. and have never ceased to
murder their subjects in >vliole troops, and have
even torn them to pi'ces. wiiile living, like cooks, cut-
ting them limb from limb, till they themscdves be-
ing overtaken by vengeance of Divine justice, have
at last experienced the same misery in their turn ;
others again having converted their barbarian fren-
zy into ;i!iother kind of wickedness, ))racticetl an in-
elfable degree of sa\ageness. talking with the |ieo;ile
((uielly, but through the 'ypocrisy of a m ire
gentle voice, betraying tlie ferocity of their ;'eal
dispositions, fawning upon tlieir victims like treach-
erous dogs, and becoming the cause of irremediable
miseries to them, have left in all their cities monu-
ments of their imi)ietv, and hatred of all mankind,
in the never-to-lie-forgot.ten miseries endured by
those whon. they ojijiressed ; yet no one, not even of
those immoderate tyrants, nor of the more treach-
erous and liypocrit ical op]iressors, was ever able to
liring any real accusation :igainst the multitudes of
those called Essenes, or Holy. Hut every one lieiiig
subdued by the virtue of these men. looked up to
r
■k
HEBREW LITERATURE AND SECTS.
77
iheiii us froo tn iialiiri', Mini luit .•-uhjfct to tho
I'l'dwii lit' iiiiy hiuiiiiu lii'iu;.', ami liave ci'lobraloil
I heir inaiiiior of iiii'ssiiii: lou't'tlior, and their feliow-
shiii witli one another heyond ail (lesi-rijition in re-
sjiert of its inutual i^ood faith, which is ample proof
of a [lei'fi'rl and xery happy life."
Without jiaiisinir for an\- eoninient, we apiiend
nciw what .Tosephus says in his lirief e[iitonie of liic
ihree sects of tin' .k'ws:
•■ There wore Ihroo sects amoncj tho Jews who had
ditl'ereiit. opinions eoiieerniiiii' human actions. One
was called the seel of the I'harisees : another the
sect of the iSaddiicees ; and still another the sect of tho
Kssenes. Now for the I'harisees, they sav thatsome
actions, hut not all, are the work of fat?, and some
of them are in our own power, and that they are lia-
hle to fate without Iteimr e;iused liy fate. Hut tho
sect of tho Esseucs alUrms that fate governs all thiiiL^s
!ind that noihin;^ hefalls men except with its deter-
mination. And for the Sadi'iicees, they take away
fate, and say that there is no such tiiiiiir. and that
the events of human alfairs are not at its ilisposal,
hui they suppose that till our actions are within our
own power, so tiiat. we tire ourselves the cause of
what is ijicnid. and receive what is evil from our own
f..lly."
This brief atid motaphysieal comparison of the
-ects i>; found in the thirteenth hook and tifth chap-
ter of the Antiquities. Hut it is not all .Iose(ihus
has to sav on the siihjocl. On the contrary, after a
havior of women, and are jn'rouaded that none of
ihem preserve their tideliiy to one man.
" 'I'hese men tire desjjisers of riches, and so very
commuiiistii; as raises our adndration. Nor is there
iiny one to he found amoni; them who hath more
than another ; for it is u law anning them that those
who cjme to them must let what they have bo com-
mon to the whole order, insomiicii that anmnj,' them
till there is no ajiiwarance of j)overty or exct'ss of
riches. Imt everv one's j)ossessions are interminirled
with every other's possessions, and so there is, as it
were, one patrimony amonLiall the brethren. They
thiidi that oil is a delilement. and if any of them be
anointed without his approbation it is wiped olf his
body; for they think to be swt'iity is a l;ooi1 thiiiij,
as thoy do also to lie clothed in white trarmcnts.
T'liev also have stewards appointed to take care of
theii' common atl'airs. who every one of them has no
se|iarate busiuoss for any, but \vhat is for the use
of them all.
"They have no one certain city, but nniny <if
thciu dwell in every city ; and if any of their sect
come from anothor place, whtit they have lies o|kmi
for them, just as if it were their own ; and they go
in to such as they never knew l)efore as if tln'v had
been e\er so long aci|Uainted with them ; for which
reason they carry nothing at all with them when
they travel into remote parts, though still they take
their weapons with them for fear of thieves. .Vc-
cordinglv, there is in everv citv where tliev live, one
i!'.
liLircssion, he de\(ites consideralile space to the sub- apj)ointod particuhirly to take care of strangers and
cct, ,;ud with that extended jiassage closes the full i to provide garments and other necessaries f<ir them.
Hut the habit and nninagemctit of their bodies is
such as chililreii use when tlu\ are afraid of mas-
ters ; nor do they allow tho change of garments or
of shoes until thoy bo first entirely torn to pieces or
worn out by time. Nor do they either Imy or s(dl
anything to one another, but ovcy one gives what
ho hath to him that wants it, iind receives from him
in turn of it what may be convenient for himself ;
and although there lie no reriuital nnide, they are
freely allowed to take whatsoever they want of
whomsoever they ]ik';ise.
" And ;;s for their piety towards God, it is very
extraordinarv ; for before sunrise thoy speak not a
|ireseiitation of the oriii-inal sources of Kssemc inlor-
iiiaiion. This tinal excerpt is as follows:
•• For iliere are three sects among the .Tews, the
followers of the tlrst of which are the I'harisees, the
second the Sadducces, and the third soot, which jire-
tcn<ls to a severer discipline, are called Kssenes.
These last are .Jews by birth and st^em to have great-
er atl'ection for one another than the other sects
have. 'L'hese Kssenes reject jtleasii res as an evil, but
esteem continence and tho conquest over our jias.
sions as a virtue. They neglect wedlock, but choose
oitt other jH'rsons' (•hililren while they are pliable and
lit for learning, and esteem them to be oi" tiieii kin-
dred, and form them according to their own man-
ner-. Tht'y do not alisohilely deny llie litnessof
marriage, and the siiccessioi\ of mankind thereby
continued; but thev ifuard iiirainst the lascivious be-
w<ird about jirofane matters, but nut itji certain
prayers, which tJiey ha\e roieived from their fore-
fathers, iis if they imule supplication to the sun for
rising. After this, every one of them is .sent away
n
K
TL_ ^
l^^!!2!lS^5i322M^?h^..^..: .^^.^.
J^l
■•i
TT
7'
HKHRKW I.rrKKATL'Rli AND SICCTS.
by tlieir cMiriiturs to exerci.sc soiiii.' of iImsc arts
wlicroin tlioy u\v skillci.l, in >vliicli tliey lahm- with
•rroiit (liiiirt'iK'O unlil the lil'lii iunir: at'lcr wliit.i
tiioy iissi'iiiliir t lu'iiist'iv ('»: l(ii,Tlli('r .'iLijiii in (nio
place, and wiiun liicy iiavc cidliii'tl llioiiisi'lvcs in
wliito vi'ils, liicy llu'ii I'iiIr' tlii'ir IjimUi's in colil wa-
ter. Am! al'ler this [iiirilieal inu is nver. they every
(ine meet lnuvtiier in an a|iarlniriit d' liieirowii
inlc whieli il is not icriiiilleil lo any one of anolher
f^ect loi'iiter, u liile tiiey ;;'ii. al'ler a jmre niaiiner, in-
to tlie .lininLT-rooni as into a eerlain h()l\ leniiiie. anil
rjiiietly sit Iheniscl^cs down. n|ion w liich lin' halter
lavs llieir loaves in order ; tlie eookalso lirinus a sin-
jrle j)late of one .sortoi' food, and .sets it hefore every
tine of them; liut a jiriest says L;-raee hefore meat.
ami il is unlawful for any one to lasie food hefore
irraee he said The same priesl, when he halh
dined, savs irraei' an'ain aller meal : and when lliey
beirin and when I hey end, ihey iiraisc ( iod as Jle that
hath hesi owed food upon ihem: al'ler whieh they
lay aside I iieir whiU' garments and helake ihemselvo.s
to their laliors a_L;ain iinlil the evening-; then they re-
turn home lo su|i|ier afler ihe same manner, and if
there he anv strangers ihere they sit down with
them. Ndr is there I'ver any elamor or disturbance
to |iolluie their house, but lhe\- give every on" leave j
to speak in tiieir turn ; whieh sileiiee ihuskejttin
their houses apiiears to foreigners like some tre.uen- i
tloiis m\sier\ ; Iheeauseof whii h is ihal jier|ielnal so- i
brit'ly ihey exereist' ; and t he .-anie sett led measure 1
(if meal and drink that is allowiMi them, and thatsiieli
as isahundantly sutheienl for I hem.
" .\nd Iriilv. as fiu' oi her things, ihm' do nothing
hut aeeording to ihe injunelions of their curators ;
(iidv these two things are doni' among them at their
own free will, whieh are to assist tlio<e that waul it,
and to show mercv : for the\ ari' iiermiited of their
♦ .' '
(iwii accord to alford siu,'cor to those that are m dis-
tress: hut thev eannoi givi' anylliin::' to iheir kin-
tired without the eur;itors. They dispense their
anger afle''a Ju-t mannr and resti-ain their ]iassioii_
Thev are enuuent for lidelity and are the niini>ters
(if [leaee. Whatever they say also i< tinner than an
(lalh, hut sweariiiL:' is avoided hy them, and thev es-
teem il w<irse than perjury. forlhey>a\ that he who
C'auuot he believed without swearing by (iod is
iilreadv eondemneil. Thev aNo take great pains in
studying the writings of the ancients, ami choose out
of them what is most to the advantaiie of their soul
and liody, and they in(|uire after such roots iind
medicinal stones as nniy cure their distempers.
" Hut now, if any one bath .a nund lo e<inie over
to their sect, he is not immi^dialely admitted, but hi^
is jirescribed the same method of living which
they use, for a year, while he continues excludeil,
and Ihey give l.ju also a small hatchet and the
fori'mentioneii girdle and the white garment. .Vud
when he hath given evidence during that time
that he can observe their continence, he a]i-
[iroaches neaivr to their way of living, and is made
a partaker of the waters of purilication ; yet is he
not even now permit leil to live with them, for atli'r
this demonstration of his fortitude, his temper is
tried two nnire years, and if he appear to be worthy,
they then admit him in o theii' society. And before
he is allowed to touch heir common food, he is
(il)liged to take tremendous oat lis that in the first place
he will practice ])iety toward (Jod, and then that '.'
will observi' justice toward men. and that he willt' ■'
no barm to any one, either of his own accord or at
the command of any one : that lie will always hate
the wicked and be assistant to the good; that be will
ever show tidtdity to all men. and esjiecially to those
in authority, because no one obtains the government
without (bid's assistance, ami that if be be in
authority he will at no time abuse his authority, nor
endeavor to outshine bis sidijects either in his gar-
ments or ill any otlni' liiierv ; that he will be per-
petually a lover of truth and jiropose to himself to
re|)ro\e those who ttdl lie< : that he will keep his
hands clean from theft and his <oiil from unl.-iwful
gains; and that he will neither conceal anything
from lliose of ids own seel nor discover anv of their
doctrine-; tci others; im, not thoni:!! anv one slio\ild
compel him to do so a! the hazard of his life. .Mori'-
ovcr, he swears (o eomnitinii'ate their doctrines to
no one otherwise than as he receives them Uiinstdf ;
iliat he will idisiain fi'oin rohbei'v. and will ei|uallv
preserve the books belonging to their sect and the
names of the angels [or me«senL;-ers|. These are the
oaths by which they setaire their |iroselvtes to ihem-
stdves. '
'• Hut for those that are caughi in any heinoiw
sins, they cast them out of their soeieiy, and he vv hu
is tiius separated from them does often die after a
miserable nuinnei'. for as he inbound iiy the oath he
has taken, and i>y the custom he halh enu'aged in.
he is not at liberty to partake of that food that he
i
Q ^
Ik.
HEHKKW I.ITERATUKI': AND SECTS.
79
inoet.s with elscwluTt', hut is forct'd lo car irrass ami
I'aiiiish iiis Ixnly wilii liuiiuaT uiilil iu- [n'risli, fur
wliicii reason tiicy rix'uivo many nl' llicni again, au'i
when tiiey are at their last gasp, out of (.■onipassioii
to them, as thinking the miseries they have enilured
uniil they eame to the l)rinkof death to ho sutUeioiit
[uinishment for the sins they had heeii guiltv of.
"Ihit in tlie judgmoMls ihey oxereise ihev arc
nu)st aeeurale and just, nordo they pass .enteneehy
the vote of a eoiirt that is fewer than a hundred.
And as to wliat is deternuMed hy that nundier, it is
nnalteraiile. What they most of all honor, after
tiu' name of (iod himself, is tiie k'gishttor Moses,
whom if any one hlaspheme he is puiushi'd eapitally.
They also think it a good thing to ohev their elders
and the majority. Aeeordingly, if ten of them
he sitting together, no one of them will sjieak while
the oilier nine are against it. Thev also avoid spit-
ting in tlie iiudst of them or on the right side.
Moreover, thi'y are stricter than anothi'f of the Jews
in resting from their lahoi's on the seventh dav, for
they not oidy get their food ready the day liefore,
that tiiey may not heoliligedtokiudlo u lire on that
day, but will not remove any vessel out of its place,
or go to stool thereon; nay. on the other days they
dig a small ]iit a foot dee[) with a jiaddle (which
kind of hatchet is given them when they are lirst
itdmitteil among them) and covering themselves
rounil with iheirgannents that they may not alfront
thedi\ine rays of light, they ease themselves into
that pit ; after which they jiiit the L'artli that was
dug out into the pit, and I'ven this they do <nily in
the more lonely places which ihev choose out for
this purpose: and althougli this easement of the
body he natural, yet it is a rule with them to wash
themselves after it as if it were a ilelileineiit to them.
Kow after t he time of their preparatory trial is over,
tlu'y are partedinlofuurelas.ses, and so far are the jun-
iors inferior to the seniors, that if the seniors should
he touched by the juniors, they nnist wash iliem-
sclvcs, as if t hey had intermixed t hcm>e!ves with for-
eigners. They are long-lived also, insomuch that
niiiny of them live above a hundred years, by meiins
of the simplicity of their diet: nay, as I think, by
means of the regular course of life they observe also.
They coulemii the miseries of life, and are aboV(>
jiaiii by the generosity of tln'ir minds. And as for
death, if it be for them glory, theyc^steoin it better
than living always ; and indeed our war with tlii^
Uomaa>" .jundant evidenee what great souls
tliuy h' ., .ri I heir trials, wherein tiiey wi're tortured
ami distorted, burnt and lorn to pieces, and went
through uU kinds of instrumeuLs of torment, that,
they niigiit bo forced either to blaspheme their leg-
i.shitor, or to eat what was forbidden them ; lui, nor
once to llattor their tormentors, or to shed a tour ;
but they sndled in their very pains, and laughed
those to scorn w ho inllieted tlio torments upon them,
and resigned uji their souls with great alacrity, as
exjiecting to receive thoin again.
•• For their doctrine is this, that the matter they
are made of is imt permanent, but that the soiO. are
immortal and continue forever; and that the\ eoiuo
out uf the most subtile air, and an.^ united to tlieir
bodies as to prisons, into which they are drawn by
a certain natural eiitieemeut ; but that wlimi they
are set free from the bond.- of the !lesh,that then
thev, as released from a long bondage, rejoice and
mount upward. And this is like the opinion of tlio
Greeks, that good souls have their habitations be-
yond the ocean, in a region which is neither op-
pressed with storms of raincu' snow or intense heat;
but that this i)hu'o is such as is refreshed by the
gentle breathing of the west wind that is periietii-
ally blowing from the ocean; while they allot to
bad souls a dark and tempestuous den, full of nev-
er-ceasing punishment. And imleed, the (i reeks
seem to have followed the same notion when tliey
allot the islands of the blessed to their liravc men,
whom they call heroes and demigods, and to the
souls of the wiidvcd the region of the ungodly in
llailes, where their fables relate that certain persons,
as Sisyphus and Tantalus and Ixiou and Tityiisare
jiunished, which is luiilt on this lirst supposition
that souls are immortal: and thence are those ex-
hortations to virtue and dehortations from wicked-
ness eolleeted whereby good men are bettered in the
eonduet of their life by the hope of reward after
death, and whereby tlie inherent imdimitions of bad
. men to vice arc restrained liy the fear and expce-
j tation they are in, that although theyshoiilo lie con-
: coaled in this life, they should sull'er immortal pun-
islimi'iit after their death. These are the divine
doctrines of the Essenes about tiie soul, which
lay an unavoidalile Inut for such as have once had a
taste (d" their piiiloso|ihy.
"Tlu'rc are als > hose among them who under-
take to lell things to eouie by reading the holy
7"
lo
— HllHidiiiiyinifcii.iiriiiiiWMlJ utiiiMwiiiliili iWiiniMii mi
JjJ
'I
Li- '
80
HEBREW LITERATURE AND SECTS.
l)(pok.s. mill using scvorul sorts of purifications, and
l)eing ])ori)Otually conversant in tiio discourses of the
propiiot:^ ; and it is but seldom that tiiey miss in
their predictions.
•■ >[oreover, there- is anoMior order of Esscnes,
wiio agree with the rest in their every way of living
and customs and law, ])ut dilfer from them in the
point of marriage, as thinliing tliat by not marry-
ing tiiey cut off tiie jjrincipal jiart of human life,
wiiii'h is the prospect of succession ; nay, ratiier that
if all men sliould kec[) the same opinion, the wlude
race of mankind woukl fail. However, tiiey try
their spouses for tliree years, and if they find they
have their natural purgations thrice, as trials tiiat
liu'v are likely to be fruitful, tlicy then actually
marry tiiLMu, But tliey do not use to accomp.uiy
witii tlieir wives wiieu rlii'y are witlirliilil, as a deiu-
oustratioii tiiat tiiey do not marry out of regard to
[ileasuro, but for the sake of jxisterity. Now the
women go into the baths with some of their gar-
ments on, as tiie men do with somewhat girded
about them. And these are the customs of this or-
der of Essenos.
•• Hut tiion, aa to the two otiicr orders first mon-
tioiicil. the Pliarisees are those wlio are esteemed
luosi skillful in the exact explication of their laws,
Jill introduce tlic first sect. These ascribe all to
fate [or Pro^idellcc] and to (iod, and yet allow
that to act wliat is right, or the contrary, is princi-
pallv ill tlie jiower of men, altliough fate does eo-
opcratc ill every action. They i^ay tliat all the souls
are iiicomiiatilde, but tliat the souls of good men
only are removed into otiier bodies, but that tlio
Koiils of liad men are subject to eternal |)unisliiiieiit.
lint tlie Sadduceos are those tiiat compose the sec-
ond order, and take away fate entirely, and -sup[ioso
that God is not concerned in our doing or not do-
iiiuf wliat is evil; and they say that to act what is
good or wliat is evil is at man's own clioice, and that
till' one and till' other belong so to over} lUie tiiat he
may act as lie pleases. They also take away belief
ill tlie immortal duration of tlie soul, and tiie ]mn-
isiimcnts ami rewards in Hades. Jloi'cover. the
i'liarisees are friendly to one anotiier ,'• . are for
tlie exercise of concord and regard for the publi-:;
but the Itehavior of tlie Sadduceos one toward au-
otiier is in some degree wild, and their couveisa-
tiou with those who are of tlieir own v-.'-b )> ;i
barbarous a^ if they were strangers to them. And
tliis is what I luul to say concerning tlie philo-
sophical sects among the Jews."
At the risk of being somewhat tedious, wo have
presented absolutely all that is known of the sect
of .lews whoso iieciiliaritics are most strikingly sug-
gestive of Christianity. In these strangely neg-
lected e\( r})ts may bo found a key to much
whi(;h would otherwise be inexiilicable in the
eonnection of Juaaism with the religion of nuulorn
Europe.
The CMiasidim is a modern sect of Jews. It is
rumoroiis among i'olisli, Hungarian and Russian
Ji \vs, but almost unknown elsewhere. It is fanat-
ical in tiic extreme, and abject in subservience to
the priests. The Chasidim have been compared to
the Shakers in their eccentric religious practices.
The most important sect of to-day is the Karaites,
(sons of 'cripture) dating from tlio early part of
the middle ages. Once powerful, their numliera
are now insignilicant, their importance growing
out of their intellectual history. Rejecting tlio
Talinuii, they ever strenuously maintained the
sole authority of " ilosos and the Prophets." They
were noted in a period of general darkness for lit-
erary and scieiitilic activity. Their literature has
lieen lo.-*t, in large jiart, lint very much still remains,
a proud monument to the intellectual capacity of
the Hebrew nation. At present the Karaites are
almost extinc*^, except as found in the Crimea, where
they are protected and prospennis. Formerly they
were doubly persecuted, the Christians hating them
the same as any other .Tews, and the Uaiibinical or
orthodox .lews seeing in them heretics worse than
" Christian do^s."
In discussing tlic Jews and tlieir plare in history,
Felix Adler remarks: " Xot only has their own
literature been opened to scientific study by such
men as Zunz, Ceiger, Munk. l{a[ipopoi't,, liUzzato,
and others, but they have rendered signal service
in almost every department of science and art. I
mention among the Philosophers. .M. Mer,ilclssolui,
Mainion Herz ; in jiolitical economy, Ificardo and
LaSalle , in literature. Borne, Heine, Aucrbach,
(race Agiiilar; in music, Mendelssohn, Bartholdy,
M( ycrbeer, Halevy ; among the prominent statesmen
of the day, Disraeii, Lasker, Cremioux," — and, he
I lirlii n,:ve addjd, (lai ihetta.
i^
i^ '
-7
J^l
r.^:^^^%.
j^-;r%.
-■i-r*-
^^>^r^;fi' hl^j^^-
-4-a--VJ— ,)
ASSYRIA AND SYRIA.
CHAPTER XII.
-A Assyrian Antiquity— Ninis anp Si:MiitAMi*~SKNA(HKuiii and Sakdanai'ai.is— DEHrRi»TH;N <>P R, 6^6-<i>^
4 pA P* 1 ' NiNEVKH— C'l.Av I-iHUAuiEs— IUbvi.on; Its llANciiNti (iAUDEN" and Temple of IJri.rs I ' r* T* \WI^
J'^JT"*!' Ili JlAini.OMAX Ill.-<T*)KY — Al.KXANDKU AM> lUllYl.ON -HkcKNT AU( Il.Koi.CHJIl AI. Dl.Tf/V^HIES I f'^J'^J' R^
r -- .. , JAU Syria in its Fikst I'ekihi)— Sykia i'ndkk thk Skh< id.k— Mudeks Sviiia and Sy'riac. I^lL .-j Jl_
CCOlJDINfi t(. Ilcl.niic his-
lorv, tho priiiiitivo kintc-
(1(1111 of tlie worlil Wiifi As-
syria. Niliiroil was llio
(ir--t (i) ('slal)lisli iiKiiiarcliy
^^^ ill iIr' ])la(L' iif \.\\i' patri-
i'S;- arclial form of irovcrniiiciil, { illustriou.- of llic Assyrian )<ii
Assliiir, a son of Sliern, and tho cliipf ijod of the
Assyrian idolatry. Thcro are arcliivolojrical ri'asons
for siij)posiii:/ that the A.wrians w(t<' Semites.
Tlieir features in sculpture arc Jcwisli and Araliic
in resemlilanee.
\ inns is ihe nanie of one
I
MCDif^^c*'.
/
£>
first. That
'*''" ei ( y a n d
liahylon, amon^f the
most memoridile in an-
ti(puty, i)oth htdon^jfed
to As.syria. Thai kiii;,"--
doni is siip|iosed to
have heen formed
alioiit, two llioiisaiid and Iwo Imndred years liefori'
our present era. Assyria proper corresponded very
nearly to tiie present Koordistan. 'I'lie term, how-
ever, has hi'cn used in a loose way to a]i|ily lo a vast
and siiifiiiii,' area ill the vicinity of the Kiiphrates
and the Tii^ris. The naiuo it.self is derived from
t'
tile carlv and more
lie was, )KTliajis,
:he fouiwicr of N'iji-
'cli, tjic previous
i|iiral heiny now
i>l enlindy, Jf
-tory and 'rii/Ji-
loii d'/ not Aii>h
ler Irim, thi.-* kin/.
ke the "yWe^^'i
-injfcr of f/'Tiiol,"
\(iis irurM/ iA \^
inon.-tr.ou- •■■'' /
I iioosiny '
\ orite of hi." ii fMiii
the wife <ff '>}>> //^
In- l>rav(< mtiiln'i'/,
ll is nol charued thai llie A>-\rian innH^il/U caiucW
the death of the despoiled niishand, Tiiis i<alh-
slielia of Xinevcii was ilie famous Semiranu-.
loin; one of I ho more :uu: .-. liirures in historx.
l?eeenl research lias ureal I dimmed tlie luster
of her renown, or rather, cast su picion upon
ri .;
ASSYRIA
AND THE
ADJACENT COUNTRIES
VI
(Sr)
iagi>iiM«zftfr»Tia<
il^^m'J'Vin..
> 'i-
^' — -
^
ASSYRIA AM) SYRIA.
llu' iliitlcriii'' iiccoiiiil>
(•:irl\ lii~l(>n;iiis
I'.iit if
I III' lallcr iii;iv he at, all tni>i(Ml. she was iinlctMl a
•IliiiK'cl III Xiiiiis iliiriii:^' liis lit'
(', ;iir(iiu|iaii\ iiiL'
liiiii ill war. and cniuiscliiiu' with liiiii at all I iiiics mi
atl iiiatlci's (I
state. W
icii III' ilk'il Si'iiiiraniis as-
-uiiicil I lie ailiiiiiii-l rat lull as n'''('iit.
III!' As.-\!
i^saiil tu (iwc lialivliiii. It' sn, slio. mil Ni'liucliail-
lu'/zar, (■(Piili InillifMlK say, " iSclidld, is imt this
l;T(m; I'aliyliiii wliidii lia\ r liiiililnl." I'lidcr licr
ii liccaiiii' LiTi'at and iiii't rii|Miliiaii, Imt. nut- lln' caiii-
lal. Sill was a \Miiiiaii nf war. and is ri'in'csi'iiti'd
liy IiiT(.d.,.liis as liaviii
far and near."
next Assyrian i
Icil tier ciiiKincrin''' tcLnims
niinarcli nl renown was he-
t ;i)(i 1). ('. Ill
nacliorili, wlm ln';;an to rcij^'ii aliniit ',
fmiLiiil, sn 'ssfully with tlu' I-l^yiitians, tlielsraid-
iii's mid the I'hilist ines. It wiis liy his father, Sar-
L;iin, that iSahylun was iiiadi' a jiart of .Vssyria. and
it was liy Senaeherih that the caiitivity of I he ten
Irilies was I'tVeeted. The iiiinilier of the ea[ilives is
eoiii|mted at. •.'On.Ullll. He liiiill a nios| superlt |ial-
aee in Nineveh which Lavanl has uneartheil in its
ruins. .Nineveh reached I he (•iiliniiial ion of its ar-
cliileciural _dory in the lirst half of the scxcnih cen-
tury, it was near liie closi' o, this eeiitnry (the ex-
act ilale is iinkiioun) th.it it was di'stroyed. 'i'lic
i;'o\ci'iior of the |,''ii\iiice of llahvloii, assisted hvthe
Scythi;'!! hordes from i he .North, cajitLrcil and de-
slroyeil it. The lasi kiii^: of Nineveh was S;irdan-
apaliis. renow ncil (whet hiu' just ly or not is open to
dis|Hlle) fill' elfeKiiliaey. He was wholly abandoned
to the pleasures of t he se^•a^,dio. When liesie_:-eil in
his capital, he is said to have raised a, liuu'c fiinei'al
pyre, placed his mimerous wives jnid cost ly I reas-
iiivs upon it. and then with his own hand applied
the torch. 'I'his done, he inouiited the pile himself,
and litliiiLrlv perished. With him the i'lmpireof
.\ssyria went down forever and Ninexch liccame a
ruin. Tlu" scepter ot ein|iire Jl!l^•.s(;ll to Haliylon.
NuR'M'h was on the '{"iLT'is distuiit nearly three
hundred mill's from iJalivlon. It, was iiioro tiian a
city ill the ordinary seiisi' of the lerm. It, was a col-
Icctiiui of liclds as well as liou>es. di'si;:'iied to he a
walled coiKmiiiiity, capahliMif witlistaiidiiiir any and
e\crv kind of sieiT". It, was lift eon miles lomrand nine
miles wide. It- is helievoil that the limi.sos were built
si'iiaraely. and caidi had very considerable irrouiid.
Th.e walls were two liundreil feel. liiLrh. and so wide
that I hi'ce chariois dri\en abreast could pass aloii^r
■'''i^^ii''^;r,p!^n'
I'hMlili'aii ilrickti,
o o l\ S I c ■ , e
been ' roii;:lit- to liudil.and many of liieiii translated.
l''or historical purposes they arc iiof. very satisfac-
torv. iiiyl holou'ieal creations beiiiLT so interwoven
wiiliai '■'' fact as to del'y critical dis.seet ion.
In tlii^ plain of Sliinar, about sixty miles
south of iiau'dad, where now stands the little
\illa?(' of liillah, once stood the mairnilicent
llabvli the met ropolis of Cliald'.^a. It, was about
fourteen miles in extent on I'.ich of its four
si(les. The river Kiiphrates ran throiiLrh it. ilaw-
linsoii believes it, to have been the most imiirnilicent
citv of the old world. Isaiah calls it "the iflorv of
kiniT'loms, the beauty of the ('haldee's excellcncv."
lis iiiosi not aide fealiire. accounted one of the seven
wonders of the world, was the .'(>ries of so-called
haniriuL'' Ljardcns within its walls. Those u'ardens
consisted of terraces raised one aiiovo tlie other to
an ininiense lieiLi'ht on jiillars, well lloored wil!i eeiii-
ent and lead, and covered with earth in wliich rho
most beautiful shrubs anil trees were plan I'd. Im-
memorial in its oriijin. the city wa- conipleti'd b\
.Nebiiehadne/.zar of Hiblical fame. It wa> .i brick
citv. naphtha and liitiimcn lakini;' the place of lime.
The most reniai'k.-ible ,-t met lire of Uabylon was the
temple of Heliis. The /ollowiim is t he description
of it.: "'The temple of ISeliis was, at its founda-
tion, a furloiiL'' in lenLTlh, and about the saiiii' in
breadth : its heiu'ht is said to have exceeded six hiiii-
drod feel, which is more than lliat of the i'',;^vpiian
pyramids. It was built in eight stories, ijraduaily
\\<i ^
\SSVK1A AM) SYRIA.
liiminisliiiiir iij si/.c us liicy axTiiilcil. Inslnid of ly ^uccci'il Ni'lmcliMiliic/.ziir. I'.rlwciii lliciii intiT-
sliiifs. tlicrc was ;i sl(i|iih^;- tenarr (111 I lie mitsidi' silf- M'linl llii' fcLrciirv <>{ (,>iiccii Nilocris, w Im lirlil tlir
lii'ii.'nlly wide I'm' carriau'i's ami lieasts nf hiinlrii In rriiis nf L'l'vcniiiu'iil ilurinu' llic siraii;^*' insanity nf
a«c('iiil. NrlpiH'liailni'/./.ar niailc 'Tral aildltinns In I lir ui'''al kinu'. ISi'sidi's lici' wci'c I''.\ iliiu'i'i'dacli. " im
ihis tDWLT, and suri'oundrd il uiili sniallrr cdilii
nu
l.iscd
IV :. \\
all sonicwliut, nmrr than tun niil(
was slain and -urccciinl li\ hi- hint hcr-iu-law, Nrri-
u'liisar, wliDsc son w
in cii'i-iimri rcncc,
Tl
ic wliiilc vas s;U'r('(| in He
as dcllinmt'd for his (K'spuii-in,
nr and tin' lawl'nl d\ nasl\ i'csIihtiI in ilu' |K'rs(in nf the
■Ills, wlidsc t('in|ili' was adnfiird uilli idnls ui' Ljdld \(imiLr and ilissnlnir lii'lshax./.ai'. \\hi)sc feast. (Ui the
vcrv niirlil his caiiital \^ as takrii and hirnsrlf slain.
and all tlir wealth thai llii' liahylimians had ac
■ lilirud by the [iluiidi'i' n\' i he j-lasl."'
'IMio I'lii'liost anlheiiiie rcenivl of ihe l>ai)vliinian
tains of Tiuii'iis and
Caucasus. 'I'hcy wore
kiinwii to all.
A- ue write, hrilliani -iieeessos in Ass\ rian ai't'ha'-
•u)u> hack In K. C. 1-f1. Tlicy were an olTshodt olntfy iii'C roporteil. In Issii an cxiieditinn uasm'-
frnm the Chaldeans whn dwelt, anniiiif the inoiiii- | nanizcd In seai'eli (nv lahlels, or lirick hooks, on the
siti- of lial)ylon. II. was
under the ehai'L'c of
ilorinii/.d K'assain. .\n
aeeniinl from a source
usually aullieiitie. states
1 1 at. liassain has un-
cart heil "a )K'rfecl treas-
ure trov(! of relics, con-
taining' Some t radii ion.s
that; date liefore the
Hood." The accouni
proceeils thus :
■'fVniMii;^- his discov-
eries are the accouni -
iloved oriirinallv as
mercenaries hy ihe As-
syrians. That has al-
ways proved a danjier-
ous e.\)ieriment, fri'-
(^uently eudinjx. as in
liiiscase, in the ultiniate
overthrow of the em-
jiloviii:^' iiowe
cm)ilove>
r hy the
he intro-
dilclion III the hlZ'yp-
tian solar seai- witii the
accessidii to the Maliy-
lonian t liroinj of "Naho-
uasar. leerely fixes {i
dat;e(li. U. mV). Xoth-
iui: iioteworliiv oecui-
hooKS o
f II
d. 1
reii, now
ever, e.tcepi ihai calendraie adoption svinlicate Iiciiil;- know
le u'reat, ll-
nancial ollict-rs of the
Uahylonian I'! m |iire.
who farmed ihe pulilic
~ rc\eniies, this ancient
II as the house of Heni Kiiilii :
UI
ider that, ruler, iioi' vet. under his twelve*! frau'niunts of I he hisiorv of Kalivlou to i he lime of
successors. \'vutr to I ho overthrow ol .Niiieveii
Hahvloii was i Uv seal, of a satrau rat hei' than a kiu^'
ip
The lirst real
llu' capturi' o
the eitv hv Cvnis : mval personal n
ords made hv t'vriis and hv Alexander I hi' ( ireal . win
sovereiuni was
Nalio[iolasar, the fa- | was eonsi^;iied so summarily li\- Hamlet loiheliiini.
I her of Xehuehadnezx.ar. The latter raised the em- I h(de of aheer-harrel ; a record of theirardensof K
pire to its supreme ijlory. He extended widelv its
area luul the griiiideur of Uali\ Ion. The honk of
Haniel furnishes ahoiii. all the hisiorv we ha\e of
iiu
the ein|
iiiire from ihat date to ils complete siiimiis-
"1
[ilenu'iited hy some references of a hist
on-
eal cl'iracter in .leremiali and Mzekiel.
There is, howeviM'. a hreak in the record whi-h
CiUi he su[ij)lied in its iiiea;:cr oiiiliiiesfrom another
source. So far as the HiMical record ^oes. il wiuild
ho a waste of -pace to reproduce il. so familiar and
aeeessihle is il. Hut Helsha/.zar did not 'mineiliato-
Merodach ('aladaii. who had sixty-three parks
1 iuscriptiiuis niuih^ hy Xeh
Saiivlou ; ami -e\i'ra
hadnezzar himself, which niav throw some
:ht
n his liucol
le I'xpericnces iii the ;rra.-
IVsides the records. Uassam has disci
ivercil ex-
tensive hydraulic works which were used to water
the ham^inu' .U'iirdens ; the ruins of tlu' ohservatory
tower of the i.n-eat temple of Ncho. containiiiLr he;iu-
1 if 111 specimens of \ il rilied liricks which have alu av.s
heen a puzzle to the scientists; the ruins of the city
of CiUlia. eontainiuii' a temple that was restoreil hy
^/■WiiMtc*.
*Ant
ASSYRIA AND SYRIA.
Ni'l)if(liii(iiit'ZZiir : iiiiuihrrcity, nut yi't iiU^iilitiiMl. at
II place know ii by I lie Ariil)s as tlie Mouiidsof Doyr ;
ami siiil MiniilHT city which the reijords siiowod to
lie the ancient Sippuia. 'I'hese two cities liassiim
helievi's to he till' cities of Sepharvaiin, iiieiilioiiod
in the Hook of Kihirs."
The i,ondon 7/'///c.v jrives the t'(dlo\riiii; inlcrestiiif,'
|iarticulai - concernini:' t hcfe two cities :
'• 'l"he tirst three lines ol the ]afjj;est of the foiiii-
dutioii ri'conls hiiuir our sjiciilative thou:,dits to a
focus and center our minds on tlu traditions of oiio
of the most ancient cities of L'hiildoa: ' To the
Siin-jfod. the
j,M'ciit lord,
dwolliiiij in
Hit -I'arra.
which is wit hill
theCityofSi))-
jiara.' Here,
then, we have
restored to ns
the ruins ai >
records of a
city whoso tra-
ditions goluick
1<) the days lie-
fore the tlood,
when pious
Xisuthriis, by
order of liis
god, ' buried in
the city of Sip-
])ara()f theSuii
the history of tlio beginniuir, progress, tind end of
ul! things' antediluvian. And now we recover,
twenty-seven centuries after thi'y were buried, th"
records of the jiious restorers of this iinciontteiii])le.
Such a discovery us this almost makes us inclined
to dig on in hopes of iiiiding the most ancient
I'ocords liuried there by the C'haldaic Xoali. There
are many points of history raised by this inscrip-
tion, but it will suUieo to say that from the earli-
est days of liabylonian history the city ot ' Sijipara
of the Sun' was a jirominent center of social ajid
religious life."'
Evidently the mysteries of anti(|uity, as hidden
beneath the debris of Habylon the Oreat, alford a
tempxing Held for exploration.
Had Alexander the (rreat lived to a good old age.
Haibylon would have hiul a si'cond ami juirhaps more
glorious career, but tine nntiinely death of that great
e(«i(|iM)ror was fatal to her reuotiMtruction. I'tolc-
niy carried «uit the .Vlexandrian idea in Egypt, but
the old capiial of "the t'haldees' excelleney " rap-
idly fell iwto ruins, and the jackals do imleed "cry
in their desolate houses, and wild hounds in thiir
lileasaiil palaces."
Syria is not. a very delinile term, but was gen-
erally used to designate not only llii' present
Syria but Mesopotamia also, and a jiart of .Vsin
Minor. Damascus was the capital of the kingdom
of Syria, a city
at least as old
as Abraham.
T"he desiTt of
Syria was not
far oir, on the
oasis of which
w ore built
'i'admor ai.il
1' a 1 m y r a .
Haalljec, one of
the most inter-
esting cities ia
ruins to be
f on 11 d a 11 y-
wliere, was all-
ot her Syrian
city. The coun-
try was often
divided into
numerous jiet-
ty states, and as a nation achieved no honor.
King David was successful in war against sev-
eral Syrian states. It was near to the close of
Sohiinon's reign that Damascus was f(niiided. Its
founder was llezor, who had been a slave origin-
ally, lie succeeded in building up a power
which was a formidable foe to Israel for several
centuries, but that Wius about all. The most
powerful king of Syria was Henl.adad. The .Jews
and Israelites, after the secession of the Ten Tribes,
were often at war, and Syria was sometimes a i)arty
to their (piarrels. During the reign of Alniz at .lerii-
salem, the Syrians joined the Israelites in war upon
the former, who .sought .the protection of Tiglatli-
pileser, of Assyria. Judea's extremity was Assyria's
ojiliortunity. and Damascus, which threatened to
^
I
^t
K'
'T^
J
1
ASSYRIA AND SVKIA.
«5
fiv:il Niiu'vcli, Wiiiilt'stiMyt'il. \\ itli it I'rll t hi' kiii:.'-
(li)lii (if Syria, to lie lust siylil of lllllil ul'lri' ihc (lis-
iHciiilM'niiciit. of tin- M;ir('ilinii;iii Kmpiif, wlicii it
unci' Miorc was a uaiin' ami a )M)\vt'r.
'I'Ir' st'cniiil |,i'riinl of Syrian liistorv liciTiiii witli
thv victory of Sclcuciila' over llio satraji of Persia
ami Moiloa (B. C. .'il.i) and contimuMl until tlio Uo-
iiiaii Knipiro swallored up tlu' kinu'doui, two iuin-
(In-ii years later. He l>uilt up a strou;,' kiiiiriiotu and
his son Aiitiochus streinrHiciied it still more. The
permanent eajjital of this new Syria was Antioeh.
The I'tolemies, us wo liave seen, made themselves
a niiiihty factor in the world's projjress ; hut tlie Se-
luueidiv did nothinsr wortiiy of note. It is true that
the Christians were first eaileil such in Antioch. hut
that city never exerted any very remarkahle inllu-
ouee in tlie reliL'ions world, and the second Syrian
kinj,^lom nuiy he dismissi'd witii the ol)servatiou
that it is sui^ijestive of llie fact, tliat nations, like
individuals, nuiy he so very eominonplaee as to he
hetieatli notice. Duriiiijf the period of the Crusades
Syria sulTen'd terril)iy. In l.'ilT Sultan Seiim con-
i|Ui'red it, ami it has ever since remained a j)art of
the Ottoman Empire. e.\eei)t from ISli-^ to 1S41,
when it was uiuler Ejiyptian rule. It now forms a
j)ortion of the three pashalies. Alejuio, Damascus,
and Sidiin, and has a |io|)uiation, inidusivc of the
iu)mailic Arahs. of aixnit ••i,(i()(),()()(). most wretched-
ly ^overni'd.and ekinj^out a scant suhsistence u])on
a soil exhausted hy improvident tillage.
The term Assyria long ago ceased to juive a ))lace
in tiu' actual, in distinction from the historical
woi'ld. hut the Syria of to-dav is tliat portion of
Turkev in Asia wliici' iies hetween latitudes ']\°
ami :5T°
ortli. skirtini the Mediterranean
Sea from tlu' (iulf of Lskaiiderooii to the Isth-
mus of Suez, with an area estimated at i'iO,()(l(»
siiuare miles, altliouirh the eastern and southern ex-
tensions are imlelinilc. it iududcs ralcslinc wilii
its manv mountains, towns, rivers, lakes and other
places rendered sacrcil hy Helirew history and tra-
dition. It is th(^ land of the Uihle, ami the oriental
customs, custunu's and general mode of life of
Hihlical times may still he found there. .Man has
changed le,ss than nature, for liidds once fertile are
now sterile, Tlu? great ditliculty is the scarcity of
water, 'I'he soil is light and saiuly, easily rendered
a victim of drouth. Wheat, harley a-id heaiis are
the chief products. l''igs, olives and mulherries
thrive in many parts of .Syria, aiul are the staple
fruits of the hind. Peaches, pomegranites, oranges,
lemons, gra|)es, apricots and almonds are also grown
there. Jackals, liynas, antelopes, wild swine and
wolves are the pest of Syria, whik camels, asses,
horses, shoep, goats and cattle arc the main domes-
tic aniiiuils. There are some Christians and a few
.lews among the native population, hut foi the most
part Mohammedanism is the prevailing religion. 'I'he
language now mainly in use is Araliic. The (dd
Svriac, or Aramaic, has nearly dii'd out. ,M(Mlcrn
tireek is iinderstood and largely used on the coast.
The Syriac is a dialect of Shemitie language known
tons through a (Jhristian literature extending hack
to the second century of our era, and which nour-
ished until the Saracen Empire arose, and the Gross
gave way to the Crescent. A great deal of ])rimi-
tivc CMiristian literature is preserved in that lan-
guage. l?ut the most notahle distinction of the
Syriac is its ancient versions of the Now Testament.
It also has at least two very old versions of the Old
Testanu'Ut. In detcrniininic the correct text of the
sacred volunu' these venerahle nuiuuscripts are of
iuestinnihle im|iortance. The Syriac language is in
itself a cnirious monument of rei)eated con(|uests.
coutaming as it does a gn^it nuiny words
Persian, Latin, Arai)ie anil Tartar oiiuiu
if Creek,
'\^
^
7n
\
Mh*^tfci—^»
JLi'i'vrtH-,. .:»,
ijl.
^5
C'lIAI'TKR XIII
l'l:ll-l\S- l-nl.ATIMS IvMll.V Ill-rulSV \NI1 \V \ U'
i'AKllUA AMI lioMi: /lUiDA -ri.U AMI Tni:
SrjIMAliV (iK Till: I'KII^IAN llllll.i: t'OMl'AIH
— MoDKltN I'KIISIA — 1'^.II^•IA^ l.iTKIl ATI 111:.
< l'in>llM. A-'I'KCTS AN'll t'llNDITIIlNS— DAnH'M,
M\i.i Till'; /,i:niia Vk^ta ami tiik IVmi-kks^
iTvi: AvTicji-iTV— Hou, Satan ami Immohtai.itv
1 1. ,
- - 1 '
M'^
?gu%^| rp .^ ^,^^, pei'uliarity of Por-
t'i't^"-t'AJW«tei'^Pf iictuiillv updii till' liorilcr
^M^ l^'V'i. M ;,/'i35?rW;,^^^^ of civilizali'iii, ncillicr con
tlr„
trilmliim' Id II iHir (U'rivmii;
hciu'lir rroiii it. l-'i'oiii tlie
^^,^/ ^*--^iV'^f^\^/ carlii/st times to tlio prt's-
'^f^iW''^' eiit (lay it luLs been in iiu
-■^l^ tulloctuiil isdlatinii. ITiiving much tliiit
hij^ was i^ood. it has straiij^jely Uickod tlio
assimihitiiiu' faculty. It comiutToil
, __. Egypt, (ivei'thrtnr Babyh)ii, and suli-
3Ss('«fr '1'"''' '''*^ (irc'i'k fitius of Asia Mimn-,
yet it I'cmaineil substantially tiie same.
Its area varied witii the forttincs nf
war, but its national ciiaracter under-
went no radical alteration. ,\n(l even
when llie sword of Islam revidutiunized
of Persia, the i)eoj)le remained as they
had been from tlu^ earliest times, half barbaric and
half civilized, all after their own fashion.
The early records of Persia arc merely the wild
droauLs of fable and poetry. 'I'lie earliest authen-
tic accDunt of tinit nation relates to tiu! wars of Cy-
rus, Candu'ses, Darius, Xerxes and Mithridates, of
whic'li we hear em)iiijii for the ])ur[)oses of this vol-
ume in coniu'ction with Egypt, (ireoee and TJonie.
I'ersia deprived the first of independence, the
second of o.xistoiieo it.solf, but sought in vain tocoi.-
(pier the third and fourtli. It can oidy hoa,-l tlial.
notwitiistanding .\lc\ander's victories and the her-
oism of .Maratiion, 'rhernmfiyln', and Salamis, the
(ireeks did not dolroy I'ersia; they simply pi'e-
served tlieirowii. .Mithriihites did not crush oreven
ciuick Roman con(|nest, but. his kingdom nniin-
tained its own individuality and ind* pcndencc, sur-
viving tlie fall of Itomc lu) less tium the decay of
Athens. The Persian dynasties, whether Arclia'-
menida', Arsacida', or Sasaniihc, do not concern tlie
world of progress, but they held their own for near-
ly twelve hundred years, falling only before the
fanaticism of the Koran.
Ancient Persia was only aliout three hundred
miles long and two hundred wide, between the In-
dian Ocean and tin; Persian (iulf. It is a moun-
tainous country and not very fertile. It sullVrs
severely from drouth. It was a good ]ilacc to raise
preilatory warriors, also to excite ])oetic fancv and
religious emotions, hut a very ])oor place to culti-
vate a hap])y cominunity and develop a wholesome
state of society.
By the aid of Ouneiform inscriptions, the brick
libraries of .\s.syria, and other sources of iiiformu-
tion, some genuine history lias been arrived .it.
Darius IIystas])es, who came to the throne in H. ('.
5"il,rodtice(l the kingdom to political order. Before
71"
lN())
—f>\
I
1 1<>
r
^'
I'KKSIA, l-AKllllA AM) IHK /l,M)\ \ ICSTA.
his ilay. llic .Mcili's iiinl I'tTsiiui-' were two im vitjil ciiiiMi'cliim with llic l'I'imI riii'icnl h|' cnchIs.
iici^'hliipi'iiii; trilit's uf A^'-'yviiiii', wliu, liv imil'ii;,' Tlit' iiiicii'iit (Jrcck* iil' 'iliuhil, ami (lie inuilcrn
tlii'ir t'<ii'((.'s, iiiul lu't'ii iililc tci -iiliiliii' kiiii.'«< ami Parsoi's still altriliiito (tho lalii'r licin;; ilwisc w Im
imilil iqiagivat i'iii|)irc lnust'l\ lu'lil t(if.a'tlit'r. Kniiii ' still Imlil the Zciila \'i'.-l!i In lie ihc n'\(lalinii .ii
Ills riMjjii iiiii\ Ih' ilalc'd llio ciiiisoliilati.'il ami ni'traii- (iod) the aiit liDiwIiip ol' tlio siiciTil liook ol' nlJ I'ci'-
izcil kiii;riliiiii. sia to Zonia-lct. lit' was a irrfat |iliiloH()|)li('r and
AiiKPiiir the MHirc imiiosini: ruin oj' aiitii|uity rcliLrinii< tcacluT. 'I'lic a:,'i' in which lu' livc(l i,- ni;-
iiui.-l lie nunilicicil I'ci'st'iiulis. >U|i|MiMd In havf known, and cnnircl ui'('< \ai'\ wididv. All t hi' inij.
bei'ii roundi'd h\ ihis Darins. Ii was wanloidv tU'- dcnls uf his life, as r
vciirucil, were iu\ I liU'a
I. lie
stroyod hy Ak'xamlcr the (Jivai.
Darius l[ystas|iL's ili\ idtMl ilic iduntry intn lunc-
,v- a native ol' Uactria. acounirv in Central Asia,
liiu
the cily mI' Uailria f.'f its I'apital. It was
teen salra|iies, or jiroviiu'e.'
each holdeii lor the the Iiumio nf the Mairi or
wise Mi(
11 " to wh
purpose id' ceiMain li\ed trihiite ami ruled hy a sa- ; ret'ereiiee is made in the (iospid of Malllieu. A
trap ulio was \ irtnally ahsoliite. -o Ion;,' as he paid i deputation of MaLri, LMiide(l i,\ the star of lleihle-
lus taxi's III lull.
'The central iT" ''ru-
in <' n t inainiaineil
some authority a> a
safeu'uard ai^ai list
refusal to pav tlie
I assossmeiil-
There
hem. piinl llii'ir iv-
specls to the infant
■ lesiis ill his manner
craille,
The /"iida Ve.ia
was I hi
lii
I umler t h e
was indeeil a jierirxl
diiriiii; which Persia
seemed dead, the
victim of .\le\an-
der's LTciiius, hut it
was only ste.inied.
Tile dynasty of 1 >a-
riiis liyslaspes did.
it is true, '^i> down after two eeiituries. hut in \v
iind
I'ersii
olden kiiiLi's. When
Alexander overran
.V.
la, the aiiiii'iit
reh'^'ion jell into de-
cline, and the I'ar-
liial-
I It.
thians >\ ^icniai i
ly s 11 ppresse(
7T
than oiii^ hundred years the l'al•tlliall^^
Arsaces revidti'd. and another I'er:
er
laii ilvmistv
was founded which remained in ]iower ahmii
4.j(l years, ^iithridatcs heloiiiring to that dynasty.
Duiiiii^ that peridil the empire was usually called
I'arthia. 'i'iie i'artliiaiis wt're a tribe of Avriau
1101"'
libors of the Meiles and Persians. t(
) wiiom
tliev wore eariv suhji'cted, and with whom they
Ijecaiiu' idontilied. The cliaiiLTO of name of the
kingdom was mainly due to the dynastic change.
The i'artliians were often at war with Kome, nei-
tl
ler traiiiiii": decisive victories.
It is I
loUU'llI
that
if Julius Cffisar had
hveil a tew vear« loiiLi'er he
would have aiiiiexeil I'arthia or IVr-ia t(j tlu' lio-
inaii i<',iii|iire.
The real interest in Persian history relates to
Zoroasteraiid theZenda Vesta. Allelse. except as it
has alreiuly Ijoeii suggested, may well lie passed oxev
in sileni.'e, as a jwriod of war and intrigue liaving
Many of the hooks
or parts were lo>t forever, hut when the I'er-
lida' came to the throne, no
siaii dviiiistv of Sassai
■trort
■d t
ettort was sjiareu ti> reston' 'Mhi' good liook in ii
th
eiitirclv.
W
len the
M.
liaminedans took
i'erM,-
and coinpelle'l the jieopli' to sulistitiit.e the Koi'aii
for the Zeiida \'esta. the more devout iind res-
(diite lied to Hoiiihay, Surat, and elsc!wliere,
taking their religion and their literature with
them.
hev are known now is I'ar.sees
iml
to rhom is the world greativ indehted for th
all that was re;
It IV wor
th
pi'cservat ii '11 id
serving in i'er.'aa.
Orii'iit.il scholars think that the oldest inu'tions
of this work cannot lie placed later than Ii. (.'.
l.'iOd. It was added to froiu time to time, hut the
great hulk of it was colleeteil together, it is suit-
posed, aliotit a thousand years lati'r. It con-
sists of twenty-one parts called ^s'osks, each
containing a vesta and zend, that is, an orig-
inal text and coiiiniontary thereon. Only a
r
W 1]
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
A
{./
^ >.
.V
^S^*
1^*%
fe
z
"-^4^
^
4^.
^
1.0
I.I
I
■50 ""^
I |i£ 12.0
25
2.2
I'
i
18
1.25 i 1.4
<^
M»'
'^^
<.
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
#^
•S55
\
:\
iV
\
^
.\.^ ^^^ -^q\
33 WIST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716)872-4303
■ \KA* «'t
^
88
PERSIA, I'ARTHIA AND THE /KNDA VESTA.
very small part, chiefly the Voulidwl, is exUnt.
The naiiu's uiid suimiiarii's are as follows:
I. Setuilur. — (Praise worship) containing the
praise and worsiiip of the Vazittus, or angels.
a. St;fiiilf/nr. — Prayers and instructions to men
about go(Hi actions: cliiclly those enjoining one an-
other to assist his fellownian.
3. \'(ihi.il(i-Mu(/tri(, — On abstinence, piety, and
religion.
4. Itdijhrt, — An explanation of religious duties,
how to sruard ajrainst bell and reach heaven.
5. Diun-ihd. — Knowledge of this and a future
life, revelations of (JimI con-
cerning heaven, earth, water,
trees, tire, men and beasts.
On the resurrection of the
dead and the passing of the
Briilgc Chinvat.
6. yitdtir. — On astron-
omy, astrology, geograpliy,
etc.
T. I'nrhiim. — What food
isalloweil or proliiliitcd.
cha|)tcrs. only thirteen extant
at the time of Alexander the I
(Jreat) treated of kings and
high priests.
9. Uiinish. — (.Sixty cha])-
tcrs extant at the time of
Alexander.) The cotle of The vuit of
laws for kings; also, on the sin of lying.
10. /\(tshusiiri(//. — On nietapliysics, natural phi-
losdpiiy, ami divinity.
II. \'islilit.K/t .\iisk: — On the conversion of King
(rushtiisp and propagation of religion.
l'^. ('liiilniKhl. — On the nature of divine things,
obedience due to kings, agriculture, and the reward
of good actions.
!;>. Siifdiid.^Ow tlie miracles of Zoroaster.
14. liiiijJtun il's/i. — Praise of high, angel-like men.
1.'). lanislif. — On iunnan life; why some are
born in wealth and others in poverty.
Itl. \(/i/iin(iii. — Code of law ; what is allowed,
what im)iiii)ited. .
1 T. Ifiispdrani. — On medicine and a-stronomy.
15. fhiiiiiistirii/A — On marriages, and treatment
of animals.
III. Iliiskarnm. — Civil and criminal law.
*.i(>. Vi'iiiliilnd, — Ifemoval of nncleanness of ev-
ery de,scri|)tion, from which great defects arise in
the world.
ai. lldiloUd. — On the creation; its womiers.
The Zenda W'sla is suppose<l to !»e the oldest of
all literary works, at least of the Aryan raie, with
one exception, and that exception is the Uig. Vida
of In<lia. The latter is believed to have l)een pro-
duced before the great Aryan family i)egan its mi-
gration from India, and when the Sanscrit was the
common language of all the nniny Aryan nations.*
The Zeiula N'esta is more spiritual. Instoml of de-
ifying natural objects, it
spiritualizes worshiji. It
must have produced, orlxjen
produced by, a great relig-
ious reformation.
The cardinal doctrine of
this Persian tailii was the ex-
istence of two mighty sjjir-
its, good and evil, God and
Satan. The personality of
the devil was not distinctly
taught by Zoroaster, who Iw-
lievcd in a great first cause,
the primal good, and an evil
tendency. Hut the region
with which his name is iden-
tified is thonmghly dualistic,
as much so as the scene in
the Wise Men. tiie Garden of Kden and the
book of Job. The relics of the Zenda Vesta
contain some sublime i)oetr\', and crninentlyChrist-
like prayers. The Udief in a future existence
of jtersonal consciousness is a prominent leaturo
of the Zoroastrian religion. The .Jews were
brought in contact with tliis religion ihiring
flieir captivity, anvl bormwcd from them the word
I'aradise, for as found in the New Testament,
it is a Pi'rsian word. The sect of the Pharisees,
with tlieir firm belief in immortality, nniy Ix)
clainu^d as the result of intercourse of the Jews
with the Persians. In the I'ersian theology the
spirit of goixl is called Ormuzd ; of evil. Aiiriman,
In its present I'lirm tlie religion of ancient Persia
sies in these two personages merely principles, ten-
dencies, and laws of beinij.
The Persia of to-day is one of the most unhappy
• For till' Arv.iii!'. hiv rhapli'r on liiilla.
d^''
^2:
k
PERSIA, PARTHIA AND THE ZENDA VESTA.
89
king<l()in8 011 tlio eiirtli. In distress and misery tlic
Persians are sad'y pre-cniinent. The government
is an al»rti»lulo monareliy. The king, or shall, knows
no aiitliority but liis jwrsonal cajtrico. The present
rnler, Nawsr-od-Din, revels in wealth while his sub-
jects starve by the thousands. The area of the
kingdom is (>4S,0()0 8(|uaro fnilos, a largo part of
which is an arid dv sert. There are not, on an
average, more than seven persons to a square mile,
and still tiio population is excessive. The taxes are
Icvietl on the plan of scpieezing from the jiriKlucing
class all they can possibly endure and live, often
more than that. There are four cities of consider-
able size. Tauris or Talireoz, Teheran, Mershed, la-
'^ahan and Yezd. Isjiahan is the cai)ital. There
are eight thousand villages in the country. In 187IJ
the Shah visited Kuro])e and nnuh goinl was an-
ticipated therefrom, bul bo was too brutish to prolit
by his observations. The pnivailing religion is Mo-
hammedanism. Thcrcare not more than seven thou-
sand followers of Zoroaster left. They are called
Parsees. The severity of Moiianinu'iiiin jtersccution
drove the i»ersistent Parsees into exile. .Many of
them found asylum in India. The Armenian an<l
Nestorian C'hristians are somewhat numerous in
some parts of Persia. The native name for the
<'()unlry is Iran. The best feature of Persia is its
odiu-ational faiMlities. There are immerous colleges
for the upper classes in which Persian and Arabic
literaturi^ are cultivated, and nuiny of the common
j)eople can I'ead. The literature of I lie language is
ricli. esiK'cially in jxietical works. Hut in the I'ise
of the Saracen Kmpire. tiie Persia which liad so
long nuiiiitainiMl itself in its essence uncontamin-
aled and ui'l)roken, was lost forever. The old
name exists and some >>f the mitional traits, but
tiie l)liglit of Islam was t'()m|)lete and irreme(lial)le.
The jtoets of Persia deserve liigh rank. The pres-
ent 'K)et -laureate of the Shah, Hakim Kaani, is said
to have a rare command of language and rhythm,
and to be worthv to rank witii the liest authors of
the day. Tiie tirst rank among the jioets of Persia
Indongs to Uudaki. Whole lines are in the highest
degree classic. Ho was born blind. Omar Kheiy-
ane, a great poet, astronomer and nnithcmatician,
was the author of a work called Mjehr 11 vl Mukabi-
Ic/i, or the science which still bears tlio name Alge-
bra, which he gave it. He was an extreme free-
thinker in religion. Anwari is another fanuHis name
in Persian classics. His " Divan," or collected
works, has been lithographed at Zebris during tho
present reign. Saadi, who llourished in the thir-
teenth century, has never been excelled for the pur-
ity and elevation of his sentiments. His fancy
soared among tho stars of the most suiilime ideas of
ethics. His " Uose-Ganlen," a clumning collection
of moral tales in prose and verse, has lieen trans-
lated into English, and is one of thecl )ico volumes
of the world's best literature. Hut tho suiiremo
[Miet of Persia was Shcnis ed-I)in Mohammeil, Ijct-
ter known by his nam tie plume of llaliz. He was
born at Shiraz early in the fourteenth century. He,
too, was ii bold free-thinker who worshiped beauty
rather than the Deity of any creed, and his inter-
pretations of human sentiment in its diverse forms
give him a place among the immortal i)ards of the
ages. His tomb is an object of veneration to nu-
merous visitors, and time only mlds to the jwpular-
ity of bis lyrics.
Persian literature is also rich in works on morals
and Svi"nce. and in prose fictions. '• The modern
Persians," says Palmer, " like other oriental na-
tions, have been stimulated into intellectual activity
in recent tinu!s by communications with the West,
aii<l the result has been a number of useful works
on educational and scientiiic subjects have been
translated from the Euro})ean languages. The old
standard authors, however, still hold their ground,
and are studied with as much ardor as ever. Juilged
from a literary ))oiMt of view, tlu^ Persian intellect
is brilliant, volatile and vivacious, and not unlike, in
national characteristics, the French."
\a
ill'.
■Hi'i
ill
W 'M
^
■t«>a-*r>!u,. .-.-t
.«»*••• 1'
]1-
■I V
ill
! 'i
^
■7
ililli«tlillil»illiii<iillii»k»iiiiiilli ■•■<•■■■•■ I ■■■•■ III ikiJlilktlliiiiliiiiilliiiijliittlli ■»■.■■■ ■•■•■■ III liMtlt
/
CHAPTER XIV.
The rilE-EMINKN( E (IF (iHEErE— TlIK (iENERAI. lillECIAN rECfLlAlllTY— TllE AllK OP FaIILE ASH | j,
rilETltV — I'lll.rni AI. 1)I\ I.»1()N9 OP THE TE'IIUTOKY— (JllOTE AMI SlIILIEMANN— TllE IlEIlOIC j^,|
Ar.K AM) IIKIK tI.ES--TlIESEls, TllE AMAZONS AM) MeDEA— TllE TuoJAN IIeHOE?' — lIoMEll's f
I'OKTIIAVAI. OP TllE IlElKlIC Alii.— TUE SlEciE OP TUOV— TllE ClTV TAKEN— TllE \VANl)EHlN<iS .-—
Trff ffW
lip t'l.VSjE:'— The t'l.OMMl SlESK.
K'-V^x^^— ^
X tlio desert, of iiiiliiiiiily
stiiiuls tlmt IjeiUilifiil oa.si.<,
(iroL'ci'. ToroviT Lri"t'oii and
fertik' in lliu pniiluuti^ of
guniiis. Wo may admire
tiic martial s|)iendor of
y^t ws • ■ »^» Ali'.xander. iiio daunile.-^s
^^W heroism of Maratiion and
Tliermopvla', llie statesmanshiiiof Peri-
i^^ eles, and I lie naval spli'iidors of Salamis.
bnl it is to her jioels and piiilosoiihers,
licrart and her oratoiy, tiiat (Iruece owes
tiieercnrn of fadeless ^rlory wliieh eneir-
ules the Ilellenie hrow and makes the
siilijec. ui)on whiuh wo enter with this
ehapter rejjloto with interest. That
little roek-ljonnd southeastern penin-
iJ* sula of E.irope is linked in iiroud jire-
omineiieo witii tho civilization of tlie entire continent
For a loiifi time it was the only civilized jiortion of
Kurojie. Everywhere else the ijarljarian held uu-
disputeil sway for centuries after the Hellenes luul
mastered •• the wisdom of the Egyptians" and Ijot-
tered tlieir instructions.
Hard hy Africa and .Vsia hotii, with ample iuir-
hors and })rodiictive soil, the country wa-s well
adapted to bo tho home of a great if not a numer-
ous jwoiile. The term (Ircek really include.« not
only the dwellers on that j)eninsula. as we shall see.
but mimerous eolonies establisUed on adjacent
islands and mainland. To trace in detail tliegrowtli
and decay of I'ueii petty .state in (ireoee i'ro|K'r.
even, would be tedious and unprolitable. 'J'lie aim
is to make jilain the sulijeet in its entirety, and ena-
ble one to clearly apprehend tiie place belonging to
tiie (i reeks in tiie worlil of tho piust. It may bo re-
markeil liere that tho Alexandrian ago of Egyi't
was. as has been siiown, more Grecian than Coptic,
and that having once entered tho stream of prog-
rt'ss, tiie irellenic waiers never ceased to give cidor
and ciiaracter to tlio wiiolebody, much as the ^[iss-
issippi river is essentially tho Missouri after their
waters comminglo and How together into the Criilf
of Mexico.
^luch which long })assed for Urocian history is
now known to be wildly fabulous, and some things
gravely condemned as fiction have boon shown by
later research to have been actual. In tho critical
work which exposed tho legendary and mythical
character of supposed history, tho late Mr. (Jroto
t.ook the Iciul, and for tiio rescue of actual fact.s
from tho reiiroach of being unreal, the world is
supremely indebteil to Schliemann. Ik'tweeii what
one tore down and tho other built uj), — dug up,
(90)
el:
the
ai-ii
unl,'
myr
pavt
idle
liad
ries (
It
inan\
< iwe,>
iiisii
liavo
The
_^*=
to
Lt
GREECE AND HERO WORSHIP.
91
Homer.
riither, — the dark places of rtrecian liiatory have lK?en
miulo liriglit witli iiitoUigeiico. Tlie first great luunc
ill (Jrc'oco is lliat of Homer, ami Solilieiiiami has
phowii that his Trojait
war was not the vagary
of iiivi'iitivo genius. hut
tiiu veritahle siege of a
verital)le eity. How-
ever luueli freedom llie
poet allowed his muse,
his sul)ject wiw histori-
cal. Troy was no myth,
and iu monumental
ruins may Ik.' read tiie
siorv of " the wratii of
Acii'-'les." And if Ho-
mer iiiul a substratum of history for his iieroes, so,
no doul)t, hiul the great dranuitists of Greece whose
grand conceptions till a large space in the inteliec-
lual world. It wo\ild be vain, however, to attempt
(Ik' si'paration of tnitii and llction, and more jjrof-
italde to view all those characters in a luetic light,
as wc do Hamlet, King i^ear and Hiawatha.
From lir.st to last(Jr.'ece was divided into numer-
ous states, generally indejiendent of each otiier. and
sometimes at war. The union of tiutse comnnm-
wcalihs was confederate ratlier tlian federal, and
when la'oiight to its strongest p.,i:it was reiilly a
imrtiK'rship at will. Tiie doctrine of " state sover-
eignly" was never disputed. Houkt may lie said
til funiisii the key of the entire political history of
tlie (iroeUs, wlu'ii lie introducL's us to Aeliilies sulk-
ing in his tent, and tiie alHes powerless to coerce iiis
active co-ojieratiou in the war tiicn in progress, and
for wiiicli lie iiad enlisted. It was not until lie vol-
untarily l)ncU!eil on liis shield and drew his rusty
sword from its scabbard, that he led iiis terrible
niyrnii<lons into battle, slow the mighty Hector, and
paved the way for the fall of 'I'roy. It is, of course,
iille to s|K.'culate as to the proiiable course of history
had the Ureeks lioen one nation. IV i haps the glo-
ries of (Jreece and IJome would both have unified.
It may be. on the other hand, that, like the Ger-
many of the first half of the present century, it
owes much of its literary importance to its political
insignificance, and that national greatness would
have dwarfed the intellectual growth of the jK'ople.
Tlie age of Grecian bariiarism, midway InHween
primitive savagery and the civilization which could
produce a Homer i.nd the long lino of suhsequent
splendor, is called tne Heroic ago. Not that it was
really more grand than any other similar age in
otiier lands, but the jioets took n\) the faintly out-
lined characters, weaving alnnit them ideal person-
alities, coinhiiiing the rugged originals with a sub-
limation purelv fanciful. 'I'his heroic period is not
definite in chronology, but generally designates tho
time from H. ('. 14tH» to H. (!. ViW. The first of
fhe.se is Hercules, whose marvelous exploits would,
if true, prove him to have been indeed a demigtKl.
He was a knight-errant, succoring the weak, suIkIu-
ing tyrants, and i)erforming labors nio.st i>rodigioiH.
The (Jreeks of the pericd before his day are called
I'elasgians. Hercules was a IMicpuiciaii bv bhiod.
'k
Vr^j
HtTCUlCB.
He was born in Thebes, not the grand old city of
the Nile, but the town of that name in (ireeco
foundetl by Cadmus the I'ho'iiician. He traveled
far by land and w-iter. The Straits of Gibralter
were his pillars. His proverbial labors were under-
taken ill expiation of the murder of his wife and
children, committeil in a tit of rage; at least, that is
the more usual e.xiilanation of tlio.se labor.s. Theso
labors wore twelve in number, the chief Ixting tho
slaying of the Nemean lion, one of the liytlra with
nine iieads ; cleansing the stables of King Aiigeaa
who had a herd of three thousand oxen wlio.so stables
had not been cleansed for thirty years; sti'aling tho
girdle of Hippolyta. the (pieen of the Amazons, and
the apples in the garden of the Hesperides, the gift
of the godiless Earth to Juno on the occasion of
her marriage with Jove. His final labor was bring-
.r-
■ ■' 1;'
¥ 1!
m.
:
iA. -
■i'l''
1
'M
1
7
92
GREECE AND HERO WORSHIl'.
iiig Cerberus, tliewatcli-dogof hell, frointlie nether
world. Till' sliirt stci'inMl in tlic tilood of Nessiis,
whiuli cuiised liis deiilli in awful ii^'oiiy, was sent to
hini l)_v hJH wife, who was inllauietl witli causeless
jealousy. The <;arinent hurned into iiis ilesh and
could not 1k' jrotten olf witiiout lakini.' the ilesh
witii it. All these exploits and exjieriences are in
I'onstanl use for illustrations.
Kext to Ilerenles in heroic einineneo wa.s The-
Kcus, the pride of Alliens. His name hriuirs up the
familiar bed of I'rocustes, or tlie stretcher. It was
of iron. All travelers who fell into his hands were
jilaeeil upon it. If they were lonj^er than tlie bed
they were chopped olT. if shorter, they were
stretcluul. This eeeent rie landlord was placed upon
his own lu'dsteail by Theseus and nuule to accept
his own iios})itality. Tiieseus nnide war uj)ou those
illustrious females, the Amazons, as Hercules had
before him. («reek sculpture was fond of repre-
senling the battles of the Amazons, and to tiie end
of time, women who boldly stand up for their rights,
undaunted l)y masculine op[)osilion, will be known
as Amazons. Theseus has ligured more upon the
histrionic stage than Hercules. We catch a shad-
owy glimpse of this hero in history. His shiule flits
across tiie stage of statecraft, l)ut only t(j disaiipear
in the clouds of anticjuo dust.
The heroic age is, for the most part, the story of
the Trojan heroes and tliose associated with them.
Homer was not alone in treating tiiis sui)ject. On
tiie contrary, ids accounts are tantalizing, and what
he omitted the tragedians sought to siipjily. ilo-
iner introduces us to the Cireeks on the plain before
the doomed city, and
during the Iliad never
once wanders from that
charnied spot. The
Odyssey treats only of
the wan d e r i n gs of
Ulysses. Of wiiat went
before and followed
aftei . we kniw notiiing,
exci'jit as others fur-
nislied tiie information,
between all, tiie ac- MiiuIhus.
count isfpiite full. .Vii attempt will iiowIh) nnulc to
narrate all the imitortant features of this great pic-
ture of the heroic ago and its apotheosis by genius.
Paris, the iiandsonie sou of I'riam, King of Troy,
])aid a visit to Menelaus, King of Sparta. He
abused the hosjiitality of his royal friend l)y elopin?
with his lieautiful wife, Helen. The injured iiiis-
band sent tidings of his wrong to the dillerent
l|>lii);i'iiiu.
chiefs of (ireece, inviting them to join in avenging
the outrage. Thoapi)eal met with acordial response.
All were willing to go excejit U ]y.s80s of Ithaca. 1 le
had just married a wife, and still more recently be-
coiueafather. Not wantiugto leavethe lovely iViiel-
ope and the infant Telemachus, he pretended to be
crazy, liut the trick was detected, and the trickster
joined them in tiie expedition. A vote was taken
on the riuestion of who should be generalissimo.
'I'lie choice did not fall u])on liie veneral >', Nestor,
the brave Aciiilles, or tiie crafty Ulysses, but uixui
the magniiicent Agamemnon. To insure success
and safety, tlie commander-in-chief resolved toolTer
in sacrifice his own daiigliter, I])higeuia. A goddess
interposed and saved the girl, leaving a iiim' upon
the altar as a substitute. One may see in this story
a resemblance to the less tragic incident C(jmniem-
(M'utivc of Hebrew substitution of a sheep for a hu-
man being. Hut Agamemnon, unlike Abraham,
supposed his child had i»erisiied. Sodid theniotlier.
C'lytemnestra, wlio thereu|ion conceived deadly lia-
tred for her husl)and, a hatred that made lier ^dse
to her marriage vows, and cost him his life upon his
return from the war. Ihit to proceed. On their
way fo Troy the fleet attacked an innocent jieopie
and despoiled them. Among the victims taken
captive was the beautiful maiden, Hriseis. The girl
was allotted to Achilles, but coveted by Aganiem-
^
e<l
till
A 'J
tlic
OCi 1
8ua(
he
mat
tl
ley
gods
siasii
the
crcp
calle
citv.
they
nigiii
of th
le gi
liaci
tl
St rate;
terri
sr
•^-
1
(JKKKCK AM) HKRO WORSHIP.
93
iKiii. 'I'lio latler,cxcTtiii<^lii,ssiiiR.'ri')r aiitliDril y, took
her to liiiiisolf. 'I'licrciiiMni AcliiUcs uiilulrcw fnnii
the p'luTiil ciiiii]) iiinl lii'iriiii his iiiininrliil '•sulk.;.''
The war (lnii,'i,'u(l its wuiiry loiii,'th. hall If al'lcr hat-
tic iK'iiiii fdiight without (h'cisivc advaiilairc on
eitiier Hide, until, liiially. a friend of Achilles,
Piitroclus, was slain, when tlie groat sulker forgot
liis grievance ami made short work of the Trojans.
The (ireeks were still unahle to enter the city.
To drive the warriors within the gales was all that
thev eoiildilo. Then it was thai the eraft of I'lys-
fios achieved its greatest triumph. At his sugges-
tion a huge wiMKJen horse was ma<le and filled with
the llower of the army. Tho Ureoks thou set sail
as if tired of the
enteri)rise. Troywaa
exultant over the
raising of tlie siege,
and fell into the
trap. Sallying forth
to view the relics of
tho eiimp, great curi-
osity was excited hy
the wo(Mlen horse.
Tho jK-oplo conclud-
ed to In'ing it into
the city as a trophy.
A Trojan priest, hy
the name of La-
ocoiin, tried to dis- site op
suade them from this madness. " I fear the Greeks,"
he said. '' even when they offer gifts." Hardly
hiul he .spoken thus, accompanied by his two
sons, when two monstrous sea-ser])entscamoiishore,
nuiking straight for the jjriest and his sons, whom
they strangled, and the popular cry was that the
gods were angered l)y his opposition. With enthu-
siasm, if hanl work, the horse was brought within
the walls. Previous to this, Ulysses and Diomodhiid
crept into the town and stolen an image of Minerva,
called the I'tillailium, which was the safety of the
city. The silly Trojans llatterod themselves that
they now had a sul)stitute for the Palladium. At
night wlu.i all was still, the men cut their way out
of their equine box, .set tiro Id the eity, and opened
the gates to their friends who had (luii'tly sailed
back, 'i'iie fall of Troy was thus brought about liy
strategy and not by bravery. The slaughter was
terrible and relentless. Those who escaped the )
sword wore .sold into .slavery, including the surviv-
ors of the royal family. \ few Hod umlor the leiul-
ership of .Mncas. wlm, according to Virgil, was the
father of Uoine. Helen's crime was condoned bv
her husband with whom sho returnoil to Sparta.
Thidiii,'houi. she is rcpresonted as passive in the
I'xtreme.
\ aricil were the exjieriencesof the heroes. Achil-
les had already iieeii slain, shot in the heel (his only
vulnerable spot) by a poisoiu'il arrow from the
shaft of the cowardly ami nu'an I'aris. 'I'lie mur-
der of .\gamoninon ui)on tho threshold of his own
l)alace was a favorite theme of the tragedians, and
the sorrows of his children furnishe(l occasion lor
— ] illustrating the piti-
lo.ssiu'ssof fate. Mat
Ulysses was the real
hero after the fall of
Troy. He wandered
in many lands. Ho-
mer represents him
visiting every laml
known to the (irc'ks,
real and fabulous,
and oxjH'riencing all
sorts of dangers. He
even went to the
infernal regions anil
returned.
Tuoy. Tiie tirst country
visited which was jnirely fabulous ami has always
l)Oon fraught with poc^tic interest was the land
of the lotus-eaters. The food of tho people was
tho lotus-jilant, the ollcct of which was perfect
contentment witli present surroundings. It was
with dilliculty that Ulysses could ilrag his com-
panions on shipboard. They next arrived at tlie
island homo of tho ('yelo[>s, — ^giants who dwelt
in caves and had a fondness for human llosh. One
of these monsters. I'olypliemus. devoureil several
(Jreoks. 'I'ho wily chief got him under the inllu-
enee of wine, jnit out his eye (for he had oidy one.
and that in the center of his forehead). Afterthal
it waseasy to escajK) from the cave and tin- island.
Tho island of King .Eolus was touched upon
next. This monarch was intrusted with the custo-
dy of the winds, kt'pt in bags. He treated thi^ dis-
tinguished traveler with deference and at jiarting
gave him a hair of wind. The sailors wore so curi-
^
r^,M '
■ i^
!;••■
:'.r
J5
'\l
W
Q ^
'M
GRICKCK AM) HKKO WORSHIP.
ous to know wliiit was in llio "'lok Unit llicy uiitii'il
it, wliiToiipon ii fiiriiiiis liurriciiiu' arose, lilowiiiir tin'
slii|) buck to lli(! ishiiid, iiiid cxposiiii; llwiu all to
;;n'at in'ril. .Not Ion;; after tlie sliip eunio to the
yKi;t)aii IslcH, where Iho daiiLfiiler ol" thusiui. Cir-
cu, dwelt. Slio was a |)otent. sorcoress, alile liy her
enrhanlment to turn men into swine. She ])rae-
lieeil her arts upon a part of tiie crew. Ky the aid
of Afereury, I'lysses succeeded not only iii resislin^r
her inlluence hnl in corn|iellin;r iirr to disenchant
his cunipaiiions. Tlicy were most iiospital)ly enter-
tained after that, and it is l)roadl\ inlimate(l that
riy-ises was (juile content to stay with the fair en-
i.'hantrosH. Hut dalliance came to an end at last,
and the crew once more set sail for home.
The story of the SirtMis helonirs to this won-
ilerful j(»urney, as do Se-dlii and Charyhdis. The
Sirens were mystic maidens who could sin;; so
Hwicily (hat to hear them was to he drawn towards
them hy an irresistiiile impulse. Thev were on
land, and if the sailors and cnni|)aiiions of I lie
Vlys»f» Tied Id the Jliist.
great ( i reek attempted to swim lushore, they would
surely perish, Ulysses, havin;.' been warned hy the
godiless Circe, caused himself to be bound to the
nniMt, and t<dd IiIm eoinpaniouH to till tlioir earn with
wax. Those who did so escaped the enchantment,
while those who diil not lost their livtis. Scvlla was
a rock ami Charyhdis a whirlpool near to;;ether,
bolweeii which he was ohli^eil to sail. A sli;;lit
variation either way from the roadstead, and all
would have been destroyed.
It was such hairbrt^adth t-seaiies as these whieli
till the pa;,'es of ibe Odyssey, and serve to illiiH-
trate the puerility of the early Creek kiiowl-
(mIuc of the World. Homer is supposed to have
been a Creek of .Vsia .Minor, but even those enter-
prisiniT iMdonists were illy acipiainted with the rest
of mankind. \\\' cannot stop to t»dl all the
prodigious ex|K^rii'nces of the wanderer. Ueachins.'
honu' as last, after an al)senco of twenty years, he
found his faithful I'eneio|R! cunnin^jly dod;rin<f the
matrimonial i|Uestion. .V crowd of suitors sou;,dit
her hand (for she was a "rieh widow'"). She jironi-
ised to select one anion;; the numl)er as soon as she
had linishcd weavins; the i,'annenl then in her loom.
Hy day she worked imlustriously. and in the silen(;o
of the ni,i;ht unraveli'd what she liad woven durini;
the day. Ulysses pretended to be a lieL;;rar. anil as
an olil tramp presented himself at thi' ilinin;;-rooni
door of Ills own ])alaec, where I he suitors were feast-
lug at his oxiKtusc. When they were well plied with
wine he drew his sword and made terrible ha\oc
amoiii; them.
It nuiy bo said that tiie world takes leave of the
heroic aije of Creece with the spcctaide of that lirst
of Enoch -Aniens heapini; in indiscriminate slau.Lrh-
ter the gani; who, under the pretext of courting
his supposeil widow, were literally eating him out of
house and home. One bids farewell to this last of
tiio heroes feeling that ho was more moved by
the jirodigality of his insolent guests than by
tlu! constancy of his idoiil wife, the ever-praised
Penelo])e.
SR^
4
^
CHAPTER XV
ly
^^^
^s^
The Actual in Kahi'i.oi-s Wahs— Si-aiitank and Mkssknians— Tiik F(ifn CIhkat Waiik of
GllKKrK— AltlA MlNoll ANI> ClKKSrx— 'I'lIK l'K»SIAN« AM) TIIK IllMANrt— TlIK INVALIDS DP
OllKKCK IIY TIIK I'- I1^'1AX.«— Tun (iMllllK:* <1K M AIIATIKIN 'rHKIlM(ll'\ I..K ANll ITS HkIIoIC 1)K-
FENKK— SaI.AMIS a I TIIK Fl.llillT "1" X KIIXK!" — TllKMHTCK IKS AMI TIIK ISlillATITIIlE cir ItKI'I'll-
III s— TlIK l'KI.(ll"CINNE!<IAN WaK— TlIK (iKNIl* IIK I'EIIK l.Kjl— I'llll.ll' (iK V AlKllIlN — ALEX ANDKIl
TIIK lillKAT — Human ('oNylEST OK I iHBECE— SlEClK "K ATIIEN?<— MoUEBN UllBEK llER<llt<M.
f-^^^-i^e^-— ^
II rs far our history lias
lint (It'iilt very iiiueh in iiu-
maii Imlcliory, nor do wu
intend tliiit it slndl, except
lis tlio same nniy lie neces-
sary to tlie nnfiiiding ol'
tlie ])rogress of tlio world
rnini savagery to <xeinuno civiliza-
tion. In the case of (Ireece, licr
historians seemed to think the
l)lood -stained footprints of war
would interest jjosterity vastly
more than the domestic life, tiie
[loetry, the art, the philosophy, and
tlio social institutions of the ])0o-
ple. To 11 nd the most elahorate
details of the almost interniimihle
civil wars nf (ireece, one has only
to turn to Herodotus, Thucydides or kindred his-
torians of later date. They tell all about thcni, hut
the far more important and interesting class of in-
formation alluded to n\ust he searched for in the
hy-ways of knowledge. The average history of
(J recce is mainly devoted to the exjiloits of armies.
The held of real interest is a narrow one, however.
The Trojan war belongs to history, it is true, in its
general outlines, but all the surviving details apjier-
tain to the heroic ago, the fabulous and the poetic,
in tiio gray of the niurning all was mist v. and
Homer's blind eyes saw gods watciiing over and
assisting godlike men, engaged in the business and
pastime of cutting each other's throats.
The lirst historic war of (ireece was waged be-
tween tiie Spartans and the Messcnians. Around
that series of struggles, romance and jxietry have
thrown no robe of beauty, i-'ur it has been woven
no royal luirjile, no clnth of gold. Many details
have been jireserved, Init they adil little, if anything,
to the valuable store of human knowledge. Those
two |M.'oples dwelt as neighboring states on the
l'eloi)onnesus. They were of one stock — Dorians.
Mut they were unlike by the time tliey rose above
the obscuring hills of time. Messenia was a much
better country than Lacedieinonia. It produced
better crops and better [leoplc. Hut Jjaceda'inonia
IkkI Sparta, and Sparta had Lycurgus. As a mili-
tary community the Spartans wore the superior, and
with the usual meanness of uncivdized people, the
stronger continually encroached uj)on the weaker,
and provoked war. .V clironii; state of belligerency
existed between them. Even when the tire .seemed
deail, it only smouldered. There were three Messc-
nian wars, with the dates, H. C. '4;J-T--.>4; (ISo-tinS;
404—155, covering a ])criod of about three centuries.
^1
12
(^)5)
■\ ••'■;
^|<a.
irf} I-
;;i;
lit
- ^
96
HISTOUK- WARS Ol" (yUKECK.
luiil active lioHtilitics during' furl v-iivoyeiiri', all tnld.
I''iiially. ill tliit latent Hct-ln, lasliiii; iiinc ycar.x, llio
Mcssciiiaiis vt^'V^' iml diiIn (:oiii|II('I'('iI, as usual, liiil
wiped (lilt. It was a war id' eMerniiiiatiuii. •• Wlieii
(ireek iiieeis (ireek. then etniies llu^ liij,' id' war."
Tlie lielter lull weaker |ie()|)ie were driven from
I'eldiHdiiiosns, disa|»|H.'iiriii;^ forover ii.s a diHtiiictivu
Meiiple from tlie faee of tile earth, leaviii;.' heliiiid
tlieiii littli" I'Isi' ihaii the reeonl of their ealamity.
I'lWHiiiR liy trivial oiilhreaks of hostility, we miiy
cay that the j,'reat historic wars of the (Jreeks, ex-
elusive of the Messenian, were four, namely, the
I'ersian, the I'elojioniiesiaii, the Maeedoniaii and
the Woman. iOaeh oi'.e of these had an in!|iortaiit
bearin;; upon the f^r< ,it events of world-wide interest.
We have namod t'lom in their chronoloLrieal order.
Tiio tirst he;;ai> in Asia Minor, liiit was noiio the
less (ireek. ai'. I ultimately extendeil to (Jreceo. It
may U' said m have heguii with thi' fall ov' Cnusus
(M. U. .">4t'>), and closcil with t'imonV dofeat of tlio
naval and military forces of the I'ersl.ans in the
baf'e of I'iurymeilon (M. C. HI."*), a [ rioilid'eiirh'y-
one years. The i'eloponnesian. or i;ieat eivil \rar
of (ireece, lie;:aii in li. (J. liM and continued with
hardly any cessation of hostilities for twenty-seven
years. .MiU'odonia heijiiii to Ih' a powi-r in the worlij
duriiiir the rei,i.Mi of I'hilip. the lather (d" .\lexiiiider
the (ireat. lie hejian the interference with the
affairs of I'eloponnesus, \\. C. ."544. His irreattTson
closed his jirodiirious career H. ('. ',\'l.\. and \ritli his
death terminated the really lirilliant military career
of (irouce. The fvairtli war in the present list, the
one with Home, was little more than the gradual
absorption of (ireece and the (ireeks round about,
in the universal empire of the Klernal City. The
lirst conllict of (ireek and Uomaii arms was in
H. (J. 'IIA, anil in H. C. 14(1 the siipremaey of Koine
over (ireei't' ceased to be disputed or resisted. Such
are the boundaries of our jiresent theme.
The (ireeks were a people of wonderful enterprise.
They sent out colonies without number. The
l)oiiulation, in execs,- of what wa.s convenient and
desirable, "went west," only "out west" was really
"down east," Unless, indeed, as some think,
the Greek settlements on the mainland were the
older (/f the two. However that may be, it is
uiuK'niable that crossinf^ to the opposite sliore,
they built cities and developed states with mar-
velous fecunditv. The fatherland laid claim to
[ no sovereiffiityoverthe swarms which went out from
! the parent hive, and the best of feelinj^ prevailed.
While thesti colonies were tloiirishin;,' in wi'alth and
culture, there ^rew up a Homewhat important king-
dom further inland — Lydia. The colonial cities
were free marts of commerce', like tlu^ cities of Ilnl-
land and (iermaiiy, which formeil the Hunseatic
; Ixiagiie and of wliirli we shall s|K'ak at a latt'r
periotl. Not content with further enlargement
toward the East, lAdia, like Uiissia, was impatient
for a seaboard. (Jnesiis, the Lydiaii k' ■' whoso
wealth hius been proverbial, and is so .still, came to
the throne in H. C. 5(10. He laid siege to Kphesus,
one of the (ireciaii cities of .\sia Minor, and soon
took it. Ilelrealed the citizens so leniently that ho
liiul very little dilliculty in extending his sway, in a
patriarchal way, over the whole of .\siii .Minor. For
a tribute, small to those commercial cities, but enor-
mous to iiim, he agree<l to respect their rights and
defend tliem, too. The cities and the monarchy sus-
tained some siicii relations to (Mich other as vassals
and baron in the feudal system. His enormous
wealth iH'came known and laidbiiu liable to attack.
About that time Cyrus the (ireat came on the stage
of imperial action. He was a I'ersian, but he held
the scepter of Medea as well, the latter l)eing a
great kingdom. Cyrus moved upon Cnesiis. and
liefore the opiikfnt monarch could utilize his re-
sources Lydia became a province of Persia, and thus
the (ireek and the I'ersian were brought face to face
for the tirst time. Cnesus had the means to procure
powerful if not invineiiile help. He sent his ani-
biLsstulors tu S|iarta and an alliance was formed,
but before the aid coukl arrive all was over.
Cyrus would have had the ready allegiance of the
(Jreek cities, bad he been content to guarantee the
continuance of the mild sway of the Lydian sover-
eign ; but his demand was •• unconditional and im-
mediate surrender. " 'I'o this they would not con-
•sent. He deputized his lieutenants to complete tlio
subjugation of Asia Minor. It wius not a dillicult
task. Nor was the I'ersian yoke heavy or irksome,
and the sovereignty of Persia was soon acknowl-
edged tlirougliout Asia Minor.
Cyrus was ambitious of bagging largergame than
Lvdiii, and as for (ireece, he knew no more about it
than iiTartardocsof Anstralia. He besieged Baby-
lon, and it fell. The exploits of biiu.self and of his
son Cambyses in Egypt have already been men-
5«r
i
^
^
HisroKU: WAKS oi' i;ui:k(.I'..
97
tioiiiMl. It was iKit until Itiiriiis, tlic siic('c.<'.''<>r of
(JiimbyHt'i*, cuiiu' in tlu' tliroin', tliiit (Jroofu iiltrmUil
I'd-.-'iaii atti'iitiuii. A trivial aiciilciil wti.'^ tlit'spaik
wliii'li 1 ••m11,.iI iliu llaiiic of lliaL ;,'ivat war. At thai
tiiiio Darius luul a uia^'iiiticL-iil I'mpirt'. It v\-
ti'iidi'il fruiM tlio .l\L,'t'aii Sea tn tiic liuliaii nuoau,
ami I'viiin llic st(')i|i('s nl' Uussia 'm Asia, to tlKiuala-
raits ipf tlio Nik', 'I'lio iilra »{ his U-iuj^ Korinusly
iiiiuilt'ul of littli- (Iroi'W', wiiiilil havosi'cuu'il tn iiiiu
alisunl. Out' (lav lie spraiiu'd liis ankle while out
liuntin^'. 'I'luTe lia|i|H'nc(l to Ik? a (iitu'k jihysician
witliimall, named iK'nioeedes.aud he wassuiunioued
tndresstlie wound, which he did ho skillfully that the
kinu' insisted upon retaining' him as his famdy doc-
tor. His favorite wife, tiueen .\tortHa, was treated
hy I )em()ei'des, and so satisfa<torily, that she con-
(•ei\ed a desire to have (Jreek niaitls to attend her,
eoml) her hair and maki' her dresses. I'o (ileasu her*
thedoelor was sent to (invce, under escort, to jirocure
thedi'iiisels. His companions were instructed to lind
out all they eoultl ahout tho eountry, and tiioir
report may bo .^aid to have intrinhu'ed (Jrt'eoo to
Persia, and heeu thehe^inning of tlii' relations be-
tween those two countries. It was not imme-
diately ])roductivo of results. Had all the statxjs of
Ci recce adopted and adhciv-d to the " Monroe doc-
trine,"' as the ))(dicy of non-intervention with
the alTairs of other nations is called, they mif,dithuvu
lu'en spared war with the fireat empire of Asia, liut
tlu' Athenians uniliM'took to nuMJdlc with the affairs
<'f that eontineiil, lu Triends of the lonitius, tmd to
resent an insolent threat by Persia. Athens vviis by
that time a ))owerf til state with a very formidable
navy. Sanlis, the capital of Lydia, (mo of the twenty
satrapies of Persia, was taken by thelonians and the
At honians. Darius was more indi<,'nanl with tho in-
termeddlers from Athens than with the others, who
had lieen trnulually drawn inlotlic relK'lliou by a
train of circumstances which furnished some excuse
for their u])rising. Thesuecess of tlu combined inva-
sion aiul its result loosened tho hold of Darius upon
all .\sia Minor. If tho victors had been sustained
\>y reinforcements, they might have been successful
in defying tho power of Persia. Hut they were not.
Athens was content to drop the matter, and asked
only to be " let alone. " Having made a brilliant
sortie, for that was about all it amounted to, tlio
Athenians were disposed to go home and there let it
end. But not so with Darius. Ho found it no
very iiard mailer to reduce the lonians and -ich
other subjects as had U'cn incited to reiKdlioii b\
t heir example. It Ujok several scars, howescr, i"
compass tliati'ud. When it came, all iraci's of I'ire-
dom weri! obliterated, and those once iiide|K'iidciii
cities iHtcamo in reality suliject to a despotic power.
The king then pursued his revi'iige to the mother
country, lie sent an army under .Mardouius through
Thraeo into (ireeco. The .Macedonians, thnmgh
whose country lie had to paiw, nnuh^ it very un-
plcaxant for tho invaders. The I'ersians were so
(;rip[iled that they thought it prudent to go back
and recruit, tirst punishing .severely their guerilla
a.s.sailants. That was in U. ('. 4'.i'^.
T'wo years later a greater force came over. This
time a far dilTercnt course was pursiieil, and devas-
tating as they went, the Persians steered tlieir way
by watir for Attiea. It was a mighty armament.
Of course the details given are c(doi'cd, because we
have oidy the (.ireek version (d" them. 'I"he army
landed on tho jilain of Marathon, in the bay (d°
which the i'ersian lleet found anchorage. That
plain is now one of the most memorable s|M)ts in all
history; miulo so by (Jreek valor on the present
occasion. It is one of the few lev(d ri'gions of anv
extent in Attica, being about live miles in length
and two in bretwlth. Two days' march and the army
would ho before tho walls of Athens, and it is al-
mo.st certain, that if that nnirch had been made, the
city whii'h had tho honor of being the literary and
artistic caj)ital of the classic world would have
fallen, its mission of culture still far from complete.
It is supremely ridiculous to say of most battles,
that upon their results the fate of ages and iieojiles
was slakv'il, but in tiiis instance such was the ease.
Tho Athenians were e(iual
to tho emergency. They
boKlly met the invaders.
Thebattleof Hastings was
a repetition of the battle
%4 of Marathon, only with
reversed result.s. AVilliam
of Normandy con((uered
the Saxons. Harold falling
with his kingdom, but Mil-
tiados, the hero of Mara-
ilis handful of brave Athe-
nians rushed forward to the attack so furiously that
they soon drove the enemy to their ships. Their gal-
MiltJ.uU'8.
thon, was successful.
I'. I,
•,' t
;rr|
■■^ ^;i
''tl
■Vi?: -^
:.AA
>A- ■'■■
1
1 .
■v}A
•s ■;.
I'V \
H 1
> \ 1
■^'
\m\
^:K
:'<■
^ 1 '■ifk
^''»5il
Jjiljlljll
M *
I
V
c)S
IIISTOKU WAKS OK iiKICICCK.
hint iiii|M'tiiiiHitvcuiiM()<l II |iuumuiiiil iiiiult' the victory
i'<iiii|il)'li'. 'I'lii-v liail n<i allies. |l wum Atlii'iix ii;;iiiiist.
till' ('i)Uiitli'ss liiinlcs of liarliiii'ii'iii. Almut li'ii tliuii-
iiiihI Kiii')i|ii'iin frcciiii'ii ri'iM'llnl ihe atliick of ut
li'iist lialf a iiiiiliciii of Asialiis. 'I'liiil. wum I lie lir.xl
ri'iil tiK'i'liii;; uf tlu! two coiitiiii'iits in Imslilitv ii|ion
a xciili' of rontiiii'iital iiii|KirlaMci'. 'I'lie S|iartiiii^
vM'i'i' Oh ilirir \ra\ to Marathon, Ihii Miliiailci ni'cilrii
no '• niLjIit or Ulllclicr " to li"l|> liiin win his Water-
loo. It i-i a 'iielancliolv retlection that the hero of
ihi^ \ ictorv, more lirilliant than Waterloo or the
WiMernesx, ilieil in iiriion not lonjf after, his enn-
lineiiieiit airirravallni.' a woiiinl he receivetliimn iin-
sneeesHfiil atli-niiit. hiiIi-
sei|iieiit III .Marathon, to
enlai'ire the doniinion of
AthenH. 11 is fate eon-
Iriliiiteil iar'.'ely to the
|>ro\i'rliial iili a of the in-
'.'rai iliiile of repiihlies.
The I'ersians were e\.
ii>|H'rateil rather than
ili-coiiriiLreil hy the I'or-
liiiie-: of M a ra t li oil.
I >ariiis resoJM'il in take
a reveiiiri' worthy his
lilie_''liitieeiiee, ,\ii eM'eii-
I iv e otlieer in distinct ion
from a man of war,
lie «as i'c|ual to U'l'eat HnssofT
aeliii'M'iiieiits, in [irejiarai ion al least, for a elasli
of arms. But hefore he had uonijili'ted his
iii'eessary ari'aniremenls death calletl him away.
That was in \\. ('. 4s."i. Xerxes, I lie son of thu
I'avoriie wife already mentioned, took his jilaee
u|ioii the throne, lie had other matters of iin-
|iortaiH'e to attend to. and it was four years more
hefore the Persians were reaily to rt-new the olTeii-
si\e. The kiiiLT iiroposeii to aei'om|iany the ex|H'di-
lioii ill person. The jioini of crossing seloctud was
the narrow strip of water, the Hellespont, where the
two continents eonio nearly 1o!,'ether. .V hridge was
hitilt across it. '{"hat was a ji'reat work, iittoiided
with exei'ediii.ir ditlieiilties. The army of invasion
was provided with a vast lleet, as well as all eun-
eeivalile facilities for oj)cratnon liy land. With a
show of fairness the monarch sent, emlnissaihirs to
till' ditfereiit states of (iri'eco to ilemaiid siihinissiou.
The ex])rcssi()n of coiiiplianco with this demand was
'J'hermopylin was
hy Hi'iuliii),' hack earth and water. Several of tlie
smiiller states complied, ami the d is | his it ion to actu-
ally resist was conllneil to .Vlheiis and Sparta. 'I'he
latter seeimid to reniemlH'r the j^lories of .Marathon
in a iiolile spii'it of emiilalion, rather thin a mean
spirit of envy. It wasin the spriiii; of II. (J. JNi» that
tJreei'c was invailed, and in a few months, two more
hattles, hardly less meniorahle ihaii .Marathon, were
foii;.dit, oni> hy lamt and the other on the sea, the
tirst, Thermopyla'. hein;.' the everlasliiiij ;:lorv of
Sparta, llio Hcciind, SaliimJH, n<ldin>.' another star to
the .\theinaii crown.
a narrow pass. iliroi>.;.di whiidi
the iiiii/hty army had to
march, in i.'i'i'iinL.' a foot-
iiold of advanla^re. Its
defense was iiil rusted to
Leonidiis, kin;,' of Sparta,
and his sipiad fior it was
liarill\ more than that —
consisied of three liiin-
ilred Spartans, with their
llclols, or serfs, ami
alMi'it twenty-live hun-
dred men, ;:atliered from
other I'ilies of (ireece.
'I'he lallcr pro\('(l to he
of no real a-^sisiance. < )n
one siile was one of t he
lari.'e>l ai'inies ever in
array anywhere oral any lime, ami on the other
a small hallalion. Mad the position of the de-
fenders heeii approaclialile only on one side, as
generally supposed, the ri'sistanci' would have heeii
etl'eclnal. hiil there was a weak point, a secret path,
hy which llie I'lieniy could Hank tlieiii. .\ traitor
(not a Spartan) U't rayed that decisive .secret to tlio
I'ersians. When tlii'y learned that, the Spartans
knew that they could not ho|H- to keep hack the
assailini,' horde. 'I'liey would not siiiTeiider, ni'ither
would they lly. The post of daiif.'er which their
country had assigned them was held with an iiiifal-
terinj^ hcroisin. Leonidas and iiis hravo three hun-
dred only thouirhl of sellini,' their lives as dearly as
they could, 'i'he slaughter which they produced
was pnHliiriiiii.s, for the mimlior engaged in it. They
fell like the old guard at Waterloo, with their
faces to the foe, anil their swords fairly glutted
with blood, .\erxcs gained jiossession of the pass.
tiertnopyliB.
"TTl
4!
iVl
■^ — » u
IIISTOKIl' WAUS ()!■ (iKKKt'K.
«)«)
mill *i\ far u.^ inon* in<>ii vtuh (^niicrriicil, liml hiiITi'I'imI
iii> criiiiilih;.' liwH. Hilt a ^.tuiuI iiinral clTcil waf pni-
iluci'il. Till' (in'cks were lircil wiili a licntir palri-
iitiMiii scliliiiii ilisplayi'il liy any |HMt|ilt'. 'I'lic I'crsiaiiM
iiianlifil ii|iciii Allii'ii^. « liicli ilicy riiiiinl Ncry nearly
(li'>i('rlcil. ami .iflt r a slinrl flicck, lunk |MisM'!<.'<iiiii "f
it, ami wriiii;,'lit tlicir liarliarir will. I<'iirluiiiit«'ly,
that \r;H Ufiiro the stati'?4iiiaii''lii|» uf I'crirics, ami
the i.nMiiii-' III' |'rii\ii('lr< ami oiIkt ;irii-t«. ami archi-
tri'i<. Imil niaili' ii tin' iiiarxcl nf tin' witIiI. 'I'Iic
|H'ii|i|i' hail Ih'i'ii rciniivi'il with .ill thi'ir iiiuvalilcH,
ami scattric'l tu [ilari's nl' salVty. 'rhi'rinii|iy la' was
I liri'i'i'i' at llial tiiiiii iiiinli \vh;ii tiii' hattlc nf
MiiiikiT liiii was ti> Ihi' Aiiiiiiraiis nl' llii' UcmiIii-
tiuiiai'y War, ami llic takiiii: "!' Allu'iis iljil Xerxes
111) Minre ;.'imh| than the lakitiir i>l' \Vasliiii;;tiin iliil
the Krilish. in the seeiunl wai' lietwoeii Kiij,'laml aim
the I'liiteil States.
The (l-eisive haltle of the Persian war was still
In he I'oiiuht, jiml that hy water. .\nil imw the far-
MU'liteil wi-ilc)iii III' .\lhens was ilis|ilay(M|. Kver
siiiee the liallle nl' .Maralhun. the leinrn uj' the Per-
sians hail lieen ani ieijiateil, ,'in>l the i.r|'ealest .\lhe-
nian nf his time, 'riielnislneles. IkmI heeli Ulis|i;irini,'
ami nnl iriiiu^ in making:' |ii'e|iaral imi In nieeir the
enemy n|Min the element, wllieh sr|)MI'aleil I he t Wn
eiiiintries. The revenues iit" t he siiiie, ili'ri\eil mainly
rrmn mines, which had lieeii iliviileil aimini.' the
citizens, he imJneiMl the |ieii|p|e to a|i|>rii|iriate to
the CDiistriiotiiin nl" a iia\y. There weru ti few
other (Jreok navies nl' small iliinensidiis, hiit tho
Athenian only was really foriniilalde. Tliemistoeles
hail to use iv i;u'at deal of iliploiiiaey to jjet tliu Per-
sians to ventui'e everytliinjr nimii a naval oni.'ai.'e-
inent. hut he linally sueeeeileil. The (ireeian tleet
was inasseil at Sulaiiiirt, iiml Xerxes onloreil it to ho
snrronmleil ami cut to ))ieees. Thai onler was |ire-
eisely what Tliemistoeles want.'il, for it alTonleil a|i-
portunity for iloinir soniethiiiL.' ileeisive. The hat-
tie was not a loni,' one. The i'ersiaii lleet was a
vast, iinwielily, ami soon jjanie-strickeii iiioh of
boats, ami the well-trained trireiiies of Athens cut
them down like urass. It was Marathon upon the
sea. Till' tcrritied nionareh, as he lit^lield the en-
pugeuient from a lofty throne on the (ireeian shore,
cauiiflit the luaiiiiv, and fearinj^ that lie iuii,'lit he
liciuined in and lost utterly, niiule haste to rej;ain
the Hellespont i;iid ri'cross it. Tliemistoeles secret-
ly spurred him on hy reports sent to him hy pre-
tended traitors. The great .Vlheiiian jmlged that
if the I'erHians tied from the (oniitry in terror, they
wcaild never again seiioiislv menaee the liherties ol'
(ireeee, iind he wiis right. Some further fi'ehle at-
tempts were imu'e in that direct ion, hiit nothing was
done having in it any real menaee and peril. Never
again had (ireece ooea>ioii to fear Ka.»teiii eiiomieH,
and when the two nations ne\t ap|H'ar Ud'ore its the
(»rn\e defenders are no less hrave if less honurahle
a-Hailants, and I'ersia is on the defeii.sive.
The fa'eof 'I'hemistoeles was hardly less Had than
that of Mihiades. lie did ni>; die in prison, hut he
was hanished and heeanie a pensioner ii|Mm iIju
lionnty of the son and sineessor of .\eries, .\rta\-
erxes. Of the three heroes of the Persian war,
only IjOonidiM was spared the pangs intlieted hy an
ungrateful |K'ople. He fell U| th" 'ield of glory.
The father of the Alhenian navy, ne Nelson of
antii|uity, in his last, days gave still further empha-
sis to the ingratitude of repnhliis. In all cominii-
nities which are really free, there is a wide range fur
the pendulum of popular favor, and I hi' favor of
i one hour may tu-n todisfuvor in the ne\t. In this
eiMintrv this fact '-i eonstaiitlv heing illiHtiated.
hut there i-i this dilTereiiee in (ireek and Amerieaii
popular sentiment. !is liws in the former ease was
hanishnieni or death ; in the latter it is merely ad-
verse criticism, tradiietion |K'rliaps, and relegation
to private life. 'I'lie sjiirit of party ran higher and
went further then and tlieie than now and here.
Km'Ii .\ristiiles, surnamed the
.lust, was hanished simply
heeause the people wearied
of his monotonous goo'lness.
and when the crisis at Sala-
iiii.s eame, he was found with
his couiitiymeii. working to-
gether with his (dd rival,
Tliemistoeles, for the com-
mon cause. The glory of
(iivece, amiesjiecially of Ath-
ens, would have been more hrilliaiit in all these ages
if tl'.e surviving heroes of the great i'crsian wars
had not sutTered the vengeance of party politics.
The next great war of (ireeee was the Pclopouno-
siaii will'. It was entirely Grecian and yet had
some eonnection with the Persian invasion. The
latter develo|K'il vast military prowess, for even af-
ter Salamis it was neeessury to keep up a power'iil
^v
w.:x
r
il'i
f^s^ :.'.-*
ifes'in
1
\
hi
III •»
"
ioo
HISTORIC WARS OK (JKKKtK
T
army of ddlViiso. It wan sovcral yeiirs iM'foro I he
<laiii;t'i' of allot liiT iiiviisioii was over, ami still
loiijrcr bt'foro tlii! foar of it siii)si(lf(l. To Ik; |tiv-
|iarc(l for tin- worst, llic Atliciiiaiis and Sparlans
imrcfd to livt' toifctlicr in |K!aco for at loiust thirty
years. Tiiat truce was iioni of fear lest tlie " bar-
l)ariaM ■' slioulil ai,':iiii swoop down upon tlu-ni. it
was scrujiulouslv oiis<'rvt'd. lulli.' nu^auwliilo, hotli
states llourisl;ed ami Iwcanic fur stronjier than ever
before. The expiration of the truce found Oreecc
on a military foolinjf. fortiien^pulsion of a fotMvhos*!
reap|K'aram!«' had by that tinio coasod to bo appre-
Tlio glory of that era was indeeil j,'reat, but it was
not military. Tiio eivil jjeuius of I'eriilus and the
intellectual j^randeur of others of whom wo arc yet
to s|K!ak, have contril)uted incalculably to the splen-
dor of cliissic anti(piity. liut jN'ricles died in tlm
third year of the war, and Sparta really mlded no
hist(T to tlui iflories of 'riiermopyhe, by proparin;^
the way as she did for tlu! subjuiration of all I'elo-
ponncsuH, herself included, by the senii-IIellenic
Alexander of .Macedonia, upon whoso wars wo now
enter.
it was not until (Jrceco had been sorely rent by
inter-stat(i wars and had
deixene rated, polit ically
s|H'akinjj. into a jarifon of
|)etty and rival national-
ities, that M ace(|o n i a
I'ame upon the staj^*;. 'I'he
real founder of the Mace-
ilonian Kmpiro was not
Alexan<ler. but his father.
I'hilip. The son carried
out the vast schenu' of
lis royal sire. Motii died
yoiin.^. I'hili|i was only
forty-seven years of au'e
wiicii cut down bv assas-
sination. He had n'ijxned
twenty-thri'e years, and
was on the eve of inakiiij^
war upon Persia. Heirin-
ninj^ as the so\erei;rii of a
half barbaric kiiiiiilom be-
yond the pale of (<reek civili/al ion, be took ad-
vantage of tiie <liviiled and lioslilc coiidilioii of
liie dill'ereiit states, also of the extreme liiltcniess
of jiarty IVeliiii,' in tlie republic, to extcnil bis
inllueiice. (irailually, by cuiiniiiL,' diplomacy,
(lowni'iLjIit bribery, and military genius, ho ex-
cmlcd liis kingdom inilil at leiigtii \.' iiad gained
Mscenilancy over all (ireecc. Some stales be Irealed
with dorerenlial respect, liul all bad to bow to ids
sway, or at most, dared not o|K'iily antai,''(inizo
him. Then be made known bis purpose, lie an-
iic)inice(l 1 1 in ISC ir as I be champion of t be ( ireek caus(^
against I'crsia. lie called for men and means to
carry on an aggressive war. tireal cntbiisiasm pre-
vailed. Iiad be lived lui might have achieved uiii-
\ersal cmiiirc. Kut, as be entered a theater, just
■^fv
4
-is .3
4
IllSTOKIC WARS OK (iUKECK.
lOI
\>vU>r ti) Ills iiilciidoil dopiirturi! for I'tTsia, oiu! I'lui-
Hiiiiiiu*, who liml a iirivato f^riovaiioo, cut. Iiiiii tlowii.
AlcxaiidtT was tlicn only l.woiity years <>!' ai^c. hut
III' had ah'oady distiiii^iiisliod liiinsclf in hattlc, and
was at onci^ chosen to sii('(hhm1 his father at tlie lioad
of liie (irei'ian exiRMlition a<:;ainst Persia. Tliere
were soiiio dissontors. Jlis ri<;iit to tiie crown of
Maoe(h>nia was not disputed, huthis lioadsliipof the
conf(Mh'rat.e status of (ireiM'c was. Ilii liad sotno
liard ii^jhtinff on (Jnician soil iiefore iut could set out
for .Vsia. Thehus of IVuotia was the nioststuhhorn
of the free cities. Me had to raze lier to the verv
urouiK
ca
lied,
1. "The hoy of I'ella," as he was derisividy
could not. under
lake foreign c(in((uest.
until he had completely
est.aiilished home rule.
ill
as not the con-
queror of (ireiu.'e, a'hcit
the dcsl rover of one of
licr irri'at
cUie.'
ill
made au examp
if
Thcltes to show what
he nii,u;ht. do, .<parini^
.Vlhi'us to show the
paleruUy o
lis ffO
crnment, it only tirni
and
Al
secure,
cxaiider caiiu^
to
the throne in
.i;)ii
and two vear
Later
't. oil
t f(
Lsia, leaviiii' (Jrecee, as it
proved,
re\er. lie had an arniv of onlv IJO.tKlO foot
ami .">.(»»() hoi>
Witli tiiat. small hand he under-
l.ocd'
the coiMpiest of 1 he
ir tiie eni)iiri
whirii lie \v
as t" assail ruled I he \vhi>le I'ivili/ed
pi'ld, oiilsiilc of (Ireeie and ils niVsl
d.-
aiid the
.Vsiiilic jicpi'tioii of tiie latter. It is true tlial. many
(i reeks preferred Persian frieiidsiiip to .Maceilnnian
supremacy, and wliile I lie i,'reat soldier was liij;lil iiii,'
for (ire(!k civili/atioii. as
event |iroved. .\utipaler, who had iiei'ii left, in
char;;e of .Mexander's atVairs at. home, found it hard
work tit maintain his ifroiiml. Kiit Alexmider
h
_ -ofess
who had
d :ind
as tl
Ireelv suiijiliei
him with " I lie sinews of
il\ of I'ersiiin nhiniier, an
war
so wi
ti'om
II did
the vicei;;oreiit use his means, ih.'il llie sicjiler
.M
letMlon was iiior
(' potent llirouLi'lioiit (liei in
the aiiseuce than in the presence of .Vlexander.
To fidlow the swift course of the warrior who
ranks with (^iusar and Napoleon as one of the
three "greatest soldiers of all time, would ho foroij^n
to our p\irpose. Wherever he went victory fol-
lowtid. Ho met Darius and his army upon the open
iield, and it was Marathon and Salamisover a^ain.
The vast army was routed in a hat tie iu;ar Issns in
W. (J. ',iX\, and a second and still lar^'or army was
dtifoated two years lat(!r near .Vrhela. I)urin<j tho
intorvoninfj; two years he hivd taken Tyro, received
tho honnif^o of E}iypt, and east ahout " for more
worlds to oompior." After the second hattle he was
undis|iut.od master of all the I'ersian enipiri\ hut
not roaily hy any means
to stay his victorious
course. He pre.ssod on
to India, every wiiero
victorious. Uv would
prohahly have pushed
on to the utmost. verj;o
of tho Orient, hut timil-
ly ho was ohli<^ed to
turn hack, 'i'lie sol-
diers who were iiivinei-
hle in hattle were stuh-
lorn in refiisini,' to ^'o
liny farther, lie found
tile hardships from
thirst and iiuiii^'er on
tiie return march more
— _- J terrihle than " an ariiiv
with hanners. " Wlu'ii he had retiiriieil to Siisa, he
married the (htni^diter of Darius, and then heijfan at
Pahylon the reconstruelioii of his empire, e\ identiv
intondiiiLj to make liial.city his capital. Hut iiardly
had he lie^un this work, when ho fell a victim to j'e-
\v'r. lie was only thirty-three years of aire, and un-
like IMiilip, he iiad noson old enoiiLrii to take u|i and
compleU' liis desimis. His empire fell to pieci's, und
his ;,n'and idea of I lellenii'.inir the I'last (for he had
evidently eiileilaineil siicii an idea, even if lie hail
formed no delinite pliin) was never carried nul.ex-
eejit in fraifment.s. .\lexaiidrias whose irlorv has
iireii dwell, upon in a previous chapter, mav he taken
as :i sii'_'Lrestion of tlie st ilpeiidoiis scheme which
would have heen underlaken hail his life heen
spareil.
It is not. too muoh to say that the jirematiire
death of Alexander was a ^ri'eater calamity to .\sia
xmulir'i! Army.
'■»'^"^i
w
-^ ^^J»-«»*t
4
I02
HISTORIC WARS OF GREECE.
tlian any other event in all history, (ireok civiUza-
tiou would liiivc been ostablishetl from the /Eguan
iScii to the Indian ocean, instead of being conllned
in its transplanting, to a Hniail area. Not tlnit
that vast region would have been thorougidy jter-
nicated Ijy it, of course, but that tiie Macedonian
arms had jjlowed furrows tiirough Soutiiern Asia in
wiiich the seetls of civilization would (h)ubtless iiave
been planted, and brought fortli fruit of incalcula-
ble importance. Hut if one were to consider only
what Alexandria became in the world of thought, it
must be conceded that Alexander at least doubled
the power over manlcind of the (ireek intell-ict.
Tlie Roman concpiest of Greece was broughtabout
largely by the dissensions of the Greeks themselves,
es|K3cially by liostilities between the Aclueans and
the ^Etolians. Philip of Mac-edonia (the last of the
line) entered into an alliance with llannil)al against
the liomaus, and shared the fate of Carthage in
point of sul)jugation, altiiough the treatment of
Greece by the l\i)nians wius aiways generous and
chivalrous. PhUip declared war against the Uo-
maiis in M. C. "-iUi, and in B. (.". 14tl occurred the
battle of liCUco]ietra, which completed the dissolu-
tion of the last of tiie Greek Leagues, the Acha'an,
aiul iienccforth Greece was under the yoke of
Kome. The Senate, and afterwards the emi)erors,
treated the fatlierlaml of tlieir own civilization with
exceptional kindness. It was not until the Hyz-.m-
tine Hmpire placed its cruel foot upon the Greek
neck, that all free institutions and i)02)ular rights
were disregarded. As Sciimitz well expresses it,
" Greece, tliough coufjuered by the arms of the Ko-
nuins, subdued them in turn by its vast superiority
in the arts and in literature. The llomans them-
selves owned that they were the humble disciples of
Greece ; and that country in which wo first meet in
its full develoi)ment with all that is noblo and
beautiful in man, is still the perennial spring at
which we and all future generations may refresh
our minds and drink intellectual inspiration. "
Such are the re-'.lly great and historic \vars of
(ireece, but struggles of a later date deserve notice.
Modern Greece achieved independence through
the sword. After the Turks were defeated by tiie
(■liristians at Vienna in 11584 (ireece was ravaged
by the V"netians under Francesco Morosini. In
l(i87 Athens fell into the haiuls of the Christians.
Terrible wius tiie destructioi' incident to that siege.
The (J reeks were hardly a party to the conllict. it
being a part of the war l>etween the Venetians and
the 'I'urks, but none the less were Greek statuary
and architecture the victims of the struggle. The
Turks stored jiowder in tiie Parthenon, winch ex-
jiloded witli desolating effect. That triumph, so
deai'ly won, was ligidly esteemed, and soon Greece
once more groanetl under the Turkish yoke.
The war of Independence began in lS-21,and the
last battle of that war was f<iught in Ho'otia in Oc-
tober, 18"^!>. In tlie tirst battle of tliis series Prince
Alexander Ypselantcs was defeated, but in the last
ills brother I )enH'lrius won a brilliant victory oviM'
the Turk. It will he seen from a later cha}>ter
that Grecian nationality, as it now exists, rests upon
foreign intervention, liut it is utuie the less true that
the (ireeks of this nineteenth century fought for
independence witii a valor and heroism wortiiy of
MaratlionandTliermopyla', and that Marco Hotzar-
is. if not Demetrius Yi)silantes, deserves to rank
with tlie foremost warriors of that people who could
boast a .Miltiades, a IjConidas, a Themistocles and
an Alexander.
^'
\
.^^
^
^5
C
^ STATECRAFT
IN GREECE.
=5?>^^<<^-
chaptf:r XVI.
Statu RicinTH is Obeeck— Lycuikhis and his L, wi*— The Spaiitan MoNAncnr— REPtrBMCANiBM
ANi) TiiK Laws op Diiaco— Soum and Athens— The Constitution ash its I.kadinii FrM
TfiiEs— Solon ani> I.YCfimrs Compahed— ('i.emstiienes and Democuacy— Pericles, tub
Statesman and his (Ieneiial Infuknces— The Foirii I,eaiiites and Oames— Tiieib C'iiaii-
ACTEii AND Influences— The Puwkii of tui; Leauues— The Uelfuio Obaclb anu Pytuia
the I'llIESTESS.
""""
llllli
Rp]ECE was indeed the vic-
tim of wliat in this country
might Ijc called tiie Calhoun
doctrine, hut she was not
wiliioutgrcatstatcsnien. The
Rciunco of government was
carried to a high degree of
])erfection, altiiougli uihih a
small scale. A "pent-up I'tiea" did,
it is true, contract the ])owers of tlie
lawgivers, Init tiioy acliiovcd greatness,
and deserve the prominence of a cliaji-
ter devoted to their exclusive consider-
ation.
The first if not
lie greatest of
tlio lawgivers was TACurgus.
In tlie Homeric ])oems we see
statecraft hardly ahove tribal
chieftainship. Tjvcurgus, wlio
had jirohahly lieen a student
of law in E,gv'pt,gave to Sparta
a ])ody of laws, or system of
government, whicii ultimately
raised it to the sujiremacy, not i.ycurgus.
only over the other Dorian states of PeloiMmne-
sns, hut over the whole of Crrccco. It was not
the aim of Lycurgus t<j make the jn'ople happy
or virtuous, but the state strong. The date of Ids
work is uncertain. Some place it as early as 15. G.
1100, otiiers as late as B. C. 880. The latter is sup-
ported by the lietter autiiorities. The age of Homer
and Ilesiod is from 15. (,!. itOO to B. d. 800. Obvious-
ly, tiien, the name Lycurgus stands rather for a
b(Mly of laws borrowed largely from the Delta, than
for an individual. Not th.it ;t was entirely an exotic
liy any means, but tha^ the uidigenous root was fer-
tilized by the loam of tne Nile. It was claimed for
the laws of Lycurgus, as for tiiose of Moses, that
they were the direct gift of Deity, and both were
written upon tables of stone. Like Moses, too, he is
su|)])osed to iiave gone off by himself to die, hoping
thereby to strengthen the autliontv of his enact-
ments. The territory trilnitary to Sjiarta, forming
witii it the State of Lacaonia, was, according to Plu-
tarch, divided into .Ttl.OOO sections, of which Sl.OOO
were given to as many landed aristocrats of the city,
and the rest to free subjects of the state ; but these
details are not historically correct. It is only ascer-
tainable that the land was divided among the jieople
in such a way as to form three distinct castes, name-
ly, the Dorians of Spavta; their serf s, or Helots ; and
13
(103)
3C
''^.i .
1 V
• A'
I
•I ■ J
I u; •■•I'
H ■
i'i!
'IfK
■'(^
^^
7
104
STATECRAFT IN GREECK.
tho subject jKioplo, or iwiisantry, of tlic provincial
<li.strii't. Ail piilitii'al power was inoiiopoiized liy
the aristocracy of tlie city. Dejjrivatiou was also
exemption ami privilcso to some extent, for tho poas-
untry were also the merchants and manufacturers
of tiie country, and were not consiilcred to be in the
jxiqictual service of tho state, as the aristocracy were.
The latter were wholly given to politics and war.
Tiio Helots were treated with :iio utmost severity.
Thev were ''fixtures" and could not be sold off tho
in'iests and chief justices, but not sovereij^ns in any
proper sense of tiie term. Courage was the ono
virtue held in unlimited esteem. It was tho deifi-
cation of the nuirtial spirit. Tho story told of tho
Sjjartan youth who stole a fox, is doubtless fabu-
lous, but eminently characteristic. Hather than
disclose what ho luul done, he allowed the fox, which
was hidden in his breiujt, to gnaw liis vitals. To
steal was all right, but to be caught at it or found
out in it all wrong. The commerce of the countrv
OLD ATUENS AS VIEWED FKUM PIICEUS.
farm or the household. They were serfs, but not
slaves. A people who were unsparing in rigor to-
ward themselves, would, as a matter of course, be
l)itiless in their treatment of subordinates. Tho real
reins of government were held by the senate, as in
the rcimblican days of Kome, but royalty was nuiin-
tained in thenry.
Tlie peculiarity of tiie Spartan moii 'rchy was,
that two kings occupied the throne, a custom sup-
])()sed to have arisen from the fact that Aristode-
nuis left twin sons. These two kings corresponded
to the two consuls of Rome. Tiie kinars were ciiicf
was quite limited. Iron was the only currency, and
it is said that this financial policy was adopted and
inaintaiued tor the purpose of discouraging business
enterprise. This restriction aiiplied, however, only
to the higher class and the city. Tho provincials
were left free in their trallii'.
Evidently, the spirit of tho licroic age was per-
petuated at Sparta as nowiiero else, altiiougli in
tho Homeric verse no special pre-eminence wa;. given
to that state. Helen was indeed the (jueeu of that
kingdom, but her husband, Menelaus, was by no
means the hero of the war. Hisbrotiier, Airamem-
'Xl^
STATECRAFT IN GREKCE.
i"S
iKiii, wiis tlio chief, electoil to thiit iio.sitioii by tlio
sutTnigos of liis jjcers. lUit in liistoriu iiiiiL'S tlii'
heroic age survived niaiiiiy in Sparta, and that, on
ueeoiint of the martial character of her constitu-
tion. In all the states of (ireeceexcutt Sjiarta, roy-
u? ,, was abolisiu'd about the same time, and at a
very early day, and in Sparta even, the senildance
only remiiMied. Hy far the most; important of these
states was Atliens, or Attica; the latter being the
namo of the territory. The jieople are generally
called Athenians, sometimes lonians, but rarely At-
ticans. Theseus is said to have given the Athenians
their first political institutions. IIo divided the
people into three classes ; the aristocracy, the luis-
bandnion, and the artisans, the two latter classes
having no voice in the government. A new consti-
tution was given to tiie state by Draco, B. (J. ii'lA.
His was the lirst written law of Attica, It is pro-
verbial for its severity and is said to have been writ-
ten in Ijlood. Tlie evident design of this conserva-
tive law-maker was to rc.press the rising power of
the common peojile and conserve the "vested riglits"
of the favored few. Kis iwrsonal unpopularity, un-
der tiie operation of his code, was such that he had
to seek safety in ilight. Tiie popular discontent
found expression in sedition and strife. Finally,
after a turbulent and futile struggle for existence,
the legislation of Draco succumbed and gave place
to liie laws of Solon, a legislator so wise that his
name is a standing synonym
for statesmanship.
Enriched in intelligence
and \niYSG by foreign travel
and commerce, Solon also
had tlie advantage of militarv
prestige. IIo called to Jiis aid
Epimenides of Crete, a far-
famed sago. He imposed re-
straints upon the profuse
expenses of the temple and
funeral obsecjuies. That was soion.
Eiiimenides' part of tlie reform, but those improve-
ments did not go to the roots of things. The great
trouble was the unjust distribution of land. The aris-
tocracy held the more fertile jjlains, and derived the
chief iulvantage from agriculture, without doing any
of the work. The unrest was so great, and tlie dissat-
isfaction with the cikIo of Draco so general, that in
B. C, 594, Solon was made Archon with ample
authority to revise the laws, lie was co.istituted a
constitutional convention and legislature, all in one.
He did not abuse his opportunity. He was tiie lirst
George Wiushington of history. His lirst work was
to abolish imprisonment and slavery for de!>t. He
also reduced tlie rate of interest, and virtually scaled
down delits by debasing the coin. Solon was a
friend of the poor without lieing a demagogue. He
abolished capital punishment, except for murder.
He lulniitted foreigners to citizenship, lie was,
jierhaps, the father of naturalization laws, the lirst
great protector of immigration, lie conciliated the
rich by reiiuiring a j)roperty test in suffrage. The
l»eople were diviiled into four classes according to
projierty (pialitications, with a graduated scale of
riglits and iirivilcges. He thus ]iut a premium \i\f
on enterprise in business. The property available
for political elevation, however, was realty. Tlio
magistrates, to whatever class belonging, were re-
sponsible ti) the whole jieople, and not merely to
their own classes. 'Wiere were two legislative bodies,
one being tlio Council of Four Hundred, corre-
sponding to our Senate, and tlio other, the Areop-
agus, correspoi'.ling to a New England town-meet-
ing, or Russian Mir. The latter certainly existed
before his day, however it may have lieen 'vitli the
former, but it was modified by him, and set in its
place as one of the institutions of popular sover-
eignty. The ordinary public assembly was held
once a montii, the number necessary to a (luoruni
not being definitely lixed. but six thousanil was re-
garded as a small meeting.
Solon devised a curious way to supervise and hold
iji check the radicalism or carelessness of the Are-
opagus. Instead of a supremo bench composed of
a few elderly lawyers, with the power of nulliliea-
tion liy which they could set aside a law as uncon-
stitutional, he provided a supiome court consisting
of six thousand, with authority to set aside any pop-
Uiar enactment inconsistent with the established or-
dinances of the state. He did not attempt, how-
ever, to prevent all alterations. Ho devised a
])laii for amending the constitution which was sub-
stantially tho same as the one which now prevails in
this country. At the first popular assembly each
year, one niemlier of the body politic had a right to
projiose a change in tho established laws. At the
third ordinary meeting the suliject was brought up
again and a conunitteo appointed by lot from the
I V5
r
3r
rM'
^
■ .1 i ■
■^
M'i.
' if'i
n
ml
^'^
1 06
STATlX'RAI-r IN OKKECK.
siiprLMiio court, i»r lielia-ii of ti.Odd, to iuvustigiitL' tlie
iiiattor and durulo uimhi its iitlojiiictii or rejuctioii.
This variation from tlio pri'vailinij .system oi this
coiintrv, (loos not jjo to tiio iieart of tho matter
Solon may Iw culled tiio fatiicr of lloxiblo constitu-
tions. He contemplated no distinctions iKitween
judge and jury, nor a iiody of professional law-
yers. I)enu)8tiienes, tiie <;reatest of all advocates
and jirosecutors, was a " laynum." A Ixnly of arlii-
trators (men over sixty years of age) was created to
try jirivate law-suits, and from tiie decision rendered
no a])j>eal could he taken. For puhlic oiTenses,
crimes, tlie law providetl tiie council of Areopagus,
and tliis criminal court was conducted witii all the
solemnities of oatiis. A majority convicted, l)ut if
tiiere was a tie vote, tho iicraltl cast '•the vote of
.Vther.a" in favor of ac(iuittal. on the principle tiiat
tiio accused is entitled to tho henotit of the doubt.
Tjvcurgus was far more s|x>cific in his ctxlo than
Solon was. The greater of these two statesmen
left much to the autiu)rity of the i)0oplo. He nnist
have been t :orough]y democratic, a JelTorson rutlier
than a llanulton. His c(Hle liegan to take cogni-
zance of tiie individual at sixteen, liut up to tliat
age tlie cliild was subject exclusively to parental
autiiority. From sixtoeu to eigiitccn tiie Atlienian
youtii was obliged to submit to tlie training of tiie
gvmnasium, a schoolfor both brain and brawn. At
eighteen lie was regarded iis having reached major-
ity, and was an " infant" no longer. He could iiold
jirojierty and vote, altliougii full citizensiiip was not
attained before tho tweiitietli year. Jlilitary siTvict^
was reciuired lietwoon tlio ages of eigiiteen and sixty.
As regards women. Solon sought to curb licentious-
ness and extravagance, rather thuii to elevate tlie
sex and enlarge its sphere, in tiio modern sense of
tiie leriii. His ideal woman was a domestic drudge,
pure and simiile. He was not, liowover. inclined to
renuiro tiio women to stay at liome (piite so closely
as tiioy were obligoil to do at a later |)eriod in tlie
history of Atlieiis. His lode was (lesigiio<l to amel-
iorate somewhat the liardsliips of a slave. Ho en-
courageil the maintenance of a strong navy for tiie
]irotection of commorce. Solon is supjiosed to have
died B. C. aolt.
('lenisthenes introduced some important changes
in the Atlienian constitution half a century later,
which increased the jiowcr of the pooiilo. but he
displayed no gi'iiius for statecraft at all c<mipara-
bio to tliat of the groat names montioned. Aristi-
dos and 'I'homistocios were great political lawyers in
their day, as wore Kphialtos, who dejirivod tiie Are-
opagus of a groat deal of its power, and Thucydi-
dos, who was tho leader of the aristocracy, and
Alcil)iades, a subsoipiont leader of tlio iiojiular Jiarty.
Milt none of these j)oliticians deserve rank with Ly-
ourgus and Solon. Tlio only other name in Greek
annals worthv of association with them is that of
-4^
rcriclus and Aapasia.
Pericles whose name and fame can not be disasso-
ciated from Asfiasia, the beautiful, accomplished
and brilliant coni})anion of his joys and labors.
Ho was not so much a groat law-maker as a
great executive olHcer. His genius was ecpnil to
theirs, and wiU5 as truly a glory to statecraft.
IVi ulos rose to eminence ujMm the ruin of Miltiades,
of whom wo heard in connection with Marathon.
Of tho hero of that most glorious victory of Grecian
arms, it is onougii to say here that ho was inclined
to absolutism in governincnt, and fell a victim to
the strength of tho doctrine of popular sovereignty.
Pericles was the acknowledged loader of tho democ-
racy, although of the most aristocratic descent. He
sought to accomplish two objects; tirst, to make
Greece one nation, with Athens as its political and
commercial cajiital ; and second, to make tho lepub-
lio a govermiionl by the peoiile, rather than a gov-
ernment by and for an oligarchy. Ho provided
compensation for public service, such as serving on
the jury and even for attending the worshiji of the
gods. He also gave einployinont to the poor out
of the treasury of the public. It was in his day
that Athenian art reached its loftiest heights, and
tlio Grecian glory shone brightest. He was the first
=S\'
^<^
STATKCRAI'T IX GREIXK.
107
iiiul tlio liLst hntmlly iiiitioniil stiil.osmuii id" Oivoci'.
Ly(;iirf,n.is wiis ii Spiirtiiii, Solon iiii Alliuiiiiiii, Alcx-
iintler 11 harliiiriiiii, I'oriclus 11 (rreok, in tlio I'lilli'sl
sc'iiso of tlic tcnu.
I'uriulfs suoc'uimIoiI in iiiuiviiii; his vinws so I'lir iiii-
(lni'sto(Hl iuul iipprociiitud at Atlieiis, tluil. lio wiis tlio
niiuster spirit of Attica until tlio day of iiis ilcatli,
but hu could not carry out liis goni'ral jdan. Sparta
mlliered, with thu tenacity of South Carolina, to the
doctrine of statu sovcrcij'ntv and hostilitv to central-
ization. War ensued, in the courso of wliicli I'eri-
cles died. In that great struggle, the l'eloi)onnesian
war, Athens stood for Jie doctrine of the union of
(Ireeco (not its preservation, hut its estaijlislinient),
and in the failure of the national party, a death-
blow was given to the j)olitical .supremacy of Greece
in the intellectual world. Pericles sought by state-
craft, rather than by force, to unify the (rreeks.
What ho could not do, Alexander might luive done,
but showed no disposition to do. Had he lived to
reconstruct (Ireece, ho might have consolidated it
into one nation, but it would have been on the
JIacedonian. rather than on the Athenian plan.
His ambition was military and had foreign con((uest
as its chief aim, while the greater Pericles tried to
develop Greece to the fullest possible extent. A
higher statesmanship could not be conceived, at
least no higher ideal ii;is ever been realized. Al-
though he failed to carry (mt his plan in all its
grandeur, lie sn(;ceeded in develo[)ing at Atlu'us a
splendor which has never been e<iualed anywhere
else in all that nnikes real culture. To this day no
city in literature or art can seek higher honor than
to be called a Modern Athens. Tiio statesnninship
of Pericles rendered })ossii)le those matchless attain-
ments in esthetic civilization.
Looking at the matter from an Amerii-an jjoint of
view, there could hardly be anything more incon-
gruous, than to couple the political associations of
indcixjudent states comjioseil of kindrcil })eople. witii
the pastimes of that jjeople. If in writing of tiie
United States, one should devote a oliaptor to " Feil-
cral Relations and IJase Hall,'' the inference would
be that the writer was either idiotic or insane.
They rejiresent the extremes in [)oint of imi)ortance.
With us, the "'National game" has notiiing what-
ever to do with nationality. Hut the Greeks were
a very different jHjople from ourselves. Their na-
tional games were not played by a few liin'(l nuiii.
gazed upon l)y siK'ciators who, for the mosi pict,
would scorn to take part in the game, even though
assured of the championship, (hi the ccmtrary. the
pastiuK's of ihe (Jrecks had a rank and siirnilicance,
giving to tliem a really lirsi-class posiiimi, evi'U in
universal history. Tliey bnaight all sections togeth-
er on a common and really national level. 'I'akeii
(!ollectively, tliey form the true Panhelltnia {/'(lu
being tiie Greek for (^//).and to omit, them would lie
to overhjok a fundamental feature of tlu' national
life of the Greeks.
There were four leagues or confederacies in ( Jreece
at dilTerent times: the Arcadian, the .\mphictrionie,
the Acha-an and the .Etolian. The games were also
four: the Olympic, the Isthmian, the Nemean and
the Pythian. There were other similar games, only <m
a smaller scale, in other parts of Greece, sustaining
to the great games much the same relation that a
county fair does to an inter-state or international
exposition.
To these festive occasions, any Greek was welcome,
and was guaranteed immunity from assault, going
anil coming, however hostile any state through which
he traveled might be to the state of which he was
a citizen. >.'one but i)ure Hellenists could com-
Ijete in any of these games. Even Alexander the
(}reat was denied the jirivilegc, although in later
years Til)erius and Nero, Uonnin Emi)orors, bore
off Olympian prizes. The diflerent names of the
four great games were suggested by their location,
the first being 011 the jilain of Olymjiia, the
seconil on the isthmus of Corinth, the third on
the Nemean plain, and the fourth at Pythiiu
The games were all alike in main feature, only
that the first was the chief. There were chariot
races, foot races and other athletic sports, literary
entertainmonts and music. They blended worship
with jiiiysical and intellectual gymnastics. The
prizes had no intrinsic value, being a wreath of
laurels or other leaves, but they were esteemed more
hiirhlv than ;rolii, and iiroved iucalculablv stimula-
tive to the culture of body and mind. The Greeks
rei'koued time by the Olympic games, which occurred
once in four years. The founding of tiiese games
dates back of history and is shroudiMl in mystery,
but the historic period of their existence extends
over a thousand years, namely, from alxiut H. (J.
<j.")() to A. r». 45t), when the inlluenco of the
Christian ciiurcii secured their aiioliliou. Tiiev
Vl<3-
::.!
■>m.'
'm
',,1
li. If
■m\r^:f.^
u-
fw
-i"-»».^'>'^L
Ji:
m
fc;.
-71
UiL
lo.S
STATECRAFT IN (JRKECK.
liiul, liowuvor, (luuliiiod sorioiirily bcforu lliiit lirnu.
Of tlio li'iii^iies of (truoL'C, till) must iiniiortiiiit was
tliu Ampliictyoiiiij.wliuso origin \r;i,-< mytiiiciii. 'riiiMo
woro si'vcral Aiiipliiutyons, or Lonvi'iiti'ius. Imt ////■
Aiii|ilii('tyoii iiii't at I)i'l|)iii in llit.' spring, at An-
tiicla in llio antnniii, a town witiiin tiio piiss of
'riicrniopyia', \vhoro.sto(Kl a tompln of Dolinetor. Its
ohjt'i'ts wi'ri' t\V"fol(l, — to gnanl tiio toinploof Apollo,
at l)f]piii,anil tort-strain the mutual violonuc among
the statos In'longlng
to the confcMk'racy.
The latter ohjei-t was
not attained to any-
thing like a satisfaiv
tory extent. 'I'he tem-
l)le, however, was pre-
served witii religious
sacredness. Its oraele
was held in the very
liighest estoom by the
{{ reeks everywhere,
and later, hy the Ho-
niaiKS, hut its inimedi-
ato ciistiKly was in-
trusted to the t'itizens
of Delphi. Theehief
city of Delphi, Crissa, ^'"" "' "''""" ""•*
w;us utterly destroyed by the allied forces of
(ireeee, in the sixth century before Christ, for
the practice of extortion iiimn the visitors to
the Delphic Oraele. For ten years tiiat holy war
Wiis waged. The oracles were generally couched
in the most obscure language, and were given out
l)y a chief jiriestess called the I'ytiiia. The temple
was a vast treasure-house. It was sometimes de-
s[)oiled, or in part depleted, but such levies were con-
sidered as sacrilegious in the liighest degree. It was
not till Christianity dis{)laced the classic suj)erstitions,
that this oracle ceased to exert a powerful infhu;iice.
The mountain at the foot of which the Del})iiic
oracles were uttered is in some res|K3cts the most
famous in the worlil. It was sacred in the classic
era to tiie muses. 'I'hence the sacred Xine were
fabled to tuko their iliglits, and Mount Tarnassua
yieliled inspiration to the poet. To climb its
rugged heigiits, drink of its springs, and breathe its
rare and exhilarating air, filled the mind with poet-
ical fancies. U'ith Helicon, Oithieron and I'armissus,
it nearly enclosed tiie Mo'otian valley. Not as lofty
as I'elion and Ossa, nor so august as Olympus, it is
none the less true that surrounding it cluster asso-
ciations which render it one of tiie most memorable
peaks on the gloln).
One of the so-called
Ilomeri(.' hymns gives
tiie legendary account
of the f oundiiig of this
Mount Parnsssos.
temple : Apollo slew
upon that sjiot a ter-
rible dragon, tlien
guided thither a Cre-
tan ship, directing tiie
crew of it to estab-
lish themselves there-
"The wiiole land,"
said they, ''is bare and
desolate, and whenoo
s!>ullwegetfood?"To
this Apollo rejtlied,
"Foolish men, stretch
forth your hands each day and slaycuch day the ricii
offerings, for they shall come to you without stint
or sparing, seeing that the sons of men shall
hasten hither to learn my will. Only guard ye well
the temple I have reared, for if ye deal rightly, no
man shall take away your glory; but if ye speak
lies or do iiii(|uity, if ye hurt the i)eople who come
to my altar and make them go astray, then shall
other men rise up in your place and ye shall be
thrust out forever." This legend was the strongest
possible safeguard against personal violence to
visitors; but so cunningly deceptive were the re-
sponses of that oracle that Delphic came to bo
a synonym for statements cajiable of various
interjiretations and utterly elusive of detinite un-
derstanding.
T) ■%•
-fi
-Ji
GREEK CLASSIC LITERATURE.
I
] I — ■ — ' I « It
m I.
via
CHAPTER XVII
rns Term Classic and Traditiokai, Autiiiihs— IIomer and uis flack in Literaturc— IIesiod,
yEsiii" AND UTiiEii Epic and Didactic I'oets— Sapi'Iio, Pindar, and the Lyhistk— Tin
Drama— Thk Uiiamatists and Attica— yKsciiKLrs—Soi'iiocLEr .iNU Eunii-IUEK— Ari.'<topiianes
AND (IKEEK Co.MKDV— (JllEEK I'lllJSE— IIkKDDOTCS— ZENDPIIDN— PlATO, AIUSTOTLE AND I'llILO-
BUPIIICAL LlTEKATt'HE— DEMU!tTlIENE!l AND OIIaTOHY IN LiTBHATUHE— Till IMMURTAL TWELVE.
\i E term " classic " was used
originally to desiguato the
surviviiigGroukaud Iloiiiau
literature. It is often used to
designate the more perma-
nent and valuable jtortion of
our own or any other litera-
ture. In attempting to give
an idea of the subject in hand for
this chaj)ter, it will be necessary to
adopt the method admitting of the
greatest ijrevity. There are no
less than one hundred and twenty-
seven names in the list of Greek
classics. Some of these authors are
known to us only in brief fragments,
((uotations found in later writings.
A few are merely alluded to, and the
name itself may designate a cla^^^ rather than an in-
dividual. There arc six which belong to the age of
fable, and may l)e as mythical as the Muses, namely,
Orpheus, Eunujlpus, Thamyris, Olon, Chrysothemis,
and Philanimon. The fragments which remain and
are attriluited to them may be. and jjrobably are, the
waifs from a traditional folk-lore.
The first historic name is that of Ilomcr. For a
long time his personality was in dispute, and even
now seven cities claim his birth. lie was a native
of the isle of Scio or Asia Minor, but none the less
a Greek. He was the father of Epic poetry, and
paradoxical as it may seem, it is none the less true,
that an Asiatic wrote the oldest Eurojxian work
(prose or ptwtry) extant. lie may well be called the
father of lluroiwan literature. For a long time,
probably for centuries, his Iliiul and Odyssey were
preserved by being memorized and re})eated on fes-
tive occasions. Tiie people held those marvelous
stories of gods and men mingling in the affairs of
earth, in much the same reverence that a devout
worshi|)er of Jeiiovah and Jesus does the Old and
the New Testaments, and we find Plato opposed to
the reading of Homer in the public schools of his
ideal repuijlic on that very account. The nature of
these stories has been stated under the head of the
" Heroic Ago." St. Augustine well said of Homer,
" he stands alone and aloft on Parnassus, where it is
not possible now that any human genius should stiind
with him, the father and prince of all heroic poets, the
boast and the glory of his own Greece, and the love
and admiration of mankind." Some fifty hymns,
once attributed to him, luive l)een pronounced by
later scholarship apocryphal. His name will remain
(109)
? h
fT-
:'l:
',J.l
W :.i
W^
d .
\"\
■ i
-71
I H)
c;rkrk ci.assu- mikkatukk.
ciiilKKiicil ill iIk- licariM iif iiicii In llif i'ihI nf liini'.
Aiiuilicr ^rtiiii iiaiiii' in (li'i'ck lilcrnliirc is llcsiiMl.
Morn ill Kii'iiiiii, lie was an Asialic (Jn'ck liv ilcsccnt.
Ho lived almnl !»M) vi'ars hd'cpn' (Jlirist. He saiiir
ill ilnll, iirosaic mtsc, ol' llic evils nl" liis times, ami
the ;,'n)tesiiiie llien^iony nf (ireeee was set In iiiiisic
ill II elimisy fashion. His works are nut niiieli read,
iiordotheytli'serve to he. liis" Works ami I'liys"
is II teilioiis liiieolie. lie is eiasseil as the earliest,
hut hy no means as liie tirst, of (lidiietie poets. In
this list of elaiiorate jioet", cpio luiil diduetie, ti;,Mire
\r('tinus of .Miletus, [a'scIu's of Ticshos, A^rias of
Tru'zi^n, Kumelus of Corinth, and Sirasinus of C!y-
pruH, whose produc-
tions liave hoeii lost.
Under the head of
elegiac and iamhie
jtoets, are mentioneil
eight names, vary-
ing in date from B.
C. 7'JO t(, R C. rM,
nothing remaining
from any of them,
of any consc((ueiieo,
exeept ^Esop, who ia
sujtposed by I'lu-
tureh to have been
born in H. C. 020,
but who is now gen-
erally regarded as a
myth. The fables
wliieh bear his name
arc Ixslieved to have
been imjiorteil from
India and Egvjit,
fur the most part, some few being indigenous to
the soil. They are eertaiiily the very essence of
eomnion scnso, generally read in these days in Latin
or English jirose.
T'iie next order or school of Greek, poetry was the
lyric. Several names, unworthy of more than more
reference, survive in fragments. Two names stand
out consjiicuous, Sajiplio and Pindar. Only frag-
ments remain of tiie former, and a small part of
the works of tlie latter. Sa])pho was a woman of
fjcsbos, Iwrii in B. C. (110. Siie had a wonderfully
gifted mind, an.l was the lirst to raise iu'r sex to liter-
ary eminence. The Ecsbian women were much given
to study and culture. The loss of lior writings
i'liiilar.
is greatly to be deplored. Hit only |>cer in an
cient lyrics was i'indar of
Cynocephala', a village .leiir
Thebes. He was born in M. ('.
.M'. rmioubtedly he was the
greatest poet in his time of
antiijuily. and it is a matter
of rejoicing tliat some of his
verse is still extant, although
the greater and probably tho
better part perished utterly.
We have now forty-live of
his odes. He had sublimity, eleganco. energy and pa-
thos in a high degree.
Wo coiiio now to
tho drama. Eor-
tuniUoly much more
of the (ireek drama
remains than of the
minor jioems. Three
great names staml
out .second only to
Homer, and among
tho dramatists of the
world second only to
Shaksjieare. They
are yEschylus, Soph-
ocles and Eluripides.
The others simply
swell the catalogue
of Greek authors,
without contriiiut-
^^^^■^ ing to tho value of
extant classic litera-
ture. The drama
may be called a Cireek invention, and it was
not until Shaksjieare's appearance upon the stage,
that anything at all ai>proaching the original
models in merit was produced, and the continental
critics were slow in admitting tho "IJard of Avon,"
because he disregarded the (ireek ]tattern. 'J'lie
Semitic families had no drama, jirojierly sjieaking.
Tho Greek drama is distinctively Attic. /E.schylus
and Euripides, Sophocles and Aristojihanes, were
all born in Attica. The times of Pericles witnessed
the highest dramatic attainment.
/Esclivlus, a soldier of Maratiuui am
I Sal;
in 18
wrote .seventy tragt-dics, of which seven remain. IIo
was the " Eather of TVagcdy." For his impiety he
4
"4 ^
I fc
I
(iUKICK CLASSIC LrnCUAI'lKK.
I I I
was biiiiiMlicil. (tciiiiis is niroly |Mi|)iilar wlicii it.
deals willi tliuolo;;;}, ami llio (Jrwk ilraiiiii was cs-
.-('iitially ri'li^'iniis. His givatost wink oxtant is
•• I'roiiu'llii'iis Mciiiiid." Il, n'|(n'<('iiis liio Sii|pri'iiii'
Mi'iimasiiiliiiilrlv iiiili;;iiaiit at I'l'DiiK'tiii'iis for \>v\n'^
iiiiiiiiassioiiato. Secini,' inait in liis I'liiurf^'ouco fnun
tiic linite, i'a|ialilo uf making; simio iisu of \\\v, yet
ili'stitule of it, lie iiitiiiduiiMl tlial iniiiiitivocloiiiunt
of fivili/.atioii. Zi'iis iiad liim hotiiid to ii rock, ami
fvory day a viiltiiru LTiiawi'd at Ids vilaU, ami at
iii;;lil liii-y wiTc ivslorrd only to keep ii|i tliu internal
proiTSsion ofaijony. Thcrt' is an awful sublimity in
tins tra<,'udy. It Iuim I«.'oii coniitarud to tlio ih'braio
account of tlio way man was lirst si^t upon tliu palli
of knowli'diiu !••• the inilueuco of Satan, wUotliuncu-
fortli wart cur with tlio enmity of tho vory race
he had initiated into knowledi^e. Others havo com-
]iared I'romethuus in his sublime iibilanthru))y (for
ho know what fato awaited him) to Jusus on the
cross. Two of tho three orij^imil I'romothean
triloj,'y havo been lost. The story of A^jamomnon's
sacrilico of his dauj];htcr I|thi<,'enia, tho rovongo of
Clytemnestra therefor, and the awful revcnj^e of
Orestes, tho son of Afj;anu'mnon, upon his mother,
for the murder of tho great king when he ri'turnod
from 'I'roy, are all set forth by JOschylus. Tho doc-
trine of fate, terrible, relentless, and hojieloss, is sot
forth with lurid vividness. So|»hocles, who wius ten
years tho junior of ^Escliylus, was less bold and vig-
orous, but moro Itoautiful and oxriuisito. Ho also
was a soldier, but his military record was not bril-
liant. Ho wrote one hundred and thirteen tragedies.
Seven only havo survived to us. Ilis "(KdipusTy-
rannus " is the most fanums of his tragedies, but
there is u dojjth of ]tatbos in "Antigone," "(Edipus
at Colonos," and '* Electra," whictli could hardly bo
surpiwsod. E\iripidos, born only tivo years later,
was an aristocrat, as his dramas jdainly indicate.
Ho wrote at least seventy-five tragedies, some say
ninety-two, eighteen of which are now extant. They
are mostly devoted to the exploits of the heroic age.
Thus wc have from three dramatists boru in Athens
or its sul)urbs, within the same generation, at least
two hundred and tifty-oight tragedies, of which there
are now extant tliirty-two.
Comedy among t'lO (ireoks took the place some-
what of the [iress. It was personal and related to
current men and measures. They pleased the numy
by their Uings and stings, direi.'ted against the con-
H
sjiicuous few. 'I'he Athenians had no nevrspa|H'r-i to
lampoon public men, but they had a \as! nul-<ioor
tiiealir wiiicii held thirty thousand |K'ople. The
price of admission was seven cents. Tlie theatrical
season was during the months of OecendH'r, .laini-
ary, i-'ebruary and March. The solemn awfulness
of tho tragtMlies was relieved by the eomnu'dians,
wiio were the hornets of society, to use an illustra-
tion suggested by one of the best surviving comodii's.
Tiie list of i!oin(Mly cii.itains tho names of ten dram-
atists, but no play of any in tho'list has survived,
exeeitt eleven of the tifty-four plays of Aristophanes,
who was born in .\t hens H. ('. 444. Almiit a cen-
tury iKiforo his time, Uourishod three noted writers
of comedy : Epieliarmus, I'hormio and Dinolochus.
A little later came Chionides and ('ratinu.s. Aris>
tophanos hod two brilliant cotomporarios, Eupoliii
and Urates. In these extant comedies we havo
sharp criticisms of Pericles, broad caricatures of
Socrates, tho lirst ridi(ailo of woman's rights, and
revolting pictures of social corruption.
Wo turn now to prose. Tho earliest trace of this
style of composition is IVriander of Corinth (H. C.
ti"-iT). He ruled that city for more than forty years.
His edicts were, some of them, reduced to writing.
They wore long since lost. The names, ami in some
cases, a few fragments, are itroserved of twenty writ-
ers of (ireek prose, during the |)eriod from tin.' days
of I'eriandor to tho birth of tho dranui. Two of
those, Thales and I'ythagoras, deserve mention.
They wrought grandly in the domain of philosophy.
The former studieil faithfully in Egypt, and may Ijo
said to have establisluMl tho connection between
('o|itic knowledge and Hellenic wisdom. There were
a few historians in that early jwriod, but Herodotus
was the lirst to write any-
thing really worthy that
designation. He was born
at Halicarnassus in 484.
He was a narrator of what
he saw and heard, credu-
lous and unsophisticated.
Ho traveled almost every-
where, and in his works,
haitpily extant, be dwells
upon tho countries iie vis-
ited, rather than upon per-
sonal experiences. He was a model pen photog-
rai)ber. It is generally sui>posod that the world lost
lli'riidutua.
Uv--> ■
^
M'. '. .1
'■ ..• i
■i>\ 1
.1
^2=.^
]
7
I 12
(;kkkk c'Lassi'; i.nKKAiirui;.
Iliitllill^ ill till- I'MJiit'tinii t}( ihc no-i'tillnl liii^tiii'iciil
workf* iif lliitHo will) wunt k'fnru liitii. liulfoil, (irt'i'k
jtnisc scciiiH to liavc Ik'I'Ii t'xct'i'iliii^rly furliiiiiilc in
the " siiiN iviil (if liic littc.it." Ni'xt. Ill IIi'i'iKlotiiM,
mid gruulvr tiuiii hi' in inli'llccliiul |Miw(tr ami litiT-
aiv skill, stamls 'I'liiii yii-
iiji's, till* iiiM'iiliir lit' piiil-
(wiipliiral liisliiry. liiMras
an Atlifiiian of I lie iiristn-
cratif cliifs. Ilis liiHiory
of I lit' l'('l(i|ii)iiiuiHitiii \rar
is a iiiasttTiiioci', ami tliiit
iiKii'o from lilt' I'liilionilo
political s|RH«clii's i'IiiIkhI-
ii'il #1 it tlian for the liis-
tovy itself. It iti Hiife to
say. that until within ii
liunilrotl yeiii'M, no Kii|ierior
'iiiuc)(ii(i.«. historian wiwovor jiriHlue-
ed. lie jiresorveil the martial exploits and political
controversios of tlioHo tiinuH, forgutful of tiio jieoplo
in the evory-day atluira of life.
A lonjf list of other military historiiins niijrlit he
given, tlio wars of Alexander the (i rent having ken
u favorite theme, hut those works |ierisliod long ago,
e.\cept only the writiugs of Xenophon. an Athenian,
who waa born in IJ. C
444. He was a voluinin-
0U8 writer, ii friend and
disciple of Socrates, his
productions being of two
distinct classes, historical
and ])hilosiiphi' al. His
Anabasis relates to the
^,. -._,,_^ oxiiedition of the Greeks
^Si v^ ^^^ >\l^lk "^ '^'^''^ Minor who ac-
i!v '^h!^^ coniinuiied Cyras the
Xi'iiopiioii. Younger, in his ill-starred
expedition to Haiiylon, and esjK'cially of their
retreat, which his elegiuit Greek has rendered
immortal. No classic prose is more widely read
as a text-book than the Anabasis. Xenoplion's
piiilosophical works have at their head " The
Memorabiliii of Socrates," a series of dialogues
lietween the supreme jihilosoiiher and his pupils. It
is not t(>(> much to say that "The Memorabilia,"
"Tlie Economics," "The Iian(|uct of the Pliilos-
ophers," and " The Apology of Socrates," all from
the pen of Xenophon, are to his great toaciior much
what the four Gos|k'1h iiru to .Fckiim Christ. If IMatu
waM liiM St. I'aul, Xenophon was all liin ovungelists
in (inc. Xcither .Jesus nor Socrates, those great
founders of disiiiict schools of thought, ever wrote
u word, but were purticiilarly fortunatu in their
literary friends. I'ialo will always stand at the very
front of |ihilos(iphical writers. His works were
voluminous and in the form of dialogues. Tliuy
display the subtlety niid power of amilysis, for which
the Greeks were pie-eniincnt. They are exceedingly
pi'ofounil and hard to understand. Mis ideal re-
public, " The .\tlantis." is the model of all the iileal
states in literature, and by hundreds of commuiii-
lics started by dreamers of I'lopia. It is commun-
istic in its fundamental principle. It makes the
state everything, the individual nothing. Kveii the
family was to lie wiped out. and in its place was to
be sterpiculturo, on thosame scientific basis as" pedi-
greed" cattle and horses are rai.sed. It was not until
two thousand years later that any serious attempt
was made to carry out the I'lutonic theory. It was
with him and his admirers a mere tlieorj, ii curious
siieculation. He was born at Atln'iis in 'H. C. 4"J!t,
making him forty years younger than Socrates, and
about that much older than Aristotle, who, with
him and Socrates, rank as the three great philos-
ophers of the classic age. It was not until Bacon's
genius dawned U|Min the world that they had a jieer
in any land or time. A Macedonian by birth, an
Athenian by education, Aristotle liius left us most
erudite and philosophical dis(|iiisitions on logic,
metaiihysics, physics, ethics, rhetoric and poetry as
an art.
It remains to sjXiak of only one more branch of
literature. There are some noted names in jihilos-
ophy, which do not belong in a literary rexunie.
This remaining branch of jirose clasiics is oratory.
Elo(|uence is one of the great features of Greek
literature. The heroes of Homer, and the jioliti-
cians and generals of Thucydides, were all ora-
tors. Republican institutions favor the develop-
ment of the art of persuasion. The list of Greek
orators whose fame has come down to us contains
eleven names, all except one Ijeing Athenians.
That solitary excejition was Dinarchus, a Corinthi-
an. He was educated, however, at Athens, and re-
sided there, and is generally numbered among " the
Attic Canon. " Judging from the few addresses
preserved, he was hardly deserving the title of ora-
r
1 —
L
1
(iKICliK CLASSIC LITKKATl'KU.
I',?
tur. Aiiti|ili(iii (li.C. \'i'.*) iiiUHt liikvi> Ihvii II ^ri'iit
uriiiiiinil liiwyiT, for iiltlinii^li tlioio \tiih im distiiirl
profi'SMidii iif litsT, till) iinitiirs wrv, to ull iiitcMits
ami |iiii'|ioMi's, luNTvurx, im vrcll iih iHiliticiuim. Alioiit
ti'ii vi'jirM later ciiiiu! AmlocidiiH, wlmsc tliri'o cxcol-
Ic'iit (.I'liiioiis uro luliiiiriiMc in tlicir Hiniiilicilv.
A ili'ciulo later Htill caiiio lAxiiiH. Ilu wax a vury
linilillo writer of |iiililii' aililreR<(eK. Mention of iiiin
i.s frei|iieiilly iiia<le in aneiunt writiii^r.s, an<l liiri hiu-
vivin^ orations mIiuw liiin to have Ijeoii a man of
tnarveloiiH power. Inoerates. twenty ye'vrs later,
was a ti'iii her of oratory, rather than an orator.
IIo wiw too timid to exereiso IiIh art freely. In thin
eonneclion may l»o mentioned the fact, that ahout
tlie middle of the Iif th century iK'foro Christ, the
lirst treatiMus on rlietoriu und oratory known to
have iK'en writtcin in tiio (iroek lan„nia;;e, were pro-
duced in Sicily liy Cora.x, Tisiiirt and (lo'-^ias, the
latter havin;,' iri'Mspor'ed the art to Athene, and
founded the first s<'hool of el(N|uenco and coniponi-
tion in Attica and (Jri'eco proper. Hc.sides Isocrutes
there was Isieus, who did much as a prol'e.sHor of elo-
cution. JOsehines, of whoso orations wo havo only
three, wasacotemporary and rival of Domosthcnes.
(Jicero and (juintilian pronounced him almost e([iial
to Uemosthenos. Ilyiteridos (IJ. (J. IliMJ) was al-so
compared with Domosthones. Wo havo no spoci-
inens of his eloquonuc.
The one supreme name in (ircek oratory not
only, hut in the entire art of clo(|Ucnce, is the one
last mentioned. Demosthenes was horn in the Attic
town of i'leoiiia, B. C. itH.'i. lie had some seri-
ous natural defects of sjieech to overcome. J I is
first attemiit at oratory was a failure. But ho
was not discouraged. His jihysical infirmity, stam-
mering, was overcome, or turned to positive advan-
tage. Ills powers of iwrsuasion were almost irri-
I'liiirwthi'mH
sistilile, even with a |ieoplu iiH intelligent :is the
.\thenianri. He was a niastcr of invcctixc. His
orations against I'hilip,
the father of Alexander
the (Jreat, have l)een for
more than two thousand
years, a syonym for in-
vective '.iscourso. " I'f.i-
lippiis" is tho familiar
name for that class of
orations, liis series of
siieeches called "Con-
cerning tho Crown," arc
admirahly judicious and
lofty in tone. Wo havo sixty of his addresses, and
they have heon of incahulalile importance as iikkI-
els of oratory, studied and practica" mi all civilized
lands almost ever since they were pronoiiiiced. A
coward in liattlc, he was a true hero in dehate, and
a wise ciainselor. The claims anil merits of Demos-
thenes, as they have come to lie estimated hy the
settled judgment of mankind, may he stated thus:
1. Purity in ethical character; 'i. Intellectual
mastery of the siihject in hand ; 3. 'i'lie magio
force of felicitous language, thanks partly to his
own genius, and partly to the matchless iK'auty of
the (J reek tongue; 4. Freedom from all bomhast,
concLso, lluent, sweet and improssive.
Having taken a hasty glance at (rreek literature,
we may sum up hy giving the list of extant authors,
ujion whom rests tlio fame of that literature, and
who will continue to lie reiul and admired in all
ages: Homer, i'indar, Jischylus, Sophocles, Eurip-
ides and Aristophanes; Herodotus, Thucydide-s,
Xenophon, i'lato, Aristotle, and Demosthenes.
They arc the immortal twelve of Greek classic liter-
ature.
-ii
W^l'
\}
1
ir ,t
HA! 1 • ..'l
i
\irA ;!
Ji2:
CHAPTER XVI I I.
The (JitKKKH AMI AllSTUl SK TlllirilllT-TlIAI.KS AM) rvTIIAOdllAC SilcllATKS ANIl IllH rnil.OHDril V
— I'l.ATO AMI AlllHKlTI.K TllKllt I'l.Al'K IN rilll.oSdrilV Kl'llt'llKANS AMI St<111» 'I'llK Cv Nil J" -
rrUHIIil AMI SKKrTll'l»M N KIPl'l.ATll^■|^<>I TllK I'bKS (ir CillKKK I'llIl.lWdl'MV I'aI\TINI1 AM)
.Si 11 rriUK TllK I.AIiniDN ami (II.VMI'IAN ZkIS I'llAXITKl.KS AM) I'llll)IA> TllK I'AKTIIKNDN
AMI THE Al UCIIMII.IS TllK TliHKK DKIIKliS OK lillKrlAN AlirlllTKCTl UK I M)KIITKI).NE!<!I OF KuME
AM) TllK UeBT I)K TllK WoUI.l) TO OllKClAN AUIIIITKI TIKK - TllK El.lilN M AllIII.KK.
^^-'^■<J
K<
LMF
T is safe to say that tin'
|iliil(isi)|iliv I'f till' (irook.s
omlirai'i's all amai'iil. pliilo.s-
(i|iliy, if 111)1 tln'm'riusuf all
iiiodiTii si'cularsiic'culatidii.
Till' Kiryiitiaiis ami tlif pro-
fiiuiiil tliiiil\rrs (if India
''j^^ wore tlioolofriaiis. 'i'lii'lr iiroldi'iiis were
►.jJL iiKnv ivIIlmcus than nii'tajiliysical. Tho
■i^*^ latest intellectual develupnieiit in Kfiyjit.
was a irmwtli tnmi Ilellenistie seed. In
4Ji^^^^ t'.-eatin;,' of .Mexandria, some reforeiieo
sjjiraVw' was made to philosophy and pliiloso|)hers,
liut in takiiii: a view of philosophy in
^l» its entirely, it, must lie eoiueded upon
the threshold that the Lrlorv and the fea-
tures of alisiract thoULrht heloiii^ to tlmt
marvelous peoplc.i he ( i reeks. It was not,
uiilil liaron rev(ilutioni/ed philosophy. that, any really
independent and important step was taken outside
llie (ireidv limitalions. .Medic\ al seholast ies, .Mielard
the orthodox and liriino the heretic were none
of ilii'm philosophers. The more than royal line
which liepiii williTliales of Miletus, and close 1 with
Iroclus of Alexandria, held sway in speculative
I iioiiirlit. unrivalcil and alniosi tindisturhed. fadiii;^
out at la~i lliroiiLdi sheer exhaustion. The iici'iod
of this dynasty was ahout a tiiou.'^anil years, for
'I'hales was horn in 1?. C ();5ti. and Pruclus in .V. I).
Wl. To jiresenl within the I'diiijiass of one chapter
the history of such a |K'riod and plui.se of intellectual
activity, is the task now in haiiil.
Tliales founded a school, or cdass of philosophers,
who were determined to solve the mystery of oriixin.
lie saw in water the all-pervasive element, the suh-
slratiimof thinujs. Some of hi- disci|iles srdistituted
lire for water ; others air. The jrreatest of these
early searchers after the I"'irst Canse was I'ythaL'oras.
Melt was, prohahly. who enriched (ireek thoufiht with
Kijvptian science, espcciallv mathematies. Il was
hoped hy iisiui: "the wisdom of the I'!!.'yptians" as
a ladder, to eliinh into heaven and diseovi'r the
supreme mystery of earth, i'ythau^iras taui,dit the
traiisniii:;ralioii of the soul, the eternal procession of
exislenee, in e\ei'-varyiiiir forms. With all the help,
however, of H^ypl, the (Ireeks made \ery little jiroi;-
ress hefore the days of Socrates. The enthusiast ie,
persist I'lit, and profound study of ahstraclions. was a
wonilcrful discipline. l'"or that Ion;,' period the
(Jreck miml was liein^ trained in a irymnasium of
thought, .\sidc from the mental disciplinederi\ed,
no henelils resulted. Tli,' direct fruit of all that,
loiiLT lahor was sophistry, the iiseof reason and loi;-ie
as an exhi'-itiou of intellectual skill. Had theentire
(114)
r
4
'I',
-^
<k ^.
-^ ^J
(;ui;i:k rHii.osoi'HY and art
115
fniilain' sIoi)|h.h1 tliero. tlio (iri't'k pliilusojjliy would
liMM> Ik'i'u nil uiiMiitiLTiitoil failure. Hut it did uot.
Tlu' IraiiiiuiX of tlio luind for so Iomij: a time
culiuiuaU'd .n |irodu('in,<^
tSoiTati's. who WHS born
in Alliens !?.('. Ko. He
I'ouiiil |iliilos(i|)liy a juiii-
i)le of ueixations and
prelenl ions assumptions.
Tlie learned looked down
with lofty eoutempt iii)on
the eommou j)eople, who
saw in ot'currenees the in-
terposition of a [KTsoual
deity. As rejjards the sorrniit".
l)opular theories of cause and etieet, the philosophers
weri' inlidels. Soerato.s aiirei'd with them in their
denials. l)ut w;us not eontent to rest in mere nejja-
tiiMi. In the " Clouds," Aristopiianes riiiienk's the
sultstiiution of "ethereal rotation" for deity, much
as an ortlnnlox eleriiyman of today (k^niunees the
sulisiitution of evolution foren'ation; hut that suh-
stiiution was not. ti>e distinc'tive pi'culiarily of Soc-
rates, by any means, lie tauirht. "uit.her, that the
studv of Nature was a waste of time. " Man. know
thyself." was iiis motto. He was tiie fatiier of ile-
dnclive philosopliv. and wilii iiim also beLjaii an era
of aecnracv in ihonijht and expression. Hewasfond
of leadin;:; bis pupils to see tlii'ir iiinorance and ap-
preciate deliniteuess of ideas. His method was by
i(iu'siioninLr them. The term "Socratii'" is suj^irestive
of iiiierroiration points. Hut aiipreeiatioii of ii;m>-
raiuc and a start in tlu' direction of knowledue. luid
for thi'ir linal oliject, nn)ral instruction. He was a
philosophical moi'alist. So important was this latter
work that it has ln'cn said that '• iudividu;.i con-
scicui-e and personal decision date from the epoch
of Socrates, ami their j.n'owth from that time is the
proLrress of the world-history." lie was a man of
very nnirked eccentricities. I'lain. ill-shaiien and
outspoken, lu' was utterly indilTcrent alioiit dress.
His wife, Xantippe, had no (latience with his
dreamy indilTereuce to prat'lical matters, and has
come down to the world pilloried as thci^reat scold.
No doidit she had cause for her impatience. He
was too ind(denl to even write out his views, Icavinir
that to Plato and .Xenoplnm. who eillu'r couiiMitcil
themselves with develojiiiiL; the Socratic ideas, or
were so very modest that thev attributeil to their
teai'ber ideas which were really their own. la hia
olil aije, the j^reat teacher was accused of not wor-
shiping; the jHipular ,t;ods, but instituting; a religion
of his own, and eonse(|Uently of corrupting tiio
youth. He was found guilty ami cimdemned to
sniTer ileal h by poison. .V cup of hemlock was pre-
sented to him. He drank the ileadly poison witii
I'omposure, and died in the serenity of an ujiright
life. He was seventy-one ye irs of age. His lifo-
work had been eompletoil, and the loving and gifted
dist'iples who revered his memory embalmed his
thoughts, and made thoin the rich inheritance of
mankind.
Plato and Socrates are so interlinked, that the
Socratic and IMatonic philosophies are substantially
(UH' and indivisible, excejit upon jioints too niinuto
for observation at long range. Of his works, as
literary productions, this is not the place to siH.'ak.
and the same remark holils goiwl of Aristotle. Hotli
are conspicuous in (ireek classic literature. Hotli
escajxd the melancholy fate of Socrates, imt neither
shrank from his conception of truth, while both
were oven more revolutionary than the great mar-
tyr of pure reason. I'lato could
boast his descent, from Solon, and
his love was so immaculate, his
•^i. philosophy so ethereal and majcs-
lic, that his countrymen came to
revere him as the son of a virgin
and a god. The doctrine of tho
imnuu'ulate conce]ition has been
applied to the most illustrious
men of many lands. He was
born at Athens in B. ('. bit). Ho
A^vas said to be the sou of Apollo.
.\rist()n, betrothed toliis mother,
Perictionc, was warneil in a dream, to delav the
nn|iti:ils until the birth of the divinely begotten
child. IHs life was long and siul, being "sicklieii
o'er with the pale cast of thought," Aristotle, a
Thravian by birth, was born li. V. 384. He was
something of a scientist. He combineii ethics and
metaphysics with physics. The three supremo
names in philosojihy represent a gradual increase in
the domain of i bought. Socrates ciH'alcd moral
philosophy. Plato impiirod into all truth, .\ris-
totU' was hardly less anxiousin the s(>iirch for facts,
as well as f(U- virtue and truth. He saw in knowl-
edge the basis of wisdom, and had some apprecia-
I'lald.
l[
r
Si
^«-
'-4-^
ffia
11=
'•^v
ii6
EEKJ
greek! philosophy and art.
tioii uf tho I'l'liitions of the tangible to the iutiui-
gible. lie vnis tlie tutor of Alexander the Great,
ami the especial object uf study by the scholastics
of the medieval aj^e.
The most jn'actieal j)iuises of Greek ])hilosophy
are suggested by the terms Epicurean and Stoic.
These contrasting views or theories of wise living
were and are practical. The exact statement t)f
Platonic and Aristotelian j)hilosopiiies, would lead
one to an illinjitalde plain, abounding in incompre-
hensible subtleties. Hut the distinctive ideas of the
Epicure and tlie Stoic are easily stated and under-
stood. The former has been somewhat misrepresent-
ed, still, the popular notion of epicureanism is sub-
stantially correct, l^o make the most aiul the best of
this life by the enjoyment of its good things, is the
highest wisdom, according to the ei)ieurean school,
wiiile stoicism teaches that the best way to avoid
misery is to be indilTerent to the happenings of life.
One sees the wisdom of making the most and the
best of the positively good, while tho other sees the
wis'lom of being so fortifleil against the inevitable
evil as to endure it with calmness. Hoth are right
in wliat tiiey teach directly, while both are wrong
in the denials into which they naturally drifted.
The founiler of epicureanism, Epicurus, was born
U. C. M'i, died B. (J. 'i'i'i. He was a noted teacher
in Athens, llis voluminous writings have per-
ished, but his dt)Ctrines are known, lie believed
in moderation and sobriety, but happiness was
his iiighest ideal. Pliilosophy he regarded as the
art of life, not the art of trutii in the abstract,
herein dilfering from both I lato and Aristotle.
Tlie founder of the sect of Stoics. Zeno, was a na-
tive of ( 'yprus. Tiie date of his liirtli is not known.
He became a lecturer on philosophy at Athens, late
in lift', tlie spot where his pupils gathered being
the stoa or porcii, wiience the name, lie fixed his
tiioughts on virtue as tlie supreme good. " Be vir-
tuous and you will be happy"' is stoicism;" Be
hapjiy and you will be virtuous,"' e)iicureaiiisni. In
their (K'termiinitiiMi to avoid eileininacy the stoics
allected stolidity. The Uonians had no taste for
the metaphysics of the jihilosophers. but the prac-
tical issue raised by these conflicting theories, ap-
pealed to tiie Konian mind, and the great tiiiiikers of
Uonio were eitlier Kpicureans or Stoics, mostly the
latter. From the days of Brutus to tliose of Mar-
cus Aurelius, the austerity of stoicism met with es-
iwcial favor in lloiiie. Its ideal man was the tyjii-
cal Roman. In other words, if one were to picture
to one's self the realization of Zeiio's j)hilosoj)hy, he
would be " the noblest Honian of them ail. "
Another famous sect of i)liiK)sopliers at \thens
was the Cynics. The term has come to mean any-
body who has become soured and disgusted, critical
and weary of life and all its belongings. The reji-
resentativc Cynic was a Stoic who made an ostenta-
tious siiow of contempt for tiie world. Virtue was
a sort of warfare carried on by tho mind against
the body. Serene contempt was intensified into
virulent hatred. Diogenes with his tub, and grim
sneer at everybody and everything, wiu* the typical
Cynic. To make a virtue of insolciit criticism and
censure, was cynicism two fliousand years ago, as
now. It was Dioiienes who, being seen witii a lighted
candle at noonday, was askeil what he was looking
for and answered, " I seek an honest man." But
the Cynics did some good. Tliey attada'd ;ill with
indiscriminiiie rancor, and some of the absurdities
of the philosophers received beneficent excoriation,
especially the theories of the skejitics, who jilaced
abstract logic above the demonstrations of facts.
Mention lias now been made of the more illus-
trious philosophers of the classic age, and their
distinctive ideas presented. Century after cen-
tury, the inconiiiarable intellect of the Grei'k
nation sought the solution of life's deejier prob-
lems, without the aid of cither religion or science.
There was a little faith and a very little science,
but not enough of either to be jiercciitible in
influence. At last the effort was given uji.
Various changes of base were made, but all to
no purpose. From Thales down, all failed to arrive
at conclusions which were really satisfactory. Even
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, failed in giving per-
nianent satisfaction. At last the Greeks became
utterly tired of the whole domain of jihilosophy,
and in jilace of this or that belief, came to almost
t,;tal disbelief. Skepticism prevailed over all.
" T'liere is no absolute criterion of truth," said
Pyrrho, tho father of the skeptics. Socrates ad-
mitted his ignoraiu'C, but was confident that the
search for knowledge would lie richly rewanUnl :
Pyrrho, who, as a soldier of Alexander tiie (ireat,
hiul been in India and Egypt, and knew something
of all jihilosophies, pronounced tho riddles of
pliilosophy insoluble. There was much reluctance
=57'
-ii
^s
GREEK PHILOSOPHY AND ART.
117
to accept liis views, l)iit tiiiiiUy, in what was
called the Xcw Aciuleniy at Athens, of Arcesilaus
ami Carneailes, ajiiiosticisiii prevailed. Arcesilaiis
was a disciple of Aristotle, as was Carneades a
century later, having heen horn in B. V. 'iVi. With
him the race of philosophers seemed to hecome
extinct. And so far as Greece was concerneil, it
died forever.
(ircek cnUnre, however, saw a rival of the spirit
of i)hilosophy in Alexandria. In that intellectual
cai)ital of the world, an attempt was finally made to
solve the proi)lems of jjiiilosophy hy the aid of
religion. Philo u the nn)st prominent name in this
connection. Xeo|)latonism it was called. Accept-
ing the doctrine that reason is hn potent to meet the
denumd, Philo and
his school oll'cred
tlie aid of faith,
especially the in-
tense piety of the
Hebrew nation. lie
was a .Jew of (J reek
cdncation. He be-
lieved he saw in
the " thus saitii tlio
Lord" of his people
tiie missing link in
Philosophy. lie was
born a few years be-
fore Giirist. It was
not long before
Meoplatonism and Christianity were jostled against
each other, both eager to turn to advantage
the confession of piiilosopiiy that it conid not solve
the mystery of truth. Plotinus is the great name
in this conllict. In the (Jospcl of John with its
ileilicalion of liie " W'onl," may be seen the iniluence
of Neojilatonism u|ion the church, especially in
the doctrine of tiie Trinity. 'Die last of the Neo-
phitonists, Proelus. was liorn A. D. 41"J. lie showed |
tiie power of Ciiristianity more than Protinus did, !
lie uried to save philosophy by liberal concessions ; \
but to no purpose. It was doomed, and witli his
death was buried, ceasing to be a real power in the
world, until Bacon gave it a scientilic tendency.
It was, tlien, the province of the (ireeks to siiow
that philosophy cannot produce satisfactory results
upon any otiier liian a scientilic basis. It tried
every conccivalile liieorv, and whatever tlie dis-
Tliu Acropolis at
tinctive idea, and alike witli and witliout religion,
it fed short of pnuhuang intellectual content, and
its grand glory is the claim it nuiy justly lay to the
high honor of having stimulated incpiiry.
The (ireeks were no less prominent in art than
in philosoi)hy. They excelled e(|naliy in painting,
sculpture and architecture. From the nature of the
case the works of tlie p.iinters liave iK'rished. Ajiclles,
whose portraits were the ailmiration of his country-
men, was a cotemporary of Alexander, whose jwr-
trait he painted. Nothing renniins to testify, first
hand, to the merit of (Jreek art with the brush and
easel. But what Greek genius wrought in stone has
not wholly disapi«ared.
Praxiteles, who flourished at Athens lute in the
fourth century l)e-
forc Christ, has licen
called the head of
the Attic scliool. lie
worked in marble
and bronze both,
chicily in. the for-
mer. His subjects
were mythological.
V^enus, Cupid and
Apollo were favorite
suiijccts with him.
He has \>wn calletl
'"the sculptor of
the beautiful." As
Athens «B it was. ,,,^. sculptor of tllC
I grand, the highest honor belongs to i'hidias, who
flourished in thi' splendid vvti of Pericles and his
no less brilliant .Vspasia (B. C. rido). ""lie colossal
statue of Zeus at the temple of Olympia, in Hlis,
classed as one of the seven wonders of the world,
was the work of his lirain and hand. It was in gold
and ivory. It occupied its more than royal throne
until A. I). 4T."), when it was destroved by lire. An
imitation of tiic head is preserved in the Vatican
museum, and that is all tiiat remains to us of that
prodigy of art. Piiidias put the licst work of ids
life, however, into the Parthenon and the other
tem[)les of the Acropolis of Athens. That citadel
was not only adorned with the temple of .Vtheiia,
Itnt of the Erechtheiim and oilier lemples. It was
no less the treasury of (Ireek art than the strong-
hold of till' capital. Speaking of i'hidias. Mr.
Frotiiiiiiiiiam remarks: '-lie was a man of loftv
f^
-7^
-f't'l
I';
M ■ r V ■
i is 1' ■ '
\ a.
^k-
iiS
GREEK PHILOSOPHY AND ART
soul, luajcstie intellect, eonsnmmtitc knowleiljie of
tiie i)i'inci|)los uf his art, and wondi'rfiil skill in ilo-
sitrn. 'i'lie linildinfis tliat ctowirmI tiio Ac'ro|(olis iii,
Atlu'iis ai'o hclii'vi'il to iiavo been erectiMl under jiis
direction, and mncii of tlie \rork — liow nmcli I'aii-
not lit' known — may lio a-*crilti'd to ins hand. Tlie
<xreal siaiuc of Aliicnain the i'arthenon, of jxold, ivory
and jirecions stone-i. was. there is little room to
doubt, executed by him." Numerous bronzes of great
Ionic order was somewhat ornate. It dates as far
back, iirobal)ly, as the Doric, but seems to have been
less used. 'IMic tiiint and most elal>orately carveil
ordci' was the Corintiii, in. which was not inlnxhu'cd
until the Alexandrine aire. It was never tlie pre-
vailinj^ order in fashion in (iroece. to wiiich rank it
rose, iiowevcr. in Rome. •• The (rreeks." says Alor-
gan, " were not great Imilders, but they were supremo
architects." It is equally tniothat the Uonniiiswcre
TUK I'AI
Constniclcil iif I'l'iitflic Marbli', uiul'.T llio ilirfctlim of Uk'
merit arc traditionully associated with the name of
riiiilias.
The term arcliitccniro is derived from the Greek,
and means '• ciiicf art." and such was the Grecian
estimate of tlie building art. The supreme cditicc
nf ;inti(|iiity. in beauty if not in sui)liniity. was tiie
Parthenon, whieli is conceded to lie tiic tyjie of ju'r-
fcctioii in construction. It was not a large building,
being (inly •v''iS feet long and lol feet wiile. The
material used was the linest while mari)k'. It was
liainleil within and without. It dates from 1>. ('.
•140. The archileets were Ictimis and Callicratcs.
It belongs to the Doric order of architect ure. Uiiins
of Greek temples show three orders, the Doric being
the most common and most .severely simple. The
nilKNON.
it'li'hriUcil xi'iilptor I'liidiiiK, (Ivcliciiti'd to MiniTvii, •l,'(S It. ('.
not great architects, but niagniiicent builders. The
Greek ideas of architecture were carried to grander,
if less ex(|nisire results, in Kome than in Athens, and
the I'amhcon, built at Home about thirty years before
Christ, was nor, only Greek in name (Pantheon
meaning in that language a temi)le for all the gods)
but it was Grecian in its essential characteristics.
Iu<leed, almost all laiblic architecture in Europe and
America, except tin; (rothic. may be said to attest
the excellency of (ireek genius in that department
or art and industry.
The Parthemm was despoiled from time to time,
but much of its statues(|ue wealth survived until a
comparative late day. in the ruined temple, but was
at last c;irricd otT to England bv Lord Elgin, and
the
-=:==s^
-ii
<J •_
GREEK I'HILOSOHHY AND ART.
119
de|)ositud in tho Britisli niusoiiin. 'L'hoso trciisiiri's
(if art n\v kiiowii us tlic " KIltIu Miirhlcs. " iiiul in
tlu^iii niiiy In' souii tliu siilitlc uiul riMiiicd arl istic
,mMius of \\w (irock civili/iitioii.
One of till' liiist known and niosl rcniarkiililc
pieces iif statuary in tliu world is the Ivaouooii of
tiiree Uiiodiaii artists, Aj^esaiider, AeiieiKtdoriis and
Polydorus. It is IiuscmI on a Trojan trailitioii, best
told hy Viriiil in liis .l-hicad. A priest of that eity
opposed the introdnrtion into 'IVoy of tiie wooden
iiorse, when he and his
two sons were slain hy
two jjreat seriH-nts from
tho sea, which tho Trojans
souinji;, aoeeptwl as a siirn
from Heaven that the
priest, had iriven nnri^dit-
ODUs counsel. It mii^ht
lio notieod that the cen-
tral tiiiure is much lar<fcr
in jiroportion than tiic
sons. The former is the
chief merit of tliis inconi-
pariil)le work of art.
In his iiistory of art.
Do Forest eharacterizt^s
(ireek art as follows:
•' The lirst })lastio works
of (ireece were undouhtod-
ly marked with a stron;^
(h'iental impress. They
were tlie creations of the
artisan rather than of the artist, and consisted of
sumptuous decoration a(i[)liod to arnu)r, household
ntensils, and the like. The doscriiition of Achilles'
shii'id in the Iliad givos ns an idea of tho splendor
of this kind of work. Tho lirst representations of
tho gods wore symi)olic, a stone or a piece of wood ;
(iKori' OF THE LAOC'OON
and tho earliest eompleto inuigos wore of wood.
These wooden idols wore very rude, hut were con-
sidered s|K^cially 8a(.'r"(l, ev(Mi in later times, 'i'licy
were supplie(l with elaiiorate wardrobes, and wi're
dressed and washed by regular attenilants. .Metal
statues and clay images of the gods were introduced
toward the close of the arciiaie |K'riod <d' (ireek
;irt."'
I''or the benefit of those who are interested in the
lochniiiue.s of art'liitooture we append what Do
Forest says in his history
of art, about tlu' lintel or
cnt .blatiire of a Greek or-
der. " It has," ho observes,
"three members, — the
architrave, or principal
beam, wliieli rests directly
upon t he capital of tho col-
umns ; tho frieze, or orna-
mental hand : and the pro-
jecting cornice which pro-
tects tho frieze and arclii-
trave, as the cajiilal jirn-
tects the column from the
inclemencies of the weath-
er. The column is also
divided into three parts, —
the base, wiiich is an e\-
[lansion of the shaft, ha\-
ing the same relation to
it that tho foot has to the
huimin figure ; the shaft
or upright sujiport; and the capital or bearei',
which has been likened to a hand sprctwl out
to receive tho weight of the architrave. The
liediment or gable is the triangular spat'c at eitlier
end of a building botwoou tho cornice of the
entablature and tho coruico of the sloping roof."'
T,ffHTiirwmm»Bjirniii»iim|l|»lll]Mwlll»)
S^ll
^
■'t-'V.
^ ^ w
rs»iW5*«
,^
.^
W^
GREEK AND
^,
^,
MYTHOLOGY.
(illRKK ANU UdMAN XaMES — TlIB OltKilN IIF {'I,Ar<!iIC MVTIIS — tJUPITER AND CELESTIAL J1eREI1IT\
-Wau in IIkavks— Division op tiik Spoils— The AMonis op the (Jods— The Ciiiep Divin-
ITIKS AND TIIKIIl ALLOTMENTS— MiNOIl DUTIES— OLYMITS—TIIE MyTII AM) DETAILS OP CllK-
ATION AND TIIK FaLL OP MAN— CLASSIC STOHV OP THE DELr<lE — I'lIAKTON AND Ills I'llESlMI'-
TION — DKIKICATION op LoVE— PEOAsrs AND I'OETIIY— CENTArHS AND OtIIEH MoNSTEHS— rilfc
UlUDLE OP THE ST'IINX — OlllMIElS AND KfllYDICE— IcNORANCE, CREDULITY AND SKEPTICISM.
J
M iiotliing else are (ireek
and Koiiiau annals and
ideas so similar as in my-
thology. Nearly all the
deities of Ilonian idolatry,
as known to
us tlirough
Lutiu liter-
ature, were
transferred
from Ath-
ens to Rome
with hardly
any other
-• change than
tliat of names. Cro-
nos was calleil Saturn ;
Zeus. .lupiter or Jove :
J'oseidon, Neptune;
Ares, Mars ; llepluvs-
tos, Vulcan; Hermes,
Mcnury; Hera, Juno; ^'^^nt
Atiieua. -Minerva; Artemis, Diana; Aphrodite, Ve-
nus ; Ilestia, Vesta ; Demeter, Ceres ; Dionysius,
Bacchus; Phmhus, Apollo; Letus, Latona. The
Itoiuan names are commonly used and will be em-
ployed usually in this chaiiter.
It has been said that with Homer and Ilcsiod the
f irniatiou of the mytlis
was finished, and that
with the drama and
philosophy, dcsinregra-
tion and unbelief l)e-
gan, tlu) personalities
vanishing into tl.e tiiin
air of symbols of itleas.
It has been claimed by
some til at tiie old
mytiis were born of nat-
ural phenomena, anil
designed to teacii les-
sons in natural history.
Others again insist tiiat
moral ideas underlie
the stories of the gods.
These theories are often
advocated witii great
0^^^™*^- skill and ingenuity. It
i is otivious, tiiat natural and ethical meanings can be
(^IJO)
,1 '
-■ — *I^,
GRKKK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY.
121
jiiit into tliem, and tlii' inytliH inmlu to ilo iiiiiiortiint
service by way of iliiistmtiou ; but tiiere is no j^'ood
ri'iisoM to siipjiose tiiat any [)liilo.so|)liical liasis uan
bo (liscovuruil liistorically for tlie ;;o(ls of (irueco and
Konie. Tboy f^rew up f^rudually out of tlu-
ooze of ifxnoranec and sn[H'rstilion, and all atlennfts
to ('ti)ereali/A' tliat mud arc futile. As well try to
establisli the identity of the alluvia of the Nile and
the manna of the wilderneos. The lionie of the
gods was Mount (Uymjnis and their king was Jujii-
ter, lie was eleeted to that position by the suf-
frage of his brothers and sisters. The (Ireek mind
woulil not allow the doctrine of " the divine right
of kings," even in heaven. .Jupiter was indeed calletl
" the father of gcxls and men," but it was no such
paternity us the Jews attribute to Jehovah, and the
(Jliristians to the Deity of their worship. .Jupiter
was surely the elder son of Saturn, and the latter
the youngest son of Uraiuis. or Heaven, who was
the son of Earth, eldest child of Chaos, the latter
being the real father of gods and men, the great
First Cause. 'J'hus we see that Jupiter was the
great-great grandson of the divine parent of all
things. The ancient (irecks and Uonnins caught a
faint glimpse of a celestial chain of heredity.
The first active display of heavenly energy defin-
itely conceived in this mythology bears a striking
resemblance to the war in heaven, described so
minutely by the greatly praised and sometimes read
'• I'aradise Lost."' of Milton, only the rebels of the
old myths W(m the battle. Jupiter, his brothers and
sisters, so runs the story, rose in rebellion against
their father and the older deities, called Titans. The
battle was fierce and desjKirate. At last the Titans
were vun((uished. and cast down into hell, or Tar-
tarus, from which they will eme;'ge in some remote
future, something as Satan is promised release from
the same jjlace of torment, for the sjiaco of a thou-
sand years.
Having won the world by conquest, the victors
divided the spoils. .Iui)iter took heaven, or Olym-
pus, where the gods reside, Xcptune the ocean, and
Pluto, Hades, the honu> of dei)arted spirits. Un-
fortunately for the peace of mankind, the Earth
was what is called a free zone, — a vast common
held by the gods in sorutfie. 'J'iie princi,)le of evil,
the Ahriman of the Persians, the Satan of the
.Jews, the Siva of the Hindoos, and the Loki of
the Seaudiuavians, does not ap^Kuir in classic my-
.lii'iikr.
thology. Any such deity would be siHKjrfluous. All
the gods are bad, differing more incapacity than iu
disposition. .Jupiter's hiifli donniin was no less lur-
bulent than the ocean, and there was not repose
even in the dreary desolation of the nether world.
Jupiter was a notori-
ous rake. J I is life, as
written by the jjoets, was
that of a divine Don
Juan. His wife, Juno,
was jealous, constant-
ly watching him, and
wreaking revenge upon
the victims or fruits
of his amours. The de-
tails of ancient mythol-
ogy are too vile to be
read, esiiecially as portrayed by the Latin jiocts. The
older (ireeks were less indecent in their narrations,
liut at its best, the mythology of the Greeks and
Uomans wu.s a .seething caldron of impurity. Nu-
merous were the demi-gmls, or semi-gods, as they
might better l)e termed, for in (Jreek myths, as in
antediluvian times, " the sons of Cfod" miule love
to the " daughters of men." Among the Creeks and
the I{(mnuis religi(m and morals had no connection.
That feature of religion so very prominent in
Chri.stianity and liuddhism is almost entirely want-
ing in classic mythology, this deficiency showing
itself with especial ein}tliasis in the love intrigues of
the Olympic deities.
The rank and sjihore of Juj)iter. Neptune, and
Pluto, have already been stated. AjwUo was the
god of music, physics, poetry, and the arts. The
nine Muses, the es))ecial jiatrons of poetry, were un-
der his rule. 'J'he chariot of the sun was his, and
he alone could guide it. Mars was the g(Kl of Ijat-
tle. Vulcan was the blacksmith and general arti-
san of heaven. Mercury was the messenger of the
gods, also the deity of commerce and thievery.
Hacchus was the god of wine. N'enus was the god-
dess of love, and a fenudeof decidedly loose morals.
She was wedded to Vulcan, who was lame and unat-
tractive. Minerva was the goddess of wisdom, espe-
cially in war. She sprang full armed from the
l)rain of .Jujjiter. Diana was the goddess of the
cha.se. J']olus was the god of the wind, Monius of
laughter, and Ceres of fruit and grain. Vesta was
one of the older goddesses, and was the guardian of
/ '(5 "^
m.
.i \
-\ ■
■A \ ■
C
i
1
!
1
i
•
!
i
r ■
!
i
14.'
I:
122
GREEK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY.
(loniustic virtue. Slio was nitliur Uoniiiii tliiui
(Jroc'k ill lior ori^^iii, iiiid tiio sumo is truo of .Imius.
who liail two fiicos iiiid \ni.s tliu doity of iK'aco.
His lt'iii|iii' at Hoiiii' wils always opi'ii in time of
war, ami was closed only tliroo times during o. ))e-
riod of seven (ji^nluries. Latona was tlie gctddess
of night, and Aurora of nioruiug. The Kartli was
sometimes |)Oi'si'ni-
lied as Cyliele, some-
times iis J{i)ea, and
fiomotimes as Ops.
Themis was the gcnl-
dess of law ami jus-
tice, and Nemesis of
retriliution. These
were the ])rinei|)al
deities an<l their sev-
eral allotments. He-
sides these there
were the gods of the
rivers, the woods, and
the rural deitieswith-
out ninnher. I'an
was an illustrious
woodland deity, in-
terested in shep-
herds, fishermen and
fowlers. lie was half
man and half goat.
lie was a fann)us
musician. The sa-
tyrs were also half
man and half goat.
Nymjihs were licau-
tiful female attend-
ants upon the great
goddesses. They
were sometimes call-
ed .Naiads or Nere-
ids. Echo was one
of their num her.
Tiie Fates were three sisters, daughters of Chaos, and
jiresided over the destinies of mortals. The Furies
were also three sisters, and were em})loyed in making
both t lie li\ ing and the dead miseral)le. Pluto, the
god of Hades, lias lieen mentioned. There were tiiree
.ludges of the dead, ^linos being chief justice. In
jjassing from JOarth to Hades, the .soul had to cross
the river .Styx in the boat of a miserly old ferry-
TIIK
num ealleil (Mniron. The Christian conception of
a heaven for the good and a hell for the bad was
only dimly out liiuiil in cla.ssic mythology. Hades
was the place of all departed souls, hut some found
existence there i)lea,sant, or at least free from pain,
while others were subjected to ditrerent degri'cs of
unhappiness. The abode of the gods was on the
summit of Mount
Olympus, in Thessa-
ly. The deities had
their individual
homos, but all, when
convened by their
sovereign J upiter.
re])ai"ed to the i»al-
aee of his celestial
highness.where there
was feasting and
merriment".
Aml)rosia was
their food and nectar
their drink. The
cup-bearer was the
lovely goddess Hebe,
or the beauteous hoy,
stolen for that \n\v-
pose from Earth,
Ganymede. Apollo
twanged iiis lyre
amid the feast and
the nine Muses sang
respoiisi vely. At
sundown the deities
retired to their own
resjHjctive abodes.
Their houses were
of brass, built by
Vulcan.
Among the Titans
was Epimelheus. In
accordance with au-
thority given iiim from on high, he created the ani-
mals of the earth. Man was his last and favorite
work. He asked his brother Prometheus, who had
some supervisory connection with creation, to help
iiim secure to num supronnicy. Thereupon the
daring Titan lighted a torch at the sun and gave
fin lien. That suiireme gift greatly inccusetl the
gods, but none the less proved an inestiniablo boon
SEMKLY OF THK (iOUS.
GKRKK AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY.
123
to tlio liuinan fiuiiily. For his iiiipioty. aa it \vii.s
calii'il, I'roniotiioiis was ImiuiuI l() a rociv wliuru a
vuitiiro ato iiis over-reiiowinjj vitals. Tliis niytli
furiiisiied tlio j(roiiiiclwuri< of tlio higiiust tragedy
of <Jrt'oi\ lituratiivo.
Tiie story of I'aiidora and lior l)ox is a variation of
tiio I'romutiiean story. It is said that to furnisii tiio
first woman, Pandora was niado of material oontrib-
uteil hv each gcnl, and corresponding to tiie oharae-
teristii'S of eaeh. Siie seomod a jRirfeut being. E|ii-
mutiieus was delighted with such an iuldition to the
world. Hut Pronietlieus warned him tiiut Jupiter
meant misehiof by his seeming fair bounty. And
80 it proved. In his work of creation Epimctheus
hml carefully rejected all
bad material, and put it
in a refuse box. To keep
that closed forever, would
protect man from evil,
but to oiKjn it, would be
to let loose u])on the
world all evil. Of course
Pandora was so very cu-
rious to know the con-
tents of that box that one
day she lifted the lid,
when out flew the con-
tents, to torment and
distract mankind.
Tiio story of the fall
of man, not oidy, but of
the Hood, is clearly trace- mcfcALioN
able in classic mythology. Tiic only survivors of
that deluge were Deucalion and Ids wife Pyrrlui,
a ])ious and tJod-fearing couple. After the waters
bad subsided tlicy ])rocccded, in obedience to an
oracle, to people the world by casting stones behind
them, those thrown by the man becoming men,
those tiirown by tiie woman becoming women.
The new race was hardy, but far inferior to tlie
aiitediluviiins.
The passion of love is variously l)rought out by
mvtliology. N'ciius was the goddess of love in its
fullest sense, but l)esides iierwere Psyclieand (Jupid.
Tiie former was the goddess of the spiritual cle-
ment in love, without its physical exjiression. Ciniid
wius the son of Venus, a mischievous boy, roaming
aliout with his bow and arrow, sliooting whom he
would, and wiiom lie woundeil was sure to fall in love
with tho next person mot of the opposite sex. Thus
Ids own mot Iter one day wounded herself witii one of
Cupid's arrows, and in consci|Uen(e Ijccame so enam-
ored of an earthly boy, Adi lis. that she found no
pleasure in heaven, iatt wooed the unresponsive*lad.
He was unmindful of all her charms, being wholly
given to the pleasures of the ciiuse. At last a wild
boar ended the life of .\ilonis.
" The Muses nine" were not the only mythologi-
cal embiMliment of the classic idea of the poetical
faculty as a divine gift. Those famous sisters dwelt
on Mount Helicon, and drank of tho fountain Ilip-
pocrene. Minerva presented to thorn the winged
horse Pegasus, upon which, if one rode, ho would
— soar aloft among the
creations of fancy. This
horse apiiears in several
myths, esjiecially in tho
slaying of the Chimiora.
That horrid monster
breatheil fire and raised
havoc in Lycia. IJeller-
ophon, mounted on the
wingetl horse, undertook
t(t slay the ravaging drag-
on, and did so. IJut when,
later, the slayer of the
Cliima'ra attempted to
lly ujion Pegasus to heav-
en, Jupiter sent a gad-
lly. which so worried the
AND j'viiUHA. i,;,rse with wings that he
threw his aspiring rider, whobecame lame and blind
from tlie fall.
The centaurs were monsters with tlic heads of
men and the bodies of horses. They were sometimes
admitted to the society of men. On one occasion
they were invited to a marriage feast, and when
un<ler the influence of wine otl'cred violence to
the bride. A licrce combat followed, known in
si'iilpture and poetry as tlie battle of the i.apitlue
anil (Jentaurs. Hut one of the Centaurs, Chiron,
was renowned for his wisdom and goodness. At
death Zeus placed him among tlie stars. Chiron
was famous for his skill in prophecy, pt)etry and
medicine. Apollo is said to have intrusted to his
I'are the infant ^Esculapius. who stands in le-
gendary annals as tlie great physician.
The Pygmies were a nation of dwarfs. They
r
ill:','
:M
124
(iRKKK AM) ROMAN MYTHOI.OCJY.
m, I
nice ijiiiiii^ U|M)ii Iloroiili's usli'i'|p, iiiid pn'iparcd |(
iittack liiiii as
i|- I
10 wuru a citv with walls. 'I'll
(irilllii. III' (ii'N |ihiiii, was a iiniiisliT willi (lie limlv iit'
a iiiiii, tJi(^ licail and wiiiL,'s iif an i'a;';l(', ami a hark
(■iivcn'il witii IValhcrs. It was tlu! ifiiardiaii nf hid-
di'ii livasiiffs, i'S|K!rially of tiio ;,'iild iil" India. 'I'hi'
Spiiinx III' (irccri! was a cnitd nmnstcr with liii'lmdy
III' a linn and ihr head uf a wimian. It iiirrstcd thr
hii;hway nrar 'riii'lics. All iiassois-hy wcri' asked
liy till,' Spiiiiiv, " What, animal is that which in the
iiiDi'ninj: I'lH's (III I'imr feet, at luKin on two. and in
the ovcninj' on thrci'
lint' i!(Mild I'lH'ss the I'ii
Idl
until (Kdi|iiis i'('|iliud,''Man, whoin childhinMl cri'ciis
on hands and knocs, in iiianliDoil walks erect, and
in 1)1(1 aifu with ustair." I ler
riddle trnossed. the Sphinx
jihini^ed into the sea
and
was seen no more furever.
I'haetiin was aiiiiiitiuus
t(i drive the eharint of the
sun. his father, .\|
I'hiel
Mis.
'I'l
le sii'e
illo, or
liiialiv
consented. The car of day
iimdeajiorilou,stri[)arouiid
the world. inandout anions!
the heavenh
idie.s. I-
ora
time all went well. The
horses darted upthc vault-
ed skv at a furious rate. In
liicklc
mome
lit I'
lae-
toli
lid
iiiccd ilown to ea
rth
and lost scU'-conlrol. The
reins fell from his hands. The hor.ses darted madly
olf iiitosjiaee, .set tinj.'' tire to mountains, cities and the
world LTcnerally. Had not Jupiter taken pity ontiie
earth, utter ruin would have heen inevitahle.
Ill
launolied a thnnderholt at Phaeton, hurlinir him to
eartii. sacrificed to savi' the world which was lieinir
destroyed for ids folly. The ainhition of the youth
was iiohle. hut it was none the les.s necessary that lie
should pay the jienalty of his jiresiiniption.
Orpheus and Kurydiee are familiar mytholoirical
cliaractcrs. Orpiieus wastlie son of .Xpolloaiid the
Muse Calliope, lie eniild play the l\re so very cliariii-
iuLzlvthat he drew to him the \erv lieasis of the field.
who wi
of hi
re softened and made ut'Utle liv the influence
ice.
s music, lie was wedded to the nymph Muryd-
Soon after their iiiiirria;.'e, which was ]ire-
.sided over by llvmen, tl
10 ilod o
i\\
wedlock.
was waiiderinu u ill) her .sylvan companions in tin'
wooiIh when a •serpent hit her fool. She died of the
wound. The discnnsolate hiisliand siiii;,dit his lii\c
ill Hades, lie saiii; his ■.'rief in toiie>i so niclanclioK
that the spirits of the (lead shed nlio,-.ily tears, and
so did I'M'ii till! i''iiries. ,V11 I he rcLrioiis lielow were
stirred with sympalhy. I'"iiially I'lulo coiiscntcd
that the lender (Jrplieus should take hack hisliride.
lull on one condition — he should not look hack in all
his ascent to the iippi'i' world. In a moment of for-
uetfiilness he tiirneil to look at his fair compaiiion
limjiiii;^' aloii;; hehiiid him. That moiiKMit (<iie van-
ished into thin air. saying, '• Farewell, a lust fare-
well." In \ain he liiiirered and soiiirht for lMir\ilici\
At leiiiTth he returned to
earth alone and disconso-
late. \\\ tliiiii;.dit.« ..1' love
were now alihorreiit toliiiii.
until in death he was re-
united to his lost wife.
The common |K'ople of
(ireece always had coiiti-
denee in the national dei-
ties as actual pcrsoiiau'cs.
and the stories told ahout
them were implicitly he-
lieved. lint tlii' educated
class seems to have seen
in the |iopular mythol(ii;v
a si'i'ies of alleijories or
downriirlit fahlcs. more cu-
rious than soleiiDi. Tn
IJonie. even the comnioii people came to ilouht
the reality of their reliLrion. and the educated
class looked upon it as the invention of
their aiK-estors, and more especially of the (ireeks.
whose intellectual siiiierioriiy was held in liiLrhest
resiH'ct. Actual faith in the myths of the old
(ireeks, fadiiii; out. left u hiank in which Chris-
tianity could inscribe its tenets without the ne-
cessity of lirst eradicatini;' deep-rooted theoloLM-
cal convictions. ilytholoiry may he called thi'
half-brother of the heroic element in (ireek his-
tory.
It is a curious fact that Christian Euro])C culti-
vated belief in the classic deities as .spiritual reali-
ties, only they were held to be demons, or devils.
This was the ireneral ojiinion of Christendorn until
aiioiit a eenturv aijo.
't ^
I THE WORLD OF THE ANCIENTS.
JBDODCMSCOI^
TiiK Kknii.itt op TriR Wdiii.h— (Mtkic (iiiKK( k— 1!iiiiiikh AM) rri t'di.iHsr*— UAi.irAnNAdur" anii
1T» Maisoi.kim Diana nr Kiiik"!" Sviiac i "K and Aikiiimkhk:' - Ionian Islands- i'iiktk
— C'vi'iii:«— KiiciM Maiuitania to Ai.hion Si andia, Saiimatia, Dai ia anii TiiitA<K-S( vtiiia
AND India Aiiva, tub i'iiahi.k of Civilization -I'toi.kmv and his Okuuhai'Uv— Tiik I'tol-
BMAII SVSTKM, oil TIIK TllltBK-KOI.I) WoIII.D OK TIIK AnHKNTH
■*QtM3aaiMMMMM
II K lands tliiis fiir \ isiU'd
ill tliL' coiirsu (if lliis histo-
ry fiirni very iiisi<,'iiilicunt
purls oi' till' |.resL'iir world.
Soiiio of the nations hiivi^
(lisiiiipL'iiivd ii]toi,'etliur, liv-
ing', if at iill. only in " a
j:ood dilTiiscd," or in u di'-
crepitUvlL' which is a liviiiff death.
Hilt Uonio, with all its vicissitiuU's,
is a very iinporlant [lart of the ac-
tual life of to-day. St aiidinj,', there-
fore, at the division line lictwoen the
old nations which have upon Ihein
^\^ not actuullv in the ijrave, and the
K^r* one nation of antiiniity which re-
newed its youth at the luuutiiu of
ecclesia.'ttieal authority, it may he well to j)ause for
a survey of the world of the ancients.
This old world contained nuiny (ircek cities and
colonies, some of whom have tlius far escajicMl the
attention to which their importance entitles tiieni.
We will visit those [daces of interest and then fur-
nish a key to the accomjiauyinif map.
Within ten miles of the Asiatic coast lies the
island of Wliodes. with an area of 4'H* square miles,
with a [loimlation of i:i."i,U(Hi. Its mam town liears
the same name. That citv dates from l^. C. 4os.
At the entrance of one of its harbors once stood the
Uolossus of Rhodes (see frontisiiiece) one of the
Hoven wonders of the world. It was a hrazen statue
of Aiiollo, siip.posed to date from H. (J. •^HO. It was
Ki") feet in height. Tradition says that ships
in full sail passed hetweeii its huge legs. It could
Ijc useonded l»y a winding staircase. In 15, 0. 'ii\
an eartlii|uake overthrew it. Its fragments were
still [ire.served as late as A. U. i'n'i. The execution
of that stuiiendous work of art is attributed to
tniarus of iiindiis.
Not far from Uhodcs, U]ion the mainland of Asia,
.stood the (Jreek city of lliiliearuassus. It was
thoroughly (ircek in language and culture, but truly
Persian in political character It was ruled for a
long time hyaline of princes who were loyal to
the Persian crown. The most noted of these
was .\rausolus (see frontispiece) whose tomb is an-
other of the :m\{:\i wonders nf the world. It was
erected liy his widow, Artemisia, in li. C ;5.")U. Pli-
ny described it minutely. Like the Colossus of
Uhodes, it wa,s the victim of an earth(|uake. but
that elen;cntal destruction was far fnun com[)U'ie.
Ill the tifleeiith century the Knights of Rhodes took
jiossessioii of the city and desccrateil the tomli.
Later the Turks used the stones for other purposrs
to such ail extent that for a long time the \er\ site
was in iloubt.
Passing northward fm n Ilalicariia--us. one ai-
%
(125)
h
I
lid
THK WOKI.l) OK Tllli ANCIENTS.
rivOH at K|lllt'J*ll«, Mile uf lilt' lllcwt illlpiirtlllll nf tin-
liistdi'ic citicH iif ilii' loiiiiiii ('onrcilcniliuii. It vrii><
I lie mu|i|iiih(m1 liirtli|ilii('u nf tiu* phIiUish Diuiiii,
iiiul lliiTi' Htiiml still all-
ot her of tlU'MUVl-ll WOllllcl'H
of IllC \Tnr|i|, |||(> ti'lll|il('
(if |)iaiia (sec fi'oiilis|iifc(').
Arconliiiji to llcriKlotiis,
IIl'^•lll('^< foiinilctl till' city
M. ('. r.'"i(i. That woiidriiiis
li'mplc was lirt'd in M. (/'.
It'itiliy I'lrust rat ii.x.t lie youth
who hail an insane thirst
fur iiiitorictv. 'I'hu actiiul
SVUAC.LSK,
Dliiim iif K|i1m»iih.
ilcstt'uctiiin III' the ti'in|i1o,
iiiiil t he ciinsciiin'iit (U'l-ay
of I III' lity, was llu' work
ofti.'thsiiiA. 1). Vil-j. Uo-
cc'iil I'xi'iivations Imve d'm-
rliiscil the foiinihitions
of liirou ilistiiu't ti'iii|iles
laiill ii|iiiii the sanii' situ.
Tlic last t('ni|il(' of Diana
wa^ It'll tV'i'I wiilf. 34;>
fi'ct joiii;-. wiih Kmi nias-
sivi.' coluiiins. some of
whiili were carveil most ornately. .V Christian
church was estalilislicil at Mpliesus in the a|iostolic
age, to which St. I'aui aildrcsseil one of his most
characteristic epistles, ami it was there that the
rjreat apostle narrowly esca|ieil lieiiig inohhed for
lireachiug the gospel, the cry of the iiioh lieing.
" (ireat is Diana of the Kphi'sians I "
Syracuse was mice a very tloiirishing (ireek city
of Sicily. Its prosperity began when the Homans
gaineil possession of the rt'st of the islaml. which
liail lieeii settled largely by the I'ho'nicians. That
change in the condition nf Syracuse grew out id'
the lirsL I'linic war, which setlk'd the ipiestion of
supri'inai'y between IJoine and Carthage. Without
anticipating the chapter devoted to that stnigi;ie.it
may be said tliat in I?. C. 'i''> the Uonian jiower es-
tablished the rule in Syracuse of lleiron II., an
allv of Kiime. and that under this king the citv
piiiH|i(>riM| greatly. I'm |M)])ulatio!i wiis iiniiiciiHC and
its public buildings iiiagiiili(H>iit. lint in thcsicoiiil
runic war SyraciiHo allied itself with Itiniie, a fatal
mistiike. The city sras besieged. For a lon^' tiiiin
the defense wa.s impregnable, IhaiikMto Archiinedes,
that prodigy of iiialhemalics and mechanics; but
ill II. C. 'il'i the city f(dl, .\reliimedes himself U'lng
Hiaiii in the wild havoc of the sack. It is now a
city of imposing ruins.
Along the western and southern coast of (irocce
oxtoiidH u cimiii of islands, containing in al' Ui41
s(|uaro miles. 'Pliey are called the Ionian islands,
of which the largest is Corfu. From immeiiiorial
time the people were Gri'cks, Tlio tot^il population
of tliu cluster is about
two hundred and fifty
thousand. Polititiallythoy
have been subjected to a
great many vicissitudes,
but linally, in IHti4, they
were annexed to (ireecc,
much to their satisfaction.
Oroto, or Candia, is one
of tho more famous is-
lands of the Mediterra-
nean. It is l.">() miles long
and frt)in ti to .'i.j miles in
width. In the midst of
it rises .Mount Ida, famous
ill classic mythidogy
as
the retreat of the .Mino-
tai... It is su}ip()scd to have contained a popula-
t.onof over a iiiillion at one time, hut has now only
about ••(K),(i(i(i. From ISCiC. to ISC.'.i the Cretans
were at war with tho Turks, demanding annexation
to tireeco. They were subdued after a most des-
licratc struggle. It is supjwsed by some that Crete
was the very cradle of European civilization.
Tradition makes .Minos its ruler at one time. It
was a j)art of Phcuiiiciu once, but a (Jrcek colony
was early planted there, which entirely suiiplanted
the I'liii'iiician sett lenient.
Cyjiriis is another (ireek island of about the size
and |)opulation of Crete. It is 44 miles south of
('ape Aniionone, in Anatolia, and about the same
distance west of Syria. As a naval point it. is of
very great inii)orlauce. The Turks took possession
of it in the sixteenth century, keeping it until the
ine^^ciit decade, when the "Sick Man" wascomjielled
TICK WOUI.I) <)!•• TMIC AMIKNTS.
12'
111 siirriiimcr it li> l*ln),'liiiiil. ('v|inn liii.>i iilnniHl
iilwiivn Ihihii iiiiiliT fiin'ijjii rule. It is ricli in
niiiis mill its iiiiiu'H of ri'lirn liuvc Itri'ii very iinliis-
iiiipiisly wiii'kcii. yii'liliiii,' pnililir .sliircs of iMiiiis,
[HilliTy iiml otliiT i'vi(li'iict'f< of Inirii'ii ri\ili/,ii-
limis. 'riicsi' rclir-i llltrsi till' I'xistt'lifi', uinli'l'
I'liii'iiiriiin. AM.tyriaii. (Ircrk, I'lTsian, uml, IhUt,
KL'y|iii:iii niii', lit' ;;ii>iil wfiiltli iiihI liii^li iMiltiiro,
\\ I' tmii iiDW rrnm OiiIit (Jrci'iM', us it iniLflii, |mi
cuUcil, Id lliii liir^i' ili\i>ii)iis iif till! wotlil III" tlu'
Ancioiils. Thu iiiiip which u(jci>iit|>uiii(iH this cha|>-
tiT will Im" iiiir i,MiiiU' ill wluit roinuiiis.
Tlid ItTiii Mmirilaiiiii was ii.si'il tn iU!si;,'iiato tliu
littli'-kiiDWii iiurlliwcstoni purtioii of Afriiui,
as liiliyii Iiilcriiir,
Kthiitpiii Inlt'rior,
Klliiiijios, lli'sporia
ami Fortuiiatolslivs
were iiaiiiiis foniii-
l^\|||ll|•0(l ;inil(liiiil\
(•(•nci'ivi .1 jiiirliiiiis
of thu saiiii' ciiiiti-
iiunt. It will 1)0
uliscrvcil llial tlio
Ancii'iits liiul no
iik'a wliatoviT of
Southern Africa,
and none of any
real inti'llii,'eii(:o of
any jiortion of Af-
rica outside of Ktliio|iia itrojicr. K^rypt, and the
southern shore of the Mediterranean sea. If their
shi[is passed lieyonil the pillars of Hercules the
prows were turned northward rather than southward.
HilK'rnia, llie present Ireland, was inentioncd liy
Aristotle, IMiiiy, I'tiiluiny aud some others, hut none
of them soumed to have any real iiiforniatiou in ro-
ijanl to it. Alhion (Kn!.dand) si^'iiilie.s •' White
island," suf^<j:ested, perha|is. by the (JlilTs of Kent.
No doubt the I'lui'uicians knew soinethiui^ of Kn-
•rland, hut no ])art of the British Islands came into
anv vital relation.s to the rest of the world until
Airric4)la estalilishod there the rule of Rome.
S(;andia, or Scandinavia, derived no prominence
whatever until thu medieval aire. Those liold pirates
of the northern waters never entered liic Mediterra-
nean in ancient liiiics, nor were they disturlicd hi
ihcir own homes liy men from the eiviliztd South.
The vast reijioii lietwcen the Baltic and thu Black
ANCIENTS
Sea, and from fhe N'istula to the N'ol^a, uuIIihI Sar-
malia, was also an ulniost wholly \iiikno\rii land,
even to tiie Koiiniiisof the declinini,' empire. Itux-
tended soulliward to ItuiMU, the lioiiie of llie |)aci,
11 Nrarlike |Mioplu who are supposed to have ^onc from
Thrace iiorlhward as early as I he time of .Vlevander
llielireat, liul of whom we really hear iiothini; un-
til iihout the lime our Christian era lH';;aii, when
the i{omaiis underlook (heir eoiiipicst. It was over
a hundrud years liuf ore the Daci were really suIkIuciI.
Thrauo vru^ tho hordur-land hetwuun (ireok luid Imr-
liarian, or rather, the Imrharic and thoroii;;hly noii-
llellenistic portion of (ireecu. Thu MacedoniiiiiM
were only seini-(rreek, and thu Thraciaiis had no
part or lot in tip t
I superh eivilizi'.ion.
At the present timo
Thracu is infestud
liy a iK'ople nearly
as mile and uncul-
tured as their an-
cestors of tiie re-
motest day.
(ronmuiia, (raul,
Italia, and llis]ia-
iiia are, as rhe read-
er readily reco;,'ni-
zij.s, the (Jcrmaiiy,
Fruneu, Italy, and
Spain and I'ortu-
,[(al of to-day. They wuru the ruiU'st of savai,'u.s all
throu;;h thu old-world puriod.
Turnini,'to Asia, wu luid, hesides Asia Minor, Ara-
bia. Media, Persia and Syria (of which wc havu hoard
or will hear distinctively, and wiiich were, in time, the
seats of lifrcat civilizations), India, Scythiaand Arya.
The former tempted Alexander, thrnn<rh whom some
very siiiflit knowlcd<fe of the country was derived
by the (irceks, liut for nearly all pur|ioscs of
detinite knowledire and real communication it was
ail unknown world, and one to which the historians
of ant iipiity very rarely .so much as refer. Scythia
was the ori<rinal name for thu indetinitc reirion
north, oast and south of the Ca.spian Sea and thu
Sea of Aral. It was hardly a fruo<jra|)liical torni,
Ix-iiiir vairuuly a])plied to tiie hives whence swarmed,
from time to timo, hordes of barbarians. Much
of Russia, usjiucialiy in Asia, was vajruoly desij;-
nated Scvthia, aud if a liand of savai'e raiders in
ji -
:'♦
^ ■.'
J.
•ii
w\
■y
■^■:
"71
128
THE WOULD OF THK ANCIKNTS.
old tiiiR's •,' )iil<l not ho otln'i'wisi' iik lit ilii'd. llicy
weiv calloil Scylliiiiiis, or tliiiils. acuordiiij^r to ilu'
diivctioii frmii wliiuli llii'V ciiiiR'.
Kroiii ii strit'lly aiicii'iit point of \ iow. no iuuik'
on till' niapivforri'd to (givi'ii on I lie juvirdinmMiii')
would Ik! k'ss iin|iort:ua tlian Ana; hiil in view of
moik'rn pliiloloijii'al dist'iivorii.'s il assnini's vi'vy
givat. iniportanco. It was tlio honiool' the Sanskrit-
spi'aUiiii; jR'oplo of India, tlie Awaii race, from
wliicii has sprung the Indo-(ieriiianic races, or
nearly the entire civilized world of to-(lay. The
higher classes of India are Aryans, and so are the
Persians, and, as lias lieen well remarked, "also the
wliolt^ o{ the extensive family whose forefathers
once iuhaitited central Asia, whence they migrated in
search of pastures new, some going southeast to
India, some northward or northwestward to Uiissia,
and others westwaril to Asia .Minor, thence to
soiilhern and central iMirope. " It will he seen that
according to this opinion, hased on a scicnt itie stiidv
of comparative philology, Arya was the cradle of
the (ireek, the Woman, tlu' Mralimin and the
Yankee. In tiie Sanskrit tongue. .Vrya means
"agricultural," " rcspi'i'tai)le. " and "honorable."
Such was the ancient knowledge of gcogra[ihy.
The wisdom of aiiticpiity on that sulijcct was
summed up hy I'tok'iiiy of .Vlexandria. nut one of
(he thirteen kings of I\gypt who had their capital
there, but UlaudiuiS Ploleimeus, who llourished in
the middle of the seeoiul Christiuu century. His
(ifiii/ni/i/n'if rejireseiited that a great inland sea was
formed liy the I'oast of .Vfriea. extending eastward
until il joinetl liie coast of A>ia. He thought the
world extended east and west 1 It)", instead of I'^o".
Oeograpiiy was largely a speculative instead of a
scienlilic study, from the I'arliest time until after
the globe had been circumnavii''ated. l't(dem\
set. forth what hail been known for centuries, ami
it. was not until the lifteenth century that his work
hecaine antii(iiated.
To the ancients the earth was the center of the
universe. Their idea of astronomy, called the
" I'tolemaic system."' was that the sun and moon
revolved around the earth, and that beneath this
world of ours were the infernal regions of gods and
spii'ils, while in the azure aiiove were lands fairer than
the eye of man ever behekl. In a word, the World
of the .Vneients was a vast edilice with three stories.
There was 110 uniformity in the ancient ideas of the
world iielow aiidaiiovo us. The modern distinctions
of hell and heaven were not sharply and uniformly
outlined. To Ilonu'r and the (ireeks the nether
world was gloomy and painful; ti> N'irgil and the
llomans it was not wholly so. In a general way.
howt'ver, it may be said that the ancit'ut theory was
that this eartli was iiuermediale, in I'apiiincss
or misery, as well as in position, between the two
spiritual workls of their imaginations.
Jl "iUJ] " JX
^BBmi^m^emf
i MODERN GREECE
: lAND THE];:
.,.nr S ,'n.,u,3 ,, ^ T|T
GREEK CHURCH, f
-;t=»r^>
Ti
Till' iirij^iiuil jxilii'v of Hoiiu' was to rt's|K'it. lo n
must ri'iiiai'kahlo lU'iiivo, tlic [lolitii'al scnliiiu'iiis of
till' (iri'i'ks. In H. (J. I'.Ml, Flaniiuiiis proclaiiiii'd ilic
liliiTty of ( i ivi'iv. Niiii' yi'ai's lati'v, afiiT some liir-
tlior foiiiiui'sls, ri'iuli'ivd lU'ci'ssarv, 1'roiii llu' lioinaii
staii(l|ioiiit, liy ri'lic'llioii, llio Aclia'an liiMi^uc was
iTiislii'il. Iiut ill U. ('. Ml. Sparta and (\)rintli witc
allowt'd iiidi'iu'iidi'iii'i'. 1ml si ill I hop' was iio loii-
ti'iitnii'iit. Such was tilt' stall' of thiiiiis at CJoriiiili
that till' Koinaii polifv was
I'haii-i'd. Til
laid ill ashi's, its troasiiros of art
ddi'iily and radicallv
1,
I' year Iv ('. IKi saw that su|ii'rli nly
soatliTiMl an
trovi'il, and (iri'ici' lili
It t I'd
1 di
nut, to 111', lirnci'toi'ili.
IlllTl'IV till'
K
(oniaii rroviiui' o
f-Arlia
lull
la.
To (
>oi--
if
null may thus lio allnlniti'd tlu' dnliioiis lioiior o
ofiiasimiini; lhi> gival ralaniiiy i-'i (irccri'. l''or
this ivason spi'i'ilic mi'iition of that city has hi'en
ivsorvi'd for this rliaptor.
Corinth is siliiati'd fifty mill's from Atlu-ns, on
the istiunushi'aring till' same nanio. Tho placo on
wliii'h it is loi'ali'd is slcrili' and voloani'', hut, the
ritv ('ommands all thi' passi's hi'twci'ii tlii' I'l'loiion-
inaKimr it an ("soclli'iil
h
iii'sus ami
Northi'rii ( in
point for comnu'rci', I'spi'ciallx in anrii'iit liiiii':
was till' ga'"way of I hi' two x is, Ionian and .Mgi'-
aw, till' i'nij'''iiiin of Miisu'rii iiiid Wosti'm irallir.
Tlii'rilN of Corinth usuallv allii'il itsrlf with thi'
( I ^O)
-. i>
1,
I
^
s ».
7
130
MODERN GREECE AND THE GREEK CHURCH.
S|)iirtans as iifjaiiist. tho Atlieniaiis. but some time
aftiT tlie l'ek)i)()iiiio-
i<iaii war it took up
tlio sword ajiainst
Sparta in wiuit was
called the Corinthian
War, wiiich ended in
the renewal of friend-
ly relations. Its wealth
made it a great cen-
ter of art. The mer-
chant princes were
c'oriiitiiiaii Capital. liberal patrons of
sculpture and ])aintin<i. If Boston is the Athens
than live thousand inhabitants. AVhen the Ro-
man Empire fell a^^under and the Byzantine Em-
l)ire rose to supreiiuioy in the East, Greece
beo'iiie a part of it, runiainin<j under the sway
of the EmiKiror at Constantinople until the
fourth Crusade (I'^OJi), when it fell to the lot of the
Frankish princes. For two centuries and a half
the Dukedom of Athens was a speck on the map
of the East, and hardly more.
On the fall of Constantinojjle (1453) Greece
passed under the Moslem rod. In 1G87 the Chris-
tian League, under Venetian leadership, besieged and
took Athens. A few years later the Venetians
were driven out, and the Moslem once more had
ANCIKNT COKINTM.
of America, Corinth was the New York of Greece.
Besides sculpture and i)aintiiig, the city was no-
ted for the splcndtu' of its architecture. Indeed,
the mo.st elaborate order of ancient architecture was
tlieCorinLliiaii onler, csjKJcially tlio capital. Xumcr-
ou.s temples and iialalial residences embellisiied the
city until Uoinaii vaiulalisni laid llieiii low. The
2)rincij)al monument; now rcinainiiig is the citadel,
situated on tlie lull Acrocorintluis. The view from
tiiai citaik'l is one of the most, magiiilicent in tlie
world. A I'cw cohiniiis exist in ruins in other parts
of the city, inournfuUy elegant in tiieir tale of fall-
en grandeur. The present city is a village of less
possession of Greece. From that time until the
successful termination of the Greek rebellion the
despotism of the Turk kept the country in a most
deplorable condition of subjugation.
The war for (ireciaii imlciK'nilcnce began in IS'il.
It was a remarkalilc struggle. Tiie syinpatliies of
the civilized world were enlisted in Ixtlialf of the
country wliich had been so long the garden of civ-
ilization, ^loiiey anil men were contributi'd from
far and near. Tiie most notable \iiluiitcer from
without was Lord Byron, tlie poet, lie had drunk
deep at the fountain of Greek inspiration, and
thither he went to help in the deliverance of Mod.
V
F1I
MODERN GREECK AND THE GREEK CHURCH.
I.^I
eni Grcct.'O from Turkisli tyranny. IIo ropaireil to
one of the Ionian isles, and met liis death at Misso-
lonuiii, .lanuary ">, iS'-i-i.
During the year IS'i'i tlie island of Seio witnessed
a most liorrii)le nuissaere by tiie Turks, tiie }H)pula-
tioji l)ein,i,' reduced from l-^O.OOO to li'>,()00 iniiab-
itants. The Greeks achieved some brilliant victo-
ries by sea, and the next year a small liand of (ireck
patriots fell upi^n the TurUisli camp at < 'arpenesion,
putting to the sword 800 Turks, with a loss on their
side of only 50, but among the number was their
gallant leader, Marco Botzaris, whose heroism was
tiie linal glory of the historic wars of (freece.
lUit in 18'J.J the superior iiuml)ers of the Moslem
forces, led by the indoniitai)le Ibrahim Pasha of
Egypt, crushed out the revolution, for tiie time.
Finally the (treat Powers, England. France and
Russia, interjiosed by diplomacy. Tlie Allies ])ro-
jiosed that (Jreece should constitute a tributary
province, witii the right to chooso its own govern-
ors. Greece was willing to at'ce[)t these terms, but
the Ottoman Empire rejected tliem with scorn.
The war then became a naval one between tlio Al-
lies and the Turks, resulting, ius was inevitable it
.should result, in the almost total destruction of the
Turkish fleet. It may lie said tiiat from tliis time
the Sultan has been, in tiie full .sense of the term.
" The sicii. man of the East."' The " Eastern ([,:es-
tion" liecame a troul)lesome iiroblem at once. It
was not desired to weaken tlie Turkisli Empire too
much. For two years the Allies were uncertain
what to do witli their •■ wiiito elepiiant." In the
ineaiiwiiile tliere continued to l)e some lighting be-
tween tiie original ])elligereiits.
In IS-^S tiie Allies decided to create Greece an in-
dependent kingdom, olfering the crown to Prince
.Folin of Saxony. lie declined to accept it. The
oiler wa.s then imule to Prince jjeopold of Saxe-
Coljurg. lie acceiited conditionally, tlio conditions
not being satisfactory to tlie (Juardian Powers. He
was nominal king of Greece, liowever, until 1S;{0.
Otlio, second son of Louis of Bavaria, wa.s ten-
dered tlie crown, after much delay and negotiation.
In is;;:i lie assumed tlie reins of government, nom-
inally, for lie was only eighteen years of age at the
time. The capital at that time was Nauplia, a
small and iiiconse(|ueiitial Pelopoiinesian city. In
is;!.") the capital was removed to .Vtliens. where it
has ever since remained, antl of right belongs. At
the same time Otlio iissumetl full control of
the government. Tlio people demanded a con-
stitution, with all the jiopular rights implied.
T'hisdemand becamoso imperious and menacing that
in 184;i tlie king comjilied. That was an imiiortant
revolution, achieved witlioiifc bloodslied. AtTairs
moveil on with tolerable smoothness, the king
yielding partial oiiedience to the constitution, until
one day in October, IHtJ'-i, when he and his (lueen
returned from a short excursion among the islands
of the .Egean sea. the royal yacht Wius met at Sala-
niis by a deputation of citizens, and the king in-
formed that his services were no longer needed,
lie took pii.«sage in a British man-of-war for Ven-
ice, and thence proceeded to Bavaria, to be lost
henceforth from jniblic view.
The people held an election for king, resulting
in the choice of Prince (reorge of Denmark, a
younger brother of Alexandria, I'rincess of Wales.
IIo accepted on condition that the Lminn Islands,
which had constituted a nominal republic, under
British protection, since 1814, sliould be an-
nexed to the kingdom. This condition was accept-
able to all the parties in interest. The new king
was crowned (reorgj 1.. and iussumed the reins in
October, I8tj;5, proving an accteiitable sovereign.
He mav be said to liave establisiied a dynas'y.
His ([iicen. Olga, is a member of the royal fam-
ily of Hussia.
The population of (rreoce in 1879, was 1.(m'.).77.).
The legislative power is vested in a representative
chamber called The Moule, elected by manhood suf-
frage for the term of four years. The Boiile meets
annually. The iiumi)er of this body varies witli the
population. L'nder the present census it is 188. In
the exercise of executive functions tlio king has a
cal)inet of eight responsible ministers. Ministerial
changes are fre(iiient, fur ito|)ular favor in (ireece is
precarious. The education of the jieople is receiving
consideraiile attention, but the masses are still
densely ignorant. Not half the men can read, nor
more tlian oue-tentli of the women. All the able-
bodied young men are liable to military .service, as in
(iermanv. .Vbout one-half of tlie people are agri-
tulturists. and yet not more than one-sixtli of the
area is uiuler cultivation, and agriculture is in a very
backward .state. (Ireece can boast only .seven miles
of railroad. That connects Athens with the port of
Piranis. 'I'he I'ouutrv is almost roadless, and com-
■mi
r
, 1 i
.1 ■'
■■■ Si
;-^te-.i
■m'
m^m
^
Ki^
MODKKN c;kKKC1': and THIi UlililCK CHURIII.
'\h\
iiiuuicaii;)!! ('\(('(Mliii;,'-|\ (lillicult, ('\c('|il hy Wilier-.
'I'll!' pi'liicipiil pi'DilucI 1(111 is ciirriuils, wliicli iirc
ili-ii'il .iiiil fxpoi'tcd ill liiryc i|iiimlilics ; I'l'rtiiiiiiy ii
most •• l.iiiic iiikI iiiipulciil niiiclusion " uf (Jrcciaii
i^rcal iicss.
Till' ( irwk (I I II I ell is iiidt'cd I. lie clim'cli ol' (lr('(M'('.
bill, liu! two tiTiiis iire widely ililTerenI . in iinpnil ;
(ireeee siistainini; Id tlie eluireli iiiunud in its lioiior
11(1 siieli reialidii as IJoiiie doi^s lo die Utinian iiior-
arcliy. Tlie ni'ideni (Iri'eks are, for the niosl. pari,
iiiomliersot' llieorlliodox ln'aiicli of the (ireok chiireli.
'I'he jiapists and oilier Christians in I lie eoiinlry
ihiiiiIht only a few thousand : I he .lews ahoiil. •.'.."lOO,
and the MohaniiiUMlans less than a ihoiisand. lie-
lifj;ious l.oleralioii is i^naranleed liy tlio eoiistiliilioii.
Nominally the (ire(d\ (deriry owe alleijianee Id the
Patriarch at ( 'oiisfantiiio|ile, hiif praetieallv the
oonlrol of eeulosiiistieal inal.lors in that. kiii;fdoni is
vested in a pennanent. eouneil, called the Holy
SyiKMl, eonsislin!f of I he Melropolilaii of Athens,
and four arehhishops and bishops, who diiriii<r olHce
reside at. the capital. It. is, virtually, a strictly na-
tional church.
The full name of the (iret^k ohiirch is "ihe Holy
Oriental Orthodox ("alholic .Viiostolie. (!liiir(;li, " llie
term •' Calholic" beinij alike (daimed by the (ireek,
Uomaii.aiid Kiij;lisli chiirehos, althouf^h usually ap-
plied only to the Uonian. Tlu^ (Irecdi. church has
no iinlirok(Mi history witii sharply deline(l outlines.
as tlic
Woman and the JVott'stant, churches have. II.
niav
,■ iruK
liled the mother church. Nearlv all
leloiiiX-s t" il . so
the reiriini visiled by the .Vpost.les I
it. is Christian at. all. 'I'lu^ lani^iiaifc
the
creeds, ill uriries and the(doLrical literature ot tins
coiiiniiinil V is the (iivek, whatever the popular lan-
iriiai;(' of the lailv iiiav be. The niinicrical st reii;,f| h
of this cluircii is estimated at so.ood.doo, <>r alioiit.
one-half that (if llie Itoman or tin
^^
(iliainiiieilan
d nearlv I he saiia^ as that, of t lu^ 1'
chui'ilies. an
tcslanl-'. Il i-:(|i\ ided into llirei
liraii
ro-
-Ihe Or-
ih
o\. under IIk
I'alriarcli of Constant iiionle, with
llic siiliiirdinati' p.it riarcliales o
f \\
dria. .1
eru-
salcm and Aiitiocli: t he orl liodov chi
ircli
\l
-la. under t he rcrmanei
I ll(
Iv SvlK
.f St. I'etc
uru''aiid I lie C/,ar : and t liird. t he chiircli indreece.
There is a \crv (•oiisiderable portion of the church
which acknowlcdiics the authority of the I'opc n(
lioiiic, which \i't cliiii^'s to(ire(d\ church tisau'c.-* and
d(
T
lev
ire caltei
1 rniteil Creeks, and ai
scattered ihrou(^h Turkey, Hunj^ary, (ialacia, Traii-
syKania, and found even in llussia. The .Nest.o-
riaiis, .lacobites, .\rineiiiaiis, Maroniles and olh' r
I'lasliuai •• heretics," are the Protestants of the Ori-
ent, in an ec; lesiastical point of \iew.
We will i|Uot(! on this subject, from that, very
learneil scholar, I'hilip Schalf : "The hist,(»ry of
I he Creek church," he savs, '' is not. disji^^iired by
bloody tribunals ol orthodoxy like I Ik? Spanish in-
ipiisilioii, nor systeiuali(t and lon^j-conl iniieil persu-
ciitions, like the crusades a.ii;iiinsl, thi! Waldeiisos, Al-
biu'cnses and lluijueuots, wit.h the infernal scenl^sof
St.. Martliolomew's massacro. Yttt, fheCiHutk church
of (dd lias meriulessly o\|Kdled and exiled theArian,
Ncsl.orian, Kut.ychiaii and other hen^t.ics, persecu-
ted iIk^ I'aiilicians, and modern Russia rii;idlv pro-
hibits secession from t.lu! orlluHlox nation;'' church,
and all the children of mixed niarriaj^((s when? one
parent beloni,'s to it, must be bapli/.ed and educated
in it." He miixht have 'added that there was
neviT, anywhere or in any af^e, more cruel and
heart 'ess persecution t.han that practiced by tlio
Creidv Church of Wii.ssia diiriiiLC the presiait LTt'iiera-
tion, in the treat nient of Koinan Cat Indie nuns in
Poland. Dr. SclialT characterizes the ()re(d< church
as "a Patriarchal (dii^archy in distinction from the
papal monarchy." Instead of beiiii^ forbidden to
iiiarrv, as in the iiomish communion, llii! Creek
iriest
s an^ comptdle(l ti> marrv.
Then
aiH' some
Creek monks, like the community at. Atlios, but
monaslieisiii is not a prominent feature of the
church. So there is oracular confession of the laitv
totluMderiry, liiit not so markedly as in the Papal
church. Haptism with the Cree
and that t hrce consecutive tiiiu
ks IS iiv immersioii.
'V\w
(1 il
:alendar. which is (deveii days behind the new st\
intfodiicci
I bv 1
ope ( i re;forv
.\lll.
■itill retaine(|.
not withslaiidiiii,' the serious iiiconvenieiice of I hus
dill'eriiiL;' in the compiilat ion
Christian coiiiilri(
inun all other
Tlu^ lai.e |)can Stanley ehar-
t he ( Jre(d< worshio
riKleiie;
daixw
lie ceremonialisin
a union of barbaric
lisi
.\ii(l new we take our liiial leave of IheCreeks t(
Ciller upon I he cari
d' th
;'i'cat nal ion (d
aiili-
i|iiity which alone can be compared with the C
n iinporlancc to the world. I'"uiidai
ciaii I
lallv a
'iiliallv unlike, they have such fe
iieii-
low-
liip III prc-cniincii
that
ciM'li niav We
iii^ caiU'ii
he CO
unterpart id' t he otlior.
I
^2
'H^L^'L/j^T/l'/A
:k
l:Tl/J'
'^.71wj®L /L V j©_"
^:7i:^
\VkQwJU
ANCIENT ITALY AND PRIMITIVE ROME.
c^^PM^y
^f^
CIIAPrKK XXII.
ltlHM'« KVB ViKW UK TIIK ClTV IIP UllJIK 'I'lIK I'KNINKIII.A IIP IfAI.V MnlTNTMNK ANr> UlVKilH
HAIKS ami ('1TIK»-I.AT11:M ami Ai.IIA I.OSIIA ClirPAllKIl I.KIlKMm AN1> Illt<T^(llV -
.KNKAM ANI> TIIK KaMIM's TwISM 'I'lIK KolMllNIl OK ItllMK TlIK ItAI'K l>P TIIK HaIIINKH -
TlIK IIKIIIN "P Ni'MA -TlIK 'rAlllJIIlNB -Kxlirul A — I'lll JIITIVK AllltAlll A NISM -liltril'M iNI) 'I'l'I.-
i.iA -Human I'oi.iiniai. I'liLirv -Tiik I'liii.ii- iliiiiiwA vx -TAiiiiriN tiik I'liiiiii) and tiik I.k-
iiKNi>« IIP IIIH l»AV -Tiik I.amt up tiii: I.ki^kniiauv Kinhi.
( K^,V
|i"Ht
V
134
ANCIENT ITALY AND PRIMITIVE HOME.
(liiriiiff tho roigti of Titus, — oacli timo being rclmilfc on
a gnimlor and bettor sealo. Tiio poiJiilatioii amount-
ed to :i,()()0,U()U, at times. The Til)er Hows throu;,'li
it from nortii to soutii, and empties into tiio Medi-
terranean sea fourteen miles below the city. Five
bridges span it. A wall twelve miles long enciireles
the city. The i)resent eity is mostly on the plain
known as the Campus Martins, the hills being
nearly deserted. It is safe to say tliat tlie original
Uomans knew very little of the world beyond their
rustic burg. Tiiey were rude barbarians. Gradu-
ally, as tiieir early traditional history chows, the hor-
izon of their knowledge broadened, and the penin-
sula of Italy became known to them. They traced
geograpiiical lines %ith their swords, learning of
other tribes and states as they came into hostile
contact witii them. The army of the Potomac,
under the late (len. Buruside, was sometimes called
"Huniside's (Jeography Class," and every Roman
army was in effect a class in geography, teaching
the whole city as well as learning themselves, jirac-
tical lessons in that branch of study. And theirs
was not a mere seaside knowledge. Thorough and
practical was the information gained.
The peninsula of Italy has an area of al)out
9;},(J()0 si[uare miles, including all the country south
of the Alps. The (rreeks called the laud Ilespe-
ria. The A]')ennines are a chain of mountains ex-
tending almost the entire length of Italy. The
Albaa Hills have been called "the central sanctu-
ary of the Latin nations." Mons Sacer was a hill
near Rome. Vesuvius is the most famous peak in
Italy. That volcano was in a(juiescent state many
centuries, but iu the year 79 occurred the terrible
eruption which whelmed in utter ruin two magnifi-
cent cities, Pompeii and Ilerculaneum, and a
smaller town, Stabiie, still more remote. Besides
the Tiber, Italy has her famous rivers, the Po, the
largest of the pouiiisula, and the Riilticon, the
uortliern boundary of Italy proper, rendered im-
mortal by Ciesar. Along these and other rivers are
fertile plains, and in some of the mountains rich
deposits of minerals.
The (lilferent races of old Italy were five, not
counting the Romans, who alisorbeil tliem all: the
Pelasgi, the Ositi, tiie Sabelli, the Unibri and tiie
Etrusci. 'J'he first dwelt in the southeast and may
have come originally froi.iOreece ; the second were
central ; tlie third sjjread over the western slopes.
Vicinily of Ukiuu,
and included the powerful Samnites; the fourth
held sway from the Adriatic to the Tyrrhene Sea,
and from the moutiis of the Po to those of tlie Ti-
ber ; the fifth, the Etruscans, were a distinct and
powerful nation who made encroachments upon all
tiie otiiers and built up a jiowerful state, possessing
many attributes of true greatness. Our informa-
tion 111 regard to them, however, is mainly confined
to such fugitive glimpses as Roman history affords
in its early and uncer-
tain period. We know
that Etriiria was a con-
federacy of twelve 111-
dejK3ndent states, Tor-
quinii. Veil, Volsinii,
and Clusium being the
more imiiortant. To
coTKpier these states and
destroy the cities, was
the work of centuries.
Latium was the old term applied to a region
bounded on the north by the Tiber, oast by the
Marsi and Saniuium, and southwest by the Tyr-
riiene Sea. Besides Rome, it included Tivoli, Ostia,
Tuscuhim and Alba Longa, the latter being the
parent city of Rome,
Of Magna Grsecia and the Italian islands known
to the (Jreeks, an account has already been given,
and wo are now prepared to explore the archives of
the Rome of traditional kings.
The story elaborated by Virgil, of the foundingof
what became the Roman state by a l)and of Trojan
refugees, may have some truth in it. There was
certainly nothing improbable iu tliesupi)osition,bnt
it has no ])lace in actual history. The founding of
Rome as a city by Romulus and his brother
Remus is hardly loss poetic and fanciful than the
exploits of yEiieas, but until a comparatively recent
date, it was supposed that a veritable history of
Rome existed from the birth of those wolf-suckled
twins to the extinguishment of the Western Em-
pire. The truth is, however, that for ai)out one-
half of that period, the history is legendary.
The more notable persons and events in Roman
history have been so critically iuvostigated that
there is hardly the shadow of a siiade of real fact
left. It is not until we come down to Sciiao, mid-
way between the two ends, tiiat we encounter a fa-
mous Roman of whose actual life we have historic
ANCIENT ITALY AND PRIMITIVE HOME.
135
1
data. Early Unman liistory has a deep interest,
novortlieless, ami an iiiustiinahlo value, for with all
its uatrust'-vurtliinesH in detail, it fairly represents
tho spirit of early Koine, and explains tiio piienoin-
onal growth of a small town into tiio most far-
reaehinfi; empire tiio world ever saw. It will not 1)0
our purpose to point out the probal)le history, in
distinction from romance, in tlie records of tiioso
times, for it could not 1)0 (h)no witii any degree of
accuracy, and if done, would he unsatisfactory. It
is enough to call attention to tiio general fact at the
outset, i)artly to guard against attaching too nuicli
importance to details, and i)artly us an explanation
of tlie ])ro])osed disregard of all tho details given of
tliat jKiriod, except
tlioso which i)ossess
value in throwing
light upon the Roman
character. A jmre
fiction often ha.s a
positive and great im-
portance in a histor-
ical i)oint of view.
Tho story of William
Tell, for example, may
1)0, as now claimed, a
myth, hut it none the
less fairly represents
the Swiss struggle for
lil)erty. Again, (George
Washington's "little hatchet" never cut down a
parental cherry-tree, but tlie story none tiio less
fairly illustrates the truthfulness of " the father of
his country." W itli this much jirefatory to our
narrative, we proceeil.
yEneas, having linaliy reached Latium (Italy)
notwitiistanding tiie buiTctings of Juno, had tlie
good fortune and consideration to marry a royal
maiden, and so became a ruler in a small way. His
son, Ascanius, or lulus, founded Alba Longa, and a
dynasty which lieM sway for three hundred years,
without traditions, till two brothers of the royal
household, Nuniitor and Amulius, ([uarreled. The
successful hrotlicr thought to [lerpotuate his family
title by conunitting tiie only child of liis brotluT.
Rhea Silva, to a nunnery. She took the veil, as we
would call it in our day, as a vestal virgin, by wliicii
vow she bound herself to jicrpi'tiial virginity, lint
111 those far-away days, fate was not balked by any
'I'Ik! Wolf-Buckluil Twins
little thing like that. Tho god of war, Mars, visited
her iiy night, and theresult of that divinofavor was
the ever-famous Romulus and Remus. <)f course
tho royal uncle was horritied, and had no ideaof ac-
ceiitingtho theory of tho immaculate conception, lie
caused tlio twins to bo exposed, and, as lie supposed,
cut short in their career at once. But tho friendly
Tilier bore them to the foot of tho Palatine in safety,
and a she-wolf nourished them. With the blood of
Mars and the milk of a wolf coursing through their
veins, they were in a fair way to become good
fighters, as, indeed, lietittod the founders of a
mighty empire.
The king's shepherd, all uiwonscious of tlio ori-
gin of tho foundlings,
took them homo and
reared them as his
own. In due time
they Ijocamo leaders
of petty clans among
their follows, and their
prowess came to the
knowledge of their de-
throned grandfather.
The mystery of their
liarenlage was also
ascertained. Then the
young men rallied
tiieir associates, made
war upon the usur|)er,
slow him, and received from their grateful grandfa-
ther a tract of land. The legend runs that Homulus
built a wall for a city, and that Remus, in derision,
jumped over it, whereupon the irate brother slew him.
When tiie Uonians were in deep alHiction, ages later,
(hey remembereil with unavailing horror, that the
foundations of their city were cementod with frater-
nal blood, albeit Romulus tried to carry it oil
bravely liy exclaiming, " So jiorish all who daro to
climb these ramparts."
Having a city, he wanted inhabitants. The out-
laws and desperadoes of the vicinity gathered within
the inclosure. It was a cave of Adullum. The
gang (for such they really were) soon felt the need
of reinale society, and their chief tried to negotiate
for wives, Imt to no purpose. The outlaws who had
rallied about his staiwlard wore not looked upon
with favor as sons-in-law. Not to be ballled by re-
fusal, lie hit upon a ruse. He ar-'ounced a public
M
,•. f
i
V ■
11?
1:1
13^'
ANCIKNT ITALY AND I'RIMITIVK ROMK.
IVstiviil in lionor of ii <(<m1, ii sort (if )iii;;;iii ciuni)-
niot'tiii^j, and invited liis noi^lilior.s. 'I'liey ciune,
liriiii,Mnj? tiloir faniilios witli tiioiu, .xusiit'cting no
tri'Uciii'i'y. At a ^^'ivcii siifnal. llii' haciiolors of
|{onio soizoil evorv man a woman, anil lied witliin
the inclosure. That was the famons Kajie of the
Sabine.s. It was not lon;^ before the ontfaj^edconi-
mnnity rallied to the rescue and revenge. Tiicy
iMiule good headway, and would jirohahly have de-
stroyed the eity at one Mow had not the women
themselves interfered. Having found that tiic '• in-
tentions' of the rolik-rs were " honorahk'," they
rusiied l)etweeu the uomhatants and made jieace
between them. The Sabines seemed (|uito retuly to
ratify the eiiforei'd nuptials, since those most inter-
ested were satislied with the arrangement. Hence-
forth the Sabines an<l l{omaus became one {wople.
The next king after Itomulus was Nunui l*om-
])ilius. a Sabiue. He has come down tons in tradi-
tion as a real statesman and |ihilosoj)her. a uum of
learni'ig, albeit not- above practical dcceiition. To
give the laws which he promulgated special sanc-
tion., he })rcteuded to have received them by divine
insjiiraticm, the nymph I'^geria having l)eeu con-
sulted by him in lu'r grotto. To him are aseribe<l
till' religious instilulions nf the eity. It is claime(l
that to him bi'longs tlii' honor of jmtting an end to
human sat'ritiees at Uonie. llis successor was Tul-
lius Hostiliiis, a Umnan I'liosen by the Sabines.
llis career was one of carnaije and strife. For
.-cuuetiiing over one huudreil years, the momirchs
were elected by the semitors, and by slow degrees
the territory tributary to Rome was enlarged.
The first real dynasty was th« house of Tari|uin.
The founder of it. Lucius Tanjuinius I'riscns, Is
rcpreseuted to Inixc been an advcuturiT. the son of
a (ireek father and Mtruscan mother, the tutor or
guardian of the infant son of the fourth elective
king. He abused his position to supjilant his ward.
Home is supjiosed to have been one hundred and
thirty-eight years old when Tarcpiin came to the
throne. From his ri'ign date the earliest ])ublic
buililings and works. Ktruria was the first Latin
state to ac(|uire some civilization, and Avhen Home
had atlvanceil far enough to be a little civilized, the
inference was that an Ktrnscan king had done it.
To him is attributed that gigantic sewer, Cloaca
Maxima, which is still extant. Many of the cos-
tumes and custiuns of Home are said to have been
intnxliiccil at this time from Etruria, iueluding
the triumph, lietors, fasces, chairs, curule, and jwr-
haps the !oga.
Clijucu .Mii.xiiim (111 ilN jiri'iM'iil coiHli'ldii. ISHIi.
Tanpiin wius succeeded by his soii-in-law, Serviua
Tullius. To him is accredited the hoimr of en-
larging the city to the full size it maintained
during the (hiys of the republic, a city indeed,
with its four (ptarters. the I'alatine. the Suburban,
the (Jieline, and the Ksi[uiliiu'. and as nniny trilies
or wards. The outside territory he divided into
twenty-four tribes, or townships. These in turn ho
divided into classes and centuries. He was a friend
of the people, especially in the distribution of tho
land. And now for the fp'st time crops to the sur-
face the jealousies and animosities between the jile-
beians and the patricians, the great division-lino
between the parties during the I'ra of the republic.
From the first, the land (|uestion.or agrariauism, as
It was afterwards called, was the great issue at
staki'. much as the ri'lative [lowers of the rnited
States and the several states have been funda-
mental to the jMilitics of this ctaintry fr.«m Wash-
ington's lulministratioii down. The good king was
not allowed to iinish his career in peace, lie was
ruthlessly slain, and in his place was in.-talled Lu-
cius, his son-ill-law, a tool of the aristocracy. The
reader will not fail to note tbi' prominence given to
sons-in-law in primitive Uoman traditions.
'J'his jjucius seems to have had an atrocious wife.
She first slew her husband and sister that she might
marry her brother-in-law, and then, when the ill-
gotten husband threw the aged king down the jial-
ace stairs, she drove her chariot over his prostrate
body. This monstrous dame bore the mild name
of Tullia. She must have been the Eve of the
Borgias. Lucius found Home one of tho fortv-
seven i)Otty Latin states, which met together on the
Albau Mount to worship Jupiter, having the sliiiliL-
^ 9
k.
ANCIENT ITALY AND I'KIMITIVIC ROMK.
I.?7
est possilile 1)1)11(1 of union. To liis ri'i;j;n is assiiincil
till' siijironiiu'v of Homo overall of tiieni, liesiili'.s tlio
cxtuiisioii of Itoiiiiin Hvniy to soino otiior imrt« of
Italy. IjUimuh is supposed to have eonie to the
throne when the city was two hnndreil ami twenty
years old, B. (J. IM^
Ho wius the first to estalilisha Woman colony. Uy
his day the city lu'.i^aii to l)0 troul)led with an excess
of population, and very likely the i)()|)ular clamor
for land liad a ijood deal to do wilii tiie coloniza-
tion policy, (ireek colonies were bound to tiie
mother country by no i)olit.ical ties, but the colo-
nies sent out by Uomo were an intoj^ral part of the
nation itself. They were subject and provincial, but
us niucii a part of the Roman kin<;dom, republic or
empire, as the case mij^lit be, us the states of this
Union urc whicli have been admitted since the fed-
eration of the oriiiinal thirteen states. 'IMie |K'ople
were Uoiiiun citizens as truly us if tiiey lived on
Capitoline Hill. The principle of representation
was not allowed in the Uomaii government, and
(•onse([uently the communities living in or near
Home hiul a decided advaiitaire. It is as if an
iVmerican citizen were ohliired personally to appear
at Washiiiirton city to have a vote in national jioli-
tics. This advantaire was not ixreut, but the colo-
nics remained loyal to their national allegiaiice,aiid
thereto may be attributed in a very large measure
the expansion of the littk' village of outlaws into a
nation, extending from the British Isles to tlit far
Orient.
Intimately coniieetod with the jiolitical constilu-
tion which bound tlii' jiarent city and her colonial oil-
spring together, was the road system, which was as
old ujiparently as the first colony, iietween the
city a id the colony was built a broad and perma-
nent highway, having for its jirimary object the
estiiblishment of military coiiiuiction. Either
could readily come (o liie assistance of the other in
case of attack. Some of tho.so old roails are still
extant, iind iilmost intact. They hos|)euk a very
coiisideralile degree of civilization. These roiuls, if
not a fortunate aiicideiit, attest u prescience in
statecraft un[)aralleled in all history, prior to the
British i)olicy by wiiich u small island became the
supreme einjiire. and of which wo shall have occa-
sion to sjieak hereafter.
Tradition presents only one more royal name:
Tarquin tlu' I'roiid. Many curious romances clus-
ter around his name, or rutlier his supposed reign.
He wus not u romantic character himself. Brutus,
who espoused the cause of the people, and who was
the pride of the illustrious family who disappeared
with the assassination of I'a'sar, or rather the battle
of I'liilippi, simulated idiocy to esca[)e the niur-
dorous enmity of Taniuin. The immediate occa-
sion of the uprising of the jieople was the jiathetio
tragedy of Lucretia. She was comiK'Hcd at the
point of the sword to submit to the lust of Sextus.
the son and heir of the king. She was the fairest
and most virtuous of wives. She made a statement
of the cuso the next duy to her husiiand and fattier,
and then stalibed herself in their jiresence. Her
(loiul body was carried to the Forum, her tale of
wrong insufTeral)le rehearsed, tind the |)eoj)le ad-
jured to rise against the tyrant. The apjical was
successful and the dynasty overthrown, never to be
restored. That was B. C .")()'.», and for nearly five
centuries thereafter Home was a republic. All in
vain the dethroned Tar<|uin sought^ to recover the
kingdom, assisti'd by Etruscan intervention. Ijars
(King) I'orsena of (-lusium tried to crush the free-
dom cf b'omc, but he signally failed, lie marched
ills soldiers to the Tiber, and thought to cross the
bridge which would have made him master of the
situation, but Iloratius (?oclcs defended it so gal-
lantly, thai the Bomans had time to cut it down
before the enemy could cross. After staying an
army in its course, this jirodigy in arms iilunged
into the river and safely swam to the oppo-
site side.
Porsena's ineffectual efforts were not exhaustive.
Servius Tarcjuin seems to have been able to rally
other Latin allies. The noted battle of Lake Ue-
gillus, near Alba, lielonged to this struggle. We are
told that the Uomaii general, N'alerius, vowed u
temple to Castor and Bollux in the crisis of this
battle, and that ])n!sently two youths of eminent
beauty and stature were seen fighting on white
horses in front of the Romans, and turning the
enemy to flight. Finally Servius was slain, and his
uncrowned father eked out a miserable old ago at
the court of the tyrant of C'uina'. We hear no more
of the Tarciuius nor of crowns until the Ctwsars,
i^
1
I: a
id
■ I '
■I
;Ti)^^>l^^^jT^JT5^,^T. . tt. ■ ^r,)>!^\jTvT<^> j>'!5;Vj^>j^x|f'^x|y.,'^>jT.T«y^
:r.
SEMI-HISTORIC ROME.
^^m
"#1M
iF!
i>iit^
j.^
CHAPTER XXIII,
RKITBUCAMMM in UllMK — KlIlST t'llSsri> — UlVAI.IlV IIP CUASSKS— EsTABLimiMENT DP TniBIINATB
AlillAUIAMSM AMI TlIK ri.KllH — ('INCINNATI'S AND DKNTATIS— VlUOlNIUI AND VllldlNIA —
ClllllDI.ANrs AND III:< I'iCl DK — I iltKKK AND KoMAN IdKAI.S C'dMI'AIIED— LATIUM — INVASIION DP
TlIK (lAri.fl— TlIK (iAIII.S AND LaT1N:< — KlIMK AMI ItaI.V.
lE tiliiill iujiir no iiKHVof Uiiifrs.
'I'liiit, i,'riiiHli'st, of all l!o-
iiiiiiis, .lulins (!a!.Siir, was
hissassiiiati'd on the iniTO
suspiciiin of kiii;,dy anilii-
tion. 1m I lie popular niiml
of to-day, emj)oror is a
iiioro imposing title, siijx-
i^'csiivi'iif more real powuiMliaiitlial of kiu,ix,
hill oriirinaliy, it was little ilitlerent from
consul or president for life. Tiie striiji-
irlethrouLdi which l{oiiie [lassed in displai'-
inu' nionuniiy with rcpulilicaiiisni. must
ha\e het'ii a IoulT and despt'ratc one. more
terrihle liy far than the lc;:ends represent,
else the enl ire people, from patrician tojile-
heiaii, woul<l not have had such profound and lively
rei)U;,^nanL'e to monareliy. 'L'iiat repuLtnance was
the one bond of fellowship among all classes. 1 [ow-
evcr high party spirit and animosity migiit run. there
were no royalists in Uome. Civil wars, dictators,
and every j)ossiiile experience came, without so
nuieli as suggesting. a|iparently, a resort to mon-
archical institutions, and the lirst serious apprehen-
sion of such a resort did not come until some four
lumdred and lifly years after the last of tfie Tar-
(juins. 'I'he jirincMple of re]iul)licanism could hard-
ly have a firmer hold upon a nation than it had
upon Uome during the consular period. In this im-
mediate connection, it is proposed to hriiig out the
more iiiteresling and important facts and legends
of the rej)ui)Iic during the centuries of merely tra-
ililional history, from the expulsion of the 'I'ar-
(luins lo the lirst i'unic war.
The lirst (Joiisuls of Uome were .Junius Unit us
and 'ranpiiniusL'ollal inns. The name given to the
latter shows the shadowy uncertainty (»f the history
of that day, and suggests that perhaps, the over-
ihrow of monarchy was gradual. 'I'here had hy that
time grown up sonu; eonsiderai)li! commerce, and
comnu'rcial law hegan to be a prominent feature.
iMidi'iilly tlu'earlv IJoinans had no iiily for insol-
vent debtors, anil enacted ri',foroiis jn'iialties for the
enforcement of iiusiness contrai'ts. "^J'he rich and
the poor formed the two parties in the state, during
the misty morning hours of the Republic. The
patricians tried to pei'[ietuate themselves as a landed
aristocraoy, while the plebeians iiisisleil upon a fair
share of the realty, and less severe [lemilties for un-
fortunate poverty. Twice during the lirst half cen-
tury of the republic it was necessary to a[)poiiit a
dictator, or absolute autocrat of the state, to (;on-
ceiitralethe entire force of the nation as against
boslile neighbors. In all such emergencies, the
U3«)
l
SKM I- HISTORIC UOMIC.
139
■a
m-
r
It'
rivalriort of parties ami factions wore forgotten, but
only lo rcvivi! as soon as tlio military iiDcossity for
liarniuiiy was removed.
Tlic lii'sl iioiewiprihy romaiiei' ffor such it must
Se calleil) (if the l!e|iuiplie oeeiirreil in the year
U. ('. I'.t."i, when tht^ tirst Appiiis Claudius was oiio
(if the eoiisiils, ami the pn|mlar Serviliiis the other.
My that time the pai'ty leoliiif; was so stroiij^ that
the plelw rofti,s(3d to take up arms to repulse a:i iu-
eursioM of the \'(dsci. until solemnly promised the
redress of liieir wrong's. The enemy hiivinj; beeii
ilriM'u haek, the senate refuseil to carry out the
a;;reemunt. Anotlu'r dictator was appointed lo
ni'ijoliafe terms of reconi;iliation, for the plelieians
threatened civil war, and the senate was iTi^diteiied.
This dictator sent Meneiiius A.i;rippa to iiefjotiate
peace. He is said to have narrated to them the
famous faille of the miiiiny of the eyes, ears,
hands, etc.. a^raiiist the helly, which linally termiu-
aleil in the conclusion hy all the nuMnhers. tliat each
\Tas necessary to llu' whole. Tiiis vimr seems to have
lieen shared hy liotli factions at Rome, for the Sen-
ate made liberal concessions to the common jieople,
ami heiici'fortli there was a i;radual cnlariiement of
popular rii,dits, with only rare, infreipieiit and tem-
porary reactions in favor of the aristocracv.
It was jierhaps as the result of this ]Mi[)ular ii[)-
risiniT, sonu'timcs called •• the secession of the .Mons
Sacer," that the institution of tlic Trihunatus was
estalilished. The trihunes were maijistrates charjied
with the dutv of consi'rvinjj; and advancinj' the in-
terests of the common people. The two consuls
vrt're supposed, oriijimilly, to represent both parties,
but The aristocratic element, liavin;j[gaiuiMl the con-
sular ascendaney, the plebeians insisted u|(()ii hav-
inir two tribunes. The tirst sek'ctions vrere Sicinius
and Brutus (the frequency of the latter name beinji;
suu:i;estive of tlio legendary v'.hara(;tor of our in-
fornuition). Tie' olliee of tribune survived ami had
its uses in accordaiU'C with its original plan, long
after the expansion ami wealth of Home had ena-
bled all classes of the citizens to be patricians.
" When," .says a great Uonnui historian, " after t he
vast eoiKpiest of Rome, the struggle of classes lay
no longer between patricians and |ilel)ciaus. but Ih-
twecn the aristocracv. or the mibles, and the hotero
geneous poj)ulaee which constituted the uuiss of tie
c M/ens, this institution supported again the cau^e
. the multitude, and secured its tinal triumph in th '
establisliinent of the empire. The oin]H<rors tlieni-
sidves assumed the name and olliee of the tribunes,
and as snub claimed a legal prerogative for the pro-
tection of popular rights, and they, in their turn,
coiivi'i'led their prerogative to an instrument for
admitting the provinces into the privileges of tlii'
city, and transforniiug all the subject races of the
empire into K'oman citi/.ens." Surely the seces-
sion of the sacred mountain was one of the most-
important, revolutions of all history, however in-
signilieant it may have seemed at the time, and
however legendary may bo our information as
to its details.
The land ipiestion assiuneil especial ])roininence
ill the infancy of the Republic, .\grarian laws were
jiassed during the consulate of Spuriu.s (Jii.ssiu.s,
M. G. I'.Kf. amid great opposition from the patriciatis.
'I'he great excitement on this su!)ject was much la-
tor, however, when the ('racehi came forwaril asthe
leaders of the pcpular cau.se. There were two kinds
of land held by the aristocracy, and none by the
poorer class. What was called (^uiritary laud iie-
longed to the occupants in fee simple, but much of
tiie territory round about w.is jiublii; domain, the
title being in the state. This part of the Ai/rr IId-
intiiiKt- was monopolized by the iiatricians on the
payment to the state of a nominal rent. The jileba
insisted uimiu having a share of the state lands, not
as tenants at the will of landlords, but as citizens in
the enjoyment of a political right, 'i'he conllict
must have iieen sharp, bitter and protracted. The
jtlebeians seem to have gained much in theory, but
little in fact. The legislation secureil, anuamted to
hardly more than a " barren ideality." iM ore than
oneo the connnon people, when brought face tofaco
with a foreign foe, seized the o])portunity to exact
con{^essions from the .senate, a b(Mly composed of
the higher class, but there were other interests which
came to the front.
The agrarian laws of Spurius (!assius reipiired
the state to ilivide among the poorer ela.ss a
portion of its own actual jiroperty (the priinitivo
homesteml act), and at the same time to ex-
act strict payment by the patricians of the rents
due the state, the same to be a|)propriate(l to
the support of the citizens when called to arms. It
was about this time that the tribunes of the people
were invest(Hl vrith a veto power u|ioii the euaet-
nieiits of the Senate, and given })ersonal inviolahil-
■! .'
'/■'. ;t ':
In
■%
':'' i : • ;:
r I. I ■ , t
Jl.
If
,1'
%
'f
()
SEMl-llISTOKIl- KOMK
ily. Oriidiiallv tlicy ;.'iiiiu'(l ;;i'iMin<l, iiml wlioii
aliiivo till' reach of iiatriciaii lirilton or iiiliiiiiilalidii,
tlu'V were vtTv iisi'ful. lint, lu'illu'r ciiiisiils nor
trilimu's NTiTi' allowcil to wicM tlu' HU|H'rior power of
till' stall' Willi reiriilarity.
Ill till' period miller loiisidi'ralioii dietalors were
iiuinoroiis. 'i'lie names of no less than se\en appear
ill a jieriod of l\\eiii\-se\eii \ears. Asiuodeni stales
iiiider coiisiitulioiial Lroveriiiiieiit. wlii'liier irpiililies
or llh'iial'ehies, feel ohliu'i'd Uliiler eliierL,'! Iieies to
suspend ilicMril itUmoKi.^ i tir/iN.^, oy k'Ww Io dei lare
martial law, so the lioinaii liepnhlie ffei|iienlly did-
oiialed ahsolute power to some emineiH rili/eii. nsii-
dered doiihly so hy this later iMMiror of it, deter-
mined lo^et rid id' the daiiiiiless ehampioiiof popu-
lar riirhls. lie ;;a\e seerot. orders iliat l>eiilatn.-t
shoiilil Hot Ih' iilloweil to eonie oiil of lliehatllo
ali\e. The fact that the chief hero of the itoiiiaiw,
a people that fairly worshiped personal lira\ery. was
lielie\eil to have spriin;; from the pleheiaii ranks,
and had hecii assas>iiialed hy the orders of a haiiLdily
paM'ician while liLfliiin^' the common enemy, slio\\>
the slreiiirth of ilu' class prejndici'.
Another noted plehciaii of that |M'riod was N'irLrini-
iis, the father of \'iru'inia whose stor\. like thai of
l.nerelia. has ever siTved as a inoiinnii'iil to female
ally a irreal soli
most illustrious
ier. 'I'll'
of thes
>lictat(
IIS was (iiiciiinii
Ills, the idi'al pairiol of
ancient history, lie is rcii-
resenleil as a piire-nmulcd.
nnai.iliilioiis fanner, ipii-
I'tl} followiiiir the plow,
ex
eejil
M lien llic iiecessi-
tio.s ol the ,-iale impera-
tively called, for his servi-
ces. .\11 classes had uii-
lioimded coiiliileiice in
him. A patrician of the
liluesi Mood, he was no
los
Nature came the nearest
to realiziiiiT thai lofty
ideal citizen n hen it iiro-
inaii of the peop
Mrliie.
also a
'I'lil
iri;iiiiiis was
lUIIC,
W
illc
he was upon the •■ lenied
lield," .\ppin>. « ho wa-
as lust 111 I as he «;is proud,
saw I lie dau::hter. u ho
was ju-t then ripi'iiiii:;'
into womanhood, on her
wa\ to school attendeil li\
her nurse. lie conei'ivcd
an iiiihallowcil pas.-ion for
her. and set ahonl yraii-
fviiii:' il. A supple loid
preli'iidcd ilial \'iru'iiiia
wa>
his loiii:' lost
.\ trial w as had. and faUc
w iliu'sscs proved the claim.
The eoiiri as well as tin'
wiinesscs were hrilicd.
luced a \V,i.-liiiii:ton. Without heinij a reform- j But tidiiiu's of tiie horrihle fate that awaited the
r. he w;is in the irraiidest sense of the term, a viri,'in wi'ih' hroniiht to the father just as hi' was
■ousorxative. lie tlo; -ished about tlii-ee hundred , nioiirniiiij; the death of l*eiiiatiis (not yet aware of
7
after Honmlus. and f
years
hefore Christ.
our hum
Ired ami liftv llie real cause of the idd solilier's death), lie
lias-
Anioiiij: the irilniiies. the most illustrious name
tlial of Ucniaiii-. lie was the soldier/)"/' i.r-
vlh
rcl/oii'i' o
f le::endar\ Koine. .Vs brave as Achilles,
le iie\er " siiiked
111 his lent, nor was he m-
vuliicrable except in his lied. Had he been, he
could never have been wounded, for he never re-
treaieil. He boldly met every daiiirer. His scans
wen' numerous, and all in the front. He seemed to
bear a charmed life, but fell at last on the lield of
battle, not however, a \ ictim of the foe, his death-
wound bciiiiT llie result of treachery. The Consul,
Apjtius Claudius, a name already oilious. but ren-
leiied home, loo late to save his daii.ixhler, excejil by
piuniTim: Ins t
a:ri.'er into her breast. Thisoiu" n
edy he applied, and as laiereiia was enshrined in
the lioman heart as a martyr to matronly virtue, so
\'iri:iiiia is the ideal of viririnal purity. " l>ealli
before dishonor," was the senlimeiil in both cases.
ll is not too much to say that the modern world,
as well as Aneii'iit liome. is the lu'lter for these two
leirends. for such lliey undoubtedly were. Taken
toirctlier. lliey point a most impressive moral. As
in til
le ease of Luereiia. so in the case o
f Vii-i:
una.
•' the blood of the martyrs vras the seed " of reform,
and contributed povrerfnlly to the jKipular eaiiso.
"—♦■
T
S I •. M I • H ISTO U U • U < ) M IC .
141
.\iiiillii'r iidti'il I'lianu'li'i' <>r iIh' jmi'iimI iinilii'
OoiiNiili'i'iil iiiii \r;i.'4 ( 'i>rii>laiiiH, He wiih ijiiiti' iis
liniinl if Appiiis Clauiliii-i, Inil lii" wiis I lie |iri(l(' of
|H'iN(iii:il I'liiuac'tcr, III' sccinii'd Id .s|ciii|i, itml is
tJM' Ivjiiral iirisiucriit, l''nr iiis \aliaiit s('r\ ii'i'.-< in
liatlii-, and lii-i noliililv <>r I'hararlci', he wm* \\w
priilr (if liii'cilv. All cllt-'Si'S wcni ilisiinscil III ilo
liiiii rrMTriiri' Mv I hi' I'MTrinr ut' till' li'ii."il ili';;ri'ii
of till' arts of a imliiiiiaii, lii' cuiiM liavi' lu'cii llio
pi'l. <if all III)' |H'i)|)li', iinl III' il('s|iisi>'l till' |ili'lH'iiiiiH,
III liiiii iciiti'i'i'il all llii> |iri'jiiilin' iif ilio |iati'irian.
Sciiniiiii; "llii' viilj,'ar lii'nl," lio Id it Iw kiiuwii
IK'rfi'cils wrilliiat III' wiiiilil nul. iiiiTallv Hpoalviii^',
liii'ii liis liaml DviT to '.mIm tin' favor of t.liu niulli-
tiitli'. Tilt' IV-
suit, was that lie
was lijinislicil,
iiiid ill lp;"'isli-
lllt'llf iilVcrrd
liis siTvici'-i III
tlio X'olsiiaiis.
Il/Lraiiisl, whiiiii
111' liail riTi'iiily
led llii> Kiiiiiaii
li'i,'iipiis ill Iri-
inii|ili. His |H'r-
siinal prowess
liiriiL'iUlii' si-ali'.
and UiMiii' Mas
at- his iiici'cy,
|)i'piilal ions Im'-
ULlitl' (III (111 KtriiHcuuTdiiili.
soiii,dil his pardon and liis k'nit'iicv. 'To tlu'ni all
111' liirni'd a deaf car, until at last his own wili',
inotlii'r and child lanu' out, to him. Thon auj^ur
MK'ltt'd into love and ^'cntli'iu'ss.
Such wi'i'i' thu idoiils liuld hcforc the Woiiian ,:;a/.e
for ijfeiieraliiins, as typical characters, ideals of the
uinre [iriiiioiinced iionian churacleristics. Others
followed at a later date, liut of nioro liistoric iiu-
ciiracy of outline, 'fliu huroo.sof le;,'endary (ireeco
seemed wiiolly dullciont in mural stiimina, or even
the coiice[itioii of morality. llerv • Uomo shows
a very marked superiority, althou<;h far less t'ivil-
i/.ed in iutcllectu.il culture.
Uesides the si ruj^ifles lietweeu jiatricians and ple-
ht'iaiis, relalinirtociv il ri,:ihlsand privilej(es,in which
the lower classes iiiaile soiiie gains, and numerous
petty eontlicts with neiirhlKirinij^ states in which the
whole pi'ople shared in an ineou8e((uential way,
I here were several really ;;r>Mt vvurn, ciiliiiimiliiu.',
iiolwilh-landiiiu' sume serious disastern, in niak-
iiig lioiiir iiia>li'i' of llalv. ihe position it occiipieM
Nflieii lii'(iiii:lii inio I'liiilliri willi Carllia;^'!'. it i.s
eviili'iil fi'iiii L'limpses caiiu'lit here and lliere, that
I'll I'liria was Iiiiil; the mo>l rivili/ed slate in llalv,
iioi roiiiiiiiii; the few tirei'k colonies in the souih,
I'liruscan iiil Wiis very consideralili', and I here Ia
piiKl reason to U'lieve that a valuahle Kiruscaii lit.
eralure oiice e\isleil. There were other slates in
lialium, which were somewlitil more advanced than
Uoiiie, hut the itoinaiis were ili's|K'rate warriors ami
had a colonial policy which ;.'radnally helped exieiiil
the slate. The c()ii(|ii('sl of Miruria seems lo ha\e
lici'ii a vi'iy close
coiiiesl. If mil,
t he It o 111 a 11 -J
were Icnipled Id
aliandon their
own rii'lc and
11 11 W h ii|i'-o lllc
town (for li'oiiic
vMis never 11
Liooil city, from
a sanitary point
of view) and ,«ul-
tlc ill the Ktriis-
can city of N'eii,
which was ahoiit
t wche miles he-
V'lid thu Tiher.
It look thirty years to capture the cilv; that is.
thirty years from the lime the lirst attempt wa>
made until the last one, which culminaled in suc-
cess, ('aiuillus was the (ieneral under whom ihe
capture was made. That was in M. ('. li'.ii;. That
year was memorahle for the fall of \'eii, vrhicli
C'ainillus is said to have torn dovrn, roiiioviii^j: Ihe
buildiujf material to Uome, lest the party favoriiiii
tho transfer of the capital should tiuallv carrv the
day.
Mut the year was still more nienioriilile for tho
raid of Ihetiauls. Now, for the lirst time, we con-
front the ahoriirines of l'"rance. a people with which
' Uome had a irreat di'al to do throiiijh many centu-
ries. The (iauls, who came linally to he subjects of
imperial Ixoiiie. came U|iou the staire of history as
wild marauders. In their sava,<;e enterprise, they
had crossed tho Alps, and jienetratod southward.
4
m m
IV; '
}?■ »
I' If! ■ ;'>
I
l;^hii
I
w ■
1:
142
SKMMIISTOUIC KOMK.
ilcsoliiiiiiu' lliilv iis llu'v wiMil. Anuniij: llu' jiliuvs
wliicli lIu'v ra\u;:i'il was Ixumi', wliicli iiiusl. liavi'
lii'i'ii u fiH'l)li> t(i\Tii. allhotii^li iioarly I'onr Imiidri'il
voars dill. TliiMV inari'li was vicloviiuis. Krcimiis.
llu'ir IcatltT, was a " niiuhly man of war," iioi
fnvi'ldiis of lands, Iml LTrocdvH'yc'il for personal
|iro|M'rty <if all sorls. It is liy no means ccrlain
lliai llii' lionians do not o-vc ilu' fall of \'i>ii toliu'si<
liarliaiians raliu'r than to tlii'ir own prowoss. Uc
lliai as ii ina\. llii'V wi-ro ai ovcrniali'li for the h'o-
mans. On llic hanks of tlic Allia.cli'xon miles from
Home, ihi' I w<) armies niel. the re|iresenlal ivt's of I he
lieo|iles di'siined to many a <les|ierate eiu'onnler in
eomini: a^res. 'I'lie (iauls nt lerly routed the Koiinins
and drove the lew siir\ ivors into tlieeitv in h(>ad-
Icinj;' haste. Itoldly |iiishini: iheir wav within ihe
"alls, tl" jieople takinu' refni^e in I ln' ('a|iilol. in
all. r t inies the IJomaiis piemred I he senators ealmlv
l)uvsuin^• the hiisiness of leLrislation when Ihetiauls
earn,' upon them. This of course was a preposter-
ous invention. The iudnhitahle fact is. that iJome
was at iht' merey of the (iauls. who pillau'ed and i
saeked until their irreed wasirlultel. The('a|iit(>l
esia|H'd ihe ravages of llame, hut noltheeitv. The '
proud K'omans attrihnted iis salvation to divine in-
terposition. Tlu> horde j::liil ted iheir harliarie liisl,
fJr spoils, and leit the eity, whieli never siilTered like
disaster auain until the (iothsand N'andals took it
at the linal fall of iuune.
Iksiile.s the Mlruseans were the Saniiiites, a Ijalin
people of j:;reat military stron<j^li. as compiirodwitli
the Kome of that tiay. For ii lom; series of yeara
there was war hetween llie two [n'oples. Samiiiiini
had the alliance of Kiruria.and is said to liavi^ so-
cured aid from the tiauls. I?ul all thiiii^s havt- an
end. and the Samnite war or wars (for liiere woro
Miive of them) which hefj;iiii M. U. ,U:\, closed M. ('.
*JS'J. Tiiere >viM'e several famous names hi connei'-
tion with these wars. .Manlins 'I'onpialus. N'aleriiis
(.'orvus, and others, hut none of llit^ details iiro
worthy of record here. It is eiioiii^h to say. that.
Iiy the time i{oiiie had stood four hnndreii yi'ars, IL
was tlu' master of Italy, e\ei'|)t. tJie (Jreek cities,
and the citizens of liatinm hecanio citizens of
IJome. ouly with some restrictions in their rights.
That eonsummation. so gradual, liiil all the nioro
secure, put an end to the striit::,de hetween Ihe |)a-
tricians and the plelieiaiis. llencefort';, urhan iii-
hahitaiils or citizens of the city were aristocrats.
To have ancestrv strictly I{oman. was enoiiijili.
"The lirst families" joined in assert iiii;' superiority
over the Latin I'itizens. as in later ct'iitnrii's all tho
Latin citizens awonnied themselM's vastly superior
to the outsiders, liowi-ver .>mplete tlu'ir cili/ hip.
iJoiiie. in lirief. is now the capital of Italy, anil
proiul alike of her Dentatus and her CJoritdauiis,
and the terms i)alrician and pleheian came ixradii-
allv to tiesiuiiale t lie inevilahle social disi iiict ions of
a larui' Kiininiinity. ratiier than distinct factions
and castes.
'Ili
ji:.
,v
4
!(
J
ClIAl'TKk XXI \\
I'Vllltlirs AMI 1111 Kl.KriUNTH—CAUTllAliK AMI ITM I'l.AlK IN IllSTOIlV 'I'lIK KlllsT I'lMI' \V Mi-
ll VMMIMI AMI llANNir.AI.— TllK SKroNl) TrMC WaK llAXMIlAl. I'ltilisK'* TIIK All"< Till:
livTTIK OK (ANN.i: 'I'lIU KaHIAN I'llLIIV SrIlMl) AND TIIK \V A II IN A Kllll A— 'I'lIK I'lllTIIKIl
*'MNtvrh> TH
>f lillSIK— 'I'lIK 'rillllll I'lNIC WaII and TIIK 1''AI,I. ilF t'AUTllA
"m
043)
•v;-.:.v1
S
144
ROME AND CARTHAGK.
iiitoresting barhariiiii?, iiud tliiit is uhoiit ail. Tlio
Cartiiaijiiiiaiis may \>v saiil to have heeii tlio first
|)Ci)i)Io, heyoiiil tlio narrow limits of Italy, to n'soliito-
ly attoiu j)t to tliwart tlii^ " manifest ilosi iuy " of Uuiiic.
(!artlia.fo was tiK'(a|iitai of a roi)ulili(j of lliosamo
iiamo, on tlio soiillicrii shore of tlu' ModiterraiitMii
Sua, uoar the situ of llio moilerii 'ruiiis. It was a
l'li(i>iii('iaii city, an olTslioot of '\\\v. foiiiulod 15. V.
S.")(). It had a vast cjoiiiiiu'rcoaiid ;^ splendid eivili-
zation. iiieliidi'ig a literature, hut the liiial success
of the Uomaiis in destroyiiiir it iiiv(!i'ed the loss of
that literature. (Jonseiiueiilly wo know very little
about Carthaire, exeejjt a it is deriv.'d from Roman
soun'es. and from
Polyhius, a (ireek.
who was present at its
desiruetion. as the
frieiiil of the victori-
ous Seipio, and whose
w<irk has been all lost,
witli the excejitioii
of a few chapters.
The C'arlhairinians
were called I'mifi.
hence Mic three wars
with liome were callc(l
the I'uiiic war-. They
were a \eiy eiiter[iris-
iiig jii'ople. rbeir
commeric extended
wherever ships sailed
in those days, and a vast inland traih' was
carried on with the Xumidiaiis, and other
African and iiomaiiic rribes. Tlu' ]iopiilHtion of
the city is supposed to have been aiiout Tno.otio.
The i:o\eriim'nt seems to have been i|iiiti' sim-
ilar to that oi Rome: an .istocratic rej)ublie.
In I'arrviiii:' foiward comnic.ial eiiter|)rise, it
was iii'cessary to establish tradiiiu'-posts here and
there. Fur that ix'asou C'arthaue loiiir enjoyeil
the control of a very considerable amount tif foreign
territorv, not aci|uire(l for the ordinary |)ur|)oses of
c(pni|uest and dominion, lull fortius uses of tratlic.
.\ccordiiig to Pidybius. ;ill the ishiiids of the western
Mcditerraneaii belon;j;ed lo Carthaire. besides much
teri'ilory in Spain. Al the lime the lirst I'unic
war bcLran. H. ('. •M-l. a very I'onsiderable area of land
about the citv was under a high statf of cultivation.
Tlie iiobilitv to(dvdelii.dit in airriciiltiire, and the mc-
eliauieal art.s were not negleetod. At that time they
wen^ a far more civilized jwople than the lionuuis,
and they might have well looked down with lofty
scorn upon the rude barbarians of the Tiber.
The immediate occasion of the war between the
two republics was the attemj)t cd' Carthage to gain
pos.sossion of Sicily, an island about the size of the
State of Maryland, and the most important in the
Mediterranean. It eoulained a nourishing (ireek
colony. It is worthy of remark that although Ath-
ens was a great eommereial center, a little jxissi
then, but long i)romiuent, it never came into con-
llict with Carthage. Sicily was too near Italy to
make the establish-
ment there of a Punic
stronghold tolerable
in the eyes of Uonie.
\> liieli by this time
had become master of
Italy, and was in no
mood to brook in-
tervention from the
Southwest. Seeing
that two great powers
were thus broiigbi
into eonllict, Pyrrhus
mav reasonably have
ithd
the
rawn,
hopi' (d' a life-am
death struii'ule I
le-
tween
lublics which sliould j)ave the way
hese two r^
for the I-:
11-
otes to rn
i-i,!.
I trium|ih over both. If he held
V such theory he was destined to disappointment,
ail
the real disaster of the war bei
ng couiineu to one o
I ti
tl
le combatants, the other irainiuii' in proportion to
its rival's li
The 1
\oiiiaus were suci'i'ssfui in driving the Car-
tlia<riniaiis from Sicilv, or rather, tl
lev am
Itl
lies were successful, for intlie begiiiiiiim(d' the c
leir
(Ul-
llict 1
vome wa< not
The CarthaLnniai
dngle-lianded bv aiiv meai
dl
IS were coni|)elied to give up their
enterprise. They would have been conteiii. proba-
bly, to go on with their comnK'i'ce without fiirther
comb;it with the Homaiis. Thcv do not aniiear to
h
seen
rival on t!u
Til
)er.
but t
le
Itomaiis
were not conteiil to let the matter rest there. Tliev
I the war into .Vfrica, assumiiiir the airsn'es-
carrici
sive.
A iia\al battle was f
oUii'll
t not Ions:' after, in
ROMK AND CARTHAGK.
'45
wliich, t(i let tlioiii toll it, tliu Uoiiiiius iiurfoniictl
prodigio.s. Thoy woio not sou tiglitors, i)iit tlioy
,;;fiH)iil(jil the t'liomics' sliijjs, boimlod tlii'iii iiiiil
Willed a liiiu(l-t()-liiiiiil llglit, fi»r wliieii llio CJartliii-
giiiiaii iiioi'coiiiii'ios wore not jn'oparoil. Tlio victory
of Mylii' was tlio Trafalgar of the I'liuic war, ami
tiie Uoiiiaiis uuvor wcariod of boasting of it. 'I'liey
took from Cartliaiie several oiitlviu'' nosts, Imt on
the eontinent of Africa tliey e.\()erieiiced terrible
disasters. Regiilus, the iiero of tlie tirst I'lmic war,
as coiidiieteil by land, was not i)ro|R)rly supported.
His army was terril)iy defeated
and iiimself taken prisoner, lie
was sent as an envoy of |)eaee
to Home, wbere lie inid I lie Ikm'o-
isMi 1(1 advise tiie senate to reject
the terms olTeri'd. and then bore
back tlie refns;d of
to I'litertain tiie
his coiintrv
Idea ol a cessa-
tion ol.
iost;ilitie.-
the cloud of d
isaster.
while
Hi
under
s [latriot-
ism cost him ins life, but the
persistence of Honu^ was reward-
ed. After dragtring aloiiij: twentv-
foiir
ended
]iart. (il
Cli
sears
lie
first, r
uiuc war
in ail agrcemciil. on the
(Jarthaijfe t'
give u|i al
ums to Sicilv, restort
oners and pay to Home
erabic indiMiinity. 'i'h
on both sides had h
a consR
'Cen
without being at all de
arge
cisive.
It
imiv
be said that both were wearv and to
a I'est,
with no thought of [lermanent jieaue.
secoiK
wciity years elajised between tlie tir.st and the
lid I'linie wars. To (!artliage those were years
of wast,iiig I'ivil strife. The unhappy repiibliu was
the prey of party contlicts, involving serious loss.
One faction was in favor of strict attention to busi-
ness, the other, insisting that a more military cliar-
iietor must be given to the state, and that the war-
like power whicli had arisen in Italy must, be crushed
before commeree could prosper on a solid founda-
tion. The leaders of the two parties, ilaniio and
Hamilear, when the issiu was raised, ihed during
the cessation of hostilities,
llie :'reat soldit'r HamiU'ar.
d Hannibal, son of
line to the froi.t as
the worthy suet'cssor of his martial father. At
the age of twentv-six, he bce:'.me the (ieneral of
the Cartluiginian army in Spain, for in Iberia, as
the ancients called it, Carthage
had very important [lossessions.
Tradition has it, that at the age
of nine his father took liini to
the temple and iiiiule him swear
eternal enmity to Home. If ho
did take such an oatli, right
loyally did he observe it.
Turning now to Home, we find |r|,,„,,, ,
that the interval of iKjaee with Ml *!#!'' *''¥'''
Cartilage was a
season of j)rej)aration. Some
fighting was necessary to main-
tain the su[irt'niacy of Latiiim,
and hold the (iauls in check.
Sardinia and Corsica were con-
([iiered and a large part of Illyria
overrun. Home asserted herself
in the affairs of (i recce. The
famous Flaminian Way, from
Home to ti;e (iallii- frontier near
Ariminum, was consiiuclcd. giv-
ing the consul Flaminius a
re})iitation second only to A|i-
pius, who built tlu' Appiaii \\ ay.
Jlarcellus, a [ilebeian, \el a iiolilc-
iiian, carried lln' lumiaii arms
to triumph over an alliance of
i (iauls and (iermans. Tlie Car-
—I tliaginiaiis liad indeed gained
much in S|)ain, but the extension
of Hoiiian powi'r was far the grt'ater of the two. The
second I'uiiic war iiegan, however, with great advan-
tage on the part of Carthage, from the fact that it
liiul the servit'cs of one of the gieatest warriors of
history, for Ilauiiibal ranks with Alexander, Ca'sar,
Napoleon and (Jraii,,
The summer of B. C "^iS witnessed the begin-
ning of the second Punic war. The young Cart lia-
giiiian (ieneral crossed tlii' Kbro with a hundred
thousand niiMi and thirty-seven elephants, rt'solved
to cuter the Uonian territory by way of the Pyrenees
and the Alps. Tlic undci'laking was oiu' of ilic
most dillicult ever planned, the distance being eiglil
hundred miles. Tlie very fai't Miat he must subsist
off the tribes along the route, made the entire march
the invasion of a hostile country, lie left detach-
menls liehinil at seveial points, toliold in cheek the
S \'(1W.
■v
;.. \.V
■■'■•!i I
I
lit:.
Ml,:,
m
I]] ' '•
I' '• ,
I
4i2
146
KOMK AND CARTHAGE.
enemies ho had made and subchicd. IIo turned tlie
Pyrenees l)y lakinif X\\v coast line, mid jirohiiljly in-
tended to ou'iliink the Alps also. The Romans
were expoL'ting nothing of tlie kind. Tiiey liad do-
signi'il sending Seipio to attaek Hannibal in Spain,
and Seniproniiis \ras to marcii upon Carthage it-
self, 'i'lie latter had set sail liefore the news of this
aggressive nioveincnt was reeeived. Scipio was di-
rocteil to intereopt Hannibal at tli') Rhone, but he
was too late. The great soldier had got beyond
him. iiooking back upon it all, one is surprised
thai Hannibal did not await tiie attack, being fai
better pn'[)ared to meet it then than later; but he
evidt'iitly misjudged the nature of Roman rule in
Italy, 'riiiiiking it like Carthaginian rule in Afri-
ca, he supposed that he ha»l only to reach Latium
to have the alliance of tlie Latins, and so he avoid-
ed an engageiiient by trying one of the most dilli-
cult passes of the Aljis. jirobably the Little iSt. i^er-
iiard. The sulTerings of his men were terrible, and
tiie losses immense, no late was the season. When
at last the army of invasion came down into the
sunny valleys of the Cisali)ine, it had dwindled
to twenty thousand foot, six thousand horse, and
se\eii elephants. AVorst of all, there were no allies.
He was in the (Miemy's country in an unexpected
sense. And now the genius of Hannibal was put
to the test. Api)recialiiig the situation, his lirst
eare was to gain a victory, however snia'' the scale,
in the liojie of thus winning allies. He succeeded,
'I'lic skirmish of the Ticinusbrought him thousands
of (iauls, and now he was eager for a battle with
Scipio, especially as the latter would soon be rein-
forced by Sempronius. The liattle of Trebia was
fouirhi, Scipio having been joined by Semjironius,
and the latter being in conimand. The result v,as
a great victory for Hannibal, Early the next year
he crossed the Apennines and tried to provoke an-
other iiatlle there. Failing in this, he jiushed on
into the heart of Italy, the very valley of the Tiber,
It was then necessary for the Roman legions to fol-
low him. Another ijattle was fought, this time by the
waters of l^ake Trasimenus. and again Ilanni-
lial was vict(jrious, By this time the Roman sen-
ate was seriously alarmed, 'i'lie crisis of Rome had
come, and the nation was threatened witii disintegra-
tion, A victorious foe was devastating the country
with impunity. To light, was to run the risk of more
defeat, and to avoiil eonllict, was to encourage
devastation. Finally, a eonllict becin.. ine\ '^ible.
In B. C. "-iltJ was fought the immortal battle of
Canine, on the borders of Aiiulia, IJoth sides were
gathered there in full force, as if the fate of Rome
were in the balance. Again Hannibal was victori-
ous. The slaughter was terrible. Forty-live thou-
sand Romans were lost, including a large number of
.senators and the Consul I'aiihi.s, i'olybiiis puts
the loss at seventy thousand. But all was not lost,
Caiina' was two hundred miles from Rome, separa-
ted from it by mountains and rivers. Then, too, the
conquerors must needs gorge themselves with plun-
der. •• 'i'o the victors belong the sjioils," Had the
army of invasion been content to take advantage
of the succes.s, even Rome would have been laid in
ruin.s. Once before the Gauls had ilevastated it,
but Camillus restoretl it. Had the Carthaginians
razed the walls, no third Romulus or seccnid Ca-
millus would have apjieared. 'I'lie destroyer would
have looked carefully to that. But what the brav-
ery of Roman arms could not do, the richness of
Italiar. .sjioils etfeeted. It is said that three bushels
of gold rings were taken from the lingers of the
fallen legionaries. However that may have been, it
is certain that the mercenaries and allii's of Car-
thage gave themselves 111) to rapine and [ilundcr,
thus throwing away tlu' ojiportunity of linal v'ctory.
To follow the fortunes of tla' second Runic war
in its details, would be uninteresting. Henceforth,
the p(dicy of {{oiiie was to di'tach the allies from
Hannibal, anil worry him out liy ilelay.s. Fabius
was the consul who advised this cour.se, and from
that day to this the " Fabian policy" has been a
proverbial term. Every nerve was strained to
maintain the Roman army. Debtors, criminals and
slaves were enlisted, Hannibal kept up the devas-
tation, and even a])peared before the walls of Rome.
But the Romans all this while were bu.sy in Si)ain
anil Carthage, also at Syracu.-^e. Their aim was to
so harass and puuisli the Carthaginians that they
would recall Hannibal before he had executed his
full puriiose, aTid in this they were successful. Rv
carrying the war into Africa they so far alarmed
the citizens of Carthage that they felt compelled to
ai)andon the aggressive jiolicy, and in arepubl'c not
even a Hannibal can defy the ])o}mlar voice. While
F^abius kei)t up just enough of activity to prevent
the fall of Rome, Sciiiio " pushed things" in Africa
so vigorouslv that in R. C. 201 Carthasre mod for
-^
^s
k
r
ROME AND CARTHAGE.
H7
ixjacc 1111(1 sulnnittecl to igiioiniaious terms. Ilaii-
nibiil hiul inspired sucii terror tiiiit when he set sail
from Crotoniii, in tlie fall of 3():i, Rome felt infinite
relief, and when Scipio wrung from the enemy hu-
miliating coneessions, Uoinan joy knew no hounds.
He was iield in the highest repute as the savior of
his country and the greatest of warriors. Carthage
was at iiis inerey. lie could liave razed it to tiie
ground, hut ho was not in favor of any such jjolicy.
He did not demand the surrender of Hannibal, now
in disgrace, although it was not his fault that Rome
was not at the mercy of Carthago. It was a test of na-
tional character, of popular endurance ; Roman hero-
ism was an overmatch for Carthaginian civilization.
The victory of Zama near the city of Carthage
had effaced the memory of Tarentum and Cannaj.
Seipio Africanus, as he was now called, might
doubtless have been consul for life, but he was a
true patriot. As hii humanity saved Carthage from
destruction, so his patriotism saved republicanism
at Rome intact.
Rome was now the foremost military power in tlie
world. The empire of Alexander liad fallen to
pieces, and the greatest of the fragmoiitary king-
doms, Egypt, liad developed a more whok'some am-
bition than lust for doniinioii. The Roman legions
were soon recruited and turned eastward. With tlie
subjugation of Carthage all tlie region west of Rome
was under Roman dominion, except the barbarians.
To reduce Greece, was an easy task. Macedo-
nia was feeble, and tlie various confederacies of
Greece illy prepared to cope with the great and cen-
tralized republic. From Greece the victors jiassed
to Asia, and made serious inroads into the einiiire of
Antiochus. In line, tiie Ronnin concjuests of this
■period, witiiout lieing iirilliant, were decisive, and
as rapid as could be desired. Rome adhered to her
original policy of digesting her coiKiuests. In the
meanwhile Carthage was slowly dying, suffering the
agonies of mortification. Hedged about and de-
jirived of commerce or mercenaries, it was the mere
\ shadow of its former self. Hannibal was the most
unpopular and unhapjiy of men, and finally died in
sorrow and exile in the year B. C. 183. In that
same year Scijiio died also.
It was noo until B. C. 148 that Carthage was de-
stroyed. The tiiird Punic war was hardly a war at
all. The party led by Cato, the jiedantic censor, in-
sisted that Carthage niust be destroyed, seemingly
afraid that so nething might transpire to renew its
lease of life. The seiuite became tired of the d<--
mand for its destruction, and ordered it, more to
stop the annoyance of Cato's harsh croak than from
any real fear of its former rival. Tiie Carthagin-
ians niiule ii iirave but ineffectual resistance. An-
other Seipio led the Romans in this inglorious war.
And now, after an illustrious career of seven centu-
ries, Carthage was literally wiped from the face of
the earth, anil henceforth, until her final fall, Rome
is destined to meet no really formidable enemy.
Whatever ctjmbats she may have waged in the leg-
endary days of youth and infancy, it may lie said,
that within the purview of liist<jry, Cartilage was
the ouly actually dangerous rival of Rome.
fmwmiTIBIIiaai>aiB!r»'1aiT:ir7!>njnijmirii|iim.rBmBrriii^»MTg^»B^
«','■
ii'l
f ''
1:1
it
L4^
l+i-i
'.i ■■.]
li :::<;.,•
i a'- '
w
^^ ^ ROMAN REPUBLIC.
i.iS^±
CHAPTER XXV.
A ('ENTiiiV OF Bi.()on— The MAiini op ('osyiEHr— TiiK IIauvest op Power — Area of the Re-
rriu.li — TiiK I'ATos; the Censor and the VoiNiiKit— The (iiiAcciii— C'au-s MAiiiis—Sn.i.A
AM) Mauiis— The I'niehatiox of Itai.v— Sii.i.a Sii'Rkme— liruNixo of the ( itv- Latum
NO More— Sfi.LA the DirTATOii— Sii.i.a's Chaiiacter and Wimik— 1'omi'EY the Ckkat—IIe
SlI'l'UESSES I'IRACY — JlDEA AND SPAIN TAKEN— I'oMl'EV AND I'.KSAR— t'llERO AND THE
CoNsi'iiiACY OP Cataline — .IiLiua Cesar in the West— 1Ii» First Consulate— Frouue's
C.KSAH.
HEN tlio secHiiid Punic \riir
closed, there existed no
niitiou which could stay
'ihe march of empire up-
on which tiie Eternal City
then entered. From tiie
failure of Jlannihars plan
of coii(|uest. to tlie return
of C'a'sar from tlie suhjujiation of Western
Europe, inchidini: Hnirland and a larire
lart of (iermanv, a jieriod of somethinij;
1*^^ over ii century, the world was fairly
drencheil with blood. Ereqm ut were the
civil wars of IJonie, and almost constant
were her ai;'jrrandi/.enients.
It would he easy, hut unprofitable, to
trace the details of that o-ory century. A ,i:rreat deal
of historical sjiace has lieen devoted to it, but there
were no really jireat battles fmiirlit. Tiie gradual
expansion of tlie Roinaii Kinpire was as much due
to its jiolitical constitution as to the iieroism of its
soldiers. It was tiie policy of Koine to make iier
victims her partners in tiio fruits and honors of
victory, to an extent wiioUy unknown to liie world
licfore iier day. It is true that no such jiolicy was
jiursued toward Cartilage, but tliat was an oxcej)-
lional case. This peculiarity of Rome has been
jiointed out before. It antedates authentic history.
and was adhered to with a steadiness of purpose
which is the jiroudest monument to Koniaii genius.
It may be well, lirst of all. to point out the terri-
torial limits of Home in its glory. The little vil-
lage of Ixomulus had, by the time at which we have
arrived, attained to such dimensions, that it could
defy all human limitations to its ex])ansiun, and
wliile it took a century to actually acquire world
domain, it is true that when Carthage passed under
the yoke, the whole wrld was at its mercy. It re-
ijiiired a period of one hundred vears to harvest the
held, but tiie real credit of it all dates back to the
calamity of Carthage.
The iioman Empire, as now gradually developed,
was tri-continental. In Africa it streiciied from
the straits of liabel-maiulel, on the south point of
the Red Sea, westward tiirough the Straits of Gib-
raltar, and then southward to the desert of Sahara,
including jiart of Abyssinia, all of Egypt, Barca.
Tripoli, Algiers and Morocco. In Asia, its main
possession was Asia Minor or Turkey, with apart of
Arabia and Persia. Julius Ca'sar contemplated in-
roads into the far Orient, but he was cut off before
carrying out his Eastern project. luEurojie, it in-
cluded all the continent except Russia, Northern
and Western Germany, and Scaiulinavia.
Eor the most part, the interest of this jieriod clus-
ters about a few names, and in the careers of Cato,
(H«)
^t
LAST CENTURY OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC.
149
the (iriiochi, Muriius, SuUii, Ciitaliiic, Cicoro, I'oin-
jtov iiiid C'lBSiir, luiiy ))0 ruatl tlie jji-ogress of Uiinio
towards its miuiifcst destiny. A great deal of in-
terest centers in Cato the Censor. His iigure is
sharply defined in iiistorieal (jutline, and lie stands
out uix)n the page of Tinio, tiio very ideal of auster-
ity. The Rotnan virtues he exeniplitied to perfec-
tion. He was incorrui)tihle. Penurious to the last
degree, nothing could induce him to acciuire wealtii
illegally, or contrary to his views of honor. Car-
thage in ruins was his monument. Ho was a pa-
trician wli'> looked upon the enlargement of citi-
zenship, and the outgrowtli of i)rovincialisms, as
degeneracy. He failed to see in that enlarge-
ment the necessary condition of im[K3rial growth.
He was a chronic grumbler. As events swei)t on in
an ever-widoning stream, he stood uj)on the shore
and railed. He was greatly esteemed, and it was
<iuite the fashion to admire his Rom anes(iuc virtues,
but he can hardly be said to have exerted much real
intluence. The stream would not reverse its course
and ilow up liill to please even (!ato tlie Censor.
When he died the last link was broken between Rome
tlie Insignificant and Rome thj .Magnificent. There
were two Catos, the
younger being a cotem-
porary of Ca'sar, one
standing at tiie begin-
ning, liie other at tlie
end 1)1' ilie period under
consideration. Tiu'v are
so similar in character,
that one suspects the
younger must have sat
for the pit'tiire ])aiiited
of tiie elder. The young-
er Cato was a prolific
writer on agriculture and
other '• topi('s of tiio
times. " He died at last by his own iiand. unwilling
til survive the ascendaiu'y of .Iiilius Civsar. whom lie
looked upon v..: a demoralized and demoralizing
demagogue.
There were two (iracchi of note. Tilierius and
Caius. "The mother of the (Trticchi" is a j)ro!n-
iiient figure in Roman records. It is of her that
it is rejiorted, that when tlie matrons of Rome
were summoned to ajijiear in public witli their jew-
els, she came simply dressed, lieing reproved for
Cato tlie Younijer.
disregarding the order, she jxiiuted to her sonSj
saying, "These are my jewels." Later, Itonie
loved to hold her up as the
model matron, a wortiiy com-
l)anion-in-!ionor of tiie cnaste
Lucretia and Virginia. T'he
name of this greatly venerateil
matron was Cornelia. Tiberius
renewed the agrarian agitation,
carrying it much farther than
it hiul been carried before, and
his brotl'.er continued the agita-
tion. Alarmed at the growing
depojnilation of Italy, he con- TiberiuB (irocchns.
ceived tiie project of raising the condition of the Ro-
man commonalty. He was the son of a Consul, and
his mother, Cornelia, was the daughterof the Elder
Scijiio Africanus. I'lebeian yet noble was the blood in
his veins, lleespoused the cause of the opjiressed and
the iinpoverisiied. He was the O'Connell and I'arnell
of his day. Tiie aristocracy took alarm, and spared
noellort to thwart his laudable purpose. He was ir-
repressible, and no allurements of ofiice could turn
him aside. He trieil to revive the Licinian law,
and made progress, bcini:' elected a Tribune. His
term of ollice expired ln'fnre his work was coniplet-
ed. ami lie insisted upon re-election, which wmild
have been illegal, as the consvitutioiial lawyers of the
day claimiMl, A riot occurred, and Tilierius was slain.
That was in B. C. K'.'). A few years later his
brother <.';iiiis took 14) the I'ause of the laiuUess
against the liiudlords, and he too was sLiin.
The nobles seemed to be all-powerful. The rich
became immensely more wetilthy, and the poor sank
into hojieless poverty. Henceforth tiiere was a vast
body of the jieople dependent upon the spoils and
largess which the coiKpiests of the period iirovided
on ;i liberal scale. With the failure of the Gracchi
Rome lost forever the o}i[)ortunity to escaiie from
tiie constant meiiiice of a mob, tind the very triuiniih
of the aristocratic senate jiaved the way for tiie ulti-
mate subjugation of that body to the beliests of an
enijieror. That victory was a century-plant whidi
fiowered in the subversion of the Reimblie and the
establishment of the Empire.
Cains Marius, one of the greatest. names in the
military annalsof Rome, was a Volscian. He began
life a farm-laborer, Hy his courage and genius he
rose to eminence as a soldier, and then asjiired to
1^
II w
r
i.-i'
1 \
T'
i
lt^ <
III
$'■
4<t?.'
<S »^
7'-
15"
LAST CKNTUKY OK THl': ROMAN RKl'UHLIC.
11 jjolitical jirofcrinont. llo was a Huccossfnl politi-
cian, aidi'd largely by allianco with the illustrious
family of tlio (Ja,'-
surs, ouu of tlio
lirst families in
the state, long be-
fore .Julius made
the name immor-
tal — and typical
of imperialism.
In Africa ho dis-
ti'iguislud him-
self not only at
Zama, but by the
con(iuest of that
troublesome en-
Muriiid. I'Uiy, the Xuniid-
ian Jugurtha, whose wars luive lieen prer^erved to
mankind l)y tiie pen of Sallust.
His lieutenant in the litter war was uornolii s
Sulla. lie did
great things for
Rome in Africa.
He returned the
hero of a glorious
campaign, a n d
seven times the
consular j) o w e r
and honor wa-s a-
warded iiini. In
the Xorthwest he
streugtiiened and
cnhirgetl the Ro-
man Emp:re, and
Cornelius Sullu. Was the idol of
the jioople. The (Jimbri made a desjjcnite at-
tempt to Ijreak the magic spell of Rome. Marius
saved his country. But iiis star linally wanjd. Sul-
la belonged to a younger generation, and su'.cCL'ded
ill .-upiilaii'ing the veteran In tiieir day, the Ital-
ian iKiiioiiidities, still clierishing jealousy of lloman
supremacy, rose in rebellion, Tlie Social or ilar-
sie war was a very forinidable mirisiiig. and for it^
suiipression Sulla won the liiLrhest credit. When
that struggle was over and the republic necdcil a
general t^ put, duwn iii,--,wg"nts in Asia, and eiiiaige
the eiiipii'i' eastward, lie wa,- cho.-'ii. lor tne posit! ';;,
to the chagrin and discomtilof Marius. The latter
was about seventv and the former iwentv-one years
younger. They wore very dillerent types of men.
Marius wii.su rough and uidettorcd barbarian; Sulla
was in education a (Jreek.
There had arisen " a mighty man of war " in
Asia, .Mithridates, and when Sulla had departed for
his overthrow, Marius sot about orgaiii/,ing the Ital-
ians into a political jiarty, ami had liim.«ielf ap-
pointed to the Eastern eommand. Sulla had not
left tho country, and promptly returning, entered
Rome as a eoiupioror. Marius wiis not prepared for
this emergency, and was obliged to seek safety in
flight. IIo lit ' to Africa. A warrant for his arrest
was issued. The ottieers dogged his steps, and it is
reported that when they found him, they were so
awed by his presence and ntune that they shrank
from arresting him. When they asked him what
answer he had to make to the summons, he replieil,
•• Tell the Roman Senate you found (Jaius Marius
sitting upon the ruins of Uarthage." He hail then
been Consul six times. He tinally returned, and
rui-sed an army to fight the blue-blooded aristocracy
of the senate in the interest of tho common jicoplo.
He was successful, and for the seventh and last time
was elected consul, with tJaria as his colleagiu'. Ho
died during the year, the revolution which he aimed
at, namely, the thorough enfranchisement <d' the
Italians, inconiiilete ; but hisctdleague was able to
obliterate all remaining ilistinetions between Italians
ami Romans. To Marius, therefore, lielongs the
honor of vastly extending the area of tlii' republic,
and of unifying Italy under the Roman name and
constitution.
Sulla had departed on his mission to the East,
while Marius was a fugitive. He sto-'ined and sacked
.Vtheiis, and the Roman st)ldiers sent out by Marius
t'l tigiit against Sulla had the good sense to join
him ill marching upon the coinmou enemy. His
career ras a glorioes one. tioni a military point of
view, and he returned to Rome laden with military
spoils. Marius was no more, but the Marian party
was still powerful, and hostile to Sulla. His mili-
tary prestige, and tlie .polls with which he could en-
rich his followers, mad nim master of the situa-
tion. He was not si'tw in taking advantage of his
position. The (ipposit ion came out to meet him
with an army. I)ul, his coir'se was not seriously
staved, and he wroe.ght his will.
it was aiioutthis time that tlie capital v»as burned
(B. C. 83) and the Sibylline oracles perished with
■■ > /
,^->
llv
LAST CENTURY OF THE ROMAN REt^UBLIC.
151
it. 'riio loss i)t' stiito j)iii)ors \riis cerliiinly very
grout, anil tlirows a dinul of uiioortaiiity over all
tlio historical ruconls previous to tiiis tiiuo. IIoiicc-
fortli iiiimito (locmiit'iitury rotionls wcro kept, 011
whicii siibsei(iiuiit history is siijiposed to rest.
Sulla, to return to our narrative, allioil himself
with the aristocraey. Jle wa.s a horn autocrat.
The conunon jieitple were odious to him. Besides,
the popular party hud been resolutely ininiieal to
liis elainis as a military hero. After much eivil
war and politieiil intrigue in desolating Italy,
Etruscan eivilization had not been obliterated, but
ho linished it. Out of his rivalry with Marius
grew a desolating war upon Ktruria not only, but on
tho Samnito.s, and when ho siieathed his sword they
were no more. In those latter days, some relies of
that early civilization of Italy have been unearthed,
just enough to attest the greatness of tho dostruo-
tion effected. Sulla was appointed Dictator. Tiiat
was in IJ. C. S'i. Proscription and massacre were
the order of tho day. Marius hail thinned the
ranks of tho senate by his high-handed and bloody
line of policy, and now came retaliation. Sulla de-
termined to restore tho reign of the oligtwciiy. and
crush out tho rising power of democracy. Sonic of
his methods were iKJculiar. He enfranchised at one
stroke ten thousand slaves, wiiose masters ho had
executed or driven into banishment. They were
registered as members of tho Cornelian clan, of
wiiioh the Dictator was the head, and thus was his
power consolidated, as he supposed. Ho divided
public iind confiscated private land among iiis
legionaries of a liberal scale. He reconstructed
the senate at his sovereign pleasure. Wiien he
had. as he thought, rendered secure the ascendancy
of the oligarchy, lie voluntarily abdicated and re-
tired to his suburban estate to enjoy tho luxuries of
private life. He survived about twelve months, dy-
ing at the age of sixty. Between hard campaign-
ing and unbridled debauchery, ho was literally
used up.
Sulla Avas a Bourlion. as we use that term m
these days. Blind and deaf to the demands of na-
tional growth, ho determined to restore the ancient
landmarks, and ci)mi)el the great empire to run ])o-
litically in tho same old grooves which were the
ruts of Home as an insignilicant city, great only in
its possibilities. Ho wont to his grave, sorenely
confident that he had undone tho irradual work of
:k
'ff ■■ I ; U
centuries, and especially tliO violei-.t reform of tho
Marians. But it was all a mistake. Chaotic civil
war soon broke out, and the state seemed threatened
with suicide, Mlood flowed freely, and tiie shadow
of aiuirchy constantly hovered over the republic.
There was really no jjoaie until tho empire became
imperial in government, as well as in area. Hut it
took only ten years to undo what Sulla had done
as Dictator. What he iuul done as Proconsul in
the East, was the salvation of the empire. Mithri-
datiM, King of Parthia, was a great military genius,
and ciuno very near building uj) a vast kingdom in
Asia; one which would have overshadowed and
dwarfed Rome. The victory which Sulla won at
Chajrona, C .dod tho day forever as between Ronio
and its last real rival. Henceforth, the Ilonums
had only the rude barba''ians of the>torthwest to
fear. Tho East was powerless. Tho civilized world
had only one political capital, the really half-bar-
baric " Eternal City." This world-conquest may bo
said to have begun with tho first Punic war, and
ended with tho stamping out of tho great uprising
in Greece, Asia Minor and the East generally, un-
der tholeadershii) of Mithridatos. The subsei(uent
wars in those (quarters involved no real peril to
Homo.
Among those who rose to some eminence un-
der Sulla, as iulherents to his political fortunes,
was CnaMis Pompeius; and among tiiose who suf-
fered persecution for the cause of the [)eople and
progress, was .fulius Cresar. The former would
have been a minor character in Homan history, had
iiis career ended with tho retirement of his chief,
while the latter would have been wholly forgotten,
l)ut for subseiiuent events. Pompey was the first,
after Sulla, to rise to an eminence entitling him to
conspicuous notice. He was not a really great, or
a biul num. He was a patriot of much more than
the average virtue, and a trifle more than tho aver-
age ability. His great achievement was the sup-
pression of piracy. Home had become the center
of coiunierce. sinii)ly because it had tiie power to
compel all commercial peoples to pay tribute. T'o
secure the largesses of corn and wine, and all jire-
cious or iiseftil merchandise, it was necessary to
have immunity from the pirates who infested
tiic Mediterranean. They iiad become very for-
midable and imiiudent. They had no idea of being
suppressed, but Home set about tho task, B. C. GT,
:.t
r1!l ^
if!
!i
'.'i^ <
\li
f
■f,
■iC '•
, '
■J
, 1
• .' t
4 ' :
152
LAST IICNTUKY Ol' THK ROMAN l<i;i'UUMi'
and was ciitiivly siiccossfiil. I'omiK'y's (>(irninis«i(in
WHS virtually tliealisoliilt' sdvurtMiiiity of that sen fi)r
tliri'i! yoars, ti)i,'t'tlu!r with its ctuist for lifty inili's
aroiiiiil, which in many casi's was almiit as far in-
land as iicliial Ituinaii aiithnrity piMictratud. It was
a riiflit ri)Viil I'oniniission. Tiio luithoritv was not
a I III SIM
II
(' was thoi! api
ointi'd <fovornor of tho Kast.and
did nniL'h to ronsolidati- and jicrfcct tiu' cinitiri'.
Syria and Phu'iiii'ia
yielded iineoiiditionally
to his sway. Now, for
the first tinii', .Jewish
and lioniau history iie-
'/m to hav
eoninion.
e jMiints in
It
was sixtv
vears hefore Christ that
aid
■w to .lenis
leni and took it. It was
not
de
t met 1011,
hut
suhjugution, which h
80 uu
ht
anil ol)tained.
His exploits won him
jrreat iiopiihirilyat Konie.
His next Held of glory
was Spain, where ho was
iii\e
authority.
;ted with
supreme
Pom
l)ey
jllorv was
hi
s weakness.
II
e was a
meniherof the conserva-
tive party, an." its lead-
er, without l)eing fully
eiiual to the tasks in-
volved. In the mean-
while, .lulius CiV'sar had
ilevelo|RHl into I lie lead-
er of the opposition, and he was a man of lom-
manding genius. Without going now into the gen-
eral career of tiiis greatest of all Uomans, it may be
well to dis])ose of his relations to I'ompey. Ueiier-
ally hostile, they were sometimes friends and co-
workers. At one time they were knit togetiier by
ties i(f marriage. In those days of easy divorces,
matrimonial alliances for political reasons were not
uncommon. I?ut on the jjrinciple of ''natural
selection" the two men were not adajited to a'" co-
])arceny." Cu'sar was a thorough Marian. Pom-
pey. without being a consistent jiarty man, was, on
tlie whole, a Houri)on of liie Sullan srho<d. Tiien
I'aeii would naturally be somewhat jealous of the
other. Cu'sar seems to have iieen spared uny very
intense jealousy by his ronsciousness of superiority,
and for a long time Pom pey was spared it liy the
possession of inordinate self-conceit. Hut tinallv.
all makeshifts and devices of conipromise being I'x-
haiisteil. each recognized in the other an iniplaeable
enemy, and they came to sustain to eaeii other much
t he relat ion (Jarthiige and
Uome had sustained.
One or the otiier must
perish. Civil war was
inevitable, and eiilmin-
ated in the battle of
Piiarsalia, fought in
June. H. C. -IS. Moth
armies were large and
well-ollleered. It was a
complete victory for
Ca'sar. The vaiKpiishod
warrior lied with a snndl
remnant of the army,
and in his llight ho was
• I -iassinated by false
friends. At the ago of
lifty-eight he felC the
hero of three Iriumiihs
overtho three continents.
Long tiie foremost nnin
of liome, Poinpey fell
while seeking asylum in
Kgypt, where he had
hoped to recruit his
forces and make one
:!!oro stand against the
inevitable.
I'umpi'y, Itomi'.
15eLwecii the glory of Pompey and the eclipsing
■splendor of Ciosar, there intervened the conspiracy
of Cataliue, an episiulo of the rei)ublic rendered im-
mortal by Cicero. Cataline was a spoilt child of
fortune. Noble in l)lood and great in inlellect, he
was ignoble in spirit and unscrupulous in tiie use of
means. lie aspired to the consulship. Pi.iling to
reach tiie goal by fair means, he conceived the des-
perate iiiii'ipose of raising a conspiracy. It was an
ago of blood and horrors, and that Aaron Burr of
Uome res(dved to achieve command by arming the
lowest and most desperate class of citizens. His
J-=^
)'•:
LAST CENTURY Ol' THK UOMAN KKPUHLIC.
15.3
Cinrii
jilot wiiH (lif<fli>!<i;il, imd (JiciTu, tlicii tlic fort'iiiDsl.
oriilor III tilt! liDiiiiui
liiir imd ill tlio sciiiiti',
unili^rliiok l(j thwart
lii'ii liy pi'osi't'Ul iim fur
troiisDii. Tliu oi'iitiuiiH
lu' (li'livt'ri'il iiro prosorv-
0(1, aiul milk st'cond on-
ly to the ]Miili[)j)ii's of
Di^iiiosthomiH. Tlio groat
orator Hcriircd tlio ban-
islimuiit of the consiiira-
tor, and was liailud la
tho savior of liis country ;
and so jiorhajis lie was. Cicero was a most aci'oiii-
jdisliL'd man in every way. Ho was the rijiust fruit
of civilization j)r(Mliiccd liy the Iloinan rcimlilic.
His weakness was vanity, and as a man of piihlie
affairs ho was not tiio eiiual of Ca'sar, hut in schol-
arship and superh statesmanship ho was unriv;iled.
His is one of the most aujjust lii,'iires in all history.
A philosopher and a statesman, hecontrihutudmore
to the literature of his country than to its jwlitical
destiny, while yet pre-iMiiinent in alTairs of slate.
Tho consulship was attained by him. He was not a
strong partisan, nor was ho a thoroughly great poli-
tician in any point of view. His powers were ,„ lit-
tle to(Hliversilied to admit of tho very highest aciiiev-
ments. He sought to preserve tho good in old
forms and ideas, while appreciating the advantages
of jirogress. Ho seemed somewhat vacillating, hut
it was the vacillation of intellectual breadth rather
than cowardice. He enjoyed the po))ular favor, and
cscajHid the i)erils of civil war until the great crisis
of the state culminated in the a.ssiussi nation of Ju-
lius Ca?sar, when not even a Uicero could maintain
a neutral position. He fully identilied himself with
the i)arty of Hrutus, im^ajjable though he was of act-
ual jiarticipation in the assassination. When Cie-
sarism won the day and retril>ution came. Cicero
was one of the victims. He was niiirdered by order
of the victorious Octavius, B. C. 4'^. IJut his fame
and his writing remain a vital j)art of the world,
and will survive to all time.
Julius (\i'sar belongs in part to theiK3riod of this
ciiapter, and in jjart to the next. Altlumgh he
never wore a crown, he justly stands as the typical
emperor. Imi)erialisni and Ciesarism are synony-
mous terms. Yet he was a democrat, in distinction
from an aristotiral, and throughout liis |)oliiiral ca-
reer was the unvarying and indomitalile foe of
tho aristocracy. His I'lood was noble, none more so,
and h(^ could have been the pet of tho senatorial
aristocrats. Hut following the fortunes of the Ma-
rian i)arty, to wliicii he was bound by f.imily ties, he
championed tiu^ cause of the populacio. Cautious
and far-seeing, lii^ did not lilurt out his plans, and
spoil all by wearing his heart on his sleeve. He en-
tered jMiblic life early, and yet was deliberate and
prudent in pushing li.the front. He took care not
to call upon himself sjiecial animosity. Uy gradual
stejis he rose, until he was allowed a eonimand in
the far West. Tp to this ti ho liati not distin-
guisheil himself. Some narrow escapes are recorded
of liiiu ill the days of Sulla, whose command to put
away by divorce the wife of his youth, he grandly
disobeyed. He was iKjt a model husband by any
means, and ilid divorce his wife afterwards from
iiiotivc^s of p(dicy. He wits a sjx'udthrift and de-
baitche.
.Vfter distinguishing himself in Spain, lie roturu-
ed and was rloeted Consul, H. C. ")'.». That was
something of a crisis in the republic, for the new
Consul improved the time to secure many reforms,
and to foreshadow (piite clearly the aims of the de-
mocracy. It was evident that he would, if ho could,
[)Ut an end to tlu^ narrowness of tho past. Rome,
to his (iinception, was a nation, not a metropolis.
This over-present [lolitical issue, the constant (piaii-
tity in Uoiiiaii politics, was accepted in ;dl its logic
by Cit'Siir. It was not the plebeians against tlieiia-
tricians, Laliiim against the city, but the whole cm-
])ire against the favored few of the capital. He
became henceforth the recognized leader of the na-
tional party. His term of service over, he went to
(!aul its Prot!()tisul, tind pushed the coiKiuest of tho
West to Hritiiin. By the artful em[iloyiiieiit of jio-
litieal agencies, he so far concilitited I'oiupey and
his party, as to secure tho extension of his military
commission. He •• stooped to coiKptor." Allowed
a ])owerful arm\ , ho iiiiide such s|ilendid use of his
oj)|)ortunities, that ho Itiid Rome under very heavy
oliligalion to him. and consolidated about him an
army which could bo relied ti[)(in to follow wherever
he led. He wtis then able to take an aggressive
and bold stand. T'lie civil wtir with Pomiioy was
incident to his plan, nothing more. His recptest to
bo allowed to come home and sttind for another
&4
!
I
^ "l
ft
m
'54
LAST CENTUKY OK I'lll': ROMAN KKI'UHLIC.
ciiiisiiliir iiU'ctidii lioiiii; lU'iiind hy the Hoimtu, lio
liiililly (leiiiuil not (inly llic uutliority of tliiit IxHly,
liiit, (liu \cry ciiiistiliilinii uf tli(^ ro|iiil)lic. He wuh
ruiliidilcii In ailviiiicc iiciiiiT lliiiii 1,1a' riviT Uiiliicoii,
hut liu crossi'il it,, mul in sndoiii^ Hotliiiuwelf 8(|iiiirt'-
ly iiLMiHst, liuili the |iri'S('iil edict luid tlio lu« of
truditidiiiil iiiitliority. 'I'iiiit wii.s tlio tuniiti^-|iiiiiit
ill liis fiirliiiiuH, iind, as it pnivud, tliu doalii-lilow
(if tliu n'|>ul)lic. Witli «(iiidiM'fiil (vli'fily, lii' luissud
from pliico tc pliico, (luulliiii; tlio risiiiif Htoriii of
opposition. Mvurywlioru tlio ('oiiHorviitivos wore
aroused, iind notliing suvo Mio inooinpiinildo ^^'ciiiiiH
of CiuHiu- pri'vciiti'd a crusliiiij^ coniliiiiiitioii iif^'iiinst
liini. l''roin Itoiiio lio wont to Sptiin, tiicii liiU'k
iigiiin to moot tlio forco-s of I'ompi'y. No sooner
luul lio won tlio Itattlo of I'liiirsalia llian ho was o(T
for Kgypt, and put down tiio party whoso caiiso
I'ompoy luid espoused. .V mutiny in his own army
was soon put down, and s.siftly followed hy the utter
overthrow of the I'ompoian jiarty, whieii made its
lust stand in Africa. Wo next Iind him in Spain
again. Hy that time he was ready to come hack to
Uonio and enter upon the actual exercise (one can
hardly say enjoyment) of ids authority. Ho was
now master uf liome and all its triliutarios. 'IMio
empire, politically speaking, dates from his election
as Dictator for life, when he had reai'hcd a jiosition
from wiiich only death could dislodge him. We
cannot hetlcr close this chajiter than hy citing,
without endorsing, tiie now famous concluding pas-
sage in Froudo's L'lesar :
"The spirit wiiicii contined government to its
simplest duties, while it left opinion unfettered, was
esi»ocially present in .lulius Ciosar hinisolf. Fnmi
cant of all kinds ho was totally free. lie was a
friend of the peo|ile, liiit he indulged in no entlni-
siiixni for liherty. lio never dilated on the heauties
of virtue, or complimented, as CiciTo did, a Provi-
dence in which hi' did not lielieve. He was too sin-
cere to stoo(j to unreality. Ho lielil to the facts
of this life and to his own com ietions ; and as he
found no reason for suii[iosing that there was a life
heyond the grave, lie did not pretend to oxjiect if.
He respected the religion of the Uoniaii State as an
institution i stahlisliod hy the laws. He encouraged
or loft unmolested the creeds and praetieos of the
uncounted sects or trihes who wore gathered under
tho eagles. Hut his own writings contain nothing
to indicate that he liimsolf had any religious helief
at all. Ho saw no (evidence that tho gods practically
interfered in human affairs. He never pretended
that Jupiter was on his side. Wa thanked his sol-
diers after a victory, but lie did not order 71' Diuius
to 1)0 sung for it; and in the ahsence of these con-
ventionalisms lie perhaps showed more real rever-
ence than ho could have displayed by tho freest use
of the formulas of jiiotisni.
*' He fought his battles to establish sonic tolerable
degree of justice in the governnient of this world ;
and sueeeeded, thougii he was niiirdored for doing it.
" Strange and startling resemblance between the
fate of the founder of the kingdom of this world
and of the Founder of the Kingdom not of this
world, for which the lirst was a preparation. Kaeli
was dcnouiK'cd for making himself a king. Kacli
was maligned as the friend of publicans anil sin-
ners : each was betfayed b\ tliosi' whom he had loved
and cared for; each was put to death ; and t'u'sar
also was Ijolieved to have risen again and ascended
into heaven and boeouie a divine being."
r-i\
!•''--•"■"'■■■-
IB
in
■■
"'i""'iri"ii'i"iii"'iiiH" """T""'"
MMMwmmmmmm^ .
CHAPTER XXVI.
i>K Kiiorni:— Sknatiiiiiai.
HINATKIN I'l.clT— TlIK 'rilirMVIllATK
— TlIK Kmi'ikk ami tiik
UK ('Ai.KNiiAii— Ili« Motto is Life— Tfhtisionv
Tnn HKPi'ni.ir and Imi'Khiai.i»m— c.khaii and thy
Ukkoiim— AiiK (If Skk.itkism— Tiik I'liorr'KiiKii Ciiown— Tiik Akhab-
I'I.KOI'ATHA tiik IlKAITII'Il.— AnilBTIK AM) IIH I'ol.ICY
SkNATK I'ol'll.AIIITV OF- TIIK KmI'KIIOII AlClL'HTt'K— MlIllVALK ON
K KMl'lltK— TlIK AUIIUHTAN AclK.
"^H^^^tv^-H
'r wiw 111 tlio your 1$. ('. -tO
tliiit Cii'siir wiw niiiiiod Dic-
tiiUtr for ten ymirs, with tlio
rii^lit to iioiiiiiiiito the por-
sims whom tlie |h'o|)I(> were
to cliooso for their Consuls
iuul I'ru'tors. Tii less thiin
two yt'iirs iiis hloody corse
lay lit the foot of P"""""-'.
the senate cliam-
jnipey's pillar in
bor. Durinu that
short space of
time was wnm^'ht
a mighty work of
reoonstruction,'
and the founda-
tions of imperi-
alism were laid so
sei'iirely, that nothing hut tlio
corrosions of time could de-
stroy them, anil even tlien de-
struction was not Comjilcte. Julius Ca-snr.
Republicanism was not democracy. The form of
self government was maintained without conferring
the sulistanco of lilierty.
Tender the jilea of iiopular rights was inaugura-
tedtlie Empire. The term "emperor" (imperator) was
unknown then, mid was not assumed by the tirst of
thoCa'sars; but the reality of absidiitism was en-
joyed by . I ulius Ca-sar more fully than liy any of
his successors. They all refrained from assuming
the kingly name, and kept uii some siiow of popu-
lar government. In the course of time Kmperor
liecame a more imjiosiiig title than King, but origin-
ally the idea of nionarchy was not siigLrested bv it,
or even liy the really iiiorj sovereign title of Dicta-
tor, ("a'sar was absolute master because the people
so elected, and tiie right of hereditary succession
was not an integral part of primitive imperialism.
'J'lie work of reform was coinme:;ced at mice.
The courts were purilied and political rings broken
up. The standard of imblic morality had sunk to
a pitiful (lei)th of degradation during the jierturbed
century now closed, ("iusar was no purist, but he
ajipreciated the necessity of a liigiier tone of public
sentiment. He early set about reforming tiic c!il-
eudar. ("icero siu'crcd at iiiiii, and so did liu' other
learned men of the times. They were skilled in
the wisdom of (J recce, but unversed in tiiat of
Egypt. Ca'sar iiad been in .Vlexandria, and his
(|uick i)erce[)tions saw the advantage of a scien-
tific division aiul measurement of time. Tie
adopted sulistantially the Egyptian system, jirevi-
oiisly cxiilained. Our Julian calendar, leaj) year
(KS5)
\
i
j^:
156
^
"^
CM:.sAR and THK KMl'IRIi.
mill ;!ll, siil! .stiiiuls. .-i. d tlio lirsl day of Jaii-
uary lias been ^'ew Yeur'^ day evor siuco Jl. V. 4o.
For fourtcoii years Cicsar liad known no rest, and
lio was now lirty-tivt' yoars old, but lie abatoil nono
of his industry. His was a natiiro whiih lould not
iind ri'poso in life. " If you want a lliiii<; well
done, do it yourself ■"' was his eharacterislie niotto.
The eoufused slate of the jrovernnieut deniandeil
his lonslaiit attention in alfairs of jieaeo, but he
was soon obliged to set out for Spain to put down
the last reninant of the eoiiservative party in its
open iiostility. lletook with iiini his sisters son
(lie had no ehild of his own) Oetavius, afterwards
Auirustus, then a lad of eiirhteen years. 'I'his boy
he adopted, and to him he evidently looked for a
siU'cessor. Xo doubt the youth learned inueli dur-
ing that eanipaign whivli was of inealeulable ad-
vantage to liini as einiieror. In the spring of 4."),
the very last banle of that eivil war was fought in
Spain, near <iibraltar. It completed the defeat of
the party whieli had been elleetually erushed in
jioint of fact at I'harsalia. '' The tree eonstitiition
of the repHlilif." says I'roude. '• luul issued at last in
eleetii.ns whirh were a mockery of representations,
in court; of law vchich were an insult to justice,
and in tae conversion if the enipLro into the feed-
ing-grounds of a gluttoi'.ous aristocracy." This is
the language of an imiK>rial!st, still it is not an e.\-
aggc'-ation. The battle of Miinda was fought in
Mari'h, and it was I'ot until late in the following
autumn that the Dictator set out on his return to
".\ome. His lirst caro was to disarm ofiposition by
clememy. He tried by that means to placate the
implacable aristocracy.
He tilleil the senatorial vacancies, and raiseil the
iiiiinber of that body to nine luindred. Among the
senators ui'i'i' some (iaiils. and even some ivnanci-
nated slaves. The high-bori. [latricians were in-
sulTerablv indignant. He tried to check the eifem-
inai-v if till.' times, and stringent sumptuary laws
were passed. .V connnission was appointed to (JigH'st
tiic 'aws, judiiaal and statutory, and great elfort
was luade to make Konie a scii'iililic center. He
formed lari;e engini'cring plans for draining the
Pontine marshes, ami similar enterprises. His
arrhiteiiural plans were on a magnilicent scale.
Nutlnng, ill fait, seemed In escape his attention in
thi'-liapeof secuhir improvement., it was an age
of universal skenticism. Ca'sar himself had held
the ui'lice of high priest, but was a disbeliever in all
religious tenets, including the doctrine of inunor-
tality. Classic myths were ;us mythical to him as
to us of to-<lay. and the intelligence of mankind
siiared his agnosticism, exi ept as there was a sect
of Jews who were somewhat learned and held to
the doctrine of a future life. Oldfornisof worshij)
and systems of religion were inaintaiiied only for
secular reasons, being interwoven with the jiolitical
structure of society and deemed useful for purjioses
of state.
Hut the crisis was near, (^n the fifteenth of Feb-
ruary, the day of the liUpercalia (a feast in honor
I '' Pan, who was supposed, in a literal sense, to
"keep the wolf from the door") Mark Antony,
Henceforth a noted name, but hitherto subordinate,
olfered Ca'sar the crown. Antony was one of the
Consuls. A faint ap[)lause was heard, Ojien disap-
[iroval might have been dangerous. It was evident
that the Romans were not at all kindly dis])osed to-
ward a return to royalty. The traditions of the
'i'ari|uins were too deeply graven in their thoughts.
The otler was gently put aside, and uiioii its repeti-
tion Ca'sar was heard to si.y, •• I am not king. The
only king of Rome is Jupi'er." The boldness and
liersistence of the olTer and ilie fecblencs:! of the re-
fusal, eonilrmed t he suspicions of the senatorial oil
garcliy that Ca'sar really cherished kingly ambition
and wiuild not be content to remain ImjxTator. It
was dear that the only wav to dispose of him was by
assassination. That expeiliL'iit was resolved upon.
t)nee more a Bru-
tus was found to un-
dertake the cause of
republicanisn. This
later Krutus was suji-
[losed by some to be
the natural son of Ca'-
sar. but however that
nniy be. they were
close friends. It was
at lirst doubtful if he
would lend his name
am! persontotheplot, but he tinally did. The con-
spirators ki'pt their secret well ; albeit some rumors
of the impending catastrojihe were noised abroad.
yet Ca'sar continued to perform his olUcial duties
at the senate without special precautions. At.
length the lifteentii of March, 1 he dav aureed uiion
MarruH Hnihia.
^711
CESAR AND THK EMPIRE.
157
for tlie iinsiissiimtiou. ciiiiu', jiiid tlio Imin'riitor ap-
IK^iiring as usual in tlio C'a|iit()l, tlu' coiispiralors
surroundoil liiiu, aiirl tlic lilooily work was linislu'd
bcfiin? liis frioiuls could rally. Many romantiu do-
tails, c'videnlly tlio invonlion of later inKiu;inalions.
are told illustrative of tlu' tniLric iiuerost wliioli will
ever cliistor about tliat most naMuoralile of all assas-
sinations. It has iic't'ii worthily drauiati/od by the
fiouius of Shal\S[)oari', and oiii' is tt'Mi|itc'il lo [lauso
over tho tra.ujody. 'l he really historical iatcrcsl dot's
not center in liie taUiuijf ott itself, but in what led
to it and resulted from it; and Cicero was ri^hl.
when he remarked, " The tyrant is dead ; tyranny
renuiius." The imperial party having lost its leader,
another bloody civil war ensued, luit out of it all the
empire emerged territorially and jjolitically intact.
At iirst Antony, Lepidus. nnister of horse, and
Octavius, Ca'sar's nephew
and heir. wer(> stunned,
but they soon rallied and
roused the popuhn- indig-
nation, for t'a'sar was a
name to conjure with.
Cicero apologizi'd for and
lauded the assassination,
while Brutus and Cassius
rallied an armv in defense.
A bitter and desperate
struggle ensued. It was a
OctllVlUS. '^ ■• , 111
comparatively easy task to
pniiisli tho assassins, but the three avengers then fell
out. Lepidus wiis lirst disposed of. and Anti)nyand
Octavius wiiired tierce warfare. In the meanwhile.
the former had settled
himself luxuriouslv if
not comforlaijly at .\U'\-
an Iria, giving himself up
t o t he society of Cleopatra,
tluM(uecn of Kgyi'tj whose
beauty and dalliance have
nnide her name familiar
to all. That was no time
foi- voluptuousness. An-
tony might havi ..on the
inqierial pri/t' bv strict at-
tention to busini's-. lint he
frittered away his opportunity, and noeleventliduiur
rallv could save him. lie perished, and with him
tlie beauteovis ([ueen. With her fell the dynasty of
M;irrns Anlnniiis
the I'tolemies. Its position was precarious before,
and now the last, spark of real royalty expired.
Cleopatra was designe(l
by Octavius lo grace his
triumphal return to tiie
capital, but she liailled
him by applying the fil-
ial asp to her breast. That
sweet ri'venge was denit'd
him, but he was none tho
less master of the sitmition.
His uncle. under somewhat
similar circumstances. hail
been very lenient to his en-
emies. Augustus, as he now
calleil himself, resolved to "nsf.f (•i.M.,mtoatu.micr«i..
avoid that jieril. He put to the sword all vhom be
thought could stand between him and security on
the iin[)erial ihrime. lie seemed to Ik- the very ideal
of nnmstrous cruelty, so relentlessly did he I'arry
out this policy, but, having once made an end of his
enemies, he hid a long farewell to slaughtei'. and
inaugurated a period of tranquillity.
The reign of Augustus Ca'sar, which was in ef-
fect a contiiunitionof the Imiieratorship of dulius
Ca'sar. covered a iieriod of forty years, namely
from U. C. ".".t, whan he returned to Rome to enjoy
his triple triumiih. his last enemy, Antony, having
been crushed under his feel, until near the close of
A. I). It. when he trani|udly fell asleep in death.
From the battle of .Vcliuin. in which the .Vntonian
army was routed, tho empire had beiMi at rest. No
internal dissension disturbeil the reposi of the ci\il-
i/.ed world. Such a profound and univi'rsal cessa-
tion of hostilities had never i)een known, ami ha-;
not beiMi (Uijoyed since. " The empire means peace."
It is curious that tliis reign of [leaci' rested not
onlv iqxui carnage, but upon military rule. Augiis-
tii> owed his ascendancv in its continuance to the
striding army. He was not only /'/'///'vyw of the
senate. — astrictly re[iuhlican and civil t it le. — but also
Consul and I'rocousiil, lii'inij: Imperator for life.
The senate was ri'organi/.eil by him, ami lost, forever
its inilependetu'e and importance. Henceforth it
w;is hanllvuKire than the Ib'itish house of lords, re-
taining I he semblance of authority without the real-
i!v. The powers of thcTriliiinate were also absorix'd
iiiloilie imperial olliee. .V-; sovereign ponlilV or
higii priest, he assumed what there wiis left of
»)
;1
■• 41 1
t
(/x
■•r! ;r
'4
i!i. \
%',.
M:.
$}
i 1 •
'I I ■■
IS.- , •■
i^
'58
CAESAR AND THE EMPIRE.
ecclesiastical jurisiUctiou. It was jiot imich, but 1
something, lie was no advocate of skepticism, and
certainly 1 o adniirer of i)liilos()pliy. lie contemned
the sjwculations t^f metaphysics, and did what lie
could to restore tiie old faitli. Indeed, he was em-
inently conservative. Having won all the honors and
]>owers iio could covet, he set about allaying the
animosities of the old regime by consjiicuous rc-
sjiect for the triulitional prejudices of the citizens.
Perhaps Ca>sar's ghost with the ugly stabs of the
isfied witli the nonor thus conferred, but he took
care tliat the actual authority exercised should be
such that ever since his day, Emperor has been the
proudest and most royal titl' Dossible among men.
Hitherto the Empire of Eome has had no certain
boundaries, and no organic iuljustment. Procon-
suls and Praetors liave been assigned] to duties in an
irregular and jerky way. Augustus systematized
the government and districted the state. Italy,
from the Alps to the Straits of Messina, Aras divided
I -^f
]{OMK IN' TIIK TIME
conspirators, was an evor-i)otont argument against
persistent radicalism. He may have felt tliat his
personal safety iviiuired liim to conciliate tlie favor
of the conservative element, so far as tliat could be
done without the surrender of imperial ambition. He
loved the reality of jjov.cr without its pomp. He
lived jilainlv. dressed in " humcsiiini." wal'-'d the
streets, nodding and cli.itting pleusanlly wi.li his
ae(|uaiMtances. nheying subjio'iias to apjiear as a
witness in court, and in every way of lliat kimli'on-
cealing liie < Town lie wore, iiike Honnilus. Camil-
ius, Cicero and .Iiilius, he was Inuled as the faliier
of his country, and ])rofessed to be al)undant]y sat-
OI' AfOlISTAS O.KSAU.
into eleven districts, ail under the control of the
Pnetor in tiie city. Tiie vest of tiie emjiire was
divided into senatorial or imperial provinces, ac-
cording as tlie governors were accountable to the
senate or tiie Emperor. Tiie entire standing army
was not far from tliree linndred and lifty tliousand,
not including tlie naval force, wiiieii was very con-
siderable, and tiie lirst ever maintained by tlie Ko-
mans. S}ieaklng of tiie taxes levieil at tiiistime, an
eminent iiistoriau says: " Tiie sources of iniblic
revenue were indeed numerous and varied. Tlie
jinlilie domain I'eserved in ancient times to the state
after eaeh successive contest, had now lieen gener-
C^SAR AND THE EMPIRE.
159
iilly <Uvi(lu(l iuiiong the citizens, or remitted to tlieii
subjects; the tri])ute or liiiid tiix, origii\iilly imposed
upon citizens and subjects iiliive, iiad bjen remitted
to the soil of Italy since tlie con()Viest of Macedonia ,
but this contribution was still Ijvied tliroughoutthe
provinces, in money or in kind, and tiie capitation
tax pressed alike upon every iuiiabitant of the Ro-
man domiiuous. Mines aud quarries, fislieiies and
salt works, were generally public |;r;.>Morty farmed
for the state. Tolls and customs were exacted on
every road and in every city, and most of the ob-
jects of personal property, both deail and livestock,
including slaves, paid a duty in proportion to tlieir
value. Augustus imposed a rate of one-twentieth
on legacies, but this mild ex])eriment in direct tax-
ation caused considerable murmurs. The great
corn-growing countries of Egyjjt and Africa made a
special contriJHition of grain for the sujjply of
Rome and Italy. The largesses, both of victuals
and money, to the jxsople, which had been au occa-
sional boon from tiie early times of the republic,
were henceforth conferred regularl\»and systenniti-
cally, and there wjis no more fai;;al error in the j)ol-
icy of the emj)ire (tiiough it was neither invented
by the emperors nor could tliey relieve themselves
from it) than tlic taxation of industry in the prov-
inces to maintain idle arrogance at liome."
The population of the city of Rome is sui)posed
to have been about 700,000 ; that of the emi)ire as
a whole, not less than ]00,(H)0,000. The capital
was enriched by nniny temples and otlier public
buildings, and other cities like Alexandria and An-
tiocii, rivals of l{omein])opulation and u'l'ucral civil-
ization, seemed to bask in imperial smiles. Tiie Em-
jwror made an extended Eastern tour, not as acon-
cpieror, l)ut as the friend and benefactor of his sul)-
jeotsand fellow citizens, for lie carefully nuiintained
the appellation of citizen, and the franchises wiiich
it implied wore enjoyed by many of tlie])eoi)le in all
parts of the empire. At one time lie undertook in
|ierson an exiiedition to nuell an insurrection in a
remote AVestern jirovince (lor j.iofound as was the
IKjace of Rome, barbaric eruptions of a trivial na-
ture were not wholly wanting), and the eagles of
Rome took a somewhat widening circle in the'-
iligiit westward, lie left the empire enlarged a lit-
tle, and consolidated so tiioroughly that it rested
on a basis so solid that it seemed for I'cnturies to be
eternal. It has been remarked, tiuit of the city of
Rome Augustus could say, " I found it brick and
left it marble." Of the empire, surely it might be
said that he found it bricks and left it an arch.
The loose material was cemented into a grand and
enduring structure on wliicii tiie goverinnont of the
world for centuries could set'ur" y rest.
Tiie details of tti's reign were uneventful, and iii
following the empire in its course from this time on
we siiall not liiid very niiicii of actual imi)ortance.
Rome has now ac(|uired its distinctive tyiK) and char-
acter. Before following tlie long line of emperors
it may behest to pau.-e and consider Latin literature,
for the best part of it belongs to liie Augustan age.
m
ll»@8t''l
i
'I
' 1,
X'il
:ii I
rr
i«
^'
PBECLASSIC LlTEIlATfliK— Mac AII.AV AND PUI.MITIVK LaTIN— TllllEK PERIODS — TlIE (ioI.DEN AoE
— VlIKlll, — IIOItAf E— Lll'HETH'? — OVIl) — THE I'llETS OP THE Sll.VKU A(iE— IK Eltl) AND LATIN
I'liosE— The IIisToHiASs OF Kome: Sai.i.i'st, C.esau, Livy, and Tacitus— The Plinys— Quin-
TI1.I AN— Latin Jf iiisi'iildenik.
#30D^i--.i
HERE is most unmistakii-
ble proof that tlio TJoniiins,
like the Greeks and iiiaiiy
(itiuT peoiik's, iiad tl.eir
early ballads. Every eouu-
try which can boiist iiiiich
c'.ii-idsily and intelligence.
son
as liad aAvealth of such crca-
if mingled history and fancy,
le and fact, woven into poj)-
ngs. Hut that primitive Lat-
•atiirt' almost wholly perished
'fore the prcst'nt Latin liter-
ature had itsiiirth. What is known
;i> tiu' history of tiie kings and
earlv consuls of Ivome is mainly
licticious. More than three hun-
dred years after liie date ordinarily assigned for the
foundaiion of tiie city, the pul)lic records were (k-
stroved l)\ the (iauls, aud it was at least a century
and a half later, heforc the annals (if theconininn-
we;illh were conijiiled.
Speaking on tiie subject in liand. Macau lay says
models. The Isatin metres — licroic, elegiac, lyric,
and dramatic — are of ( rreek origin. The best Latin
opie p(jetry is the feeble echo of the Iliad ami Odys-
sey. The best Latin eeologues are inutations of
Tiie(jcritus. The jilanof the most linished didaetio
])oem in the Latin tongue was taken from Ilesiod.
The Latin tragedies are bad copies of the master-
Lile if any reading or writ- jjieces of Sophocles and pjurii)ides. The Latin
Ins
T
.at III
lil
era! lire w hi
hicil
has come down to lis is of later date than lii
niencenicnt of tiie sec'ond I'liiiic war. and con
com
sisis almost, c\cliisi\i.
'Ivof words fiishioned on (ircc
comedies are free translations from Demoiihilus,
Mereaiider and Apollodoriis. The Latin philosophy
was borrowed without alteration from the I'ortico
and the Academy; and the <:reat Fjatiii orators
constantly i)ro[iosed to themselves as patterns, the
speeciies of |)eiiiosthenes and Lysias." There is,
tlierefore. nothing original, strictly speaking, in the
<'x!:!nt xu'itings d' the Latin classics, and the very
name of any ; bsolutely original author has j»er-
islied. Tlu! later writers, whose works have per-
isJH'd. were imitators, and probaiily [xior at tiiat.
'J"he fair infen'iice from frairiiients is, that- the iiest
of the literature lias survi\i'(|. Without eniiiiici-
aling the lost books, we will give s(mie idea of the
liresent Imdy of Latin classics. Jt is onh where ,i
lanirnage and a liti i'aliiie is oriLrinal aii<l •.'erminal.
like tin
lions arc valiia
tlreek. that ils\crv rrau'iiients ai
h! I rail 1-
bk
Lat
in literature niav he said to have had threi
iii'riods. The first •ontaiiis mam lost works am
(I()0)
«1
<5 n^
LATIN CLASSICS.
I6l
two names worthy of record, Plautus ami Tcrcncu.
Both were writers of comedies, not the grand and
powerful works of Aristoplianes and Shaks|K)arc, hut
tlie n_i,dit, half farcical conirits of tlie present. '* i)la}
of the i)eriod." They have all tiic vices of the
Greek and some of the excellences. We have
twenty of the comedies of Plautus. Thev art low
and morbid, generally devoted to the intrigues of
illicit love. They were very popular for at least
five centuries, lie was a native of Italy, but not
of Uome, and was born \i. 0. "^iO. Terence was
eighteen years younger and a native of Carthage.
lie was a slave, as was Ej)ictetus, the great ethical
writer of later Home.
lie modeled hisv^cks
after the Greek pat-
terns. He left six
plays, which are much
read by scholars, and
studied by playwrights
of classical education.
lie had great power
of character delinea-
tion, lie is credited
with having given to
the i^atin language
its highest perfection
in point of elegance
and art. He was more
refined than Plautus.
The latter wrote for
the stage a? ))atronizod by a coarse iieople ; the
former wrote for a more refined taste.
Pas,sing over tlie somewhat long list of lost medi-
ocrity, we come to the Golden Age, for what re-
mains belongs either to tiiat period or the Silver
Age, a distinction fully justified by the poetry
of the two ages, but not by the i)rose. The jjoets of
the (iolden age are Ovid, Virgil. Horace and Lucre-
tius; of tile Silver Age, Pha'drus..Iuvenal. Lucan,
Statins and Martial. The jiroso writers of tiie
former age are (Jicero, >iepos, (;a>sar, Sallust and
[jivy ; of the latter ag(!, Tacitus. Siu'tonius, Seneca,
Pliny, (^uiiililian, Epictetus and Marcus Auri'lius.
The two latter I Kuuesari' sometimes omitti'd.liut they
lu'long liere. Tiie first was a slavt'and tlie second an
emperor, and both were j)ure and lofty moralists.
Tacitus, (^uintilian and Seneca are siH'ond only to
Cicero, if indeed, lU/t worthy to rank at his side.
g@)[£CGE
The fir.st name in Latin literature is that of \\r-
gil. lie was a man of rare genius and indefatiga-
ble industry, lie wrote much and was unwearieil
in perfecting his lines. Horn at Mantua in B. C.
70, he became a rijK) schwlar, a careful student of
the Greek, also of medicine and matiiematics. At
the age of tiiirty he repaired to the capital. His
education was received mainly at Naples, where his
last years were spent. His ilisposition was of a re-
tiring nature, loving the solitude of !,'ature and his
library. His first work was the " Bucolics," a truly
rural poem of considerable length. The "Georgics"
and " Ecologues " came later and occupied his time
f'>r seven years. But
his one really great
production is the " vE-
neid," upon which the
last ten years of his
industrious life were
spent. He lived to
complete it, but so crit-
ical was his taste that
he never ceased to i)ol-
ish the verse. Had his
life-work closed with-
out the latter epic, he
would have ranked
with Hcsiod, only his
sui>erior by far. The
yEneid gives him com-
panionship with Ho-
mer, but a long distance beneath him. He is, there-
fore, asecjnd and greater llesiod. and second and less-
er Home.'. The subject of the J'^neid is the settle-
ment of the Trojans in Italy. In the '' Iliad " vEiieas
's one of the minor heroes of Troy, and Virgil repre-
sents him as escaping with great ditlieulty from that
city at the time of the great conflagration, lea(i!ng a
small colony of refugees to Italy. Their joun.ey
thither was an eventful one. The story of his stay at
Carthage and the jiassion of Queen Dido, the deviee
liy which he escaped, and her tragic eiiil. are familiar
to tiiosc at all aeiiuainteil with classic legends. He
catered to tli(> national prejudice by representing
tlie (^ueen ol' Carthage as jilted liy the lieroto whom
it waspreteiideil thedesceiit of the Emperor Augus-
tus could be traced. The story li:i> no historical
f'oiiniiatioii beyond the probability that some fugi-
tives from Troy may have found their way to Italy,
'■ I
;•■; ■!
; .'.li
M.
r
i4^
162
LATIN CLASSICS,
llH- J' I
r
iiiiil t'(»i'iiio(l i)iir(, of tilt! stock of tlio Iloniiiii jieoplo.
Tlie Juieid suf^gusts ill its curlier liooks tlio Odyssoy,
ill tlic liitur, tilt' Iliiul. Soiiio minor ikjoius art' iit-
triimtud to him. Tlioy iiro not of a high onlur, iiiid
if written by him must Iwivo been the pnxluction of
" vouly " youth.
Next to Mrgil ranks Horaee, the eonsummatu
master of tiie art of poetry. He 'oved case, and
wroie odes and epodes, satires and epislles which at-
test a mind of the highest culture, of lofty genius
and sul)limo repose, lie took the world as he found
it, not over curious as to what went before or would
come after. He saw in the theological teachings of
his ,iay a cidlection of inyths, and caretl no more
for Jupiter and the Olynniian deities than we of to-
day ilo. As for a future life, it was the least of his
troubles. He was not grttss, but was "of the earth
earthy." In his life was seen the typical man of the
world, the jioet of a civilization which is content to
f' How till.' motto, ' Owe world at a time." There
was nothing of the controversialist in his tIisj)osi-
tioii, nor had he any conctiptionof any ''mission"
in life. It any one cared to accept the foolish fables
of the priests or the ratiocinations of the philosophers,
he liad no objections. Tiiat was their business, not
his. The son of an emancipated slave, he took no
thought for to-murrow. Hrilliant. amiable, respect-
able, jovial and fairly well-versed in the learning of
tiic (lay, he could satiri/e witjiout cauterizing ; be-
slow [iraise without fulsome flattery ; sound the lute
ill t'estivity without swinish licentiousness. Hisotles
have never been excelled as odes, and it is haidly
too much to say, that in his way he is above all
competition. His language is force itself, his senti-
meiits beautiful, and the melody of his versilicatioii
charming. He has lieeii called the Pindar of Home,
and it would be over praise for the great frreck lyrist,
to call him the Horace of Athens.
Tjiicretius emliraced the same agnostic (as it is
now called) philosophy as Horace. He was an Ej)!-
ciircan. not in tastes and habits, like Horace, but he
was a strenuous advocate of the theological, Jihysi-
cal and moral system of Eiiicunis. His work on
Nature is well worthy the high ]iraise of Oviil wiieii
he says, " 'i'lie sublime strains of Lucrelius shall
never perish until the day wiieu the world shall be
given up to destruction." lie had the true lire of
poetry. There is a grandeur and beauty in his verse,
even when it is evident that his main anxietv is to
make a strong argument for nnitorialisin. The lat-
est jihilosojihy, that which finds its highest presenta-
tion in Herbert Spencer, must ever recognize in
ijiicretiiis its poet laureate. Many things which he
sujiports by su|)positions and arguments which scoin
absurd, have been proven since his day to rest upon
.scientitic ground, llewasborn inH.C, II."), and what
Horace acee[)ted as a matter of course, liUcrctius
fought for with the zeal of an IngersoU. He was
the stuff that i;iartyrs were made of, but he was not,
so far as known, ostraciseil or persecuted for his
" blasphemy " of the jujpular gods, or hisphilo.soph-
ical theories. He died in the prime of manhood,
and before he had jmt the linishing touches on his
immortal poem.
Ovid first saw the light on the very day that Cic-
ero's star became obscured by the darkness of tleath.
He had rank, talent and fortune. Like Horace and
Lucretius, he was an agnostic, but ho lacked the re-
tinenientof the one and the enthusiasm of the other.
He sang of love in a morbid and unwholesome way.
His '• .Metamorphoses " is aliucst an epic. It is a
series of myths, some of tlicin very beautiful, a few
of them chaste. This was his bust production be-
yond all (juestion. For the most jiart, however,
Ovitl's poetry is elegiac. Much that he wrote is ut-
terly unlit for })erusal. It is vile without any e.x-
wise for it ; and when the poet was banished for trea-
son, although without any sutlicient cause, and
obliged to linger out life in v,iin supplications for
pardon, it is hard toiiity him. He wrote mucii, and
in a literary jioiiit of view, most admirably.
The jioets belonging to the Silver Age are not
worthy of very extended notice. The fables of Plue-
drus made the ilomans ac(piainted with ^Esop. He
was a translator and hardly more. Being the sou
of a Thracian slave, he may bo supi)osed to have
been familiar with them from childhood. Two of
these Silver j)oots, I'ersiiis and Juvenal, rank as
satirists. The former was born about thirty-four
years before Christ, and the b.icter about forty years
after. They were lioth stoical in their sympathies
and tendencies. Liican, who was a cotemporary of
Juvenal, wrote some fine passages. They are mostly
to be found in his I'harsalia, a work in which Cie-
sar and Ponijiey, Cato and Brutus, are held u}) to
the admiration of hero-worshiiiors. Martial was a
Spanish Uomaii. His native city in Spain was giv-
en full rights and jiriviloges, which made him a
exc
■«>, K-
U
^ ^
LATIN CLASSICS.
163
Romiiii iM'foro tlio liiw. Ho wiis tlio luuiviitc, oiio
niiglit justly siiy, <>l' tlic Kmijorors Tiliis iiiul Domi-
tiiiii, tlio liittor of w'.uiiii iiuulo .xoiiio litoniry prot-ou-
tions, but without luucli roason. His Kpi<,'runis.
twolvo Ininilroil in all, iiro ossoiitially siitiriciil cuni-
positious. Tlioy i)rosont a frii^litful picturo of so-
ciul (loiiioraliziitio'i.
Wo [HISS now to tlio proso liteniluiv of tlio Latin
langiuigo. Horo too wo fiiid an almost aljjoot sor-
vility to Greok ^onius, and nothing at all approaoh-
ing tho highost Al-tio attainnionts, (Mooro is tho
lirst naino. All who wont hoforo liini oithor jiorisli-
od or dosorvod no hottor fate. Cicero was a close
student of the Grook iirmIoIs. Soniotliing loss than
Uemosthones in oratory, he had a far wider rauL'o
of thought,
lie wrote much
u})on ethical
subjects and
was a Stoic in
his j)rofessions.
All his works
abound in slurs
upon the pres-
ent life, and
exhortations to
oxchaiige tho
known for the
unknown. It
is hard to rec-
oncile his actual life of gorgeous luxury with
a i)hilosophy of solC-<lenial and [)ositive contempt
of the world. Heroin he oucu[)ics liio same
position as Si'iieca. . Moth wore mon of the most
extravagant habits. 'I'lu'y talked like .Vnchoritos.
and lived like Sybarites. They rontriliutod noth-
ing to the new ideas of the world. They elabor-
ated the views of Zciio. and [)reuciu'd with
tedious fullness a ilocirinc of self negation,
sharjjly contrasting with their lives. Cicero
was al)()Ut two generations before (Jhrist. and
Seneca nearly that after him. They illustrate
the hollowiicss of lionian stoicism. SiMicca was
nothing to the world except an ethical writer, but
(jicero has Icl'l us orations of such grandeur that
all sul)soi|uent orators owe avast debt to him. lie
was a great statesman. ; senalnr of whom any age
or land might be pm-.d. I'rol'oundly learned and
varied in his altainn.cnts, he was the Gladstone of
Lucretius.
his dav. only instead of making Homer a specialty,
he delighted in setting forth the Ijoauties of an ideal
life foreign to his own exiiorionce. Not that ho was
a very biwl man. On the contrary, ho was, for Ids
times, an unusually good man. But by his mode of
living, he gave the sneer to his theory of life. Kpic-
tetus, who was several centuries later, and Marcus
Aurelius, who ruled theonipiro.diseoursod in much
the same way as Cicero ami Soneca did about the
vanity of life, and the uncertainty of living after
death ; but they seem to have been consistent and
sincere. The orations of Cicero now extant arc
forty-nine in number, some of them incomplete, but
all of them highly valuable. Of his rhetorical
works, his dialogues on the Orator, and his essay on
_ tho Division
of Oratory, are
most esteemed.
H is style is sii Im-
posed tube the
very'>f;rfc(!tioii
of I •11.. ))r(tse.
His numerous
extant ojiistles
are mainly val-
uable for tho
light which
they throw uji-
oii the history
of his times.
T'he tirst of the historians in point of time was
Sallust, a Sabine, liorii in B, C. 85. A l'lei)eian by
birth, he rose to eminence in politics, and secured
the appointment of Governor of Numidia, where
he accumulated a vast fortune, returning to Rome
for its enjoyment. Surrounde<l by all tho luxuries
of ill-gotten gain, he wrote his historv of the <'on-
spiracy of (!ai.aline and of the war airainst .Iiigur-
tlia, relieving the dryness of his narrative with
moral retlcctioiis upon the degeneracy of the
times. After him came Cornelius Nepos, a friend
of Cieero. whoso voluminous writings ;ire all lost
except bis " Lives of Kmiiient (ienerals.'" lie
seems to have been a faithful chronicler. The most
eminent (tf all Ivomans, .riilius Csesar, was a his-
torian. His writings arc historv now. but thc\ re-
late to events witli wliieli he hail to do — "allnf
which I saw and part of which I was." His wiii-
ings preser\e to us a recoi'd of the wars he waged.
Tacitus
f
' ' J 'I
• -p
l^'*'<'
ri
ifi'f
164
I^ATIN CLASSICS.
iiii<l (loscrilMj tlic i)ou)il(! Ii(> coiKiiuTi'il. His .stylo is
siiiiiilo, luid liis ilescriplivo pDwers vory fjruiit.
Miirvolous as was his lijoiiius for war iind jiolitics,
ill.' woll deserves iimiiDrtality as an autiiur also.
His •• (JoiuiiR'Ut.aries " possess inualiMihilile ivoi'tii,
a[)art from tlie glories of Ciesar in other tields of
cflorl. iiivy \rasa;^n'ater hisloria;. liiaiieveii Ca'sar
or Salliist. and if seconil to 'r'acitu.''., lie " as heen well
ealk'd tlio ])rosc Homer .;' Uonie B,,i 1 in M. ('.
5(1 at I*adn;i, ' " T I'ud n..' cniji. < t,i!>' died, and
songlit to j)resenu its li)ft!,i;.- Uum \'.'. inC'!j)tion to
its imperial j)erfeetion. Ilr ur m. 1.. •• linndred and
forty-two chapters, of whii; ^nly t .' .-live are
now extant. The first ten whieh siirvi".'., u! rry the
history from the arrival of /Eneas in Italy to the
year H. (". 'i'X). a few years prior to the war with
I'yrriins. Tiiere is, then, a loss of ten ehai)ters, or
hooks. The aeeount reconinienues witii tlio seeond
i'unie war, U. (J. :21S. What renniins is nio.stly de-
voted to that .second Jennie war. He accepted
myths and legends as veritahle history. Itmnst 1)0
conceded that his work is more valuahlo for i)ro-
sontinj^ what tho Romans sn[)posed to ho true of
their ancestors, than for tellini,' tho actual truth,
and ill this rcsjwct he was much like Herodotus.
The i,Teatest histcjrian of antii(uity, (Jreok or
Uonian, was Tacitus, horn in A. 1). >>-l. Ho had boon
Procurat(»r of Helgic (raul, and wo are indehted to
him for a great deal of information al.out the
inaniiors of tho (rormaus in those days. Much that
ho wrote has been lost. A mode! of brief and
philosopiiical biograpiiy, is iiis life of his father-in-
law. Agr ■)la. He was a master of terse and coni-
prehensi\e expressions. Suetonius, some twenty
years later, wrote a very interesting .series of biog-
raphies, simple. i)recise, and corri'ct. IHs subjects
were tho !Jrst lwelvt'('a'sars,from.hiliusto Domitian.
Pliny is another familiar and illustrious nanio in
[iatin literature. There wore two eniinout men of
the name. I'liny the Klder was a naturalist. His
iiistorv of men and peo[)les wa.s less remarkable
that that uue(|ualeil niouument of studious dili-
m
gence and |Hir.sevoring industry, " Natural Histor; "
'{'he work abounds in alisurd stories. Ho was lUii
much a critical olwervcr of nature as a paiustakr j
i-olleetor of prevailing uot'ous. He was a victi.i'
of the lirst eruption of iit. ^'osuvius. His iio]<he" ,
I'liny the Younger, wrote "The Panegyric of tio
Trojan,"and his books, or chapters <f letters, at'' ...1
valuable fortheirpi'jiiires of the n'l'ners rnd modes
of thought of ill,; })eriod. He was born in A. 1).
(11. lio had for a teacher in rhetoric the great
(iiiintilian (also a Spanish Roniaii) who survived
his ])upil eight years, dying in Rome in A. I). IIH,
at the age of .seventy. Quintilian's " Histitutes of
Oratory" is a complete treati.se on the art of com-
position. I le was a jKjrfect master of tiio art which ho
taught, and his observations on stylo fairly entitle
him to tho supreme i)ost of honor among the rheto-
ricians of all limes and languages.
Wo cannot dismiss this subject without alluding
to the one branch of literature which owes more to
Rome than to (ireece, and that is, law. It was in
the appreciation of jurisprudence as a scienc , that
the intellect of Rome showed its greatest originality.
Servile in copying from (rreeco in nu)st domains of
pure reason, it marked (jut a path of its own in
legal literature. It was not until a comparatively
late date, the reign of Justinian, that the scattered
parts were gathered into 0110 digest ; but the nuite-
rial itself was gradually accumulating in the form
of legal opinions through centuries. Hy a i)rocoss
of growth almost imperceptible, tho raw material
of legal literature, as it exists to-day, was accumula-
ted in the iiles of the Ronuin courts. T'here is
nothing in tiie Latin literature of which tho Ro-
mans might be so justly proud as the gradual accre-
tions of legal lore in the Eternal City, which wore
finally digested and systematized as the Pandicts, a
work pro])ared and i)r<)mulgated by the order of the
Emjteror Justinian in tho sixth century after
Christ, but which in its essence and highest merits
must be considered as the contribution of tho Latin
classics to legal literature.
Ml
I
a
i'JAS i if
'^
• L ' j ' JJ.r ' i
M
y>$i.
KtrrrrrrtSEK^
TIL EMPERORS FROM OAUGUS. US TO ALARIC.
>r • ^^
Cli .,.F ER XXVIII.
I'llK rATIl KV KmPIUE— TiBEKI C.Krt^ M.lliUl.A ANI> NkIID— IloMK IN TlIK I).^V^' l)f NBIIO—
TlIK HiKllK (IP .lERl-SAl.K.V PDM \ , >.»IA\ TO TliA.IAN — IIa iHllAN — I'llK KulllM — M Alt( IS
AlllKLlLS -TlIK AllK OP J UE ., <ToNiNE»— ULI'IAS THE Law YEll -Dloll.ETIAN — I dSSTANTINE
ASI> CoNTANTINOl'I.K — J. . Tl' Al'OSTATK— WkaKNKSI ANI> DlSaENSloS -TlIEOIXISMS AND
THE I'KIIMASENT DlVISI^M O. f V., I'^MIMIIE— (iBEKK ANO UoMAN ClIL'ltCUEM — liAST UaVS OF
Imi'Khiai. Kome.
' AVINft seen the noj)li-
o\v of tlio greiit CfBsar
reiip for liiiiisolf the
liiirve.st of iiiijKiriali.sni,
oujoyiiig tlio honors
ana i)rcrogatives of ali-
sohite authority, as re-
newed by i)oinUar and
senatorial delegation, from time io
time until tlie public becanio ae-
customed to tlie one-man rule,
we eome now to trace tiie path of
eni])ire.
The Home wliicii would not follow
out tlie suggestion of Mark Antony
to crown tlie most illustrious Julius,
iuis passed away, and a generation
has come wliicii accej)tod tlie mean and contempti-
ble Tiberius as a matter of course, lie was tiie
stujcessor, but not tiie son, of Augustus. Xot one
droj) of tiie lilood of tlie GiBsars coursed in his veins,
being simply the son of the Empress by a former
marriage. It was known that the senile Emperor
had ad()})t-ed him as his son (Iniving none living of
his own) and that was enough. Tilierius wore the
imperial jmrple without having his right rhalleiiged.
\\\ virtue of the tribuuician power with which he
had been invested, lie summoned the Senate at the
death of Augustus, and his right to the ottice of Im-
{Xirator was conceded. Augustus and .Julius were
both accorded divine honors, and henceforth the
apotheosis of the dead emiKTors became a recog-
nized institution of the state. !So(Ui all disguises
were thrown oti, Tiberius accepting the homage as
well as the subserviency of the senate and the jieo-
ple, all fear of another Brutus lieing dismissed. For
twenty-three years he ruled the empire, a morose,
bad man, without a single redeeming feature, bad at
the start and constantly sinking deeper in the mire
of infamy; making all aliout him uniiappy, yet too
feeble to seriously disturli the
general thrift of the empire.
Tiberius was succeeded by
a scion of the proud Clo-
dian family, Cains Ca;sar,
or Caligula, as he is usu-
ally called. lie was a prom-
ising youth, and much
was expected of him, but he
proved even worse than Tilie-
rius. Insanity seized him,
and the monstrous freaks of
his cruel craze made him an object of detestation.
\\'ild and incredible stories are told of his madness.
(1^5)
'i !;:
m
K
I'*'
ill.
Q li^
ir)()
rm; kmimckcjks kkom AU(;usrus to alakic.
ClaudiiiH.
some C'dliilliull
ruliT, (Iviiii: in
souse,
A. 1).
Hut the ^'I'luTiil i)iil)li(; liiinlly IVIl tUv weiiilit of liis
ili's[iutii; liiiiiil. His iinnligiility wiin i)r<Hli<,'iiiiis, ami
iiis jHTSMiiiil Imhits revoltiiis^. After live yeiirs of
iiifiuiiy he wiis iissiissiniited, not likeCivsiir, for politi-
iciil iviiHons, Imt ii> re-
vtMige for priviitc wroiii,'
iind insult. For a siiort
^^^ tiiiif ii ioolscii iis if tiie
'tejK jE^'vkr^iiMfc ri'iiuldic iniirtit In' ri'-
^- s-'7r^ ^■^f^iSl^ stored; hut tlie ri'ac-
tioiiary party was dis-
tracted liy dissensions,
and Koon Cluudius,
uncle of ('uli|.nila, a
weak-minded old nnin,
was raised to the throne.
Hardly ui)to the stand-
ard of nieclioerity, ho
yet hail the merit of
luid made a very good
r)4. To him suereeded
t!ie son of his latest consort, .V^rripina. This
son was thr famous Ni'ro. thr pupil of Seneca;
a vouui,' man of whom
much good was i'.x[H'et-
ed, hut who proved the
proveriiial type of tyr-
anny. This emperor
killed his own mother,
and was accused of si't-
itig tire to |{ome for
the excitement of wit-
nessing the conllagra-
tion. Under him he-
gau the i)er.secution of
the Christians. Having reigned wistdy and mod-
erately for live years, his eharaeler seemed to \iniler-
go a radical and detestahle change, and at the age
oi u.iity he died, having lieen on the thi'one four-
teen yt'ars, dui'iiig which time he succeeded in elTect-
ually ohliteralin;: all the honors iu' had won in the
early years of his reign. Among the victims of his
iinii'derous malice was his tutor, Seni'ca. Such a
Nero.
lif
e w:
titlv I.'rminaled iiv the hand of an a-sassin.
his alrociiies heini: unhearahle 1)V those within the
circle
A. 1).
.Net
his immediate intluence. T'hat was in
o iiiei
1 childless, and a recent writer, in com-
menliiiL'' upni
tl
le situation at that iioiiU . oliserve;
" T'lie .stock of Juliirefresiu'd in vain hy grafts from
the Octavii, the Claudii, and tlu) Domitii, iiad been
reduced to a single hraucluand with Nero I he adop-
tive race of the great Dictator was extinguished.
The first of tlio Ca-sars had married four times, the
second thrice, tlio tliird twice, thefourtii thrice also,
tiu' lifth six times, and the sixth thrice. Of these
repealed unions a large numherhad home otfspring,
yet iiodescendanisof any hadsurvived, A few had
reachi'd old agt', many had ri'ached maturilv. some
were cut otf l)y early sickness, the I'nd of others was
premature and mysterious; hut of the whole num-
ber a large proportion were undouhled \ictims of
political jealousy. Such was the jirice paid by the
usuriH'r's family for their sjilendid inheritance; but
the |ii'ople accepted it in exchange for nlernal
tnuibles and promiscuous iiloodshed ; and though
nnmy of the higher classes of eitizenn hiul become
the victims of (Ja'sarian tyraimy, yet: order ami
prosperity had reigned generally throughout the em-
pire ; the world had enjoyed a brealliing-lime of a
hundri'd years before the next outbreak of civil dis-
t'ord which is now to be ridated. ' The si'erct of
the em]iire.' namely, linn a prince could be created
elsewhere tliaii at i{onie, was now fatally ilisciAered,
and fi'om this time the succession of the Uoii.mii
princes was most commonly eU'ected by tlu' distant
legions, and seldom wit hoiu violence and slaU'_diler.'"
The lirsl of these strictly military emperors was
(ialha. who was proclaimed Imperator hv the army
in Spain, lie wassoniew hal parsimonious, and did
not suit the pra'torian guards, who caused his as-
sassination. Ot ho succeeded him for a short time,
when the legions of the Whine insiste(l upon mak-
ing N'ilellius emperor, and liie Syrian army named
W'spasian. It looked as if anarchy had bet'U inau-
Lnwalcd, and the end of the empire v\as near. Hut
N'cspasian succeeded iu lirmly eslalilishing himself,
and transmiiting the crown to his son 'I'itus. It
was while tlic father was em|)eror, that the son laid
siege to .lerusalem, and after a terrible resistance,
ellected its destruction. The hero-worship which
hail grown up and heeoine a ]iart of the very con-
stitution
,f ll
le em|nre was not
seriously oppos
by any exce}it the dews and the Christians. Mono-
theism saw ill the deilicatioii of the dead emperors,
not a form of loyalty to the governmeni, but a hor-
rible siicrilegi'. This imulc .K
then hardlv distiiiiruishable. a '•
aia
1 (■
iristians
jx'culiar people
\\'.
^^k.
THK KMl'KKOKS I'UOM AUGUSTUS TO AI.AKIC,
167
II very unf<irtuiiiit(j simiso, fur tlicv were i)(»i»Hliiiilly
hum|hu'IcmI lit' ti'i'iisdii. 'I'lio sfiiiilar H<iniiiii.s, to wIkiim
siitii, :iii(l Uiu UiM. iif t.lu< I'Miivii. With till liis faultH
mill lii^ulry. Dniiiitiiin wiik iihi'iu'iii'cni ruler I'nr tin-
111! rt'liyfiitii \riis iiii umply rnriu, luiilil iml iiiiiU'r- iiiii|iiro iit liir^c. Wlicii the iliiLfiicr nl' 11 t'ri'ciliuaii
laid liiiii ill llic iliisl, till! iijil si'iiiildriiii |i{iriy. SI)
limy; in the liacUirrniiiiil, n-asscrlcil itsell'. plariny;
a viMiorahlo rtciiiitor, Norvu, ii|miii I he tiiniiie. Lit-
tle inure than a year elapseil, \rlieii <lealii elaiiiieil
him, ami a new |H'riiiil Kejfaii.
stand llu^ eiiiiMeieiitiniis st:ru|iles ul' ihese Mumtt he-
ists. Thai \va.s mie ul' the must niemuralile sioires
ever kmiwii. The heruic resisianeu uf (lie he-
Ica^urtMl eity was siihlime ami awi'iil. Cunliileiitly
exjieclinj^ ilelivi'raiuu t'roni .lehu\ali, nun-(.'hris-
HDMAN I'lHU M 1 :,STul(i;ii.
I. Tc'inpli' lit .liipiicr. 4. Uciria. 7, 8, 9. Ti'ni|iUis of Nuliirn, cif II. Htatiiriil' lininiilaii.
a. Ilii>-illr:i,liili.i. r). Ti'iniilc iif I'lKtiir :ihil l''illii\. Vi'^iiMsiaii. uf ('imconl. 1-'. l{n-lra.
;i, ■rciiiplr (if X'l'si.i. II. 'I'ulnilarium. M. riilumii of IMinca.-". 13. Alcjii iif S. Simtii^.
II. itasilica-. in, 'ri'inplt' (if .\iiIoiiiiis anil Kaiisliiia.
tiaii .lowsiliii iiui liesiiate to seek slicker within liie Trajan suucouduil tu llie ihruiie aiiparuiiLly
walls, wliile the Christ ians, as cunlideiitly luuUin^- eaii.<e all reei),i,niizediiis euii-
t'lir the second euniiiii^ n( .lesiis, were liuld iiitlie i siiiiMiuiistilnussl'urllie ;^ravo
deliaiiee lit' teiii|iural imwer. The dis|iersiiin ul' the | duties i it' the inijierial piir-
one and tin,' re|ieated iierseeiiiiun of the uiher t'ul- | jile. His luiiu; reis-Cn was
liiweii. and thai, iiuL siniiily frmn inuiisters ut' the ' rendered uiunuiis iiy the
Neruiieaii type, iiiit I'ruin einiierurs uf jjjuiid in- iniiiu'ii.se extensiun uf the
tentions, ineludiiij,^ N'esjiasiaii. Titus, and the Aniu- einpin' in everv diri'i'tiuii.
nines. There liad heeii a irraihial
Tile ai'cessiuii uf \'esjiasiaii tu the tliruiie was uq'uwth in area ever siiire
the elevation of a thuri)Uj,di!y pleheian family, the tlii' su|ireinaev uf liiniie
l''lavii. tu the ruvaltv. 'I'liei'uiimleruf this dvnastv ! had heeoine an e.~i aiilished
.... • ' "I
had a lull;,'' and hoiioraltle reiLfii. his imniediale sue- | fact, hut iiioie ■ |iri,'ially
cussor a lirief amino less hunuralile one, followed under Trajan, wliu wa.s rajan.
hv tlie liluudv Duinitiaii. tlu: second sun of \'esna- siiceeeded liv a relative. Hadrian. Tiiis nolile
iU'
em-
■n
21
!
^■m^
i6«
THE KMl'KKOKS FROM AUCiUSTUS TO ALAKIC.
L
pcror liiul more ji;oniuH for KoviTiiriit'iittliiiii any rii lor
since Julius CiuHiir. Uuilcr liiiu iiiucli wiih duiif to
civiiizo liio ruder |(ortiniis of tlio ou.pirc; llmlriiiii
liciiii: alike oijual Id inililary and civil t'iiii'r<;i'ni'ie.s.
Toward liio cIdso of lii.>i reii^'u, Hadrian t'liosc as liirt
asso(^iatu (for it, was l,li0(usloin tliun and afterwards
to cliooso an assistant- (Muporor) T, Aurelius Anto-
ninus, a man of I'lature a,<;e and most exemplary
character
Tlie Forum at Rome ei)rrt)S])onded witli llie A^^ora
at Athens. It was an o|K'n spai'O surrounded hy
puhlic liuildiiii^s. and devoted to business. It was
at once a market-place and a court of justice. All
kindsof transactions centered there. 'JMuMlimate
admitted of such an open-air systom. 'I'he Forum
had t(t li(! enlariTcd several limes to nu'ct the de-
mands of the puhlic, hut the cut ;j;iven on the prc-
eodins,' \nijXo reprosont.s the Forum iis it was wlieu tlio
empire was at its hest. It nniy bo added that as
American towns frei|Uontly have s(|uares around
which business centers, so the Italian towns ifenei-
ally had their forums, sustaininj^ substantially tho
same ridation to them that the ;.'reat Forum did to
Home.
At tho death of Hadrian, to return to tho omi»er-
ors, Antoninus associated with himself in the i,'ov-
ernmeut a near I'elative, known in history as .Marcus
Aurelius. " The an-
cient world," it has
been truly remarked,
"jjerliaps tho modern
World, bus never enjoy-
ed a period of more
unbroken felicity, than
that which iriided tran-
([uilly from N'espasian
to Marcus Aurelius."
This is called tho '• Age
of the Antoninos. "
.\otwithstanding tho
l)or.secutions of that
age, and tho wars nei'C.s.sary to maintain ami extend
tho empire, the condition of mankind, a.s a whole, was
eminently pro.sporous. It oxtendod over a period
of about Olio biindred years. 'J'lio Aiitonines were
Itliiliwophers in tho very best souse of the term ;
broad-minded, bigb-soulod and conscientious. The
latest of them was a writer of ethical procejjts,
whose essays arc still iulmired by all lovers of good
Mfirnis Aiiri'litiB.
AlcxiuidiT Si'vcrud.
morals. Tho .\utnninoM did much to raise tho pub-
lic standard of right, and give an im|H>tus to liighiM-
inorality.
With the death of .Marcus Auroliiiw, A. I). ISO, a
new and calamitous era began. His sou (/'oiinio-
diis, wa.s a vile wretch, early assassinated, and fol-
lowe(l, at brief intervals, i)y sevi'ral t'inperors of tho
Nero and Caligula typo, whoso names aro not enti-
tled to oven tho honor of mention. About the
year '-iv'd, Alex-
ander, bettor
known as Sov-
eriis, came to
the throne. Ho
was amiable and
honorable if not
great. He it was
who placed at
the head of af-
fairs, in point of
•fact, l'l|iian, a
man pre-emi-
nent in Uoniaii
jurisprudence.
Jlis rule of thirteen years was of incalenlablo ben-
efit, not ahme or mainly to the empire of his day,
but to tho .sciciu'o of law. Under the genius of Ul-
Itiau, justice becamo indeed ^i science, if such it
had not. beeomo prior to that lime.
While engaged in a military exjicdition ujion the
Rhino, Sovcrus was slain in a mutiny instituted by
an oilicer named Maximus, a rude Thracian peasant,
I.'' superb pliysi(|uc. The soldiers wen^ captivated
by t'lc jiersonal jirowoss of this Thracian, and
named him em])oror. Then followed another series
of swiftly rising and falling ernj)erors, having no
just claim to the sovereignty, and no lixod tenure of
otlice. For lifty years tho empire was on the verge
of anarchy. During that time, the barbaric hordes,
tho Persians (Ui the East and the (iotlis in the
West, seriously menaced the very existence of the
empire. JJiit the hour of doom had not come.
Diocletian was raised to the throne in A. D. 284,
and his accession marked a new era in the empire,
entering then upon 'liatmay bo called its oriental
phase. The very name of (Joiisul ceased to be u.sod.
Haying comi)leted the degradation of tho old rul-
ing class at Home, and succeeded in readjusting the
einjiire on a strictly autocratic jilan, he vol-
fa(
THE EMIMCROKS KKOM AUCJUSTUS TO ALARIC.
169
untiirily iilxlicult'd, and sj^Mit tlio ri'iiiaiuiii!,' yi'iirs
lit liis lit'o in I'ltigiuil iflii'i'-
nii'iit. His I'liiuf HHsociiilit i:i
|Hi\v('r Wits Miuiiniiiii, ntIioiii lie
r(i|ii|it'lli'i| til illiilicilli.^ tllsii,
loiivin^' tliu }(iivurniiiunt lodii-
Icriiis ill t.lh> Kasi, and ('on-
slanlins in tin; West. 'I'lu' I'or-
iiuT, DiiK'lotian's favnrito son-
in-law, was alliiwt'd In nanui t ho
L_^^^\ \ iwsdciati- of JHttli liinisflf and
Y'^Ntiy \ \ Ciinstantiiis, and iio ciioso for
Ills own
aasociato liis neplicw, Daza,
and I'or Constantiiis ono
PlavinH Sorvius. Tlio roal
choiijo I)! Constantius was
liis own Hon CoiistaMtino of
Christian incniorv. At tliat
tinic (Jonstaiitins was in Mrit-
nin. and thoro ho died not
loll',' after.
The ainhitinus son boldly
assnniod tiio ollicc of his
fiithcr, liavini,' alrciuly won a
lirilhaiit record as a siddier,
and t'vincud riiniarkahlo sa-
j^acity. Constantino did not
j)ross ills claims at once, buk
was content to exercise the
functions of a siiliordinate
otllcer, busied with tlio ad-
ministration of alTairs in the
extreme Northwest. Declared Einjx'ror at York in
A. D. iiod, it was not until several years later that
lie ojicnly asserted his claim. Hy that time Chris-
tianity had mmle tremendous strides, and iiad a
vast imnibcr of converts. Constantine was totally
devoid of reliirioiis scruples or convictions, i)ut he
hwl tiiu wisdom to avow liimself a c'ianii)ion of tjie
Christian cliureh. Tiiat rallied 'o his standard
multitudes of enthusiastii^ supporters in all jjarts of
the empire, esjKJcially in the Kast, where he was in
most need of allies. His army had the entiiiisiasn.
of religious zealots, and they fought with a iieroism
which was irresistiiile. Several battles were neci ■■
sary to the decision of the issue between tlie riviu
Cffisars. The last battle was fought at the Melvian
M
M
^L
i
m
@
3
1
1 "^^
^'■'
.f/m^
f \^^r^''-''
1
J
_llSj
mm
;
^£^\
^^^">'
// 1!
iKV'^
X
1 \
Im^M
f—
i'^r'
illlvra
^^ -
'Iflllw!
v^
'' 1 4
CON'STAXTINK THE (JHKAT.
had already issuecj the Decree of Milan, giving iin-
|H'rial license for the first time, to (Jhri>ilianity, and
avowing liimself a lielicMT in its doctrines, Kiiler-
iiig Koine in Iriumpli, he liecanie, \. D. IH'J, the
lirst (Jiirisliaii sovereign of tiie wcndd. He iiad pre-
tended to see while marching througli <!anl a vision
of tlie cross in liie heavens, inscriln'd with the le-
gend, " Hy tiiis sign comiuer." Ihit the capture of
Uoniu was not the subjugation of the entire lionian
I'lmpiro by any means and il, wasnotuntil IJ'Jilthat.
tlie great battle between paganism and Christianity
was fought. Two mighty armies mot, ono under
CJoiislaiitine iip|K'aliiig to
the Christian's (mkI for suc-
cor, tiio other under Lu-
cenius exhorted to rememlior
that the g(Kls of Olympus
were many against only one,
and ho " the I'rinco of I'eaoo."
'J'lie defeat of the pagans
was an utter rout and the
shattered host sought refuge
in tlie fortress of Hyzantium,
from which they were soon
driven. At last the surrender
was unconditional, and Con-
stantine found himself sole
emperor of the entire
man iMii^iire.
In personal character this
tiian was utterly detestable,
but ho certainly luul great
genius, and in nothing did
he show this more [)iaiidy than in transferring
his cajiital from Itomo to Hyzantium, which he
changed to Constantinople, and reconstructed
upon a scale worthy the inijierial center of the
world. Like a second Koniulus, "he builded
better than hi! know." He reiiuircd the nobles to
erect there lofty palaces, (iibbonsays, in comment-
ing upon this suliject, "The city and senate ofUonie
rcniaiuo'l as before, while those of Constantinople
weiy endued with co-ordinate honor and authority,
and enjoyed, niireovor, all the advantage of the im-
jnrial iiresonce Two capitals could not, indeed,
exist on oi|iJi.'^ i> i..is within the same sphere. Rome
sank iiinn.iliati;iy into a provincial metropolis, such
as Ale.\:tndria, Antioch, or Treves; Constantmo-
r
bridge, only three miles from Rome. Constantino pie became the mistress of the world and succeeded to
t
■f\<r
^'.
J-
' , t
170
THE EMI'KKORS FROM AUGUSTUS TO ALARIC.
Home's pi-dUilest title — tlio designation of • 'Die City.'
"Tile reigii of (Joiistiiiitine lusted to the yi'ur JJiJl,
untroubled by eivil dissensions, iind i)rosj)erous in
tlie conduct of alfiiirs on t "cry frontier of tlie eni-
j)ire. The historiiins coninie'iiorate the settlement
of the liniinces ouii new ijasis, which rendered them
more elastic, and gave, pcrJiaps, considerable relief
to the reviving industry of the general jiopulations.
The interior, at lea.st, of the j)rovinces remained
undisturbed by war. Letters revived; hunuinity
extended her coui[uests." C'onstantine beiiuoathod
new religion. 'I'he endless and licrco doctrimil
controversies in the church had disgusted him.
J'lato and Aristotle .seemed grander to him than
Arius and Athaniisius. An enthusiast, ho hoj)ed to
restore the old paganism, niodilied by j)hilosophy,
tleemiug it far i)referaljlc to Christianity, and striv-
ing earnestly to undo what his uncle had done, but
to no })urpose.
Perhaps Julian nnght have changed the whole
current of Euro})ean events, from a religious point
of view, liad he lived to old age ; but he died
COXSTANTINOPLE.
his empire to his son ronshintiu*. It was indeed
Roman, but it hail l)oeii thoroughly reconstructed,
and tiic ca))ital itself had been changed. 'I'he son
was an alisiinl stickler for ceremony, and all the
circumstirK (■- of ro\alty. lie visited Homo, but
alTecto;' iniiiflei'ciicc to its grandeur. The fatiier
iiad. ill till' tii'iidishne s of his cliarai'ter. and with
a Xeroncan fciocity. put to death nearly all of his
own faniil\. Tiiis favorite son had a brief and un-
eventful reign, followed bv the accession of his
cousin .lulian, fanuliarly. 'miI unjustly, known as
the " .\postate." .Julian had been ediu'ated a
Cbrisiian, \t\>t ujion arriving at the age of dis-
cretion, he preferred the (dd )ihilosophv to the
This
carlv, and no Klisha took uji ids mantle.
Julius had no (>c-
tavius. He fell in
b.attle with the i'er-
sians, who had al-
ways maintained
their independence
if not their impor-
tance, and who were
thrcateniiiL;' the iii-
tegi'ity of the em-
])ive, if is deal n was
entirely disconnect-
ed with li's paganism, but occasioned a creat deal
.Tuliuii.
■^r
proi
sin, -I
by 1 1
l)een
dosn
and
port
i.'on,
by a
the I
centi
of bi
cmpc
ma<t(
II i
r
THE EMPERORS FROM AUGUSTUS TO ALARIC.
171
of lep;cndary iiivoiitioii. It was rejxirtod tluit he
oxcliiimed in dying, " Thou iiast com|uoi'ed,
(Jaliloan!" Of course this was pure fiction,
hut it none tlie less suggested the real fact in
the case. Ilencefortli jiaganisni was utterly dead,
and no important atteinjit was ever again nuidc
to revive it. The soldiers had inatle no ohjec-
tion to Julian's religion, nor did tliey seem to care
anything ahout it. one way or tiie otiier, for when
the next em|)eror, Jovian, restored tiie ensign of tiie
cross, tiiey were inditfercnt. His reign was also
soon over. In less than a year lie died, and the of-
ficers of state wiio were with him (tor Jovian was
still ahsent from tiie capital on the military cam-
paign hegun by Julian) put Valentinian. a good
soldier hut no scimlar. upim tlietlirone. Tliis em
peror soon returned to ('onstantino})le, abandoning
tiie ])rovinces beyond the 'I'igris. Ajipreciating the un-
wieldy magnitude of the emjiire. he made iiis broth-
er \'alous his associate, assigning him to the East.
Tiie successor of Valentinian was his son (Jra-
, tiaii. wlio-soon associated with-hhii in tiie govcrn-
mcnl ills ydiingcr iiriitiuT. N'alciilinian II. He rc-
sidi'd iiimself in Treves ov i^aris. and the youthful
bniiber em]icr(ir at Milan, iunne. as a city, was
practically abainlnned by the successors of the
C'a'sars long liel'orc it fell ;i prey tn tlictiothic and
\'aiidal Ikm'iIcs. The brntlicrs were liotii very weak
and incllicicnt. (iralian put liiiiiscif under the
protection of -Marie the (loth, but was linally assas-
sinated by .Ma\imus. who bad been declarcil eiiijicror
by the legions in Mritain. X'alentinian would liave
been served the same way. proiiiibly. had not Theo-
dosius of Constantinople sliicldcd him fiom harm,
and secured him in tlie possession of the middle
|Mirlioii of tiie old empin'. Thus, in .V. I). ^iSJ.ilie
iioinan empire had three em|ierors, and was ruled
bv a triumvirate aii'ain. somethiiiir as it was >luriiig
ilic days of Oetavius. Antony and I.epidns. four
centuries earlier, when imperialism was in tlie throes
of birth. Soon there was war iietween the three
emperors, ri'sulting in making Tlieodosius alisolute
master of the entire empire. At his death, he
niiule what proved to he the permanent division of
the emjiire into Eastern and Western, {lutting one
of his own sons at the head of each emjiire.
From this time on, we have, as now, the Uoman
and the (ireek churches. In H05, this imjiortant
division was made. Without following up the sub-
ject ecclesiastically, it is important to note that the
division of the church was the work of an emjieror,
rather than the result of theological schism. It fol-
lowed in thi.'. path of politics, and may be put down
as a political necessity.
With the dawn of tiie fifth century, the very last
stage of l\oman imperialism is reached. TheXortli-
ern horde had devastated recce, and turned cov-
etous eyes u[)on Italy. Ravenna was then the
capital. The military genius cjf Stilicho rejmlsed
them with terrible slaughter, but he died in A. D,
40S, leaving the eni]ieror Ilonorius at the nien^y of
the .still undismayed barbarian. The indomitable
Alaric marched into Italy, and leaving the em[ieror
a( Havenna. made straight for Home. He wanted
spoils, and knew the old city wasthe seat of wealth,
if not of empire. Uome was powerless, and lia-
veiina rendered no assistance. The barliarian en-
tered liic city, wrought his iileasure, and retired from
it after twelve days of sack, 'i'hat was in .\. I). 4U'.t.
.Marie as a Clirisrian respected the ehiirches, and
those who sought refuge within them were sjiared,
but the sack was complete. Tiie Itoine of anti(|uity
had fallen, and altiioiigb the new capital was not
dis'„urbed. the western empire itself crumbled, and
disa[)[H.'ared in the night of the Dai'k Ages.
Hut before entering ujion that period and phase
of the worM's history, or even following fur-
ther the trail of I'veiits in Italy from Iximiulus to
ilate. it will lie necessary to pause over a collateral
lirauch of lioman history, foi- the rise and fall of
the empire, distinctively, was oiilv a [lart of the
greatness of Home. A more potential inilnence
than imperialism liegan its manifestations within
the empire during the first cmiieror's reign, and
from an obscure beu-inning developed into that vast
eiititv called Christendom.
3.
^
ft'-
w
b-
IVl!
I.
172
PKIMITIVl': CHRISTIANITY.
^ V
^
ft?
ft?
ft?
Ei
LliDKllUil* Krtp^l ffiini (Ju'viiwlcll
Jlafitlfc^lll'uopollil
J'Lw-'H . .-■•^ ■■.■■? y -■<■.•/ 'ir <?
/v: -y/ A / U,i.-^S iPT-V t'^p\a R-^j3'n rS
y
&
m
rSnti'll/ii
■^
CAESAlMl.t/ "
ilpatrls
/JOl'l''
Lyddn
III I llX, B
r.
..-"Cjl:
■*,V
> ■" » V k^-\l
^'^^~ >, vC.Tnatlin)6- lU
■^ vM
\t,
■.S A,.
ShUrllc
\
O I,
fe
„^:
o iil.jS'i;/' j J G;i^)K('",Raiioth Gllcd<l _ ,
Ainmon
'C'
*
[ iJERUSA
o.i?/f> r. r >-^ ^' ■■■ J' V / f
^ >V -^''frt V '■-i/'fHabbath Ainmi
Mtcfqiivcs/ > %r''ucs ,b.m '
7
A'
V :
rr7^
1
^ho1int»
PALESTINE
Eoald of Enfftlnh kllcs
Ml'" ^ ■
15 'JO 23 30
i!i
M'
I{()MK AMI ('lllil>T— Tin: ,lKWS AM) ,1ksI ~- llIK I'l NDA.MK. \I. 'I'lU TllS — I''lIlsT C'liriUllKS — ST.
PaII, AM) TIIK l'j;iMITlVK FaTIIKKS — \l IITIK^ AND I'aITII UK TlIK KaKI.V CllIlK II — I'Ali AN
AM) Christian I'kkskcutions (Ompakkm— I't.knibilitv df ('iini'<TiANnv— The Cata. :'Mii.s—
TlIK I'ltlMITIVK KaTIIKBS— NirENE ClIEKI).
HE liistory of llomu wuuld
1)0 iiioxfusiibly dofectivo if
sj)0(m;i1 proiniiioiico were
iiol given to Ciiristimiity in
its priiuitivo stage. Tluit
period of occlusiasiieal dc-
velopiuciit; helouged to the
eiiijiiro of ilio CiBSiirs. Tliofoiiiid-
or of the religion wliicli now \)Tv-
vaiis over Europe iind An:ericii was
a sul)jeet of IJonio, and tlie dis-
tinctivtdy priiiiitive period of our
faith was entirely IJonnin. By iier
coni[uests, lier roads, and iicr gene-
ral unilu!ation of many peoples, the
Queen Uity of tiie world prejiareil
tlie way for tlus jjropagandists of
the faith. To conteniiioniry eyes,
the religion of tiie despised and crneilied Xazarene
Aras a mere tville ; h\it in the light of subseipienl.
events, it is clothed with inealuulahle inijjortanee,
outranking in vital force and nmlding power every
otiuT feature of Uoniaii liistory. In its career is
jusLilied tlie prediction, " Tiu" stone which tlie build-
ers rejected, I lie same has beeome the head of the
corner," and that, too, whether tiie lionians or the
.lews be considered as tlie '' buiiders."
'i"he Jews were almost
oi'ld of oMi'ii times, ai.'
unknown io the civilized
1 •ieir relit^ion was confined
to the narrow tract of land called Palestine, theii-
nationality heconiing a great factor only alter the
past had begun to merge into and give place to the
present, 'i'he chief claim, imwever, of 'he iU'hrews
to ]ire-emineiice, is the jiroiluctioii, liu.iianly speak-
ing, of Christianit v. It is jiroposed to consider
this niightv system of worship in its early stage, as
a separate entity, and that wit hout doctrinal lias, in
a purely historical spirit. The fact that the birth
of .Tesus of \azareth is the time fvom which all
civilized niode.'ii natimis comimte ihit •■;, is a fitting
testimony to the significance of his sujireme person-
ality. Born of lowly j)arents, there could havelieen
no more improbable suggestion malt! during his
lifetime, even when he was most iirosiierous. than
that ho would jirove to be the most nottible char-
acter in all history, but that such is the fact, is in-
dubitable.
Tht^ four biographies of .Jesus (for such thetios-
pels really are) agree in representing the founder of
'hristianity as a teacher of certain fundami'iital
principles, and not as either an organizer or sys-
teiiiatizer. He formed no church, formulated no
creed. Content to teach jiraetical truths, his aim
as a teacher was to fill the heart of man with gen-
tleness, and lianish from it impure thoughts. His
iileal was essentially original and new, so fur as the
great world of the Roman empire was coneorned.
In his own native Palestine was a small sect called
1"
('7.3.1
; i:
■ ■ f
W ■
174
PRIMITIVE CHRISTIANITY.
EssLMit's, by whom were pnicticed the virtues ami
graces exeniplilied anil tulvoi^iiteil by Jesus (Jlirist.
'I'hiit sect may liave derived its doctrines from tlic
lew Jews wh(j iiml wandered into India, and learned
the wisdom of tiie I'hristlike C'hrisna. However
tiiat may be, tiio Christian religion as it was started
by Jesus, and furtiier jroniulgated by Paul, was a
fi'i'sh eiemeul iu human society. 'I'he old mytiiolo-
gii's were ;ii most dead. Men of education held ail
Oiyuijuis iu coM.empt, and pliilosoiihy was no long-
er the satisfaction of spirilual longings. Some- !
tiling radically unlike eitlier would naturally meet I
with favor. 1
Till' prcachihg of Jesus was indeed brief. At ]
theag"i-f thirty he abaniloiied his trade as u car- '
pruter. J. ml ilcvoteil himself to tin' life of an ilin-
erant preacher, and healer of diseases. J^ess than '<
three years later, his lioi'r, was nailed to tiie cross, i
his public career eiiili'il. i>uriug thai time lie visit- |
eil niaiiv places in his nati\e lai.d. and created a
great sensation, but his inllneiice did not extend bi'-
_\iiiid Canaan. 'I'o all a))pearauces. he had entered
upnii a .■.iri<'il\ pviivineial career. His most inii-
iiiate associates. llu' ilisci|iles, and I he i|ev<ilcil
wnincn who revered him the most, had no coucep-
lioii III' his real iiiissioii.
Tlie church ;it .b'l'usaK'iii was the oldest of all
the ehurche>. bui eouU hanlly be called the mother
ciiui'eh. Ill 1 lie earliest days of (.,'hrist ianity. verv
soon after I lie erucilixioii. 1 bere were eight churches.
The one at .lerii.-aleni was a eonimune. each mem-
ber puoling hi- property, and having all things in
eomiiiciii. 'i'he (It her pi'omiiieut and somewhat later
eliurciies were those at Anlioeh, ]-!pliesus. .Smyi na,
Athens, Corinth, Konic and Ale.xandria.
I''iir the iiHisl part, these churches attest tlu' zeal
and broad views ol' i'aiil. That great apostle of the 1
(ieniiles. as he is called, eonei.'iveil the idea of mak- !
ing t hi' doei riiies and per-unaliiy of Je<ns t he foun-
dation of a world-vvide religion : one wliii-h should
-ii(iersede Judaism and paganism. It was a luttN
ihoiight. aii>l the most stii|ii'udous undertaking 1 hat
ver euTaged tlie elTorts of man. The success which
,!;!'.-;sM'd the ji". aching of ( 'hristianity on the i'aiil-
iiK.' .Ml, musi. i\ er si and in l;istory a.-- a more far-
I'eaeiliiL'' iiMd i'\:iUed t riiiiiinh of genius than any 1
uf ;ii" joncjUiM-' 'if tlie wei'id iiv ■ ■ /US. .Mohammed |
■> •■ I v. ■ yi\ -U- iKr . lud his 1 iliphs were men of 1
.^al■. 'i>i( J",-.i!- I'aui.and a'! 'he |iropagaiidists of
primitive Christianity, were men of jieaee. Perse-
cuted and iiialigned, tiiey won their way by moral
force, and when at last Coustantine acknowledged
the Ciiristian religion as tiie state religion, he sim-
ply gave oilicial recognition of the fact that, de-
spite every obstacle, the new faith had eoii(|uered,
the empire being more Christian than Pagan. The
converts were mainly from the middle and lower
classes, but included many of the nobility, and a
large clement of learning.
The primitive simplicity and purity of the clmreh
was mainfaiued foi' the iirst two centuries, \vhen the
prevalence of the faith changed somewhat in its
characli'i'. .Vngry disputes and immorality gained
ground. Pious frauds and forgery were practiced.
In their zeal to .substantiate their jieeuliar views,
disputants would often interpolate ])assagos into the
Testament, and even jialm olT spurious writings as
sacred. A great deal of stress was laid upon the
siipiioscd near approach of the end of the worlil.
The earth was very soon to be l)urnt up. and the
wildest theories of impending ruin were entertain-
ed, 'i'he [H'oplii'sied near approach of the end of
I he .lewisli dispensation, and the estaiilishmeut of
I he t'hristiaii ri'ligion. uere iiiter|ireted to mean the
literal dcstruetinu of the globe, at least of all
physical life upon it. It may be remarked that
that millenarian delusion has been the pmlilic pa-
ri'iil of fanatieisni. almost from the beginning of
the Christian era.
We sometimes hear of tlie ti'n persecutions of
the Christians by the Parian empcrcr.-. There were
at mosl only live, and these uere slight, as coni-
jiart'd with tiie 1 iiipiisit ion and kiijdred jierseciitious
of Christians by Christians. In a strictly ri'ligioiis
(loiiii of vieu , polyi lu'ism was tolerant, but llieri.'
wi're religious rites and ceremonies idendcd with
political institutions, as jireviously explained, which
rendered the monotheistic scruples of .lews and
Christians treasonable, in the light of Itomau law.
Hut •• those liLiiil atllict ions " were like a little water
ibrown upon a greai llamc. stimulating rather than
i|Uenchiiig the zeal of the believers. "The biddd
of the martyrs is the seed of thi' church " uas writ-
ten by Tertullian, dining tlii' days of jiagan
supremacy, and ',vas true of those light persceii lions.
Many a primitive ('hristian wa- obliged to contrib-
ute, however, to the brutal |ileasure of a luinian
inultilnde. Lialhered at t he am|)hit heat re to witness
I'RIMITIVK CHRISTIANITY.
175
yf
11 contest; hotww'ii wild boiists iiiul iiit'ii. Tlii' triiiii- I froijuuiil mid rud'cal cliiiiigus, wliicli iiiiist lio mctiu
L'(l iuul j)r()rt'ssioiiiil i;liidiat()rs wurc oftfii killud iii disregard ol' jiiveedeuts and ])rejiidiee, and it is
tlie licrei; conihat. and tiie nntrainud CJliristians ability to meet tliese demands tliat. gives to Clii'is-
were almost aUvays slain. Sometimes women and
ev(Mi fliildnm were liirown lot lie wild beasts i'or tlie
lianity I he promise df universal spiritual empire.
Tliis adaptai)ility enai)led the primitive elmrcli to
eonc[uer tli(; empire, survive tiie Darii. Ages, and
ler.^eeut ions in later times, except in (ierm."iy, llol- I conform to tlie condiiious of vitality jicculiar to its
delc'tatiou of a bluodl liirsty jxipulaee. But the
laml and (ireat Urilaiu. were so severe as to prevent
the spread of opinions and sentimenis opposed to
iIk' ruling church. Protestantism was burnt out of
Italv, l-'raiicc and Si)ain. with a i)ersiste
iUiv anil ve-
hcmi'Hcc in persecution lintling no parallel in the
historv "f ])rimiiive Christianity. One general
characteristie of r
(J h r is i anity,
wliich Ncry ear-
ly manifested
itself, deserves
cihse r \ at, i on :
nanu'ly, its a-
daptabiliiy. .No
other religion
can at, all cinn-
ever-viirymg environment.
A peeiiliarly interesting feature of jiriinilive
Clirisiianitv was the i^a'aeoml
IS oi Kiiim
Hi
'I'll
|?are with ii in
this rcLi'ard.
There are ten
religions wit hill
I lie scope (if hi,--
ior\. iiicliidiiig
I he agii i-I icism
ef ( 'i)lifllcius.
Uomaii method of disposing of iL... I bodies was to
burn the corp-^e. Cremation was a;mo>l universal
in the Eternal City, and (piite general throughout
the empire. Miit
the early Cbris-
tiaiis were op-
posi'il todeslrny-
illtr the bodv.
• whether by hre
el' iiilicr means.
i They looked fnv
a literal resurrce-
tioirof the body,
and that in the
iiearfuliire. T
le
cataciimlis were
■^t subl
erra-
t!l
rUK ( il.lsKI M. rioMK.
All e\i'e| I (jlirisi iaiiii \ are Kieal. i>v, as in
iiean cbani'" i-
which were n,>ei|
as receptacles iif
I he boi|ie~ 111' i I -
'.'■/ends are tcdd
of .ludaism. -Iricih naliona
I. W
hnitt
e de\eliipei| in pbilosophv. mil
leir ancestors, thei'
rii
>( ii
/j;a.iu'.il -l.ii i',u,ii_i. I be world iniAcd
Olyiiipns U)/;/id. I'.i,dimiiii.-in. Ibidii
the sane
' case hevers III I hiise pnniitiveilay^
and of I he church of t.he caiacombs whici, |;ilj< historical
J the ' \i'r\tii/M }'/!)■ U is probable that those ly'iiilllci'/roiinil
on re- I rooi^.iy ^refvitily/ouarries from wb
,d \r(t fortlW'ci^v hacl i,i« en iak«n f)Mm time immemorial.
ich iiuniiinu'maicrial
id h- ! 'Fheir ii.s<' (.<>yiii
C t * It' t'l-it
lumism, oa6h' i's ,-iib
everywhere, n s
avs
rj- ih
tff fflWl \V
■!i ofrf^/'istiaii buriitl is sup-
inif ||,i!0.s<'d to luj¥« ))' //I iil'iii/„ti,//)) of the ^fMvo.
the same clolhihj ,n .nl .•/■!ii)tili,/ iii»i
lianity has the elasl icity wbjciv i^h-
vitt's growl h. while il delies niit'/i
absidiili'ly no limit to its range of ii. :_nt. '|^'1
world has undergone many changes since its birth, /•l)anu'?(fC "
but lo every phase of human developiii' iil il h.as r i|U.il.ies sref/-
lid Wear 'j^ilW' •'••.if >■'.<■ <^ meniKrtjv''
-. • 'hris- |',.|._.'|, . j' '•- ., ■,. -^..nieiimc-
and in- rcf.. 'i-.
riicre in I the pv
oil (!«' ^1/
aeeonimodafed itself. It th
us gives pnmiisi' of a
permanence, which 1- not the lixitv o'
d
)Ut the gradual, sure, and )ier-:i-;tenl -row n ol tlu
rock,
f th
'iilury plant. The proLircss of eivili/.al
loll iii'maiii
inlhu'iice and ((»;<gc, .<
posed t'> ha\e ri'iit'Ut'd ili
ilu' tlflh ( • nliirv.
u-itUih' '*/(!' in flic
""•'(''t»ii|i^c-1i t'X'k
,111 ' /^ft» ^(/'^t
Tl«' ifynriK,'.- /'«rved
•iv f</ l)je reliyi/riis
■'rlit {\ic /;riginal
''■■ C|in,-(ian
iiisin
T
le tirsi aire o
f tlieClifMfittn cjjiircli ,'.■ r ailed the
■^^f
w
\ -^
1 1'
f!''
')
-7:
176
PRIMiriNIC CHKISTIANITY,
Ajiostolic ii;^o. 'I'liul purioil extciuleil from I ho
tTiicilixidii of Josus to till' (li'iitli of St, .lolm, or the
(lestniclioii of .Icnisiili'tii. 'Vhv, ovcrtlirovr of tlial
(•it\ IkuI ii iiowci'l'iil iiilhii'iicc upon ihc clmi'di.
Ai'iiK'iiiu wMs till' lirst coiiiiii'v ill which (:|ii-isii;uiit\
\rii.s ('sliiiiiishcd MS IJK' ii;ilioii;il rciit^ioii. \\ hrivvcr
th(n'o were Ik'iifcws ilispcrscil, liio I'cliLrioii of Christ
eiii'iy foiiiiil some iidhcfciits.
Of ilic jiriiiiili\i' fathi'fs of note, the lifst was 1^--
nal ins, hisiio[i 01' Ant iocii, whcv thu iii'lii'vurs wvw
lirst cuIIlmI (Uiiisliaiis. I[u iliud a martyr iiikIit
Trajan. .Iiisiiii Martyr
was an eminent writer.
He was lielieaded under
-Miin lis Aureliiu in the
seventy-lift ii year of ids
aire. Anotli'M' martyr for
the same period, lV)lyearp,
deserves mention as iiie
special fri(!nd and si)irit-
iial sou of .loliu ihcEvau-
ijelist. Ireiueiis, of IjVous.
was a skillful theo. ' 11.
lie wrote iiiiieh ;iiraiiist
giiostieism. lie was iiiar-
tyrod at, the lieijinninjr of
the third century. Ne.xt
ill point of time, and
siiiierio: to all who have heeu named in ahilily and
intliu'uee. was 'rertiiHian. a native of ("arthagc. A
lawvei' liv profession, he hroiiirid, to (Jliristianity a
mind well trained for discussion. ()ri,;r( 11, of Alex-,
andria, was i\ learned teacher of the faith, and the
author of some I'ininoiit treatises on reliLMous sui)-
jocts. But the greatest of all the Christian fathers
rATACOMItS OF iioMK.
was Aiiiriistiuu. .\ Nuiiiidiun hy hirtli, lie may justly
he called the great ligiit of the Western church.
His writiiiL^s wore very volumiiious, and he may
he said to havi' formulated the doctrines of the
church. His powerful logic was directed against
rclagianisni. and every form of iieresv thi'ii extant.
I'elaudus liclieM'd in free will, while .\iigusline w:is
a stout defender ti( the doctrine of man's moral
iuiiiiilily anil ahsoliilc dependeiu'e upon (lod. .lohii
Calvin w:,s simply a later etlilion of .\iigusl inc.
Besides ! hese eminent fathers there were two of
great renown, .leroiue
and Chrysostoni. The
former was a learned
seliolar wlio.se crowning
work was the translation
of the Bihle into iiatin.
His vi'rsioii of the siUTed
volume is called the \'ul-
gate. Chrysostoni was re-
markahleforhiselo(|ueiice
as a jireacher. He was
the great orator of the
early church.
Two conspieiious names
in this eonnection are
Athanasius, hisliop of
Alexandria, and Arius. Of
something already. The for
mi'r maintained the divinity of Christ and the trini-
ty of the (iodiiead. while the latter was a rnitaiian.
The Micene creed, which is siihstantially held hy
ne.irly all Cliristeudom, is an emljodinieiit of the
\ lews not only of .Vthanasiiis, hut of nearly the
entire jirimitive eliur'li.
Iioth we have liean
,•,1
'c^l
r
I' 1
(i77>
-lii
17H
THIi I'Al'ACY AND MOt)ER^ CHRISTIANITY,
J-
THE I'AI'ALY ANO .MUUKKN CHRISTIANITY.
17c)
lie is supposed (o havu siiITltcmI inaitynlum llioi'u
iiiiilor Num. His iionliliciUo is riK koncil hy tiie
l{iniiiiiiists from A. 1). -li to til. In liu' aiitiiori/oil
list of pdpi's iill iiro riillod siiints (witli 0110 L'xot'[)-
lioii) until tlio luiddlo of tliu sixth (.riilury, and
nunc afli'i" llic niiddli! of liic sixtoi'nili (•(.■nliiry, and
vi'i'v fc\r aflci' till' (^ii,'lilii. HowrviT iiii(k'si;,fn('d ^ liiat tinii^ liaNc \twu sharply oiillinod as rival ami
this may he, it suLTiIt'sts M'l'v fairly till' most ^^uiiora I ' hostile' hiiTardiics. Leo aspind to riik' thrMasi,
fait in rcLTanl in ihc sulijccl, namely, ilial in the , no ll^ss than ihc WCsi. His followers nt'vor fornial-
primilivi' .ii,'t) of ilii' church the Roman Scu was | ly runouu(;cd I hi' claim, hut pi'act.ically conicnicil
puri'K- ecclesiastical, if nnl
utivc nnUlers. lie claimed the |irinuicy of the uni-
versal church, or of tin; Catholic church, on the
iL,'round that .lesus had said. *" Thou iirt I'ed'r, and
upon this rouk will 1 build my church." lie scouted
the corres|ioni|in'4 claim of the Patriarch of (un-
siauliniiplc. The Unman and (ireek I'hurches from
wlmllv reli;.Mous. hut for a
ihousand yi'ars il has heen
us thorouudily secular as an\
dynasty could he. althon-li
usiuLT the wea|i!'lis <if the
Spirit laru'i'lv tor ihe accom-
plishmenl of ils purposes.
that all Ih
e pojK's nave iiccn
had. hut I hal papacy has for a
thiMisani
I yea IS
temporal ptnvcr
heen eau'er for
And lo-dav.
j shut up in the \'atic;tn. il still
! dreams of secular aulhoritv.
IntI
le conlriixersie:
het\
lo-i
Ihe IheoliiLi'ian- o
.r ih
cli
11 re I
I. Uonie
tool
k a iivi'is
\, was line 111 a
inlere>i. and lo ils cspcciil
championship nf 1 he iloci i'!n<'
of ihe Trinil
\ery lar;;e measure its pi'c-
emiiience. Il came lo he llic
stroiiifhold of or
houii'h Ihe 111
ill
thoiloxy, al-
si Christ iaii emperor was heret-
ihemselvus with the Weslern
Kmpire. Helweeii I lie Iwu
ureat divisions of Chrisleinlom
ihero has not lieeii any very
eoiisiderahle conllici, turrilori-
indaries heini; olwervod.
at iioi
exeepi in u few cases.
Protestantism and (Jatholi-
cism disputo the same torritory;
hut iho IJoimin and the (ireek
each enjoys a domiiin apart
from ihe oilier,
iherefoi'c, set up
The claims,
hv th
irsr
Leo led lo no such conllict as
led hv Liilher
Leo
fall
llie one ilispu
duriuii: The ponlilicale of
\.. ihe most miunorahle o
I he iwelve Leos. The W'esi
readiK ;icce|ited the claims of
Kune, a
lid till' Kasi
tempt iioiis
Iv ii;;
con-
nored them in
favor of Constantinople.
\Vi
Inil no
notalile
ically inclined. Sylvester, who was made hisliop
of lioiue in :>M and I
was the lirst I'limate of all I
leld the otiice I wi'Utv-t wo veai>
10 Nees ut Italv.
\L
from TiCo until the uccessiou of the u'lea test of all
popes, (rre^fory, wliosi; [HUititicate dales from oOS
to (in4. Those were troublous times in 1*
No <f'"^^'i't ruler sat upon anv throiu'. and (ireudrv
11 rope.
was raised to that ili;,niitv bv Consluntine and tli
eized eviu'y op|iortunity to 11
KiKnifv 1
us otlicc
Nici'iR' Council in
He was in elV'eel an arch- He extended the authority uf the Church
■ihop. The thirty-sixth pope.
iiberius
was de- i{omo to Spain, and streii;j;theiu'd it throusjhout
posed and l.>auislied by the .Vrian or I'nitarian em- , Kurope, as a s|iiritual soveroiirnty ; hut his
jKjror, Oonstaiitius. He was a imirtyr to the cor-
ner-stone of orthodoxy, as now and usually held at
Home; but. sin^'ularly ineonsisieni as it may st 'em,
Liberius was also tiie lirst in I hi' list of po[)os to
hum was ik'iiicd canonizalion.
T
le lirst jiope to al
iluudv claim uiiivors
authoritv over Chrisleinlom, was Leo the (Ireat,
u:reat work was
th
'vatioii ol the Imsi, as
t miyht he called. — the raising of ecclesiastical
H
also
authority above thrones and sovereijruties,
took care to strenn-theii ihe h(dd of the church by
iinproviufi; the ceremonials and worship. Music was
eultivali'd. and it miirht he said to have LCiveii to I ho
Honiau church its splendor and |)imip. the pi'culiar-
44U. He was a maimf remarkable u'eiiius fm- exec- | ilies which alike inspire awe in the lu'east ofasavaL^e.
•.T''"r
f ,
\.'-\\
1
THK I'AI'MV AND MODICKV CHKISTIANITY.
iSi
(•i)iii|ir(iiiiist! \Tiis cITi'cUmI — ;i i'liniproiiii I' wliicli
<ia\i' t he lion's sliuri.' of the iidviiiilaife to tliu I'uinii'v .
Wlii'ii llu' I'roti'stiiiit Ut'fonuiitioii not Kiiro|M'
alilii/.o with n^lii^ioiis idi'ns lnwiiln totlic I'lipiiry, INipc
]a'>> \. t'oiiiiil liiniscll' ('oiii|Kdli'il to iiiiiko Itiiliiiii
|ioliti(H si'coiiiliiry, mill the »<u|iiirtwsi(iii of I'rolos-
tiiiitisiii |iriiiiiiry. From thai (iiiio to ilatu thd spir-
it iial cmpiri' of Uiitiio Ims ciij^ajjud tlii' iliicf altcii-
lioll of th(' pO|K'S.
Since \\n\ Iaio who fitlniiiialed his hull a^'aiiist
Ijiillicr. none of the popiw have Ikhmi i^reat clciiioiits
ill liaUaii all'airs. Thoy eiuiii; to the temporality
of liic petty Uomaii state with <jroat teiiaeitv, hut.
iiol so iiiiieh for its (n- n sake as from fear lest its
loss shoiiiil prove a fatal hlow iit the liionirchy
itself.
The lirst out<;ro|)piiiir of Protest iuitism was m
IDil. when AriioM of Hre.seia entered emidiatie
l)rotest against papal corruption. 'Phi' Walilonses,
disciples of I'eter \Val(h).(d' Lyons, date frotn ll'd.
and e;irly acipiired foothold in the valluys of I'iod-
niout. I'erseeiitod and maliirned, they hold their
own. and to-day miinher hot ween twenty and thirty
thousand eonimuidoants. Thoy eonstitulo almost
the eiitin\ i'roti'stant fon^o of Italy. 'I'liey have
sixteen ehurehos. Tlu! Alhiiiensos wore a similar
hui -mallei- soot of I'rotestants helom^ini,' to the
period of W'lildo and his immediiite followers. Sa-
vonarola, who preached at i-'lorcnce in the latter
part of the lifteenlh centuiy. eH'ccliMi the downfall
of the Medici, the rulini; family in that i)arl of It-
aly, lait anti-Papacy which ho oarnostly proclaimed,
gained no |H'rnianent ami general foothold in tlie
immeiliate luitional vicinage, as it might he called,
of the popo.s, and he liiiiisolt' died the death of a
martyr.
The Mystics were dcejily spirit nal religious enthu-
siasts, whoso inlluence dates from the midillo of the
I'onrteentli ceniiry, and wint wi'ro not at all contro-
versial. Thom.is ;\ Kempis, who died in Mil, was
the host known of these remarkahle men. His
treatise on " The Imitation of Christ" has heen
Iranslati'd into everv langiiaire. and is the I'xpres-
sion of the most intense Jiiety. Religious recluses
hecamo somewhat common at an early ' ly. and
mav he idosely idenlitied with the Kssenes of dudea.
i|uite fully doscrihed in a previous chapter; hut
monastioisni reached its idiimix in miudicanl orders
in the thirteenth, fourteenth, lifteenth and six-
teenth contnrie-i, 'i'hey constituted at once the Ik'sI
and the worst foatiiivs ,,( the Komisli church. To
the stTJoiis, mouastiu life, whether reidiise or med-
dieant, alTorded s|H'cial incitements to purity, while
to the hyp loritical it oll'cred s|K^cial facilities for im-
position anil immorality. .Medieval mysticism, as
e.xprossed in aKempis and. others of his da.ss, car-
rieil spirituality lo the highest pinnacle of the tem-
ple of faith; hut ihe modern church has had its
mystics, from S|iener and Krancke, who founded
the Hallo school of pietists in (iermany, to Moody
and Sankey of contemporary fame.
lint to return to tiio papacy, wo tind in the lii'iui-
sitioii a more natural developnuuit of hierarchal
ideas. It was early in the thirteenth century that
Iniioceni I II. estal)lishod the liniuisition, hut it was
not nnt il Protestant ism capt uii- 1 ( iermany and \\\\\s-
land, and seriously threatened Kurojie, that this in-
strument of persei'iitioii was put in full operation.
At first the lui(uisition was merely a jtrocoss of in-
vestigation, as the term would indii^ato, hut it grow
into an institution torrihle in power and innningin
device. It spread ♦o e> cry country wliere the
authority of the pope of Home was roeogidzcd. With
its (ni/i)-i/ti-/i', it was used for the eradication of the
dows from Spain, no h'ss than the Protestants from
the face of the earth. In proportion as the papacy
was strong the Imiuisition was thorough. Its vic-
tims were millions in numher. Nothing I'an he ad-
duced in its extemuiticm unless it ho the fact that
the in(|uisitor was often sincere in hi.s merciless
higotry.
Jesuitism sprang from the same soil as the Imiui-
sition, hut il can hoast some positive good and some
extenuating virtues. The Society of .Ii'sus was
foundoil hy Igmitiiis Loyola, a Spaniard, and re-
ceived pontitical sanction from Pojk' Paul III. in
ir)4U. Originally it was designed to ho an order of
monks, hound to tne ordinary monastic vows of
chastity, ]ioverty and ohedieiieo; l)ut- the second
vicar-gi'iicral of the onlcr, .lames Laynoz, gave to it
its present and historical character, a cliai'acter
which has made dosuitical a synonym for decepti\i'.
The maintenance of the })apal authority against any
and all adversaries was made the jirime ohject of
the oriler, under the motto. •■ The end justities the
means." It was and is a secret society with won-
derful adaptation to the exercise of inlluence. Hy
a suhtle process of insinuation and percolation, as
-a ^v
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
/^ .^4^..
// ^^J^
7% /^^
4i.
1.0
I.I
112 12.8 12.5
^ 1^ IIIIIM
12.2
11.25
iiiii^
1.4 mil 1.6
III
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
^
<^
^>^,
:\
\
iN
k
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. 14S80
(716) 872-4503
4^
O^
<\
n\
►
>
l82
rmc I'AI'ACV AN'I) MODKUN CHKISTIANITY.
Olio iiiii^lit Hiiy, tliu ilusuits gained coiilml of tlic
reins of gnvernniunt, the institutions of luarning.
and tho great aguneies of j)o\ver in many countries.
From l)eing ,i i)rotui;tor of Jiome tlic order grew in-
to a vast and dangerous empire. In ITTii a papal
l)\ill was promulgated for ilie dissolution of tlie en-
tire order. 'I'liis was done at the request of France.
Spuin, Portugal. I'arma, Naples and Austria. Tlio
.self-saorilice of the oriler in carrving the gospel to
the hi.!athen, esjiecially in America. Jesuit missions
did much to Christianize tlie alxirigines of this con-
tinent, more particularly in South America and on
the I'acilic coast ; also to estahlish pioneer churches
in many parts of the far Orient.
It was in lHr>4 that the linmaeii late Conception of
the N'irgin .Mary was proclaimeil as a divine dogma.
order could oidy exist as a recognized institution in
IJussia, liianks to the sulTerance of Catharine II.
l''or several years the society seeme(l power''ss. if
not. dead. Hut after the terrilile upheaval oi' the
p'rench {{evolution and the Napoleonic wars, tlie
.lesuits were looked upon with more favor, and iii
1S14 the order was re-i>stalilished in its original form
liy a iiapallnill. Since then .lesuitism has iK'en less
arrogant than formerly, hut to its inlluence in large
measure mav he attriiaitcd the" Svllalius of l-lrror"
and liie Vatican Council of isio declared the iio|n'
to hi* "the iid'allilile hishup of liishops." In the
year isiLJ ihc po|K' issiieilthe " Syilahiis of Krru-s,"
a general hull against, or condemnation of, modern
civilization, including scientilic tlamght and relig-
ious frceilom.
Speaking of the worship and ceremonies of the
church of Wome, tiie learneil I'hilipSi'iiair ohserves:
"'riie Woman church accoin|ianies its mendiers froni
I lie cradle to the uM'ave. receivinir them into life li\
and the dogma of i'apni liifalliliilily. The latest ' hajitism. disndssing them inln the other world li\
Mow a1 the Jesuits was struck In the Kepuhlic of i extreme unction, and consecrating all their iinpoi-
l"'ranee in the secularization of l'"rencli educal'on. taut acts hy the sacramental mysteries and lilcs«-
'i'iie chii'f credit and lioasi of .lesiiit ism is the heroic I iuL's. It draws all the tine arts into it< service.
V
t::
THK PAPACY AND MODERN CHRISTIANITY.
183
(it)lliic catlii'diiil.s, ultiirs, cnicilixon, Mailoiiuiis. pic-
tures, stiitut's mill relics of saints, rich docorations,
Bolt'imi j)ri)cessii)ns, operatic music, — all combine to
lend tiu'ir j^reat attractions for the common jKiople,
and for cultured {tersons of prevailini; avsthetic
tastes, especially among the Latin races. Catholic
service is the same all over the world, even in lan-
guage, the Latin Ix-ing its sacred organ, and the
vernacular Ix'ing oidy used for sernn)ns which are
suitorilinate. Its throne is tiie altar. It centers in
the mass, a communion service, which is regarded
as a real thougii uni)loiM.ly rei)etition or continua-
tion of the atoning sacrilice of Christ on the Cross."
The present pope of Iiome, Leo XIII., is said to
'le seriously considering the propriety of removing
his residence from the Vatican at Itome to some
other spot. Several places have heen suggested as
eligilile capitals for the great hierarchy, Malta es-
pecially; but there is no immediate prospect of a
change. Tlie Vatican, which end)races St. Peter's,
is the grandest achievement of all architecture.
Tiiere are said to lie ll,4'-i"4 rooms in it, not count-
ing mere closets.
All tiie churches not belonging to the Homan or
Greek communion are Protestants, except a few
remnants of the apostcdic cluirches in Asia, tiie
.\riiieniau, the Nestonan, the Jacobite. and the still
less important remnants in Figv[)t and Abyssinia.
The Eastern churithes, including the (ireek, num-
ber over So.ooo.ddO ; Protestant, something more
than i-.'n.ooo.(HM(; Uonnin Catholic, about '■iod,-
ItOO.OdO; making tlie grand total of Christentlom
over -luO.odd.OdO.
.Vl'ter the evangelization of Kurupe the Christian
world seemed indilTcrent to liic furtiier i)ropagation
of tiie faith, until late in the seventeenth century,
wiien I here was an awakening to " lu'wuess of life."
The Dutch exerted themselves for .lava and ('e\-
loii. tlie Danes for India, .Xavierand feliow-C^atlio-
lics for .Iiipan, America and .Vfrica. Very great
progress was made apparently toward Christianiz-
ing tiie pagan world, but the scimI sown resulted in
meager harvests in permanent I'lfeets. The evan-
gelized portions of India. China and .hqian arc
traceable to missionary labors belonging to the nine-
teenth centurv.
Speaking of mo.iern missions, i)r. Uurst says:
"The gos|iel was lirst iireached in Madagascar by
missionaries of the London Missiomiry Society iu
18IH Their labors, joined chiefly to those of the
Church and Friends' Societies, have resulted in the
overthrow of idolatry. The Queen ami her govern-
ment accept Cliristianit\ ; and from the cai)ital, by
contributions of converted Malaga.sy natives, mis-
sionaries have lieen sent to unconverted trilies in
distant parts of the island. Iir IS'^0 the American
Board began a mission in the Sandwiith Islands, and
in less than iialf a century of earnest, persistent
work a nation was redeemed from barlwrism.
AVI jre there used to i)e only savages there are no\r
Christians, who not oidy supjiort their own churches
i)ut send missionaries to other islands. Wesleyaii
missionaries introiluced Christianity into the Fiji
Islands in IS.'J"). Tiie Fijians were a nnist savage
and degraded pcojile, whose horriljle cannibalistic
feasts made their very name a terror. Christianity,
as preached by the missionaries of the Wesleyan,
London, and one or two other societies, have ef-
fected a wonderful change annmg these cannibals.
They have given u[) their old practices, and beconie
a (Christian nation. Churches ami .schools succeed
the bxri's or temjiles; family worship is general:
marriage is sacred : the Sabbath is observed ; and
law and order reign. Many thousands are commu-
nicants in the churches, and devoted Fijians go to
distant islands as missionaries and teachers. Some
of them have recently fallen vi(;tinis to the canni-
bals of New Mritain. Before IHl'^ there were no na-
tive Christians in Polynesia. Now there are no less
than ;54d,ddd, of whom (JS.ddd are comnninicants."
The aggregate memijership of mission churciies
in IS^'.t was r)T,"i,4S().
Thus we have as the supreme phenomenon of
the wr."l(l. the most notable feature of all liistnry.
the religion founded by a Homau suiiject, one who
never opjtosed imperialism, but, on the contrary, ad-
vised the paying of tribute to Ca'sar, ami general
iiunformity to temporal autiiority. Out of the Wo-
man empire, but not at all iis a result of lioinan
ci\ ilization, came a power which not oidy gave a
second iiirtli to l{oiiie itself, but a new imimlse and
character to all nations and peojilcs.
yYrfr,^/^^^m
m^m^mmm
a^x^m
23
'■>i-y
■' ■ !*
.•.!
■m
1' '■
I-"''
i'l
^rir-Tl'
'tldr' "^ .Hj^^^v5i^}t/!i?0/ri?J.^^i:V^^
^^^^S
■#•
,*r^.±'
f>\
^ffij^
CHAPTER XXXI
^^^5,
♦. • TiiK YiirMiK.-T Nation— TiiK I.imiiAUDi — liAi.v in thk Daiik Auks— Tiik Kiikk i'itik<— 'I'iik ^ ^
<iiiKF (ii.iiiiv iir Mkiukvai. iTAi.y — MiiiiKiiN Italy— Vii Toll Kmaxi ai. ami Italian I'mty
-I'll) NiNII— I'UKSKNT OuVKKNMKXT of ItaI.Y— < 'ONIIITION OF TIIK ColNTIlY— ITALIAN LlTEIl-
i\i\ ATI-UK- Italy and Aut— Thk Italian Hknai»san( k.
^. bi^
UK It Illy of to-day is ill.'
viimii;(^-i|, iiK'niliiT of ilio
I'iimily of iialioiiH. It, was
not, until Victor iMiiJiiuun,
ill tlic last (It'caiic, uiiilii'i!
tin: (diiiiti'y iiiitli'r one
r^^~f'f.t ^\ crown aiiil iiiic coiistitiitioii
p- mat tlic iii'csciil iialioiicaiiic intipc\-
islciK'c. Prior lo tliat, time, clmrcli
'^- amlstatc wcrciiiscpai'aliiy Mcnilcij on
tliat, |H'iiiiisiil;i. the former liciiiu' in
!g- tlic mastery. The kiiiu'ilom of
* Ilalv, as it now sl^amls, has an area
(^ "f 11'-. '-'"J si|iiare miles, and eoii-
u-f«v^vr^<"i 'sists of sixtv-iiinc iiroviiices. '['he
TViyV^)'"'' princiiial cities, to iiamelliem iii the
•• ';^^ CV , \. , • , • -v- ,
N,^', *p')v*- orderot their i)o|Mualii)n,are .Najdes,
.Milan, iiome, Palermo, 'riirin,
I'MorLMiee, (ielio:, N'eiiice, Hc)io;_'na, Messina, Leu''-
liorii and Catenia.
Ttaiv, as flic iieninsula once known as Latiiim is
now called, mav lie said to the |irodiict. of the i,oni-
hanls, who poured into the country from tin? .North,
heinu' to that, iienin<nia wiial the .ViiltIcs were to
l''nj:land. 'i'lie very name was horroweil from u
Lomhard jirince, Italicus, who, however, was less
entitled to that lioiioi' than .Mliion, the kin:.' of the
•jif- :^*'^-<
Lomiiards in Italy iiliout tiu; niiiMlu of the si.xtii
century. Tlio year oiiS is the dale for the division
liiii' hetween .Vncient IJoine ami .Modern Italy. .VI-
liioii was the Columlms, Italicus the .Vmcriiio in the
case.
Tiic jjomliards were the hravesl of the hravo.
l'"rom the heioJits of tlio .Vli»stlicy lieludd theplcas-
aiit valleys and fertile plains of tiie South, and
moved over with their families. Tliero was no
devastation, 'i'licy exercised sc|iialter sovereiL'iitv
without the sheildinif of hlood. They f<irmeil a
new tenantry. Some of the old inhahitanls moved
further soiiih, others remained, and the two ,se(s
of inhaliitants iiocaine mixed, as were the Saxoiis
and till' \ormaiis in l'In:,dand. The Lomhards
adopted the civili/.atioi they foiiiul, includiiii.' Ilio
(Jhrisliiiu reli;.'ioii. T'lieir sway did not extend to
the imiritiiiie cities of the .Adriatic and Mediterru-
noan seas. T'lie Latins -vIid lied cherished hitter
;iiiimosity to the Loniliards in their southern re-
treats, and so did the city of Homo, which, tlioui;li
noiiiinallv suhject at, that time to the Ca'sars at
( 'on-^tanlinople, uas really ruled, even at thatearlv
perio(l. hv the i'oiitilTs. The i-'ranks were souirht
in alliance hy the older race, and Charlemairne,
their ;,'ri'atest sovereign, eoni|uered Italy in 71 1, re-
ceiving'' his coronation at K'ome (,'iiristmas-da\\ SOO.
(KS4)
ITALY ANO THK ITALIANS.
1H5
hiiriiifj llio tliirki'sl. (roMlurius of llio Diirk Ai^'us
Italy vras aliiiosl cuiist.aiilly tlio victim of Jiotty and
iiitcriiiiiiiiblu wiirfiiri'. Tiiu liOiiihiinls iiivukuil
(icriiiaii alliaiici's, as tlu> Ijalins ami Koiiians lia.l
l-'n'ricli. In 'M\\, (Mho tlio (ircat, restoruil tiuniitirary
lnMci'. Till' liOiiilianls soon rulK'Hcii ai:aiiist. (lie
(iiTiiiaii yiikf. Ill a i,'t'iioi'ati(Hi or .so, all was once
more coiifii.sinii, aiiarcliy ami ItloiMlsliuii, romainiii<r
su until liarbaros.su, entering Italy in 1154, made a
ami lurnioil of the land and <(ave herself to eoni-
merce. She was the Cartliaije of the ])eriod. The
lirst Do^'e wtis elected in OUT. The fountl'in;,'of Ven-
ice near the island of Kialto dates fron; !S*»'.t. St.
Mark is its ])atron saint, and the cathedral of
that name is its most famous edifice. Istria
and Dalmatia were united to this urban reimh-
lie in W,.
Genoa and I'isa, on the other side of the Adriutie,
FLORENCE.
desjwratc efTort to assert Teutouiosupreini'.ey. The
bravery of the Italians was such thiit he \Tas
ballled, and in lisii, the |)eaco of Constaneo roc-
oiTiii/ed the inde|ieiident ri,i,dits of the .talian cit-
ies. "Thus emli'd." says Mariotti, '' tl.e lirst and
noblest stni;;irle in Kuroiio between 'iU-rty and
despotism."
.\iid now comes into eonspiciious inomineiicc
st'veral citifiii tif Italy, once iiUL'bly factors in the
world's work. l*"irst. of these was \'eniee, (pu'eii of
the .Vdriatie, which was foumled by Koniaii citi-
zens when .Marie and .\ttila inviwled the couiitr\.
That city avoided, as far lus potisible, the troubles
were free and imle]HMident states from ilie In'irin-
ninj; of the eleventh I'entiiry. These thrtc re|iub-
lies are meilieval in origin. Their earls annals arc
shrouded in im|ieiielrable mystery, but ihi'ir petty
contests and rivalries would luit be of interest if
preserved. Later, but similar, were tlie oriL'ins of
Naples, .\malii amltiaeta. (Jenoa, the liirt.li-plai'e
of Columlms, was Iuiil: 'he ijueeii of (lie Mediterra-
nean, and tlu' (ienoese are still ilie iicsl sailors on
that, sea. The \'enetian aristocracy, it may be ad-
ded. Ion/ bloinly ami tyrannical, still cherishes the
])ride of iiie l)o;r,'s. 'l'|n' sea, now reeediiiL; from
the lajioons, renders hopeless all attemiits to regain
I
u
1
* 1 '
f;,
hi*:
;j':r
^1
1 ■
iiv '. ;,
1^; ,; ;■ '
!!'■''
iVUi;
'.-. !', ';
K^ ■ ;
■^
1 86
ITALY AND THK ITAMANS.
a footing tiiiiong tho mighty cities of Eurojjo. Flor-
ence, Milun, I'iiviii and Pulonno each, uro cities
replete with interest to one niinutely studying Italy.
The real signiticanco of Italian liistory is not in
the rivalries of iietty states
and factions. The .sov-
ereigns who deserve atten-
tion are the Poj)es, and
not the (Tuel])hfl and the
Ghibelines, tiie Uorgias
and the Medici. It was
not until Victor Emanuel
and Garibaldi ;r o that
a single name, nmiLary or
political, ueipiired suffi-
cient importance to merit
consideration, beyoml the
sphere of the Papacy
Italy presents no point
of special jiolitical interest
until the house of Savoy
apjiears above .the waves.
In 1870 was accomplished
Frencii l)ayonets. Tiie king of Italy had removed
his caj)ital from Turin to Florence, but could not
enter Home. Victor Emanuel was so fortunate
as to have tho assistance of that great stat<,'snnin,
(Javour, and that grand
patriot, (iaribaldi; and al-
though excommunicated
by tlio poj)e, he renniined
faithful to tho lionnin
hierachy as a .ajtiritual
])ower. He kept the cause
of Italian unity se])arate
from religion. The Cri-
meau war gave him oppor-
tunity to distinguish iiim-
solf and gain for his nation
the resiMJct of the great
powers. Italy derived
honor and iK'uefit, indirect,
but great, from that war,
and this was true of no
other particii)ant in it
Victor Emanuel had re-
the uiutication of Italy with Rome as its capita' ! |)eated conflicts with Austria, and won some vie-
In this illustrious house of Savoy, under which this i tories at Austrian exjwnse. He was in antipathy to
grand result was obtained, there were three Charles ; France for barring his way to the Eternal City.
Emanuels, tiiree rulers
bearing the name of Vic-
tor Amadeus. and two
Victor Emainiels, all
creditable rulers and men
of some genius, the most
illustrious being the last
of tho eight. They raised
the Jictty dukedom of
Savoy to the kingdom of
Sardinia, and later, to
the kingdom of Italy.
The crowning elevation
wasachievi'd liy Kmanu-
el II., fatiicr'of Ilum-
Ix'rt, till' i)resent king of
Italy. He claimed the
title of King of Italy us
early as ISOl, having boon crowned King of
Sardinia in 1841), in tho thirtieth year of his
age ; hut the full measure of his ambition was delayed
until ISto. Louis Xapoleim sui»i)oTted the Pope and
kept him in the teni|)orality of the I'apal States by
Therefore he was in clo.^e
sympathy witii Prussia
in its war with both of
those powers. From
Prussian victory over
both, Italy derivetl sub-
stantial lulvantage, es-
ix'cially from the fall of
the Xapoleonic enii)ire.
Rome tlien ojiened iior
gates to the great king
as a matter of course,
amid the wildest enthu-
siasm. The j)eople re-
joiced exceedingly at the
change in rulers. The
dream of Italian nation-
ality had always Ih'cu
fondly clierisiieil by the Romans, and they saw in
Victor Emanuol the resurrection of (dd ]{ome in its
better days. Tho venerable Pope, a gotxl old man,
one of tlie few real saints of the Pontificate, shut
himself up in the Vatican, not from fear, but in the
r
^
« fc^
ITALY AND THE ITALIANS.
187
iiulnlgoiH'e of wlmt in boys is cuUetl " llie sulkn."
Tlieio lio roiiiiiintMl, tlioMiiig to i)ltiy tlio rnli' of jiris-
oner and victim, iintil thu serenity of deatli ciinie
to his reloiwe, wlion Pius IX. was suceeedcd Ijy aii-
otiier old man, IjOo XIII.
IMo Nino was born in 1T'.)2. and came to tliu
inipal tlirone in lH4<i. IVrsonally kind and just,
lie was a staunuh upholder of the ancient spirit of
dosjM)tisin, and sou^jfiit to prop up tiie faUing for-
tunes of the Pontificate, lie nnty Iw said to liavo
enlarirod the ereeil of Home l>v two doctrines; naniu-
iy, the imn>aculate conception of the Virgin Mary
as well as her .son, ami the infallil)ility of the I'oiie
in all matters t)f
faitii and morals.
IK ;,luntlyopjK).sed
a free i)ress, free
s|ieoch, lil)crty of
conscience, ami
popular and mod-
ern ideas of civil
rigiits. being thor-
oughly and consist-
ent ly mediev.il.
Tiie llaliiins rever-
vd his virtues, but
disregarded ids po-
litical advice. Ilis
succe.s.sor is a nnm
of much abil y,
Init tiius far he has
Vii'w of Rome. shiiwiiiK the ('BHtlp of St. AnRelo iiiirt St. PctiT's.
Italy can boast u splendid literature, and an in-
comparable art. Tiie chief of its autiiors is Danto,
wiio.se poetic n^presentalion of the Uomisii view of
tiie future life is an immortal work. I'lider the
guidance of Virgil he explored hell and jiurgatory,
and then the spirit of liis lost love, iieatrice, led liini
through Paradise. Danto ranks with (ioethe, and
.seconti only to the ineomparablo Shaksjjoare. Ills
works have l)een translated into all tongues, and aro
the delight of a peculiarly wide circle of readers.
Another familiar name is Tasso. He was very
highly esteeme<l in his day, but wiser after-judg-
ment placetl him in the lower rank of genius. Boccac-
cio, who.se talcs
would be rejecteil
by n modern pub-
lisher as indecent,
occupies a conspic-
uous j)lace on ac-
count of senioritv.
Like the two other
Italian authors just
named, be was one
of the )>ioiiccrs of
modern literature,
and is deserving of
great credit for
doing so well at
so early a jK'riml.
Italy did much for
the Present at its
effected nothing to make liis name remembered.
Of him it can l)e saiil, that he strenuously clings to
the old ways and iileas ; but he gradually accepts,
ap))arently in good 'aith, the inevitable and com-
plete loss of temporal power. No dynasty in Eurojx.>
has such a hold upon its people as the Italian, and
all thought of restoring the pai)al temporality may
well 1)0 dismis.sed.
The government of Italy is a constitutional mon-
archy, with a senate appointed for life, and a cham-
ber of atiS deputies elected by popular sulTrage. The
press is free and the people contented. The national
debt is large, but the country is, on the whole, pros-
|)erous. The t'<lucational .xystein is goinl. Therail-
roa<ls and canals afford sailicient facilities for trans-
lM)rtation. The present population is not far from
thirty million.s. The great imlu.stries are silk culture,
wine making, and the i)riHluctiou of works of art.
dawn, and then subsided, the life of the nation*
sapjKid apparently by tlic evil inlluencos of a
church which would sacrifice any and every-
thing to build up and maintain ecclesiasticul
authority. Its l)est work was in the line of art.
Painting, as it now exists, was brought from Con-
stantinople to Italy in the eleventh century, and
thenco it spread over Eurojie. There were many
schools^ or stylos of painting in Italy, nearly every
town having its characteristic invention of which it
could boast, its line of artists culminaling generally
ill some gr at master. Florence could claim Da
Vinci and ^lichacl Aiigelo; Uonie had Raphael;
Hologna, (Juido; Parma, ("orroggio; Venice, Titian
and Paul \'eronese. Not infre(|uently sculpture
and painting went together, (rormany and the
Nothcrlanils did groat things for miKlern art, and
(Jerniany, Franco, and to some extent, Spain, have
• •■■ (•■I
, t, rM
4':5 .-i
■i'-f';.ii
.1 • i
T
. )•
'I'M
> - ' t '1
-i
<S •-
■^— ^^
1 88
ITALY AND THE ITALIANS.
i;n
, - !
coiilril)iito<l vory mutoritilh t<» till' iirt istic wuiiltli of tlie
vrurUl ; but till coiiil)iiu'<l ciiiiiiotc'<|iialtliis()iii;Hiiiiill
fomilrv, tlio |)eiiiiisiiliuif Italy. WImKireck art was
tu the auciuiits, that is Italian art to iiiuleru times.
Italy sustains a peuiiliar rulation to ancient and
in(Klorn civilizations as tlio f,'rfat conservator and
restorer of ancient literature. The thief service of
that country in the domain of letters wits not so
mudi the |ir(Mliiclion
of original genius as
of faithful restorers
of the past. 'I'l was
the supreme .service
of the Italian renais-
sance. Petrarch and
HiK'caccio wrought
most iiohly in the res-
toration of the ancient
classit's. and a liril-
liaiit essayist observes
"'riieiri'uthusiasm im-
parteil nn impetus to
research, and a uni-
versal interest in
numuscript ami an-
ti(|uities sprang up.
.Monasteries were
."searched, and monks were l)ril)ed, when n<» letter
way availed. Ik give up thi'ii' treasures. IMlgrims
traveled to liyzantium in si'arch of .MSS. as in earlier
days they hail of relics iu llu' lioiy land. .No less
(earnest was the work of collecting and revising the
.MSS. thus obtained. No ctTort was spared to ar-
rive at the origimil meaning of an author, and
years were sometimes spent upon a single work."
TIIK MODKKX CAI'ITOL AT UO.MK.
It was nu)st apj)ro|iriate, certainly, that Italy, the
heir of Home, should thus reclaim and |)ur|ietuiitu
the treiwures of classic literature.
Italy has l)eei: called a panulox, and from (me
point of view such it certainly is. With a vicious
and deplorable linamial system it enjoys industrial
])rosj)erity. The aggregate of industries rose Hi per
cent during the last decade.and the average jK-r capi-
ta 10 per cent. K.\|Kirts
increase nmre rajiidly
than imports. In man-
ufactures great ad-
vancement is being
nuide. Taxes are high.
Not less than thirty-one
jK'r cent of t he eandngs
of the i»eople is w-
<iuired to support the
government. In France
it is seventeen an<l a
half |icr cent, and in
(ireat Mritain twelve
|)cr I'cnt. The increase
in the wealth of the
jicojjle tluriug the
seventh decade of this
century was one hun-
dred and ten million pounds sterling, but the national
<'ebt increased <luring the same jicriml 150 millions.
Tlie [leople sutTer from the lack of food, or rather
they are snndl caters. The uni' ant consumed is
less acconling topopulatitin ^'"i>- that of any part of
Hiirojie, Portugal alon,, excepted. If the ikjojiIc ate
nn)re and heartier food their industrial capacity
might be much greater.
VI ^
r
(&WJBI»MTiril1]B»f,1|»»iMBIIIIf»pil|1IBIfl»mi»iTIBiirill»IIIIIMBI«»y'-ir»TT^mB^
.^^:
Js
THE DARK AGES.
rrjArj;ff;.^;.n.?oirA'j;Axr j^^^^^
CHAPTER XXXII.
MKIIIKVAI. ClIAIlK — KK|:1>AI.I!<III — FkIDAI. TkNTUKS -dllZIIT (IN FEniALISM— C'lIIVAI.IlY— TlIK
ClII'MAIIKK — IllyTIIHY <ir KM 11 IN ClIlloNOI.OIilrAl. OUllKll— ('llAllLEMAUNK — DaNTK— TlIK MlV
NKmNllKlls, Tll(>rilAl)(Hll« ANll TlIK TlUlVl Kit"— WlTIIIlliA KT— TKHTIMONY or LEII:'— WE'II.KY
UN WiTrULKArr— Its Subvivai. or tmk Daiik Aiik-i.
t^'
^P^^
7-^
H K printiiinf press may lie
roffiinled as llie (liviiliui;
line in res|ioft totlicdis-
sciiiiiiatioii of kii()wk'(l<.'c,
liotwi'i'ii tlio 1)1(1 world and
tilt' niodcrii ; lint in tri-at-
inij of nations and |K'o|ilus,
tliu nioR' natural di'inavkation is
that ni'utral lioll km.wn as tlio
Dark A^'os. Tlio llonnin Knipiro
was first divided, as wi' liavi- sot'n,
fallinjj apart of its own woiglit, and
then the western Inilf of it was dev-
astated by hariiarie Norsemen. A
period of ehaos followed in the
west, a nij^ht with no light hut
" the horned moon " of the Cres-
cent, and as morning approachei^, a
few stars twinkled in the heavens. That crescent
queen of the Dark Ages wa,s the Saracen empire,
which will engage our attention in the next chaj)-
ters, and the stars of the dawn were tlie mcKlern
nationalities of Eurojn) which gradually emerged
from the medieval night. Those nations. ditTeren-
tiated by the mitural boundaries of language, are
the Turks, the Russians, the Italians, the (rennans.
the French, the S|»anish ( including tiie Portuguese),
the Scandiiuivians and the English. These seven
lH'c)|iles are the nebula? thrown otT liy the sun of
imiH'rial Uome. It shall be tiic purpose of iliis
chapter to set forlii tiie condition uf Kiirope during
the Dark Ages, ajiarl from the i'apacy. already con-
sidered, an<l tiie empires which are to 1)C severally
brought out in sui)se(|uenl ciiapters.
During the entire perioil of history, nothing so
<lcsolale and vicious can 1k' fouml as this ciiiruKl of
darkness. It sei'iiied as if civilization had lied from
the homes of men, and no morning would ever
dawn upon Westi'rn iMirojn'. 'JMic religion of .Icsus
of Na/areth had been adopted in theory, wiiile the
Christianity of actual practice was in tiie shariiest
jiossible contrast to the IxMievoleiit andjrentle teacii-
ings of the crucilied Clirist. Violence, bloiKlshed,
brutality and crime made Euro|»e a vale of tears.
The chief feature of the jieriod was feu<lalism,
;'iid that was liorii of the necessity of seeking jiro-
tectioii at the jirice of lilierty, l*(diticiil institutions
and national authority alTorded no actual safe-
guards against rapine and murder. The farmer had
no assurance that he should reap what he had sown,
or enjoy what he hiul harvested. The country was
everywhere so overrun with marauders, that neither
person nor projierty was safe. Ifiisbands aiidbroth-
I'rs were slain, wives and sisters subjected tn (jutrage
worse than death, ami the robliers and des]ioilers
were entrenciied in strongiiolds. Eiiiallv there came
(189)
r
\ '
1 ■ ; •■
■i 1'":
mm
1 .1
■^■^!il^ •.:i
-A
'■r '.>■
:■<;■
::;|J
190
THE DARK AUKS.
to Ik) II trucu Itotwuvii thu vrouk uiid lliu strung, by
wliifli till' fiiriiiur |iut tlioiiisulvt's iiMilrr vil^<,■<lllill,'l'
to tliu liittor, Hurviiig tlioiii in war aii<l |ia_viug trili-
uto ti) tliuiu ill |iuiio(j, till in tlu' liupf iliut sulf-iiitur-
wt wimlil (licliitu t(t llio riil)lii'i' in liis i .'-itlu tliat ho
Hliduld |)riitt'ct tlio |)t'ariant in liis Init. 'L'o hucIi an
nxtont ilid tlio loi'tl ln'conii' inli'iTsU'il in tiiu vassal
tinit s(unt' Kocnriry \tm-< alTonkMl. Tiius did barbar-
iniii work out a curtain dcgroi' of rufornnition.
. i'Viidalisni was a great unu'linrution of tliu cdndition
of alTairs to wbidi it oweil it8 own existt-ncu. It
gradually di!Vi'lo|ic'd into an claborati' systoni.
For tliu most |iarl. .
tlio tonuntry of Ku-
rojio at tlio iirc^scnt
times is a rolio of fcii-
diilisni. The legal
ownorshi|> of tlie soil
rests in most cases
ii|ion no just title of
[lureiiaso, but upon
till' corner-stKne of
raj)ino and viulom-e.
(Jradiiully, as nations
rose into definite out-
lines of jurisdiction,
the slate took the
[ilaco of the liof iinil
I lie vassal ln^caino a '
siibi"!.'. until, in mod- '
ern i.ines. little roinains of l'cudalism,oxc'e|it in
the matter of land tenure. The relianee of the
peojilo for redress and protection is not nipon
the lord of the nearest eastle, but npoii the mag-
istrate who represents the so\eriMgnty of the law.
In his History of Ci\ ilization, M. Guizot nnikes
some extravagant claims for feudalism, but the fol-
lowing jiassage is an adn.irablei)re?entiition of facts
in regard to the system : " 'L'liore was nothing mor-
ally coinimni lietween the holder of the fief and his
serfs. They fornuMl part of his estate; they were
his jiroperty ; and under this wonl property are
comprised not only all the rights we delegate to
the jiublic magistrate to exercise in the name of the
state, but likewise all those which we possess over
private jimperty ; the right nt making laws, of levy-
ing taxe.-. of inllicting punishment, as well as tin:'
of disposing of them — of selling 1 hem. There ex-
isted not, in fact, between the lord .if the domain
MAUI 11 IIF TIIK t msAIIKUi
and the cultivutors. so far as we contiider the latter
as men, either riirhts, guaru'.tees hy society. • *
This system .seemed, hovrev ;, naturally to jxmr in-
to the iiiiiid of ever} possessor of a fief a certain
number of ideus and moral sentiments — ideas of
duty, sentiments of affection. That the jirinciples
of fidelity, devotednes.s and loyalty ln^ciime devel-
oped and maintained by the relations in which the
possessors of fiefs stood towards one anot)<er, is
evident."
Another generic feature of the jieriod was chiv-
alry. It is said in pniisic of Don (Quixote, that it
laughed chivalry out
of Europe, and that
was a great and good
thing to ilo when
done, fiu' the morning
of modern day had
broken ; but in iis
way und time chivalry
was very lienelicent.
It .stiinnliited and
cultivati'* the senti-
ment of honor, and
honor is one of the
fundamental ingredi-
ents of good charac-
ter, both individual
and national. Chival-
ry was born in the
reign of Charlemagne, although plain traces of its
rudiments may bo found in the early Teutons, the
(Jernninsof T'acitus. The knight-errant of romance,
bravely redressing the wrongs of suffering innocence,
without thought of reward or danger, was not a
myth. Found in all parts of Europe in those times
of universal wrong, chivalry was the highest ideal
presented of real goodness. Often fighting in a
tournament, which was abont the same as a mod-
ern jirize-fight (only arms, armor and horses were
allowed the combatants), still the knight was a mcs-
.-icnger of avenging justice, an angel of succor to the
nnfortuniite. Loyalty, courtesy and valor were
the cardinal virtues of a true knight.
The Crusades belong to the Dark Ages. There
were seven of them, all substantially alike in cause
and jnirposc. They attest the monstrous folly with-
in the range of universal jiossibility. Of nothing
has the European branch of the human family
is
THE DARK AGES.
191
iiioru ouuiiHioii to lio iirihikiiiu<l tliiiii of lliusu fronzicd
clTorts to fTiiin (KisHession of tliiit oini ty liolo in a
rock uiilloil tlif Holy Si'ihiIcIilt. Vk'wt'tl in tlie
lijilit of tiiiKlerii pniotit'iiiity, tliero wiw no ocoiwion
for that si'rics of wars. 'I'lio Sariumis did indeed
liiivi' |H)s.st'ssion of tilt! tondi of our liord, l)Ut uven
fmni tiio Htiiiulpoiiit of Christian devotion, tlicre
\ras noreason
\rhy I hat fact
should dis-
turl) th'-
i'i|Uiiniinity
of all Juirojio.
Mut Peter the
Hermit, a
cra/y fanalie,
eonceivetlthe
idea of arous-
iiii; jMijiiilar
/.eal for the
rt'scueof that
toMil) from
the Mohani-
incdaMs, on
the liTiMind
that .Fesus
("hrisl was to
come airain
very soon, his
second ajt-
jK-'arinj; to Ik'
on the spot
mtule sacred
hy his pas-
sion, resur-
rection and
ascu n s i o n.
The vast mul-
iitudes who left home and all local endearments,
animated hy a common puri)ose, minjrled toi,'ether as
friends and brethren, l-'or the first time the ]ico})los
of Euroi)e met on a common footing of amity. They
were not lighting each other, and the narrow ideas
of devotion to a i)etty sovereignty were forgotten.
They came together on a basis of brotherhood as
broiul ius the continent. They learned something,
each from all. The sparse seeds of civilization were
scattered, to bear fruit and be the beginning of a
new era. There was a commingling which i)r()ved
24
TAKING OF JEKISALEM BY lUE CUUSADERS.
Eiii.'iiH's «XTi" friimod by some ficnocno iirtii»t». wliii liad fortiiimtily lanili'il in tin' Imrhor of .Iiilln.
T«i) inovniili' turrrlMwcrc (MiiiHtriiiUd anil riillid l'i>r\vftril wiili divoiit Lilii>r. i\(it Ki tlio mcii't ucci'n-
silili', lint Id till- iniict iiciilcrtid, iiarl!' nf tlir fortillnition. Huyiiioiiirn tower was niluccil to usIicm
hy till' till' of the liisii'L'c'd, lint 111!" (■"llcacuewiiK more vli-'ilaiit and micci'siiful: Hit' enfmic? were
diivii\ liy liiH ar-lnTS from tin' rampart; the draw-hridin' »ar< lit down; anil on a Friday, at three in
the afternoon, the day and hour of the pa^'i'ion. liodfrey of Bouillon Hlood vicloriou'* on the wnll«
of AvrwfnWm—it'ililiijn'tDeeHneuniiFalt. chap, hiiii.
of immleulahle lulvantago to Kuro|K>. Out, then, of
themost gigantic fidly of all times, grew one of the
most l)ene''<'ent impulses of all times, and if the (!ru-
Hadcs had no justitieation, their horrors and devas-
tations luive certainly proved a lilessing in disguise.
The tirst L'rusiule dates from KiUf. to lO'.i'.t. The
leiwler, I'eter the Hermit, hail for his tirst lieuten-
ant, Walter
the Penni-
less. To their
stiindard rid-
lied in those
three years
six largo ar-
mies, num-
liering, all
t -ld,»;(K),()()(t.
Several very
ilistingtiisbed
knights gain-
ed renown in
that Crusade,
(ioilfrey of
liouillon, iif-
terwards the
King of de-
ru-;ilem, Ite-
loiiged to
thiit crusade.
So did Tan-
cred, Ifay-
mondof Tou-
louse, and
Hugh the
(;reat. They
besiege" 1 de-
russilein. ami
* induly.ld'.iS,
the lioly city fell into their hands. The object
of Peter hiul been gained, only the success
Wiis not jtermanent. In 1147 the M(diain-
medans took Kdessa jind jireptired to at tern [it
the recapture of .lerusalem. Tlnit calleil out the
second Crusade, which continue 1 two years. The
Abbot of Clairvau.x, St. Bernard, was the great
iijMistle of tills uitrising, anil tiie e.xeitemont
iimounted to a maniti. The kings of France and
(ierniiiny took the tield in jierson, with an aggregate
army of ],".iOO.O()(». It .seemed as if all Europe was
»■ ;
""S
.i-
ft
It ; I'
r •
f: r
■ ** , '
if- ^
1)i''
=»
-i-
i9i
TUli DAKK. AiiKS,
Olio viisl niii<i-ln>u»c. IVniiiuu nml c'liililruu in^i-ii'il
ti|K)ii liikiii:.' |iiin ill \sli;il \ukci ox|N'(;ti'(l lo Ik; litllu
h^M than ilic :iiiiiiliiliitii)ii of tliu Mc»li'iii )iii\rur.
llurriMi' were ilic siiircriii;,'- ciitiiilccl .iiid iiilui- was
till' I'iiiliM'c of till' niiivi'iiieiit. Ai'tur iiii iiii'lTcitiiiil
^'iugl' i»f Diiiiiib'i'Us tliu !<iiitttc'rtMl I'l'riiiiaiit* <trii;,';;l(.'il
back to l')tirii|ii', iluinorali/.i'ij to ll.i' la.'-l ilegrou,
Tlie most. stii|K':i(iouH iji'liisioii of ail tlio a;;i's was
at aiii'iiil.yi't. iioi at an I'lul, for jusl forty yi-ars laliT
lit'iiaii till' tliinl Criisaik', wiiirli lasti-ii tlirci' yrars.
That ri'iit'wal of liosliliiiL's hctvrt'L'ii Cross ami Cri's-
<riil was oi'casioiu'il hy the fail of thi' kiiiLriloiii of
flfnisali'iii, whii'li ti'rmiiiuti'il in lls^. 'I'lu' iniiihty
Salailin, wiio rcasonalily asiiirril to univiTsai Mohain-
nicilan ('iii|(irt'. liroM' ilii' (Jlirisiiaiis from tlu' .acri'il
fiiy. 'I'liaL ;iroiis('(| tlio incliu'iiation of j-'ri'dcrirk
Uarharos-a of (iiTinany, I'liilip AuL'iistiis of j-'ranri'
ami liic'liard CoMiriii' lii'oiiof j^nirlanil. 'i'licir ef-
forts weri" not uliolly friiitliiss. Tlicy roiild noi ri'-
storc Christian riilr. liul, tlicy forced from Saiadin a
treaty exempliiiL' rrom taxes and s|K'eiai peril Ciiris-
tiaii |iiii;riinstotlir iloly Sepiiluher. and so minicr-
oiis were tliese palmers, as the pilixrims weri' failed,
that tills treaty was liiy;hly important.
In r^(>;i i'opo Immeent .'II. tried to orjjaiiize still
nnotiier misjule. A siii,dir iiejrinniiii; was inado at
Vcniee, init tile niDvemeiit was aliortive. The
foiirtii Crusade was a peculiarly tra'.^ii; attempt of
al)i>ut;5().0(iii hoys jiistcnteriiig tiieir teens.and hardly
that, to rescue tlie sepuioiier of Jesus from infidel
hands. These lads were led liy a siie[ilieid lioy,
Stt'pheii of N'eiidoine. 'i'iiey set sail hy siiip from
Marseilles, intending' to reacii I'alestine. Two of
their se\en siiips were wrecked. Those wiio I'scaped
the [lorils of tlie sea landed at K.u'ypt. iiut on-
ly to lie sold intoslavery. IW some writers tliat mel-
ancholy episinle is called the fourth Crusiule. Oth-
ers apply that designation to tho e.xiwdition of An-
drew of Hungary, organized in 121T. lie took a
few Moslem fortres.ses sn Mount Tabor, but in the
second year of his oxja'dition gave up and came
home.
For ten years only did tlie world have rest from
Crusades. Tho liftli one was organized in V-l'iS
by I'redcrick II. of Germany. After ten years of
fighting and dijilomacy a treaty was entereil into be-
tween the Sultan of Egyi)t and the <ierinan Empe-
ror, liy which the latter aciptired I'alestine. and re-
turned home with some substantial aei|uisitious to
"liow as the fruit of his expedition. Hut in I'MH
camu tlie'l'nrk. v. iio lie.sieged, captured and pillaged
•Tenisaleiii. Luiis I.\, of l-'raiice. called St. Loiiirt,
tried lo driM' liack tiie barliaric inlldel, imt was lak-
Pii prisoner liy tlie Sultan of Kgypl. wlio was tinally
prevailed upon in \i'tu to av'cept a ruusoiii for his
royal capl ive.
Tlie last of t he Crusiuies dates from r.'M to Vl'rl.
St. Louis began it, liut he soon died, and the iead-
ersiiip fell upon hldwafl of Kngland. No progress
"as made, howincr, toward dispossessing the Turks.
l''or more than two centuries linigcr the idea of res-
cuing the Holy Scpulclicr from the Moslems was
cherished as the dream of po|K's and ilevotecs. The
new worM with its diversions put an end to all
tlioughin of an eigiilh Crusade.
Tiiu Island of Malta acipiired considerable prom-
inence in t lie cdiiilict lietweeii tiie M liiammcdans
and the Clirisiians, Solyman the Magniliceiit, in
furtherance of his scheme to annex Hungary to his
empire, and extend Islamism to Western Kuiope,
raptured the i<laiicl of WIkmIcs in lo'.'l, wrcsiing it
ii'om the Kniglils of .St.. tlohii, who had held it
undisputed since their retreat from I'ale-tine.
The knights retired from Khodcs to the Island
of Malta, which was bestowed upon I hem by Charles
y. of (ri'rmany. They fortilleil it. and that so well,
that when in l.'iti."^ Solymau attempted its cajituro
he was ballled.
One name towers so high during this black peri-
od as to be immortal and illustrious. We do not
refer to any of the brave knights and princes who
won renown in the holy wars, but to Charlemagne,
the emperor who will come befoie us somewhat in
detail later, but who, Ixjcauso ho made all Europe
bow before his throne, deserves cons[)icm!iis iitten-
tion. Without touching upon subseipient history, it
may be said of him here, that he had the genius to
create an emiiire, Imt not to transmit it. rnder
him the Franks and the Teutons were united, his
iloininion embracing nearly all Europe, except tho
saviige \ortli. Po{>e IjCoIII., in the year A. D. Soi),
placed the imjierial crown upon the head of this
Akvxander of medieval times. A rudo and almo.st
literally unlettered barbarian, he gathereil about
him the learning of every land, founded schools, col-
lected libraries, and in many ways sought to elevate
the character of the people. His ideas were grand,
but they availed little. Europe was not soil prepared
restiiii
leiice
trast bi
of a
Jiire V
mainti
I
1 a
boast
whose ll
hell.
Chauci'l
ing sti
tlian a d
^2
TIIK DAUK A<iKS.
"M
fitr tlic Hucd lie Hii\Tcil, iiiiil niiii'li iif ii liiii'c 1)11 friiil.
Cliiiili's llic (Jri'iil wuH II iiiDhclcr uf \\w, liii'iitimis,
niu'l mill r'ti|iiTHtitioiis. Hi' pruiKitiiiceil tlit> (k'titli
|K'iially a;;iiiiist tlinsi,' -irlio rcfiiscil Clirisliaii Imp-
li.<i|ii, (i|- alt' Mii'ul ill Ia'IiI. ill' \rus a .'•Iran;;!' iiiix-
tiiru of jrioiilUfsH mill wcakia'ss. of irmi ami clay,
llallaiii sa\s: "In tlii' Dark .\;;ts nf KiirnjH'aii
1 'tiirv, tlio n'ii;ii uf ('li'irli'iiiuiriir alTunN a sniilarv
iiaiiK'S may III' nu'iiiiuiicil Ih'ii', ,«iii;li a< I
Koi'ciiut'iii ami AU'lai'il, Imi \Tilli tlii' niu' v
of Dunk', all ilii' ilisliiii-iivi'ly iiii'ilii'\al 1
iiii;,'lit Ik.^ iililiti.'rait'il willuiiil. so ^rrisal a l«»'
play iif lMiri|ii(lc,s or oratinii of Cici'io.
'riicri' s|)rmi;; up iliiriii;,' that imtIoiI a
iiiiiistri'ls rallt'il iiiiiiiit'siii;ri'rs, troiiliiuloiirs,
\ iiTs. ivlio ri'inliTnl iinpcirtanl srrviio to tl
Viianli,
Mrplioii
iliTatiiii'
< as mil'
rla.-.-* '<(
ami I ro-
ll' arl of
W^I^"^^
'«cr"
rcstiiig-placo lit>t\roi'n t\ro loni; jwriiHls of turhii-
leni'O ami ij^iioiiiiiiy, lU'riviiii^ llu'ailvaiitairt' of con-
trust both from that of the jiroi oiling dynasty and
of u iHistority for whom ho had formed an om-
jiiro which they wore unworthy and nnomial to
maintain."
In a literary jioint of view, tlie Dark Aires can
lioast only one or twosjreat names. Dante is a poet
whoso fantastic visions of heaven. piUL'atory and
hell, will always ho the admiration of mankind.
Chaucer was a true poet also, hut ho was the morn-
ing star of inuiginative niodorn literature, rather
than a distinctive jiart of medieval limes. Several
(Poetry, although not one of them all composed any
grout or immortal verso, hut they sang of love and
wur, of houvon and j)Ussion, in strains wliioh tired
the medieval heart and gave character to siihsi'-
ipiont poetic expression. In tlicniselves considcreil,
those songs and halluds may he set down as of little
worth, while in tlioir iiithience upon real genius of
a later ])eri(hl they were iiivalualile.
Simrular as it may seem, the most ini|portant link
connoeling I he Dark Ages with modern times is
witchcraft. That plia«e of human e\|H.'ricnce la.'-
longs almost wholly to tiie historical in distinction
from the actual world. Truces of it mav lie found
'n
1'
i:-;
^2=:.
mi-
I I; ' '
■ ■ * ' "'
r.i'
(!
lit
■*
i-i I
^ M\' '
'Sr
t
;i
i:i-'i
:ilfWi!
194
THK DARK AGES.
in tlio roiiioto piist, tiiul iK'rhups in thu ])rosoMt, but
•M il pruniiiuMit, fiu'ttir in tlic iilTairs of iiion it was
(lovol(i|)0(l iluviiig till' inedii'viil jR-riinl, linding its
fullest lifo, however, iluriii}^ thestiisiesof early Pro-
testantism. l)eini? in'ciiliar to no oinirih or country.
The translators of tiie Kinj^tlanies version of the
Hiltle were so full of tliis belief that the law of Mo-
ses iiijainst poisoninif was rendered bvtheni, "Thou
shall not sutler a witch [insteiul of a /niisoiicr] to
live." Ami the woman of Endor who wa.s eon-
suited i)y King Saul was evidently a sj)iritualistic
medium, and not at all a witch, in any proper S(. i»e
of the term. 'I'here is no doubt a dose conneetion
between ancient magic, divination, ^astrology and
necromancy, and medieval witchcraft ; l-nit the latter
term stands for a distinctive form of the unnatural,
the abniirmal and the mysterious, which was not
regarded so much as supernatural as suh-natiiral,
originating with the licnd.. of the world below.
In 11S4 I'ope Imiooent VIll. is.nied ahull against
witciicraft. and commissioned the rn(|nisitor Spren-
gei' to cxiiritat.e it. lie put to death hundreds every
yjar, and always and everywhere the more vigorous
the |)rosecution, the more j)revalent the mania — for
such it was. Insanity was mistaken for demoniac
possession. From first to last, tens if not hundreds
■ if thousands must 'lave fallen victims to this terri-
lilc dclusi',;!', ii.c lifteenlii and sixteenth centuries
bciiiiT '''e worst in this respect (d' all. Lecky tells
us that Ihi 'irst apjiearance of tiie conceitlion of a
wil'h d;:tcs inmi the twelfth century, lledi crilnis
a witi' as '• -i woman who hail entered into a i.
liberate com|Miot wit!\ Si'tan. who was endowed with
the powen- •!" workin;. tiMi';..les whenever she pleas-
ed, and who «iis eoulin'.'..ill\ i.-ansported through
the air [geueniriy ':'i ■: i:riii;;iis; ick | to the Sabbath.
where siie j'.ui
;<e \'-.'n;;y to the Kvil One. The
pan-e created !i'. o'lis ''- ": 'f iU.anced slowly, but
aftc'- a time With ;; ''1 .irfuUy accelerated rapidity.
Thousands of victims were sometimes Inirnt alive
iu a few years. Mvery country in I'',iiroiKi was
stricken with the wildest panic. Hundreds of the
ablest judges were selected for the extir})atiou of
the crime. .V vast literature was created on the
snl)jcct. and it was not until a considerable portion
of the eighteenth century had piu^sotl away that the
ef'eutions tinallv eeasod."
After giving many details of witchcraft iu many
lands, this same writor, the highest authority uiK)n
the subject, observes : " Witchcraft resulted, not
from isolated circunistancos, but from iniHles of
thought ; it grow out of a certain intellectual
temperature acting on certain theological ten-
ets, and relleetod with ahnost startling vividness
each great intellectual change. Arising amid the
ignorance of an early civilization, it was (|uiek-
eneil into an intenser life by a theological struggle
which allied terrorism with credulity, and itdeclined
under the influence of that great rationalistic nn)vc-
nient which since the .seventeenth century has been
on all sides encroaching on theology." In no other
country did it rage so furiously and persistently as
in Scotland.
That fiinious English Puritan, Richard Bax-
ter, whose "Saints' Kest" is one of the classics of
religious literature, was an intense believer in the
reality of witchcraft, and the duty of its extirpation.
His writ ings on this subject lid much to stimulate the
mania in primitive Massachusetts known as Sale_m_
AVitchcraft, in the last years of i.'.i<. seventeenth cen-
tury. The last execution of a witch in Euro|ie
occurred in Switzerland in ITS'i, and the last
law against witchcraft, the Irish statute, was
not re|)ealed until ISv'l. It was in 17ti8 that John
Wesley wrote plaintively, "The English in general,
and indeed most of the men of learning in Europe,
have given up all accounts of witches and apparitions
as old wives' fai)les. I am sorry for it, and I willing-
ly take this o|)portunity to enter my solemn j)ro-
test against this viident compliment which so many
who believe the Hible pay to those who do not believe
it. I owe them no such .service. 1 take knowledge
that these are at the bottom of the outcry which has
been raise<l. and with such iiisoleiu'e sjiread through
the land in direct opposition, not only to the
Mii)le, but to the suffrage of the wisest and best
men of all ages and nations. They vcW know
(whether Christians know it or not) that the
giving up witchcraft is in effect giving up the
iiible." A delusion which could call out from
such a nuiu such a declaration as late a:' 1 TtiS,
may well be called the ileepest -rooted and most
iemicious of all the [Mjison-plants of the Dark
Ajjes.
jS^
^
r
.i^^m^
THE SARACEN EMPIRE. I
CHAPTER XXXIII.
Mrdibvai. in Oiikiin and Qi.uhy— Tiir Tkhm Sahac'KN— Muiiahmkii'h Eaiu.y Days ami AKKoriA-
TioNs— Mbcca and Mkdina— Dkatii <)P tub ruol'llKT AND SKKTCII i)P IIIH \V0KK--TnK
Stbkniitii Of Islam— TnK (jueat Emimhe» or a Tiidcsasii Ykahs Aiio— Moiiammkdan Moh-
AI.9— TlIK KOIIAS— TllK ('Al.lI'IIATK ANI> TIIK OMMlAll DVN AHTY — SlMlKA 1) OP K.MIMIIK— I'ON-
STANTiNoi'LE— Division op thk SAUArEX KMriiiK— Kai.i. op tiik Empiiik— The Sauacens anu
MouEiiN Civilization— Saiiaiknic (jLoitv ami its Eci.ii'se.
M^— ^oc^^
■ F nil tlio powers iiiitl iiriiici-
palitics of earth, whether
teinporiil or spiritiiiil, none
are or were so distinctively
medieval as that stranj;;e mix-
ture of the ilesli, tiie spir-
it and the
devil, called the Sar-
iyj\K\\i- ' iieen Umpire. It
%/'^^' '"">'• '"deed, he said
ij iVvc-i to have iiad its root
II tlie far-away tlays
of Aliraliaiii and
llaLTar.hiit from Ish-
mael to ^[ohaiiimed,
tlie root hardly i)iit
forlli a ^iloot of real nationality,
and Saracenio jjlory, whieii he<;an
with tlie propiiet of .Mecca, was
dimm(>d hy the dawning of nwMlern
ci\ ili/atioM. to wiiicii, indetMJ, it
made some \aliialili' contrihnlions.
The term Saracen is fouml in cla.-:-
sic literature occasionally. As useil
hy the old writers, it applit's to a particular triln) of
Arahs and one of no sjiecia! importance cither.
Hut in these later centuries, it is often usedtodesiij-
nato all the followers of Mohumnied, more projierly,
however, those who constituted the nation founded
hy the prophet of Islam. It was m)t an orderly,
re<^ular and well-delined empire, hut in part an area
and in part an idea; a curious hyhrid, half andii-
tiou and half fanatioism. To jjet an idea of it one
nnist lirst of all form a just con-
ception of Mohammed, his sur-
roundings and ofcnius.
Mohammed wa.s liorn at .Mecca,
111 " .Vraliy the Mlcsi," April •>'(», A.
1). .">T1. 'i'liat city Wius the center
of trade hetween .\frica and India,
carried on hy caravans of camels.
lie lieloniTtMl to one of the lirsi
ramilies, and was liimscU" eiiiraoed
in tlie mer Miitile ami transporta-
t i'ln hiisiness. .Mt honi;li aristocrat ic
in uonnection and hhxxl, his im-
mediate family was (piite )ioor.
lU'sidcs travcliiiu: and Iradiiii;. lie
s|M'iit some time, as did that ipliicr
irrcaler rounder 'if a nation. .Moses,
ill Iciidin^ir Hocks. W'liile yet ob-
scure, lie married Kadijah, a rich widow, and
instead of ^ivini^ himself up to fast, livinj;, he de-
voteil his time to ri^liiiimis meditation, the develop-
(19.S)
■J ;
'••'.
':j':
•\-:-i
■ »■
\;,'i ■ '-n
'. r I
^4*.
196
THE SARACEN KMPIRI
\m
ment of those idoas wliicli were dcstinutl to muke
him iniiiiortiil, and for wliich lie was largely in-
debted to Christians he hiul met while a commercial
traveler. Like many another jieniiis, he claimed to
have derived his inspiration from some suiKjmatural
sonrcu. Mohammed was twenty-four years of age
when he l)egan this novel ])roceeding.
The Aiahs claimed descent from Abraham
through that servant-
girl whom "the father
of the faithful" drove
into the wilderness with
her son Ishmael. They
worshiped one God, but
st()(Kl in mortal terror
of tiic devil, and were
tinctured somewhat
with idolatry. A few of
them were Christians,
but for the most part
they held to the old
worship with a half-
dazod loyalty to ances-
tral ideas. Judaism was
enil)racod by nniny.
The Arabs were in a
state of religious fer-
mentation. Moham-
ined began to jireacli in
(509. He had epileptic
tits and conceived him-
self to be under some
sort of spiritualistic in-
fluence. He was wont
to retire to a cave for
prayer and communion
of soul. His townsmen paid no heed to him, or if
they did, ridiculed his pretensions, but his motherly
wife had unl)ounded confidence in his claims, fully
sharing his belief that his abnormal cxjieriences were
divine favors and not the result of iiliysical and
mental disorder.
His [)ul)lic career as a preacher or prijjihet ixigan in
(il'i. He was Ijanished and his lielievers conijttdled
to seek safety from the mob in flight. After tiiree
years he was allowed to return to Mecca and lesuine
his preaciiing of the doctrine of one God, for mon-
otheism was about all there was to his original doc-
trine. Ho made some converts, esiiecially among
merchants or " traveling men," from the city of Me-
dina. Ill G19 his ttrst convert and gocnl wife died. He
mourned deeply, but not as one who refuseth to bo
comforted, as he married several other wives, event-
ually establishing an extensive harem. Tiio famous,
Hegira occurred September 20, G22. That was
the flight of the prophet and his followers from
Jlocca to Medina, two hundred and fifty miles north.
The Mohammedan era
dates from that flight,
as the Christian era
does from the birth of
Jesus. At Medina ho
built a mosque and set
about establishing a
distinct religion on a
large scale. Hitherto
he hiul aimed at refor-
mation rather than sub-
stitution. Not making
very satisfactory prog-
ress by moral suasion,
he apjiealed to the
sword and war was de-
clared against sur-
rounding triJKis, Jews
and Christians. In (123
he was successful in .*
battle with the Mec-
caiis, and later had
some reverses, but on
the whole made very
considerable progress,
and secured([uite favor-
able terms of jteace in
(328. About tills time
the sword-bearing prophet oiiened negotiations
with forcig'i oriental courts and began to be
a notable person in Arabia. The Meccans did
not observe the terms of jieace, and in the next
cainpaign he succeeded in caiituring the city. In
(V.i'i lie made his last great pilgrimage to Mecca,
this time attended by an army of forty thousand
and a seraglio of ten wives (he hiul fourteen in all).
In June of that year the prophet died at Medina,
leaving no son to reap what lie had sown, ids only
child being Fatima, the wife of Ali, of whom we
shall speak later.
At the death of tiiis mc ' remarkable man, iiis
■7;
^2
THK SARACEN EMPIRE.
197
followers were without u leader, anil the religion
he foinuleil niiglit well liave been thought to be
in a very precarious condition, and no one cer-
tainly could liave indulged a dream of splendid
empire for his disciples. But to-day those dis-
ciples number nearly two hundred millions, oc-
cupying souti"!ast,ern Eurojje, southwestern Asia,
and tlie northern lialf of Africa, wliile the nuignifi-
cent empire wliich he founded fdls a large jjlace in
history ; botii religion and empire having always had
for corner-stone and inspirational belief the simple
declaration, " There is no God but God, and Mo-
liammed is his propliet."
Tiie real strength of Islam was in these two
ideas ; first, tlie time of one's death is immutably
Hxetl ; second, heaven is tiie reward of tiie Ijrave
soldier of tiie Crescent, and iicll tiie destiny of the
coward. 3Ioiiamnied and iiis immediate successors
were aide to muster armies of actual Ixilievers in
these two ideas. If one wore fully convinced of
tlic truth of tiiose ideas, he would be undismayed
by danger and ufniid of notliing but cowardice.
Ilis liravory would be in proportion to the complete-
ness of ilis faith. In tiie entire liistory of niaii-
i\ind tiiere was never an army iinlmed with convic-
tions so peculiarly favoraide to tlie martial sjiirit as
were tiie disciples of Islam. The iieavcn and the
hell of Moiiammedanism are not dim and shadowy.
On tlio contrary, tiie lieaven promi.sed was just sucii
a jiaradise as tiie voluptuous oriental nature would
most ardently long for. Tlie angels were not liarp-
ists witliout inussion or sex, liiit lieaiiteous young
women, all smiles and tenderness, wliile iiell was
torture, veritalilo, pliysieal, endless and most excru-
ciating. So long as tlie natural reason of the
Saracen could lie blindfolded by his religion lie was
absolutely invincible in arms. But such jircposter-
oiis notions cannot liold absolute swav alwavs.
Gradually tlio Saracen (-amo to feel at lieart, what-
ever bis surface belief, that life is worth living, and
that to throw it away on an uncertainty would be
foolisli. The original zeal and faith of tiie Mo-
hammedans could not survive after the iirst heat of
novelty had cooled off.
At the time Mohammed ^-as l)orii, there were two
powerful empires and emperors, Justin II., wlio
ruled at Constantinople over the Byzantine Empire,
and Koshrocs II., King of Persia. The Byzan-
tine possessions in Asia consisted of Asia Elinor,
Syria, part of Armenia, Soutlieastern Persia,
extended over a vast and illy defined Eastern terri-
tory and as far west as the Mediterranean and
yEgean .seas. In one of these emiiires Christ was
worshiped ; in t'ue other Zoroaster was revered as
the great teacher of religion. Mohammed saw in
both religious idolatry, and boldly did his Saracens
attack both. The Araliian iteninsuhi lay on the
confines of both empires, and the desert was the
impregnable wall of jirotection from both.
The Arabs were greatly improved in morals by
Mohammedanism. They had l)een much given to
dninkennessand gambling, but Mohammed ratlically
and permanently cured them of both. His disci •
liles have always remaine<l true to his teachings on
teiii|)crance. It is only fair to add tliat Mohammed
did more for the cause <;f temiierance than all other
reformers in that line combined have ever l.een
able to accomplish. Tho.se who sec in drunkenness
the supreme curse of Christendom must be tempted
to regret the failure of the Saracens, and later the
Moors and Turks, to overrun and possess Europe.
Mohammed did something to lessen the social vice of
his jieople. The old Arabs wore grossly licentious,
lie did indeed allow a man to be the husband of
four wives, but that was a restriction as compared
with previous practices, and some improvement up-
on irregular libertinism.
The Koran, which he pretended to receive by the
inspiration of (rod, is hold in the greatest possible
veneration by his disciples. It is a jiinible of pre-
cepts and statements, without method and often
without sense. It cannot be siuninarizi'd. As
Canon Kiiigsley said of it, " After all, the Koran is
not a book, but an irregular collection of Moliam-
nied's meditations and notes for sermons." It is
neither a creed, a code, a iliary nor a history. It is a
scrap-book of odds and ends jiut togetiuu" some time
after the projihet's death by Aliu-Bekr. The
Saracen's faith, however, re(|uires the acceptance of
the Koran as the gift of God througli Mohammed
to man, of an eternal, uncreated, perfect and all-
sulhcient revelation.
Every true ^loslem believer has always held that
the Caliph or Vicar of the proiihet was the lawful
lord of the world, but the prophet died without ap-
pointing a successor. It wasexitectcd that the hus-
band of his only child would bo appointed for the
succession, but Mohammed's favorite wife. Avcslia,
k
m
■A '
'■■ i X
;-if'.j.
I r-
'''ili||l^;ii
■m^M
.5.1 -■..
r-
m'i
'-4^
19<S
THE SARACEN EMPIRE.
».;'
m
dcfeiitcil tliis, and broiiglit in lier father, Abu-Bckr.
The first four Caliphs belong to a ilistiuct jHiriod.
They were, to name them in tlieir order, Abu-Bckr,
Omar, Utinnan and All ; tlie one wiio should have
been first Ixsiiig last. The selection was by no de-
fined method, but niiide in a liai)-iuizard way. For
twelve years after tiio deatii of Moiuimmed — 032 to
044 — the Saracens were harmonious, and swift was
the march of empire. Persia fell, and the Eastern
empire tottered and was shorn of her oriental prov-
inces. As if by magic, tiie Saracen empire rose to
pre-eminence. Jerusalem, Antioch and the regions
round about accei)ted tlie Orescent. Tlie wealtii of
Persia and Syria were emptied into tiie coffers of
Abu-lJckr, but he used it only for the cause of Is-
lam. Ilis personal habits were simple in the ex-
treme. Medina was the first cajiital. It was after-
wards located rcsjiectively at Damascus and Bagdad.
The accession of AH was tiie signal for the
__^_^_^„__-,^r^-— - ,_ first real dis-
-,:3a^'3S? ;--;:_,_-/" sen.iions, and
vain were all
his endeavors
t o rectincile
the factions.
,IIe died at
tiie hand of
a n assassin,
and his rival,
Mos w ij ah.
succeeded
him. The
latter founded an hereditary dynasty, one whicli
lasted ill the East a century, and in Spain, to wiiicli
it was d'-iven, nearly three centuries more. It was
called the Oiiimiad dynasty.
Tlie motto of tiic coiupiering Saracens was," Ko-
ran, tribute or sword," and so fierce were tlieir on-
slauglits, that tlie Koran was generally preferred to
(lie sword, or even to tril)ute. On the very year uf
the i)roplict's deatii, tlie invasion of botii empires
was begun, and notiiiiig could resist the fanatics
who saw in tiie spirit-land iiouris lieckoning the
brave to bliss, Egypt fell witlumt a blow almost,
glad of an excuse to change masters, and Syria was
subjuguteil in six years. Tiie northern jiortion of
Africa, called Latin Africa, witlistood the Crescent
sixty years, but finally CiBsar and Christ were ijoth
disjilaced on the dark continent by Mohammed.
Tliu great Mosque of DamusciiB.
Early in the eighth century the Ommiad sway was
extended to India, hitherto inde|iendcnt of both
liussian and Persian despotism, and unacquainted
witli Moses and Jesus. In TlO tiie Oxus was crossed
and India subjected to tiie encroachments of the
Saracens. The religion of the desert seemed to bo
very well adapted to the wants and tastes of the
Hindoos, and now began the conversion of those
terrible Moslems, the sulijects of tlie Grand Turk
and of the Great Mogul. A Saracenic jirovince be-
tween the Oxus and the Jaxartes developed later
into wliat Ereeman calls " tlie region whence issued
in future ages the warriors who jilanted the standard
of Islam on the banks of the Ganges and the shores
of the Adriatic, the proud Mogul of India and the
terrible and abiding Ottoman of Eurojie." It was
not long Ijcfore tiie will of the Calipli was supreme
from the remote Jaxartes to tlie Ailantic, a reach
of empire Ijeyond the dream of Alexander or Cajsar.
But there was one mighty rock wiiicli said to the
Saracen, " Tims far slialt thou go and no farther,
and here shall thy proud waves be staid." That was
Constantinople. From the first it had been esjw-
cially coveted. Kejicated efforts to caj)ture it were
made to no avail. Tiie first siege was in 073. In
Til tiie opportune moment seemed to have arrived.
Tiiat year the .Justinian dynasty lj(3came extinct at
Constantinople, and tiie Calipliat at Damascus at-
tained its utmost extent. But tlie city witlistood
tiie siiock. Six years later another Saracen army
laid siege to Constantinople, but to no purpose.
Tlie Calipliate never won the golden prize. Tlic
city of Constantine remained tlic cajiital of tlie Ko-
iiian, or (J reek, or Jiyzantine empire until a fiercer
race of Moliammedans tlian the Saracens besieged
it, namely, tlie Turks, or Ottomans, in 14o3.
AVl'cn tlie Ommiad dynasty fell (750) the Cali-
pliate was divideil, nevermore to be joined together.
From tliat time tli^ Crescent was no longer the
liorned ensign of a united empire. During tlic
Crusades all believers in tiie Koran were exliorted
to join in war against tlie believers in the Bible,
each branding the other as Infidels, and there was
mudi tlie same unity under one staiidiird as tiie
otlier. Nothing approacliing political autonomy
\uis secured under eitlicr tlie Cross or tlii' Crescent.
Ilencefortli the followers of Islam were divided in-
to sects or nationalities, hostile to eacli otiier, niucli
as Christians were and are. To follow these frajr-
i:
..'VJ
THK SARACEN EMPIRE.
199
nuMits ill tlieir jargonic details would la; forei^'ii to
tlic jmi'iiosoii of tliis vohinio. Tlio Kiislcni Sara-
cens liail Ua;,'dad for their capital, the Western,
Cordova in Spain. Of the Moors, the Turks and
the Tartars, all in a certain sense Saracens, we shall
have occasion to speak more sjiccilically in connec-
tion with Spain, Turkey and Ihissia. Tiie warfare
in any religious sense between tlie Cross and Cres-
cent was continued until Ferdinand and Isabella,
the patrons of Columbus, coiKiiicrcd tiie Mo<irs. or
Saracens, in Spain, their only footiiold in tiie
Western Empire. It was then felt that the dis-
grace of the fall of Constantinople luul been olTset.
and the Idood of unholy Holy Wars, was washed
from Cross and Crescent forever. Tlicre has been
some prejudice in the sunguinary discussion of the
" Eastern question," but no war on tiiat distinctive
issue. The fall of the Saracen emiiire might l)e
placed at the overtlirow of theOmmind dynasty, or
it iniglit be said to still survive wlierever Moham-
med is revered as Allah's prophet; but it would,
perlia|)s, Ix! more proixjr still to say, that as the
Turk idanted himself at Constantinoide, a'-.d the
Great Mogul in India, tiie Saracen empire gradually
faded into one or the other, and became indistin-
guisiiablc ami linally extinct.
Much has been said in these later years of the in-
debtedness of modern civilization to the Saracens.
There is just enough truth in the claims set up to
entitle tiie subject to some consideration. Tiie
Arabs were not inventors or originators of anything.
Even the numerals wliich bear their name were lior-
rowed by them from India. I'liey were judicious
apiiropriators and zealous iiropagators. They learned
a great deal from all the peoples whom they subju-
gated. They cultivated a native literature ricli in
sentimental poetry and stories, and studied with
avidity physical and metapliysical science as taught
by and embraced in classic literature. Xo jieople
ever held literary excellence in liiglier repute, a fact
of vast inportance in stimulating letters. In as-
tronomy, medicine, logic and the arts, useful and
ornamenlai, the Saracens were far in advance of tin-
Ciirisiians of medieval Europe. In the blai'kiiess
of tiic iJark Ages the aluindant scholarship of tiie
S .acens was largely iiistriimciital in rescuing from
destruction the wisdom and writings of llie ancients.
It did vastly more in this regard than did tiie sparse
learning of tlie Cliristian monasteries, and for tlial
.service at least, if fur no otlier particular rcas4in,
the civilization of to-day should liold the Crescent
in grateful memory.
As the Jews, ever since tlie fall of the ! lebrew
Kingdom, have indulged tlie hofie of a Messiali wlio
siiould restore tlie throne of David, and as tlio Cliris-
tians have always expected the second coming of
Clirist, so the worsliij)[)ers of Islam look for the res-
toration of the Saracen Empire by tlie Messiah, or
El Medi. It is true that Islam is divided into
sects, and such bitter sectarianism prevails that who
ever migiit gain the confidence of one sect woulil be
denounced as a false propiiet by others, but the
Messianic theory is 1 one the less tenaciously held.
There have been many pretenders to the Ommiad
throne. Some of tliem have attractcti a very con-
siderable following by liberal promises to crush
Christianity in the East and renew the splendors of
the Crescent, but for tlie most part they have been
l^etty failures. Tlic last of Miem was the head of
the Khouan, or Arabic freemasonry. The name
given him at circumcision waa El Medi, and for
years the idea was sedulously cultivated that the day
of imjierial restoration at his hand would be the
first of the month Moiiarrem, in the year 1300,
corresponding to our date Xovemlx'r 12, 1882. The
uprising in Egypt hastened somewliat the attempt
of the pretender to rally the faithful around tlie
Messianic flag. It was a puny failure. The curtain
was rung down on this false prophet February 1!),
1883 by his capture. Ho will hardly be heard of
more, but the hope that the Saracen Empire will
live again "s in tlie medieval age is not.e the less
tenaciously held throughout Islam.
lLh
. .,1.
I,'
m
;■ 1' ■ >,
,1'S
111
w.'
i J <
■ri.
lit!:
"!S
J':
CHAPTER XXXIV
7
The TiiBEE EMriREs op tiik East— Byzantium— The EHi-inE EsTAiiLianED— Its Area and Con-
SEiivATieM— Justinian and ItEi.i.'<AKit,'9— Jistinian an:i the Civil Law— Leo IIL and the
Iconoclasts- Hazil and mis Dynasty— The Comnenians and the Latin Crusadkhs—
PALiBOLOdl AND THE TUIIKS— TlIB ItYZANTINE EMI'IIIE AND EUUOPE.
T is now time to revert to
tlie Eastern portion of tiie
divided Koiiiun Eni]iire,
genenilly known as the By-
zantine Empire. Follow-
ing streams of intelligence
wiiich had their origin in
the Eternal City, or were so
closely eoiniectod with Rome and Italy
as to demand attention Ijcfore taking
leave of the city of the seven hills, we
have traveled a long way from Constan-
tinople and the empires of the East.
Heginning witli the offshoot of Rome,
following with the medieval, which was
finally swallowed up by the third em-
l)ire, we shall see that these three
members of this historical family of
nations, the Byzantine, the Saracen and the Otto-
man empires, sustain peculiarly intimate relations
to each other.
Some seven centuries and a half before the
Christian era, a (ireek colony established a city up-
on the Thracian Bospliorus, on the site of the ilod-
ern Constantinoj)le. It wiis called Byzantium, It
was a thrifty commercial town, and that is about
all tiiat can be said of it, never acquiring any real
importar.co in history, A thousand years after its
establishmerl, Constantino the Great saw its geo-
graphical a<lvantagcs as the capital of a great em-
pire of inter-continental importance, and gave to it
a new name and a new destiny. That was in the
year IJIJO. Then, for the first time, that now his-
toric spot became worthy the attention of history.
There was no Byzantine history of any importance
until Byzantium ceased to exist.
But it was still later before the Byzantine empire
came into being. Constyntine made his metropoli-
tan namesake the capital of the undivided Roman
empire. That empire was definitely divided by
Theodosius the Great in the year 31(5, when the
emiKjror assigned the western portion to his son
Ilonorius, and the eastern to the elder brother, Ar-
cadius. This eastern empire, sometimes called the
Greek, sometimes the Eastern, and sometimes the
Byzantine, proved the great conservator during the
medieval ages, of both Greek and Roman civilization.
While nearly all Euroi)e was in the throes of a
new life, and the rude bj.rbiirism of the North and
West wa.s amalganniting with the culture of the old
world, thus forming a Mwlern Eurojie, there stood
upon the Bosphorus a mighty city which preserved
Roman law and Greek literature until such
time iis the West luwl fairly started upon the
highway of modern progress. The Byzantine em-
pire was the great conservator of the past, while
(200)
—a
^2
THK BYZANTINE KMPIRK.
20 1
the i)rosi!nt was being evolved. The civil institu-
tions were Koniun ; the language employed, Greek.
This nitHlioval cnjpiro comprised, substantially,
modern Turkey, Greece and Kgyi»t. Sometimes
the area was extended, sometimes contracted.accord-
ing to tiie fortunes of war. Tiie imjierial crown was
elective, and more tiian one great military liero found
the army a stej)ping-stone to tlio throne. Owing
to the natural strength of Constantinople, it was
ciii^y to defeiid it against assault. It is said to have
witiistood lu) less tlian twenty sieges. The extent
of its domain varied frequently, but for centuries,
lost territory
was generally
recovered. The
empire cared
little for in-
crease of do-
main, but was
}x;culiarly te-
nacious in tiie
maintenance
of its natural
ancient boun-
daries. It was
the object of
envious attack
on all sides,
and to hold its
own was quite
enough, and,
as it proved,
even more than could be accomplished jiermanentiy.
The first Byzantine emperor of renown was Jus-
tinian. His uncle, Justin, had come to the throne
early in the sixth century, rising from a Thracian
shepherd lad to the imperial purple, through mili-
tary genius. Justin was tlie David of the dyrasty,
and his nephew its Solomon. From O'^f to 5G5,
.Justinian wore the imperial crown. It was a splen-
did reign. By him was erected tiic magnificent
edifice, the cathedral, now Mos(juo of St. Sophia.
In the field he had the services of Belisarius, who
ranks with Hannibal, Mavlljorough and Wellington,
if not witii Alexander, Ciesar and Napoleon. Beli-
sarius lived to experience the cruel ingratitude of
the government he had served so well. Tradition
represents him as a blind beggar in his old age.
He gained splendid victories over the Persians in
the East, tiie Vandals in Africa, the Gotiis in Italy,
and insurgents at iiome ; but lie was never popular
witli tiie beautiful but vicious (lueen Theodora, and
Ills misfortunes were due to her machinations.
Justinian enriclied liis empire witii tiie spoils of
coiKjuered nations, and still more by tlie development
of manufactures, agriculture and commerce. But
tlio great glory of tiiis illustrious reign was neitiier
military, industrial nor commercial. It was legal.
That grandest of all monuments to and emliodi-
nieiits of tiie science of law, C'or/mx Jiiruf (!ivili»,
constitutes his liigiiest claim to tlie gratitude of the
world. Tiiat
work is the
Uomau code,
revised and
edited by a
corjis of able
lawyers, witli
M'ribonian as
editor-in-cliief.
It consists of
four parts, the
Pandects or
Digest ; the
Code ; the In-
stitutes, and
the No veils, or
supplemental
edic'ts. It waa
some five hun-
dred years be.
fore tlie stupendous work became known to the
nations west of tiie Byzantine empire, but for
several centuries it has formed and still forms
the basis of jurisprudence all over the conti-
nent of Europe. England has always had a com-
mon law iieculiar to itself, and France is mainly
guided in legal matters by the Code Nai)oleon, but
the civil law, as exiiounded in the Corpus Jur it CiriUs,
is to the rest of Europe what Blackstone's Commen-
taries are to English jurisprudence.
In 718 Leo III. ascended the Byzantine throne.
Witli him began the reign of the Iconoclasts. For
about one century there raged a fierce controversy
over the worship of images. The priests and the
jieasantry clung to this species of idolatry, while the
government sternly opposed it. Iconoclasm was,
liowevcr, a ])retoxt (|uice as much as the real cause
r
I : ^-i ;:
.'.li
'Hi
\
iT
■h
r?-
20?
•I'HK liYZAXTINE KMIMKK.
of ('(iMlc'iitiiiii. I5cliiiiil till' iiiiiiiri's was lliu i>siicipr
clnircli or state, tlu' jiriL'stliuud suukiiiji to siihonli-
iiiito t.lio teiii|i((ral powur, iiikI tlio latter to liolil tliu
(•Iltjc ill line siilHiriliiialioii. 'I'lii; (irouk cliiirdi
iii'vcr iillaiiicMl III tlic piiwiT nl' tlui fhiifcli of Udiiio.
Leo was llic ciniH'I'nr t'dl" IllolV tllilll t woiit v voai's,
aiiil lie siiccci'ilcil !ii LriviiiL' till' st'ciilar arm aiitlior-
ily (HHHiirli til iiiai.itaiii its ascei daiicy over al'tt'i'.
Next Id .Iiistiiiian, tlir Lri'i'atcst iiaiiio in t lie aii-
iial< of llic l<\/.aiiiiiic i'iii|iii'i'. is tliat of Uazil tlio
.Maci'ijiiiiiaii. lie ascciKlcij tiu> tliroiic in S(;7,
Many rcfoniis aii'l iiiiiirovt'iMciits in tiio iiovcriuiii'iit
lialo from this rcii^ii. A new vci-sion of tlio laws
was mailc, ami the rcvciuif system of l.lie iialioii
^'really siiiijilitieil. ilis son. Leo I\'., mado what
jiroveil to he the fatal iiiislaUc of caliinu; the Turks
to his aid in resistiiiic the at tacks of llic Saracens.
The seeil then and thus sown liorc fruit in the over-
throw of hoth till' Myzaiitine and Saracen eiiiiiires.
For ninety ye;irs the i$aziliaii dynasty held the
scejiter. Tiieii it liecame extinct, aiiil Isaac C'oiii-
uenus was raisi'd to thethrone iiy the unanimous vote
oftheaimy. ili' was worthy the liiu'h trust, '■''or
two years he ruled the eiii|iire. when he retired lo
a monastery. His son Alexis look the place he va-
eaU'd, ani
siiecessioi
Ins
dj'iuisty furnished six emperors in
1. The L'omneniaiis held swav mil il 1".'04.
when (Jonstaiitinopl
Tl
e wa-
taken for the first time
in coiiiiuerors \rere a siiia
II
arn
IV of l''rencli and
\
enctian crusaders called liatin
Tl
lev were actu-
ated in a lariru measure iiy reliirious famiticism. the
iidhereiits of Rome heiiijj; hardly less hostile to the
Greek church than to Islam. Having Constanti-
nople, they had the entire empire, which they pro-
ceeded to divide into four [)arts. The ca[)ital fell
to the lot of liiildwiu, (Jount of Flanders, and he was
recou'uized as emperor liy his associates.
he vaiii|Uislie(
I dcsceudauts of Isaac Comnenus
retired to the citv of Trehi/.oiid, in Asiatic Turkev.
au(
1 tl
lere establi:
died
;l Ivl
ULrdom which iiiaiiitaine(
Its iiidepeiii
leiice until 14()1, when the T
iirivs coii-
(|uered and annexed it. Haldwin found his position
a dillicult one to hold. 'J'lie Huliiarians were very
hostile, and anarchy at home supplemented Slavic
or (Jhristiaii ho-lilitics. In l"it)<i he was taken pris-
oner liy the I'lulL'ariansanddied. His brother Henry
took the reins of government and held them six
years. He was a hravo and able man, but his reign
was none the less a sorrv failure.
In ]'ii'>\ began the dynasty of llio I'aheologi,
which was a restoration of the (Jreeks, and contiii-
ueil until the overthrow of the empire. The first
emperor of this line was Michael VIII., who was
indebteil to the alliance of theltciioese for his crown.
He wa.s an able and patriotic man, but he niiuleone
egregious mistake. He tried to unite thedrook and
Uoman churches. Such a union would have been
in substance llio triumph of the papacy. Hy (hat
jiolicy he e.\cited tho intense uiiimosity of the clergy
and the common people.
During the reign of Michnors groat-grandson,
.Vudronicus, who a.sconde(l the throne in V.i'iS, the
Turks iiiiide very serious inroiuls upon the territory
of the eiii[)ire. Two important towns, Is'icaea' and
Nicomedia, were cajilured by them, and the coast
of what is known as Turkey in Hurojie was devas-
tated. From this time forward, the invaders nuule
rapid strides. lu Vihi the Sultan Amurath nuide
Adrianople his capital; .•• city foumled by the cm -
[leror Iliulrian, one hum "cd and thirty miles west
from Constantinople. From that vantage-ground
the Ottonnm waged almost incessant war against
the key city of two continents.
The last of the Greek eni[icrors, Constantino IX.,
was wise, brave and patri(jtic, but the empire had
been so enfeebled by despotism and was so palsied
by age that it could not withstand the shock of bar-
barism, and fi'll, all the efforts of Christian allies,
wlii;h were very considerable, being nuavailing. By
this time, nearly the middle of the fifteenth centu-
ry, the jiapacy recognized the imi)ortance, from a
Christian point of view, of keeping the Mohainine-
dans from gaining jiossession of the key city of iioth
Kuro[)e and .Vsia. Hungary and Poland responded
to the pojie's aiipoal to succor beleaguered Constan-
tinople, but (iermany, France and Kiigland stood
aloof from the conflict iijion the Hosphorus. Inthe
summer of I4.");{ the city was ca])tured and Con-
stantino XIII., the last of the Byzantine Kin|icrors,
died sword in hand. In this siege cannons wen^
first used u[)on a large scale.
IMie death of the iiyzaiitine emiiire was the birtli
of the })resent Ottoman empire, and where the his-
tory of one ceases that of the other begins. Upon
the ruins of the one great Christian empire of the
middle ages, rose the Turkey of to-day, a power
which upholds the Crescent, and in that respect is
the heir and successor of the Saracen empire, to
^
l'.': i
H;H
:'?i; ii.':^!.
i^. I.
');•.
?
\ ■
*-■ ' »
■\
■ %'■ •
:i
it'
. I
■I
(i ■
r 1 t '
if'
B
(
i
.' 1
J
■ r
I.
;■{.'
of
dov
Koi
h '.
4a
THE HYZANTINE EMPIRE.
205
^^hicli, howovor, in iittitiulo tuwunls Hcieiico uiid lit-
craturo, it has no roHuriiblaiiLr, tliu (Jtlo. luu Imviiig
iilwuvH boon liostilu to oivili/,utii>n.
Tlio full of (/'oimttiiitinoplo wiw doopiy (lo|t!oro(l
by Christiuii Euro|)0 oh thu liiinoiitublu triuin|ili of
MohuinniodaniHin, but it {trovuil an inu.stinniblu
blcsHinj; to tlio West. Driven into exile, nniny of
the Hyzantino .sulioliirs and artisans traveled west-
ward, takini? tlieir knowled^^e and skill with tiit!ni.
Tiiey iiouoinplislied great results. 'I'iie West wa.s
jjreparod to'prolit by tiieir liiglier eivilization.
These new teaeiiors taiiglit law and tlieology to tin)
ignorant, and useful arts to the idle. Tiie germs
of the Renaissance and the Ueforniation were sown
in the lauds covered with tiic l)lackncss of the Dark
Ages by tlic refugees from Constant iuople. Wiiat
the Moors accomplisiied in Soutiiwestern Kuro|)t^,tiie
Byzantines wrought in Central and Kastern Kurojic.
In a word, Constantinople was a vast grain-bin,
and when the storeliouse fell, niucli of the seiMl
fell upon fallow ground, much of which ground
had never iiefore i)een rcclaimeil and made fruitfid.
Byzantine art is a distinct an<l important sciiool
of architecture and ornamentation, d'jveloped i)y
the artists of tiiat empire out of Christian symbol-
ism. Says an eminent writer upon the historical
development of art, " During the Dark .\ges, after
Koine had been coufjuered by tiie Goths and Huns,
and tlie tine arts had been nearly extinguished bv
the influx of barbarism, nniny Western artists re-
tired to CoiLstantinople, and founded a school by
which tiie traditions of antiipie and classical art
were cherished and iniHlilied by wiuitever wa.s new
and jieculiar in the Christian system. The great
features of this style are the circle ami domi', the
round arch, and all tlie various details of form
which are derived from the lily, the cross, the
nindrtis, ami other synd)ols." Besides the Mos(pie
of St. Sophia, may be nu-ntioned St. Mark's Catiic-
dral at Vonico us siwcnnens of Byzantine archi-
tecture. All that is truly artistic and sublime in
Russian structu'" s nuiy also Iw claimed as Byzan-
tine.
The fall of this empire no more overthrew the
(Jreek church than the banishment of the I'opcs
from the Vatican woulddestroy the llonnm church ;
but it greatly weakened the authority of the
Patriarch of Constantinople, and |)rei>ared the way
for Peter the (Jreat to adopt for l{\issia a strictly
national church without incurring, as Henry the
Kighth of Miigland did in adopting tiie same jtoli-
cy, the wrath and analiiemas of the central head
of the church. Tiicre was no (ireek Empire, and
so the (Jreat Czar couM substitute his Holy Synod
I for the ])atriarchy, an<l still be "orthodox.'' Herein
the church of the Eastern Emi)ire proved itself
to l)e mcjre liberal than the church of the Western
Empire.
fmam-rmmm
^r^\
r
K*-
(: J , ' 1
:il
,'..tt' .<
M: ■ l
-|;»^1'
r'^-J.
i ■ '.
Ml;.
,^:;; iMy^ii
!4 '' "i
m
!■'•■
!K • iii
llJ
i^
(.
'• :. 1 'I
'*!
'mi^jj.^jj.^jj.^jjmm^
THE dtfOMAN
^•'pf *' TU R K E Vr'":] 'T
tS<««
CII/VPTKR XXXV.
TiiK Sick Man ur tiik Ka!<t (Tiiii.kv) Tiik Kmi'iiik Kin ni)KI>— AimiANdi-i.K anti Tamkhlank—
'I'lIK I'm, I. OK CclS-TANTINdl'I.K AMI If l'>KKl T— Scll.V M A N TUB M AH V I Fl( KN T — I )KI I.IN K cir
TIIK IlllI'lIlK -Si IIKMK <if fATII AllINK TIIK CJllKAT— StATK IIF DkI'KS IIKM K — UKI.IMIpS AMI
iNTKI.l.lliKM K IN 'I'l UK KV — I'llK'KNT roMllTION IIP TIIK IvMI'lIlK — AllKA, I'olTI.ATIIIN, UoV
KIIN.MKM. Illll I ATlllN. I(A11.W\V< AMI DkIIT.
wliicli liocHiiio virtiiiilly luitocrntic in Inter centuries,
niisin;^ ii]) tuid overt lirowin;,' Sultans ut pleasure.
'I'liey were llnally ilestroyed eaily in 'tlio ])resent
eentury. 'I'lu'y were the only Turkisli aiii)roaeli to
a reirular nobility. Tlio founder of tlio eni|)ire re-
sided ill Mrussa. The second Sultan, Amuratli I.,
made Adrianople liis capital. That was in llJfl.j,
and tiiat city remained the capital until Constaiiti-
nuple was compiered in 14.');{.
During that .Vdrianopolitaa jteriod, tlio Byzan-
tine empire was u(tt only overrun l»y a iji.idual ])r()-
cess of concjuost, but came in contact with that
Ijrodii^' of vali)r and cruelty, Tainorlano, or Tiniar
the [iame. I lo was the leader of a j)redatory band
of Mtiugols. As a soldier Tamerlane may well
claim the very highest rank. In i:5il() ho became
the chief of his tribe, Iteing then twenty-four years
of age. lie subjugated the whole of central and
western Asia, from China to the .sea, and from Si-
beria to the (ianges. In \M)'i ho mot tho Turks
and eomj)letely roiiteil them. His death, occurring
three* years later, saved China from invasion. IIo
was de.stituto of statesmanship, and his conquests
were luere raids, desolating but transitory in olfcct.
.\s soon as nature could re})air the wastes of his wars,
all was restored. The Ottoman empire regained its
viiror and never lost its identity. In less tlian a
n''l" the conlluence of the .Mcdi-
li'rraiii'an and liie Mlack
— iirw-fcr»-Mi~'H« • ■' scas.w iicrcConstantine lixed
JflGiJMiWiRR '^^ '''"^ <'ourt. and reared a city
^iHr^^^ ni'U^ moMuiiiciiial of his name.
n-^^{jfEcl2£!alli\<V ,,1 ,1 ,.ii,l wIrmh* .lustinian ln'ld
);'^^>'^ '''^sS^Sf^sway, now rules tlic "Sick
!l»V* .Man." Never was there a
more appropriate iiami' for a goverii-
nient. Tlie Ottoman empire, or Tur-
key, is strong only in weakness. It
stai'ds because the rest of Murope can-
not aiford to allow any really vigorous
power to liold Coi, anlinople. To set
forth the lustoric . nd ])resent relations
of this burnt-out volcano, rc(|uires but
few details.
The Ottoman emjiire. traced to its source, leads
baik to a tiilie from tlu^ .Altai mountains. The
Ottonnm career of conquest dates from i;{:5(».
About that time Orehan made successful sorties
upon \cconiedia and Nicoia. lie called the gate
of his ]ialace liie Sublime I'orte, ami himself Pa-
ilisha. Uoth lilies are still in use. the former being
fre(|uenlly emiiloyed to designate the sovereign, or
Sultan. Ilis right arm in conrpiest was a haml of
soldiers known as .Fanizaries, a body of warriors
V <r-
(2o6)
l\'
^ -»
4^
IHi: OTTOMAN KMIMUK.
207
jriMUTiitidii it j,'i('iilly Iminilialcil tlic Mw.iiiiiiiif cm.
pirc, mill ill li's.s than two p'licriitiniis tlic lalU-r
lOiiMcil looxil, liiiviii;,'lii't'ii Miiiiiilaiitcil )iy ilic funiK^r.
Ii was .M(i|iaiiiiiii'i| 11. wliii traii'^fcriTd liic st-ul of
('iii|iin' fniiii Ailriaiii)|ilti tu ('iiii<laiitiiiii|il(', the
'I'luUisli iiaiiH' fur wliicli i-i Siaiiilitnil.
'rhiM(iii(|iicr((riit'( '(>iislaiilimt|ili',as |in'\ idUslyMii;;-
p'slt'il, \vr<iiiir|it a ^rpciit work for l*!iirii|H'. 'riiccity
was a|i|)i'ii|iriati'i| In .Mii|iaiiiiiu'<l, and iiiaii\ of tlic
|M>(i|ile siiliiiiilti'il III liis rule, wliirli was ti*k>raiit<
Imt, a lar:.'!' mniitn'r of llu' Ih'IIit class llcil from Is-
tioiis uiul cxicinlcil (lie area of llic cm|iii'c with
facility, liis ainliilion ln-iii;; to ciiiuiucr Western
Kiiri>|ie ami csialilisli tliu Creseent tliroiiu'lionl the
cimliiH'iil. For a time licseemeil likely In suceeeil.
The KiiiLrhts (if St. .Inliii were ilriveii from Ulmiles,
llic llnnu'arians lieatcn ii|ioii thcirowii soil, ami the
way was thus o|R'ncil for I hu success of his plaii.
Hut the Wesli'm nalioiis were alaiined and alert.
Solvinan ;.'aincd some advanlai;cs and exlciided the
urea of Turkey in Muriipe, al-n of Turkey in Africa,
verv materiallv, liul his trreal aiiiliitioii for Kuro-
SERAGLIO POINT, CONBTANTINOI'LK.
lam as from the jilairue, takiin,' their civilization
witli them wi'stward.
The capture of (Joustantinople was followed liy
otlier important victories of the Crescent in Kast-
ern Phirojie. Duriiii,' tho next huiidred years the
Ottoman empire attained the summit of its power,
and (Jreuco and Araliia were soon added to the do-
main of tho Porte. The Saracen empire had crum-
liled away, and the Moors wi're lieinuf jnished out of
Spain. Tho strength of Islam was this now kinji-
doni of tho Hosi)li<)ni8.
It was under tho third Sultan of Stamhoul, Soly-
inan tho Magnilicont. that tho Ottoman empire
rouehcd its highest point of greatness. His rule
extended from 1 ")•.'() to l")(!i'). lit' was a statesman
with all which that im|)lios. Kdncateil, temperate,
patriotic and philoso[)hical. lie had tho lire and at
times tho ferocity of his race, llo'iuolled insurroc-
26
pean eonrincst was ballled. He died during a ciun-
jiaign ill Hungary, and with his death the decline
of the Ottoman empire liegan.
I-'rom that time until nearly the close of the
oigiiteenth century, the Turk was tho almost con-
stant terror of his Christian noighliors. Hussia, Hun-
gary, Poland, Austria and Italy were frc(|uently ini-
hroiled in warwithtlio Ottoman, and all Kurojie felt
somewhat apprehensive of Crescent ascendancy.
The records of those wars are monotonous and uu-
instruetive. hlood and misery heing ternis suggestive
of the period. Late in the eiizhleenlh century a great
change was wrought. Catharine of Kussia set her
heart upon dividing '"urkey with Austria, as she
had Poland with .\ustria and Prussia, and wagcil
relentless war in fiirtheraiice of this design. The
rest of Europe liiul allowed a Christian country to
lie dismomhored, and sundv, she thought, would not
(t
r, . ••'.
i,ilV!h.''
'A
\
q;--!
I;' '■' ! ■»
i^
^
208
THIC OTT(JMAN KMl'lRE.
<)hjt!i't to tliiu'xpiilsioiuif Islam from llic contiiK'nt.
Hut tliat. was a miscalciilalioii. Kii<:;laM(l ami Fraiicc
liooamo alai'iiii'd at tiio stiidfs of (Jrniiauy ami
llussia, L'sjKU'ially tlu' laliT. ami wlicn Turkey was
at tliti mercy of tlie l!a[isi)iirL;- ami tlio UomanolT,
tlioy intorfcrctl autl si'curi'il (or ihc Sultan tcrtus of
]X!iU!0 wliicli siihsiaiiiiiily ;,'uaraiiti'eMl llio autoriomv
of the Oltoiiiau empire .
lined to fellow Cliristiaiis, the Turk jiroper Ixiiiig
imjH,'rvious to tlie darts of occidental jiropagamlists.
Of literature, Turkey can boast not liinsjj worthy
of noie, either iu the past or the i)resent. In the
lu^rlier rai
lires of civilization the Ottoman tiuds
I''rom that tim
'i'urk has retained his Imi-
not liiuj^ coni^enial. The Saracen could tit;ht as well
and also I'asilv enter inio the intellectual life of the
The reif^nini,' Sulian of Turkey is Alidul-Hamid
roiieau f:i.>tliold i)y lli.' friendly iuter|iosition <if the 11.. who succeeded to the throne on the deposit
Auti-1
il
uissian blowers.
Not thai {\h\ ( Htomau ap-
peals to the sympathy of those nations, hut simply
thai so loiiir as
the Sulian of
a pccijile who
have lost, all
ji^r^iossive ain-
liit Ion I'll
( 'oust a n I i no- '
]ile. the " lial-
ance of ]power"
is safe. Turkey
fort
liiry has sim-
ply hei'iia mere
puppet, nio\-
in''astheu''reat
\r last cen-
nat loiif
lUl
of his elder hrother, .Murad \'., in ISTt!. lie is the
Ihirty-tiflli in male descent from the founder of
the t'mpire,
Otlnnan, and
t W(.'nty-ei:,ditli
since (.'onstan-
tinople was
e.)n(|nered by
IheT'urk. Tho
royal resideiu'C
is (he serau:lio,
or harem, anil
this resideiK'e,
uotwithst and-
hank-
iin,' I lie
the slriui:. and
dependent for
,ire existence
iipini the suf-
ferance horn of mutual jealousy. Sonu' show of in-
dependent action is kept up, hut it is the veriest sho ,
in the world. Turkey is a charily em])ire. :i monu-
ment of the spai'ini;' irraie of its jiectiliar position. It
ailmits of no ili\ ision.
That
IS. C'onstant mopl
not iidniit of division, and its position is so very
inniandiuLT. that the nations are not
wilhiii;- to
iia\ e il- ailded to t he st renu'i h of anv of their neiuii-
l)ia>
Sucii in its hi,--lofy ami prosjiects
viewed ff<un an internal loua
I St;
mlpoint.
ui'l-,ey.
The
io|iulation con-ists mainlv of Christians who alilior
rnpt cond.tioii
of the imperi-
al treasury, is
mainlaineil at-
enormous ex-
pense. The
will of the Sul-
tan is ahsolnie. l''orms of const itutional limit -
ation.s upon the arhitrary authority of the Sultan
have been adopted reeenlly, but in point of fad
Ihe leirislative and i'\ecuti\e departments of
the iTovernment are in the iiands of his siihlime
liiLrhness, and the functions of law an! diivcit'd bv
two otlicers, thelirand \'i/.ii'r, who looks alter .-;et'u-
ar
I If;
lU's, am
I Ihe Sheik-ul-lslam, who is Ihe head
of the church. There is a body or class known as
the riema whii'h comprises tin
prelers o|
Ihe Koran, the in
tries of till! law.
-Mufle." or inter-
iiiil hiijh fuiiclion-
l?ev" is a general term, tinph in^
their masters and loiiu' for dcliNcrancc,
hose i to all important civil oliicers, wink
ihik
na- IS the
Chrislians are nearlv all members of the (iiVi
chiircli, or at least (lisiinct Iroin Ik
lib the I'apacv
ami rrotesiaiitism.
Tl
lerc .'ire a iidoil n
1'
laiiv I'fote.-
aiii missionaries in I urke\
Tl
leir tailors are con-
(lesiirnation o
f tax i^alherers and other ollicei's wl
are both military and civic in fuiietion. A iuinis-
terial eoumal, or cabinet, called l-ho " Divan," exists,
conip''isinu' ciiilit minisU'rial dejiart inenis, nanielv,
^f
•*71
■M
-^2
THE OTTOMAN EMHIRK
209
War, Fiiiiiiico, Marine, Coniiiiorcc, Public Works,
Police, Justice and Education.
Prior to the war with Russia in 1877, or rather
to the treaty of Uerlin in 1878, the area of the em-
pire was 1.74'^,871 siiuare miles and the iHijnilation,
somelliinj,' in excess of 28,(HH).0()0. That treaty
gave IJosnia and Herzegovina to Austria - Hungary,
nnule the states of Bulgaria and Kiistern Itoumelia
somi-inde[K'ndent, and added somewhat to the terri-
tory of Uoumania, Servia and Montenegro, so that
now the territory is estimated at l.lUi.Sl8, and the
jMipulation at 21.000.(H)t). Turkey in Europe was
reduced about one-half, in both territory and pop-
ulation. It now consists of (l:i,()v'8 s(iuare miles.
]M)puiation 4,"J7r),000. Turkey in Asia c(unprises a
territory of TldJi'.'O, wilii a population of ir),7l").-
()(H); Turkey in Africa. ."{M.-VU) square miles, )top-
ulation. I.KIO.IHK). A recent writer says. "All con-
sular and other reports agree in slating that the
native population of every jiart of the Turkisii em-
pire is fast declining, in many provinces at sui'h a
rale llial tiie formerly cultivated lands are falling
into llu' condiliou of deserts. Want of security
for lite and property, an anareliical yet extortionate
ailministration, and a general alisence of all moral
and material progn'ss. are given as the principal
reason lor the rapid di'crease of llu> pojuilation."
The same writer, in speaking of education in
the Ottoman cm[)ire. oi)scrvcs liiat " public schools
have bi'cn long establisiied in most c()iisideral)le
Turkish towns, while ' medresscs." or coUegt's. wilb
public lil)raries. are attached to the greater nuiniier
of tiic principal mos(pies. ]\\d tlu' instrnclion af-
fonleil i>v these establishmciUs is ratiicr limiled.
The pupils are chielly l.iuglit to reail and write
the lirsl I'lcments of the Turkish language; the
class-books iK'ing the Koi'aii. ami some commenta-
ries upon il. in the ' medresscs." »vhicli are liie cul-
le^es or sciiools of the ulemas, the pupils are in-
structed in .Vrabic and iV'rsian.and learn to decipher
and write the ditl'crent sorts of Turkish characters.
The instruction coinprisi's jjliilosophy. logic, rhet-
oric. Mud morals founded on liie Koran; :niil these,
with tlicologv. Turkish law, and a few lessons on
iiistorv and geography. imjuijiIcIc the cour.'<e of
atuily."
Till' railways of the iMupire have ;i foliil lengtii
of ab()\ii l.tKHt miles. The national debt is nearlv
^7^-=-^
itl.tKH).000,()()0, and the national credit is at an ex-
ceedingly low ebb, and the ()aj)er nu)ney of the em-
pire amounts to about ^4.")t).l)00,0(U). In every jM)int
of view Turkey is in a nn)ribund state. The coun-
try is rich in resources, but for the most part those
resources are undeveloiR'd.
We cannot better close this chapter than by an
oxccrpt from MacKenzie's llii- ory of the I'.ttli Cen-
tury. It runs thus : "The Turks conduct the alTaira
of the people whom they conipiered on the j>rinci-
ples of a hostile military oeenpation rather than a
government. The depotiini of the sultan is abso-
lute and uurestraini'd. All life and property be-
long to him, and I ho Christian population must
vindicate by an annual (layment of money their
claim to the elenuMitary privilege of living. When
the sultan re(|iiires their property he can send and
take it. The people have no defense in law. and, by
the princii)les on which the government is founded,
none in right. Hut the siillan is not by any means
MiMi purchase from him the
their worst eueniv.
privilege of collect
[)urclia.-<e-nn)ney. they are at liiierly lo iiillut u]
lUL
taxt
ind 1
ui\nig p:iid the
lun
tiieir vicluus
such [HM'siuial violence as mas
deemed ni'cessary to enforce the yielding u|) of
tlu'ir available means. Magisl rules, judgi's, and
government servants of every degree plunder at
will for their own |K'rsonal benelit. Every post,
high and low, has been jmrchased by its holder,
irging its duties is lo en-
whose siinrle ain
disch
rich himself ;it ilie exiicnse of those over whom bcf
has gaiiH'd aiilhorily. Any trailer wiu) incurs 1 ho
lieriloiis suspicion nf being rich, any proprietor of
a goml estate. lUMy be put todeiitb on a slight pre-
text, am
lis [II
■<i<ins seized. Anv Turkisii rullian
may with impunity assault or murder a Christian.
.\ good Mohaiumedan reganls it as his right and
diitv lo kill a Christian when he has
Th"
s opportunilv.
le evidence o
received in a cmirt of
steal Cliristian children and f
f a Christian a^'ainst a. Turk is not
aw.
.V Turk can lei:iilly
orciiilv convert them
lo Islamisin
T
!(■ frightful priiicijit
slave-
owning law is practically in I'on'c in the Oltoman
linioii — no Christiai
1 lias iinv
riiziit
s wliicli a
Turk is bound to res|M'ct. The only sei!urily of
Ibe people is to conceal their wealth and si'cni lobe
liiiiiv. ruder the sway of Ihi'Turk the aii|K'arancc
of pn\erly is randy deceptive."'
', I
I' ; ■
CHAPTER XXXVI
TllK Dawn or HISSIAN IIisT(1KV— NdVUOKIII), TUK (iUKAT UkIM lll.ll— liHAM) I'lllNCES FUOM
KrillK TO IlillK— ()|.c1A"s liKVKMiK AND I'l KTY— Vl.A 111 Mill AMI TllK IXTIIIIIUITIDN (II-' I'lIItla-
TIANITY — YaIIIISI.AF AM) HIS ( IIDK— I'ull! (KNTrlllKS (IF I'lKKIKKSS— ( iKS(illIS KlIAN A.NII THE
U(>I.I>I:N IloIlDK— The IvaSS— I'KTKH the (illEAT— tATllAItlNE THE (;i!EAT — MdSCOW AMI Na-
rOLEON— Al.EXANDKK I. AMI THE 11(11. V Al.I.lASCE— NiCIKlI.AS AND THE t'HIMEAX WaH — .Vl.EX-
ANDEIl II. A.NI) the SKHP.M— XlHIl.IS.M — SIHEUIA— I'KESE.NT C'ONDITIO.N OF KUSSIA— (JliEEK
CllUItCII IN KUtSIA.
HE grout torritury of Uu.s-
.'iiii iirst presouts itself to
tlio lii.^toric ken in A. !)•
H&i. All previous events
in tliiit v:ist rejrion must
forever renmiii iniitler of
eoiijeeture. The tlrst ob-
ject whieli greets the eye is the
best. Hussiii's iiuroni lills witii
iistonishnieiit tiie student of the
past, unprepared to discover in
that far-away land ami time a
vigorous republic, Novgorod, eall-
ed "the republican mother of a
most <lespotie empire." 'I'bis dawn
of history wa.s the slowly fading
twiligliL of a liberty who.se day was
clothed in mist, and whoso last
lingering ray was darkeiieil liy the niglit of (Us-
potism.
Novgorod tiic (ireal, not liii^ great despoiler. l)ut
the great repni)lie, preceded the great cm|iire.
Speaking of this period of early (hiwn, yet e\ening,
Karamsin says : "At thai time tiie great repulilie
had iii'coiiic so powerful that it wasacommon saying
ammig its neigidiors, "W ho can dare oppose (iod and
Novgorod the (Ireat!-" Its eomineree," he con-
tinues, "e.xtondeii to Persia, India, and to Constan-
tinople." Tiie nations around were its trii)utaries,
but unfiHtunately lietween it and the Haltie Sea,
wiiicli was its principal channel of eoinmunication
with the rest of the world, were the unfriendly and
barbaric N'arangians, and the Baltic itself swarmed
with N'orman pirates. Novgorod dared not attemiit
unaided the subjugation of two such formidableen-
emies, and weary of ('onstant depredations upon her
t'omiiiei'ce. allied herself with one against the other,
llurik, j'rince of Varangia — the iirst name in Rus-
sian history — was invited with liis two brothers to
defend the Ivepublic against the Normans. This
was adangerous experiment. Knrik used his power,
as might iuive been expected, and beeame. after the
death of his two brothers, (Jrand Prince of Russia,
for from that time it really became a nation, al-
though it was several centuries before the empire,
liiirik's ailniinisl ration continued fifteen years. IIo
was certainly a very great ruler, but unfortunate-
ly imliucd with the spirit of despotism; a perfect
spcciiiH'ii of barljarie greatness; brave, crafty, insa-
lialile, adventurous, and ca|iable of the most savage
treachery, lie migiit well have been the ideal ami
model of most subseinu'iit. rulers of Russia, doing
(210)
1 ■'■■.
RUSSIA.
211
all ill lii.s jiower to suiijilaut the arts of jieafo with
the ferocity of war. In lii.s rt'i,i,Mi lioiraii tiio agita-
tion iiy swonl and treaty of the never-eiiding East-
ern ((iiestion. liike all wiio eaiiie after him, he
wanted Coiistantinoide, tiie key of tiie Hosphorns,
and like them he failed to get it. Jlis i^hlllediate
sueee.ssor, Igor, was lii.s close imitator, and lost his
life while colieeting taxes in the usual way, hy tak-
ing an army around with him.
l[is widow, Ulga, heuanie regent. Fal)uloiis tales
ari' told of iier revenge upon the slayers of her hus-
band. After gratifying her vengeance she visited
her northern dominions, where lier llrst enterjirise
was to Imild towns, a
favorite pastime with
Ilussian rulers. In
other countries towns
grow ; in Uussia they
are made to order.
She regulated if she
did not reduce the
ta.xes, and most of
all, she divided the
land into (•onimons.
Here is the lirst men-
tion of that famous
institution, the Com-
mune, and it is un-
fortunate that more
particulars are not
given of its infancy. After many other measures
which contributed in favor of the argument for
woman in jtolitics, Olga became desirous of em-
bracing Christianity. In order to do so she repaired
to Constantinople where she was led to the baittisnial
font by the emperor himself. There were alrea<ly
some Christians in Ilussia, but even Olga's example
failed to make it fashionable; her own si)ii,who was
to succeed her, holding her religion in contempt. He
was, however, a noble ciiarai'ter, as the chronicles at-
test, hut was early killed in war with their old and
ever new enemies, the Turks.
The empire, or rather the nation, which was Suill
composed of principalities and republics, was then
divided, and civil war followed between the dilTerent
rulers. One of these, Vladimir of Novgorod, con-
fpiered the other princes, his brothers, and reunited
and enlarged Uiissia. For his victories he deter-
mined to return thanks to the ancient irods of iiis
lieople by sacrilicing not only a human being br.t a
Uiissian.' The clioice fell upon the son of a Chris-
tian. The father r^jfusing to give him up, bota
were killed. They have been (Miionized by the
Russian church as its only martyrs. It a;.)pears
almost incredible that Christianity should have met
with no serious resistance among these pagans, when
in all other lands it has caused or been the cause of
streams of blood and misery unimaginable. V'liul-
imir's greatness awakened tiie zealots of four relig-
ions, the Creeks, the Ktmians, the Jews, and the
Mohammedans ; each striving to convert hi/ii to
tiieir own system of ceremonies — one can liariUy
, say worshii;. ile a r
j)ointed a coiiurl'^jee
of boyars — a class of
noblemen — to in-
vestigate them all
and re[)ort. .Vfter
due considerat ion
this cool con\ert
adojiteil the Creek
faith, iiilliicnced
more by the example
of his ancestress Ol-
ga — who was called
llie wisest of mortals
— than by the report
of the committee.
Having made liisde-
mssi.w I'osT-iiorsK.
cision, he I'Nperieiiced no little dillictilty in getting
himself baptized in a manner sutliciently sen-
sational to satisfy his barliaric highness. Jit
was necessary to go to war, take a city, and
abduet a bishop that the ceremony might be
performed in his owiu'ountry. Once in the church
himself, his troubles were endeil. A general order
was given that all should apjiear on the bank (d' tiie
river and be baptized. Nobody objected — an<l so
the present religion of Kussia was established, 'i'lic
grateful national church recognizes \'la<liniir, its
foumler, as co-e([ual with the Apostles. He is said
to have raised Uussia to its highest primitive glory;
but unwarned by the jiast, united Kussia was again
divided, this time among seven sons.
A season of bloodshcil fiillowe(l, wherein such
mild terms as monster, fratrii'ide and assassin are
continually heard. Then Varoslaf, the tuvst and
ablest of the seven, became ruler of tiie entire iia-
11 '-5
r
;!!■■'■?
:il'
■ Si
p
Rf
i4
'■■,. "i
w
^
212
RUSSIA.
tioii. lie was revurud for liis religion and t(-ler-
iinee, for his ofTorts in behalf of C(luca.tion iind
civilization, and ho succored nithcr tiian encroached
upon the lilwrties of the citizens of Xovgorod. To
him the national church owes its freedom from ]h-
zantium, and Russia itself by its alliances became
closely connected with the other great natioiis of
Eurojie. The three daughters of Yaroslaf were
(Queens of .Norway, Hungary and France, and his
daughters-in-law belonged to the Greek, German and
English royal families. He gave to Russia its lirst
code. That was in the year 10 IS. The right of
private vengeance was recognized ; but when no
avenger appeared the murderer i)aid a fine to the
public treasury. The ]>cnalty for killing a man was
twice as nuich as that for killing a woman. Under
this code, Xovgorod was indeed considered an aj)-
pendage of the (irand Principality, but every citi-
zen called to the town meeting l)y the sound of the
great bell, could vote, and all questions were deci-
ded by that vote, even to the choice of Granil
Prince — at least ])opular ai)i)robation was consid-
ered necessary, and he was not acknowledged until
he liad sworn to govern in accordance! with the
ancient laws of tlie l{ei)ublic.
It was now four centuries since the reign of Ku-
rick, at whicli time the absolute independence of
^Novgorod '.r.ts compromised. Twice, during this
period, there had been a strong centralized govern-
ment, and more (jr less of despotism ; in fact, a
complicated blending of the two, despotism and
democracy. Russia was then rapidly advancing
towards civilization, and no nation in Euro})e had
brighter jjrospects. Notwithstanding the fact that
her Grand Princes had always been desists in their
relations to other princes, and to individual sub-
jects, interference with the local self-government
of the repul)lic had never been attemjjted. Nor
was there tiien in EurojH) more commercial enter-
l)rise than in \ovgo''od, the glory of the North.
But Ru.ssia as a whole lacked unity. The various
states were not one people. Dissensions often arose
and disintegration followed, until, when the Tartar
iriVasion came, in Vi'M'i, thei.'ountry was illyi)repared
to defend itself against that genius of barbarism,
Genghis Kiian. wiio with his (Jolden Horde made a
liastun; from Kasau to X'ladimir. For two centu-
ries the Tartiir yoke accustomed the Ihissian neck
to servitude, ami the s[)irit of the people was so
broken that the way was prepared for imperialism.
The Tartars, that horde of organized tramps, bold
and numerous, made themselves ]ierfectly at home
in Russia. Never rooting themselves deej)ly in the
soil, never assimilating with tiie inhal)itants, they
simi)ly foraged upon them, until finally, in the year
14il"^, a (Jrand Prince arose, strong enough and bad
enougii to cope with them.
Ivan, Grand Prince of Moscow, was at once the
liberator and the enslaver of his country. For
forty years he |)ersistently jnirsued a determined
j)uri)03e, with a cold, unimpassioned patience and
per.severing industry that should have made him
the admiration of all who have a bias towards im-
jKjrialism, To become absolute monarch of all the
Russias, to l»e feared abroad and su))reme at homo,
was his constant aspiration. Wit iiout personal bra-
very, with none of those high attributes which in-
sjjire enthusiasm, he was enabled bv the condition of
that most distressful country, and by a guile al-
most superhuman in its malignancy and ellicacy,
to cop.(juer and reduce to submission all the dis-
cordant elements of Russia. The lirst step towards
this achievenuMit was the expulsion of the Golden
Horde. Tiiis accomplisiied, one I'rince was incited
to war against another, until tiie only powerful bar-
rier to his ambition was republican Novgorod,
which wielded a power almof3t equal to that of Ivan.
It ruled over all the North, whose commerce it had
])o.ssessed and i)rotected for seven centuries. Ivan
destroyed that commerce and reduced the haughty,
liberty-loving Novgorod, which could rally forty
thousand warriors, and numbered four hundred
thousand jjcople, to th.e insignificant village which
it still remains. All this was not accomplished
without a long and bitter struggle. Liberty died as
hard in Russia as in Poland, — but it died ; and that
great land was a dungeon without a w'.ndow.
Had Ivan the Great and his successor Ivan the
Terrible, been Ivan the tJood and Ivan the Sensible,
the future of Russia nuglit have been as changed as
would have been our national life had the Ameri-
can Revolution resulted in a monarchy instead of a
Repnbhc. The misfortune of Russia has l)een that
her great rulers have seemed lo Ix) under the bane-
ful inlluencc of that drop of Tartar blood said to
course in their veins.
'i'he first real genius after Ivan the Great was
Peter the Great. Their objects were different, their
-7-
■*.
RUSSIA.
213
mothods tlio same. One forced suhinissioii iiikhi
the peojile, tlie other sought to force eivih/.iition
upon tlioiii. Instead of attenii)ting to graihially
modify inherited (;iist,oiiis, anil supplant 01 1 ideas
with now by a jjrouess of iieaUliy growtii. lie tried to
foist a sort of liat civilization upon his sulijects.
AVliatever lie did was doue by tiie force of his own
unbridled and relentless will. That he accom-
plished many and wonderful things for lliissia, can-
not be denied ; but that his i(h as and nicthoils were
not conihicivi^ to a wholesome devidopment of a
happy and progressive jjcoplo, sul)sei(uent events
luive fully
shown. T\w
riglits and
interests of
liis subjects
were rutli-
lessly sacri-
ficed to im-
perial am-
liition. and
whatever
he thought
served to
iigirrandize
the materi-
al welfare
of Ifussia
was to he
])urchased
at any cost.
The happiness, the moral iiuprovemeiit, the lili-
erties of the people, were ullerly unimportant to
thi,j jmrcluiser of civilization. Xotwitiistanding all
his reforms, his sulijects were left to the mercy of
whatever any tyrant like himself might (hi. lie
looked ujion liussia as a great estate hereditary in
the family of the liomanofFs. The civilization of
whicli he was tlie author was ])rei'arious, not to say
sjiurious and pernicious. Tlie reign of Peter the
Great was from l"i«!) to Vi'-Z't.
Hitherto liussia had lieeii more oriental than oc-
cidental in ambitioii and id(!as, liut iienceforth its
outlook was towards t be ^\'est. The lirst of his suc-
cessors to rise to i>roiiiiiieiice was Catharine II.
I'eter assumed tlie title of Kmperor of Russia, and
Catharine was every inch a u empress. Her n'igii
extended from 1T<1-^ to ITil'l. Those were eventful
PKTER TUB GREAT.
y<Mrs. Frederick the Oreat ruled I'russia, Voltaire
was in all iiis glory, and the iiide})eiidence of Amer-
ica was acbicve(l. (Jatiuirine connived with Fred-
erick to partition uniiapjiy Pidaiid ; she sympatiiized
with Voltaire in liis skejiticism anil cynicism, while
callous to his apjieals for justice and liberty within
Ikt own border, ()uite content, iiowever, to have
l"]iig]an<l lose her colonial po.s.sessions. Slie was a
monster of licentiousness, albeit a woman of mighty
intellect. Siie was coinprchensive in her plans and
strong in execution.
Catharine the (jreat Avas succeeded by her son
Paul, who
continued
somewhat
the policy
of Peter
and Cath-
arine. The
throne to
which he
succeeded
iiad by that
time aspir-
ed toarank
among tiie
great pow-
ers ; and it
imjiro v ed
somewhat
under him.
During tho
rule of Alexander I. (lsul-ls->.")) Pussia was tho
lialance of jiower in Kiirope. He was an able and
liiieral man, without being great in statesmanship
or piiilantlinipy. He may be called the father of flio
Holy Alliance. This compact was entered into at
Paris, September ^li, ISl."), by tho sovereigns of
liussia, Austria and Prussiti, joined by nmst of the
other European powers, and bound tiie high con-
tracting jiarties to exclude forever every member of
tlie Uonaparto family from any throne in Eurojic,
also to stand by each other in tt^ maintenance of
their royal iiremgatives and the general peace. lie
atfected great resjiectfor philosophy.
It was during the reign of liiis czar that the city
of Moscow came jirominently before tiie world.
This ((Uirt capital of Pussialies 400 miles southeast
of St. Petersburg. Founde 1 in the twelfth ccuturv
CATHARINE II.
7-
> i ' 1
t ■•
fi.i ;■
h ■.
:;
"■^
I';
m
-H^S
^^
214
RUSSIA.
it, was till' cupiliil until HTi wlicii IV'icr lliu (irciit
loiiiovud to llio cily wliit'ii lie biiill iiinl ikuiumI in
liis (jwn honor. It. is usteuniod ;is a sacred city Ijy
Uio doMiut Cossacks. To its iniiabitanls iidonj^s
tlie lioiiur of .striiiini,' Napoleon a hlow I'roni wliicli
lie never recovered. Wlicn lie niarelied the French
iiniiy thither in ISl'-i, exjiectiug to winter there,
they had the herci-ni to set tire to it and llee. It
contained then nearly lO.dOii houses and over ;i."iO,()UU
inhabitants.
\ a |io 1 e o II
found barely
l-i.ll(M(|)eo[de
clinyinj^ to
the burnt
city, and he
was oblii,n'd
to retrace his
steps, Xoloss
than ST.") can-
nons aban-
don I'd by
till' i''reiich
when th(>y
retreated are
now treasur-
ed in the ar-
senal at -Mos-
cow as tro-
phies of that triuniph by lire. The central ])art of
the city, the Kremlin, stands upon a hill and is
surrounded by a massive wall with lofty towers,
and con.sists of churches, palaces and other imblic
edilices. " As seen from a distance," says a recent
visitor, "the Kremlin seems to form one giirantic but
bewilderiuLiiy fantastic pile." TheLrreatconllatrration
alreadv mentioned ra^'cd from the l-ll h to the ■,.'lst of
.Se|)tendu'r. It was not until the irreat tire at Chi-
eajxo on the nth of Octolier, ISTl.that the world wit-
nessed another conllaLnation upon so larire a scale.
Upon the death of Alexander I.Nicholas I. came
to the thi'oiie. This stei'n despot ruled from lS'.',"i
to l.S."i."). lie hail an inordinate faith in Kussian
prowess, verily iielieviuLT t hat his country was able
lodefvall Murope. I'lidcr bis iniliience the na-
tional jiride rose to an absurd height. .V pretext
for a war upon Turkey, havinir for its obji'ct the
capture of Constantinople, was soui^'ht and found.
viKW oi' •rni'; kkiomi.in.
The war in the Crim
ea was the
result.
The (Jriniean war was a eonllict in which wei'c^
iirrayed against Uussia, (ireat llritain, France, Italy
and Turkey. It began in the fall of IS.VJ. The
combined lk^et,s of Kngland and l''rance entered tlu'
I51ack Sea, and the natural suprennuy of liussia in
those waters was permanently lost. Sevasto[)ol,
tlie stronghold of the liussians in the Crimea, was
bombarded, and linally evacuated. On the ;iotli
of Oet-oiier, 1S.")4, was fought the battle of Kalakhi-
va, and elev-
en days later
tlievicioryof
Inkermann
was won.
Hostilities
con t in lied
until l""ebru-
a ry, iS.jtl,
when an ar-
mistice was
cone liided,
followed in
-Mil nth by the
treatyof Par-
is, which ter-
minated the
eonllict. The
s u Iferi u gs
aiidthclos.ses
of the Allies in cani() were terrible. Mo general won
renown in
I bat war.
I'Mort'Uci'
\ ight i n-
gale, an
English la-
dy of phi-
lanthropic
ilisposition
becamefa-
mons the
world over
for her ef-
ticient 7.ea
in caring
forthesick
an<l woun-
ded. She Alexandeu II. (la'ir)).
may well be called the angel of the hospital. The
RUSSIA.
^15
;:iTiii Siiiiitary ('oimiiissioii of iliu Aiiiuriuiin civil
will' wiis ii sul)liiuo ]>r()(liK't i)t' luT kiiiilly "Junius.
Tliu tinst tlistiiH'tivG policy <>f llii; siici't-ssor to
Niiliolius, Aloxiiuder II., was I lie iilioriiticjii of the
serfs, wliicli wiis iiccoiiiplislit'il in 18til. To that
•xroat act of justice tiio Ozur wiw driven by two coii-
wiiicli ill tiic sjiriiij; of l.ssi. ciiltniiiatcd in tiic as-
siissinaliun, after ivpcaicil failures, of tlie very Uzar
whose tiut had liin'ratcd tlio serfs. Uotween eiiuin-
eipation and assassination occurred another war
with Turkey, witii no advanlai^e to the Uossack.
'J'lie other jiowers occupied u jiosition of arnied
siderations, in themselves hostile, — ivijardfor lilioral
sentiment, and fear of the progressive noliility and
educated class. Imiierialism felt tiie need of the irood
will of tlie fifty million lal)orinLr<'lasses as asafoiiuaril
against the increasing and importunate demand for
representative government. The absolutism of the
throne was in danger. The emaiK'ipation of the
serfs throw a halo around imiierialism in Russia
that blinded for a time the dimmed eyes of lilwrty,
but the banishmmit during the last twenty years of
twenty thousand subjects to the desolate wilds and
horrible mines of Siberia has disiielled all illusion,
and created a state of affairs absolutelv awful, and
-/
neutrality, taking good care tiiat the Uussian bear
should not make his lair in the city of (Jonstantine.
The latest pliaso of Uussian affairs is Nihilism.
To unilerstaiiil the creed of the Nihilists it is only
necessary to recall the meaning of iiiltil — iinf/n'nif.
Its father, Michael liakumin, says, "Our first work
must be annihilation, and when once the Hoods rise
take heed that 110 ark be allowed to rescue any
atom of this old world wliicli we coiisi crati' to ile-
struction." Tiie prominent victims of this destruc-
tion arc (rod, government, marriage, and projierty,
and with these gone what would there be left? It
is a fren/.ied anxiety to overthrow absolute despot-
ill;
\'
.•■■■; 1: iii
2l6
Ul'SSIA.
?!•'' r' '
:•»:■■,
i^ll
ism, iind win (nily lie |)iilliiitCMl l)y lliu n'lleclioii tliut.
"till! ilcstroycr of wihhIs, thistles imd thorns is ii
liiMiet'iictor, wiu'thiT iio sdwcth 'j^aui or not." The
jirusoiit Czjii', Ali'XiUiilor III., is virtiuilly ii jjrisoncr
ill tho jKiliieo, .so constant iini I ;j:roiit is his ii])|tn!lifii-
sion of iK'ril from the Mihilists. Dynamite is the
Biislili! whieh deprives him of ail real liberty.
'I'iie northern (Mirtion of Asia, Siberia, is a dis-
tinet and notable jiart of the Hussian cnipire. The
Ural mountains and the river of tho same name
divide it from Russia in E)iro|)i'. On the south it
lias no wolUlelinod boundary, oeiiig jiushed down-
ward farther and farther upon every pretext. The
Arctic Ocean is its northern limit, and the Pa-
cific its eastern. It has an area of soinetliing over
four millions and a half sijuarc miles, and a [lopu-
lation of over three millions, three hundred thou-
sand. Hussian ami I'idish exiks and their descen-
dants form three-fourths of the population. As
(iarly as the .seven teenth century the policy of ban-
ishnicnt to tlioso des' late polar regions was adopted
by tho Russian irovernmont. At first heretics were
sent there in punishment of their dissent from the
ortluMlox (ireek church. Instead of burning her-
etics at the stake or massacring them, the Hussian
government transported thom. Entire communi-
ties of Protestants (for such they really were) wore
sometimes forced to remove to Siberia and kojit
there. Then p(ditical olTondors were Itanished
there, and that policy is still maintainod. Vast
nunibers of Polos have from time to time been com-
pelled to ciust in their lot with the Siberian-s. Nihil-
ists, if not executed, are driven thither in large
chain-gangs, sufTeriiig terribly on the long and ar-
duous journey. Ordinary criminals are consigned to
tho same fate. Tho Ural, Altai and i)ther moun-
tains are rich in the precious metals, and the mines
are worked by tho i)risoners. Terrible are the
hardships of these worse than galley slaves. The
government derives large revenue from these mines.
The trade in .Vrctic furs is very considerable. The
native Calnnicks arc rude savages. Keindeers
abounil in Siberia.
The balance of trade is in favor of Russia, yet
singular as it may seem, it is a liberal exporter of
specie. The mints of the empire turn out on an
average *UI.(M)0.(K)U in gold coin and *J.(K»U,(H)0 in
silver coin each year. More than two-thirds of this
coinage Hows out of the country, and has done .so
for at least a decade. The pajier money of the
country amounts to *S<Ki,(iO(i,0(H). The national
debt, in/lusive of tiiis pajwr money, is *;J,41(),(I0»),-
000. In European Russia the doatii rate and l)irtli
rate are both higher than any where else on the
continent. Russia iiroduces food enough to feed
!K»,000,00() of iieojile, or ten million in excess of the
actual iioiuilation. It has lifteen thousand miles of
railroad, constructed, however, with reference to mil-
itary necessity more than commercial convenience.
The national church of Russia is the Greek
church. Tho Eini)eror is now the head of it, and
next to him ranks the Holy Synod, (lompo.sed of
.seven bishops. Originally the heiwl of the church
was the Patriarch at {'.>nstantinoj)le. AVhen the
Ottoman eni[)ire suijerseded tho Byzantine, and the
Moslem took the place of the Christian on the Bos-
l)horus, a Russian ]tatriarcli was ai)poiiited by the
Czar. That was in the sixteenth century. Rut
Peter the Groat arrogated to himself supreme ec-
clesiastical authority, abolishing tho patriarchy and
instituting the synod. No change has been made
since his day in the spiritual rule of the country,
except that other religions have been tolerated of late
years. Strictly orthodox in doctrines, as judged from
a distinctively (Jreek point of view, the Hussian
church is entirely independent and national in polity.
;v
-i-
if4£fflfe!^^ilHfe^^^^ifet^5&ilfc>^^i^i^^^
THEBrTTTC
nnrro
POLAND I
^ ,^ t1 poles.
^ j.4 '■xFTO:yK a: /^ikyK7C¥P'^
CHAPTER XXXVII.
Sympathy kdii IVh.ami— Kiiwt Ai'pkaiianck ok the ToLKf— E'oi.isii AiiK up Fahi.k— TiiK IIis-
TIIIUIAI. KUA IlEOIN!'— (ASIIMIll THE UKSTOltKll. AND ('A!<IMIK TIIK ( iUKAT— FKIDALISM IX I'd-
LAND— Kl.EITiVK MoSAIlCHV OH MoNAUClllLAl. KKI'IMU.K — .M(II)K AM) I'l.Al K <1P Kl.KCTION —
FollKlC.N InFUKNCK— .IdllS Sl)UlE8KI— A\AI1( HV AND InTEUVENTIHN— STANISLAS, AMI THE
NEKilinoHINII (illKAT I'oWEHS— ST. I'ETEHSIlllKl AND WaIISA W — KaI.1. (IP THE UKITBI.K —
Kll»( ItSKD AND TIIK WaU KOH NaTKINAI. I. IF'K— POLISH ( llAllArTKHISTUS- TllK InDIONATION
OF THE Would — Russian ToLirY— I'an-Slayomc Diikam— I'olish LiTEiiATruK— 1'aI'L Sobo-
LEsKi ON Poland— I'olish Jews— Kki.hiiois Pkiiskiition.
r is impossible to think of
Russia without lieiiig ro-
mimled of I'ohind. The
ouo will suggest the other
to every intelli-
gent ininil. On
tiic map of the
world Poland
lolongerexists ;
but the Poles arc
a very positive
and distinctive
iwople. They
h.avc a country,
denationalized, crushed and
despairing, still a siiari)ly
defined j)art of the territory
of P^nroiJC. Its history is full
(if pathos, its fate enlisting the sympathies of every
tender soul, or even approximately respectable heart.
The Poles first came within the vision of history
as tiic Polani in tiie fifth century. They are a prom-
inent branch of tiic great Slavonic family, and pri-
marily o(u;upicil tiu^ broa<l plain Iwtwccu the rivers
Oder and Vistula. The name itself means in its
original root {^pidaxka) a
plain. Poland may he called
the jjrairie of Kurope, or
rather, it is the nearest ap-
proach to a prairie (except
in some resjiects Holland),
that Eurojie can boast.
There arc large tracts of
sand and nu)rass, also broad
reai'hes of forest, imt as a
whole, the country is well
adapted to agriculture. Its
waters fiow into either the
lialtic or the Black sea. The
area of the land of the Poles
is alxmt '..'.s->,0(K) stjuare
miles. At tlie time of the
lirst dismemberment of tiie
kingdom (KT^) the })opulatioii was estimated at
]'i,0()0,OUO, mostly farmers, enjoying a comparative
thrift, feeding imnionse herds of cattle, horses and
(217)
^■■a,.'
^1., .■■' r
,„,;■
m
I;-
it'.r r-.i
I: '■ '
^" .■■■
I
2lS
I'OLAND AND THE I'OLKS.
xwiue, mid cultiviitiii'^ a wiilo iiruiiof rvclutrley :inil
wlioiit. 'riiiitsucli ii iKJoplus'iould liiive \)wn sorom-
Itlutoly sulijiij^iiltMl, is oiu' of >lio iiiiriu'los of liislory.
Like all countrius, I'oland had ilsaj,'iMif fahlc!. Jl
dalf.s from the ducal rt'i;,Mi of jjuth I., in IIr' middle
ci'iitiiry. Ill some chroiiick's thu country is callcil
Lvrltid. About, OIU! hundred years later llourished
Wenda, tiio (^iieeii Kli/.ahetli of tie I'oles. Slievras
so tenacious of her sovereiirnly that siie declined all
oilVrs of marriage. Her seat of govornmoiit was Cra-
cow, named in honor of Cracus, a ruler whose mem-
ory is still I'cvered in Polish tradition. There were
many ot licr legendary sovereigns, petty mid shadowy.
Tlu' liisioiical era began in iMi-i with iliecislas 1..
llie fifth jM-ince of the house of J'iast. He iiitro-
diiceil Christianity, being comiiellod to do so as a
jiarl of the price of the hand of the Hungarian
I'riiicess Doiiibrowka. The marriage and the bap-
tism occurred the same day. The next step was to
force the rite- of baiitisia upon the jieojile, ami it was
not a dillicult thiiigto do. The old faith sat lightly
upon the nation, and gave way alino.st without a
struggle. The second of the Christian kings, Bo-
leslas I., made the I'olish arm feared throughout
Hungary, (iermaiiy, and even in Italy ami France.
Russia crossed swords with him, k'd on by Vladimir
the (Jreat. He has well iicen called " the true foun-
der of his country's gri'atiiess." He was succeede<l by
Miecisla.s II., an idle and vicious imbecile. It was
under his reign, however, that the land was divided
into Palatinates, each presided over by a local judge.
That was certainly an important step in the right
direction. lie died in l(i;i4. For seven years the
Poles were kingless. The interregnum was i)rolific
of great evils. Despotism is better than anarchy,
too much, government than none at all. The late
king had left behind him a (jueen and an infant
son. The former tried to sway the scepter, but was
so very unpopular that she was obliged to leave the
country. She took with her the heir to the throne,
Casimir. At tirst he was not much missed, but as
the horrors of anarchy increased, the desire for the
restoration of the royal family increased. After six
or seven years the lost heir was recovered. It was a
long time before the mother would disclose his liid-
ing-jilace.
For three centuries the stream of Polish history
flows on, turbulent, turgid and monotonous. Dur-
ing all that time nothing occurred, according to the
records, which challenges si»ecial attention, l-'roiii
Ca-simir I. to Casimir HI. was nearly three centu-
ries, but nothing will be lost in crossing that dreary
waste with eyes closed in sleej). 'I'lie first Casimir
was I'alled the IJestorer, the second tiie (ireat, and
great he surely was. Asa reformer his genius shone
resplendent. Urigmidiige was cheeked, and every
form of violence held in some restraint. Casimir
was not content with temporary measures. He es-
tablished the reign of law. A convention was called
by him to frame a code. This was a \cry impor-
tant step. That system of laws had all the defects
of feudalism, but was a very great advance over
irresjionsible and unbridled alisolutisin. The I'oles
were early divided into three classes: nobles, jieas-
ants and burghers, or town-folk, and for each the
law was different. The laboring class felt the ex-
treme rigor of serfage ; the nobles were arrogant, idle
and lawless, the burghers industrious, independeiit
and mildly aggressive. In the growth of the coun-
try the cities took the lead. One especial reason of
this was the fact that Casimir was the great ])atron
of industry. The artisans flocked to the Polish
towns aii<l found profitable employment. From
that time Poland found place among the more pro-
gressive ai I prosperous nations of Europe.
I"'rom the very first, feudalism was exceptionally
strong in Poland, and the nobility never neglected
an oj)portunity to enhance the power of their chiss.
The kings were gradually reduced in authority un-
til they became little else than putty in the hands of
the nobles. With the accession of Casimir IV.,
144."), Poland may be said to have passed from a
monarchy to a republic. To our political concep-
tions it is inconsistent to speak of a country as be-
ing both a republic and a kingdom ; but such the
land of the Poles became in the middle of the fif-
teenth century, so remaining until the nation itself
was blotted out. Upon the death of a king the
lords would meet to elect a successor. The first
distinctively elective king (for so aggressive hatl the
nobility become that the i)ositivc claim of right to
determine the royal succession came almost as a
matter of course) Casimir IV., was Grand Duke
of Lithuania, and he did not want the crown. For
a long time he evaded the unwelcome honors thrust
upon him. It was not that he shrank from respon-
sibility, but ho hoped to extort concessions to the
royal authority. In this he failed. The nobles
L
or
a])p,
deat
Init
catic
a ma
tin
IfT
POLAND AND THK POLES.
19
coin]K3llud liiin to uc'cii|iy tlio tliroiio us tlioir im])iiot
riitliiT tluui tlioir ruler. Ami in all the sulise<(iioiit
history of I'oliuiil tlio kiiiirly jiowit was tlic sinul-
owy ri'llt'ctioii of tho arislot^racy.
Early in the sixtuoiith cuntury a few l)iir;;hors
were atliiiitted to the |parliaiiieiit of liarons, ami
that was the reeogiiitioii of tlie growiiii,' iinijorlauee
of tiie eitizeii (usini^ tiie term in its oriijiiial sij,'iiili-
eaiice.) In reliu'ious mailers t iiu iiiilueiKr of Huss
ami Luliier was very eonsiilerahle, alilinu;,'li re-
pressed and linally siippri'sseil hy pcrseeuLion.
Under the reii;n of SiLrisiniind I. (l.Miti — ir>4S)
leaders of the reformed failii were helieaded or ban-
ished. That kinif li\eil to a i.'reat old aije and was
one of the great rulers of his ai^e. rpon ins deatii
his son was ehosen to till his place. ILitiierto the
elective franelii:'! was contined to a very narrow
range. The kings were taken from the family of
the Jagellos. When the last inendjer of that line
died, the way was open to a wider range of choice.
The nol)les met in loT'J on tiie plains of Prague, on
the hank of the N'istula, opposite Warsaw. Hereto-
fore tiie selection of a new king iiad devolved upon
delegates representing the aristocracy ; hut now ii was
agreed tiiat the entire body of tiie lv|Uestriiin order
should be I'ligible to advice in t-lie election. Tiitis
tens of thousands of ai'iiied and inoiinted men were
hroiiglit togetlier to clioose a ruler for life. '" .Vt the
timeapi)ointed,"says Diicloss.'M'or tin' luihlingof tlie
elective diet, sucii nuinliers of the nobles arrived
that the circuiiii'erence of tlie place (twelve miles
in extent) where they were stationed by counties
for the greater facility of collecting tiieir sutfrages.
was seureoly able to contain them; and as they
were all arine<l, they looked like men assenii)led to
comjuer a kingdom, rather tiian to exercise a ])eace-
ful, dcliljorative privilege. In the center of a circle
or I'oh), was the tent, capaljle of liolding six tliou-
sand people, and in it tlie senators and. ministers of
the crown met for cinisultation." This description
apjilies specitically to tlie assembly held upon the
deatli of Sigismund II., the last of the Jagellos,
hut it is hardly less apiireciable to the usual convo-
cations at the recurrence of each interregnum. As
a matter of course the meetings were turbulent, of ten
bloody, and never free from imiuiiientiieri!. Many a
time before it tinally fell tlie Republic of P(dand
tottered and rocked n})ou its Inise. seeming to be on
the verge of utter destru<;tion.
Fitreign as well us domestic princes were eligilde
to the throne. .\. (V.iirof Uussiii, Alexis, fatlier of
I'l'tcr the (ireal, was a candidate at one time. The
dilliciilly of an election was greatly iniTcascd liy
the veto jM)wer. inherent in the diet, iiy which the
will of the niajoiity could be nuUilied. That fea-
ture of the law of royal elect imis was linally abaii-
doui'd out. of sheer necessity.
l''or I wtMity-t wo ycais. from it'i'4 to Itl'.iti, Poland
was under the rule of a truly gicai iiiaii,.lohn Sobies-
ki. lie nobly earned the erown bv having been his
counlry's best defender in many an hour of ilanger.
It was not so iiiiieh hostile (Jliristiaiis as Moslems
that, harassed Poland. Turks and Tartars were
very insctleiit, aggressive and [lowerfiil. Ibrahim
the Devil. Pasha of Damascus, led a vast army
of invasion. .Another time Mustapha le<l three
hundred thousand Mohanimedans in a crusade
upon the Chrisiians, ami, says Salvandy, "(ier-
niany looked to Sobieski as its savior, and Knrope
as the bulwark of ('liristeinlom. The I'lnbassadoi'
of the empire and nuiieio of the pope were
at his feet in iiii|iortuiiate sup|ilication." That was
in the year Pisio. The (jross was in peril and the
Crescent, seemeil about t,o displace it. Put Soliieski
was e(|iial to the emergency. Poland saved Chris-
tianity from the last really formidable assault of
Islamisni. It is no exaLTu^eralion to say that, on the
twelftli of September, beneath the walls of ^'iellua,
the last battle of the Crusade was fought, and Po-
lish valor, genius and lu'estige won the day. From
that time on, the conllict was a .series of assured
victories for the Christians.
The name of Sobieski deserves to rank with tlu'
supreme warriors of all linies, hut as a ruler in
peace he was weak ami wicked. He was the last
independent King of Poland, and incomparably
the greatest sovereign his country ever knew. The
Uepublie was on the brink of ruin, and if he did
not save it. he at lea.st prolongeil its life.
The eldest son of .Tohn Soliieski was. contident
of his election to succeed his fath'>r. but the no-
bles were not at all disposed to favor hl.s candidacy,
or that of any other member of the family. The
candidates were two besides .lames Soliieski. Priiiee
Conti, nepliew of Louis X\'. of France and Fred-
erick .\ugustus, Flector of Saxony. Tlie latter
won the [prize, but he did not kei'p it long. Charles
XII. of Sweden took tlie Held against him, and
J|V9
r
'i'":'.i
1 ■■ i
Si :>i'
II:
iff
U\"-
anf h
m[- |t !
l^-' ''
V ■
[^
.'!; : '•..
•iff
-I,'.
1. ■ ,
4'. 1 ^
220
POLAND AM) IMi: I'OLKS.
iiiiult) nliort work n' ('ii|)tiiriu}f ('riu;ii\v,(ln|Misiiij( tlio
kiii;r mill |il;ii'iiig Slim is las, I'liliiUiiu of I'osniiiiiii,
u|M)u lliu throiiu, if tliroiiu it iiiiiy Ikj eiilluil. ilo
wii.s II <rrt'iit iiiid s|ili'ii(iiil iiiiiii, lull fort-iiiu! wits
:i<;iiiiisl, liiiii. '{"In- ri'piiMit! of I'oiainl was in a
st.iilL- of iiilcriiiiiialilu tnriin)ii iuhI fai'tii)usn(.>s.s. A
lillli! liitur wo liiid Stanislas a I'liL'ilivi' ainl l-'rcil-
crick Au},'iistus liMok in |iowi'r. 'I'lir l.iitri' ilii'il in
lT:i;{. " IIo liiid a !Vw virlnt's," s.ivs a niitivo liis-
torian, " bnt, more \ ices. His rcii^n was ono con-
tinned scuiio of disM-itcrs ; iniiiiy of wliicli Miiiy Itc
aKrilmt('(l to liiniscif, Imt nioro iit'rliajis to llio in-
IliU'nci! of circiinistann'H." Tlio diet whioh inut to
olcct a snccessor rcsoivcil, first of all, not to plaoo
tlie urowii iijion a fmciu'n 1 row.
Tlio dethroned Stanislas, now fiitlior-iii-law to
iiOiiis XV., was till! clinici! of the noMcs. Sixty
thcHisand voices were raised in his sn|i|M)rl. I?nt
Austria and Wnssia favored the caiulidacy of I-'rcd-
criik An;,nistiis 11., smi of tlu! late kin;;:. A Mus-
covite ai'iiiy in'ociaiined him kin;; ami inardiud to
the enfui'eeinonl of the |)roeliiiniilioii. Stanislas
had lost his ami)iiiim andeiieriry. He was iinsuited
to the tusk of resisting' foreiirn inturference. Thu
C/.arwas foremost in idaimin;: |irotectoriil jiower.
'• Si. I'etcrsliiirir," we are told, •• was the u:reat focus i
hy 1 ho middle of the ciithteentli century where the I
rays of Polish intri;;nc were concentriiled, and 1
« iiere I he more amhitioiis natives resorted to oli-
tain, liy llalteriii'.' the iniiieiial conlidants, tlio diiriii-
ties of ill" I, pnhlic. i"',vcry intimalion, however
.sli^;lit, frimi the norlhern niotrc)|iolis. was an
imiierious ohliualioii on the feeble kiiii; and his ser-
vile minister ; and not on thom alone, hut on the
;;reat hody of the iiohles, who hud lost all sense of
the nalioiial dishonor, and who tninsfi'rreil their
lionia,ij;e from Warsaw to St. I'eterslmru' wiihoiil
shaiiio or reinorsi'." Of course the re|)nlilic could
not loiiir siirv ive siich a state of alfairs. I''amine,
anarchy, rajiiiie and desolation were everywhere.
The jiojiiilatioii dwindled away, and iioverly took
the place of thrift. Catharine id' Ifussja resolved ■
to end the shame, and erase thu rcpiiliiic from the ■
poliiical map of Miiroiie. Stanislas Aiiirnsliis fee- j
biy swayed the scepter of Poland diirinu' t he e\pir- j
iiiLT hour. The Poles had tlie bravery necessary j
to defense, liiit the iiiicoiiirruous and unstable ;;ov- '
erument all'orded unfriendly neighboring jiowers j
facilities for devisiinr wavs and means to dis- '
inoinber the distrauted niitioii. Tliu evil ciimo
grailnully. Wlwii too lute thu niitioii \tus aroused
to thu Uaiigur of thu Kitinition, and thu oaiiHO uf
national independence found a ;;raiid luudur ill tiio
heroic 'i'liiuldeus Kos-
ciusko, one of tho
heroes of tho Aiiieri-
eaii revolnlioii. He
had rendered import-
ant servico in the
eanse of .\iiierican
Inde|iendunce, and re-
turning to his nativo
land, made a grand
etToit- to rescue it from
the allied robliors.
Cracow and Warsaw Kowh.sko.
both opened their gates to liiiii. Kosciusko was
prndi'iit and kindly no luss than brave, but the
frenzy id' the French Uevoliition, rather than the
calm j.atriotism of the .\nierieans, pervaded the
ranks of the iiatioinili.sts. Wild S'Tiies of blood
were enacted, and the salvation of Poland rendered
hopeless by these excesses. In J T'.l.') the I'lid came,
Warsaw fell before a Uiissian army. Austria, J'rus-
sia anil Russia diviileil the territory between them,
the latter taking (he lion's share. It was thu .Mus-
covite who had doiiu the fatal work, for the most
part, and thi' "tlier powers were made pailakers in
the infamy as the price of aci|iiiescenrc.
In his history of the lve|)ublic of Poland I'"errend
says in c(mtempla1 ion of thct'i'iisure of ilie re|>nblic :
•• Perlia[is no people on eurth can boast more jier-
sonal heroism than the Pok's, but as it was virtually a
country without a govcninient, without liiiiinces, a
national army, or any central authority of binding
force, the surprise is not that it fell at last, hut that
it stood so long, \'alor, although almost snperhu-
iniin, could not jireservu the jiroiid nobles from 1111-
boiinded dissipation, nor coiisei|iieiitly from teiiiji-
tatioii to corrnption, from receiving bribes to repair
their shattered fortunes ; it could not prevent the
powers which lavished this means of corruption from
inltM'fereni'e with the alTairs of the kiiiirdom ; it
could not dissolve the union of these jiowers with
the discontented parties at homo; it could not in-
spire the slow-iuoving machine of governmeut with
vigor, when the humblest partisan, corrupted by
foreiirn monev. I'oiild arrest it with a word ; it could
I'OLANU AND 'nili POLKS.
221
not uvort tlio oiitnmco of foreign uriiiii-s In HUpitort
till) fiicti MIS iiinl ivlHOIioiis ; ilcoiilil not, wliilc dj.
vi(l(«| ill itsiilf, ii|iliii|il tlid iijiiidiml iiiilciM-iiilciicc
ii;{iiiiist tlio ('(iiiil)iiioil ulTuuts of foroi;;!! ainl (ioiiiox-
liu tt'cii.soii ; liiiiilly, it could hot cITcct iiii|Missilii!itii's,
nor thorcfori; foivviT tiirii iisidc llic dcstroviii;,'
Hword wliicli Imd so long iiii|)oii(K'd owr ii."
Till! I'xiinutiiiii of t,i<! rcpiiMir of I'dlaiid iiroiiswl
tlit'iiiili;,'iiiaioii of the world. Fniiiit', Kii;,'liiiid mid
Aiiioriuii wcro indifjfmiiit lotliu iii.'it dof^ri-t'. Sweden
liiid 'I'lirkey joiiu'd in tiio outcry.
During,' tlie Niipoleonic \riir, and tliu
rliploiniicy wliicli followed, there
Heunied to lie .some liojie of restorii-
tion. To littlo purpose. The three
rohlier powers nevi;r iibiindoned the
idea wliieh had so loiiij been eherished.
Napoleon's star set and the treaty of
Vienna was made. My that treaty the
kini^doni of Poland was proclaimed
.lime '.'II, isi.'). with Oacow as its
ca^iital, l)ut it was sini|)ly the district
of (Jraoow with a popula-
tion of (;i,(M)0, hardly a
shallow of real Poland.
Four millions of the peo-
l)le canio under the direct
sway of Uiissia. .\t thai,
time Alexander was CJzar,
and at lirst he seemeii
disposed to rule the Poles
in justice and with great
liberality. Fur some time
all went well. The peo-
ple wi^re fast beotimintr
loyal to the (Jzar at St.
Petersbur''. This statt
TIIKKK (iltKATEST POLISH I'OETS.
of things continued tiiree
years witlwuit signs nf collapse. Mat it was an un-
natural condition nt' atVairs, and discontent on one
side and repressive measures on the other, crcateil a
breach whicii widened continually. When the vicious
Constantine succeeiled Alexander almost all pretense
of goinl feeling between Poles and Uussians disap-
peareil. Conspiracy after conspiracy sprang u|t to
em|)hasize the Polish discontent without alleviating
tiie evils of foreign rule. Ry is;i(i po[)iilar discon-
tent had taken the form of insurrection, anil failure
then did not prevent sui)seiiuent etforts to throw oil
the yoke, and restore Poland to jiolitioal autonomy.
It would 1k! prolltlesH to follow tiio fortunes of
tiiese iiniivailing elTorts to restore the lost national-
ity. 'I'ime seems to lessen the |iros|H'ct of success.
and tiMlay Poland is enveloped in a ilarkiieHrt un-
relieved by a single star. The only approach to
hope is the dream of a Pan-Sla<onic nation, a na-
tion wliicli should so far reconstruct tlio map of
JMirope as to make iiitu one nation all the .Sluv,s.
Such a conformation to the divisions of race, lan-
guage and traditional sympathies is not to bu ox-
j, peeted. MIoody rebellions arose in Po-
land in the years ls:Jt», l.S4ti, isiUand
lS(i;t. each having been crushed with
uiipitying rigor by h'lissian despotism.
The Poles are the Irish of the contin-
ent in valor, iierseverance, lack of
unity, and reiteated calamities.
In a literary point of view Poland
has never |iroduced a genius so bril-
liant a.s to attract the admiration of
mankind. That nation lioasts about
iifteen huniired lileriiry names, but
one may search through
all tiie productions of
that literature, as made
accessible to English
readers, witimut being
rewarded witii a single
diamond of tiiought
whicli shines with es-
)K'cial luster.
l'"rom Koclianowski to
(>lizcrow.ski the heights
of immortal poetry arc
not reaciieii. Often pa-
thetic, the verse of Po-
land is never Shakspcarean. The venerable Paul
Soboleski, author and editor of '•Poets and Poetry
of Poland." says, •• Prostrati', iiartitiniicd, sulTering
and bliitti'd out as it were from existence. Poland
awaits tlii' fultillment of her destiny, i-'ate some-
times .strikes nation.sas it does iiidixiduals, but lioiie
in her case, though it may seem futile to other na-
tionalities, never firsakes the sorrowing hearts of
her children. Scattered though they .lie thoiighout
the habitable gloiie. they have never ceased to wait,
to hope, and to trust that she will once more be re-
suscitated, resurrected, regenerated, and be once
n.ore counted amoiiLr the nations of the earth."
■ ';
t
M'i- ^
roi.ANl) AM) line I'OMCS.
Tln'i'i' iiiiiiics sliiiid out ciHisiiiiiuiiisly in I'ulisli
lilcniliirc :is tlu' irnMl Irimiiv inih' nl' son^. 'IMio
I'iirlii'^it.liiil mil I lie lirsl.ol' I he trin \v:is Ai('liliisli(i|i
KiMsicki, licirii in i;)!l. lltMlicd liu' lirsi yciiitil' liic
lin'scnl fi'Mlnrv. Al'lcr llic |iarlil ion ol' llic coniilrv
liis liisli(i|iri<', \\iirnii;i, IVIl lo lliclot df b'Tcilcrick
(if I'lMissia. 'I'Inil sdvcrciLin liiul no syni|i;itiiy with
liic (li'('|ily I'l'iii^idiis niilnrr 111' iiis nmro lii:iri voviil
snlijt'cl, lull lie Milinii'i'ij liis icMrninir. wil iiiul uciiiiis,
and inxilcij I'ini lo n'sitlc al liis luilai'i' (if Sjiiis
Sciuci. In ll'.i.'i he riiisi'i! Iiini frdni IVisIkiji (if W'lir-
mia III Ar(hliisli(i|i(if ( i nic/.nd. 1 h' was a Vdluniindiis
w rilcr. Tiic really su|ii'i'nii' nanic, lidwcNcr. was Adam
Mickicwii '.. Iidrn in I I '.'■•>. 1 Ic was lifl\ -seven vcars df
ap' wlien lie dieil. lie was asniijeel o( K'lissia. and
en jdved I lie favdr nf I lie miliilily al Mdscdw. and lalei'
al. Si. I'elerslinr;:'. Hni i:dii(l fdi'iiine (lid mil abide |
willi him, fdT lie was (ililiLTcd Id leave llie ediinlry
Id save himself fi'diii arresi fur I ri'asdn. lie resided
inueli df llie lime al I 'a ri-^, where his lidiies iinw
resi. The vdiiiii^esl (if I he I liree, Julias Slowaeki,
was luirn in ISO',1. lie was an inleiwe jialridl.
The re\ dlnl idii df 1S|S Idled his heari '\ilh lidjie
f(ir his heldvod INiliind. luil when lliat lid|ie died he
too jiiissed away,( x|iiriiii;' in April. ISI'.l. He voiced
till' di>e|i pallios (if iinlia|i|iy Tdland.
Aiidl her ijjreal name in I'dlish lileraliire is Sla-
iiislas KdiiarsUi. He was iinl a |idei, luil a |iliild- !
siiplu'v. He is eredilivl wil li erealiim;a new jiliase i
ill the inlellecl mil life (if his cdunlry. He was Ikhii
in the lirsl year df the eiudileeiil h eeiiliiry. He he- j
Idiiired Id . II arisidcralie family, and in his day was
(111 friendly terms with the ^'real thinkers df all
l'',nrd|H'. . He was a jiraetieal ediieatdr and a pdwerfiil
|ir(iiiidler of pdliiieal refdrm.
I'dland can lioast id least diie very I'harmiiiLr
jKietess. I'lli/.aliet li I )rii/'.ha(dva. She liiddiipMl tdthe
lirsl half df the eiirlilcentli eeiitiirv. She was mil.
versed in any laiiiriiaire lull Iior ewii and wrote
piin' national verses, ediitriliiitiiin materiiilly to
the deviddiiment of a distinctively nalidiial lit-
erature.
I'dland has a lariri'i" iird|i(irtidii of .Icwisli pdiuila-
tidii than any dllicr |iart df iMirojie. 'i'liat. race
has indeed heen niosi cruelly |ierseciite(| there,
as every where, hut when I lie indiirnil ies and oiil-
rau'i's of Spain and diher jiarls df ('lirislenddin reii-
(lere(l life a liiirden In that iieojilc. lliev could tiiid
in I'dland edm;iaralive immnnilv fnuii perseciil idii.
The I'dlish Jews are easily disi inirnished h\ t heir
iLrnorancc. sii|iersl it ions and pMieral iiii'erioritv. as
edni|iared with (iennaii Jews.
Knssia |ir(i|ier has siitTered lilt le fi'oni the per>e-
cut.idii (if. Chrisiians hy ('hrisliiuis. hni the I'dlish
Slavs ;ir(' iiifeii.se papists, and the m;>iisfroiis meas-
ures resdi-|ed Id hy the Kussian cliurcli and irnverii-
nienl Id "cdiivi'it " lliem to thelireidv faith form
(Hie of the most revoliinij pau'es in t he iinnals of
persecniidii. .\s laic as ilie fdiirl h decade df t he
present ceiilnry iiidlVensive and sainllv iinns were
Irealeil with all the hnilalily that Wnssian lii,:i(itrv
and savai^erv cdiild i\i'\ '\<v.
liii-'
}v^^
^-wrT:^-^'WT^-f '^
/a
^ ^^w
MEDIEVAL GERMANY.
>Lv i
.^^
^-v''.,^
"¥
T
c.**
i?-
*YI- CA
,^,V
V'/'
yy
%
■%
m\
:^.
mi
t'lIATTKR XXX VI II
~ Amiicnt
TurTiiNs 'I'm. (Jkhman K.m k— Intikidiitidn <ik ''iiiii»i'ian;tv 'I'liK Mkiiovinhiav
KlNlls t'llAlll.KC TIIK llAMMKIt AMI TIIK SAK A( KNS- TlIK HKIIIN UK TlIK SlKWAltlls -( 'II AllLU
MAlINi:- 1.1 !•« Ici TllK rilllH llTTII TIIK (illKAT -KUKllKIIII K l>AllllAlillt>MA 'I'lIK I NIJIIXITIDN
ANI> KllKllKIlK K 11. UKCMNK OV TIIK KmIMIIK 'I'lIK IlANHKATII' I.KAiaK "I'lIK (IKIIMAN
Ohuku up tmk Nimrn " -t'ONVKUrtioN iti- I'urssiA.
I*™! I f i> m,
iff
!'■ "
e — ^
£k.
224
MKDIEVAI. GERMANY,
mm-'-
i'.\
i-O
ill
v'-^&^
CTuriiiaiiH. 'riiey liail noitlior t'ii,io.s nor villutft's, hut,
wore iKJiuiuliu. Tliuir vico.s were iiidoloiico, dnuikuii-
iiuss iiiul guiiiljliiin; ; tlieir virtiioH wuro rcsiKJct for do-
mestic lio.s hriivorv and fidulity. 'I'lii'v \vorsliij)cd tlio
forces of natiiro iiiulor a nmltitudo of naiiios. Taci-
tus, in liLs "(reri'-ania," ,1,'ivos a very llattering do-
.scription of tiic j/ooplc. Tiioy wore j)re])ar(id to
accept civiiizatio:!, 'lut
|{onic was a (M)n(jucror,
not a civilizur.
Tiie most noted of
tlie (J-ermans were tlie
(iotlis. 'I'liey acce})ted
Cliristianit}' in tlie
fourtii ocntiiry, and
from t liuni it irradually
spread to all (iermany.
Tlie story of the lirst
real stcj) towards civili-
zation is intercstinir.
Some (ierman jiirates
hrouglit home from the
Ix'vant a (.'liristian hoy.
I'llila, who conceived
the idea of evanueli/ing
the jieople with whom
his lot, was thus cast.
He translated t lie JJihlo
intotheir lanmiai'cand
it is supiMised that he
oven invented a (ioliiic
aliiliaJH't. .V [jart of his
I I'aiislalion oi' the New
Tesi anient is still ex-
tant, jireserved in llu;
lihrary at I'psala, Swe-
den, lie was not perse-
cuted, nor were his fel-
low workers in the cause. The oM (iermaiis. like
their descendants of to-day. were reliunous lil)erals.
I'llila was an Arian, or I'liitarian. and althouifli
Konie ailiipled ihe Alh;inasian doclrine of thi^Trin-
it\ . (iennanv always leaiR'd si ronuiy Iowa rds hetero-
dox \. •• After the invention of a (iothie alphaiiet, hy
rilila. we hear no more."' says Hityard Taylor, "of a
written (ierman liiiiiiuaiie until the eighth (ciitury.
There was at least none accessihle to the? people."
The liatin was cultivated 11 little in connection with
politit's anil rcdiiri"". Hy the year "I'iii. I'hirope,
-m^3
T.1I-; HATT
outside of (rermaiiy, was very gcuerally f'liristiun-
izcd, hut the greater jiart of the (iermaiis were still
Pagans. Their final and complete evaugehzatioii
was the result of military necessity, dit^tated by
jioliticiii cxjicdieiicy, rather than the triumiih of tiie
(^ro.ss upon its merits. So many pagan customs
were retained, under a change of name, that the
transition was ahiiost
imiierceptilile.
As western Euroiio
emerged from the obscur-
ity of barbarism, the vast
regions now known as
(lerniaiiy and I'Vanee
were inseparable. Clovis,
who founded the ^lero-
vingian dynasty in the
hist years of the fifth
century, ruled over both
as one. That dynasty
continued from 4,s(; to
<i;iS, a century and a half,
during which the Franks
or French were sjiecially
conspicuous. It was a
sickening succession of
crowned criminals. The
jieople were the victims
of a family fend running
througligi'iierations. 'I'lic
Xibelungcii l.icil. the
Iliail of (iermany, to he
referre<l to more especial-
ly hereafter, celebrated
in rude song the horrible
story of Merov'ngian
atrocities. These kings
' ami (|ueens (for the
w(iinoii were as bad a-' the men) practici'd all lica-
1 hellish vices while ])rofessing the Christian name.
'Paylor tells us th;it during the long and blondv
feuds of the Merovingian kings the svstein of free-
dom and ei|iialily which the (iermanic races had so
loiiLT possesseil, was shaken to its very base, the ten-
deiK.'y being to augment the jiower of the iioliles,
the civil cilicers and the dignitaries id' the church.
Dagobcrt, the iinbecilo and vile, was the last us
Clovis was the first of this line of sovereigns. The
form and semblance of authority lingiii'dl in the
OF TO u lis,
'\
MEDIEVAL GERMANY.
225
fiuiiily aftor him, but tlio roiility of powc^r, wliicli
liiul liceii gnuluully slipping away, distinctly passed
to what may be called tiie dynasty of the Major
doiid or Stewards, of the Royal Household.
From ();58 to 708 these Stuarts, beginning with
Pepin, held the reins of j)()wer. The second of
them was Ciiarlos Martel, to whom France and
Uormaiiv are indebted for one of the most import-
ant victories of all history. The Saracens having
gained a firm footmg iu Spain, crossed the Pyrenees
IJAO.OOO strong and threatened to carry the Crescent
in triumph over all Western Europe, and perhaps
extinguish the ligiit of the Cross. It certainly
seemed as if Islam was aliout to possess all the West.
It was in October, T-i'i,
that r .larles Martel, sur-
nanu'il Charles the Ham-
mer, gave l>attle to the
invaders near Poictiers.
It is said that when night
fell, nearly two hundred
thousand dead an<l
wounded lay upon what
seemed to be the indeci-
.-"ive Held. When the next
uKiniing came, Ciuirles
prepared to renew the
flglit. but found that the
ciicuiy had retreated. It
was tiie (Gettysburg of
the war between tiie Saracens and the Cliristians.
Tiie soldiers of tlie Crescent never again ;>.ttem|)ted
to meet tlie l''raiiUs and (icriiians upon their own soil.
Those Yankees of Northern Kuroiie had won a bat-
tle decisive of tiiat point, although it was many
years before the Southwest was freed from tiie Sar-
acens. It is known as the Battle of Tours.
.Vfter several gcMierations tlie Stuarts found it ex-
(Hidient to iissume tlie title as wi'll as tlie reality of
royalty, and when Pepiii tlie Short died (TliS) lie
was "king by the grace of (lod." Tlie pope had be-
stowed the title upon him, also the title of " Patri-
cian of Uome.'' Tie left two sons, one of whom soon
died, leaving the otiier, Cliarles tlie (Jreat. sole sov-
ereign of France and Cermany. He wore the
crown forty-three years, being during' the latterpart
of his reign Fmi)eror of Rome.
( 'liarlemagne was in the main 11 (iennaii. He
established liis court at Ai\-la-'Jhapelle, where he
Wius linally buried. While ho sought to clothe him-
self with the fiuled purple of imjierial Rome, he
none the less devoted himself to the develoiiment
of the (rerman people into a great and civilized
nation. He established schools, organized local gov-
ernment, collected wit^i great care tlie songs, tnuli-
tions and ehronicles of the jwople, evidently hoping
to build uj) tlie (iermanic ciiaracter upon a native
basis. He was seven feet higli, and im less gigantic
in intellect than in body. Vast and beneficent was
his scheme. Cernniny seemed upon the eve of a
great career.
Ludwig the Pious, .son and successor of so
great a sire, was the weak and ai).jei't tool of the
priests. He closed the
i.t'Dwni Tui: rioi s.
schools, or gave them into
the hands of the ecclesi-
astics, and worse still, he
totally destroyed the bal-
lads, songs and legends
of the ( iermans wliich his
great father had collect-
ed. Of all that wealth
of Teutonic fcdk-lorc,
nothing survived, unless
it lie the fraffuieiit of the
"Song of llildebrand."
Cermanv was now thrust
back into barliarisiii. and
its developiiieiit retard-
ed for centurio. In the last years of the tenth cen-
tury, (tcrmany liad a ruler capMble of making his
nation grand and prosperous — Otto the (ireal. Hut
he was haunted by an evil ambition. Instead of try-
ing todevelof) ids own legitimate realm, he frittered
away his resources and opportunities in vainly trying
to grasp that delusive and illusi\(' plianloni, the Uo-
niaii Fnipirc. He wiis deterniiiu'd, like many less
notable Cerinan emperors, and two ,<i ill iireater men
of his line. CMiaiieiiuiLjiu^ and l''rederiek Harbai'ossa.
to make .Vix-la-CliMpelle the capital n\' an empire
which should include Italy, and be a real revival of
the glory of the Ca'sars. It was a drt'ary and
bloody endeavor to reiili/.e the impossible.
Freileriek I., called Uarbarossa for his red beard,
was elected emperor by llie sovereign votes of the
(■eriuan jirinces in 11">'2, and wore tlie crown until
he was cut olT iu one of the Crusades in the year
lint. He was a Suabian, Suabia beiiii: tliiii a
r
226
MEDIEVAL GERMANY.
"if I. hi
It ''!.>"
. :; ) ■ • ■
i:|:
-'^ it
l)r()iiiiiioiit (icrniaii state, long .siiicu extinct. iJar-
biirossii did nuieii to restore iKJiiee iind justice witiiin
Ills realm, lie nnide repeated attempts to Itring the
Lombards into sulijeetion, but no sooner would lie
return to (iernnmy, than tiie standard of revolt
would be raised. It was after ids sixtii t'xiwdition
into Italy liiat tlie news
of tlie Saracen capture
of Jerusalem was heard,
and tlie fanatical zeal of
Europe, including tiiat
of Fredericlv and his
l^nigiits, was aroused.
Tliis valiant king lost liis
life wlieu near the bor-
ders of Syria, drowned
while l)atiiing in a river.
That was in UOO.
After several troublous
years, IJarbarossa's grand-
son, Frederick II., came
to tlie imperial throue.
In his reign the ambi-
tious Pope Inuocent III.
established tlio Inquisi-
tion, and determineel to
make Italy one of the
crown diamonds of the
church. Tlie pontiff and
the emperor played fast
and loose with each otiier
during tlie lifetime of the
former, after wiiicli Fred-
erick determined to make
good his licreditary claim
to Italy. Fortius he was
excommunicated by Pope
Gregory IX. In I'^'iS lie
uiidertoolva Crusade, and as the result of dijilomacy
ratiier than valor, secured possession of Jerusalem
and the country round about for ten years, justly
claiming tiie crown of Jerusalem as Ids reward. The
po[ie did all he could to defeat that bloodless victory
of the Cross. Upon the king's return the people were
so generally in sympathy with him and against the
unjust jioiitilT. t hat the latter was driven from Kome
and glail to regain the keys of St. Peter by remov-
ing the anathema he had laid upon the sovereign.
Frederick established his court at Palermo, Italy,
FBEIIKRlCK II. ITTTINO ON THE CHOWN OP JEItl'SAI.KM.
and Wiks essentially an Italian rather than a German
emperor. Boldly did he confront the arrogance of
the churcii, and without being in design a religious
reformer, wrouglit a great work in preparing the
way for Lutiier and his co-Iaborei"s, being a protest-
ant but not a Protestant. IJravc, heroic, noble and
persistent, his is one of
the most illustrious names
in Eurojiean iiistory. But
the record of this Freder-
ick has a stain. His life
was largely spent in try-
ing to crush the repub-
lican cities of Italy. That
great wrong was not,
liowever, witliout its
conqiensating good. It
ojierated as an important
exemption of the German
free cities from im])erial
intervention. So fully
occupied was he in the
south that the north en-
joyed beneficent neglect.
He died in I'^oO, and,
after a feeble and mel-
ancholy struggle for ex-
istence, the dynasty to
which he belonged, the
Ilohenstaufels, became
extinct.
Xo other monarch of
the medieval period de-
serves mention. The elec-
tors became corrupt to
the lowest point, and
ojoenly sold the imperial
crown to the highest bid-
der. At one time the Duke of Cornwall, England,
bought the prize, his revenue from the tin mines of
his duchy making him the Vanderbilt of his day.
He did not, however, attempt to exercise Imperial
jiirisdii'tion. The German people were far more
respectalile than the em})ire as such.
By 1410 tiierewere three claimants of the German
crown, also three claimants of the ])apal tiara. It
may be remarked j)arentlietically that the really
sigiiilicant event of this jieriod was tlie Hussite
war, which was the morning-star of Protestantism,
^1.^
MICDIKVAI. GKRMAXY.
227
or, lis it might he callud, tho sigiiiil-giiii of that
groat conllict lietwoeii jiapal authority and tlie riglit
of private jiidgiiK'nt, in whicii (tormauy tootc tho
leading i)art,aiul from tlie coiumeneeiiient of whicii
dates tlic close of tlio medieval age. Lutlier was
not tlie originator of the great movement whicii
bears his name. That honor l)eloMgs to John JIuss,
with whom our next chapter will begin.
Befoi'e t-losing this account of medieval (iermany
notice must be taken of the Ilanseatic League, and
the stale of civilization which jiroduccd the cities
belonging to it. Late in tiie fourteenth century
several commercial cities sprung up in (Jernnuiy,
mostly in the iiortii. Tiiey were largely the result
of the rrusiules. Those exi)editions had made tlie
people of Kurope acquaMited with oriental luxuries,
and created wants which could only be supplied by
commerce. Lubeck, Hamburg and Bremen were
the first cities in imp(jrtance to grow out of tiiis de-
mand. Those were marts of exchange for Eastern
and Western commodities. They constituteil the
•• llansa,'' and drew into their alliance, among oth-
ers, tiie cities of the lliiine. Tiiey constituted avast
commercial and naval powor, bound together by the
common tie of tratUc. This Ilanseatic liCague had
its agencies in every I'ommercial city, from Lisbon
to Novgorod. Tiieir vessels plowed the Mediterra-
nean and whitene<l tiie IJaltic and tiie North seas.
'•Carthage was outstri])ped, and a spirit of enterprise
stimulated whicii was a cardinal factor in disi)elling
the blackness of the Dark Ages. Then for the lirst
time in Europe there were " merchant princes."
The key to the llanscatii! policy is well supplied in
the saying of tiiose princes, " If the emperor claims
authority over us, then we belong to tiie Jiope ; if
the poix) claims any such authority, then we lielong
to the emiieror." The league was politic and thrifty.
One of the emperors tried to destroy it, but failed ut-
terly, and the exultant merchants said among them-
selves, ''Tiie Devil tried to shear a iiog. but found
it 'great cry ami little wool,'"
Tins league and the " German Order in the
North " cared neither for the pomp of kings nor the
solemnity of ecclesiastics. The latter had an in<le-
pendent realm and was a gradual growth from tho
same root of secular thrift which gave rise to the
broader league, rnfortuiiately both lacked the
unity and system necessary to develop a permanent
l)olitical nationality, but as a " jiower dif-
fused " deserves very iiigli rank. The German Or-
der was an order of knights, growing out of the
Crusades as did the Knights of St. John and the
Knights Templar (the two latter belonging to
Italy). The merchants of Bremen and the otlier
cities of Northern Germany fostered this order,
and by their patronage gave it a commercial or sec-
ular spirit (juite a[iart from the religious cluiracter
of the other orders.
But to the Crernian Order must be accredited the
honor of Christianizing tlie Prussians, the latest
portion of the Gorman jiooplo to discard paganism.
Their spiritual welfare was watched over by " tiie
Brothersnf the Sword," a branch of the (ierimiii Or-
der. Like tiie greater part of medieval evangelization,
the conversion of tlie Prussians was wrought bv force.
The Ilanseatic League dates from VUl, and in
the same century German architecture made great
strides. So, loo, did university education, but more
particularly in the Italian part of tlie empire.
Some idea of tiie political condition of Germany
can be formed from the statement that at tho end of
the Ilohenstaufcn dynasty there were one hundred
and sixteen priestly rulers, one hundred ruling
dukes, princes, counts and barons, and more than
sixty indepenilent cities, not counting, of course, the
petty states and republican cities of Italy,
■i ■.,■■••.■■
-
r.'*';' ■:
: S!f ;
It
-' U^
e
M tf=I .|.^^
GERMANY AND THE REFORMATION.
riM^MMiJMl
CHAPTER XXXIX,
I
The Obeat Tuansitional Pebiou— JoH>f Hfss is PnAcirK— The Hussite Waii— Fall op the
Byzantine IvMPiiiE— Invention of Puintini; and I'apkii— Martin Litiieu— Dikt op Wdhms
— TUANSI.ATION OF THE ItlBI.E— LtTHEU's Ol'I'OIlTINlTY AND Pol.llY— TllE AnaHAI'TISTS— TllE
A^(l^Bt•U(l Confession— The Victohy- of Phideni k— The Tiiiuty-Yeahs Wau— (iisTAvrs
Adoi.i'ih s AND Wai.i.enstein— The Peace of Westi'iiai.ia— The Desolations and I{e»i'i.ts
OF THE Cheat Ccinfi.ut Between Pkotestant and Catholic— Litheiian Chiiuii in
KlIloI'E AND AmEIIICA.
w- i-n'
w.
HE first dciinito iind des-
poriite resistance to the es-
tablished church 111 (Jer-
maiiy was the Hussite War,
and the ])eacc of Westi)ha-
lia Mhich teriuluated the
Thirty- Vears War was the
ustahlishnicnt on the partial ruins
of Rome of Protestantism as the
state religion of trcrmany. This
transitional period extended from
141U to l()-t8. It was a memoraljle
epoch for the whole world in many
ways. During it America was dis-
'covered, gimjiowder and the ))rint-
r-I^Hfe;^ ii'n pi'L'ss invented, or rather intro-
* jO*^ duced into Euroiw, nuiking, with
Protestantism, four great j)owers in
civilization, each a<le(|uate to a thorough and uni-
versal revolution. The glory of the former must
he shared l)y Italy and Spain, of the latter by Ger-
nuiiiy and England, while the i)ther two belong to
(icrmany aluiie. Gunpowder radically changed the
methods of warfare, and thus iiroved revolutionary
to an extent not generally ai)])reeiated. Curiously,
the lirst Protestant war with its guns sounded tiie
death knell of chivalry and gave promise of the
era of heavy l)attalions, as against sword and armor.
John lluss was born in 13()!), and educated at
the University of Prague, Bohemia, where he filled
a professors chair, and afterwards the rectorsliij).
Ik'fore his day a few religious men had ]ireached
against the c(irruj)tions and abuses of the church,
but IIuss gave to the movement a tremendous impe-
tus. He o])i)osed the doctrine of al)solution ; the
worship of saints and nnages ; tratfic in otlices and
indulgences from purgatory, and the i)ractice of
administering only the bread of the sacrament to
lay communicants, reserving the sacramental wine
for the clergy. The latter point was nnide si)ecially
])roniiuent in the controversy, and contlict followed
the teaching of IIuss. The University was divided,
the Romish sympathizers finally seceding and
establishing the University at Leipzig. The emperor
at that time was Sigismund. He was luit partic-
ularly interested in the matter, but was drawn into
the contest. An Qiicumenical Council was called
!it tho City of Constance, and IIuss was guaranteed
I a safe conduct to and from the council by the Em-
peror. He attended, in the hope of being able to
defend his doctrines in such an august body. Rut
he was denied the privilege, and condemned, with-
(.28)
j^l'v*
■tMj
k
fr
GERMANY AND THE REFORMATION.
229
out ii hcai'ini^uuJ coiitriirv to tla- ploilirt' ^iviwi liiin,
to bo l)unit ill liie stako uiilu.ss la- ivciuituil. Tliis
lie would uot do, and so, on tliu sixtli of July, 141."),
this jjfvcat iium sutlored iiiartyrdniii.
Tiio l)lood of Joliu iluss urour^ed a terrihlL'
furor, c'spocially among the Boheuiiiius. Nohles
and [leople united in indignant [)rolest a<^ainst the
council. That hody stayed in session throe years
and a half, the burn-
ing of llu.ss being the
one thing acconnilish-
ed. Soon after its dis-
solution the EmiHJror
departed for the East
to wage war against
the Turks upon tiu'
Danube, thinking lit-
tle, ai)[)arently, aljout
the Hussites. But they
were terribly in oar-
nest. They organized
under the leadershij)
of .John Ziska, a noble
of rare military genius
and heroism. Having
found the pledges of
prinoes and prelates
untrustworthy, they
took nnittersinto their
own hands, resolved
to protect thenisolvos
and command rospeut
for theirrights of con-
science. Many of them
were wild fanatics who
anticii)ated the sjieedy
second coming of
Christ, but others were cool, bravo champions of
duty. Ziska inti'oducoil among his soldiers the
"thunder-guns," small field-pieces which had first
been used at the battle of Agincourt, botwoon
the English and the French, throe years i)ofore.
He also introduced the use of iron-plated flails with
which to crack the helmets of the knights. He-
twooii the guns and the flails the peasants (for such
the most of them were) of Ziska were an over-
match for the trained and disciplined regulars who
rallied from far and rear, at the call of the poiie
and the Catholic princes, to crush the Hussites.
John IIiiss LcotnrlnR in the Unlvprslty of Praime-
The papal aiitiiorities cared far more for the
robollion in Holiomia than for the Moslem inva-
sion on the Danulw. The secular princes would
have given up the contest in 14".'(), hut the legate of
the pope forliailo any conii)romise with the heretics.
For several years the conflict raged. In H'.'t) a
Catholic army 300,000 strong was utterly routed
by the Protestants, variously called " Hussites,''
" Orphans," and
" Taborites." Ziska
was slain at last,
but his followers ral-
lied under another
loader ami brave-
ly demanded their
rights. Tnf irtunate-
ly they were not al-
ways united, and the
enemy was swift to
take advantage of
any dissension. In
14:54 the Catholic
forces so far suc-
ceeded in crushing
the Taborites that
from that date the
Bohemian Uoforma-
tion ccii,sod to be
dangerous to Rome,
except as, it had
sowed the seed of
Protestantism, and
prepared the way for
it. Tiie next year
Emjxjror Sigismund
dioil, and witii his
doatii expired tiio
Luxemburg dynasty which began with Uhodolph,
successor to the Duke of Cornwall.
A few years lief ore (1453) the Eastern or Byzan-
tine empire had fallen. The Roman onipiro of
Constantino and .Tustinian, so long a bulwark
againt the Saracens, fell at last, and Islam gaineil
in Eastern Europe quite as much as it had lost in
the West — Turkey avenged Si)ain. The Roman
church looked on with inclifferenco, caring more to
su{)prcss i'rotestantism than to check Mohamme-
danism, especially lus the inroads of the latter w^rc
made at the ox])eiise, mainly, of the rival churdi.
iW*
m'
/rl::
it:
lie ,!
Hi
23<
GERMANY AND PHI': KKI'OUMA'riON.
'I'luTO was soiju^ talk of inKitlicr (Jnisiidii, hut il,
(licil (iiil. hiirnMi of I'vcii cinU'iivnr. 'I'lio jK'oido and
liriiici's liiul l)L't'oiiic too secular lo I'liirairi' in a
•• liiily " war.
A littli^ lii'foro tlio full of C!()iistaiiliii(>])li!, ai)oui
14;i'I, a (riTiiiaii uaiiicil .rohii (iutmiliur^f comrived
t.lio idea of rasliiiL,' movaltlo ty])CH and sottin;^ tliciu
togoilior to form
words. It Wius <i
siiii|)li! t liiii;^ iitdo,
lllll, il was HOMO tlio
h'ss liif irrcaLcst
<liscovory of all the
ages, and did more
than any other
a i^i'iicy to enlighten
Murope. It was a
gradual discovery.
The great douiaiul
tor ]ilaying-cards
musi he credited
with (lie parent
idi'a. The figures
used in making tlu^
"kings."" ciueens."
" jacks," t'te., of a
l)auk were llrst cut
on woodt'ii hlocks,
lolie dipped in ink,
and then jtressed
upon the card
])aper. This dovico
led to the carving
of letters and
Avords upon blocks
so as to make a
l)age. That was
done in Holland as
early as l-t'JO, liy means of which books wore printed.
The " Devil's Testament," as cards have becu call-
ed, thus led to supreme good. Another preparation
for the discovery was the invention of paper made
from linen, a great relief from the expense of
parchnu'iit and a i)rere(iiusite to printing. Pa{)er-
making in (rennany dates from the beginning of
the fourteenth century. John tiutoiiburg deserves
much l)ut not all the credit of types. Another name
t(»lie held in honor is that of Faust, a man of wealth
who assisted Trutenburg, who was a ))oor num. The
people suspected that priiiteil books were the work
of the Devil, and the prit'sts eagerly encouraged the
idea. This was not simj)ly because they wished to
prevent po[(ular intelligence (igiioraiu-e and siiiwr-
stit-ion going together), but because the making of
manuscript hoiiks was an important hraiu'h of in-
dustry, and one which priests and monks monopo-
lized. Their craft
was in danger.
They saw in mova-
ble types the death
of their highly
])ro1itahle monoj)-
oly. But none the
less surely and
swiftly did tlje art
of i)rinting spread,
not only in (ier-
many bnt all over
Europe. One of
the origimil Gut-
enhiirg Bibles was
recently sold in
Xew York City for
88,0110.
Martin Luther,
who really did
more for civiliza-
tion than any man
of his time, was
1)orn at the little
Saxon town of
Eisleben, !Noveni-
ber 10, 1-183. His
father was a jjoor
miner. Young Mar-
tin was a promis-
ing boy and early
conceived the idea of getting an education. He sang
songs beneath the windows of the rich, among other
things, as a way of eking out a support in the pur-
suit of his studies, which ho jjrosecuted at the uni-
versity of Erfurt. lie joined the order of Augustine
nu)i:ks, and was very highly esteemed by his associ-
ates and superiors. In I0O8 Luther was appointed
lecturer in (ireek, and later, of theology at the then
new university at Wittenberg. After two years ho
was sent to Home on a siwcial commission, where he
beheld with amazement the secular character of the
r
GERMANY AND THE HEI'-ORMATION.
231
t
])iil>iil coiirl. Ills eyes wt'iv ojKiiied, l)iit lie Iuk] no
tli()Ui.'lit. of s('|iiii'iit.i<m from llie motlier eliurcli un-
til lonif after. In l">li I'oiiu lieo X., 11 j^reat lover
of iul. anil luxurv, undertook to replenish his ox-
clieijner by a wholesale tratlie in induluences. Tiioy
were hawked aliout thei'ounlry, the pediUerof tiioiu
in CJerinany, Tetzel. .tr"'"n '"' f'"" 'i'' t'* **^^'" pardons
foi' all sins aetnally committed not only, hut
licenses to commit others with impniiity. This
urousc'd the rijjhteoiis indiirnation of i^uther, I
and on
the .Tlst
of Octo-
lier he
1) o 1 d 1 y
naile<l to
the door
of the
eiiurch at
AVitten-
linrsi: Ids
ni nety-
live not-
ed theses,
or prop-
ositions
in deiual
of the
right to
thus ahet
crimeand
vice.
This
holy zeal
aroused liercc and liitt.i'r opposition. Dr. Luther
was denounced as a Hussite. A eounc ii was calle<l,
iind he was guarantet'd immunity to and from
it. lie acccjited. notwithstanding the fate of
Huss. An attempt was made to condemn him in
disregard of that guaranty, hut the Emjieror,
(Charles \., Ijest known in connection with Spam,
refused to be a party to such i)ertiily, and Luther
departed f 10m the Diet of Worms unmolested, after
having boUUy defended his ])osition.
Hy a pnjconcerted plan he was kidnap})eil on tlie
road by ins friends and taken in disguise to tlie
friendly custleof Wart burg, where he spent his time
in making a translation of the Bible into the (fer-
man language. " In that great work," says Mr.
29
Taylor, " ho aueomplished more than a servioe od
Cliristianity ; hi^ created the modern (rerman iiii;
guage. Before his time there had been no tongiit
which was known and accepted throughout tlie
whole empire." Wv was assistcil in this ifroat. vorx
by I'hilip Melancthon ami other scholars, it wuj
done with the utmost care, and i:< a monuiue> i
nuirking the ilawn id' <ierman litc'ruture
The Kmjieror of (icrniany was -ilso i'ug jf
Spain, Naples, Sicily and Spanish America. s})on;t '
ing verv
littk'tiMic
in his im-
jterial do-
minions.
Uetweeii
wars with
thcTurks
and thb
F r e n c tj
he could
not givb
much at
tent ion to
eiH'lesias-
tieal mat-
ters in
(icrmany,
Tliis con-
dition of
t li 1 n g s
g re a 1 1 y
fav or cd
the I'rot-
estr.nt cause. Luther's j)olicy wa.s to win to his
su})pin't as nuiny as possible of the jietty sov
ereigns. By his Bible and his ])roachiiig he aimed
to reach the po[)ular heart, and by his political pol-
icy to secture the protection of the real rulers of
(icrmany. A popular uin-ising in Suuthern (icr-
many ocenvred in ]^yii^>, the oppressed peasants
making a bold strike for their riirhts. Lutlici
wrote and spoke veliemontly against them. His
writings of a political nature )irc.«ent him in a
very bad light. The only excuse for him is that bv
the policy he pursued he seciiri'il immunity for tlie
great cause nearest his heart.
i'hat ujirising was a very serious calamity, it
was a failure, and a costly one in every respect. It
iii"
ti
2^2
GERMANY AM) TMK KICKOKMATION.
lir ;'
WM-^
wiifi tliu R'siilt ill largo jiart (if religious faimticisin,
.lolid ul' l^cyili'ii, li'jKlcr of ilu' Aiialiii|p|ists. a soft
of .Miliuiiariiiiis wliooiili'rlaiiii'i! iiuiiR'roii.s fantastic
iiorioiis, WHS tiiialiy siipprcssod, ami liiitlioraiiisni
c'liiiio out of tlio ooiitost strong. In l.'ri'.i sovon
roigning priiioos, lioaileil liv Saxony, and liflooii
sovoroigii oitios, joiucil in a solonin itrtihst against
tlio rc'soliiti(ni of liio Kiii[)eror ami iJic Catliolio
States to outlaw ami crush out IvUllier ami the doc-
trines iironiiilgnloil iiy tiie Diet of Worms.
'Die iK'xt year a diet was suninioiied l>y the Kiii-
poror to iiK'ct at Augslmrg. A statomont of doc-
trine, pri'pared liy liUtiu'r
wild was aliscnt, and Meianr-
tlion who was [irosont. was
olTered as the views of the
Prolesianls. 'I'iial stateniont.
called the "Augsburg Con-
fession," is still the creed of
the Lutheran church and is
suhstantially identical with
the creeds of the Hvangclical
cluirches of to-day.
Luther escajied martyr-
dom, heing as jiriident as he
was liuld. AVars with other
nations favored his immu-
nity and the spread of his
doi'trines. Military necessity
secured a truce, from time
to time, and the father of
the Reformation died before
the groat struggle for religious progress fairly began,
his death occurring J-'obruary IT, 1040. Martin
Luther was the friend and counselor of all Protest-
ant rulers, beloved liy a vast following among the
jieople, the first and greatest of the brilliant galaxy of
reformers who were the i)ioncors of iiresont relig-
ious lilierty.
The Thirty- Years War was the next feature of
German history worthy of mention, it dates from
an outliurst of mob violence at Prague, ^lay 'I'-l,
l(il8, about a century after the lleforimition was
fairly begun. At that time four-lifths of the Ger-
mans were Protestants, inehiding many of the
princes ; but tlie Ilaiisburgs I'ontiinied to support
the Pajiacy. The einjieror at that time was ^latthias.
lie was not for war. but the Jesuits were eager for
it and plotted to make a local disturbance general,
GfSTAVrs AnoI.I'IUS
and tiie ln'other and successor of .Matthias, Ferdi-
nand, was wholly with them. So little, however,
did the J'rotestant Hlectors ajipreciate the situation
tiiat they voted for Ferdinand without considering
his ecclesiastical allinities of serious importance,
and that notwithstanding the fact that he had as a
Duko declared that he would rather rule over a
desert than heretics. The bittornoss of iiolemical
controversy in the Protestant church was a great
source of woakncss. Calvinists and Lutherans
wt'i'e intensi' in their animosity to each otiier, and
lines of theological tiioiight almost too line to be
discernible served as ram-
parts ))eliind which hostile
sects showered abust' at
each other. While tlu' Cath-
olic* were harmonious, the
J'roteslants invited attack
by their dissensions. The
Emiieror conceived it possible
to uproot I'rotestantism by a
war of extermination against
it, and the Protestants them-
selves were largely respon-
sible for his thinking so.
At that time Kngland, Hol-
land, Denmark and Sweden
were Protestant and the
practical ruler of l-'rance.
Cardinal Richelieu, had no
sympathy with Fei'dinaml.
The Protestants could ha\e
supjirossed him, had they been at all sensilde. Their
blind facti(Misness encouraged him and involved the
country in war for a generation, and a more desolat-
ing, brutal and fiendish struggle was never waged any
where by any people. The Cliristians of thiit empire
seemed to forget all scripture but the passage, " I
came not to send (X'acc, but a sword." To follow the
blo(xly track of that mighty slaughter through its
devious windings for thirty long years, would be a sur-
feit of horrors. Wiien once the Protestants had their
eyes o})enod to the situation, they formed a union for
mutual defense and chose for their leader Christian
\\., king of the then powerful Denmark. Eng-
land and Holland furnished substantial aid. But
there was no clearsighted and liighminded appre-
ciation of the struggle, on the part of those most
interested.
■r" -
"71
s —
^.
— --L
(ilCKMANY AND THE RKI-'ORMATION.
233
'I'lu'rii wcro sovorul great rcimtatioiis iiiiulf (luriiii.'
tliiit war, hut tl'.c iiaiiu's iiiDst ('iililk'(l to rcciii^iiilioii
wuri' tliosc of WalK'usluiii and (iuslavu.s Adoliilms.
Tlio Toriiu'r was a soldier of fortune wlio allied him-
self to the Catholie eaust'. lie had vast wealth,
seeured hy two inarriaijes, and he houi;ht iniportanl
estates wliieh nnide hiin a jirinee. Walieiist(,'in had
11 genius for war. He supported and paid his army
liyplunder.serviiigthe llapslmrgs with eoiispicuous
sueeess. He was distrusted a-i aiming at imiu'rial
]irinees he woiUd liav(.' made short work of the
Kajishurgs, hut he was regarded with suspicion and
al)sohite aiumosity in some instances. lie won
several important vi(;tories. the most important of
all hi'ing the one at Ijiil/.en, N'ovemiier 'i, WV.Vl,
which eost him his lifi'. He fell at the head of his
victorious troofis, and vww in death was •' Ttio
SwihIc of N'ictory." (Justavus Ad.ilphusgavo vital-
ity to the cause which cost him his own life.
'i'he end was not vet. Year aftt r vear tlio con-
1
^
e-^
J
f
2L
el
^g^^S^
BS^ — ' -.•-> — / .^ 1 — -..■• 1— -i>->
I'fiACI-; OV WKSTI'UAI.IA.
honors, and suspected, at last, of designing to desert
to the Protestant cause, and finally assasinated at
the evident instigation of the Emperor in Fehru-
iiry, 1034. Gustavus Adolphus was (piito the e(iual
of Wallenstein in military genius and a man of
high character. IIo came to the throne of Sweden
in KJll, when he was seventeen years of age. A
splendid s})ecimen of a nnni in every way, lie real-
ized the actual issue at stake and cmharked in the
cause of Protestantism in (iermany when he was
thirty-four years of ago, having already achicve<l
important victories over the Russians. Had he
been cordially sup^wrted by the German Protestant
ilict raged. It (U'veloped into a struggle f()r life on
tlie i)art of Protestantism and a strnirgle for terri-
torial acquisition on the part of the petty princes
and the foreign states. France was esjiecially anx-
ious that Germany should be so weakened that her
own area could be extended northward, and with
most consumnnite skill did Kichelieu jilay his pi.rt
with that object in view. Finally, in 1(!4S, a pea v
was negotiated at West})lialia, and the guns of that
i;iost atrocious of all wars were spiked. And siirdy
was time. A population of thirty millions hid
heen reduced to twelve millions. The livestock
and products of the empire had lieen proportionate-
"71
s —
f) "v
' t
n
■iii-l.
fi fc-
234
GERMANY AND THIC RKKOUMATION.
Wh
ii I
i.i
H/'
■'■•• .
fi:-
ly rcilui'cil, 'Kho civili/.iitiiiii of (li'iiiiiiiiy was set
h,u:k two ci'iitiirios. I)i(iiii)riiliziili(iu iiiul (k'poimlii-
liciii. jiovorty, c'l'inii; iiml iiiisiTy cuiiiliimMl to pro-
iliico a ri'siilt, of iiiipiillin;^ ilcsoliilioii. '• At'tcT llio
Tliirly Years' War," says ii Rroat historian, "(icr-
iiiaiiy was coniposcd of '.MCI moni or lesn iii(lu[i(,'ii-
ili'iil, jealous ami eoiillietiii;^ slates, uiiiteil liy 11
bond wliieli was more iiiia;;iiiary lliaii real; and this
I'oiifiisi'd, iiinialural slate of lliin^js eontinued until
Napoleon caiii'.' to put mi end to it. Ail branehos
of industry liad di-clined, ooiimiurt'o liad ulinost en-
tirely eoased, literature and the arts were suppressed,
luid except the astronouiical discoveries of ('o|ierni-
ciis and Kejiler tiieru was noeontriiiutions to human
knowledge. Politically tiio ehaii;,'u was 110 loss dis-
astrous, (lermany, as a Avhole, lost her place
anions' the powers of iuirope. The Holy Uoman
Umpire bocanic a, .shadow." l''amine ami pesti-
lence completed what hail been begun by ii war
wage(l by one braneli of I lie church for tiie exter-
mination of a rival braucli, resulting, liowever, in
universal amnesty for all (Jermany except tiie I'rot-
estants of Austria. Tiie I'oiie, Tniiocent X. trie<l to
nullify the treaty and keep uj) tiie war, but his bull
was disregarded and not allowed to be read in the
empire. The horrible crusade against twenty-tivo
inilliou of Protestants wtus unavailing. The new sect
was indeed crushed out of Spain, France and Italy,
but ill (iemiany, as in Holland, Swollen, Kngland,
Switzerland and DeiinmarU, it had come to stay.
The name of Lutherans is borne by about 40,-
0(10.000 of ])ei)i)le at the present time. No man
born ujioii the cjiitinont of Eurojio over had
so grand a monument a.^; that in perpetuation of
his name and fame. In nearly every country of
Christendom is the Lutiieran church established.
Its nienibership in the United States is fully crpuil
to the total population of tlie thirteen states at tlie
time tiioy declared thoniselves independent of (iroat
Hritain. In (rernumy this cliurch is a conservative
element. Curiously, the name is not otKcially roc-
ognized by the chiircli itself, but custom has so long
applied it to the reformed church in its direct out-
growth from liiither that it is no longer resented.
Tiie great name in the annuls of the iiUtlieran
cliunli of .\meriea is Muhlenberg. There wore
several members of the family who rose to cmi-
iii'iice, tlie latest ln'ing the autiiorof the well-known
liymn, '• [ would not live alway." That Dr. Muh-
leiiiiorg was groat-griunLson of Iloinrich Melchior
Muhlenberg who in 1T4"^ caino to tliis country as u
niissionarv, uiid founded the laitheraii Ministorhini
of Peiunylvania. He had boon an instructor in
Francko's Oriihau-houso in (fenminy, and so deeply
was he indiued with pietism that the American
braiiiii of tiio Lutheran church is more spiritual,
ortliodox and conservative than the parent tree.
It is doubtful if Luther would feel as much sym-
pathy, were ho now upon the earth und in his nor-
mal frame of mind, with Protestant as with Catho-
lic (iermaiiy, outside of tiie church which bears liis
name. The lilieralism of Modem (iL-rmany may
bo called an outgrowth from tlie Itoformatiou of
the sixteenth century, but the connection is more
liistorit'al than actual, the child lioaring but little
resemblance to the father. Tho ])resont papists of
(iermany are more in accord with Luther than
Tetzel. Writing in 1S71, that great Catholic
scholar DUllinger gave it as his solemn oiuniou
that " no other man in tho whole Christhm era has
given to his race as mucli as Luther gave to his —
language, a manual of faith for the jieople, the
Bible, the hymns. He alone has loft tho iiiollacca-
blo stamp of his own spirit alike upon tlie (Jorman
tongue and the Ger.r.an mind. The very men
among tlie Crermans who from the depths of their
souls abhor him as tho terrible heresiarch and the
betrayer of religion, are forced to sjicak in his
words and think in his tlioughts." The great up-
rising witli whieli his name is a.ssociatod was indeed
religious primarily, but in effect it was hardly more
a reformation than a renaissance.
J
»▼»;♦ V^^^^rt » V V V w ># ■'^
NEW GERMANY.
14
CHAPTER XL,
Tub Mii.iTAitv Hkhinnimi of Nkw (iKiniAsv Aktkii tmk 'rmnTvYK.\ii!< Wah— Hi«k up I'iii'h-
BIA — I'llKllKllll K Wll.llAM — KllKIPKllIrK TIIK (lllKAT AXIl MaIUA TllKllK'A — I)1M:«I(IN IIP IVll.ANl)
— I.lllKllAI.HM IN TllK All^THAI T- I'UKNI II KKVUMTKIN AMI t JKIIM AN V - N AMlI.I-dX IM (iKIl-
MANV-.IkNA, lll.t ( MKH ANIl W'ATKIll.llll — IWH Wll.I.IAM I. AMI lllsMA 111 K Si MI.K^WIIl ANI>
II(>I.!<TK1S TllK. SK\ KnWkKKS W All— N KKlll.K AMI KlUTI' (il N" AI'TIUa'" 1 1 1 Mll.l ATIDN —
'I'lIK IlllllKN/.Ol.l.KIIN'" ANI> NKW t iKllMA S V — TlIK '-i ^M^•li t'llllWN ANll TIIK KllA N( 1 1-I'|1|>SIAN
WaU— TlIK SKVKN-MdNTIlS W'Alt ; Il'r* llKll(>f> IITlJIit. HaTTI.KS ANll SiKUK; I'aIMK, ITU
HKsISTANIK ami (AriTri.ATIIlN TKIIM" IIP I'KAi 1 -A|..1A( K-I.llllHAINK AMI TIIK (illKAT InDKM-
NITV — liKCONKTIil TTKII ( IKIIMAN V— I'llKSKNT STATKK— IICNUKSIIATII ANll ItKICllBTAII— C'llMrUL-
BdllV KlirCATlDN ASH TIIK AllMV — AltKA AND rnl'tTI.AT KIN CIP I'llBSKNT CiKllMANV.
II K jjreat Tliiity- Yours Wiir.
which extuiidwl from KilS
to l(i4S, ^^iu^ (listiiu't.iM'ly
religious in origin and ih'-
sign ; tiiu Sevon-Yoars W'iir
(lT-")ii-li:i) grew out, of tcr-
ritoriiil grwtl. i^'rodorick
the Great of Prussia had seized
the jiroviuce of Silesia, and .Maria
Theresa Mauleil to recover it. Af-
ter throe lilooily wars (lT4U-4'i;
1T44-4:) ; i;"i(;-t;:i) the atleuipt was
entirely abandoned, 'L'hat decisive
advantage of Prussia had much to
do with the fact that it has at last
supplanted Austria as the head of
(.Jerniauy. In one sense, tiion, >i'ow
(rornumy begins with the doseof the
Sovou-Yoars War; but in a higher sense it dates
from the Tiiirty- Years War, which determined the
religious boundaries of coutinontal Kurojie.
It was tlie middle of the seventeenth century
when the groat war of the Protestants and Catholics
closed. Ilildobrand estimates that German civiliza-
^>-^
tioii was thrown back two hundred years by that
desolating conlliet. The picture which that bril-
liant essayist draws of (iermany in the eightei'uth
century i> glowing in the extreme : •• Hundreds of
nourishing cities were reduied to ashes; grounil
which had been tilled and plowed for ten centuries
became a wilderni'ss ; thousands of villages disap-
jieared ; trees grew in the abandoned housiis." The
lirst event of real note was the rise of Prussia,
already suggested, from an insignilicant [irinciiiality
to the rank of one of tiio live great nations of
Mui'oJK?.
The lirst king of Prussia was crowned at the be-
ginning of the eightoentii century, and the L'niver-
sity of IJorliu was founded the same year. That
lirst of the llohonzollorus to receive 'he royalcrown.
b'rodorick I., was not remarkable for auMJiing.
Not so his son and successor. I-'rederick W iUiam I.
lie was a very markcil characlcr. Ho came to the
throne in \'i\'->, just, a year In-fore the lirst of the
lloorges was raised from the Mloclorate ul' ilanoNcr.
olio of the many jiedy states of (ioruiany, to the
British throne. It was about that lime toothal the
I'lmjieror of (iermany, Charles \'l., issued what was
^7
(235)
m
i^ii
tri
1' T
.1- 'I . I. ' •
A'
mm
■m
m
"Hit:
M
■.i
i.l
. !-I
^
Q ^
236
NEW GERMANY.
culled tlie '• I'nigiiiatic Saiutiou," t'stabli^;luug the
order of succossioii to the throne for his dynasty,
in coiiseciiienc'O of which Miiriii Theresa, not yet
born, succeeded to the crown of her father. There
were thus tlie beginnings of several iin|)ortant mat-
ters. Frederick William I. was busy all his life with
beginnings. Hy his jiarsinumy and im.inness he tilled
the cotfers of the crown and accustomed his subjects
to liardsiii|K. lie liad but one extravagance, a
weakness 1 >r u lK)dv-guard of giants. For this ec-
centricity he s'juandcred many thalers. A rude
barbarian who nuide life in his household (private
and otlicial) one long misery, this king, when he
died in 1T4(>. was sincerely mourned by none. It is
oidy charity to l)elieve that a vein of insanity ran
througli his composition. A few montiis later
Charles VI. also died. The former was succeeded
by Freilerick II., called {''rederick the (Ireat, the
Litter by the Empress Maria T'heresa.
The childhood and youth of Frederick were mis-
erable owing to the lirutality of ids fatlier. He
was a close student of \'oltaire, whom he admired,
and fv ;;. whom he deriveil many broad ;ind hu-
marii ms. which resulted in important reforms.
By him torture was aiioliM-cd autl religious liberty
rUEUEUlCIv THE (IKEAT.
established : witclicralt was no longer classed among
the crimes. Fre('.'ri(k was i.i full syni(ialiiy witii
that class of pliilosoiilu'i's ol; whom Voltaire was ti"!
chief. ()f late years France and the wiuile wcu'kt
have learned [ihilosopiiy of (iermany, Init in the
eighteentii ceuturv the order was reversed. ' reJ-
erick was a man of war, however, and not a stu-
dent, except as studies and lettt^rs were a recreation.
Hardly had he seized the scepter when he drew the
sword and rushed into war with Austria. For live
years with oidy slight rest there was bloodshed, otii-
cr countries being drawn into it. In 174.") j)eaee
was restored, ami on terms which were so advan-
tageous to Prussia that Frederick was dubbed the
Great thus early in his reign.
To tiuise five years of war succeeded eleven years
of ])eacc. During that peiiod Frederick did much
to strengthen Prussia. Wiisto lauds were restored,
and civil institutions improved. Tiu^ cultivation of
the potato, strenuously resisted by the jjcaisaiits,
was introduced, and the general condition of the
peojile greatly improveil. In 174"^ the King of Ra-
varia was clu)sen emperor of (.ienmiuy by tlie elect-
ors, anil crownetl Charles VII. Maria 'I'heresa in
that dark day repaired to Hungary and tiirew her-
self upon the loyalty of tiio Hungarians. Their
chivalric rally to her supi)ort made iicr one of the
most powerful (>r sovereigns. In IM"* the emix'i'or
died, and his son was glad to surrender all claims to
Austria to be conlirmed in the title ro Havaria. The
liguii'-iicad inisliaudof tlie great Maria Theresa was
iionnnal enipt'ror. Slie arranged a coalition against
Prussia with France and some nnnor powers, to go
into ell'ect in the spring of lT.V,i, but Frederick stole
a march on his eneunes and took tiie initiative him-
self. For seven years the war raged. After the car-
nage and saerilicesof that struggle peace brougiit to
Prussia ineroase of tt'rritory and general importance.
In one tiling only were Frederick and Jlaria
Th,Mvsa agreed — iu the jiartition of Poland. That
intainy, as seen in an cavtiiT chajtter, was mainly
attributable to Catharine I[. of Pussia. and (|uite
reluctantly consented tn by the Austrian emjiress.
The kings of Poland were electeil, :;nd the sove-
reign chosen in lliio was a liberal, who allowed the
Prote.-tauts religious liberty. The Catholics, who
were largely in the majoi'ily, created civil war. This
state of all'airs was seized ujjon as a pretext for
charging the Poles with uiiiitness for nationality.
And so, on the Tith of August, K7>', those three
crowned rolibers to(d; pos.^ession of about one-third
of the kingilom of Poland, di\ iding between them
about 1,(1(10.000 s(|uare miles and l.odO.OtUi popula-
tion. The region received by Frederick was peo-
pled by (iermans although Poles,
I
NEW GERMANY.
= 0/
Frodurick livod until 1780, and during tho last
years uf liis lifo the nation enjoyed jKiaco. lie re-
joiced, as did Catharine, in tlie success of the Ameri-
can colonies. In the ahstract, l>olh tlie Prussian and
the Kussian syinj)atliizcd vriih tho spirit of freedom,
but neither ever allowed sentiment to interfere
with ambition.
ilaria Tlieresa died in 1T80, and her son, wlio
had been crowned Em})eror .loseiili II. in lier life-
time, survived her ten years. Hotii tried to im-
prove tlie condition of tlieir subjects l)y givini^
them just govornment , without loosening tiie reins of
absohitisni, Tlie son was tlie most earnest in tiiis
endeavor. lie was. in his wav, .
a radical reformer, wiio tried
to make his j.eople noble in
])iirpose and prosperous in
every way. Hut his iieart was
l)ctter than ins head, and lie
was grievously disappointed
in the results aitained. Im-
bued with the [irogressive
make Austria a model state.
His epiiapii. wiiueii by him-
self, was peculiarly approp.i'-
ate : "Here lies a j)riiice
whose intent ious were pure,
but who had the misfortune
to see all his ])lans shattered."
Some good, iiowever, re.-ulted
from the spirit or atmosphere
of the court. The empress was a devout t'aiholie,
although somewhat jealous of l{omc ; the c'lnpero''
was not a Protestant, but he was theavowel enemy
of papal arrogaiii'e. He spoke harshly o. ])riests,
and yet Austria remained a L'atholie country.
Frederick was a sneering skeiitie.
(^ut of the French KcNolution grew general war
on the continent. The banished and fugitive jirin-
ces and nobles of France fermented tronlile, and
the Uepulilie. at Paris found itself invidved in mili-
tary controversy with both branches of (ieniKiny
(for Prussia was now the rival and peer of Ausiria).
The conilii't was waged in a somewhat sickly way
until Xajioleon came to the front.
In the Xapoleonic war the battle of .Vusterlitz
was the especial humiliation of Austria, but it did
not stand alone. " MareiiLTo's field " was won bv
MA USUAL liLLCllliU
i.
Xapoleon at Austria's expense June 14, 1800, ami
his ilarshal, Jloreau, achieved the brilliant victory
of Ilohenlinden on the third of December follow-
ing. In 180.") Austria secured the alliance of Kng-
land, Russia and Sweden against France. Napo-
leon tliereupoiunarched to the very gates of Vienna
and gained, December "^nd of that year, the great
vit'iory of Aiisterlitz. But Prussia st ill stooil aloof.
AVhen, Iiowever, the coiKpieror organized tlie (Con-
federation of the Whine, designed to absorb the free
cities and small [(rincipalilies of tiermany, and
eclipse both Austria and Prussia, the latter took
alarm. In 180(; war was declared by l-'rederick
William. Two battU's were
fought in Octoiier of that
year, Auerstadt and .lena.
The Jirst defeat was bad
enough, but the second was
utterly prostrating and dee))-
ly humiliating, rnlikc Aiis-
terlitz, .K'lia was avenged.
W'aterloiiretrii'ved the reputa-
tion of the Priissi;iiis and the
fall of Paris, lifty year later,
comjileted the redress. Mveii
before Waterloo was fought
lililcher had detV'aled a por-
tion of the I't'eiuh army.
The iialtle of Katzliach and
Mi,c1<ern,coni})aratively trivi-
al engagements, proved I'riis-
sian victories. lie was eom-
mander-iii-chicf of tho Prussian army when lise l.,ii-
tle of Waterloo was fought. Mapoleon liofied to
defeat- Wellington before his Prussian ally could join
him, and he came very near doing it. '• Night nr
IMilcher," exclainicil Welling! on. Only two days
before, Ulllcher had lieen defeated at Leipzig, but,
he came to the rescue on the ever-memorable eight-
eenth of .'line with fort'i's enough to turn the
scale, and convert the impending defeat of \\ el-
liiigton into the most stiiiieiidous and important
vii'tory of modern tinu's.
After the siit'prcssion of that, " scourge of (iod,"
NiHioleoi' iton.ipartc, (iermany, in I'omnum with all
Miirope, ciijoyeil a season of peace for thirty years.
During that liiiu' lilcratuix' and science made great
pn)gress. 'I'lie terms of jicace ai: 1 reconstruction,
adopted afli'r Waterloo, insured civil and religious
■'i
'1 ■;■
'till
m.
■■®
^f
" t
^:i'^
«i;.^i.:
ri-'.-:' ;-
^
238
Ni:\V GERMANY.
liliri'ly to the }ioi)j)lo. Tlioy coulil wur.sliip u.s they
pktiiscul, and I'vcry state (tlioru wure ;i!l in (Juniuiiiy)
Avas giiaranteoil a roprcsoiitativo j^overiimeut. Tlio
c'diicatc'il class were (^specially eiicoiirai^ed hy llie
lilicrty eiijc)ye(l to cieiiiaud inure, and be eoiUent
willi notliin:^ sliort of seU'-^o\ eminent. Kot tliat
all I'ldt that way, hut that among the si udeiils there
was a very great pressure for re[)uhlieaiiisin. At
last, ill IS-tS, there was an outbreak of denioeracy.
It aeeoniplisiied very little. .Many of the young
men engaged in the vague and half-formed reiiellion
were obliged to seek safety in ilight, aii<l thousands
found new and better homes in America, lu Ger-
many the uprising was mainly
useful as politieal education, I
alike to subjects and sovereign.
Indeoil, all Euroi)e received a
most wholesome and bene-
ficent development in the
direction of larger liberty. To
the United States tiiat upris-
ing proved highly important.
A new cliiss of emigration
coming to these shores \KiT-
ceptibly raised the standard
and imjjroved the character of
immigratiou from continental
Murope. About that time, it
may be added, tlie Irish fam-
ine drove hither an enormous
number of ignorant jieasants.
The (rerman inilux was some-
thing of a counteracrant.
In ]S,-)T the King of Prussia. Frederick AVilliam
R'., a weak and feudalistic sovereign, was stricken
with apoplexy, and his brother William, then sixty
years of age, was made Prince IJegent. At once the
latter began the inauguration of some reforms in
administration, and when he became William I.
(ISCil) a new jiage was turned in (rerman. and in-
deed, Euroj)ean history. Although an old man. he
was blessed with great vigor of body and mind, and
his veigii became second only to that of Frederick the
(ireaf in jioint of inllueiice upon the desl,inies of the
people. He early recogni/ed the consummate genius
of Bismarck, 'i'iiose two names must always l)e
linkeil in fame. A'either ever showed syinpathv
with the cause of jiersoiial freedom, but sought the
ag;:-|-anilizcinent of the nation in the interest of tiie
EMPKHUK WILLIAM I
dynasty. As we write, Germany is in a ferment
over the imperial rescript, or otlicial manifesto, of
till' Emperor, to the effect that Germany is not gov-
erned l)y a ministry accountable to a parliament, but
that the ministers are the mere tools of the sovereign,
and that the sovereign is the state. In this document
is seen tlie hand of the i)reniier.
Bismarck was born on the f.unily estate April 1,
1815. He early showed a taste for public life. His
career liegan in diplomacy, ISb'i, except that he had
previously iieen a short time in jKir'.iament. Kaiser
William was not slow in recogi.izing his intense
loyalty to imperialism, "nd his ct nsummate ability
as a statesi lan. He had from
the first two ideas — the for-
mation of a German empire
with Austria left (nit, und the
ImmiliaUon of France. The
first WiiS never concealed.
Bismarck attracted general
attention for tlie first time in
connection with the Schleswig-
Ilolstein war. "'hat was begun
December 7, 18fJ"-i. At first
Austria helped Prussia, ex-
pecting to have one of the
duchies, Schleswig or IIol-
stein, for its share of the
spoils. Against these two great
(iernian jiowers was arrayed,
besides those little duchies,
the feeble kingdom of Den-
mark. Of course the end could
not be doubtful. A diplomatic war followed the
close of actual hos-
tilities. In that cor-
respondence and
those negotiations
Count Bismarck
(for he was not
then aiirince)won
the admiration of
the world by what
may properly be
called deceptive
truthfulness. He
said what he
meant, and meant
what he si'id. So
NEW GERMANY.
239
loiniicy that liis utterances were misinterprercd. Tho
result was a nnsundcrstauding wliicli served as a pre-
text for Prussia to declare war against Austria,
which it did in June, ISCiiJ.
On one side of the Seven-Weeks War. as it war,
called, was Prussia with nineteen niillious of peo-
ple; on tiie otlier, Austria with, ineludiniitlio allied
(ierniau states, fifty millions. It seemed a rasii pro-
ceeding on the ])art of Prussia to seelv a (puirrel
against Kuch odds. Hut liardly luul tiio war begun
l)efore it was over, resulting in tlie utter overthrow
of Austria. The I'russian army was supplied with
the needle-gun and Kraj)p guns. Tiie former were
u great imi)roveuient upon tlic musketry of the Aus-
trians, wliile tlio latter were no less superior to the
ciinnons of tlie enemy. Tiie respective commanders-
in-chief were very uneveidy pitted against each
other. Prussia had that Wellington of tlie period,
Von Moltke, wiiile
Austria had only
Marslial lienedek. It
was on tiio second of
July that both sides
rallied and met in
full strength. " Mar-
slial Uenodek," says
a recent iiistorian,
" after being forced
back from the fron-
tierj had taken jiosi-
tioii on tlie Elbe,
witii his front cover-
ed by tliat stream
and the Histritz. His
riglit was protected
by the fortress of Joseplistadt, and ids left by tiie
fortress of Kuniggratz. Js'ear his center was tlic
village of Sadowa. and on tlie lieiglits overlooking
tliis village Benedek estai)lished liis licadipiarters.
His army numbered ajjout ■^HiO.UOO men. On tiie
morning of tlic ;kl of July the Prussian army
began the eiigagenieut, resulting iu Austrian defeat
uU along tlie line. Tliis battle and victory is sonie-
tiiucs called Sadowa. sometimes Koiiiggratz." Tlie
vaiKpiished lost -M.UOO killed, is.ooo prisoners. The
victors lost lO.tUtO men. 'L'lie battle was decisive.
The Prussians followed uji their advantage with
swiftness, allowing no time for recuperation 01 alli-
ance, There was no small likeliliood of French iii-
30
VON MOLTKE.
tervention iu favor of Austria. To head that oft,
the war had to be pushed to a speedy conchision.
When tiie work of reconstruction came, the
real object of Bismarck was dis(dosed. SciiK's\vig;iiid
Ilolstein were almost foriidtteu. Austria ceased to
be the great central and imperial power of (ier-
many, and Prussia more than took its place. In-
stead of tlie old loose federation, wita Austria at
the head, came that close and really national union,
the North-denuan Confederation, and that not so
much witii Prussia as the head as with Germany ap-
pended to Prussia. The iieojjle were at first de-
lighted. The old dream of German nationality was
realized at last.
In December, 1807, the constitution of the new
union was submitted to the several states and rati-
fied. All tlie German states, except Bavaria, Wur-
temberg and Biiden, twenty-two in number, be-
longed to the Union, and formed indeed one nation,
under a common military, postal and tinancial sys-
tem, similar in unity to the United States of
America. Since tlien the authority of United Ger-
many has been so far extended that the Holien-
zoUerns may be said to have tlie hereditary title to
a firmly consolidated empire which embraces all
Germany excejit Austria.
The new attitude of Prussia alarmed France, at
least stimulated a desire to humiliate tlie " ujjst irt"
nation. The question of the Spanish crown fur-
nished a jiretcNt or occasion for war. There was
talk of bestowing tliat crown, then witliout a IicikI
on which to rest, uiioii a HoheiizoUern. Tiio
French professed to see in this a great indignity.
For that family to be on two thrones not contigu-
ous to each other, but on each side of France, was
not to be tolerated. An imperious demand was
made ui)on William that ho should give a })leilge to
tlic effect that no memlier of liis familv should rule
Sjiaiii. The demand was flatly refused. A di'cla-
ration of war followed at once. The prince who
had been proffered the crown had declined it, I)iit
fliat was not enough to satisfy Ijouis N'apoleon.
The formal declaration 'if war occurred .lulv li>,
IhTU. The French peopic were delighted. In a
few days both France and (iermany had their
armies in ilie held. On the fourth of July the Ger-
mans crossed the l-'reiu'li frontier, assuming the ag-
gressive. A long war was almost universally antici-
jiated. King William was at the head of the trerman
jfi
^
^'i'Z
\mr
^
240
NEW GERMANY.
r
army, i'l tlieory, but now, as in tlio war witli Aus-
tria, V ju Moltke was the real coinniaiidcr-in-cliief,
with the Crown Prince, Frederick William, next in
rank. Tl;e Emperor, Louis Xupoleon, was also tlie
nominal lieatl of the l''rencii army, giving tiie
Prince Inii)erial his first baptism of blood; but
Marshals Macllahou and ]?azaine were the real lead-
ers. For his blunders the latter was banisliod,
Arhilo the former was accredited with doing the
best that could be d(nic and was subse(juently hon-
ored witli the prcsidoiicy of the French Republic.
The lirst
battle of the
war was
fouglit at
W c i s s c n-
burg Au-
gust 4 th,
in which
the Frencli
were defeat-
ed. Two
days later
anotlier de-
tachment of
the tw(. ar-
mies met
at AVortli,
with tlie
same result.
The main
army of the
French was
also attacked at Saarsbruckon,aud driveu back upon
^letz. The battle of Vionville, ou tlie frontier, was
fought on the Kith, neither army TiJini .^ any con-
siderable advantage. The decisive ' of tlie war
was fought August 18th, and is ki.>. .s the battle
of Gravelotto. Botli armies fought disjKJrately, but
the Frencli were compelled to give way The utmost
activity followed, the (Jermaiis steadil," gaining u})-
on their adversaries until finally, September 1st, the
battle of Sedan was fought. Refore niglit came on
Xajioleon III., wlio was present witli his army,
wrote to King William, "Not having been al)le to
die at the head of my troops, I lay my sword at
your majesty's feet." The Frencli prisoners num-
bered !,';>-000. Tlie entire army surrendered.
Tlio war seemed to bo over, but events were trans-
piring at Paris which postponed the final settle-
ment for some time. Paris rose in political revolu-
tion against the cni])ire not only, but boldly defied
the iiivailer. The Emperor could deliver his im-
l)erial crown, but not the nation, certainly not the
caiiital. Henceforth the war was a siege, or a
series of sieges and bombardments. Strasburg held
out nobly, and Paris des])erately. The besiegers
cut oif the supplies of Paris. Strasburg fell Sep-
tember '■i'lth, Metz a month later, and on the 28tli
(if the succeeding January Paris fonually sur-
rendered.
In the
settlement
which fol-
lowed, the
provinces
of Alsace
and Lor-
raine Avere
wrenched
from the
jwwer of
France, to
the great
grief of the
people who
are Ger-
mans by
blood, but
French in
their sym-
' pathies.
France l.hus lost a territory of ."),r)00 square miles and
more than one and a half millions of pooiile. The
siege of Paris and the reduction of the military spirit
of the French ])eople liad occupied, all told, a period
of seven months, and the losses of property had fal-
len cb.ioily upon Fr.ince. The terms of jicace added
to the losses of territory and perishable pro^jcrty tiie
exaction oi a money indemnity (cash in hand, too)
of five thousand million francs (*1,000,000,000).
The promptness with which tlie ])eople rose to the
demands of the occasion was astonishing. Con-
vinced that the only way to rid Paris and France
of the hostile army was to raise the indemnity,
they took their liard-oarned savings from their hid-
ing places, poured them into the treasury faster than
the government could issue bonds, and in excess of
NEW GERMANY.
241
tlie uutioiiiil requiremout. In a few yours it was
found tluit Germany was injured far mure tliau
France bj' that indemnity. Tlie increase in the
national debt imposed no serious burden upon tax-
payers, wliile tlie spirit of will sj)oculatiou crazed
the Germans. It was a curious instance of " the
biter l)itten." The Frencii jKiople wore enriched by
the exchange of hoardod, unproductive coin for
interest-bearing bonds — renkf.
During tiiose seven months tliere had been seven-
teen great liattles fought and fifty-six minor engage-
ments ; twenty-two fortified places were taken ;
385,000 soldiers (including 11,!JOO officers) were
taken prisoners. The losses of cannon wore 7,200,
and of small arms G00,000. Such prodigious cap-
tures and indemnity were never known before in
tlio itunals of war.
We turn now to the reconstruction of the Ger-
man Empire and its firm establishment upon a
Prussian basis. Wiiat tlie Seven-Weeks W;ir had
fairly commenced ihe Seven-Months War rendered
omploto. Tlie Teutonic dream of liberty and
union had now been one-half realized — the latter
hiul been secured. It was to a large extent at the
expense of liberty, but it was not at first appreci-
ated tiiat unity meant imi)urialism.
The present Gormau Empire consists of four king-
doms, namely, Prussia wi<^h its thirteen provinces,
and Bavaria, Saxony and Wurtemburg; six Grand
Duciiios, Baden, llcsse, Mecklenburg-Scliwcrin,
Mecklenburg-Slietitz, Oldenburg and Saxe- Weimar,
Eisenacli ; live Duchies, Saxe-Mciuinger, Saxe-Co-
burg-Gotha, Saxo-Altenburg, Brunswick and An-
halt ; s; »en Principalities, Schwartzburg-Rudol-
stadt, Schwartzburg-Sondershauen, Waldeck, Keuss-
Elder line, Reuss-Younger line, Scliaumburg-Lippo
and Lii)pe-Detmore ; three free cities, Hamburg,
Lubeck and Bremen, and the " imjierial-lands,"
Alsace-Lorraine. The King of Prussia is by virtue
of that kingshij), president of the confederacy, em-
peror or Deutsclier A'aixer.
Corresponding to our Congress is a JJiindennith
and ReichKtufj. Tlie former, or senate, has at least
one representative from each state, Alsace-Lorraine
alone excepted, and some have several, the " empire
state " of Prussia seventeen. The Reichstag has
0110 member for each district of 100,000 inhabitants.
If no dissolution occurs, tlie Diet or Congress ex-
pires by constitutional limitation in throe years.
Each state has its own constitution and local self-
government.
Universal education is compulsory, and therein
largely may be found the secret of Prussian suj)eri-
ority in war over botli Austria and France. The
relative military sireiigtii of these nations, by num-
bers and exi)endit ire, are given in a subsequent
table, but the power of education admits of no sta-
tistical nieasurer.icnt. Every Gorman is liable to
military duty, and must enter the army at tiio age
of twenty years. After three years of actual service
he is put upon tlie reserve roll, in time of iieace for
four years. At the exi)iration of that time he is
enrolled in the "landwolir,"or militia, for fi\ :i years,
and tlien finally in the " landsturni," a home-guard,
until the age of fifty.
Prussia ii;is an area of 13T,06G square miles, and
a poimlation in 1880 of ::i7,:iT8,'.lll, wiiich is about
oijual to the total of the other states constituting
tiie (iernian Empire, the entire area of tiio empire
being ■^i'^.OlU s([uarc miles, j)opulation December 1,
18m'>, Iv.^T'iTj^DO. The system of military pro.
scrijitioii is a constant incentive to emigration,
and very materially lessens the jrapulatiou of
the empire.
r
11 ■ . t
INTELLECTUAL GERMANY.
aa^ij-aaaaa'^iai^mgK^^
■■g.^^
vH^
"■■■■' v/''~'1'''^^'7'^-"''''i!^'''''
CHAPTER XLI,
i
KiNCDOM OK TlIK MiNll— Ta UDY AM) SlDDKN DkVKI.OI'.MKNT OF GeKMAN TlIOUUIlT— An INTEL-
LECTUAL (^lADIiANdLK— (iKli.MAN LlTKliATiritE, LESSINO, KloI'STOC'K, WlELAND, IlKltDElt,
Hil'IIILLEII. (ioETlIK, lill IITEK AM> IlElNE — TllE C'olliT OK WEIMAI! — (iEllMAX JIlSIC, KeISEII,
Handel. Kacii, liniK, IIavdn, JFozAin, Heethoven, Mendelssohn, Waoneii— Geumak
I'liiLosopiiEiis— Kant, I'Ichte. Siikllino, llE(iEL, liiiUNEii and IIaeckel— Gekman I'nivek-
PITIES— I.EIIINITZ AND ItKIlLIN — IIaLLE VniVEIISITY AND TllE IIaLLE SCUOOL— UeIDELBEIW
VNlVEllsrrV and its LiIIUAHV— (JEUMAN Si'E( IAI.ISTS— llfMllOLUT.
N following tlio onlluiiry
courso of history the proud-
est, t'laiiiis of (reriTuiny to
hoiionilile ilistiiution luiril-
ly attructed iittuntion, ho-
^j^nLTSJ^jjmam'^' "Tss-, inff entirely (liseniinected
\^p^^^^^^^^ from i)oliticiil or military
affairs. In all other coun-
tries "the scholar in politics" has been
a very considerable porsonaue ; bnl In-
tellectual G inanv may be said to have
, __,- constituti'il a world Ijy itself, sublimely
3^'JSf indilfercnt to and indoiKjndeut of the
fortunes of state.
•• The Aborigines of (iernniny," says
'L'aylor, '• had tiieir bards, their battlo-
songs and their sacriticial hymns when
tiiey lirst became known to the llo-
Oharleniagne gatiiered those crude be-
of literature, so far as possilile, into a
library winch his imliecili." andsujierstitious son, Lud-
wig liie Pious, ((immitted to the llames. In tiie
Xihehintji'iilicd wv iia\c a no less crude attempt at
l)ootieal composition. Tiiat liarbariceiiic resembled
Homer only as tKe jaguvd rock rt'sendiles the jiol-
ished stiitue. Poor in ilself, it led t-o nothinL:' be(-
nnms.
giniiings
ter. On the contrary, it was not until the magnetic
genius of Luther set Europe aglow that any name
worthy of mention appeared in the literar\ annals
of (Jermany, aiid eyen Luther excelled more as a
translator tlian an autlior of originality. The seed
which he sowed perisiied as utterly as did the grain
which Karl the (ireat had garnered. The cruel
heel of the Thirty- Years AVar crushed the intel-
lectual life of (iermany. and it was not until the
middle of tiie eigiiteentii century that it reyived
and became a jiower. We shall see tluit English
literature was a gradual growtii of iaany centuries;
lint the darkness of ^ledicyal (iermany was unre-
lieyed by any llasiies of light. Tiiere was nothing
jirccocious about its intellectual deyclopment.
Wlien, however, the light broke, it fairly Hooded
tiie land, nay, rather, the whole world. Hardly had
the morning star appearetl before the mid-day sun
ruled the heavens. Herein (Iermany was ])lienomu-
nal and in the higiiest degree sensational.
Intellectual tJermany may be said to be ([uadran-
gular, literary, musical, philosojihical and erudite.
Each side of tiiis (imulrangle has such nnirkcd in-
dividuality as to re(|nire dislim-t consideration.
(ierman literature, in any high sense, began
with and reached its summit in tiiat splendid gal-
(242)
INTELLECTUAL GERMANY.
243
axy, Lussiiig (IT-Jtt) ; Kloii.stock (IT-J4) ; Wielaiid
(lT:{:i); Ih'nlor (i;44) ; Scliiller (lT.V.t)-, Uiclitor
(ITGv'); Iluiuc (IT'.ilt)- 'I'lin tigures apiioiidod to
each name give the year of the birtli of eaoli. It
will bo seen that tlioy all belong to tiio eighteenth
century, anil in aittiial literary labors tliey were al-
most contemporaneous. In them we have the great
immortal.'j of the jjurely literary \)\\uq of Gernnm
thought.
Leasing wa.s a Sa.xon. I lit; Miniut Vnii Bornhelin
was the' first national drama, of (Jermany, and pro-
duced a profound sensation. But it was as a critic
that he excelled. lie set in motion the critical fac-
ulty of tlie nation, substituting intelligent doubt for
blind credulity. lie died in 1T81. It has been
pertinently said of Lessing, " '''o him religion was
not obedieni'c, but insight ; nu)rality not duty, but
■wisdom ; poesy not inspiration, but taste." His
Luorooii, a series of critiipies, was a prodigiously
revolutionary work.
Klojjstock was also born in Saxony. Strange as
it may seem at this day, it took great courage to
even attempt, in his time, to build a Gorman litera-
ture. Even Frederick the Great, with all his admi-
ration for literary ability, scouted tiie idea. Kiop-
stock was not deterred by the absence of oncounige-
ment, and, it may be added, of genius. He was a
poet of only mediocre power. " He w.is. the father
of German poetry, not Vjocauso ho created it, but
because he made it possible — not on account of his
genius, but on account of his standpoint." The
pioneer jioet of his country, ho blazed a few trees
as he painfully picked his way through the lilack
Forest. lie died in 1803.
AV'ieland, like Klopstock, produced nothing which
was in itself particularly meritorious. A pro.se
translation of Shakspeare was the first introduction
of the great dramatist to the German public.
Obcroii, a ronumtic epic, was Wieland's best produc-
tion from 177'i until his deatii, 1813. He resided
at Weimar, and with Goethe, Schiller and Herder
rendered that otherwise petty court one of the
grandest in all history. He was a natural i)oot, al-
beit of no very high order. Weimar is a small city, the
cajiitalof tlie Grand Duchy of SaAC-Weimar, which
may be said to live ujion the reinenibrance of the
eminent authors just named. No other town was
ever blessed with such an array of talent at one time.
Herder was a Prussian, the son of a school-
master, and very much of his life was sjicnt in edu-
cational labors. It may be saiil that teaching was
his trade, literature his relaxation. He was mere
critical than creative. His central idea was thau
the highest works of art, literary, or otiierwise, are
the most distinctively national. My instilling that
conviction into the German mind, he, like Lossing,
Klopstock and Wieland, contributed greatly to the
development of a thorougiily national literature.
Perhaps the best known of his works is Le/fcrs on
J/e/jrew f'i)i'/n/. He too died in 1803.
In all the chief cities of Germany may be found
statues in honor of the most popular of all the poets
of tliat ijcople, Joiiann Ghristoph Fricdrich von
Schiller, and upon the
hundredth anniversa-
ry of his birth, 1859, a
"Schiller -fund" of
several hundred thou-
sand dollars was rais-
ed, the income from
wiiich is to be devoted
to the maintenance
of indigent author.s.
In him the Germans
saw reahzed in a pre-
eminent and jieculiarly popular form the ideal
nutioiial poet for wliom Lessing, Klopstock, Wie-
laiid and Herder prepared the way. He excelled in
two lines, as a dramatist and a lyrist. His Rnhhers
and Wdlknsh'in are masterpieces of dramatic litera-
ture. His minor productions are remarkable for ex-
quisite linish and sjtiendor of diction. A military
surgeon by education, he made great sacrifices t<jhis
lofty art. lie died at Weimar when only in his
forty-sixth year. Tiiree years before he had been
made a baron of the realm by the Emiieror Fran-
cis II. Garlyle says of Schiller, "' He was a high
ministering s^crvaiit at truth's altar, and bore him
wortiiily in the oflice which he held."
John Wolfgang Von Goethe, a native of Frank-
fort-on-the-Main, is acknowledged as the foremost
man of literary (rcrmany. For many years he was
recognized as an almost aut(;cratic aiitiiority. His
gi'eat novel Wlllieha Mcis/cr is the most famous
work of fiction in the German tongue, the only one,
in fact, which may be said to enjoy a world-wide reftii-
tatioii, unless it be his Siirmirs of WiHInr. He was
a jirofound and varied student of nature, being
VUN 8CUII.I.RB.
■m
■ ;.,!'. •
■i-i
*1
t'
•i'
A
244
INTELI.ECTUAL GERMANY.
4.
m,.
\';'i
WL'll-viM'sc'd ill iiiiiiiy sciences. He lived to tiic riiK)
old ago of H;5, retiiiniug his sujxjri) and iiiiiiiifold
faculties to tlio last. His
was a life of luxury,
liis very labors being
sources of delight to
hiui. Horn of wealtiiy
parents, ho never kno\r
tlio haidsliips and dis.
aijpointnients of or-
dinary experience. In
him VL .-ce ih'j best re-
sull' of good fortune.
Of l-.is greatest work,
FdK.^I, Hayanl Taylor,
to wiioni the Ei.glisli-
"""'" .l;- Ing i.ublic is in-
debted for ;'. masterly lianslation, has tills to
say :
"There is notiiing in the literature of any coun-
try with wliicii wc c'ln comiiare it. Tiu'rc is no
other poei'i which, liLe tliis, was the work of a
whole life, and wliich deals \\\[\\ tiie profoiiudest
])roblems of ill life. It is so universally coniprc-
lii'iisive that ev>'ry reader tiiids in it relloctions of
his faith and philosophy. * * The iioem embod-
ies all the finest (p'.alities of Goethe's mind — his rich,
ever-i-hangiiig riiythm, his mastery over the elo-
niwiits of jiassiou. his simple realism, his keen irony,
his scninc wisdom, and his most sacred aspiration.
The more it is studied (he wider and further it
spreads its intellectual horizon, until it grows to bo
so far and dim that the physical and the spiritual
sjihores are blended together. Whoever studios
FiiHsf in connection with the works of other Ger-
man authors cannot iiit admit that the critic is not
holly mistaken who asserts that the single ele-
ments whicli separately made his compeers great
have combiii'id to niaku one man greatest; that
K'opstock's 'jiirichmeiit of the language, Lessing'«
boldness and cloarni^i- of vision. Wielaiid's grace.
Herder's universality, and Schiller's glory of rhythm
and rhetoric are all united in the immortal works
of Goethe."
From Goethe to jioor lleinrich Heine is a long
step; but the latter name is too fre(pieut'y men-
tioned in general literature to be passed over in
silence. A Jew by birth, he was by no means "a He-
brew of the Heiirews." On the contrar\, he was
singularly deficient in the thrifty ipuilities of his
race, and he hated business intensely. Audacious
in ridicule, ho jiaid no heed to the jirobalile otfect
upon his own fortunes of his merciless criticisms
and lampoons. He was the poet of every-day life,
his subjects lieiiig simiile and his treatment brief.
Fifty years ago he published his first volume of
jioetrv. Its p())nilarity was wonderful. Jfost of his
time was spent in Paris, where he died in IS.'id. He
was deejily imljued with democratic ideas and radi-
cal jirinciples. Indeed, ho was more French than
Gorman in his typo of mind and tasU . It was
thirty years from the publication of his first voIuuk
until his death, during which period ho nniy be said
to have possessed without enjoying a wide jiopu-
larity. Wit!, ail his faults. Heine exerted, on the
whole, a wholesome iniliience ujion (rerman litera-
ture, especially in reljuking affectation and knock-
ing from under it the .stilts of romanticisMi. His
later productions were not uji to his eaily ones in
merit, for his intellectual facullios were as jirema-
turoly senile as Goethe's were abncjriiially vigorous
at fourscore.
It remains to siieak of r.ily one more meniher of
the Gorman family of letters, Kichter, bettor known
by his literary name of
•'Jean Paul." He was
the humorist pitr e.vcei-
kiicc of German auth-
ors. His private life
has been called " a long I
inheritance of jiriva-
tion." His death oc-
curred in 18-^5. Ho
was neither great nor
small: he was unique.
His admirers class hini ricuteb.
with Hood and DouglavS .Tcrrold.
The Germans are remarkable for theu' love of
and attainments in music. Hiiriug the sixteenih
century there were a few symptoms of musical tal-
ent, but that was all. In the se> enteenth century
the princes began to have oyxjras performed at tlioii
courts. The first jiublic jierformanco of an opera
in Germany was at Hamburg in 1078. In that pe-
riod lived Keiser. a cou'posor, who once enjoyed a
splendid reputation. He wrote mr.ch, but his oy:-
ras and cantatas were Inirsh- and deficient in melo-
dious strains. But the great name of this period
^^
^ »
IXTELI.KCTUAL GKRMANY.
245
was HiUKlel, born in Hallo, Saxony, ItiM,"). Most, of
his lifu was sjKiiit abroad, esjio-
cially ill Loiuloii, wliore bo dieil
Af/^^^ ill ITo!), l)iit be was iioiio ibo loss
r(^ /tjM '^ thorougli (ieriiiaii. llo coin-
posed imu'b wbicb was not of the
very biglicst order, more jiarticii-
larly in tlie o|ieraliu line. His
genius lay in tbo dircetion of ora-
torio. Tbo Meamih is bis grandest work, and in all
music can be found notbing more sul)lime. .Mo-
zart declared it impossible to improve bis choruses.
The Mvssinli was written for the city of l)u!)lin. It
made iiim the musical idol of England, which he
remained until bis death. His bones rest in West-
minster Aliliey.
Bach is an illustrious name in musical history,
.lobn .Sebastian, born at Eisenach in lt]8o, was itie
Bach, but for more than two centuries the family
wiis distinguished as musicians. The first to gain a
place in history was Veit. He was a Hungarian,
and .settled in Tburingia in Kioo. The one mem-
ber of the family to gain a world-wide re[)utation,
served as organist and concert-master in variinis
places until at the age of thirty -eight ho was chosen
musical director of the St. Thomas School, Leipsic.
There be spent twenty-seven years, and the promi-
nence of Leipsic as a center of musical education is
very largely due to John Sebastian liacli. He was
a voluminous composer. "In nearly every lield of
his art," says Erothingbain, " ho was a discoverer,
in some he was a prophet of future discoveries.
The fame of Bach has been increasing since bis
death. For generations to come they who study
the dilHcult science of music avUI go to him as stu-
dents of literature or painting go to the grand
I, i.sters."
For u.c improvement of dramatic music the pub-
lic is very especially indebted to Christopher (ihick,
who was born in 1714. He was educated at Milan
and spout much of his time abroad, but his inilu-
cnce was most felt in bis native land, .\ftor hearing
(thick's great opera of Iphiije.nin at Weimar, Schil-
ler wrote, " Never has any music .iflfected me so
purely, so supremely, as this ; it is a world of har-
mony i)iercing straight to the soul, and dissolving
it in the sweetojt, loftiest melancholy." His death
occurred at Vienna, November 15, 1TS7.
A still greater name in music is Joseph Haydn,
the son of a poor Austrian wiieelwrigiit and sexton.
He early drifted to Vienna. In ITiid, when he was
twcnty-eigii^ years of age, his hitherto luckless life
turned, am', for thirty years his circumstances were
easy and auspicious, lie was a very devout I'apist.
Haydn is accounted the father of symphony and of
the stringed duartette. Tustrumental music receiv-
ed from iiim its most rapid dcvciupmcnl. The
Cmtlion is (me of Iiis oratorios. The leading rpial-
ities of bis compo-'. ions are said to be lucidity of
ideas, symmetry in liicir treatment and tinish in-
their development. Death came to him in Vienna,
May '.'fl, 1S09.
Among those who sat lovingly anil docdely at the
feet of the father of symphony was .Mozart, who
spoke of him as " pa[)a Haydn."
Ho was born at Sal/.liurg in 11 ")(i,
and died at X'icnna in ITUl.
Short as was his life it was long,
musically speaking. He bcLMu
to ))lay the jjiaiio with very con- y-
siderable accuracy as early as
four years of age. He began mo/.akt.
comjiosition at eight years of age. His older sister,
^laria Anna, was also a remarkable musician.
\Vhile they were very small children tiie father made
concert tours willi them, and everywhere tiiey ex-
cited amazement and atlmiratinn. Tlie last seven
years of his life were given to comi)osition, undis-
turbed by the necessity of teaching or perforiniug
for a livelihood. The splendid operas, // Xnzze lU
Fifiaro and 'hn Gioniniii, were tite most illustrious
of bis compositions. Although Mozart lived and
died in Vieumi, wiis composer to the court, and is
considered the greatest composer of the world, from
the combined versatility and power of his genius,
Farnham writes of his burial, •' On a dismal day of
rain, unfoUowed by a single friend, the bodies of
Mozart and fifteen other dead were hurried through
the streets of Vienna to the common liurying-
ground of the poor, and his grave is now unknown."
This was the melancholy end of one whose name ia
imperishable.
In the latter half of the eighteenth century there
lived at Bonn a tenor singer to wiiom was born iu
17T0 a son, who may be called the Mont Blanc of
music, Ludwig von Beethoven. He was a student
of Haydn and Mozart, and like them be long resided
at Vienna. He seemed to have fairly entered uiwii
f
'I
4
fB:''\\
' :X.
1 1.
tfi.
V ''ir
■ t
'^H'):
I'M-'
>(
246
INTELLICCTUAL GERMANY.
BEETaoVSS.
a l;rilliti:it cujocr \v\iiA deofaass caiuo upon him.
i*\)V a hnyy. [lar!, of
his lil'o lie wan total-
ly (loaf. Hut ho noiio
tI;o loss t'lroctivoly
■jave l;i.s lile to coiii-
liositidii. His allliu-
tioii isdlalod liiiii
i'l'oi.i socioty a::(l
iingotl his proiliio-
tioiis with iiiclaii-
choly. Syiii|ihoiiios
tiiid sonatas, ri'iiiark-
r!)1o fi.r richness in
idoas ai; I soii'iment, u 3 less '.'.an for lidclily to tho
iiigliost laws uf c>;n:;'os:tior.^ siiow iiini (o liavo hoc.;i
a man e.l! stup'Ji:d;)n-i ;)ow('". !;i m, strictly intcilcrl..
mil jioint of viow Jioutiu; .'O.i rsinks at t!w vuvy head
of iiis iirofoss'.u!!. This sat' and s(;litary man died
in thoyoar I'^iJ?.
In ISO!) tlioro •.vas h-.;r:'. 111 tl;( family of a w(\iltiiy
llobrow of 'lambur!?, Folix B'irt,holdy Mun<io!ssoiin.
After receiving a tlioroug!'. ed.'.caticu and devoting
sumo time to travel, ho n\ado iiis homo at Leiiisic.
lie established the conservatory tiierc, and contrib-
uted fiowerfully to its doveloimient as tiie musical
capital of tl'.o world. His was a sweet and lovely
character, a charniii.g life and a liii,'ii order of gen-
ius. Tiie oratorio uf Elijah was his, lait lie was
most at iionie iu tlio 3c-mi)osition of ]iiano jnusic.
As a pianist ho was 0110 of tl'.e gj-eatest iu his day,
and that is inuili to S'ly, for Liszt, Scluuminn and
Chopin Avere contemporary m.isl.crs of tlio jsiaiio-
forte. Of his works it is atlirmeil by a comj)eteut
judge, "They are a worthy cuhuiuation of tho art
and science of his predoi'ossors, the latest nuister-
jiieces of th.o pureh; classic school, and just preceded
the rise of the music of the future, excjuisito and i)C-
yond criticism, exi'opt t!:at tl-.ey are, as Tennyson
would say, 'faultily faultless.*"
^riie "music of tlic future " calls to mind the name
of Wagner, tl:o last inti:e n;usical list of Intellect-
mil (rermany. This son cf a jxilice actuary was
born at Tx-ipsic in 1813. He l)ejanie es|)ecial!y
well known in AniericM from the composition of
tiio (irand March for our Centennial Celebration,
187*!. lie co:nposod th.ose popular ojieras, the Fly-
iwj Dnh'hman, Lchenijrin a::d TiinrJutu.-^er. But his
irreat work is t\\i threefold o'jorii of the Nibelun-
f/ou Ji'inr/. In tho smumor oJ ItW it was |>erformod
at his iuuno, Heireutli, i!-. i', tieater of his own de-
sign, liy an (:rchest"a compo-^ed of the i)est musi-
cians of (rornniny. Tho tern "music of the fu-
ture," was origii:i'l[y bestnwei^ in diirision, but so
brilliant was tho success a': Mc 'outh that scorn was
turned to admiratios;. T^kc }h'(»wning and \\'alt
W'liit man in poetry, a!'.d Caily'.e in prose, Iiichard
Wagner truly says of himsi!!!". " I im)ve with entire
freedom, and disregard of ill: tiieoretical scruples."
(ierman philosoidiy is a ivvm often iieard, as if
there were a unity in tl'.o uu'taphysiiial life of (ier-
luauy. There arj ir.doed clearly traceable and
strongly nnirkel r.ational peeuliarities of thought
and stylo, sid.ti'.e ri'scniblarces ; but each gri'at
name st;u.ds li»i' a distinc'.ive idt'a.
The father of (icrunr.-. [ 1: dsopliy was Imnnmuel
Kant, bo-n at Konigslerg, Prussia, in IVM. He
wa.s a Seiitchman hyanco^*"', although in habits of
life and niodes of thouglit ] reendnently Ti'utonic.
Spino/.i, who is .sometimes spoken of as a (iernnm,
belonged ;o the Dutch City of Amsterdam an<l tho
Hebrew r.ico. Kant fxvat attracted the attention of
the n:telK'ctual world by hlsC'ri/i'/iia af Pure Umson,
which w:is an era iu philosophy. In style it is
cnmbersomo and awkward to tho last degree. He
regarded p.sychology as t'rj l.asis of phihisophy and
the search for t!io First Cause as fruitless. Kant
lived to tho ri|ie old age of eighty, an.l to th(; last
renniined serenely self-centered iu ids (iniet little
home of Konigsborg. Fame seemed to make no
impression uuon him, ar.d tho great critic was m-
dilTi'reni. to eruieism.
Ne.xt to Kant the groat name iu (rorman j)hiloso-
phy is Fiehto, a disei[:lo and peer of the nnis-
tcr of transcendentalisnn .Tena, then the leading
university of (rcrnniny, < ifiTed liim tho profes-
sorship of philoso[;hy in ITSCj, His life was not
like Kant's, serene. His extreme lilieralism raised
up onomies. He was driven from .Jena, only to
find chairs of jihilosoph.y nwaiting him at Kriangen
and Bei'lin. His life tein.inated in 1S14.
Schelling and Hegel, persomil friends, were the
founders of bitterly liostile I'ival schools or theories
of philosophy. The ftu'mer was born iu A\'urtem-
borg in ITT."), tho latter in. Stuttgard in ITK). .Inst
what the philosopb.y of ether was, is still a matter
of dispute between pMlesophical students and writ-
ers. Schelling lectured i;t Berlin for many years,
ol'r
' T
w:
j
H
^
til
•
■f
•) •
L^l"'
.1
INTKLI.KCTUAI. GERMANY.
-47
rciicliiii',' tlio oi^^litiulli yt'iir of liis air*'. In l^ils
llci(e'l uiimo to lierliii iis ii luiivcrsiiy jirofossor,
wliiiru ho rosi(ii'(l until liis di^alli, ISIJI. N'lmuTous
wciv tlio disciples (if lluisu iiii'laitlivsiciaus, and
liowcrful wan tliu inthioncu iipon tiio nation of tlu'ir
l)liilosoj)liy. N'ol; t liat any i;onsidin'altl(! itrojiort ion of
tlio jKiojdi) j>iT|>lcx('il lluimsidvc's with their ahstruso
tlioorius and dis|»utaUons ; hut Iho spirit, of free
tliought, of downright ske|iticisni, which |H'rv;ided
thu nietaphysiciauM came to he the inost distin-
guisliiuLj cluiractoristit! of the (Jerinan mind. 'I'ho
country of liUther and the pietists became the
liinil of unhelief. Instead of thu hitter scotlini; of
the i''rencli school, there was a lofty, calm and im-
aml sliov.s thuir essential ami suhlime harmony,
lie may ho said to unite the reasoning (jf llerhcrt
SjKini'er with the patient research of Chirlcs
Darwin.
(iermany is iiotod for its universities and its eru-
dition. Tiic University at Merlin, foumled in IHltt,
grew out of a scientilie society organized littlo
over a century h(;fore hy the groat pioneer of iler-
man philosophy, Leihnitz, a graduato of Lcipsic,
and a man of wonderful versatility. So far ahead
of his ago wiw lie that when philosophy gained a
foothold it came <|uite independent of his writings.
The uiHversity whi(;h grew (uit of his society has
over three thousaml students in constant attend-
':,.J--)£-"Vf JSL.TT ,-;^- -
perious contempt for al! which was thought to
savor of superstition.
The most positive and intclliirihle expression of
dishelief is the Force and Mdlln- of Prof, l^llchner.
'i'liat brilliant no less than learned (ierman dis-
tinctively asfserts and elithorately argues that what
ith the uon-existenee
man. lie
Micer, ]\rill
rhcre thcv
irove;
is known of nature j
of a personal deity and the mortulitv of
goes further than the vei
idical
Hi
lecKe
1. Ho
1"
-itivclv den
merely decline to asseverate.
AVIiat Denslow rails "the most imjiortant scien-
,d 1.1
itic and pliilosopliical work
.f tl
itu
rv,
Th<
Hniliiliiiiiiif JFaii, was produci'il by Kriist llaockcl.
This latest, if not greatest, of (iorman philosophers
was horn in I'otsdam, IVussia. February lH, 1S:M.
Ho belongs (o the T
niversiiv
.f Je
la
k
uroron zo()logy. He applies philosophy to scienci
nice, and numhors amo
ng its former prof(
.f
renown, Humboldt, Ncander, Schleiermachcr, Vir-
chow, Hiclite, I"'ichte, and Hegel.
The university of JIallewas founded in ICdl. In
ISIT it absorbed the university of Wittcmlmrg
whiih dated from \'>i)-l. Its rank is especially high
in theology and cognate branches of learninir. The
great critical siudcntof tht^ Bible. ( Icsenius, was one
of its professors from bsioto lS-t->. In those palmy
days of the institution there were over a thousand
students. There are about that number at the pR's-
•ntti
T
U:i
School '
IS a term apii
lied
the ridigious views which loni:' distinguis
Hall
as
the great seat of cvangt'lieal learniiiLr in ( Jermanv.
Till' founder of that school was Speiier, while
Franeke, Breitliau]>t and Fiange were eminent names
in
'1
it. I'nliko most (Jen
s, including the clergy,
the members of the Halle School dcvoutlv believe
31
^ 5)
feiT
i
1^^"''
,1 ■ '
}■
t i
■1 • »
If"
M
i:
;i
i,K
INTI:MJX"I'1 Al, (ilCRMAN v.
ill spuciiil I'rovidonco, jiluiimy liisitiriititni, uml iiru
truly ortliodox in holicf.
TIkj oMu.'*': of till) twi'iily-l wo iiiiiviTHitics of tlii!
lirc'sc'iit, I'liipiro is tliiit iit. [[cidcllR'rg, ii roiiiiiiitio
[iliico, iilso I'miious f(pr its sciilosH, or ciistlu, fouiiilud
ill is;tt; ; tli(^ youii;,'i'sl, is Hint of StiMsliur;;, foiiMdiMl
IHT'^. About twenty tlioUHiiiid stu<i('iit.s attend
(liosi! uiiiverrtitics. Tlio ono ufc lloiduliwrg hiw a
library of 2(M>,()00 voluiuus, a zoological iiiuscuin,
and ol.lior facditios for tlio study of soieiititii! sui)-
joctH. It is a fiiinoiiH rosort for niudical and divinity
ntu<lunts. Many forciiriuTs ropair thithiT to |)erfect
ilu'ir iMlucalion,
'I'lio ])i!C'uUarity of (ioruuin scholarshii) is its
oxct'plional thorouglinuss. Tlio professors duvutu
tlioinsolvos f() ininutidy small litdds of rcseurcli, and
Ity I'xjiloriii^' I'viTV nook and corner, are enabled to
lliorouglily understand tbeiu. It is this peculiarity
wliicli has placed modern (rermany at the front in
erudition. livery branch of study, i>liiloloj^ical, liis-
torieiil or scientific, has received from that micro-
scopical motluKl a fullness of development which
would have been iuiiiossiblo otherwise. JJy this
careful and exhaustive motlu)d the Ciormans have
liei'ii enabled to make many highly important con-
triliutions to the stock of human knowledge. To
(K'rman erudition belongs tlio credit of discerning
the path of civilization in prehistoric times by the
clew of com])arative i)liilologv, and this is only one
illustration amonu' many of hardly less importance to
tiie world, (ierman erudition is not jicrsonal like tho
literature. philoso[)iiy and music of (lerinany. It
was anil is the all-pervasive atmosphere of tho na-
tion in its intellectual development.
We I'anuot better close this chapter than by re-
ferring to Alexander von Humboldt, who, taking it
all in all, deserves tho very highest rank in intellect-
uiil <!ermany. Born at Berlin Scptomber 14, 17<J!l,
UL'1I11U1,UT.
it has Weil been said that he was to scienco what
Shakspuuru luiH boon to tho
drainiL lie combined jiationt
researcii into minulia with
grand jiowors of contraliza-
tinii, discerning the relation.s
of nature's intinito parts to
her grand totality. Parbach,
^[ullerus and Copernious,
(iermans all, contributed to
astronomy in its mere infan-
cy, but Humboldt pointed
out tiie (!oiinection between iihcnomena, astro-
nomieal jirecession,
geological transfor-
mations, and botan-
ical and zoological
developinont, showing
tho inexorable reign
of law. " Wo associ-
ate tho nanio of Hum-
boldt," says Ingersoll,
•'with oceans, conti-
nents, mountains and
volcanoes; with tho
great jdains, tho wide
deserts, tho snow-tipjwd craters of tho Andes;
with iirimeval forests and European capitals; with
wildernesses and universities ; with savages and
savans ; with the lonely rivers of uiii)eoj)led wastes;
with ])caks and pampas and steiipos, and ditls and
crags; with the progress of the world; with every
science known to man and every star glittering in
the immensity of apaco. The world is his monu-
ment ; uiion the eternal granite of her hills he in-
scribed iiis name, and there upon everlasting stono
his genius wrote this sublimest of truths: *TllE
INlVK'.tSK IS (HJVi:U\i;i) liV LAW.'"
copKnNicus
Mi-
A.
HE German cinpiro if tho
culiniiiutiug point, politi-
ciilly, of Geniiiin liistory ;
hut it cliHJS not by any
means inchido all of ( ior-
niauy. lieforo wo fun dis-
miss from consideriirioii
tlio Teutons, and pass on to their
neighhors, the Frencii, wo jniist
finisii tiic record of Oormun and
semi-German nations not inoluded
in that imperial confederation, tho
chief of which has its capital at
Vienna.
Tho i)resent duality, suggested by
the title to tliis chaj)ter, with tiio
peculiar system of government in-
volved, dates from l8(iT, since
which tune there has boon harmony and every pros-
pect of a jwrnianent union. Prior to tliat time tho
proper mode of ex prosaiim would have boon, Austria
and Hungary. Austria may be eaid to bo an out-
growth from a county. Uiioil>.., ... son of Albert
IV., Count of Hapsburg, was the founder of it.
Jle was born in VilS. Ho was a bold, rude lighter.
By degrees ho extended his authority nntil in tho lat-
ter part of the thirteenth century he was elected
KmiRM-or of (torniany, or, as it is some times ex-
pressed, '• King of tiie Romans, by clioice of tiio
Electors of ( rermany." Tho intelligonco of his elec-
tion was conveyed to iiim by ids nepiiow, Erodoriek
of HohenzoUern. Tims at tiie very tbrosiiold do wo
moot tlio two great rikval family names still regnant
in tho two nations of (Jerinan-siR'aking peoples. A
contemporary bisliop wlio was not a little displeased
with till' election, exclaimed, "Sit fast, great (rod,
or Rliodolph will occupy thy throne ! "
The most formidable rival of Uliodolph for im-
perial greatness was Ottoear of Mohemia, originally
a very powerful sovereign. For .some time there was
war between them, resulting in the subjugation of
Ottoear. That king was obliged to eonline his sov-
t'lvignty to Hohemia and Moravia, surrendering all
claims to the Duchies of Austria, Stygria, Crinthia
and Cariiiola. At N'ienna, tben as now the ca|>ital
of Austria, Khodolph fixed his royal residence and
made it tho paramount object of his life to secure
.Vustria as a iK'rmanent possession for the House of
Jlapsburgli.
Tiie duchy, or rather archduchy, of Austria, the
nucleus around which has grown the empire of that
name, has an area of l"2,:2TO sipiare miles, is bound-
ed on the south i)y 8tyria, on tho west by Bavaria,
on the cast by Hungary, and on the north by
M
(249)
C
*. -i
:'|■^ :■•■;■■;
•':<. ' ft.
■ ■'I . ■■■ ?
'■■'.''.■.■''
J
■i;
■ i '.
■ J
f
in
250
AUSTKIA-HUNCiAKY.
IJolit'iiiiii n.'il Mnriivi;i. Iiitcrseulcd by tlie liiiii-
ubo iitid ilivideil into Upper and Lower Aiis-
triii by the river Jviiis, it bus ikav a popula-
tion of al)oiit tiiree iiiillioiiri. Tiie Austro-liUii-
gariau nionarcliy is an empire wilb an area of ••i4(),-
.'US s(jiiaro miles and a jxipiilation of over tbirty-
fOW'iL iiiiliions of souls. It was not until tbe reiyn
of Ferdinatid I\'., in tlie j)resiMit century, tbat the
ducliy of Austria was raiseil to tbe uiixnity of an
arehducb}. Tbe son of Ubodoljib, AlberL I., was
also Emperor of (lermany. His jxrandsoii, Fred-
erick III., was not, i)Ut Alljert \'., of Austria, ije-
came All)ert II. of (Jennany. Tbat was early in
tbe fifteentb century, and from tbat time on for
four centuries tbe election of Knn>eror of Germany
fell to tbe House d' I lapslair^jj almost as a matter
of course, and Austria bad no sejjarate liistory
wortby of note durinir tbat ]ioriod.
'L\irnin<jj now to llun;^;uy, we lind tlio countries
of tbe Hungarian crown to consist of Ihmu'ary prop-
er, Transylvania, Croatia and Slavouui, witb an
area of li'.i.TlT sipiare miles ;iiid a population of
about fifteen millions. Hungary pro})er lias an
area of iI.S,r)8;) square miU's and a pojiulation of
about eleven millions. Nearly one-ball of tbe peo-
ple are Magvars. and tbey give to the country its
distinctive cbaraci.'risties. Next to tbcm in num-
bers and iniluence are tbe. Slavs. Tbi' Magvars
came into notice in tlic latter part of tbe nintli cen-
tury. Tbey are allieil at once to tbe Turks and tbe
Finns. Tbey bave liecn aptly descrii)ed as "a
'MLdi-spirited, proud ami generous i>eo[)le, riebly
gifted in every respect, in body strong, mentally
brigbt, and possessed of an inexbaustible energy."
In uraencal resi 's, bowevcr. tbey can boast but
little. Tbat. portion of tbe Roman Hmpire wbicb.
tbey overran bad been swept over before by tbe
Huns ami tbe Avars, tbe fomu'r leaving little b' -
bind tbein to mark their n. .{■^L'>i except :lie name
wbieb the country now be;: I's,
llungariaii liistory is divided into tbree divisions.
Tlu' iirst |ieriod. from SST to i:>(i'. was tempestuous
and bloodv. The dyu.-isly of tbe Arpads ruled, and
ilwi couiitrv was in a ebronic state of war. !''i'om
tbe latter <late to l.-f^O tbe monarc'iy wa.s elective, the
kings iK'ing eliosen bv tbe nobles. Keu lalism was
supreme. Of tbe .Vrpads. Stephen 1.. crowned " liis
.\pos.('lic Majesty "' in KMlO. was the most illustri-
ous. The elective svstcm proved repressive to the
public inleiest. Tb' nobility discouraged the devel-
op nent of any third estate, and the common jieople
were serfs. Hut Stephen, who is the pride of Hun-
gary, was really the great misfortune of tbe country,
especially in this, that be nnide the Latin language
tbe oliicial language of the country, and its only
vehicle of civilization, and this ostracism of the ver-
nacular tongue continued until the current century.
In l."/^t) the rule of the Hapsburgs began, and
remains to this day. Tlie only .serious attempt to
shake oil that yoke was under the leadcrsiilp of tbat
highly sensational revolutionist, Louis Kossuth,
whose carreer of meteoric splendor about tiie mid-
dle of this century
drew to him the
gaze of tbe world.
,\. journalist by
profession, a bril-
liant oratoi and
sincere patriot, ho
succeeded in stir-
ring up a powerful
revolt against Aus-
tria, ind after be-
ing .'on I pi lied to'
■seek safety in lligbt
be found his way
to this countrv,
where his speei^bes '"'''''''"■
m the years IS.'il-.V^ excited the utmost enthusiasm.
Hut tbe meteor
disapjieared witli-
out any pernia-
iieiit effect upon
either the heavens
above or tbe I'artli
beneath. Hun-
gary is a truly
loyal portion of
tiie enijiire of the
Ihqisburgs. On
two occasions it
may be said that
Hungary rescued
the H:ii'sburg.'3
from ;'iiin.
When JIaria
Theresa toitcrcil
upon her throne it
was
MAIU.V THI5UESA.
be heroism and chivalric
^ °)p
■ \\V
iilric
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
251
^
m
J'Hi
m
I V ^
, 1
:l ■■ '■
;f!;
f ^ll^i
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
253
devotion of the Magyars wliiuli saved her from de-
struction, and a little later, when Napoleon was un-
certain whether to destroy the house or marry one of
the daughters, it was Hungarian influence which
decided liim. But for all that, the Ilapsburgs never
respected Hungarian rights and prejudices until
after the revolution of 1848 liad nearly succeeded in
securing a separation of Hungary from Austria.
The policy of the emperors was to try to remodel
the institutions of the country, and make them
conform to the German plan. So far from suc-
ceeding in tlie eradication of wliat might be called
indigenous ideas, this policy re-
sulted in strengthening, vivify-
ing and intensifying those
national peculiarities. Francis
Josepii, who came to the throne
in 1848, was early given a very
impressive practical lesson on
this subject, the result of which
is seen in the fact tliat Hun-
gary is absolutely eijual in the
scale of national institutions to
Austria.
At the risk of being a little
tedii)us, it is proposed to give
tlie political institutions of tiiis
dual kingdom, quoted, with
some condensiition, from tluit
excellent Englisli autliority,
Jlr. Frederick Martin.
Francis I., wiio reigned from
ITO'-J to 1835, was the first
" Kaiser" of Austria, and when
his son Ferdinand IV. abdicated in 1848 in favor of
Francis Joseph, the latter became emi)eror-king.
The present constitution dates, however, from
18GT. Eacli of the two countries, Austria and Hun-
gary, has its own parliament, ministry and govern-
ment, the connecting links being a common sov-
ereign, army, navy and diplonuicy, together witii
a controlling body, known as the Delegations.
Tlie latter form a parliament of 12(.t members,
eiiually divided between tiie two countries, the dele-
gates being chosen by the Iweal legislatures, the lat-
ter bodies luivinjj two branches, substantiallv the
same as the senate and house of our legislatures.
The local legislature or diet is calleil Ueiclistag, in
Hungary, lleichsrath in Austria. Tlic delegations
of each country sit in a body by tiiemselves, pos-
sessing co-ordinate authority and jxnver, but if they
caimot agree on measures when tlius acting sepa-
rately they meet as one bwlv, and the final vote is
binding upon the entire euipire. This imi)erial diet
is confined in its jurisdiction to foreign affairs and
war. There are tliree ministers for the whole em-
pire, namely the min'.ttry of \\,\y, of foreign affairs
and of finame. Tli^ro is a ministry at Austria
and another at Hungary. The former consists of
the Interior; Public Elucation, Justice and F^ccle-
siastical Affairs ; Finance ; Agriculture ; Com-
merce and National Defense.
The Hungarian de{)artnients,
or executives, are, Presidency
of tlie Council ; Finance ;
Natioiuil Defense ; Ministry
Near the King's Person; In-
terior ; Education and Pul)lic
AVorsliip; Justice; Comnm-
nicalions and Public Works ;
Agriculture, Industry and Com-
merce; and tlie Ministry of
Croatia and Slavoiiia. The
iniiierial cabinet is responsible
to the Delegations, tiie local
cabinets to tliuir I'cspcctive
diets, the lieichstag and Heich-
sratli, as the case may be.
Ucligious toleration is en-
joyed throughout the emiiire,
but the Roman Catholic church
has a great preponderance.
There are uo less than tliree
hundred abbeys and Jive hundred convents in the
empire. The })erfet't ecjuality of all religious creeds
and civil marriage were estaijlished in 18ti8. I'ntil
within the last twenty years the nuisses of the peo-
ple were in dense ignorance. Public schools are
now maintained, and in the strictly German part of
the einjiire primary education is almost universal.
There are eight universities in the empire. They
are situated at Vienna, the capital of .Vistria,
Pesth, the capital of Hungary, Prague, tira/., Inns-
bruck, Cracow, Czernowifz and Leinberg. The first
and second are the most extensive, the former hav-
ing about 'ioU teachers and liooo jiupils, the latter
over Vio teachers and 2UU0 ])upils.
According to an article of the treaty of Berlin,
ii
bv
K:
5
^■1i
:0U
Ml
i\-rj-
254
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
(ISTS) Itdsiiiii 1111(1 llerzt'j^oviiiii wort' to liuve t.lu'ir
jdihlio iitliiirs adiiiiiiistcn'il liy Austviii-IIiiiif^ary.
Tlinse jiroviiioi's, furiiiorly lieloiiiriiij; to Turkey,
added ii territory of "Mv-'ll s(|iiare miles and a pop-
uhuioii (if l,-^r^,l T'i to tlie empire. 'I'iiese lii,uires
lire based on a eensiis of IS^'.i. Aliout oiie-lliird
of tiic i)(^])iilati()ii of tills new trrrit-ory are iloliani-
iiiedans, a still lariicr proporiion (ireeks, and a sixtli
lire called Uomanilos. The Cliristiuiis, both (ireeks
and Hoinanites, wore well pleased with it.
'JMie little iirincipality of Liehtenstein, iiudosed
in the Austrian provineo of Tyrol and Vorarllierj^,
is jiraetieally a jiart of tho empire. It eontains
only 08 sfpiare miles and a pojiulatioii of less
than ten tliousand. The jieople jiay no taxes
and jiorform no compulsory military duty. It is
a fertile although inouniaiiious little eountry.
The jirinee resides at \'ieiina, rather than at his
ca])ital,^'aderz.
It only remains to speak of the cities of this em-
pire. There are only nine having a pojiulation of
over 50,(ttH). Vienna has a jiopulation of over a
million and is one of the grandest cities on the
globe. The other Austrian cities are Prague, 189,-
laii; Trieste, 1()',».;V.'4 ; Weinberg. 8;.l()'.i; Gratz,
81,119 and Hrunn, "i).';?!. Tiie Hungarian cities
are, the cajiital. Pestli, or, as it is sometimes
called, ]5uda-l*estli, which has a population of ^10,-
-104, Szegedin, Tu,17it; Mariu-Tlieresiopol, 50,3-^3.
Taken as a whole, the empire is eminently rural.
witii a strong tendency, however, toward concentra-
tion of population in cities.
'• Jiitcllectual (icrmany," as the term is used in
tiiis iiook, includes all tiie tiermans, Austrian no less
tiian Prussian ; but in the domain of letters Hun-
gary has a distinct record.
Tiic Magyars, who settled in Ilungiiry as early as
the niidiile of the ninth century of the Christian era.
had a language so well defined and matured that it
has undergone but few changes in a thousand years,
It was not until tiio eighteentii centary, however,
liiat it so much as Ijcgan to be a vehicle of lit-
erature, liatin was the language employed by
writers. The Hungarian newspaper pre*-' deservi,;
esjxjcial mention for its ability and services in de-
veloping a vernacular literature. Kossuth was by
no means alone among the editors of that country
wiio rose to eminence, although he alone ac(|uired
world-wide fame. Tiiis language can boast some
highly creditable, if somewliat common] ilace, prose
books, but as a recent writer upon the intellectual
develoinneiu. of Europe justly observes, " Its true
inauguration as a literary langiuige, as the bearer of
a national i'^ ilization, as the expression of a national
genius, the Hungarian language received by the pub-
lication in ISIT of Ilinififs Lore, by Sandor Kinfal-
udy." A conijietent critic pronounces that volume of
''epics wit h strong lyrical tone," resplendent with the
luster of true genius. Others have followed him until
Hungary has a very respectable national literature.
If
i
^
fs^t/^
V r»- V
'♦'
k
M'
4
I'lIK Two CoUNTIlIKS CoMrAliKH— IiEI.(iII,M AS A SKI'AKATK KlMiilHM — Uei.IMDN AND Kllll ATIIIX
— Till; KlNdDOM "IP TIIK NKTIIKKI.ANDS— .Java— DlTllI (illVKUNMKNT ami Si IIOOLS— T<11'ih1-
IIAI'IIY AND liKSIiritCKS — TllK DlTClI IN lIlHTIlUV— I.Ml'KlilAI. AND M KlIIKVAl.— TlIK NaTKIN
AND ITS liliKAT WmI— 'I'lIK TllltllKS IIF TllK DUTIll ]{Kl'llil.H — 'I'lIK I'Klilllll UK I'llOSTEItlTY-
TiiE Fall ok thk Hki'Iiii.h— Ditch Aut; Van Kvck to Aitv jSciieffkii— Waterloo.
#*l^,»'^
HlJilUM and thu Netlior-
liinds arc twi) tlistinet na-
tions in tlicir jirescnt jioliti-
cal existence ; Imt in tlie
blending of tlie iiistorieuland
the aotual tlioy cannot lie
dissociated. The provinces
oi' Belgimn are Antwerp,
Braiiant, Flanders (East
it), Jlainanlt, Lieije, Linihonrj^,
onrg and Nanuir, .several of
lanies heii •' sn^'gestive of (he
Reimblic. The names Hraliant
and r^iniliunrif are also found in the list
of the Xetherland provinces, besides
Holland ( North and Soiitii). Zealand.
Utreciit, Friesland. < Inelilerhmd, Over-
ysscl, Drenthe and (iri'tnningen. Tlie
Dutch of history constitute, for tiie
most part, tiic past of both the kingdoms under
consideration.
Xcitiier of tliese kingdoms may be called a nor-
nnd development, On tiic contrary, t!:e great pow-
ers of Euroix), hostile to republicanism, drew arlii-
trary lines of national distinction and I'.xod the
boundaries of cai li nation to suit themselves. Be-
fore reverting to the historical part of ttie subject of
this chajiter it nuiy be well to set forth the jjrescnt
condition of the two kingdoms now under ccjnsider-
ation.
Belgium dates from ISoti. It was then that it
was cut olf from t4io Netiicrlands. Tiie immediate
occasion of tiie secession was a jiopular uprising in
Brussels. Tiie formal recognition of Belgium by all
tlie governments of Europe tlid not occur until ls;j'.).
The lirst king was Leopold I. of Saxe-C'oburg. The
jiresent king, l^uoiiold II., was born in ISIJ."), and
came to the throne when his father died, jst;."). The
kingdom has an area of ll,:>7o sipuire miles and a
pojiulation of about six millions. It is the most
densely inhaiiited country in iMirojje. Small as is
the territory, the jieople are decid(!dly mixed. Ac-
cording to an otlicial report of ISTS there are ■.'.-.'."iH,-
81)0 Belgians who speak French, •.',ti."('.i,S'.i() who
speak Flemish, ;?S,07() who speak (ii'rman. and the
rest speak two if not three of the languagi's named.
Tlii'ni are over one million projiriefors of the soil.
The government is a coiistirutional ami lieicdiiary
monarchy. The greater part of tiie authority of
state is vested in the )iarlianient with its two
branches. The executive jurisdirtioii belongs to
the ministiTs, each being responsible within the
scope of his resj)ective deiiartment. The memliers
of l)otli houses of tiio legislative ])art of tiic L'overn-
3-:
(255)
1
,, I
If'^l".
I'f:t
I
256
IJKLGIUM AND THE NETHKKLAXDS.
iiifjit iiro cliosiMi l)y tlio jtuople, a i)r((i)orty(|iiiiliticii-
tioii l)L'iiig iittiiclied t<t tlie riglit of siiirnigu. Tlie
ineiulaTs of the lower liouse are elected for four
years, of tlio >ii)iier house for eight. The muiiheroC
the latter is one-half that of the former. Evidently
the IJelgian government i.-' aitout as nearly repuhli-
cau as it well eonld he and maintain the form and
semlilance of royalty.
Nearly all the jHsoj-le are lloman'sts in religion.
There are not more than l.'i.OOO I'rolestants, all
]iroj)er it exceeds the rural popiilation. Amsterdam,
Rotterdam and Tiie Hague are large cities. This
kingdom is second only to England in colonial en
terprise. These outside possessions are divided into
t lirce groups, namely, tiic ])ossessions in Asia, or
the East Indies ; second, six small West India
islands; third, Surinam in South America. The
South African possessions have slipj)ed away from
the mother country. The total ])opulation of these
colonies is ahout twenty-tliree millicjns, and eight-
VIE\V OV ANTWERP, CHIEF COMMERCIAL CITY OK I!i:i,(;irM.
tiilil, anil less v.han ^,UUU Jews. Eull religious lib-
erty is gnara iteed by the Constitution, ami. the
<l('rgy of all denominations are paid in part from
liie national treasury. There are four universities
in the kingdom, located at ]5russels, Louvain,
(rhciit and Leige. These institutions are in the
hands of the priests and .lesuits. lllcmi'iitary edu-
cation is sadly neglected, about one-liflh of the
adult, ])o])ulalion being unable 10 read or write.
Turning now to tlie Netiu'rlauds we lind a jieople
living under a <'<nistitution wliieh dales from tJiat
great year of revolutions, 1S48. The area is ^(),.V.!T
sipiare miles, the population about four millions.
The city population is relatively large. In Holland
ecu millions belong in Java alone, which is nuiny
times more important than all the rest of the colo-
nies of the Xetherlands. It has an area of .■)l,."5:i<l
si(uare miles, ilost of the [leople are agricultural
lalxirers, nearly all the land being held either by the
government or nini-resident Dutch ca])italists. The
revenue derived is very consideralile, mainly from
tiie sale of colTee, witii sonui sugar and s[)ices. Java
is an island. Tin^ Dutch took permanent posses-
sion of it in If'iTT. The Portuguese had visiti'd it as
early as I.jII, and a Dutch settlenuMit was ell'ected
in l.'i'.l."). In the tifteentii century the peoi)le em-
braceil Mohiiniinedanism. I'rior to that they were
r>uddliists. The Javaus are very industritnis and
r^
-^2
BELGIUM AND THE NETHERLANDS.
'57
([uito skillful. Tlio isliiiul is governed iis if it were
ail inuiicnso cstato nianageil for tliu exclusive lx;nefit
of distant owners and their resident agents.
Keturning now to the hoinegovernnu-nt, we find
it Huhstantially tlie same in character as ]?elgiuin.
The entire legislative authority ia vested in a bfuly
calL'(l the States (jeneral, with two l)ranches. In
theory the king has the veto power, hut his exercise
of it is very infre(iueut. The present king is Wil-
liam III. The present kingdom was reconstructed
by and dates from the Congress of Vienna, ISl.l,
read nor write. The rising generation will make
a much Ijetter showing in this regard. Acconling
to latest accounts there are 2,tJ()U public schools with
))Upils to th" numlKjr of 400,000. Resides these juil)-
lic scho<(ls there are a great nuiny private schools.
The universities of the kingdom are four, — those at
Leyden, (irOn: !gen, Amsterdam and Utrecht.
The Netherlands, as the name suggests, is a low
and Hat country, literally wrested from the sea by
the skill and industry of man. It is a delta with
the Khine, the Mouse and tlie Scheldt as its watery
VIKW OK TIIK IIAGUH.
when tile sovereignty was vested in the ancient ainl
illustrious house of Orange. The lirst king of the
present realm was William I. He was succeeded in
1840 by William II., and he in turn !)y the king
iio\- on the throne. This house traces its origin to
(Jount Waldam who lived in (rcrmany in the ele vent ii
ceiitury. Tiie jn'^'vailing religion is that of the
i{eformc(' Church, will ai)out au eijual number of
Catiiolics. Tiic government is inii)ariial in nuitters
of faith and worship, but the moral inllucnce of the
government is whuiiy Protestant. Education is
slowly making its way among the t-onimon people.
It is estimated that among tlic strictly rural popu-
lation of the Netherlands, oiic-fourth of liie male
adults and one-third of the women can neither
enclosures. Intersected l)y rivers and canals, mucii
of tlic land is actually below the water level. Dikes
and dunes ])rotect the country from inundation.
The result is a vast wealth of agi'icultiiral resources
so rich indeed as to make the fanners of the Low-
land iireemituMitly prosperous.
Turning now from the actual to the histoiica!,
wo will follow the somewhat involved and devious
cour--o of that SiMni-(rernian people most widely
uesignaled as the Dutch.
In the days of the Uoman iMupin^ the Helgic,
Matavians an<l Tuscans were a part of the great
(iernian andtiallic region eoiKpiercd by .lullus Ciu-
sar. In the Cirlovingian empire they lacked
national individ.nilit v. In tlic s\inshine and storm
,.':4.
^ B
M
^!:.'i
•■^l
-5 >.
^1
258
HKL(iILM AND THIi; NICTHEKLANUS.
of feudiilisiii tliu Ijow ('miiitivf^row iiitodistinctive-
iiosw. 'riiuru woro sovoral (IiiIvimIoius : JJnihiuil, I/mi-
lM)iir;,'iiii(l I<ux('iiihmiric; coiiiitsliijw : Artois, Flaii-
ilcrs iiiid llollaiul; liislioprics : Mcclilin .uid rtroclil.
l{ciiij,miiiiM tlio ciiilskirls of tlie <'oiilim'iil, and in-
liiibiliiiij; II roiiiitrv tlicii far from its prosoiit stale'
nf fiiltiviition, cvi'ii us <'()rii)nin'd to otiicr parts of
iMirojK', llioy \rurc iillowml to regulate tlioir own
alfaii's prcily nearly in tlioir own way. Tlio rod of
imperialism was liglitly felt, 'i'lio liorco ■ ; dliuL
witli tile sea which the peopio woro obliged to wage
oullivatod boldness and iMiergy of character. Lcj-
cated as they were upon tho seaboard, having rivers
which were arms of the sea, their position was pe-
culiarly favorable to coniiiiereial development.
-. The feudal lords had
_^.yj ,'/ t\\(i\T castles and arm-
ed retainers, but side
by siile with them
grew up and flour-
ished marts of trade,
fortilied against inva-
sion, ))rej)areil for war
without being <levot-
ed to it. The coni-
inen'ial spirit of tiie
old PluBuioians pre-
vailed, coupled with a heroism which would have
done honor to Homo in lier best days. The Medie-
val JJuteh were the pioneers of modern (commercial
thrift.
Kate in the fourteenth century the Duke of Hur-
guiidy became also Count of Flanders, the Union
having been efTected by jnarriage. In 14'i'7 the
house of Ilajjsburg absorbed tho Netherlands, and
a great stimulus was given to Dutch commerce.
l''or a time Austria, the Netherlands and Spain,
with sonu' minor possessions, owed allegiance to the
same crown. Tlicy never formed one nation.
When the etupirc of ('liarlcs V. was divided the
Nclherlaiids an<l Spain went together, and this un-
natural union piMiluced the most important results.
At that time liolh ])Ooples were enterprising, and it
was a very great good fortune, so far as that went, to
the Dutch that they were linked politically with the
(iiscoverers of .\merica. The Spaniard sought
gold anil silver in the new world; the Dutcli were
true to their strictly commercial instincts. Hut in
any other regard tho union was incongruous.
A KiMidul Castle.
The Hoforination, which found its chief apostle
in Martin Luther, found its remlicst acce|itanec in
the iiow land.«. As i'lnlip of Spain was the very
prince of bigots, he saw in his I'rotestant sul)jects
vipers to be exterminated. TIk; result vas a war
which began in \'>W ami !as;ed until Hi-tS. A
more causeless, cruel, devast; Mug and heroic war
never stain(;d tho annals of hist(;''y. For eighty-
two vears, nearlv t!; le goneriiJoP". the strui'iflo
continued \t lirst M'l sc- rJ pro' iiice.^ ri^-^isteil
oppression r:A held in-! i'l I'u ir vi._.iii,: jn mi indo-
Ijondent way, but ii i.>;'.i ji uiu^ju was formed at
I'trecht between ihe .^>'\! t; North 'n provinces,
Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Frieslui;.;, ''iriiningcn,
Dveryssel and (ruelderland. Spain so far recognized
this union as to enter into an armistice of twelve
years, concluded in lUO'.t. That armistice was sim-
ply rocujierative for the liiial struggle. On the
Spanish side were tho.so monsters of cruelty and
treachery, Alva, Parma, JJon John and Alexander
Farneso, while upon the side of tiie Dutcii were
William of Nassau, ^[aurice of Nassau, John Har-
neveUlt, and others of heroic mold. The commer-
cial cities proved capable of the most patient endur-
ance of hardships. It was a noble nnitching of
patriotism against fanaticism. Finally, in 1048, the
peace of Westphalia recognized the independeuco of
the states forming the Dutch Uejmtjlic.
The present Netherlands, with some modifications,
embraces that re[)ublic, while the present Belgium
includes tho Dutch })rovinces which Spain retained,
and out of which Protestantism was stamped by
tho p'"sistence of Spanish Catholicism.
For a century tiie Dutch l{ei)ublic was mistress
of tho sea and flourished beyond all precedent.
Spain and Portugal were (piito uiuiblo to nuiintain
their maritime suprennicy. Tho business-like air
which pervaded tho Republic enabled the bold sea-
men and merchant princes of tho Netherlands to
swoei) all before them, and it was with good reason
that Admiral von Tromp paraded a broom at his mast-
head as hi' ('oast(!d along the Knglish channel. In
KiCiT DeUuyter sailed up the Thames and blockaded
the port of Lond(Mi. The Swedes and tho Danes
wore awed into accjuiescenco. But England was not
to be kept down. In the oigliteenth century it
gradually gained upon its republican rival. Tho
wresting of New York from the Dutch was one of
many instance's in ])oint. When the .Vniericau
^
4
J
k
l.i
BELGIUM AM) TlIK NETHERLANDS.
259
Colonies (lof|:i:i'(l war for iiidciu'inlt iht tii" l)utA:h
thoiiLflit to ' 'Fove tlic u|)|)iirtiiiiiiy for rt'covrriii;;
their lost |)r.„. '':;e. Kiit instcitd of iloiii;f tii;i(, they
lost still more ground, receiving 11 hlow from whicii
there \viis v r any recovery. I.< ihe nietinwiiile
party sj)irit ■ 1 iiigli lu the Itepuhlic- One fact' )n
would gladi liavo made the chief niii'.'istracy herodi-
■ liryiiith; Or^uige-Xiissau f, .uily, while the other
favored a pure reiiuhlic.
In the winter of lT!t4-95, the French army having
con<|uered the S[)anish possessions in the North
(Belgium), marched into the Uejmblic and was
hailed by one i)arty as deliverers. That foreign in-
vasion nniy he said to
have dealt a fatal
hlow to the Dutch
Republic. The Batu-
vian Rej)ublic was
declared in May, 1 T'.i"),
which lingered in ob-
scurity unt'l, in 1S()(J,
Napoleon hurled it
aside and set up the
Kingdom of Holland
for Louis Bonaparte.
Four years later he
hicorporatcd it with
France. The Congress
of Vienna re-estab-
lished the Kingdom
of Holland, with tlie Orange-Nassau family on the
throne, Belgium Iwing a part of it, as mmn already,
until 18;K).
Since that time the Dutch have l)cen content
to quietly follow business pursuits. To-day they
are notable for the vastness of their holdings of
government and corporate bonds. Their surplus
cai)ital is enornnnis. Not given to ostentation,
they seem to take a siK3cial delight in mere nccumu-
lali(jn.
In no other respect can the Dutch lay such iiigii
claim to jirceminence as in art. The paiuicrs of
the Flemish an<l Dutch schools arc second only to
the Italians in rlic number of llicirgrcat names an<l
the brilliance of tiicir fiinic. Tiie earliest of ihesc
was Hubert Van Eyck. wiio ilourished in the last
half of tiie fourteenth century at Ohent and Bru-
ges. He excelled in the deittii, power, transparency
and harinonv in his coloring. His brother .Ian
con'ributed nuich to the development of art in the
Netiicrlands. The older
brother invented, or
pe; .'jcted, a varnish
which was of great im-
portance in tiie [)reser-
vation of paintings.
The next preeminent-
ly great name was Al-
brecht Dllrcr of Nurem-
berg, born in 1471.
lie is called the father ALBnuniT ditreb.
of the (Jernnin school of painting. 1' 'as l)een saiil
that 1 ar' .s great
becii
si it ■■ as the
nati
: *■ oMt,,:-., rth of
hi.
-nil "•films, race
and t •"'- The ac-
khowk^ed Head of the
J- 'list" school of art
w ■ uiiciis, born at
Siegeii, Westpiiiilia, in
15T7. "As a jiainter,"
says Mrs. Siicdd, " the
([ualitics of Rubens
t'onsist in a trutlifiil
and intense feeling for
nature and a warm
and transparent color-
ing. He iiad wonder-
ful fertility of conception, and still more won-
derful facility of execution ; his imagination em-
braced every object capalile of representation,
and he could render witli equal success the most
forcible and t'.ie most ileeting apjiearaiu'es of na-
ture." A jnipil of Kubens of hardly less fame was
Anthony Van Dyckof Antwerp. He was a masterly
painter of portraits. Hi.' was alike successful in
delineating strong characters and the simplicity of
cliildhood. The next name to challengo attention
is Uembrandt, born in Leyilen, KKiS. Truthful and
liicturesc[ue, he possessed very remarkable jiower in
all tiie teclinicalities of his art. His lighting was
jieculiar. On his canvas light is concentrated, and
not dilfiised. Paul Potter, born ar Mnkliuyscn in
It'rl'K was the iirst great animal painter, ami it
would hardly l)e too niiu'ii to call liini the foremost
artist of nature. LandscaiK's from his brusii show
the utmost tidelitv to the real and verv delicate
<5)
r
;,!, 1
!
'i-t ' ;,
:> t"
1
,S'.
h ■ ■■ ii
I:
260
HKLGIUM AND lUlC MCTHEKUANDS.
griuliitiDiis (if iM'rM|K'('liv('. 'I'lio last to bo iiiuii-
tii>iu'(l, l)iit. !))■ 110 iiieaus tliu Icii.st, of tliuso iirli.sts
of tlio Lowliiiuls, was Arv Sclitiiror, of Dordnjulit.
Horn as tliu last (tuiitury was on the evu of depart-
uro, iio buloiigud to tlio presout century. lit' really
l)oloiigs ill tliat It'^jioii of honor, tho great masters,
for his genius resembled theirs in its religious eliar-
ucter. His best paintings have Christ as their cen-
I (wiiicii in the language ami iiabits of tiie inhabit-
ants is a (;()iine(;ting link between the two countries
I and iicuples) the most memorable battlelieid in all
the worM, the spot above all others in ik'lgiuni
which a traveler woulil wish to visit. That illustrious
spot, it is hardly necessary to say, is Waterloo. The
village of this name is in the jirovince of South
Brabant on the road from ("harlevoi to lirussels, at
tral figure. lie also sclootod many subjects from
the great poets (roctlio, Schiller and Byron.
Having now concluded the survey of the Gorman
and Senii-tiernian |)eoples, inelu.-ive of the '"■'tj
standpoint of the intellect, we are about to cross
the Uhiue where the nimble and vivacious French
jiresent a strong contrast to the proverbially ])hleg-
matic Dutch, and in passing we find in Belgium
the outskirts of the forest of Seignies. The two
armies occuj)ied ridges, and tho valley between
was indeed the valley of death. Agriculture long
.'■.'■<} resumed its sway over that field, but traces
and relics of the immortal combat are still to be
found there, mementoes of what \'ictor Hugo says
was not a battle, l)ut " the chaage of front of
the universe.'.'
J.=^
7m?f^m'>f,
•//. •//. •//. •//. •//. ■//. •//. •//. •//. //. •//. •//. ■//. •//. yy. •//. •//. •//. /. •//. •//. •//. vA •//. •//. •//. •//. •//. ■//. ■//. 11. -If, -tf. •//. ■//. •//. ■//. T ^ ^
^'^^^^fH^^^^
•/A y>: VA •//. •//. •//. •//, •//. •//. '/A '/A VA VA VA VA VA VA : •//. VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA VA
CHAPTER XLIV.
Oi.i) AND N'w l'"iiANcK— Ancient (Jaii.— Ci.ovm ani> tiik Kuanks— Tiik Mkiuivinoian Link—
CllAIU.KM IIaIITKI. ANIi THE SAIlArKNS— TllE Ca Ill.oVlNdlAN AM) CAI'ETIAN DvNABTlES— TiIE
IIofSE OP VaUMS with IT-> HuANCIIE^ — FIIDM HI.'Itk ll4i— AHKI.AHD ANt) IlKLIlISE — St. LlllIN —
(iRAM) MaSTEU KNKillT TKMIM.AU Mlll.A V— SKUPS— HaTTLK OP AuINrolIlT AND .loAN OP All' —
The Uknaissa.nce and Kaiielais — The Vaudois and John Calvin— The Mahmacbe op St
BaktholomewN Day.
l^-^^t-^-
'I' is liiinlly iiu cxiigi^'cration
to Hiiy tliiifc the pnipliocy,
" A nation shall bo Ixini in
a day," was literally fnl-
fillod in the cast' of Franco.
Wiion till' might y iluups of
Paris worn lashod into a
fury which lovolcd tho lias-
tho ground in one grand s[)asni
'htoous indignation, old things
[ away and Now France was
d. "JMio F'rencii i)eo[)lo of the
it time are tho jiroduct of therev-
n of a century ago, and not, like
nglish people, the slow growth of
centuries.
lie not only coiKpicrod (niul, but
iicli to civilize it. When tiie eni-
]iire crumbled, tho (icnnan and Gothic barbarians
jioured down from the north, coming both by land
and water, and the country lapseilijack into barbar-
ism. Tho transition from Oaul to France was at
first a reaction subversive of tho jjrogrcss made
during tho period fi-om L'tosar to (.'lovis. That i)rog-
ross had two stages, religiously, but in actual ci\ ili-
zatiou it was one gradual inii)rovemeiit. The sub-
stitution of Olympic deities for the wild fanaticism
of the long-boarded Druids wao a very honcficent
step, followed later Ijy a i|uite general accoplanoe of
Christianity. Hy a wliolosome process of growth
the various institutions, ideius and methods of Uo-
iiian civilization were iulo[)ted and thoroughly nat-
uralized. There were i)rosperous cities, well-tilled
farms and even colleges of some renown infJaul.
But in A. 1). 4S1, tho savage Franks, no longer
held ill check by tlio eagles of Rome, crcssed tiio
Uhiiio and took iiossessioii of the land, and that
without a struggle. Tiie (lauls iiad lieon greatly
benefited by the llonian compiest, but were not at
all loath to exchange masters. Not only the old
Gauls, but tho (Joths who had preceded the F'ranks
ill forming settlements in tJallia, took kindly to tlio
change. Clovis, first of the Frank kings, accei)ted
Christian baptism and soeiuod disjiosed to encourage
the regular How of tiio stream of civilization. lUit
his acceptance of Christianity ])rovod a great calain-
itv. lie was surrounded by orthodox priests and
theologians, while in southern (raul tiie Arian doc-
trine had been espoused. The royal convert de-
claroil it a sliame that such fair possessions should
belong to iieretics, and soon a desolating war was in
progress.
The destruction attributal)lc to Clovis and his po-
lemical iulvisers was trivial as compared with the
"^
(261)
spr'
i. I'll'
¥■
r
Ail
tH
til' *
II;
m-.
iCii
OLD I'KANl'IC.
ilc.-olalii'ii wrmiiilit by llu' riviilrios of liis four suns.
W lieu lio ilii'il, il 1, a liMif^ |Hrii"l df liarlmrism hc-
V'uii. 'I'liu (ly misty \rliiili In- finiinlcil, culled lliu
.M('n»viii;;iaii liiif (in liniKir uf tlic ntluTwisd ohscurf
u'riinilfiitiuT of Ciovis, Mi'imm-;,') ctintiniied I'roni
4!it) to ' 11, sixlct !i ;,'i'iuinUi(iiis. Durinj,' all tliiit
tiino till' ilruary wasto was unri'lu'vi'il hy a single
ray of 1i<i|k'. Hy ;>ii(l and liluudy steps llin laud w-
ci'dud toward a savuifc condition, (iradually llii'
l)ail l)ocaino worse, Imi^ I lie n>yal fandly sunk lowei'
than tiic people, — so very low that it sunk ont of
sight with Chiiperie IV.
'i'lie iinniudiate oci'asion tif tiie disappitarance
of the Me-
roviiijxiaii
line ami
(lie acces-
sion of the
Carlovin-
,i,nan, was
the inva-
sion of
Western
MunnK! l)y
the Sara-
cens. Tho
latter hav-
ini.'defeat-
eil Spain,
crossed tiie
Pyrenees,
thinking
to sulijugate France and (iirmany, then siihstaii-
tialiy one country. The feelde king could do
nothing to check the invasion, Imt t'harles, Mayor
of Paris (an ollice which had gradually come
to exercise almost regul authority), canK! to the
front iis general of an army composed of (Jer-
inaiis and Franks. He nu't tho Saracens at Or-
leans and crushed them, lie is known ius Charles
Maitcl (the llainm(U-) ami llic savior of Western
Europe from islam. Ih' miu'hl have taken the
crown at oiu'i
;)rel'erre(l a ducal title.
ilis son I'epiii enjoyed the reg.il fruits of that
sjilendid victory, lit' was not
ni'morahle sove-
reign,
tl
Ills claim to distiiiclion is tlii^ fact that
lie
was till! son (I
f C
Marit
and the lather o
Charl
uiemaijfiu'.
lie latter reigned over the Fr
iiiUs
but
a (Jerman in realitv. 'Plie I'arloviiiirian
line hits Ih'cii set forth in conneition with (ierinan
history. In the disinlegration of iho (Jurlovingian
empire, which followed iininediately tho death of
C'harleinagne, (iaiil (now liecome l''iiince) fell to
the lot of a liranch of that family which [inHliu'ed a
series of rulers signally unworthy of sovereignly.
'I'liosc imiiecile and vicious kings followed each other
in monotonous infamy until '.is;, when Hugh Capet
came to tho French throne. The jtoople were no
longer F'ranks, a name suggest ivo of their Teutonic
origin, hut Frenchmen. The CajKaian line held
the scepter until Uiv'S, through fourteen geneiiitions.
We tiiiil little of note during this jwriod. The
elevation
,, . . ,, ^-.'^''X -; ,1^ of Hugh
I. >->r ■";;V>'i^ ."-i>>f. ? Luiiot was
the result
of nation-
al necessi-
ty and jia-
])al inter-
vention.
There
hu<l come
to he II po-
tent sel-
tlcment of
Morinans
npon thu
west of
V I'll n c e,
Xormaii-
dy and Mrittany. Under the Cajietians these Nor-
mans were fused largely with the Franks from over
the ilhiiie, and the I-'rench nationality consists of
(iaiils, Uomans, Teutons and Norn.ans amalgam-
ated. The distinctive l-'nince is, therefore, a lira id
with four strands iiisepaiahly interwoven.
Hy till' time the dynasty founded hy Hugh Capet,
gave jilaee to tiie \'aiois liranch of the I'oyal faniilv.
tiie nation had still another <iua,iriijile ciiaracler;
it consistetl of tiie ciiiu'eli, the king, tiie noiiilitv
and the people, devel<.|ied in tlie order oliscrveil.
Tiie sU'iiggles and rivalries of tiiese factors or pow-
ers during till' .'Middle Ages possess no marked peeiii-
aritv. Wlieliier tlie kiiiii was of tiie h
oiise o
f Vi
loi:^, Valois-Orleaiis or \'alois-Angoleiiie, the dreary
ito of centuries jii'esents very few sterling fea-
Wil;
ture>
Hut hefore proceeilinir with the Hmirhoiis it
OLD I'KANt IC.
263
limy Im' wt'll til |tiiiis(' ill our liviiuslir .«k('tcli (i> imli'
llin rciilh iiiilcsviirtliy uvuiits aiul lii>l(iri(iil liiinl-
iiiiirks III' |''!'i(ii('c up to tliu iu'('u8.-<iiiii iif till' lust, of
(111' l''n'iu'li niyiil ruuiilii's.
'I'lui tiviity iif \'ofiliiii. St;i. WHS ihc ivniuiMZi' I
(Into fur tilt' <li,xiim;t cri'iitioii dI" Iiiily, I'nuice ami
(JiTiiiiiiiy. Till' (•(ironiitidUiil' l[ii;.'li Ciipct liiis liccii
ciilU'd " till' triuiiipli of (aTiiiiiu iiiaiiiicr* ami fi'iulal
rouiu'ctioiis." Cliiistiaii art ami llu' liuiiiinif of
iioruticM ill FraiK't' liojjaii aiiimi llio cli'vi'iiili luui-
tiiry. 'I'lie i'oiii|Ui'st of I'liii^iaml liv W'iliiain. Duke
of NoriiiaiKly. a (iis;:iauuful victory of l'"ioii('li anus,
ilati's from iliis ci'iilury, lait
as it ncscr seriously imiilitlt'il
l''ri;ui'h civilization, wiiilc it,
dill llio civilization of I'lnj;-
aml, it, lioloiij^s to lliu liistory
if the lattor country. I'lioii
liotli uountrit's it and other
eausL's entailed a Ioiil' series of
wars, duriii;.; which the iirit-
ish kinifs laid elaini to France,
in whole or in part, occasion-
ally j^'ainin;^ a foothold in the
land, notahly at Calais. Prac-
tically, it resulted in the jiro-
duction of that rcMuarkahlo
patroit and martyr, .loan of
Arc. and a few intereHting mili-
tary epi.sodes. 'i'hat is ahout
all, from the J"'reni'h poiut, ot
view. Tho first Crusade was
formally inaujiiiratt'd at Clei'-
niont, France, and I'eter tin- Ueriuir, who was its
great aj)ostle. was a Frenchman. So was the pope
of the period. Urhan II., and the famous Christian
knight, (iodfrcy of Bouillon. That Crusade dates
from lO'.i."). In tho suhseiiuont Cru> es France
l)oro a prominent jiart. It was specialis 'onspicu-
ous in tlio establishment and maiutuiiaii' e of na-
tional amity and royal heredity.
During tho darkest jiart of t he Dark Ages, Franco
proilucod a groat intollertual luminary, and. jiro-
jjlietic of its future national character, iiitidlectual
preeminenco was linked with love and romance.
Thus Ahelanl and his fair lleloisc are the lirsl names
in French annals to gain immortality, apart from
the accident of rank. The former was a great
scholar and debater. Having won distiuctiou by
33
his learmug and skill in dialectical subileiies. such
as till' iM'ilieval scholars wiTc fond of. lie was hired
to Icarh licloise (Jreek. They fell in Iom' and were
imprudciii. To save him fnini disgrace (for he «a-
a pric-i I. she refused to be niiirrieil, |irefi'rring to
hc'ir aloiie the bunlen of their mutual ealamilv.
She sulVereil e\er\iliing, but never wavered in her
lovally to hiui. lie developed into a cold-blooded,
seltish ecclesiastic, as mean as who was amicaiile.
Their story is peculiarly pathetic and to this day
the French lovi- to iK'ileck with llowi'rs and bedew
with tears the one grave of this couple. Il is a per-
petual shrine of scniimciilal-
isiu. Ibil in addition to all
that. Alielai'd did somelhiiig
to rcliexc the intidleetuiil ster-
ility and stupidity of his tinu'
and church.
One siivereigii in the long
list so rapidly passed over ile-
.servos s|H.'cial mention, Louis
IX., known often as St. Louis.
From Iv'-Ji; to l-.'to he held the
reins of government, a truly
great and good man. lie lovi'd
the people, and was uiireiiiil-
ting in his zeal to serve lliem.
lie lonviiked a jiailiamciit (or
states-gi'iieral) ; established in-
stitutions of justice: issued
humane edicts; sought to
maintain jicace; I'lidowed hos-
pitals and asylums; t'ucour-
agodart ; jiracticed virtue in private life, and charity
to tho poor. Somewhat given to sujierstition, he
was yet free from the character usually stamiit'd
upon the human mind by credulity.
Karly in the fourteenth century occurred the
trial and condemnation of .'acipies .Molay. (iratid
Master of the Knights Teni) lar. He was a victim
of the cupidity of I'hilip too llandsotue. and th"
servility to that monarch of Pojie Clement \'. Tlie
< trder of the Temple had grown out of the Cru>a(Ies,
and was pos.scssed of great wealth. .Molav v\as
liurnt at the stake, and the order com]ielIcu t. -.ex-
ist only in secret. Its present iiros[)erous v^nnition
is of very modern date.
The serfs of the royal domain were liberated .fuly
;5, Dil-J, by Louis X. Ho was a i[narrelsome !:iMg,
?}.■.;
Mm '■■
h:...-r)l:
W'-'^>\-\
.;h'
2()4
or.n KKA.Nci:.
iiiiil iiL'odcii soliliurs ttiliirlii ill I'Miuiilors. 'Ilial, iiiul
not ipliiliiiitliropy. |iroiii|ii('il ciiiiiiiciiniioii. Tlio
il(!V('l()|pii]('iit of till! [piiwi'i' (if I he [)r<i|ik' hcc'iliu'
l)y t his lime a iirdiiiiiicnl rcaiure. 'I'lic liur^iirrs cic
coiimioiis. ;ic(|uir(Ml vi'i'v coiisidoriihle -ini luirit v.
SpuakiiiL;' n\' Vv.ywrv at iliis ;h I'iml, ( iiiizot rciiiiirks :
'• 'I'licrc liiiM' liL'i'ii (■iiiiiiiiuiie.- ill till' ulioie iif Kii-
r(i|u'. ill Italy, Sii, ill, 'icri'iaiiy am! Kii'ilainl as well
diilv' li.ivc t licTu licuii (•cimrniiies
;is ill l''i'aiii\.', \()t
ovt'i'ywhi'ic, Init tin' :>iin:MiiL's uf Fi'iiiUL' are iidt
tliiisL' wiiicli, as cnii:ii;ii IK'S, v.iulcr tliin ■.i.iiuo .till! ill
tlio iiiiilillu aLTOS. have |ilaycil I lie rliiufovt ]iart, and
taken the liiirliL'st place in history. 'i"ho Italian
eoimniiiies weiv the [larenis of irlorions refiublies.
'I'lie (ieriiian eoniiiiMUOs hecanio fri'e and sovoreiuni
town.-, which had their own special history, and ix-
ercised a j.rreat deal of intliieiice upon the Lreiieral
liistory of (Jerniany. '!'he eoniniiines of Knirland
made allianee with a portion of (he English feiulai
arisliicracv, formed with it the |prepo.ideratiiifr lionse
in the Biitish goNermiient, and thus played, f .il
eailv niiu'htv part in the history of their country.
Far V ere the Krencli eoininuni's, under that name
■'.r. ill their day of special activity, from risiii::' to
such politual iniportance and to such historical
rank. .Vnd yet it is in Fraiur that the jieople of
the commiiiies, the Imrg leri'.om, reached the m,i>t
complete a:id musr [unverful deveU.pnient, and ended
hy acquirii!!! the most decided pre|)on(k'raiice in the
L'eni'ral social structure, Tiier'j have beeti com-
inunes, ^ve say, throughout Europe ; but there has
not really lieeii a victi.-'ous tiiird estate auywhero
save in I''rance." White declares that in the course
of this sovereign's lif(^ the 'iiiddle ages passed away
and 'nodern life hegan.
From the ai'cessioii of the first \'alois King,
Philip VI. to Charles VII. (lli-iC to 14.">:i) France
uad England wee almost consiaiilly at war. The
darkest (lav was Octolier "J"!, 141"), wlien the lialtle
of Aiiincourt was fouudn, result iiii.'' in a most terrihle
slaugiitec of the llowerof l'"vciieh chivalry. The Eng-
li-li seemed to lie -disolute masters of the situation.
^■ear alter year the unei|ual conlost was waged, in-
vading' l>riiiiiis de olatiiig the land with impunity,
and laying successful siege tol-.e citie--. The lirsl
ureal check to English aggp'ssinn came from the
weird leader-hip of .loan of .^ re. This strange
girl was a peasant hoi'ii. That ivas an age of wild
hall
iieinat ion.
At th
aire
if sixleen, I-
JS, slie
had a dream in conse(|Uence of which she fancied
her.self ordained liy Providence to deliver her coun-
liy from (he English soldiery, then ravaging the
land. At lirst lu'r " mission " was too incn^dihle to
he seriously entertained. The idea of a riistii' maid
raising the siei.fe of Orleans (wliich she promised to
do if given command of troops) was jirep(jsterous.
Hut the situation was critical in the exlreme, and
her eiilJiiisiasm inspired eonlidence. She was given
an opportunity to try the experiment. It was a
i:lorious success. Her faith hied heroism in those
ahoiit her, and hy a spasm of jiatriol ism the Eng-
lish were forced to ahandcn Orleans not only, hut
to surrender many .itlier advantages. Finally she
was captured and siilijected lo treatment ipiite
in keeping with mediv'val ideas of justice. The
Freiiuh iiiiwle no ellort to secure her exchange.
They allowed her to he I'l'ated hy the Enirlish as
they saw lit. She v. as f ied for heresy and witch-
craft, I'\)r three 'njeks she was badgered liy bish-
ops and lawyers. Her sentence was imprisonment
for life. That was too lenient, and she was afterwards
accused of wearing man's clothes, forliidden in the
book of Leviticus, and on that charge burnt in the
market-place at Rouen (14:J1). .Vnd still the
Fren(.'h court and jieople wtu'e indill'erent. Later,
her name was enshrined and held in highest
honor.
The dawn of moi'eru day in (iermauy is called
the Ueformation, or the revival of religion; in
France, the Uenaissaiice, or the revival of learning.
The former clustered aliout the name of Luther;
the latter wa.s less personal. The great reformer
was able to rally to his su[([)ort a powerful political
following. The cause of learning had the sympathy
of Louis XI. That monarch ruled ironi 14til to
14s;3, He encouraged printing aii'l scieiitiii(t i)ur-
stiits. .V monster of cruelty, the victim of siipiT-
stition ami fear, he yet had his good points as a
sover^'ign. Diiclos says of him, " Loui.<! XI. was
far from being without reproach ; few jirinces have
deserv 1 so much ; but it may he said that he was
C((ually celebrated for his virtues and his vices, and
that, every lliin^- beiiiL;' put in ilie balances, he was
a king. The term reiiais-;ance (proiiouiieed rulnxt-
fiiii'/x) is French for reLTeneratioii or second birth.
A term which iiie.-.iis in Eiigiish it purely spiritual
and religious eX|ierience of the individual sou' de-
-ILTIiatl'--, lU 1 1
reiich.aii awakemiiL;- ol iniellei
■tual
:t
no
tor,
est
HI
lor ;
mior
ifiil
thy
to
mr-
)er-
l.S II
;ivo
,v;is
lllil
iVllS
•th.
,u;il
dv-
lual
..- s
OI.D I'^^AXCK.
26q
activity, iuid tiiis dilTi'iviifc^ fairly iliust rales tin'
ri'lirc.-cutativc I'haract eristics of liu; two jieoples.
'riie lirsl name in tliis movement is l-'rancois Ua-
lieUais. JIc was horn in 1 t'.t"), iuhI died at I'aris in
l'i">:i. lie was 11 jiriest, iiy profession, u Inimorist,
by natnro. Ills writiiiifs are jTrotesque. coarse and
oftiMi tedions, yet learned, tlioiijilitftil and L'enerally
spriuiitly. They consist of the aceoniit of tlie life
and experienttes of •• ( laruaiitua " and ••|'antai:ruel.''
'i'iirougii Ualiellais' preposti'rous conceits runs a vein
of !■ (iirj) criticism upon the follies <if his ajre, the
corruptions of the clerjjy, the inanities of tiiosehool-
ni'ii, the
eastern slope of tiie Uotlian Al|)s, culled \'aiitlois.
They worshipcij (iod, indilTerent to the pope. So
loULT as tlie e\anL^eiieal faith and simplicity were
contineil to that people all went smoothlv; hut,
when I'liirope was aroused liy the hoom of the
Lutheran cannon they were eondcnuied as heretics.
Three tlxiusand were hurnt. or |)ul to the sword and
tl
le rest imprisoned or otherwise destrov(
d. Th.
\'audois wei'i^ literally wiped out. That was in
l.")4(). But in the Huguenots lived the faith and
heroism of the W'aldenses. as the N'audois were
somotimes callec
MASSAtHE OF S
cnnio of
desjiot-
ism, and
the evils
of .«uper-
st i tion.
His ^ras
a voi"eof
lauf^f er,
hut yet
none the
less "the
voice of
one cry-
injf in
tlie wil-
derness,
Prepare
ye the — ~
way of the lord." The Ueiuiis.sanec was the fore-
runner of hotli the Reformation ami the Ui'volu-
tion, of Galvin and Voltaire, ui St. Bartholomew
and the Fourteenth of July.
The name of John Calvin is associated with tlii^
little Swiss .stroniihold of (ieneva and the Presby-
terian churi'h ill Scotland and later in America:
but he was none the less a I'rencdiman. Born at
\ov(Ui in 1, ")(!•.) he came to the notice of the public
t liroi I ::li a treatise on ('leniency, called out liyihe
lli'st persecution of I he l'"riiicli I'rolcsiaiils, The
latter were and still are called llugui'uols. He re-
ci'ived his Protestantism from a liUtheraii teacher.
i$u! loiiL!' before I, ulher, or c\en .lohn lliiss. llieiv
was a very eonsiderable Protestant church in
l''rance. It consisted of the inhabitants of the
small and somcwliat is(dat,ed districrts on the
Calvin
took the
precaii-
lion
getting
out
.f
heeoiin-
trv b(
lore
incur
tl
lie
red
le ven-
ireanceo
leecc
le-
tl
siastieal
aulhori-
wroie oil
iheol
tic
in
Geneva,
i.'iainly,
where he
ogy, iireacheil. and exercised I he func-
-ecut or until his death (l.")(;4). He
ties.
livc(
Ik
ons ot a stern ]ier
was determined that (ieneva should lie not onlv
Protestant, but orthodox. His burning of Servetus
for Tnitarianisin was, on a small -^cale. entirelv in
keeping with the massaereof St. Bartholomew. The
spirit of t(deration and cleiiiciicv was foreign to tlie
thoughl and [iracticeof the sixti'cnt h centiirv, e.s-
jK'cially to the I'rench of that day. W no time
was Ihe govcrnnicni of Immiicc other than Catholic.
Tlie nia->acreof t he 1 Iui.nieiiots be^niii on St. Bar-
thol.
Dav. .Vuirusf.'-l,i;
; 1 he most horri-
ble slauL''bier of in noci'iit men in c(dd blood on record.
ami
il was piM'i
riielrated •• fi
ir conscience
woman being the prime mover in I he awful infamv.
Thai
woman wa;
Cat
niol her nf the weal
lerine c
uiiu', Cliarl
le Med
icl.
Il
man
I.\., the last but
I-
566
OLD l-RANCIC
cliu (if llio lioiisi.; u\' N'ulois. Ho lvii,'iiL'(l I'l'diii |."));o
w^
■ l\>
to \'>',-[, liis iiiotliiT liciiiLC tliuclii
piiwrr IkjIiiiiiI
t.lio tliroii
luMdcrslii
T
lu <lucal Ikmisu (II
(ill!.-
'id th
[I (if llici Callidlic |iarty. 'riuiusaiids (if
I'l'dU'slaut cliiirclics liad spn:' ■;• up, and llii' new
rcliu'idn sccnu'il tn jirosinT, dcsiiilc rciicalcd ;iii(l
(.TiiL'l jii'i'siM'iitiiin. liiil lli(.K'al'.i(ili(t J'aclidU di'tiT-
niincil id ni ikc an uticr end of '• the new niiscliief,"
and nciil cr Catlirrinc. the l.ini;' n(ir (iuisc suntplcd
to yd tu tlio iiLindst, li;Mirlli "f R'lii'ossion. Tlie lii^t
victim was tlio iliustrinus Admiral C(iii;i;iiy, wild
was assassinated in liis hed-cliandier lliat iiwful
nij^iil. His lilddd was llie sii^iial for a .^ceneral
slaugliter. Tlic (Jat,ln)li(j iidpulace, iiigli and Iciw,
was seized with a murdei'diis frenzy, and Uio
I'l'd'erlants. taken all unawai'c, fell liy tlmiisands,
and tliat iidt only in I'aris, hut tnrdiiurlKiut tlie
kingdom. Tiie numher (if vietims cduld never he
iiscertained. Tlie estinnites fur I'aris vary from
1,000 lo 4,000; for France, from :io.ooo lo 100,000.
It was so tei'rihle as td he fatal to the eause uf
PrdtesVantism.
It was during the reign df Henry II. that Prot-
estantism ma^le the most raiiid progress in France.
The lirst Protostant oliurch in Paris wf.s organized in
lob'i, and in the country at hirge there were, three
years hiter, not less than "^,000 Protestant places of
corshi)!, wuh congregations esiiniate(
at -loti-ooo.
all l(;ld. Speaking of this horrilile Imtchery, An-
derson says : "In all parts the massacre went on.
The houses of the Hugueudis had been marked
with white, and the names of the inmates taken,
•that, none might esc;'[)e. Neither age nor S( x was
s[iarcd by llie enraged sdldiei's. The i"ving I imself
tddk a p( ilionat one of the windows of the '.jouvre,
and tin.'il npdn the Hying Huguenots. For thi'i'C
days I'aris was thus given over to the rage of tiuise
and his partv."
When, a few years laler, Henry of -Navarre, who
had heen a gallant; defender of Protestantism on
many a hatllelield, came to the throne in l.")S'J, as
the lirst of the Bourhons, he thought it necessary,
for political reiusons, to ahjure his Protestant faith
and avow himself a papist. He tried to l)e some-
what lenient to I' otestantism, hut a hlow had heen
slru(_'k which was fatal to the cause. When next
the spirit of ref(jrm f(jund emhotliment it was not
in Kvangelical (Jhrisiianity, hut in N'oltairean hos-
tility to all religion. The imiiortauco of that aw-
ful night could not he overestinuited, hut for our
jiurpose it is enough to add that the lirst fruits of
it ripened a century later, and that the intervening
[leriod was prejiaratory to the overthrow of moii-
archv and the ' 'rth of Latter-dav France.
]
Al
^
fi
'm pmmm mi
CHAPTER XLV.
llKNItY OF NaVAKUK— liKC ANTATInN AM) TllI.K
TllK (lUA.Ml MdNAIICIEV AM) iNTEI.I.KlTrAI.
I^ITKUATI nF THAT I'Kltlnl) — Lons X\'. AM).
AND TIIK Alli:i!Ir\N WaII UF I S T)K1'KS1)1:N( K
TIDNAllV WltlTKI!-.
liATloX— LlHl< Xlll. — llU IIKl.IKr— I.oflS XIV.—
1'1!C)i:KK.''»— I'lili^'KCUTIDN AM) Ol'lMlKSSlOS— TllK
John Law— 1'ixax<k and I'di.dnizatidn— I'uance
— ThK I'^NC'VI'I.OFKDIA AM) THK (JKKAT HKVOLI.'-
^
^
nilSij tlio reigi.'s or
licr two sous, Cliurles
IX. anil llciiry III.,
( 'atJieriuo do Medici
was virtually the sov-
ereigu uf France, c;ov-
urin;,r the jioriod I'roui
the death of iier Inis-
l)and, Henry II., in 15")'.!, to the ac-
cession of lleury of Navarre, known
in royal line
as Henry IV.,
the fir.^t of
the Bourbons.
The Protest-
antsiuightwell
liaM' expected from him
revenge for St. Hartholo-
mew. But <luring the
nearly seventeen years
\Thich had intervened at-
lenlion liad l)een directed
to oilier tilings. The lior.
rible nueiHi mother had
slain the Protestants liy
the tens of lliousands during the reign of (Jharlcs,
and then, wium her sou lienry III. (mine to the
throne, slie made ti'rrihle havoc with the Catholic
IIKSIO IV.
nobles of France. She seemed to be es]>ecially de-
ierniiueil to destroy the "second estate" of the
realm, so as to build u[) a veritable autocracy. The
j son naturally sympathized with this policy. He
I was not, however, in accord with her ecclesiastical
I policy, and formed au alliance with the King of
Navarre, who was to be his successor on the throne
of France. So des|ierate iinil unscrupulous were
his opjioiients, the church party, that they pr( cured
his assa»sinati(ju. That brnughl to the lliroue
Henry IV., a Protestant. Hut from cousiderations
of policy he ideiititicd himself with the Catholic
church, while graiiiiug toleration to the Protestants.
Tlie ciiullii't liel\u.'en his real convictions and liis
sens(; of expediency had the result to make him
charitable toward all shades of Christian faith.
lleury I\'. was cousin of his predecessor, and
came to the throne by due course of heredity. His
jiredeces.wor's war upon the Guises and other Cath-
olic nol)leshad prc])ared the Wiiy for him to be jioj)-
ular witJi their f(i"s, and his I'hivalric record gave
him a strong hold upon the wiiole nation, lie had
to figlit, however, for liis reg.il rights. The condi-
tion of the country was turbulent in the extreme.
The battle of Ivry, at which his fate was decided,
was a costly one in the loss of life. His personal
bravery invested the wl.lte plume he wore with a
romantic interest, and made the mune of Navarre
•^'
(267)
Ir :
m ■
'■;t ■■ y
'-ir
268
TRIUMPH AXU UIXAY OF FRENCH MON'AKCHV.
n
:iu (k'lti' ti) the liuai'ls of liis licni-\vorslii[)iiiir sulijucls
lliaL ('V(Mi liis I'miil recaiil-ulioii was rdi-irivt'ii \t\ the
IIiiiriiciKils llu'insi'lvcs. It was not, until l.">',i-l that
liu was al)Siilut(j ami iiiiilis|mti'il in his ciiiini to the
crown. The ranions ivlid of Nantes, 'fuarantvin!'
rclii^'ioiis toleralion. was issued in April, l">!tS. His
reeaiitation was lu'ver satisf.-.ctory to the popes, of
whom there was sc^veral (liiridi; his reitrn, umljiewas
on unfrienilly terms with that most Uatholie l<inir.
I'hilip of Spain. On'' day as he wus ridiiiLr in his
eairi.iire. a papil fanatic. Francis Ivavaillae. stahhed
him to the hear!, ('atludii- Miirope rejoiced in the
con]|iietion of tiie hloody work heLrnn hv the assas-
sination of his immediate jiredeeessor.
'I'he reiirn of his son. I,oiiis \ III., extended over
a pel iod of thirl v-iliree yi'ars ( I ti |()-|(i |;;j. At first
he was a mere child under the control of his niotiii'r.
.Mary lie .Medici, .a woman as weak as her kin Cath-
erine h,-id iiei'ii cruel. She
\ in turn, was coni i-olled hy
another Italian m oman. a
lady of her court . who ad-
^^S~\'! vaiiced her hushand to
^^If"' .^ ' V :-T?4 ' / the highest rank. The
r'f'Sj^nr-,,. •Ii^^' ^mm i'^-^' '''ili''" "'^^^ iiCoiiora
'"'-•<i?' ,if ' ( i/Jill Cdiisici. 'J'he tiilelaire
•t^^iM J^ continued after the kiiiir
Mary 111! Mi'iiici. <""lie ot IC-al aiiC. Ill
1:.1T iliis state of alTairs was terminated by tiio as-
sassination of Consini. tlu' cNcciition for sorcery of
his stronn-niinded wife, and the brief liaiiishmcnt
from court of the ijueeii-mother.
Aljoiil I his time the august ligurc of Cardinal
Hichelieii appear-
ed upon the stage
of iiolitical action.
As a [iroviiicial
bi.sliop he h,i<l writ-
ten some cNtremely
dull bo(d\S, mostly
against the I'rot-
cstants. He had a
^■eiiiiis for govern-
Mieiii. not for 1' ■
I'lMture. Invested
with the cardinal's
'"""■■'"•'■■ iiat, he came I..
court as the friend of the (|m'cii-molher, tuiL ve-v
i^oou he develii|)ed into the ina>;cr spirit of the gv\
ernnient. and swayed the destinies of France with a
more absolute hand than (Jatherine de Medici. His
aim through life was threefold : to crush Protestant-
ism, the noiiility and .Viistria. He never for a 1110-
iiient lost si^dit of either object, and piirsiH'd his
purjio-se with a geniu.s which lui.s given his name iiii-
morlal luster. He seemed, viewed from the stand-
[loint of passing c\ciils. to vacillate. He varied his
policy, now hel[)ing the Protestants in the Thirty-
Years War. ihiui [uitting down their sympathizers
at home, and still again bending all his eiu'igies to
cripjile tlie nobility, irrespectixe of religion. His
evenlfnl life tt'rniinated in WVl. success having
crowned li s triple ambition to a very large extent,
especially at, lioinc.
The weak iiOiiis \1II. did ml long survive his
grcau prime niinisti'r. Urave in war. liut in jieaee
the me." tool of liichelieii, he gave [ilace the vi'ar
following the death of t.hat illustrious statoman t(j
Louis \1\'., called Louis the (irand. in whom the
imperial policy of the cardinal found its fullest em-
liodimeiit. and by whmn the way was (|uite fuUv
preparcil for the horrors which came during the
j reign of his grandson, Louis XVI. The Grand
i Monarch wore the crown from l(>4;i to I'l"). Tla
I lirst years of his reign were his only in name. It
: was not until IHDI. when he wii.s twenty-two years
I of age. that lu? assumed the actual control of affairs.
j Cardinal Ma/.arin
I succeeded Cardi-
nal liichelieii. and
he continued the
policy of his pred-
ecessor, and ren-
dered his work
com}ilete. When
he died, early in
UiCil, everything
was ready for au-
tocracy, and Louis
X P". w.-is the iilcal ma/mun
autocrat. His motio was "The king is tlic siaie.""
The feudal barons liiwl disajipearcil or been reduced
to political iioiieni ity. Lords wert' mere courtiers
,ii.d ,iensioi:e''- Uniler liichelieii and .Mazai-in the
criMii liad bci-oine the gosernment to the fullest,
possii)!e extent, only the ic-l wi irer wore also the
T 'i hti. i^f u euidiiial. l>ut uiter the new king,
ni' 'fiillv arrived i!,l. iiianhood. .he real and the seem-
■ ■ V
-S> J-
TKIUMIMI AM) DIX-AY <)!•' I'KICNCH MONARCHY.
2 (-9
iiig iiLrroeil. Tho (lohiisL'il aiiii rciri u|ii noliiliiy ac- j luul its dark side. TIr' Kdict of Niiiilcs was rcvok-
t;cj)U'(l tlio situiitioii cliC'crt'uUy. will iiloasc'il tc s|)('iiil i cil in an rvil Inmr, ami in conscciucncc liiinilicils nf
llic'ir (lays luxuriously baskinir iu llic sunliuhl nf llii>u>an(Is nf llu;;ui'ni>ls. many of tlicni skillcil aili-
i^ourt. I'avors. The kini;' had I'm' his Seerelarv <il' s^ms. lied. Thev wiM'e ulaiUy received in i'roie>i,int-
the Treasury .M. Colherl. line (iT llie gruatt'st, ul' all eouniries. and i hey iduk i heir iimfiialile indusi ries
iho fiimtieior.s of tlio world, and under his adminis- with them. That moiistrniH mi-lake of tlir Ma^'-
tnition of rovunuo nnitters tlio royal eollers were niiiei'iit, Kinu^ was of inealeulalile i-.tielil to I'ln.ij-
well filled ; the times were u'<"i(l. so far as coiieerned land and loss lo p' ranee, 'i'lu'ii. too, he faiieied he
tiie c'ourt and its retinue. I-'raiire was the foremost rouM reu'iilatr the all'air< of all luiroiie and em-
nation in Ivarope. The oilier eoiirls a|K'il the liruik'd hiseoiiniry in a war whieli hroiiirhi almost
s])lendi)r which characlerized the <lraiid .Monarchy I the entire militirv !'orce of tlieeoniinent, includin;,'
J
i
C'^:
•Fr
encii became the court lam
Ii
1 iiUellectual pursuit.-
nia.iieof the conff//!!:'/^/ //^'e.i. I'-ritain. inio alli.ince aj-'. •• t'f(HU-\i. U
e French made '/rciii, wa.-' ilii (OMliliou which hrou-i 'he (filke of
strides diirinu" 'he latter part of the seventcditli ! .Vfarl'li'»roii,'ii ;;h I .-'■■ured for 1-. iiid the •■ j/lori'
and lheearl\ part of I he ei^hteeiii h ccniur\. .Mon-
taigne
wrote his immortal e.-savs, and 1 )escart
es ins
ou» vie; . -r
ter iif ihe
y'i'ff^h. ii *a.s
.still greater work on philosoph\. Urillianl dram- scale, -o far a- •/(■/fy tf»^i fft$
atist.s arose. Tiie I'^rcnch langiiai:e was liroiight to hm peace did not coni'ei'i'i'rf#
its jiiesent slate of philologiiM! perfection. .Vrehi- heini was foiiuiil inl'dil. '!
teeture llmirislu'd. Intermil improvements of ^I'eat ■ M'rie< of war-: waLi'ed !iy |,oui- .\
as Ihcsf.]!^)!//!!,!-
oo oil ,1 -iiiaii
Meji concclii'd,
ir- l.iiir. I-Men-
iiid di suhuiii/
■ -iih' 1 in i"iuu;
impiirtauee were made.
'he land was i
iillivated siili-lani i,il gain- to |'"rance. liul in . m|\ d the tn.^^irt'H
intolligeiillv and pro
lital.l
\. Tile nation prosjicred n\' liie people in niosi extreme mi-' i\.
in war and in jieace. The golden age of royalty h.ad Liiei-ainre can Koast some illitsiricns names diir-
conie. and to all ap[iearaiiee had come to stiy. The ing this reign. The sweet-soul'd . lelon and the
glorv of \'ersailk's was ivorld-wide. l-'.vcn reiiioie ' eloipu nt r>o<suci were the Liior\ ol .Ijeehurch. Tlu'
Siam was ila/'./.le(i I'V its splendor. Hut ihe picture disipiivjii(in< id' l''enelon upon spiritual life are in-
ro
IKlUMl'll AND DIXAV OI" I'KICNCH MONARCHY.
.tfl'
sliiict. willi iiiiiiiortiililv. I'iiscal «iili his alini|il ^a\v llio iiKSsibililius ul' the .Mississippi N'allcy ami
ami prormimlls siiirjfestivo i^'ciiius, l]i'linii;(Ml loiliai I lit' ailvaiitagus oT papci' iiioiu'v. Uoi'ii in Ivliii-
pcridd. S(i (lid tiu; iji'iiial and lively La l''nnlaiii('. , liiiri;ii, <il' liuiiiMo parunls, In' laid lii.s plans
llu' lii'illiani ami cn.'ative Kacinc, Mciliciv. l,a j bel'di'i' inoiT than onu court. Louis .\1\'. hud iieun
iiiiiycri' and lioilcau. (iical ar- di'af to his sifdu(^tions, but the
lisis lldiii'isiicil, Lchrun. Ko;rnard,
.Mi:;iiard and ik' St'vigm.-; al.-<i
iliosi' urcat ai'(diiiuct.s, I'crranlt
and Mansanl. who ('(inslrticti'd
till' I.Dir, re and \'crsailles. Thu
l-'i't'iich Academy had liucn I'ound-
c'd in li'ichi'lii ;;"s day, Imi many
aradenuos of greal ad\ ajuai;i' to
the eansi' of iMtclluelual progress
Ihini'ishcd.
All thing-; have an end. In I'lo,
ai tile age of seventy-seven, hav-
inu' reigned seventv-two vi'ars,
this ideal of a desiidt, this Louis
.\1\'. in whom all the faults and
t^'W' ' U„a,l
liliLiht of alisolulism foue.d their Ti^SIJ -'i'i,S.' ''■ '",ij-iX"'H*i
fullest I'Npression. dieil. unm out \t-^WL~'^^'- -/.''^^-■i^k'-Si^^'' '^•^^.--
h, viee ami the rates of state. ^^fW^."" ',^i''^ ■■ ., ,^ -^^
P'raiu'c was (in 1 he \erge of an-
archy. Andiition had liven sated.
TIu'IX' was no iniiion so high in
the scales of national glory, none
sci low in the scale of happiness
ind real prosperity. 'J"he people
,iad been sacriliced tn the extrav-
agance of the court, and the
court had expcrieni'ed the vanity
and vexation id' such inelTahle
meanness. 'I'ho nnigniliceiit sov-
ereign outlived the ])0))ulaiii\ fi~l
won by his grandeur. As the
iuuoral train moved through the
streets the peo[ile indulged in
siionts of joy, — the shadow cast
before liy tnat great i-oniing event,
the l'"rcnch licvolution.
'i'lip new king. Louis W., was
an infant when he came to the throm'. The rcgenc\ royal exchei|ncr. It recinired genius of a high order
w as iiit rusled to t he I )uke of ( )i leans, uiii il his deal h to meet 1 he judilic and jirivate demands upon tin
lieguiit was c;ipt i\ aled. A bank
iif circulation ;ind deposit was
organi;'.ed. I'aper monev was so
easily made and popular wit lial
le government went into
the business on what is now eidled
tlu! liar plan. An era of wild
speculaliou ensued. Everybody
was getting rich. Tunes were
llnsh. Of coiirsi this sort of
thing was of short duration. The
banks failed, me pa[ier mouoy
lost i*^.. iiui'chasing jiower, ami
'.lie whole scheme proved a bub-
ble. The vallev of the ^lississippi
was vastly more valiuible than
even Law had conceived, hi;' it
was not available until nnmy
years later. Indeed, it may be
said that.Iohii liaw was ahead of
his times. This count i-y has abun-
dantly deinonslraled the wealth
of that valley no; only, but the
feasibility of a currency based on
I he good fait ii of the government,
as Well as the bank-note systiiin.
'{"he disasters nf the Law craze
eontribiite(l 1 irgely to the general
discontent with the existing order
of things.
There were some very able
tlnanciers during this period o''
vergente ujion revolution. The
extraviigaiico of Madame 1' 'Ui-
pad(Uir and other inyal tUvnnies,
taxed to the utnni-l the ingi'iiniM
of those having in c'iarL;e the
in \\'i:.\. lie was a di'bancliee of fairly average al'il-
ity anc' character. 'i"hc only thing to maki' his rule
nieinorable >vas t he eiicouragcmenl. he ga\e to the
wild scheme of sjK'ciilal ion originated and pushed bv '
king's purse. The |ieople were burdeiieil with e.x-
cessixc taxation.
I hiring this perio(l niiuh elfo/t was nnide to build
n|i ;i New l''rame. in India the l''rencii hml a roa-
Jolm Law, kin)wn as the " Mississippi Ihilible." Law i Minable hope nf rivaling Kuiiland. and in America
-\
91
I
TUIUMIM[ AM) DIXAY Ol' KKiCNC H MDN AKtllY
.iicy WL'i'o well I'slalilisln'ij jiinl sliirlcil in llir cst'i'ii- cess nl' llir ihirliTU rt'ljclliims I'nlipiiii's, I'lilluwril :i>
tiiiiidl' tiiilv iiii|irrial plan-. I'"n)iii (^)in'l)('c Id Nfw it, was liv llu^ ('sialilislmicnt nf a uriiuiiu' ri'imbln.:,
Oiirans cxti'iulcil the couiitrv ilaiiiiiMl liv i'"i'aiifc. ' ('(iiilriliuU'il lar^rly rutiu' rcvuliiliipuai'v causo. Tlic
l!r:;\ (• ami ^I'll'-iK'iiyiiiLT lucii. like LaSallr, (Miain- tVasiliiliiv of si'ir-u'i>VfriiiiH'iii una lai'irc ><'aK' was
jilaiii anil .Mar<|!R'il,e, wriiii;,flit a irrcal work in tlu' i lii'inir iK'nionstralcil. ami c>|i('faif(l as a jpowiTt'iil
new wnrlil. I'>iil thucoiirt w;is tciocnrrupt tnalTunl irritant ami >iiniulani.
liro|iL'r sn|i|K)ri, ami niiihin::' of a iierniancnl niitiivo i Ii is now i inn' lo call aiiciii ion lo tlu' intcUriiual
remains as till' iV'.iit of all sueli sowinir, cM'ept the ' (luvelo[)Mienl of j-'i'anee ilurinu' lliis lall^ei- pari of
i'"reiieli portion of Canada. In lliaf porlion of the | the eiifhteenlh eeniiiry. I'lie post of honor sjionkl
l>ritish Knipire nniv he I'ounil a people who repre- ' ho assiifneil lo thai i'oiei-ie of learneil .md pi'oui'e--
sent the Anle-Uevohitiouary l''reneh. Their anees- sive men who proilneeil i Ih' l-',iirij<-Uiiivili(i. l>"Alein-
loi'> left ihe old eoimlrv
hi'fore the new era, and |
I heir de>eendaiils .sili;i^esl
whal l-'ranee would have I
heeii had I he Uoiirhoiiri and
llourlioiiisni reinaineil reir-
nanl in the l-'reneh nation.
Louis W. died May Id.
IIM. sixty-three years of
ati'e. His loiin- ri'ijrii, ]|js ir-
re^'nlarities and arroganee
of power, hail <'oni)ileted the
destnietion of ihe nion-
arehy. Its actual fall was
now only a i|Ueslion of lime.
His snceessor. Louis W'L,
and his well helovod ijueen.
>Lirie Antoinette, were the
vietims of ;: series of wrunirs
for which they were not re-
sponsihle. They u'^irnered
the harvest of Uourhon
STATt"!-: OK VoI.lAHiK.
herl and Hideroi were
tiie leaders. N'oliaire con-
iriliuled lo it, hill had
his indi\ idual mission. The
ohjeet of thai li'reai literary
woi'k was I he cniaiiiMpal imi
of thoUL'hl hy ihe dissemin-
ation of kiiowledire. It was
I he Work of men freed fioin
'he fetters of old opinions,
till' inanaeles of mediexal
-■'.; oe'stilion. ll was a u'real,
pioneer, a proud nionuineni
of modern inlelli^enet' and
menial liln'i'l \. lle-ides this
Iliicilchijiiihii ihree names
should here he ri'corded,
\ ollaire, Kousseau and Huf-
foii. Tin' latter was a L'real
naluralisi. and as such did
much lo usher in t he pres-
— I'lit dav of scientific oh.ser-
crimes. This eountry owes him much, for it was ' vation and elassirutalion. Ivonssean's was a slrani,'elv
during' the reiijjn of liouis W'L that France was ineonsistent and tinlovelv character. I>ut he had !i
the very ellicieut. if somewhat secret, ally of t'le genius for the ideal, and a passion foi- the riiihts of
Tnited States in the war of Lidependeiu'O. liafic, - ' man. He set forth the heauties and idaims of liheriy
ette was not the only eminent I'^renchinan of his with a [lersiiasiveness which made his pen one of ihe
day who succored us in lime of need. The purse more jMilent factors of his time, liul ihe supri'ine
of France wiiiS liheruHy o]iened to US, and tlie funds name in the list of pionet'fs of tlie IJevolutioii ir
supplied were i(uito as useful as the sword of Lafay- that of X'oltaire. He ranks as the irreat eiiemv of
cite and his brave as.soeiates. Enmity to lOiiLiland the christian church, hut the ch'.ireh which he as-
was not ])y any ineans the only iiieeiitivo to French i sailed, he it rememhered, was very ditfi'rcnt from
sympathy with .Vnierica. The spirit of freedom | the Christianity of the ]iresent tin. e. and he himself
was moviiiif uinoiiir tiio dry hones of {•"ranee, and ii>- was a believer in a personal Heitv and the future life,
tense interest was felt in the cause of American \'ollaire. more than anv other man, was the father
iibertv on that account. Hev
3*4.
onil a (
hmht the sue- of the l'"rench l{e\oluti
TW
11
If
/^'^"^'i^
FRENCH REVOt(^
^>~A
^)ww^wT^*^irifW'wy
^^
■<»«li t> ^M L L [ Ql^..tJ« ii j<»Xt^ 'iN^ ^J»^
mmi^^M^^^^^mm^^^^^^^0^^m'mm
CriAPTKR XL\'
ms
*
^^
■l'lllt>ll'll
Ill.V -
Tmk 1
Tins-
|I|11K(
\c TKlll
.Vai!.\
(IF FllKNI II MllNAItl in llIK SiMK.-liliNBIl. I. -TUK illliwl KsTATE— NaTHIXAL AsSEM-
TlIK liASTII.I: TlIK I;MlliliANTS-KLIHllT UK TIIK K.IVAI. 1' \ 11 1.V -I{(IV AI.T\ IS I'HIMIN-
• KlMM.ATIVi; ASSEMI1I,\ IIIASllK (IF TIIK ( 'AI.ESDAK— Till: .1 \( (IBINS— TRIAI. AMI lv\K( I-
ilF TMK IslSli -Tin; ClUllMUSTx \S1I Tll(>MA> I'AIXK I'm; HKICN OF Tehhou— TlIK
Toiiv -St. HAtiTiioi.miEW A\ km.eii -Naimh.kon and Tin; !!i:V(ii.rTi(iN— Notaiu.e (mau-
FTIIK KK' "••c.Allv rKUKlD: MlllA KKAl. M AKli; ANTdlNKTTE, ClIAIlUlTTK ('()lll)A\ ,
Nr(^s A • '.; 1 •I'lEliliK— TiiK Uv.\
1).
|l-:V(il.l TKIS \MI Na1'(I1.K(IN
i c.
1 1 1'! li'iinujili lit l-'ivii( h
iiiDiiiircliy over buLli fuiid-
;ilisin iiiultlio rij,'lits ol' tlie
pcojilo rt'iiclii'd its higlie<l
riiliiiiiiiilioii ill tiie dis-
ajiiiearanco fruiu tlie [)()li-
tics 111' ilio cuuiifry of tlie
-(ieiicrui, or jiarliaiiK'nl of
0. Tiu! kiiin' was thi'ii iml,
iilircincjii'i >iii;:i(.' ill autiuir-
iiy, siuiriiiLi' nolhiiiLf witii any
c'la>>, order or iiisiiiiiiioii in tiic
;iiiil.
'in' r(';i|i)ii'araiH'(' of tiic
i"^ Si;itts-(niiic'ral. liiu assuiiiliiiiii:'
^ CvwVv^^b ' oiH'i; more of tliat liodv, \va> a no
.■^4<X\_:>*' k'»< (Ji.^liiietive reeo,::nil imi of liic
S^V'W-' decay of ulisoliiti.<iii. The dale of
^ ' llic foriner wa.-' Itill. uliilc Loiii.--
,\lll. Wore ilie crown: llii.' dale of I he hil ler \, a.-^
1 isl. wiieii Loni.<-\\'I. hi'Lian In feel the iieeij of
[)vn[\^ f(jr the tlirone. 'i'hal. pe'riod, i to yeaiv. was
one of sjileudid misery, of iriided and gorgeous in-
famy.
'i'he States-fteiieral eonsisted of thret^ estaf.es, iis
they are generally designated, the noliiiity. the eler-
g\ ;iiid represt'iitativi's of the citizens. The right,
however, of tho third estate to sit witli the first and
seuund esiates was sharply contested. The fornier
sto(Kl fill the lioiirgeois, or towii<-folk. whose inijiort-
anoe wa.s iv gradual growth.
Loi'.i.s V\'I. found tlnit he had evoked a danger-
ous power, resorted to a perilous expedient. The
first an(l .second estales were traetahle enough, hut
the popular or hoiirgeois element had aecpiiretl
a self-poi>e ainl iiide[)endenee which alarmed his
niajesiy. Hardly had tliis parliaiiK'Hl het'ii coini'ned
before a royal decree was issued for its dissolution.
I'ut the sovereign was not sovereign. When the
order eanie, .Miraheaii, the I'atriek Henry of the
l''rencli llevolution, holdly ri'fused to ohey themau-
daie. He U'longed to and spoke for tlii' third es-
taie. The ;ittein|ii was then made to disperse the
l>oil\ hy the hayonet, hut that [jlaii utterly failed.
Behind the hayouets were soldiers whowei'e patriot-,
;i!id llie\ refused to ohey orders. So far from
h''eakini:' up the Siates-(roiieral. lhe\ formed a mili-
li,! called liie .Nalioiial (riuirds. .\{ the head of ihi<
nohle military body was the grand .Manpiis (iilhert
de Lafayette, wl:o.-i' ser\ ices in behalf of American
liberty had endeared him to the friend,-: of freeijoiii
ill his own land. The organization had for iis
a\(iweil purpose the protection of the Xatioiud
(•^7-)
r
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.
27,^
r
JH-...
h.i-l,
'jHi: i-i<i;nhi uiaolu riox.
275
AssciiiIpIv, lite iii'W mill iiii|iri'\(!(l luiiiii' assiiim;(l
liy liiu niiilisiiiaw'il iiiciiiIums of I lii^ Sintes-t li'mTiil.
l-'roin Sl;itos-(ii'ii-
LTiil 111 N.iti.iiiiil A--
Tiiiljly uii.- .1 ~ic|p 111'
iiii"ilculal)l(' )iiii><irt.-
lUlCf. It \Vil> willi
irroal. I'l'liictiuict' llial
tlir ilci'LTv ami iiiiljil-
t\ jiiiiii'il tlio new
)i\i\y. Till' Iviu;^ trit'il
losl as.siiliiDUsly to
maiiitiiiu tliu ruyai
proropitivi'. All sorts
of ]H'tt,y (k'vicL's wure
^s..-s.;i - ri'sorteil lo, hut all to
l.AKAVKTTK. 1 1 ( I | III r| M )SI '. MipaiWitll
auil ill's ciiiiiiial riots rv^olvi'ij to scciiri' for tlioir
t'oiinti'y ruiislit III imiai
!,^oV(!riuiH'iit. ami tiiry
wuru not to ln.:,lialllni.
Thu s[iirit, of iiiL,'ii rusoi\c
anil luToir |iat riol i-m
was al)S(iluti'iy ilanutless.
IMic tirst iiR'otiii;; of
tlio National Assenilil}
was lit'lil ..May •">. 1 Is'i.
ami it was mi tiir 1 liii uf
tho followinu' . I Illy, tliat,
tlio IJastilo full, nutlvinj,'
a day foruvur frcsii in
the luuniory of cvury
Frenulinian. .hily Fmir-
tooiitli is to i-'ranci' mucli
what July l''iiiirtli is to
America. Tlio Bastilu was sonu'thiiii;' niore ilian
au ancient jail. a.> the Declaration of Inile[K'ii-
(lence was sonielhini^ more than a disavowal of
alleiriaiice to tlie Hritisli Crown. That iirison was
a hody animated hy the spirit of desiiotism in it-
most hideous fiirm. liuilt hy Cliarles \'.. in l:!";!!. it
had hern re[iaircd. enlar::cil and made iiicrcasiniily
odious hy suhseiiiieiit monarchs. It was not a prison
for criminals, hut for political olfcnders, uneon-
vicVed. hut ohnoxious to ro\ alt v. or to some court fa-
vorite. The oiih fiiiniula used in condeniniiiL; one
to the ilastile was the /f//ri' dr cucliet. The jiris-
ouer was left in iiiiiorance of the cause or duration
of his uunislinK'nt. and not allowed to communi-
cate with fiiend.-<. \'(iltiiin» w.xs ouco iiieiircorntod
there. Uii (he fourteenth of Julylho populace lit-
erally leveled the mas>ive luiiltlin^' to the ;;riiund,
killed the ^oNcriior, I )e l,aiiiia\ , and hlicraled the
prisoners. The real leau'^rs of ihemol) were women,
resjK'ctalilc hut |ileheiiin. Paris, it may he remarked,
is notahle for \\w prominence of its wouh'ii hotli in
husiness and politics. The kivsof the Uastile wcl'C!
sent to (ii'oi^t' WasliiiiL'lon, and liy him pre-cnled to
the ;,'overnnient of the I'nitcil States, to he ki'pt
ainoni,' the moro treasured archives at the capital
of the rcpuhlic which I-'rench valor and gold had
done Ml much to estahlish.
The destriKUion of tho Mastilo was so swift uud
complete that it territied tho iiohility. Many of
them lied im;ontii;ontly from the country, and he-
came refuirees at forei;,'n courts. Thoy wore oullod
and are known in history us niit'i/irs, or omi^'rauts,
Thev wore vers active
idHwGIJ?/ vl!-?Jv('i ,;i^^-
W^ 4:!! ,: ^ H;'^'^^^*fe#l^
"^•TfK HAsflLE."
throughout, the licvohi-
tioiiary period, plotting
for I he defeat of liherty
and the reostahlisliiiient
of despotism.
The king and ipiecn
were very mu(!li alarmed
hy till' gi'cat uprising^
They coulil not he wholly
hiind to tho signilicaiico
of that dostruciioii. It;
cortuinly hoded no good
to monurchy. 'J"he royal
fanuly retired to \'er-
sailles, in the liojie of
hoing secure from pojiu-
lar indignation witluiut au ahandonment of the
throne. It was a half-way mi'iisuroand ill-advised.
I'reseiiily a vast moh. with lishwomen and the like
at the front, marched ihitln'r. I'lmholdcncd hv the
:o\al lliglit and aggravated hy the journey, they
would have slain thu king and i|Uoeii had it not heeu
fur the kindly and lirave intervention of Lafayuttu.
lie -hielded the king and his household, at thesame
time iiiducihix them to return to I'aris. Tie acted
in I he capacity of a peacemaker hetwuen the innl)
and the crou n.
The king was now a prisoner in his own jialace,
virtually, and the jiopiilacu had ahsolute authority.
Thu luveling jirocess hegmi at the fall of the Bastile
J
V]
<^
/a
^. ■>-'■
//
y
.^
//a
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
I.I
•- I— 1112.2
•^ i:£ IIIIIIO
1.25
I—
L4 ill 1.6
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
4
/.
y.
%
f/.
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY I4S80
(716) 872-^503
L^<
fe
C/j
l\
o
Ir
If...- i
II ^i
>•; «
i-i;!'
11 IK KKKNCH REVOLUTION.
WHS rapidly eiiiTicd to an iiiipivci'doiitefl Icii^tli.
Titles were alidlisliod. Tliu kin;; liinisclf was Citi-
zen Louis Cupct, and the ipieen merely a citizeness.
'i'hey were not, even free, iml nitlier prisoners in the
palaee of the Tiiilleries.
In an evil monuMit the royal couple tried to es-
('M\n', and join the Hinigrants heyond the border.
They were foiled. Ue(ai)turi'd and in conlinenient,
their condition was pitiable in the extreme. Just
one year after the Ua-stile fell, and in commemora-
tion of its fall, tilt' jKiople adopted ii Constitution.
That was a most imi)orlanl stejt towani freedom.
and woulil have ixjen oven if the constitution had
Ir'Cu despotic in cluiracter. Tiie bare fact that tiie
jieople had secured an organic law was of the most
serious moment. Tiiat constitution comjwlled tlie
king to swear fealty to it. His attempted flight was
regarded as a violation of his oath, l-'or that un-
availing enileavor to llee, the royal IiouscIkjIiI were
imprisoned in a lonely castle. In the meanwhile
the Kmigraiits had not l)een idle. They sought to
arouse the fears and enlist the symptithies of other
EurojKian monarchs did nioiiarchist.s. Their ef-
forts were by no means fruitless. Soon an army of
no mean dimensions maridied into France towards
I'aris, sent thither from .Austria and Prussia both.
The object of these military ojierations wa.s to put
an end to the Hevolution. IJut that only made a
bad matter worse for the king and bis friends. The
revolutionists wi'i'c abundantly able to repel inva-
sion and suppress discontent.
The National Assembly was not quite democratic
enough to suit the popular demand, and tiie more
truly representative body, the IjCgislative Assembly,
took its place for a short time. On the twentieth
of Septemlier, IT'.t^'. tliat too gave place to the still
more democratic National Convention, ms it was
called. The latter de* i )ed the total and jK'rjietual
abolition of royalty in l"'rance and the jiermancnt
establishment of a repiiblicnn form of government.
The l-'rench Uepuiilic began by making an un-
wise change in the calendar. Unmindful of the im-
portance of uiiiforniily among all civilized nations
in the measurement of time, the revolutionists pro-
posed to make a radical alteration. Not only was
time to be measured by days and moiil lis bearing
new names (in itself of trivial i'onse(|iience). but the
cstablislinieiit of the ifepublic was to supersede the
birth of .fosus Christ for dating jiiirposes. Instead
of " the year of our Lord." common to all Chris-
tendom, France was to measure time by distance
from the culminating point of the French Revolu-
tion. .\nd in place of weeks of seven days were
established jK-'ritKls of ten days. The folly and
inconvenience of a provincial, in jilace of a
cosmoiiolitan calendar, .seemed to be (juito over-
looked iu a mad frenzy to break down the associa-
tions of the Christian era with the new order of
things.
The I{ei)ui)licaii government was fatally deficient
in conservatism, which is as necessary in reforma-
tion as radicalism.
The Anti-Christian and utterly revolutionary
])arty was called Jacobins. The name applies, pri-
marily, to a ])olitical society founded in 1789 and
sujiersetled in 1T1)4. Carlyle calls them " Lords of
the Articles," adding, • they originate debates for
the legislative; discuss jieace and war; settle bc-
foreiiand what the legislative is to do." This society,
or club, had its branches in all parts of Franco. At
first Lafayette and other moderate reiiublicaus be-
longed to it, but later it fell under the influence of
llolxjspierre and Daiiton. JMirabeau died early in
the revolution ; Lafayette was left behind in the
march of radicalism, and a reign of terror was in-
augurated. From the declaration of the Republic
to the fall of Robespierre, the last of the Jacobins,
was less than two years, but in that brief time was
wrought a work which shocked the huinuDe sensi-
bilities of the world and has never ceased to be a
reproach to the cause of self-government.
The king, " Citizen Louis Capet/' was brought to
trial for com[)licity with the Emigrants in conspiracy
against the republic, Decemlier 11, IV.^i. Upon
his trial Tliomu.s Paine, who luul rendered the
United States incalculable .service as a journalist
during the Revolutionary War, and who was then a
memiier of the National Convention, miule a pow-
erful argument in defense of the king, or rather, in
favor of mitigating his punishment to baiiishniont
to .\inerica. Hut the sentence of death was passed
upon him, and he was guillotined January 21, 1793.
The (|ueen shared his fate, after a delay of a few
months. The heir to the crown, the Dauphin, died
in prison when about nine years of age, the victim
of cruel treatment.
The oppo,sers of these extreme measures were
called (iirondists. A great may of them were
r
5v^
THE FRENCH RKVOLUTIOX.
277
giiillotinod for their nioderiition. Mr. J'iiiiio, wIm)
iH'loiigeil to tlmt itiirty, owcil his oriciiiio from lioiitli
to ;i fortuniito iiCL'iiliMit uiul the tardy intervention
of the United States. Tlie accident referred to
was tliis: liis door was ehalk-marked for exeeution,
as was snpjioseil. hut in reahty tiie niarlv was on tiie
inside of tiie (hjor of tiie luljoining cell, anil when
hoth doors were closed 110 sign of death was vis-
ible. Tiuit hhindcr, trivial in itself, saved the life
of Thomas Paine, and it was during his imprison-
lueiit, while waiting for death, that he wrote his
treatise on religion, called " The Age of l{eiuson."
lltu\ it not iKJeii for tiiat chalk-mark blunder the
most notable attack on the Chrstian religion ever
jieuned in the English language, before the present
generation, would never ha'e been written. Him-
self an extreme, if not a violent radical, in religion
and politics, Paine was quite too conservative to
suit the leaders of the French Revolution.
Tiie Reign of Terror stands out in history as a
horriil nightmare. For months Paris and France
at large seemed wholly given up to the ravages of
monstrous cruelty. In tiie name of freedom, eijual-
ty and fraternity the most outrageous and revolting
crimes were jierpetrated. The guillotine was ke|»t con-
stantly busy and bloody. It was not alone the ene-
mies of the Revolution who were brought to the block.
Tiie mad frenzy of the pericxl decimated the ranks
of the revolutionists themselves. Many were the
victims of their own policy. The most extreme
radical of them all, Ileiiert, was brought to the guil-
lotine by Roliespierre on the twenty-fourtii of
March, 1T!M, and on the tiftli of the next month
Danton shared his fate. ,^n\\ *-J8th of tiie same
year Uobesjiierre himself was executed, thus com-
jiletiug the circle and carrying tiie policy of terror to
its logical se(|uence. The Convention was no longer
put in the background by the lonlers of the Ja-
ctibiiis.
Early in tlie following year the National Oonven-
tion adopted a new constitution, ami under that
organic law the executive authority of tiie govern-
ment was placed in the hands of a Directory, con-
sisting of five members. Tlic iiitractaliles resisted
this substitution of reg;;'ar aiitiiority for aiiun'iiica!
cruelty, and their resistance brouglit Napoleon
Bonaparte to tiie front for tlie (irst time, who i|nelleil
llie Parisian mob Octolwr ;'), IT',*.'). From thai time
on, oilier factors of more or less prominence
entered into the history of France, besidc's the
Revolution. Tiie Reign of Terror was over, Imt
revolutionary ideas remained, and have never
ceased to Ije fruitful of great ami greatly beneli-
cent results.
It is due to the truth of history to add tliat tlie
honors of the Jacobin ]X!riod were really iiisignili-
cant as compared with tiiat oiieliorror. tlie Massacre
of St. Hartholomew in I'u'i. More IiIoimI was shed
that one night than during all tJie jieriod from the
fall of the Hastile to the establishment of the Di-
rectory. After two centuries the Kupremo crime
of French history was avengeil.
The wars of Napoleon form a separate chapter.
The desperate resolution of the monarchical gov-
ernments of Europe to jirevent the establishment of
a ixjrmanent republic in France furnished tiiat
"grey-eyed man of ilestiny"tlio opiiortunity to dis-
tinguish himself, and out of the necessities of war
erect an empire, transient, indeed, but none the less
imiierial. Tiie inevitable drift of war is toward abso-
lutism. Tiie executive functions of government were
intrusted to a Directory which felt jealousy of Na-
poleon's rising power. Put lietween the ree.stabiish-
ment of tlie old monarchy and the {leril of anew
dyniisty there was 110 choice but to give loose rein
to " the man -on horseback." Napoleon's lirst po-
litical othce was that of First Consul, which title
was liestowed upon him after the Italian anil Egyp-
tian campaigns. That was just as the eighteenth
century was closing. The Directory gave place to
three Consuls, the Corsican being the first. The
other two were little more than figure-heads.
With the dawn of the uineteeiitli century the Re-
public of France ceased to exist, in point of fact, as
a vital force, and notwithstanding a few s|tasni(Klic
movements, was dormant for seventy years. The
empire followed the consulate. After Marengo and
Ilohenlindeu Napoleon was made Consul for life
with jiower to name his successor. That was the
substance of imperialism. The full recognil ion of
it soon followed. In fSiM he was I'lcded Emperor,
not of I-'raiice. but of the l-'reiich. a ilistinction with
some dilTcrence. The (ivaml Eoiiis hail claimi'd
France as a family estate: the greater Honajiartc
accepted its government as the gift of the peopl(>.
Pope Ia'o had crowned Charlemagne at Home: .Na-
poleon, after a lapsi' of many centuries, summoned
Ills successor. Pius \'II.. to i'aris to give solemnity
*■:■
.■\ 1' .1
!-f'- :
m
■.I
1 >!
'>^'!
H :■";;
;(»;'■ .
^7'
THIC I'KICNCU Ki:VOLU'II()X.
iuul 'vA^/ to liis coruiiatiijii iil NDlru Diiiuu. 'I'lu'
imiKi.siiig ccreiiKmy (n-uurrt'il JJuix'iiibur 'i, J8Ul. As
I']iii[it'n)r 111, liouirrorth \riijj;uil \riir, iiiiulc laws iiii'l
carvi'd (iiit kingdoms. His aciiicvuiiR'nls as a imiIlt
woro great. l)iit for the most jiari liicy Iwloiig totiic
(!oiisiiliir jioriiMl of liis rule. Tlio (!oilc Napoluou is
still a grant! moiiumont of legal wisdom and ad-
ininistrativo skill. Although iR'.iring ids name, Id-
only credit is that he allowed the highest political
wisdom of tiio Freiieh Revolution to crystalize. That
was a great deal, and for
it he deserves liberal
gratitude. The t'oilo
Xapoleoii conserved the
l)cst results of wiiat, with
all its faults, was the
grandest of all jjolitieal
upiisings, and whatever
tiie mutations of the
goverinuent since then,
the country has never
ceased to enjoy the
henelils of tiuit coditica-
tion. Wiictiier king, em-
peror. jiresideiit or coni-
iniine iias held sway in
France during the [)res-
ont I'cntury. the common
law of justice and the
mechanism of public af-
fairs have enjoyed a
stability of incalculable
benelU. Out of the wild
horrors of the Keign of Terror came forth a body
of laws, and a systi'in of admiidstration, \rliich have
einibled France to prosjMjr, whatever the form of
government.
It remains to sjteak mori' in<U'tailof the specially
conspiciu)US characters of the revolutioiuiry jieriod.
At the head of this list, nol, to mention here Vol-
taire, Uousseau and the other iiispirersof the move-
ment, stands IIonore(ial)ri(d lie(|uetti Mirabeau, the
lirst, greatest, and wisest of its ]iarliainentary leaders.
He was born in Provence in iMli. Massive, ugly
and distigured in jterson. his eloi|ueiu'e was of tiie
very highest order. He entered the last States-(ien-
cral ever assembleil as a rci)resentative of the third
estate, and almost from the first became the leadi'r
of the pojmlar wingof that body, lie remained the
NOTRE DAME
undisputed leader (jf tiie revolutionary party until
iiisdeatii, Ajiril 'i, lI'Jl. He was not a repiililican.
His theory of government finds its expression in the
limited monarchy of (iveat Hritain : but he was a re-
former whose plowshare randec[Mlown into tiie sub-
soil of despotism. Had the impr.jvements which ho
advocated been elfect. 1, the long strides toward jus-
lice an<l libiirty whicii lie recommended been actu-
ally taken, JjouisCaiietand.Marie Antoinette might
have been saved, and the Ueign of T'error been
. averted. The genius of
Miral)eau has at last
found very substantial
embodiment, and the
French revolutionist's
highest vindication is the
present republic of
Franco.
A jHJC'uliar interest
attaches to the melan-
choly fate of Marie An-
toinette, fifth daughter
of Maria 'i'heresa of Aus-
tria, and wife of liouis
A\'I. A jmre and lovely
lady, she was unfortu-
nate in having a very
haughty manner and
being a stickler for all
court etiiiuette. She was
never popular at court.
Her virtues and her aus-
■ terity combined to make
her disliked. When the revolution began she was es-
jiecially unpopular with
courtiers and the people.
'*nder the trials and af-
llictions of her royal lius-
baiul, and t heir ill-starred I
children, she develoiHjd
a heroism whicli lias.\
made her an object of
adoration in the teiii[)le
of posthumous fame.
She shared the calam-
ities of the Bourb<ins in
honor upon the house of the Hapsburgs.
long iiniirisonmeiit she was brought before the liev-
olutionarv Tribunal October 1:5, ITIK), whore she
Mnrie Aiitoiiipttc.
a wav to rellect
high
After
<
^2
THK KUICNCH Ki;V()[.UTI()N.
279
It 01"
V
dufeiidud liersolf with Hiibliiiio iiKliyiialion uiul olo-
((iifiifc. Hilt all to MO purjiosu. On tlio tiiinl diiy
following slio was itorni! to tliu sciifToiil. 'i'lio ride
from jin.sou to tiie fiiiillotino occupii'd two hours.
On either side of her
tiiiiihril were rows of
soldiers, and the streets
were (illod witii a jeering
inol). The |)oj)iiliico saw
in her siniply a con-
spieuous representative
of ininieniorial despot-
ism and spoliation.
The first place in the
roll of dishonor, as
guilty of pi'rverting a
revolution wliieii was in
itself sulilinie, belongs to
.loan I'aul Marat, a
native of Switzerland.
A physii'iaii l)y eiluea-
tion, a dwarf in form,
he beeamo ii popular idol '~~
on aeeount of the vigor witii wiiieh lie assailed wiiii
his })en the upi)cr classes, including the rich and the
titled. From September VI, lT8it, to July 14, K'.i;i.
Marat conducted a journal which was the organ of
the most extreme . I acobinical ideas. Among other
things he coolly nniintained that tlie salvation of
France demanded the guillotining of :.'^u.()()(i per-
sons. His was tlie task of making tiie jiress suliser-
vient to the monstrous pidicy of Daiiton and the
other terror- .
Ists, His jour-
nal, issued un-
der dilTerent
names, sup-
plied the oil to
tiio lamp of
popular frenzy ami political horrors.
Intense wiUi the feeling all over
Frani'e against him. Even Dantou
came to tremble lest he shoiiM
"hoist by his own jK'tard."
This man Marat nu't ids I'aic at liie
hand of Cluirlotto Cord ay, a young lady of N'orniaii-
dy, lioautifnl. pious, intellectual and cnihusiasiic.
She coneeivedit to lie her patriotic and rcii'Jiiousduty
toiissiissimite Manit. Aecordingly she came to Paris.
35
.IKAX PAII, MARAT.
gained admission to his iiouse, found him in a batli.
phingeil a knife into his heart an<l calmly awaited
iicr fate. Tiie assassination ot'currod .Inly Ul, WS-\.
.V few days later she was guillotined. Laiuartine
expressed the verdict of
history when he wrote,
" In beholding her act
of assassimition history
dares not applaud ; nor
yot, while contemplating
iier sublime self-<levo-
tion, can it stignnitize or
condemn."'
Dantou was hardly less
radical and relentless
than .^[arat. l[e was an
orator very poptilar with
the lower classes of the
I'aris popidaee. His
stentorian voice was al-
w,.vs raised for iilood
and vengeance. He till-
ed the position of Min-
ister of .lust ice during the time wiien tliat meant
'•hief of the guillotine. So long as tiie tiironilists,
or moderate reimblicans, furnished victims for the
knife and 1 'ock. Dantou, .Marat anil l!oln'spierre,
the triumvirate of tcTror,
i.ioperatcd, but wlien
the lliirst for blood de-
manded victims from
among tlie Jacobins
tliemselves, dissension
was inevitaiile. Danton
was an atlieist. IJobcs-
pierre a deist. The l.itte;
was iiidi'eil hostile tn all
existing and organize(l
religions, but he believed
in a Supreme Being, and
caused Danton to i)e exe-
cuted for enthroning
Heason as the (Jod of
worship. Danton fell
April ."), IV.tl.
Robespierre, ilie last of ilie Jacobin leaders to per-
ish in tlu' liirnace of his own construction, was a
lawyer of Arras. In tlie early jiart of the Itcvolutioii
he bore an inconspicuous part. It was as the head
■;^.r,;
1:
' ■
,;
fi
I 1;
%
• ■ 1
f, i.il
■; :
• I
m.
T
'■I.
1,'i^ i«;
W^'
■:::■■ 1
1
1
R
280
THE KRENCH REVOLUTION.
KubiepitrrL'.
of tlio Jiiuobiii I'liil) that liu roiili/eil his iiiiibitii)ii.
Ilf \nis an cariiost iulvociito of llio uxociitioii of tlio
kiii;^, iiiid tliu prosiM'iitioii of
the (Jirciiidists. After the
cxociition (if Daiitoii ami the
ussa.ssiiuitioii of Marat lie
was virtually dictator of
Franco. Then it was that
he attempted to undo the
.atheistic intluence (»f Danlou
(l)V ii sj)eech in honor of the
Deity. Jle made himself
ridiculous In' nosintr '" ">i-'
character of a jiielisl, anil to
the laujih raised over his deism rather than to the de-
testation of his criudties, may ho uttrihuteil his fall
and execution. 1 1 is power and prestige were drowned
in ridicule. When iiis arrest was decreed ho triod in
vain to lift, his voice in self-tlefense. Tiie privilege iie
luid so often denied to others was reft. sod him, and
the next ilay after he had been hurried to prison ho
was guillotined. His name will forever stand as a
synonym for the horrors of the Ifeign of Terror. It
was his had pivcmineuce to Ik" loremost in disgracing,
perverting and retarding what was, des])ite all \)or-
versions, the grandest and most henoticont revolu-
tion the world over saw.
In his history of the French Hevolutioii. Lamar-
tine, sjieaking of the [teriod at which wo have ar-
rived says, "The Kovolutiou had only lasted live
years. Tiiese live year.-? wore fivo centuries for
France. Never jiorhaps on this earth did any na-
tion ever pr(Kliu'e in so short a ti'ne such an erup-
tion of ideas, new notions, characters, geniuses, tal-
ents, catastrophios, crimes and virtues. Men were
born like the instantaneous personification of
things that should think, speak or act." While
there were turmoil and terror at homo, there wore
brilliant acliioveiui iits iu battle. Napoleon was not
the only grout hero. Ilocko, .lourdan, and Moroaii
were commanders of consummate ability, but they
were not only eclip.sed by 1 lie 8ubse(|Uont splendors of
Napoleon, but l)y the stupendous intollei^t of Carnot,
.Minister of War, the Stanton of Franco. Jlis work
for tho armies of Franco iu those days can only Ix)
appreciated by those who know something of tho
debt the United States owes Edwin M. Stanton.
When Napoleon returned from Egypt (17!)!t) tho
Directory hail bocomo very unpopular, an<l tho way
was prepared for that linal crisis, known as tho
Kovolutiou of the 18th and l!>th Hrumairo. That
was the movement which supplanted tho Directory
with the (Jousulate. TMio fear of another Ueigu of
TY'rror occasioned tho transition. Napoleon Wius in
command of tho troojis in and about Paris, and enter-
ed thoCouncil Chamber not to go out until he had in
etTect revolutionized tlie government. The proceed-
ings of that memorable occasion, as narrated by An-
derson, may well close this ciuipter : " Ho aildressed
them [tho Council of the Ancients] declaring that
the constitution hml boon violated, that it was not
strong enough to save Franco from anarchy; ho
said that he luwl only aceepfxl tho command of tho
troops for the jiurposo of bringing tho strong arms
of tho nation to the supjwrt of the deputies who
constituted its head, and ended by {iromising to re-
sign his power as soon as the danger was passed.
He afterwaids entered the liall of tho Five Hundred
with four grenadiers to make a similar speech, when
the whole iussembly rose as one man with cries of
' Down with the Dictator I' and crowded around him,
one memlmr even attempting his life; but he was
rescued by fresh arrivals of troops, and left tho hall.
In the confusion which followed, a report was cir-
culated among tho troops that tho deputies had at-
tempted their general's life ; and a detachmout of
grenadiers then entered the liall, aud cleared it at
the poiut of the bayouet."
^
i , J.r >«
^
of
NAPOLEON p)
asaesoi,
i\ CAMPAIGNS.
r
CHAPTER XLVII.
Napoleon's Placb js IIibtoby— Bihth ani> Early Caiikkh— Thk Italian CAMPAifiN— The
KOYITIAN CAMrAKIN— NaI'OLEOS AMI THE ALLIES JillS NslES — MaKENUO ASI) IIoIIENLINDEN
— AfSTEIlI.ITZ ANI> THE C'oH'MN VeNDOME— TllA FAI.fiAll, .IksA AMI VIENNA — ON TO MoSCOWl
ANU THE ItESULT— Tub Fall, Exile and Death iik Xai'mleon.
K'*^<«^|-
IIE genius of lliclioliou iu-
vestoil the iiaiiio of France
with the supreino splen-
dors of royalty ; Voltaire
and Diderot lifted it to the
highest rank of intelleetu-
al progress,
and Naj)oleon illu-
mined the whole
nation with mili-
tary glory, raising
a martial monu-
ment which even
the Franco-Prus-
sian War could not
level to the ground.
Barbarian though
he was, emulous of
the fame of Alexander and f'a'sar.
rather than the vastly higiier honor
tf constructing a republican odifici'
worthy the j)rcsent age upon tlu'
ruins of kingly despotism, ho fills
so large a place in the early part of the nine-
teenth century that his campaigns demand conspic-
uous consideration. In him we sec the supreme effort
of the old idea of coiKiuest to resist a loftier ambi-
tion more consonant with the spirit of the age.
namely the jxjpular demand for cfpial rights and
exact justice.
Napoleon Bonaparte was a luitive of the small
island of Corsica, tiien only recently atldeil to
French territory, lie was born August 15, 1709.
His father wius a lawyer who died in early man-
luMxl, leaving the care of a luimerous
family to his energetic widow. Xa-
poleoii was the second son. lie was
ediicateil for tiio profession of arms
at Paris. lieing suubU'd, as ho
thought, in his first army exjierience,
he applied for leave to tender his
sword to the Sultan of Turkey. One
can but regret the denial of his
wish. IIo was nuide a lieutenant in
the army at the age of sixteen.
When Robespierre fell he was in
danger of disgrace, if nothing worse,
for he was suspected of sympathy
with that monster. But his insig-
nificance siiielded him. Ilis first
distiiu^tion was won in devising an
acceptable and successful plan for (pielling the mob
which assailed tiie convention in tho Tuilleries soon
after Robespierre had fallen. As the reward of his
services then he was given conunand of the forces
in and about Purls.
(281)
% 'I'
■y ['i
'!)!■■;
m
rl"-'' !■ ;
MMr^
..'■■
!!
i.f
2H:
NAPOI.I.ON AM) HIS C AMI'AI(;NS.
Tlio noxt spring,' \;i]i(ilo(m was wnt, t<» Italy to
tiiku ('(iiiiiiiaini of I Pill.' (if ilicllirtr armiL's ('iii.ML'<''l
ill tliu ilrffiisc (if tlio lii'imlilic aj,Miiisl ihu " l")mi-
jxrants" ami tlioir iiKiiiarcliical allii's. llu wasDiily
I wc'iily-si'M'ii years v( au'e, very slmrt and nliiii.
His troops early ami always lovcil to call liiiii "'i'lic
iJltit' ( 'orpiii'al '' 'i'liu Aiisl riaiis wliom lie ciicouiit-
cri'il ihiiv ciiiici'i I'll coniciiipt i'or his yniiili. At
Monti! N'oIIl', April li. ]','.«'•. iii: won his lirst viclnry
ovi'r thr cncniii's ipI' liis I'uniiirv. It was wiiji irnocl
reason I lull hi' ai'lurwarils iiaU'(l his patent of no-
i)ility from that hat lie. llis ne\l e\|piiiil. was liie
passage of his army over the river Ailda at Loili.
The liattle of Lodi was a lirillianl. victory, won liy
l)ra\ery and skill. So reinarkalile were his nmvt -
inent> and iheir resulls, that he socm allracteil the
attention nf Knrope, and was seen lo he a irreal
Holdier. He destroyed no less than liveAnstrian
armies in thai. Italian campaiirn. ^n lerrihle w;is
tiie deslrnclicin, thai a year after lie tdok command
a treaty of jK'acc was sii;ni'<l hy wiiich P'rance
irained L'l'eal adv ania'ie anil X'ienna itself was spared
llie ravaiz^es of sack liy the troops of Napoleim.
Olliei- trealio fuilipwed as fi'nils of thai campaii^n.
He reiuraed in I'aris in lie received with the hnnnrs
due his trenius and successes.
Napiilciiii was siimet liiiiLT of an elc|ihanr upuii
tlie hands of I he repiililic. To prii\ ide a safe uul lei
for the rest less military eneru'ies nf himself and hi-'
soldiers, who had fouiiht just. einiU'.di to want In
keep nil liLrhlinji:. an expcdilinu inin Ki;-ypt was
jilanncd. It was indeed a wild-ironse chase, if ever
I here was one. Soldiers and siiniiix setsail from Tnu-
Inii in the sumnu-r nf li'.i.^.wilh no delinite idea nf
what ihev did want. Turki.-h Mamelukes uiel ilicm
ii> hnslile array. The " Hallle nf the Pyramids" was
fnu^dit with success In the l-'rcnch arms. The Kritisli
Heel, under l.nrd Nclsnii. allacked the l'"reu(h lleel
at .Mexaiidria, and wmi a naval victory wliich fnr a
slmrt lime cut nIT \a[iolcou's communication with
l'"rani-c, liui he easilv made himself masiei' nf l'!t;\pl.
except the seapnri tnwn of Acre, irarrisnned hy V.wj:-
lish Irnops. lie niarched iiiln I'alestini'. and returned
tn rnnfrnni a Turkisli army, and Liaincd the victory
nf Ahnukir, which dosrd his Kiryptian i ampaiirn.
In ihc fall nf I'll',) he relurned to FraiU'C. The
people hailed iiim as a ;:lorious hero. His march
throiiL:'!! l-'raiice was a niiLdity ovation, and the hon-
ors and aullioriiv of i''irst Consul came to him in
the way "^el forth in I he previous chapter. Knro|ii' saw
ill the new head of ihe i-'rench L"'vernment. an
('\ei'edinj.dy danu'erniis characler. I'reviniis appie-
hensioiis ripened into certainly, and from henee-
fortli il was niily a (|uesiinn of time when the com-
liined pnwer nf I he III her natinns of Kuropo would
crush him or he I hem. For iifteeii vears the stru;,'-
j;le continued, with only sliiihl truces. I'Miidini;
himself in hosiilily to all i'lurniK', Naimlenu .<eemed
determined to coni|uer and reconslrucL the wliolo
continent. — not that either he nr I he allies clearly
apprecialed I he irreprcssihluness id' the conllict at the
oiitscl. hut that from the lime the hero of Loili and
.Vhoiikir liecaine ihe l''irst Consul there was no
alternative for cither of the two jiarties hut uneon-
dilional surrender.
Ill .May. ISHd, Napoleon cros.sed the Aljis hy a
way supposed to lie impassaldc and swoopid down
upon I lie Austrians. The haltlo of Marenj^o was
soon fnuirht and won. .Vhout that lime another
i-'reiich army in (iermany, under .Mnreau, f^aineil
the splendid victnry of llohenlinden. By mid-
siiinmer N'apnlenn was hack in I'aris. assiduniisly
applyiiiLT him-clf tn the reconstruction of the ijov-
criiment of l-"i-aiicc. I'"nr several years he was eii-
LMLTcd in dcvelnping the I'csnurces. imprnvinjj: the
laws and [mlitical insiiiiuiniis of the country. In
|.^n| he was elccicd cm|ieror. .Ml this while it was
evident, that no real jicace had lieeii iieirntialed and
on hnth ^.des preparatinns were heiiej- made fnr ari-
oilier e icoiinter.
I'„..iy ill ISO.") .Napoleon took the Held. Eiiirland
made no secret of its hostility, and Wussiaaml .Aus-
tria fnrmallv declared war airiunsi I'"ranee. In
Oclnher .Napoleon enlorcd (iermany, and on the
ijotli of Xovemher he look pose.ssion of Vienna,
iK'cujiyinL' the splendid palace of the Sclioiilirunn.
'i'wclvc days laler was fnuirht the i'\er-nieinnrahle
halllcnf .Vusterliiz. The eiiericies which had heeii
accumulalinLr dui'iiiLr llic few years nf peace were
let loose. Napoleon won his most illnstrinus vic-
tnry nii ihal day. Aiuniii:- the trnphics id" the hal-
I le were twelve hiiudred .\uslrian cannon-. They
were afterwards inelicd down and used as ihehron/.e
fnr the faiiinus coluinn erected at I'aris in memory
of that victory in the I'lace W'lidome.
l)ut the success of the l""reiicli on the land had
an nll'sei ill the defeat of the l-"rench navy in the
hailleof Trafuli::^-. fouirhl in ncioher of thai vear.
.
li the
Ivciir.
NAI'OI.KOX AND IllS CAMl'Al<i\>
2S3
*»k -,
KETUKAT OF IIIE FUENLII FUOM MOSCOW.
r I
m
M
lit:-
*m-
NAI'cjMCON and mis CAMl'AItiNS.
jS;
Lord Nelson very iieiirly .iiiiiiliilatt'd tlio ononiy.
That (lid not, howuvor, jiruvf iit Naixiliioii from Ik •-
in;,' iihsoliitu on tlio continent. It niiidi' Mn^land
undisputed inintroHS of tlio pens. Tliu '.' 'uili Kni-
jtoror none
tlio loss j)ro-
coodod to cut
up Eurnipi'
into kin;;-
donis, iind
jiurocl it out
union;; liis
brotlicrsiind
fiivuriti's as
if it woro a
jiriviito es-
tate. Ilisi'i-
der brother,
.[oseph, he
inudu king
of Sjiain.
•'ind iuiotlicr
lirothur )m'-
caniu tlic
kin;,' of 1I"I-
land. I'riis-
sia had liueii
neutral ami
was re ward-
ed wilhllan-
ovi'r, the I'ld
])ossessi(in of
the present
English dy-
nasty. Sev-
eral of tilf
smaller (ier-
nuin states
were under
Xapoleonic
'■protection.''
But Freder-
ick of Prussia did not long remain neutral. As soon
as he declared war against Napoleon the Eagles of
France Hew to Prussia. The battle of Jena was
fought, and the victorious French Einporor entered
Berlin in triuni|)h. Still another brother was given
a kingdom, and soon the royal family of Portugal
took refuijre in Brazil. There wsis disaffection in
iierniaiiy which was i|iielled by the \iclorieH of Kek-
jiiiihl ;m<l Essling, followe<l by another oi'ciipaney
of N'ienna, and tho treaty of N'ienna. Thus the
coiitiiieiit was prostrate at the feel, uf "The Lit-
tle Corpor-
al." That,
was in the
fail of isii'.i.
Naipo Icon's
star had now
r('a<lied its
/.eiiilii.
Flushed by
his victories,
he was em-
boldeneil to
undert ake
the eoiii|iir,-l
<iriiMs,-ia. A-
1 he u inter 111'
IM-.'-i:; set,
ill 111' set out
for .Mo.<co\v.
.\rier a long,
weary march
he came ill
siulil of thai.
;iliiiellt eap-
ilal of the
M u SCO V i I e
Kmpire.Tlie
city was in
ilaiiif-. Tilf
pt'opli' iiad
Sft lliv to I lie
town, lallier
than afford
sheilei' from
the wintry
blast, for the
enemy. It
was a des-
perale liiit heroic expedient. The desired effect was
produced. The army of invasion was compelled
to return through the snow. The loss was terrible.
Of the four hundred thousand French soldiers
who started on tliat expedition only about fifty
thousand survived. That was the most disastrous
expedition in all history. It. cripple<l the force of
I
•% 1
I. '
i. '1'
lftt.^H
■.wm
I
1:
31. ■''
i;;v
m' \
4-
! 2H6
"7
N.\l'<ll,l.()\ AM) MIS I A.MI'AKiNS.
.\ll|>ii|r(i|| IicmuhI mII I'i'I'dmtv illnl liiinii' \\ :i h'l'luc 1 1 'I'lii' IliitU'lMili \tIii) |iui| lircn |i|ai ret ii|mi|| I lie I IiI'mIii'.
|Mi-«ilpl('. |''n'<li iiu(>|i.<i MiTi' rcrniiinl mill ;i |iii\\('i-- j 1,11111s will., \v;i.-i iinwcrli'ss. i'ii|iiilar fiilliiisiasni
I'liI ariiiv M a> ^iHiii ill llii'licll. NajMili'im hail im i>l''a I knew im ImiiiihIs. I'ivcrv IkkIv sn'iiinl In lit' in
I'cslasii's III" ili'li;,'lil over
tiic ret urn 111' till' lici'ii
III' .\ll>lrrlil/.. 'I'll!' siil-
liii'iN ami |ii'ii|ili' \ ii'il in
(■iillMi>ia>ni. 'I'lio l\in;j
was ;.'iail In rsca|ii' willi
lii.s life, anil .\a|iip'i'iiii
was l'!ni|H'iiir nin'c nmrr.
'I'lir «ar was rcnrwril.
TIm' iillii's wi'iT nut ((iii-
tcnt Id alliiw till' rt'stnr-
atimi i'\' llu' i'ni|iiri'.
I'iarlv in .Itnu' a ruin-
liinnl Mnirli^h ami llns-
sian ai'in\ «as i|narlcr-
nl al siinii' ilisiam r I'l'imi
caili iillii'i' ill I III' ni'i;,'li-
IiuI'IhiimI 111' I'iiu^mIs iin-
iliT Wcllin-ii.n ami i'.lll-
tlirr. \a|iiiU'i>n lai-cil
111' -iiirrmlrr. 1 n Anirii^l
• <( |s|:! hr .liliMlr.l \\\v
allir- al I >rr-ilrll. lull
w a- iili|li.'ri|. iirv iTl lirli'SS,
111 iTlfrai iniii I'ranri'.
r.llli lirr Inl l.lil.dtMl
I'rn-^ian-. ami W flliiiL:-
Imi \\a> al lli>' lirail of il
|Mi«i'rl'ul !''.irili-li ai'lny
in I'liiMi-al anil Sjiaiii.
Till ISC I wii'jii'at laiilain-,
ili'si ini'il In riim|n<'r I lie
;;rral n il|i|lli'l'iir. -In" l\
liln\ri| In«anl rarll
niliiT. I'lamr \va- nnw
I'nr llir lir-l lillli' -ilirr
.\a|in|i'nn I aiiir In ilii'
I'l'niil the liallli'lii'lil. I >n
I III' liriLrlii« 111' Mniii niar-
ll'r, nM'llnnkilli;- Tari^,
was I'niiirlil :ili;itiK' wliii'li irsnilni ''i virlnrv fur I lit'
allii-. ami nii ilic :ilst i.t' .Marrli, isM. Alcxamlcr
iif IJu--ia anil I'l'nlrriik
• >\' I'l-K.-sia Innk |iii>SI'S-
-inii III' |'afi« anil ilirla-
Iiil li'i'in- >>( |irai T. 'I'lic
lvil|irl'nl' W a- nllli^i'll In
aliilirali' anil airrpl iin-
|iri-nnniriii u|inn ihr
i-laml nf I'.llia. 'I'lial
Hull' i-lami was In 1k'
I
lis •• I'liiiiiri',
'I'l
irVi' 111'
\va~ In hnjil niinialuri'
niiri. II was
a swi'i'l
In ihillk nf llu
L;Trai ilii-lainf as •' mii-
linl ainl 1 aliiiiril" williin
surli naii'nw liinils.
(»!, il
uih ,,\' Al
an army nf I."i(i.(Min men tn resist, ilimi. Ontlii'
istli nf .Iniii', |sl."i, was fini;.'lii the liaillf nf W ali'r-
Inn. \\ illin;:lnn was al-
niiist U'ati'h. liii! lUllrlii'i'
caniu In his siici-nr Just
ill time In turn the si;ilf.
' Thi'ili'fi'ai nf till' l''rcni'h
was iilti'r. ( »ii llir twcii-
ticlli instant .Naiinlcnii
rc-'iili'i'i'il l'ari>. a \ an-
i|iii>lu'il fiiLriiivi'. His
jilaii was to liml asylum
in America, Imt he was
arrcsicil
1)V t!
II' allies
I sent. I'l the li
aiinji'iin imik his snr-
aiii
isliind of St. ilclciia
from which he never
cscapeil. llciiccfnrth he
wii.s il close prisoner nf
war. tlio I'arcc of ii Lilli-
inwful ilcjiariurc fnr iliai islinil Imt mi the lirst of i iiutiati cmiiiro boiiiLr iiltoirethcr iilmiidniieil. 'J'liore
.March next fnllnwiiiL' lu' set fnnt ii|inn the soil of
l'"raiiic niice ninrc. lie hail rjmlcil ihe \iL,Ml,-ince nf
the allies. I reniendoiis was t lie iinpular eiil husiasm
sth
ih<
heilieil. May ">. is-.'l. mid with him iicrishcd (it iiuiy
lie lin|icd fnr all lime to come) the lii.st aiuhitioii of
Universal Empire.
t" <s-
• ',r .■■
m
11. 1
■ J
•■;. ' r '
• • 1
l |gfc^O^M^ (>^^i yte. >?».ilMte.y.>q^l^'>^
»-»■»■ »
UTTER- DAY FRANCE.
i
--7n7^7r7y7K^x)^-7^z^\mzm:m7['/wwh
'■l1-:^V
^■A: A:/ Wi{/wm7UT7r.
CHAPTER XLVIII.
\ (i;iKAT KXI'KIIIMKST AMI ITS UKSII.T -I.dllM I'llll.Il'I'K— LllUIS NaI'IILKHN AND INK I'llll- ll'KTAT
— TlIK KMI'MIK -'I'lIK SlKliK IlK I'AltIS AM) TlIK AVKNCIINII OF .IknA—THK ( Ulsm— CKNTIIALIZA-
TIDN IN I'ltAM K -IMI'CIIITAM K IIP I'AlllH — N ATKINAI. ClINTKNT.MKNT. LaMI AM) " HkNTEs" —
UKI.KIKI.S AM) Kl)ll AVlllN— ('l)l.llNIAI. I'dssKSSIONS— C'ONTEMI'OllAltV I'llLM II LlTEUATUIlK'
K-
►:^-^-->^
'I[ tlio fiill (if tlio Kniiicnir
N':i[H(li'()ii ;t reaction in
fuvDi-ur iiioiiai'cliy set. in.
'i'iic l'"rciiili iialiun si'cni-
imI to III' lircil nl' all tluil-
saviiicil III' newness, and
til Inim' I'tir llif iilil wavs-
a Itiini'liiin in lilmiil and
s phici'd ii|i()n till' tlininc.
Ill rcstoii' \\n' ancirnl. ir-
atli (irrniicd in ISM, and
read ill. I sci'Mlcd til lie |ii'r-
kinL' iiini^cir iiad liccn less
m the I'liiincil whirl) snr-
IWit nil simnci' liad his
hrotlicr, Chailcs .\'., snccccdi'il him n|iiin
tin' thnmi' than thi' ilujith and strcn^ftii nf tlu^ scn-
lirncnl aninn^ the |i('ii|ile for liiicrtN In ".■■an to assert,
ilseir. (Uiarli^s was ili>|iiised to he ini|ierioiis and
[ires\ini|it.iious. llo carried thiiiifs with a somewhat,
ahsoluto will, the inoniirehical anil demoiTatic ]iar-
ties irett.inu; warmer and more hitler all the lime:
iiuLil in iSKUthc kiniij was eoin|ielled to ifivo n|i thi^
8lriiif;;lo. His only safety, as an individual, was in
iihdieation. The ^rini speeter of Louis XVI. terri-
lied him into ahdieatinf:; in favor of his cousin of
the Orleans family, who was crowned liouis lMiili|i|K\
I The crafty cousin declined the ,see|ilcr as a royal
i;ift., fherehy seeuriin: a popular coidirnnition of his
auliiority, for so demoeralie a declination liroULrht.
out, as expt'cted and di'sitrned, an expression of the
|ieople.
For eiiihteen years Louis Philippe ruled France,
careful ever
to respect the
constitutional
limiintions of
his preriiLia-
I lives. This
kinir was not
I'oyal in vir-
tues or vices.
Without lie-
iniri|uile what
wiiuii' lie call-
ed a had man
he was sordid.
avaricionsand.
tricky. Ilisl
iiest trait or
(diaracteristic '"i '" i'iiiiii'I'k.
was a sincere adnuration for .Vmerica and hi;rh ap-
]treciation of the just jilace amoni,' nations of
the Fniled States. If mediocre in mind and
'i¥: :..,!
^■l;ui.;i
( 2«9 )
^'.
tiL
2()0
LATTER-DAY FRANCE.
¥'■
m
iiiR'vc'iitful ill ciiri'iT, lie was roiiiarkalily iiiod-
(M'li in liis syiiipatliiL'S. Kiiii; 1ii(m;:li lie was, Tiouis
I'iiilijijH' was ill ovcTy seiiso a i»art, (if Ijuttcr-day
I'"raiicf. Ills rnijrn toriiiinati'il, as it licgaii. in al)ili-
calidii. It. Iiail fairly (lonioiistratuii tliat tlio
I''n'iicii. uiillko tlio Kii^flisii, would nut, voluntarily
ai-c('|il iiionai'cliy. liowcvcr IkmIitciI alioiit hy )io])ular
ronci'ssiiiiis. Tiia! was tlie oni siirniticanl tliiiiif
alioiil till' rv'iisu of tiic tiiix'O i)ost-Nai)()l('oni(; kiiiiis,
nioiv i'S|K'(;iaily tiio last, ainl iicist. of tlio trio. The
irrcat. ('X|ioriiiieut of royally in tlio Franct! of tlio
ninctoi'ulii century was lliorouirlily trii'd. and tlio
fact of incoiiijiatiliility fully
cstaiilislicd.
Wiicii i>oiiis I'liilipjR! laid
down tile s(('|ili'r t iioi'lectioii
of a I'rcsidt'iit was tin; first
l)ul)]ic Ipusini'ss in order.
Clioicc I'd! on liouis Napo-
leon." iK'iilunv of liis unek',"
and liiat solely liecause lie
was tlie nepliew of tlio man
who hail made Fnuieo hril-
liant with jiiilifary priory. He
was lo(ii\ed upon as a liair-
liraiiied, weak anil iiarniloss
yoiiiii,'' man. Bui lienealiihis
])laeid exti'rior lieat a heart:
anihilious of imperial power.
His secret jmi'pose was to ho
to his uncle «liat Auirustus
Ca'sar had heen to .luliiis
Ca-sar. lie procoeilcd cau-
tiously. His aL'eat the time
of his election was forty yoars.
lo deliver the trust; to liis succossor four years later,
liiit had no inleiilioii of doiiiir so. 'I'iie peasantry
idolized tiicLiieat namehehore. A few conspirators
were taken into his secret, and the force of the gov-
erunient put in position to uphold li'-usurpiitioii.
Tlic lirst overt act c()iilem|ilaled was to amend tiie
consiituti(Ui. umler wiiich the President could not
lie ck'cte(l to a second teini. Findiuirthat heiMHild
not peacealilv carrv his point, he executed tiiat irreat
poliiii'al ci'ihie known as the ('mi/i //' I'/u/ of Deceni-
lier "i, IS.'il. .\rri'sts and assassinations were made
witii a riitiiloss hand, and l)eforo the country
knew what was heiug done the repuhlic hail lieen
straiiirled.and all the inachiuery of the government.
civil and Tiiilitary, wii,s employed to enforce con-
formity to thewillof the usurper. Two weeks later
the form of an election was invoked to give tho
scmlilance of popular sanction to wiiat had heen
done. The people were not ])roi)ared to resist, and
the "]tlehiscute." or eloetioii, ]ia,ssod otl' as the eon-
spirators desire(l. The assumption of imjierial au-
t iiority thus had the api)earaiiee of i)o])uiar approval.
" The empire moau.s peace," said the new eiiijieror,
and he was right for a long time.
Louis Napoleon proved a man of great talent, if
not ahsoliite genius. His reign exteudeil until the
disasters of the Frunco-l'rus-
siiiii war liroko tlio spell of his
power and revolutionized the
governmont. Under liini
Paris was heautilied lus no
other city ever was, and for
the most part the people
prospered. The government
was resjR^clod at homo and
ahroail. llowovor severely
his method of coming to the
throne was condemned, his
use of ])owor seemed to ho in
the main good, and it was
generally thought that tho
enipii' had heen reestablished
upon a liriu basis. Fjouis
Napoleon was admitted into
the brotherhoiK
I of
rov
alt\
aiK
IWi
; [lerhaps more in
llii-
'iitial for some lifteeu veai>
tl
10
sreiieral atfair?
if
IK
soleninlv swori'
Kurope than any other momher of that family. In
the Crimea n war the I-"ieiioli bore a jiart commen-
surate with the imporlanco of the nation. Later,
the bayonets of France prolect(;d the l'o|ie in his
ti'imiorality. AN'henover the Emperor wanted the
^auction o
.'biscite" ho had it. His first not-
ai)le
failu
re was in Irving to got Kni>land to unite
with him in breaking tho .Southern hlocdvudo during
the civil warinthis countrv, ami tlu' kindred seheine
to
-M
t'slablish Maximiliaii of Austria as Fhii[M
.f
exieo.
His hand in the former jilot was not d
is-
abortivo
luvereil lit tiie lime, but his part in
usur|pation in .Mexico was known from the first. Tho
success of the I' nitod States in crushing rebellion
was a death-blow to Nanoleon's intervention in
T^
sC
-^
SL »^
■ lis
liir
lis-
Ivc
»10
llll
II
LATTKK-DAY rRANCE.
291
Aiiioriean iilTiiirs. lie wu.s chagrined uml soiuowhut
liuiniliiited, but not seriously weakened thereby iu
liis iiold upon the Frencli scepter.
To all apiKjarances the empire was strong and
sound when the war with Prussia began. Its real
weakness was tlie utter corruption of the govern-
ment. With a criminal at its heiid there was no
soundness iu the body itself. 'IMie einiiire was
honevcombed by swindles of all sorts, and needed
only the test of a great war to disclose its rotten-
ness and overthrow its very foundations.
The Fruneo-l'russiau War has been described
sulliciently,
excejjt the
siege of Pa-
ris, which
was reserv-
ed for this
conricction.
The (}er-
mans acted
a suliordin-
atc part in
the great
drama of
that siege.
AVitliin the
limits of the
beleagured
city was go-
ing on the
contest that
gave espe-
cial signilicance to that ejiisode of war. Practi-
cally the hostile environment was little else than
a great opportunity for republican ism to arise
from the tomb and throw oil the cerements
of death. Tlie Coup (/%'/(!( had not killed it.
The long sleep seemed to have been refiesliing
to the vigor of liberty. At first there was bewilder-
ment. Dazed by the unaccustomed light of free-
dom, the Parisians were pri'cipitated, at lirst, into a
frenzied communism. Ail tiie iiorrors of tiie great
revolution were revived. iiuadcrs, iiiaddi'iied by
long suppression and disasters in war. sprang to the
fronu with the inauguration of another reign of ter-
ror. Scmio very worthy people were crut'ily slaugh-
tered. The outiook was gloomy in the extreme.
Once more women of the humbler class rushed
wildly about us if they w^re daughters of the three
Furies. Petroleum was used iui an agent of indis-
criminate destruction. The Column V'eudome was
one of the more conspicuous objects of destructive
frenzy.
Uut that delirium of retribution wius brief, and
not without its Iwuetits. It served to show the
de})th and intensity of the sentiment for liberty.
Humiliating as was the defeat of the French army,
the fall of the empire was ample coinpen.:ation to the
people, and iu the darkest hours ot the naticm the
hoiKiof Uepublieanism shone as a star of the morning
iu the hori-
zon of pop-
ular opin-
ion.
A'a})oleon
surrendered
to the Prus-
sians Sep-
tember 4,
1«;;{, and
the siege of
Paris was
completeoii
Septemi)er
Ittth. Itwas
on the sev-
enth of the
next miMith
that Gain-
betta, the
one great
statesnum of France, then Minister of the In-
terior, with authority to act as Minister of
War, esca[)ed from Paris iu a balloon, and at
once set about organizing an army of relief,
i [e hoped to break the siege by attack from with-
out. Hut he could not. In .lamiary following
Paris was obliged to oihjii its gates to the enemy
and submit to such terms as tiie coiKpiering (ier-
maiis might dictate. Those terms wciv tiie surren-
der of Alsace and Lorraine and the payment of an
iiideniiiily of *l.(KM»,0(M).()(i(i. iji,. (Icrmaiis to en-
tirely I'vacuate the country only after all the money
had been paid. It was sulmiission to these iiard
terms and the removal of thetiovernment from Paris
to N'ersaillestJiatespeciallyfiredtliefreiizy of tlie com-
munists. It was a proud day for Kaiser William, who
Ui'sidencc i)f XiiDoliiiii IU.
■I
• ^':^'i■' l
m.
A
!■ m
1: ■ M':
I''-!
■%v
292
LATTER-DAY FRANCE.
j:> ? '
■ n ;
>i
as II youth liad witnessed Niipoleon's inaroli tlirough
Jierlin, after Jena, to ride in triumj)!! through the
streets of Paris. Franco was Imniiliated and ini-
jtoverislied, and the hitest (and probably the last) of
tlie Bonaparles wius a fugitive, destined to linger
only a few siul years in his retreat at Chisselhurst,
Kngland, from which his son and heir was to go
fortii, bearing a IJritish commission, to fall a victim
to Zulu savagery, leaving the ox-Enipross Eugenie
desolate. Ilotribution and roveugo could ask no
more.
It is needless to follow the fluctuations of French
politics. The prudence and
patriotism of the people tri-
umphed. The republic found
in M. Thiers, the first })resi-
dcnt, a stateman c(jual to the
emergency. As long ago as
the reign of Louis Pliilipjie he
hiwl risen to eminence. An
author and a politician, he
was tnisted by the nation, and
he did not betray his trust.
His successor. Marshal Mac-
Maiion, altlumgh in sympathy
with tlio imperial party, re-
mained true to his oath as
President of the Republic.
At first the resiHJctive parti-
sans of the Hourbons, the Or-
leanists and the Bonaj)artists
wore lio{M3ful, but as time
wore on and the republic
jiassed successfully through jHJtty emergencies, the
people settled down to the beUef that the republic,
no less than tlie empire, nieaii.^ jwace, thanks
largely, to the genius ami patriotism of Leon
ftambetta, whose death the lirst day of 1883 was
mourned by the nation tui a public calamity, and
such it was.
The Hepublic of Prance is thoronglily centralized.
The p(ditical divisions of tlie country are, 3(i prov-
inces, 8(1 dopartiiu'tits, 3i>"^ arrondisseiiients, 2, TOO
cantons and IJtl.ooo coniniunes. Tlie commune cor-
responds to our city and town organizations. The
niairo, or mayor, is appointed liy tiio national gov-
ernment, and is under the supervision of the prefect
of a de|)artnicnt. There is an under-prefectfor each
aiTondissement. Cantons are divisions for elective.
Jules CJrov.v-I>ri'ei(lent of Fraiiro, \m>
judicial and military convenience. The Anioricau
and German resjiect for state rights is (piite foreign
to the FreneJi conception of politics. Paris and
Lyons have some local self-government, but gener-
ally s])eaking, France is a thoroughly centralized
republic.
Paris has an inijH)rtance, as compared with the
rest of the country, (piite unknown to any other city
on tlie globe. London is not England, New York
is not the United States, nor Berlin Germany, to
anytiiing like tiie extent that Paris is Franco. Li
the great revolutions of the last century and in sub-
seijuent uprisings, the city took
the leiul and controlled events.
Tiie gieat names of France,
whatever the department of
thought and action, belong to
Paris. Lyons can make silk,
the vineyards of the rural dis-
tricts slake thirst, and Havre
harbors shiixs ; but Paris is
the focal point of all Frencli
genius, glory and achieve-
ments. All the railroads lead
thither and all the aspirations
of the pooj)le tend to its ag-
grandizement. So old that
Ciusar rebuilt it, yet so new
that it is the very flower of
modern civilization, it is the
most luxurious city on the
globe.
Tlie French may bo set down
as tiie most contented jxjople of Eurojie. The
emigration from there is almost none at all,
except tiiat the liasques of the department of
the Haute-Pyreiiees have, many of them, gone
to South America to escajie military proscrip-
tion. The ordinary Frenchman prefers not
only his native land, but his native commune.
Eigiity-five per cent, of the jieople are born, live and
die in the same place. The real estate is divided
among no less than r),5r)0,000 projirietdrs. No less
tliiin Ave millions of freeholders have less than six
acres of land each. Tlie i)ublic debt is also very
widely distributed. In 1871) tlio total bonded de]>t
of France was in francs in,8(i2,0;}r),78;{, or nearly
!?i4 .000,000,000. The number of bondholders was
4.;JSO,!);j;3, or, in rough numbers, one government
C
'■m
^
I.ATTICR-DAY FRANCE.
293
boiuUioldor to ovory iil,000 of the jmljlic deht. The
groutcr part of tliis debt <lriiws tlireo \x'V cent, in-
terest, oiie-tliird of it live per cent. 'I'he total an-
muil revenue, or renlrs, of the people from these
bonil.s is T48,4()4,!ir):i franes. T> .-e i« no tiiouj,'iit
of payinj^ the principal of tliis debt. It is held at
homo anil eonstitutes a iKjrmaneut and jKjrfectly
safe iuvestmeut. Trunsaetions in rentes and otiier se-
curities uro conduc-
ted on the Bourse.
The population of
Franco in 1880 was
■•{7,100,000. Tiie
population of tiie
provinces wrested
from Franco by (Jer-
many a.s a part of
the results of the
Franco-German war
may bo set down at
a million and a half.
Tlie number of tlie
depositors in saviuf^s
banks and holders of
renlei< numbered in 1879, 'i,\iA,M'.\. The people are
economical, industrious and cheerful. The Frcncii
masses are (|uite illiterate. Settiuff usido four millions
of cliildren under six years of age, and it may 1)0 said
that thirty i)er cent, of the jioiiulation can neither
read nor write. Once Protestantism seemed likely to
bo the religion of the country, but by tiic latest census
98.02 per cent, of the jieople are llonuinists, only 1.0
IKjr cent. Protestants. All religious are eipial before
the law, except that state allowances for the clergy
are contined to the Uoman Catholics, Protestants
and .lews.
Tiie present ccdonial ])os.sessions of Franco are
utterly insignificant, 'i'hey contain a population
of al)out two antl a half millions, but with the excep-
tion of two thousand natives uf France the colonists
uri' barbarians, most of them downright savages.
^^ Slavery was abolish-
— ,-.^ ------ — — --^^ I ed in all tho colo-
nies in 1848.
Tiiere have been
some great authors
in France since \'ol-
taire, but none of
those belonging to
tliis century can
:laim the very high-
est rank excei)t Vic-
tor Hugo. His Les
MiKirahlea may just-
ly 1)0 set down as
the greatest novel
ever written. Its
])op\ilarity was prodigious and its iniluence incalcu-
lable. Written for the purpose of showing that
knowledge is the great reformatory agency in the
world, it lias a strength and vigor of tliought almost
.Siiaks|H^arean. Dumas, father ami son, deserve hon-
orable mention, as does "(ieorge Sand" (Madiuii
l)iulevant),biit their place in literature is not among
the immortals. Taine and Louis lilanc must be ac-
corded exult id praise us critics and that is all.
i
.1
I
1-
!
<
1
1
^ 1
'','
!■!■
p
!;i
pip
■["•Hi
' (<•■
.:.
I
I I
1 ■
I (
^ ;
'I
I* :
i'
.k
CELTIC, GOTHIC AND MOORISH SPAIN.
1 i:l m^ l!l mi 1!^
qMII1RIM«Ht'l1i«HIVI1«H*l«l<«VIIH>H<|i|«t«t««f VMM1WI I 111 I • I lli •■ I ■«« IliHII I
C"5 .-
lkiitli'liili|ftki|MiMltlitil|li|iil»iiltiiJiitiU|lii
[v, t;t4
CllAl'TKR XLIX.
IllKUIA AMI TMK KlllM' A(.|: dK SIVMV TllK tiilTllll rKllllMl I'll Klll.i iiiu Al. .\M.>III."1TY — InVASKIN ^7 iSB"
UK TllK Mlilllls TllK Mliillll-ll KlNl.lxIM KsTA Ill.lsH Kl> TllK l.llillT CIF I lllilioVA- /aIIAII TllK I'
I.I \rl!llll> TllK .MiMllil-ll (nil l/ATUIN AlillKVUK- AMI TllK ItKI.IIMdl S IlKAl THIS- I''a1,1, UK 1'
CimiMiVA AMI lilsK IIF tillANAIlA — TllK Al.ll A >l llllA I'llK lil.llllV AMI Sll A MK (IK Sl'AlN— TllK I,
I'All. nK Mai, AliA- TllK CllNylKST UK (illANAIlA. ||
.^Tj-;— ^i
Mi.
^a
i 1 !•", |irt'si'iil u;ii ion III' ;• (mill
I'lUiiiirisfs. ill ils lioiiu' ItT-
riloi'N, III! ;irra nf ".'•.'.">. (11 ID
si|iiaro iiiilr>. 'I'iii' icriii
S|iaiiisli I'fiiiiisuia, or 'I'lic
I'rmiisuia, is ilscil In lics-
iiiiialr Imlli lliat couiilrv
l'',iii|icnirs 'I'rajaii. Ilailriiin, Antoninus, Miircns
Auri'lius ami 'I'licudDsius, also of tlio LTivat moral
liiiiliiso|ilii'rSt'iu'ca. till' [loi'ls ijiican and Martial and
lilt' arconi|ilislii'il vlicioriciaii (^iiinl ilian. N'crv i-arly
and rradilv it acri'iitiMJ Cliristiaiiilv. It is tlioiidjii
!iv sonR' lliat il was inlnidiurd hy St. I'aiil liiniscll'.
\\ lu'ii llu' Nortlu'rn lionU' ovciTan tlio h'onian
and I'nniii;'al. 'I'lic latter Kiiiiuic the lln'i-iun I'l'iiinsiila was a pcLMiliarly
lint have a sc|iaratc lAisifiu'i-
1 a iiiiii|iaiali\i'l\ laic datt'.
tciiiliiiiii:- litdd fur spoliiitioii. That was at llio bc-
dinniiiLT of the lifth ft'iitiii'y. 'I'hroe kinjidoins wi'ro
till' old iiaiiic lluM'ia apiilii's to foriiit'il. tlio (iotliic or ^'isi^otili(•. thi' Siievi
iitii'f iiriniisula ii'uioii.
the \'aiidalir. Thi' N'andals were soon driven
nhaliitaiits. railed Iheriaiis, ; across the Mediterranean, and tlu'ir present dt'seeii-
L'elts. The I'ho'iiicians wfre | dants are called I'erliers. Diirini; the centiirv tin'
,s^i~, the lirst to iuirodiice ei\ ili/.at ion i Siievie kiiiLidoin was alivorliod. The new ordi'r of
things which snceei'ded the Hoinan sway wastiolhic.
There were Ihirtv-six kind's of the lattiT line, none
of them de>er\ inn' es|iecial iiR'iit ion. Toledo was the
chief caiiital of (iotliic Spain, hut Cordo\a and
Seville were lloiirishin;^ cities. i"\ir a tinio the (iot hie
kiiii.''doiii included {•"raiicu. It rose to its hiu'hcst
ded-rce of splendor under Kiiric who lixed his ca[iital
at Aries, where he died in 4.S").
In the da\s of (Iotliic supremacy lheoloi.n.cal war
was wai:ed with the izrealcst hiry. Miiric was an
Ariaii, as were the other earlier kings of his raci',
but the Franks were Athanasians. Finallv, liow-
'■^^^\/^,'v > ■litotlle I'eliiiisula. They estah-
S*:, '';$w>tf^^ li-lied several tradiiiu' posts alony
'^ ^ lliecoa.-l. Tlioe were fidlowed hy
several (u'eek colonics, and later -till hy Cartlia-
uiniaii sett leniciits. I 'iiriiii:' the second I'uiiic Wars
Spain was the hase of operations t'or the Cartha-
uinians under ilainilcar and 1 laiinihal, the Konians
umler Scipio. At'ter that it hecainc a part of the
Koinan Mniiiire. Then for the lirst tiiiH' the leavx'ii
of civilization heu'an to pcrineate the country. As
a part of the trreat Koinan Finpire, llii'iia produced
manv men of note. It was the hirth-place of tlio
(-•'X )
I
CKUTIC, GOTHIC AND MOORISH SI'AIN.
295
ly
lu
If.
Ill
y
i)f-
ro
ii.t
'11
'11-
1k'
of
lie.
IIR'
lu'
i»l
liif
I'Sl
lal
111"
ill!
ici',
l\r-
ovor tlic |t()\ror of KoiiU! was fi'll iiiul the Ariaii
fiiitli was siipplaiitoil l)y tlio tloclriiiu of tlie triiiily
which Western Europe tleiioiiiinates orthodox.
Tlie cleriry ac<iiureil more power in Spain tiian aiiy-
whoro else. Tlie synods were petty [tarliainonts and
tlie hishops exerciseil
judicial functions.
The einircii could
hardly have asked
for more power than
it enjoyed in S|)uiii
\inder the (ioths.
-No nieritoi-ioiis liter-
ary works Im'Ioiiij to
tiie (lot hie jK'riod.
It was a season of
liarltarism and retro-
^n-ession. Slavery ex-
isted in its worst
forms and the land
was one dreary waste
of misi'i-y and crime,
a vast moral ami in-
tellectual desert.
'J'lie chaiitcr on
the Saracen i'lmjiire
served as an iiilid-
diiction to the period
of Spanish history
upon which we now
enter. The Moor.-
with their Crescent
and '• ij;.)od j)amas.
(lis hlados," were
invited to cross over
und lend a helping
hand to one uf tlie
fai'tions in a civil
war which was rag-
ing between the
(i.oth.s over the crown, which was elective. When
they got there they ])roi)osed to stay. Their leader,
(iebal-Tarik, hiul all the heroism of the best days of
Islam. Like Cortoz at Vera (Jruz, he burnt his
ships, and thus conij)elled his soldiers to ])r(»tect
themselves by the sciinetar against the (Jolhs (for
hardly had they come over before the factions
united to drive them back). A three-days' battle
was fought which resulted in the complete victory
of the Moors. In a very short time the invaders
hiul driven the Christians to the mountains and
taken possession of all the fertile plains and pros-
jierous cities of the I'cninsula in the name of the
I'rophct. (iebal-'l'arik was soon joined by .Musa,tlio
Ciovernor of Xorlh-
ern Africa, as iMiiir,
or representativ(! of
the Calij)!! at Da-
mascus. During the
Oiiimiad dynasty
Spain remained a
province of the Sar-
acen Empire; but
ulien that dynasty
Icll and there was
division iimniiLr the
i.iithi'ul as to the
right I'ul leadership
of Islam, it ht'caiiie
iiide|iciMlciit, iindrr
the royal sway of a
descendant of the
old dynasty of the
(Jmiiiiads.
The Moors Im,!
crossed iht.' Straits
of (iiliraliariu Ajuil,
'ill, and twenty -two
years later Charles
Martel won the great
victory which sa\eil
Eurojie north of the
Pyrenees from the
invasion, and made
that chain oi moun-
tains the boundary
line, in the West,
for some seven cen-
turies, between the
two religions of modern times. Twenty-two years
later the kingdom, in distinction from the depend-
ency, was established, with Cordova as the capital.
The lirst ^[oorisli King of .Spain wits Abderabnian,
who reigned thirty years, and was a great soldier, a
real statesman and a humane gentleman. The last
was Abdallah the Unfortunate, sometimes called
Boabdil. It was in the middle of the eighth cen.
tury that the former came into his kingdom,
-: t
■;:l'
37
i^^li
I
11
W'^'-^'
m
i.-'t
.(
If-'' si
2()f>
(Kl/nc, (VOTHIC ANO MOOKISM SPAIN.
mill iiliiiDst llu! cldsi' of ilii! lificdiilli ciiiitiiry
\rlit'ii llio liitliT withdrew from
Ins, ami t\u'
^l(lurisll iiiviisioii of Spiiiii wns iil an cml foi' ever.
Durihir lli.'il loiii^ period liiere was aliiiosi coiislaiil
war lii'twouii iiie .Moslems and (lie C!liristiuiis, and
those dilTeront ri!lif,'i()nists were at war ann)nif eaeli
oilier. liide(!d. ilit^ Moors wert^ fatally weakeneilhy
internal ilissi^isiouH, rather thai by the hostility of
(he (Jross and the (Jrusuunt.
miildli! of the ninth eiMiliiry. He eiieoiiraireil all
the arts of inilustry. The jioor found |irolilahle
eni|iloynieiit, esjHscially in Imildin;.' and adorii-
iiiLf the eapi
lal.
eonslriictiiiL'
lis and hridures
.M
en (I
|plantinij; vineyards and raisin;.^ iiraiii
ilistiiietion were inviteil to the court without re-
'Mnl to fact! or reli^fio
o liiin snceei'i
led
a series
of kini,rs who were ki'|)t hiisy in trying to sii|)|)ross
iiisurreetions
and
null
nt.ain what had heei
The '(iiestion n\' liiial sujireiiuuy resLed not so
iniicli on which i-liiirch wa.s tiio strouijcer as which
was k'ast. rent- and torn hy its own rivalries, liate.s
anil ainliitions.
It was in Spain that the civilization of the Sara-
cons attained its most irlorions results. The host
Mood of Arabia and all the Moslem lands flowed
thither ami huilt up a nation of brave soldiers, eni-
diti' scholars and skilled artisans. Cordova was lonir
the seat of emjiire. The riiristians wero driven
back and only allowed to establish tliemsclvos in the
proviiieo of Astiii'ias. alioiit the Hay of Hisoay. The
second kiiiir b' rclU'ct honor upon the Ihrono at
Cordova was Abilerahman TL.wlio lloiirishcd in the
(pioathed to tlioin. In 'M'i another Abdoralmian, in
name and character, canio to the throne, uudor
whom the kin,irtb>ni was harmonioius, l)ut against
wliom a verv formidable Christian army marched.
Tender Uamiro If. the two armies met near Sahi-
inanca and a terrible I)attle ensued. The Christians
wore greatly discouraged if not utterly defeated,
while the Moors wore loft in undisputed possession
of their magnilieent and fertile possessions. This
king added greatly to the glory of Cordova.
The city of Zarali, named after his favorite wife,
was built as a siiburl) of Cordova, and if we may
give any credit to ^loorish chronicles, it was the
most luxurious city of palatial residences ever
»)
^^
III, in
idor
liust
bed.
Salar
tiaiis
ited,
issioii
This
wife,
niiiy
s the
over
CKI/nC, (iOIHK AM) .MCXJKISH Sl'AlN.
297
roiirod upon tliis eiirtli. hiiill at tlio l)ii.<o of a
iiioiuilaiii, it enjoyed a ilcli.i^'lil I'll I cliinale alinoMl
iiiiinlerriiiitediy. ll «a.- ipioIum-Iv sii|i|pliud wiili
l'iMinlain.>, ganlons, parks and lioiilevanU. Tlio
hoiisos wore built on one modi,! andsiirroundod by
•.'anions, (erraci'.sand
every (•onuuivablo
a|iiiliaiiec' of luxury.
'I"be centra! beauty
of Zarali \ras a pal-
ace uiili a ro(d' sup-
ported liy four tboiis-
and [lillars of vario-
UMtC'l marble, iuelu-
ilinif iiotonlysoiiiljro
sliafls from K,i(ypt,
luul wbile sbafts
from Ttaly,biitstato-
ly malaebitu fro:n
liiissia, proeiired
tliroui;b tlie com-
iiieree of "A'ovjjorod
tb. (iooil." ' Tlie
lloorsand walls were
(if t lie same material,
all iiojislied to tlio
highest degree. <iold,
liiiriiisbed steel and
jiri'doiis jewels ciii-
liellislieil tlie ceiling.
It was luxury ciU'-
ried to the loftiest
lieiglits.
Hut tlio chief glory
of Cordova and its
sulmrb was not ar-
thitectiiral or nia-
ierial in any sense.
Poetry, history, tbe
exact sciences, <joo!X-
rapliy, chemistry, medicine, inventions, discoveries,
and all that go to the composition of culture, f(miid
its natural center there. The value of the literature
developed cannot be measured witii any degree of
accuracy, for tlio vandalism of the Christians who
linally exjKdled the ^foors, spared nothing. Whatever
was writron in Arabic characters was assumed to bo
the Koran, and doomed to the ilames. The ])alaces
were torn down, the gardens desolated, and the real
triMsuns of the city destroyed. run mucli «hi(h
matle the lienai.viaiue possible and lieiicliceiil may lie
traced to L'liidova. .Not, thai the .Moors in Spain,
any more than the Saracens generally, were actual
i creators of a distinctive ci\ ili/atioii, but that thcv
founij, consurveil,
and to soiiio extent
fused, the civiliza-
tions of (ireeee and
India. They were
apt scholar^ and
faithful transmit-
ters.
The most illustri-
ous name in (Cordo-
va's crow n of glory
is .V\errocs, a ripe
scholar .iiid pro-
found phil<is(iphcr.
He was what would
be called an agnostic
in ourday. too broail
and liberal to be tol-
erated even in toler-
ant Conlova. His
philosophy seems to
have opened the eyes
of the (IcMiut be-
lievers in the I'm-
jihet to th'' danger
of religion from
siieiice. He was
persecuted as a her-
etic. His genius was
the glory of the
twelfth century, and
hi.s iiersecutimi was
the triumph of the
Koran over free
thought and scii'ii-
tilic iiK, liry. the turiiing-poiiit, in fact, of the
Moslem. Had his spirit of progress prcvaileil. the
regeneration of Kumjie by the Moors would have
beeii.probaltl'j ; hut orthodoxy triuinphcd, and the
coiintrvwas held within the narrow limits <if a book
Inning no scientilic virtue, and Averroeism was
obliged ti) await encouragement and development in
Cliristian lands ages later. The Moors in Spain,
like the Saracens in the Kast. marched noblv and
-n^
, I :
$
I
'ilH
'M-
Km
m
IP
m§>
7
298
CKLTIC, GOTHIC AND MOOKISH Sl'AIN.
mviflly to t.lii! very iluor of iiioiltTii civili/idinii, Imt
(inly ti» pause! iijMtii tlu! tlircHlmld iiinldruw ItiioU f<>r-
ovor. No socoiid Avornws ciiiiio ti» It-ud tho Mosloiii
iiitelliiut out, of l)i)ii(lii<(e to a IJook.
In tlio year 1',.':14 tlio (Jlir'sliaiis took Cordova,
tho Jloors no louijur huin<^ succoroil hy thoir breth-
ren in Africa, i;or al)io hy tiioinsi-lvt's to witiistand
tlio tissiiults of their enoniiex. (iranada tiien l)ei'aine
tlio eaj)ital of th(! Jlosleni jiower in Spain, and no
coiitinueil 'o he to tho eii'J, Then? tho Mohainine-
I'ilher. Ji'\rH and (Mirislians were made weleonie.
If tiranaihi could not hoaHt the Mosijue of (Jor-
dovii, tlio (Sirakhi of Seville, or the palace of Zarah,
it^^ Alliainlira was evi'ii a more wonderful triumph
of iirchitect lire than any of these. Its foundiition
is ascrihed to Mohammed I., wjio died in l^W. It
was a fjroiip of huildiiif^s with their surroundliif^s,
rather than one odilice, with the royal residence us
its center. It was peculiarly Saracenic in this, that it
coml)ined the chiiraeteristic merits of evorv kind of
dans rallied and maintained thomselvos for two con-
turies and u half. A recent writer, siwaking of the
kingdom of (iranada, says, " Its fertile valleys cm-
braced tho garden of the Peninsula; its industrious
l)opulation carried agriculture to a degree of perfec-
tion unknown to modern times ; its mountains
yielded great (luantities of the jirecious metals ; its
manufactures of silk and porcelain found a reiuly
market in the courts of senii-barharic Euroiie ; the
coniniercc of Alcniona and Malaga, its princijnilsea-
])orts, extended to the Indies," and he might liavo
added, to every port of trade. Within that succes-
sor of Cordova, (JraiuKhi, gathered a poi)ulation
of a half a million j)eoj)le, not all Mohainniedans
known architecture, llomiin, JJahylonian, Phoeni-
cian, Persian, Greek and Egyptian. It was not
only a royal rosidenco and seat of government, but
it was also a homo of learning and intelligonco.
The barbarism of Cliristian Spain lias wholly de-
stroyed miicli and greatly defaced all, but enougli
remains to testify that tho Alhamhra was ono of tho
marvels of tho world, and its destruction a vast
public crime.
As in Condova, so in Granada, dissensions made
conipiest i)ossiblo. Tlic territory of Islam vras
gradually narrowed by Christian encroachments.
New states of considerable jiowor arose. l\)rtugal
came into existence in 1145; Navarro extended
iv
ji
■*- «L-
uot
but
tonoc.
dc-
liough
jf the
11 V
ast
I in
adc
was
lieiits.
rtugal
ended
-7^
CELTIC, GOTHIC AND MOORISH SPAIN.
•J 99
l)otli Nortli and Soiitli of tlio I'srcmrH, and Htnui-
jitT than oitlio>' were Oastilu an ' Aia^'on, i!S|K!iially
(lie fornior. Tno twi» laltiT wurc unilud wlii-n I'Vt-
dinand, Kinj,' of Araifun. niarrit'il Isaliolla, Qiiocn
of Oastilo. Each r('i;fni'(l in Ids or hor own iij,dit,
lint licini^ liiippy in tlioir marital relations, tiiuy
furnu'd ono Hovorjjignty. 'L'i)j,'(^tlR'r tlioy sot ahout
overthrowing tlio Moorish Kingiloni, and tiicy wore
siu'ccssfnl. Tlio j;lorii's of L'ohunhns are thns
lilendiMl, in a sense, with the shame ol" iJnaUlil, the
honor of dise(»voring a new world with the reproach
of i|uen(;hint; the l)rightl^st li;,dit in tiie old worlil.
The tirst camiiaign of destrnelion was directed
against Malaga. That Kiverpool of its day ' in
1487. The |teople wi're sold in(o slavery oi par-
celed onl among tiie viutois as prizes of war in the
most iiarliaric manner. The more lie;inliful females
were sent, in large mimhers, to iJoine. Paris and
other centers of power, as gifts, in a''cordanco with
I he monstrons conception then common of inter-
luitional comity. The ca|>tnred city was re|K>oplcd
with ('hristian Spaniards, ami the coiKpierors were
encouraged to plot further spoliation and slaughter,
robbery and outrage.
In the spring of 14'.il l'\'rdinanil raise<l a power-
ful army and encam|ied with his host within a few
miles of the iiatllements of (Jranada, determiiuMl
to complete the work of coni|iust. Ahdallah, or
]Joal)ilil, the king of the Spanish .Moors, was in |ter-
sonal comnnind at (irauiuLi. The city was well
adaptiid todd'cnsive warfare; but even in the pres-
en(;u of impending ruin there was dissension, and to
that cause, hardly less thiui to the prowess of the
l)csiei;ers, the beleai,Mired city owed its fall, for fall
it did. On the second day of the year N'.i"i it was
obliged to capitulate. Tiie soldiers of the Cross
took possession of the .Vlhamlira in the name of
Christ, and the vampiislitMl king withdrew with his
(Kiople to a small mountainous territory in the
nddst of the .\l|tuxarnis Mountains, wheri^ ho was
allowed for a short lime to ruU; as governor, and
vassal of the Christian monarch. Mut the Moors
were nneijual to the task of bnililing a third king-
dom upon Spanish soil. Not long aflt'r, IJoaltdil
crossed the straits of (riiiraltar and was lost among
the Moors of Africa. W'itii him did not, however,
disap|»ear the Aral) from Huroi)e. There lingered
much of the old stock, ijut as a .separate ami jiuis-
sant political power the Moor coiused to exist in
Kurope with the fall of (iranada.
.! I'
■I
.1
•I
ft'V'
Si;
''f]'--.
' i' 1
■,<■■ >
h' •
i
T-rr7=-vn^<
■r<-^
\ > '
.-•'] • •^■' AND ■•■"■ ' >. ••; ^-a,*^
-*
m
^®
CHAPTER L.
1^^
f^
'Al\ AMI I'llllll i.AI -TllK MlHllls AMI Mlllll-COK.!' — I'KIISKl ITION (IK TICK .IkW.<— TlIK I MJll!-l THIN
AMI Al TII-IIA I'K— XlMI :Nf> AMI 'I'llllyl KMAIIA— III liTll AMI KaIII.V KXI'KlllKM K!< (If ( llltlHTO-
I'lIKU Cdl.l Mill •— TlIK (JllKAT I Hx (IVKIIV— SlllsK(il KM' ('AllKKIl UK TIIK (illKAT 1)|»CUVEIIEU—
IvhIAN \NII AKHII AN Sl.AV KIIV — I.A-T DaV'" (IK KKI1III\VMI AMI NaIIKLLA.
J-^-^*'^^*'^
^
^
UK iuaniiij,'o of Foidiiiaml
and Isiil)ullii (l-tOli) wiis
tlio uiiiiiii (if two loviii;^
and I'ver faitlifiil licurts,
I-'or tliir-
ty yvtivH
tlioy liv-
ed logclliur in
liarniony, and in
tliuir marital rc-
lutiuns wc'i'L' niod-
t'h of donu'stic
virtue and grace.
' Never WM tiiero a
lietter illustration
of tlie adage, " In
union is strength."
Tho fall of (iraiuula wan tlio first
great result of their cooperative
energy. (Jiustile and Aragon were
then and throughout in i)raetieal unity, and out of
that unity grew modern Sjiaiu. Xeither kingdom
lost its individuality at onee, l)\it tho comiuest of a
splendid country like Granada hy their unite<l
etfort rendered any separation of int'jrest imprac-
ticable. A new name was only a (luestion of
time. ]$efore a eommou heir to both Castile and
Aragon came to the throne, other inqxirtant
aildiiions of area were made, and it required
only a matrimonial alliance with Portugal to
prepare liic way for tiie eompletu unilicatiou of the
Peninsula under one throne. Ferdinand and l^.>-
hella nuido the necessary pro-
vision for such a consummation
hy me marriage of their daugh-
ter with tho heir of Portugal,
and their son with a daughter
of the King of Portugal. Hut
in both cases death prevented
tiie success of the }ilan, and
instead of uniting all Iberia,
tho country became two king-
doms as now, Spain and I'ortu-
gal.
In tho fall of Granada, Castile
and Arcgou had no assistance
of mumeut, but all EurojH} was
delighted. Christendom felt
that the overthrow of the Saracens in Spain was
an ollsct for failure in tho Crustules, and for
eneroaehments ujjon the Greek Church on the
Hosphorus and along tlie Danube. Only one
thing imirred tho satisfaction of the pious, and
that was that the treaty of Granada guaranteed
to the Moors tho free enjoyment of their religion,
ruder that arrangement many thousands of Mos-
(300)
KEKDINANI) AND ISAUliLLA.
stilo
lauce
was
felt
was
for
the
ono
ami
iiteed
Icioii.
iMos-
|i
301
Ifiiis rctiiaihi'il ill tlio land, \Tiii'Mlii|iiii<; (iml arcui'il-
ill;; to lliti KiU'aii. Iliil. I Ik- |K'rtiily i>t' ucclo-'iastiual
riiimsfliii'H wa.s f(|ual Id llm L'im'r;,'oiicy. A synod
(if liisliiips and otlii-r dijjniiarii'H of lliu cliunli dc-
ridud Id "Hidiiit " lliu ijoiixcrsioii iif tlio .MiiIiiiiiiiih'-
I'laiiH liy ordering; tlmso \rlu< did mil i-nilnan; tlic
Clirisiian iTli;,MMn In li'iivi' lliu tMMintry, taki.i;,' witli
Ilium iii'itlior ^.'old mir hIIvlt. (JonliscHtitin iiiulliaii-
isiimi'iit. iirauticiilly. wiTc llic |H'iially nf iidi'liiy to
Islam. And lliis policy was ii;;iirou>ly carrifd out.
A ;;iTat many accoptud Ciiristianity, rocoiviii;; iiap-
tism and alistainiiii; from ovi-ry furni of .Mn»l(Mn
worship. To recant in any way
was siiri! death. 'I'liiwo wiio woro
thus coiivcrlcil hccaiiic known as
Moriscot'S. 'I'lic more lilieral ami
educated cla.ss eared little for
their ruli;,'i 'ii. '^llo^:e who cliin^
to the old faith of Mecca were
obli;.,'ud to cross the Mi'ditor-
raiiean. Some of them settled
aloii;j; the northern lioriler of
.Vfrica, hut many pushed holdly
southward and estalili.^hed their
seats of learnin<; and other in-
stitutions in Soudan. The Cres-
cent owes much of its present
power anion;,' the Africans of the
interior to the hanished Moors of
Sjiain. Hut their civilization
succunihod to the adverse pressure
of a trojiical climate, and loni;
since lost its vitality. It should be added that not
a few of the more heroic Moors were citiier burnt at
the stake or sold into slavery by Ferdimmd and
Isabella iu their terrible and relentless policy of ex-
tirpation. Not content with such jierfidy, Ferdi-
nand, near the close of his rci;,'n, sent an army over
into Africa to plunder the Moors by wastin,;; their
country and committing every species of outrage.
Black and infamous as is the record of Spain's
treatment of the Moors at this time, it is not so ut-
terly detestable as the record of Jewish persecution.
The Moors were looked upon as intruders and ene-
mies of the country ; the Jews were an integral,
loyal and useful part of the native population. They
had been in the country many centuries, fo the
most part, and were in all respects homogeneous, ex-
cept that in the one matter of religion they remain-
ed triieio their ancestral faith. Tlio spirit of |K)r«'-
cutioii was sljmiilatcd by the fill of (iranada, and
ill the same year aiu'ilict was issued rei|iiirini; thoso
Jews who would Hot recani to leave the country,
taking iii'itlier gold nor silver with them. The de-
cree was i.-suiMl ill .March to go iatoelTect in .'uly.
\'ery few of the |K'oplo recaiiti-il, and they wero
hunted down pitilessly. Nast iiumlH'rs |H'rislied,
mill those wh'i esca|HMl sulTeri'd lerrilily. Soiik* laid
down to die on the sands of Africa; others (lerished
of ili.sease eontracte '. in t)vcrcrowded ships in which
llii-y took passage for other parts of Kurope. .\i
that time tlu' new continent, had
not been discovered, and nowhere
wa. ;liere a welcome retreat for
these distressed people. Tliey had
enjoyeil liberty iiinler the Moors,
and aci|Mii-ed huge landed estates,
(iranada was the medieval para-
dise of the Hebrews. 'I'o Ikj up-
rooted and desolated without
cause, and contrary to treaty ol).
ligations, was one of the greatest
crimes of history. There were
jirobably half a million Jews in
Spain at, that time. They were
hunted ilown like wild beasts,
ami even the King of I'ortugal
was not allowed to harbor tiieiii.
The great instrument of this
destruction of two |ieoples, the
Moors and die Jews, was the In-
([uisition. it had existed for some time in a lampiid
way, but the austere Ferdinand and his pious wife
were persuaded that it was their religious tluty to
j)ly that agency of conversion unsparingly. The
belief of the time was that submission to the rite of
baptism was salvation from hell, and that heresy, of
whatever kind or degree, was the worst form of
crime. The church had always lieeii exceptionally
intluential in Spain, but now it was absolute, and
the In(|uisition ("bed of justice") was the supremo
tribunal, and the lurid lire of the iiitih-dn-fu mailo
hideous the whole sky of Sjiaiu. France had her
Massacre of St. Hartholomew, but that was a gentle
shower tus compared with the floixl which delugetl
Spain with blood during the joint reign of these two
conscientious sovereigns. Under their sway the
country was so completely subjugated to the will of
^
7"
•..J:.
' W*
r
iii
.!»
m< .
■{
m^
B.^':
.•■!!■ i
?()-;
I'lCKUlNAM) AND ISAHKLl.A.
Hipiiiisli iirii'sls tli;il liiiil il ihiI hccii I'or uiIut
SCSSlllI
IS ill lldlliiiiil tluir iPcrsi'diliiiLT (k'sct'iuliiiits
would liavc lii'i'ii (li'iiii'il llii-iiriiii jirivili'irc nt' jht-
scciii idii. Alisiiluti'lv 11(1 iiitTfy \v;is cNcr slidwii t,o
iiiiv I'linii ul" luTi'sv ill S|(:iiii, iiiul lu'M'r \r;is a w(iri<
of lifslnu'lioii iiKirc tlinioiiirli (ir cnicl. ik'rl\ iiii: iiiolivc ox[ilaiiis hotli tlio siiaiiii' and tlie
111 liiis policv • wo t'cclt'siasi ii's, as well as Iwosov- I L'lory of Spain.
I'lciiriis. were coiispicuoiis. 'l"oi'(|i('iiiaiia liii' liii|uisi- 'I'lii' siory of Coliiniliiis is poculiariv iiitorosliiiLr.
liaiiil was {.'oliiinliiis indi'liicd) if was none tlio less
due to prii'stly iiit.orvciitioii. li was the ij:reiit iiav-
iii;ator's j^ood fortune to enlist, the support, of a
former confessor of the ijneen, and the iiiiliieiico of
tiiat eccli'siastii; was decisive. Thus t
le same nii-
tor, and Cardinal .\iinencs. the liichelicii of Spain.
'I'iii^ former had liccn the confessor of Isalicihi, and
hadiinnmilcdintliienccovcrhcr. W'ilhnol iioii^fhllmt
.\ recent writer of iniicli erudition lias tai\eii pains
to show from oHici.il dc.cnmenl.s tliat Ciiristopher
Colnmhns was anvthinu' hut an admiralde man in
to cxlir|>aie heretics hi'spenl his Hi'e in I he ser\ ice of I I'hai'acter. and that, his ili-forl line, late in life, was due
tiie ln(|iiisil ion.
.Ximenes was a
slali'sman of ex-
lraordinarv,-ili '-
ilv and tiiorouirli
dev'ilion to tlie
chii r di. He
souL;ht to make
liie church ;ind
slate oiu', and
ho'ii invinciliU'.
lie was unscru-
pulous, crafty
and heartless.
Many stories
were lolii liv ec-
clesiastical writ-
ers of the per-
sonal miodiiess
of these two
COIXMIU'rt EXPL.VIMNO Ills VOY.\0K.
iiu'ii, some ol
wliich have found their w ly into received history,
huf. the needless outrau't's which .Ximeiu'S eneoiir-
aijiMl and the wealth which he accumulated stamp
liim as a monster of wickeilness, wliili' Tonpiemada
was more liiLToted if jiossihle than the cardinal,
liiit. iinstaineil with avarice. Toi^ether they crushed
and dest roved not. only free thouidit hut learning'
,ind prou'ress. Henceforth, not withstan<lini,' the
L,dori<'s of the New Worlil, Spain declined in cliar-
aeler and inlidli;,'ence.
The same year that (iranada fidl and ihe dews
wci'c rohhcd and hanished, .\nierica was discovereil,
and all under suhstantial'.y tlie same ini|)ul.se. If
neither 'ror(|Ueiiiada nor .Vimenes may claim the
credit of indiiciiif^ Isahella to enter upon the enter-
])rise of discoviM'y ( for to lier rather than to her liiis- continually a^ldini^ to peoixnipliieiil and inuritiino
to his own mis-
conduct : liut so
vast is the deht
of the world to
him that the
nianlleof ohli\-
' ion may well he
thrown over all
that. He de-
^ serves to he held
I in irviiteful and
tender memory.
His story niay
^ he hrielly told.
I liorii in (ieneva
j in M;!."), tiie sou
of a wool-coinh-
er. at fourteen
1 lu'hecaine asail-
, or. His native
city was then an
important hut. deeliniiif;; mart of inaritimo trade.
.Vhout the a<jje of liT)
he made iiishoii, I'or-
tULjal, his home, and
ina[i-makiii;j; his husi-
iiess. That was the
L'olden au;e of I'ortu-
ltmI. Kini^ .Itdiii was
the most. entcriirisiiiL,'
inonarch in i'!iirop(>,
and he encoiiraixcd
naviLTiition on a lil)er-
al scale. '1 he shi|ps coii'Mmn.
of i,ishon skirted the African coast aloiii,' the At-
lantic and iieiiet rated as far as the .\zores islands
! •):■
»
no
I'l-.KDINANI) AM) ISAItlM.I.A. 303
klll)\vU'(l<ro. M;l|) lUilkilli;
was tluis a iiroi,'n'ssi\o
Tiiis most, nicnioniblo of all i'\|H'(litioiis sailed
scit'iu'c, IK) li'ss tliaii ii trill
I'. 'Plii^ roiimliu'ss (if till'
from I'alos Oi;t,oi)i'r r.', 1 I'.fi. It. was witli Mio ut-
worlil liail Ih'1'11 i>liil(>s()|ilii(
allv ostal)lislu'(l, 'lio iiiar-
most dilVuMiltv, toward liio lasl.tliat ('(.liiiiilniscoiild
iiH'r's coiiiiiass (lisc'ovorccl.
.111(1 tlio way pri'iiarcd for
!<('('[> Ills sailors from liiriiiiiL;' liacU, inil tinally, ..ii
tlu> (■irciiiiiriii\i,:j;alioii ol'
tlio world ; Imt no oiii'
tli(> I'ilii of Di'i't'iiilicr. laiiil wa< discovcrcil and
scrmi'il to liavi' iMHH'civi'd
lio idea of trviiii,' toiracli
rrariu'd. lie iiad found the island of San Salva-
I lie farliicst cast \>\ sailin^x directly wcs^,, until
liiat idea took iitisscssiiin of the mind of (Jolnmluis.
llo s|i('iit several years in tryiiii: to secure tlie funds
hv royal |i.il ronau'e I'oi' Ids voyaiTe. lie was repeal -
ediv refiiseil and reliiilTed and almost, discouraged.
dor. 'I'lie natives i'ccei\ed the vo\ai;ers willi o|m'ii
arms of ri-ieiulsjiip. 'I'lii'v cruisi'd alioul somedavs,
discoxci-iiiL,'' si'veral islamls, incluiliiiir lla\li, or San
|)omiiii^o, and Culia. Su|Piio>inLr lie had ii'aelieil
(lie I.iikI for winch he had sailed, he called I he na-
LANniNO *1F COI.UMUl S IN TUG MOW WOULD- AMiai A I'aintimi iiv riKliLA.
'I'lio iiri,'uinenl which he used was that, by a short
cut to India iinmense treasures would he secured,
till! irosjiel of Christ extended, and the revenue de-
rived he snllleicn: .0 e(|ui|i anollier crusade au'ainsi
II10 Moslem. That was an aye of superstit i(Mi and
avarice, and he held out the indiieemi'iils iiukI
likely to he intluential. A weallhv Spaniard.
Alonzo I'in/.on. olTered to defray one-eij.,dith of the
cx[K'nsi>, and the (,>neen undertook the littiiii,' out
of three vessels for the expedition, pled;,'inu', sa\s
the narrative, lier personal jewels. 'I'liis. however,
i8(|iiite improliahle, fort Iranada had just fallen, and
its plunder had enrieluMl the colTers of both Castile
mid Anisroti.
lives Indians, a niisnonier which has cluui;' lo iheni
ever since, and ijiveu to I he islamls discovereil t he
name of West Indies. lie reliirneil v.iili many
siiecimens of llie counl ry, iiieliiilinu' several id' the
Ahoriyines. Ainoiii;' the products round and intn*-
diiced into I'',urop(> wei'e potatoes, toliaccn and In-
dian corn. His return was hailed as a Lrreat event
all over iMirope. In Spain he \\ as hnnorcd by the
people and the sovereiuns as bcliltcd his supreme
aehiexement.
A second exjiedilion soon scl. sail for the new
world, indnlL,dn;,' tlu^ most extrnvaLraiil anticipa-
tions. ]•; very body was wild with LTolden ex peel ;it ions.
I'nt verv lillle was found to meet the \iews of the
(S ^
3«
-TC
ss
m
Ml
I'
iHt
■'I
-^
-7t
k-
\(>4
I'lCKOINANl) AND ISAliKLI.A.
iidvoiituror.s. AftiT ('(liistiiit^ iilniii^ lliciiusl, .-lnnv
of South Aiiicrii-i. lindiiii,' iicillicr a piissatri' ti) In-
dia, nor i,'ol(l and silver mines, many n^lnriied liomi'
in disgnst, and (iliiiM-s renniined .suilt'n with diseon-
toiit. A reaction set, ill, and ('iiiinnhus wassiqwr-
Kodod in ei>mmand of I lie eohiny eslaliiisjied in
Cuha hy l>ohadiliu, who ordei'etl I lie Admiral home
in chains. Thai, injnsliee crealid a I'eelini; in liis
favor, and he was seni hack tlu' ihird lime as ism-
ernor of the ciilony. Thai, was in i.')iil. In llu^
inranwhile the Span-
iards in the new world '
Inid enslave(l the na-
lives, and under pre-
iv\{ of convert ini,'
tliem to Christianity,
Avere suhjecl ini,' them
to exlirpatiiiL; cruel-
ties. Till' natives of
those onei! happy
islands were early
annihilated hy their
iiihunnin task-mas-
ters, and their phurs
suj)[)liud hy importa-
tions of .NcLjroes. If
('olund)us was not.
rosponsihli! for slavery
lie did nothinj^ to
j)reveut or auudiorati*
it. In conception of justice he was not in advance
of his aLje. Not, oiilv was t he enslavement <d' two
races introduced in .\nierica in his time, hut tlu^ use
of hloodliounds in chasing the fugitive slaves.
Half a century saw the native population swept,
from thos(! islands hy the atrocity of the Spaniards.
l)isa[)pointeil in his .search for gold, and Kadilcninl
hy tho results of his genius, Columhus returni;d to
ISAItKI.I.A DK'TATINO IIKK VV'IM..
Spain, and iu the year I")(l<) he died, poor, lieart-
hnd\cii and neglected. After hi.s death he was re-
stored to popular favor, and his remains removed
to ilayli for interment,. in 17'.)") the hones of the
great, discoverer were removed to their present iii-
Icrnu'iit, tlie ('at,licdral of Havana, Cuha. It was
ni)t, until ahoiit the time of his death that the Span-
ish dream of gidd and silver was realized.
The priuciiial events of the nentfiil joint rule of
Ferdinand and Jsahella have now been narrated.
The Queen died in the
odor of sanctity !Nov-
ember 'Z(>. l.")()4, in the
forty-fourth year of
her age and the thirti-
eth of her reign. Of
her children there re-
mained only one
daught,er,.Joanna,and
sh(! was insane!. Jo-
aniui's son harles,
afterwards illustrious
as (,"harles \., was the
iieir of Castile and
Aragon, on his moth-
er's side ; an<l on the
side of his father,
I'hilip, son of Maxi-
milian of (iermanv,
also heir of the Neth-
erlands, and he was, as it proved, heir also of
the (ierman Empire. Ferdinand snrvivoil Isa-
bella a few years, marrying the niece of tiio
King of I'"rance. His last years were unevent-
ful, and may well l)e passed over. J I is life-work was
completed when the woinaii who was reallv his
"better-half*' passed luray. ITo lagged su|)erlluous
until January v'"^, l.")l(j, whoii ho too passed away.
J Q
IxAHKI.I.a'H ClIAllAITKIi AM) UkaTII— Sl'AMKH UNION — I'llll. II' AND .IlANA— ( 11 A IIACTKH (IP
KKKDINANII— t'llAUl.ES V. — riill.ll' TllK < 'aTHDI.U— M AIllllACIK WITH " (M.IHlllV MaUV "— TlIK
"ISVINCII'I.K AllMXMA ■' 'I'lIK K:>(11UAI. — PnllTrciIIKSK AND Si'ANHII ( 'llDWNS — rilll.ll' TllK
lMnK<ii.K -Till': MiiKisr(n-:s ani> Spain — Philii' I\'. and Spain — Tiik La^t ok tiik IIapsii(-ki>h
— I'"lIl.«T of" tiik Hot ItlloN" -('ONTINIKII DK'I.I XK— Los.1 OF 'rKIllllTOItV — N A POI.KON AND SPAIN
— .JOSKPII IloNAPAItTK -'I'lIK Dol'HBONH ISKSTOIIKD— I.OIIS I'IIII.IPPE's TldCK AND WlUT (AME
OP IT— "TllK At'ihtoi.ic .Iinta and Caulism" -CiiAiii.Ks, Kaki. and Cahi.os- Fkudinand
VII. AND I^IKKX liKOKNT MaKIA ( IIHISTINA — I'^A llKI.l.A II. — I'IKIVISIONAI. (ioVKIlNMKNT — TllK
UKPIIII.II'AN KxPKUIMEST and IasTKLAU — .VmADKIS I. AND Mahi-iiai. I'ltiM — .\notiikii Intkk-
iiEiiNiM HoiitiioNi .VcAiN Ukmtokkd -Ai.roNxo and the I'kesknt (iovr.UNMKNT— Spanish
.\ltT and LITEIUTIHK, .Mlltll.l.o, tiik ('id, ('AI.I)EIION, t'EIlVANTKH, DoN (|lI.\OTK AND
THE National Ham. ads.
^i^^
IIE iiorsoiiiil virtues of Lsh-
boll;i, and the service .slie
rendered tiie world a.s tiie
])utr()ii of (Jhristopiier Co-
luiiihus will evermore eu-
.shriiie her luiiiioin the af-
fections of mankind. I'nre
in heart and free from
guile, she no douht maintained "a
•SiKKtfRilfe- conscience void of olTen.-;e." She
il^ir^ll B. vrnn, however, very far from lieim^
a model ruler, 'riie policy of tin'
govcrnnient toward Moors, .lews
and heretics was cruel and unjust.
She herself was the victim of
sujMjrstition, and so far miscon-
ceived the sphere of civil authority
as to devote her.self largely to the
regulation of tiie religious affairs
of her subjects by means of pcrst'cution. Hut all
which she did or sanetioncil in (hat line ,«eeins triv-
ial in com|)arison with what followed. She was
justly styled the Catholic (iueen. but it was not
until after her death that Catlndic Sjiain, in the
most pronounced sense of the term, came into view
and held its ground as the suim^me jiolitical expres-
sion of the Roman Catholic church.
We have used tlie name Spain from tlu^ tii'st ami
treated the country as if it were one; but in point
of fact, as the reader has ob.served, there were sev-
eral states, each independent of the other, Castih;
being the most powi'rful and Aragon second. Fer-
dinand and Isabella never merged their kingdoms,
but their personal union [iroved in elTcct the mar-
riage of States. It may be said that wlu'ii Ferdi-
nand followed his consort to the grave their two
kingdoms, with their accessories, were merged into
one nation.
F('rdinand and Isabella biul been tinfortunate in
their children. Several diiMl young, and wlu^n the
illustrious (lucen died her only heir was .Tuana, wife
of Philip, Archduke of Austria, son and heir of
Maximilian I., F',mperor of (Jermany. By her will,
executed October Vi, 1")04, Isabella bestowed the
crown of Castile upon .Tuana as " Queoii Proprie-
tor" and her husband. lU' the Concord of Salu-
7^
(3^5)
; :1 . ■
1^ ,}'i-n
:• 't ■
■y
1^:
r)4
I! ,111; I-
fH!
P
ml
feu,/-!, .
11':
M
m
■11
■.Hi
306
CATHOLIC SPAIN.
Miiiiica, ii yuar laiiT, il was arrani^od that. Castile
slimild 1)(! ^()veriu'(l jointly l>y FiTdiiiand. IMiilij)
and . I nana. Philip and his \rifo woro in the Xotli-
crlands at tho time. Tiie yi^ar followinir they re-
tnrnc(l to Sj)ain, ami it was vitv soon (evident that
this Iripartito agreement would lead to very serious
tronhle. Hut l«'fore' the year eiosed IMiilip died
suddenls. His ]ioor wifc^ was crazed liy her he-
reavement. never re<i)veriiii,' her reason. She lin-
<>'ere(l manv years, a melaurholy lunatic. There was
no room for dissension. All coneeiled to J''erdinand
the sovereij^nty of the whole country, lie held it
until l.MC), when d(!atli claimed him. By his will
he left the kintrdom to the youn:,'' son of poor .lu-
ana. kuown in. history as Charles X., with (!ardinal
Ximenes as ruler of Castile until Charles should
come into his kinifdom. and Ferdinand's natural
son. the .Vrehhishop of Sara^fossa, in charire of .Vra-
iroii liuriuu' the same |K'riod. Ximenes was a i^reat
statesman, a lirave soldier and a Icarneil divine, a
man of Ljreat power. He founded the university of
Alcala and translated the Hihle. Oi Vei'dinand and
his rule Harrison drives this ti'stimoiiy:
'• I''enliuand was a l>iL,'ot ; he was nut free fnuu
the t;iiut of perlidy tosse(l to and fro so freely in
that age ; he was parsimonious, subtle and insin-
cere; he utterly lacked geniality, and never threw
oir the gravity which ho thought heeoming the
Spanish grandee; he indulged in vicious gallant-ries
in egotistic designs, in an ill-assorted second uuir-
riage ; he was suspicious, vulgar and nneilucate(l ;
all this one is willing to grant, and yet concede that
there were elements of true grandeur in his charac-
ter. In the judgment of many of his contempora-
ries, he was thiMuost renowned Tiiid glorious monarch
in Christendom. Impartial, economical, indefati-
gahle in his ai)iilieation to business, he was neither
an epicure nor ostentatious ; he loved history, horse-
manship, the rites and ritual of a s[)lendid church
ceremonial, knigiitly virtues and chivalrous >ui-
dertakings ; and with unusual control over his
tenijKir, undaunted personal courage, and a far-see-
ing political sagacity, he nnide few bad mistakes,
and, by wonderful good fortune, raised Spain, joint-
ly with his mau'minimous ipu'cu. from a conglom-
eration of reciprocally hostile states into a spacious
and concentrated Kuropean empire."
Charles V. was si.xteen years of ago when his
grandfather died. Little more than a year later ho
assumed the reins of government, and the year next
following ho was elected Emperor of Germany. No
monarch had
ever swayed so
vast an em
piro. Beside
the splendid
kingdom of
Spain, inehi-
diug (luite ii
large part of
Italy, and the
august em-
pire of Ger-
iminy, woi'c
ills vast Am-
erican posses-
sions, already
growing into
euoi'uious im-
])orlance.
lHAIil.KS y.
His reign extended from 1510 iu Spain and 1519 iu
(u'rmany until 1555, when he voluntarily abdicated
iu favor of his sou Philip II.. known litly as Philip
the Catholic, retiring him.seU' to a nK)nastery to
prepare for death.
Suhse(|uent chapters will narrate tho founding of
.Vmorican colonies, some of them imperial. In a
general way it may be said that his reign witnessed
nearly all tiie settlements which grew into that
chain of republics extending from the United States
to Patagonia. In 15-iii ho was married to Isabella,
of Portugal, a union which ultimately brought tho
entire Spanish peninsula under one scej)ter for a
time. The death of Charles V. occurred September
•■il, 1558, in the tifty-ninth year of his age. His
last act was the execution of a codicil to his will in
which ho solemnly and (piite sui)ertliiously enjoined
it upon Philip to " exterminate every heretic iu his
dominions and cherish the In((uisition."
Fortunately for (iermany, Philii) II. never wore
the elective inii)erial crown ; but his hereditary and
inalienable sovereignties raised him to the suiu'omo
rank among the kings of Kuro[)e.
t^ueen Catherine, tho divorced wife of Henry VIII.
of Hngland, was the si.stor of Charles, and Philip
nnirried for his first wife the daughter of Henry
and Catherine, Mary, known in English annals as
Bloody Mary. On her part it was a love match,
fv'
J
V^
* '
re
r
I'
y
CATHOLIC SPAIN'.
3"7
liiit iKil, SO (III liis siilo. Slio wjiM si'voral yours tlio
siMiior of Iter jirolliiriitc and hiirotuil liushiiiid. From
tlic lirst lio IiuUmI I'l'otestiintism witli inoro iii-
ti'iisity tliiiii lie lovt'il pleiusurc, uiiil licrciii tlu-rc w:is
a lioiiil of sym|iiitliy iiotwi'eii tlieni ; lm( to rusidooii
Eii<;lisli soil aiid bo OMVolojKid in tiie foi: of an uii-
coiijionial court was iiitolcrablo to liiiii. IFc rc-
iiiaiiu'(] hrictly \rilli iiis unloved royal wife, only that
lu' iniixlil undo what her father and her brother,
Edward TV., bad soui^bt to do. The papticy was
his tactics 'and tried to guin En!,'land l)y concjuest.
A vast navy, or Armada, was litted out for the jiur-
|)()se. An ausjjicious storm, supiilemented by Jiritish
iiravery, destroyed the Arnnida and saved Mri-
ifland. Tiiat was aj^reat crisis in the atlairs of J'^n-
;:land. Tiie "' Invincible Armada " consisted of 140
ships. It set sail in May, l."iS.S. Eighty-one of the
vessels were sunk. T'ho fate of the Armada was,
in some imi)ortant resjHicts, to the modern world
what the l)utlle of Salaniiswasto the ancient world,
restored, temporarily. A\'hen the retrogressive work
seemed to be accomplished, Philip left his wife in
her own dominions, crossing tiie channel, never to
sot foot again on English soil. His iinhajiju' wife
luul no charms for him, and her importunities for
his return made no imiiression npoii his olidurute
lieurt.
Hardly had the sad ([ueen been borne to her last
home, before the seriientine Philip began to make
overtures of marriage to lier sister and successor,
Elizabeth. Put she was not to bo wooed and won by
uny suit(n', Iciist of all by a nniu she loathed and a
sovereign she distrusted. She was a staunch Prot-
estant. Failing to win by courtship, Piiilip changed
England, small and despised, whs able to hol<l in
check the vast and unwieldy forces of Spain, and
as the success of Xerxes and bis Persians over the
(ireeks would have changed the current of ancient
civilization, so the success of Philip aiid his Castil-
ians would have changed the whole trend and char-
acter of moilern civilization.
The lirst four years of Philip's reign, to resume
the threul of continental iiistory, were emj)loyed in
establishing his authority in Italy. Devout papist
though be was, he forced the \m\)c. himself to
sue for mercy. Put nearly all his energies were ex-
peiuled in carrying mit his fatiier's codicil, and His
Holiness freelv and fullv foi'irave him all his Italian
7.
^Ai .'
■m\\
I''" I
i
» 1
f
308
CATHOLIC SPAIN.
transgressions. The long roign of Philip II. ex-
toiuletl into tlio year ir)!)S. In Spain, the only part
of ills kingdom in which he really felt at home,
I'roU'stiintism liiul no lodgment, l)nt in the Neth-
erlands it, was very strong. The political privileges
of his Dutch .siii)joets were atone time contirmed.hut
with unllinching jwrtinacity lie strove to crush iier-
esy. Tliat terril)le war belongs, for the most part,
to a j)revious ehai»ter. In l-")'i!i a. union of the sev-
en Protestant provinces of the Nctiierlaiids against
Philij) was formed, with William of Nassau and
Orange at its head. It was not until 1(148 that
Spain recognized the independence of the Outch
Wepnhlie. Philip died with that horrible war still
in progress. Tlis long and detestable life was unre-
lieved l)y a single ray of nobility. As a husband he
was faithless, as a father a murderer, his son and
heir, Don Carlos, being the victim of his iidniman-
iiv. Tile p(dicy he ado]iteil drained the vealth of
Mexico and Peru to maintain wars instigated by
superstition, and thus, instead of allowing Spain to
jiroiit- by the iidlux of ])reeious metals from the
nt'w world he used the matchless resources of his
crown to destroy, impoverish and depoinilato the
lands over which he ruled.
The Kscurial, built by this monarch, was at once
his palace and his tomb. Its somber walls stand as
a monument of the most calamitous reign in all
history. A somewhat too gushing, but in this in-
stance excusably iiieturoscjue, historian says of this
architectural marvel:
" A jnausoleum, a monastery, a palace, a church,
a museum, a marvelous reli([uary, where the bones
and limbs of hundreds of saints were devoutly ac-
cumulated ; a city of corridors, doors, windows, and
apartments; a great library, a gigantic jiicture-gal-
lery, a network of tanks and towers, a confession-
stool for princely humility, a village of Ilieronymite
monks, a town clinging to the sides of the mountain-
wilderness of the (ruadarramas, a swarming clois-
ter, an austere hermitage, a fortress, — wiiat was not
this wonderful editice, begun by Juan Paptista
de Toledo in I'lli:!, and occupying oO years of
l'hili[)'s life before it was linished!-'''
It was ill the year Ibiy.i that Philip II. nuule Ma-
drid the permanent ca[)ital of Spain, which it has
romaineil ever since. In loSl Philip received hom-
age at Lisbon as King of Portugal, intending to
make Madrid tlio central city of tiie entire jienin-
sula. Henry, the cardinal and king of that coun-
try, hiul died tiie year before, and under some color
of right Philip demanded the crown. His demand
was not conceded until a Spanish army had deso-
lated the land.
The successor of Philip II. was the imbecile
Philip III., who had all his father's vices without
his ability.
A weak tool
of priests, he
was simjily
clay in the
hands of the
ecclesiastical
}»otters. The -vTiSr-, ,■ X;^
chief feature "^"^J; v\: > WJTi^'
(it ins reign -'Tf*\ '.v
was the <le-'-C-'''t'r.'--^
mand of tiie'N:
clergy for the .r-
slaughter (if <i Cv''-^;^-^!:^^'-.lM^^^^^-^'V'^-i
Mie Moriscocs ' -=<^>j.--^^T^i7,i. r.^
M, I'liii.d' 111,
oors wlio
still remained in the country and jirofcssed com-
pliance with the religious re([uirenieuts of the laws.
During the reign of Philip II. they had been cruelly
persecuted, but it was reserved for the son to linish
the work. T'hey numbered about one million souls
and constituted the better portion of the popula-
tion. They were the intelligent husbandmen, skill-
ful artisans and learned sciiolars of Spain, Under
their iullucnce and f(jstering care the industries, arts
and nnmiifactures of the land had maintained some
thrift, notwithstanding the paralizing {)olicy of
Philip the Catholic. The priests were for mur-
dering them all. But the secular influence at the
court succeeded in somewhat modifying the decree.
The Moriseoes were ordered to leave the country,
taking nothing with them. Xo less than one hundred
thousand lives were lost in carrying out this decree.
At one stroke was fatally crippled the skilled indus-
try of the country, and important i)ro(luctions, such
as the raising of cotton, rice and sugar, were cut off.
Large tracts of hitherto fertile lands became utterly
waste, and ever since have served only as lurking-
places of robbers and wild beasts.
It is neeiUess and would be tedious to follow
the downward course of Catholic Spain in detail.
There was never any very important dejiarturo from
t^
■^
5 V
s —
I
catholic; SPAIN,
3"9
tlio policy of porseoution foreshadowed by Isabella's
l)igotry and fully estaljlislietl by (!liarles V, From
tlie accession of that first king of the house of
Ilapsburg, 151C, until tlio death of the last of the
na|>si)urgs, CJhark'S II., ITOO, the ]K)j)ulation de-
clined from ten to six millions. There were only
live kings of this line, beginning and ending witii
ft Charles and having three Philips between. Each
king in tiiis line wat: a weaker edition of his prede-
(O^sor until the dynast} itself ran out and became
extinct with the death of Charles II.
W h e n ■
I'hilipIV.
cunu' to
the tiirone
there were
it is esti-
mated, !l,
(MIU mon-
asteries in
Spain, be-
.«i(U's un-
numbered
ininneries,
and friars,
pricstsand
ecclesiasti-
cal vain-
jiires innu-
merable,
i) u r i n g
tile reign
of this
feeble and
vicious
nu)narch civil wars were chronic in many ])arts of
the kingd:>m, and in J(i40 Portugal resumed its
national individuality. In his reign the independ-
ence of the Xetherlaiuls was acknowledged and
several American possessions were lost.
The last of the Spanish Ilajisburgs was Charles
II. (the Charles who out of regard to his being Em-
]Mjr of (lermany is usually designated Charles \'.
liaving been in reality Charles I. of Spain.) 'Phis
l)itiful wreck of a man was on the throne fnun
l(iG5 to ITOO. Under him tlie population of Spain
decreased ;5,00U.0(H), and the population of Madrid
which hiul been as high as loo.OtHi fell lo ^>(i().(i()(i.
Si)eaking of the condition of tlie country under
tills king. Niemann says, "The army, once so cele-
brated, was now worth nothing; it had neither aiile
leaders nor reliable soldiers ; tiie arsenals and maga-
zines were empty : the lleets rotted in the docks;
the art of buililing ships was forgotten; of sea
charts there were none, ami Spanish pilots were no-
toriously ignorant. Tiie poverty was so great that
even the royal servants could not lie paid, and the
members of the royal household went iiungry."
Fortunately this Charles was physically impotent.
Nature lifted from the country the iiicui)us of that
detestable
dynasty.
" Tho'last
of all the
IIai)si)urgs
beipieathed
his crt)wn
to the
grandson
of " the
G r a n d
Monarch,"
LoiiisXIV.
of Frame-
That lirst
of all the
Bourl)oiis
to sit upon
the only
thronenow
oc c n pied
by a Bour.
bon, was
Philip IV.
This arrangement did not suit Austria. England
and Holland, who wanted Charles, Archduke of
Austria, to succeed as Charles III., apprehensive
that France and Spain might lie consolidated. The
War of Succession which followed continued thirteen
years. It was during this war that Marlborough won
immortal fame as a soldier, and the British navy un-
der Admiral l{ook of England took (Jibra'tar. Franco
assisted I'hilip, but in the end he was obliged to part
with a very considerable portion of his kingdom.
England tooK the jiillarsof Hercules f(!r her portion,
and that gateway to tiie Meiliterranean has proved
the very key to maritime, and, largely, to European
supremacy. Austria ac<|uired by the treaty of
^■1'
I
■,ii
Kill
€. .
/!'
lii
m
\<s ^
310
CATHOLIC SPAIN.
i!»|i:
¥:•■''
Utrodit iin luT sliiiro of Spiinisli pliiiiilcr, Xiipli's,
Surdiiiiii, ^lilaii, and \rliiil rciiiiiiiu'd to it in llu;
NcUinrliiiiils. Sicily was givtm to Suvoy. 'Plio reign
of Piiilip was !i long mw. ][n liclil tlus scrptcr un-
til 1T4(). 'i'lit' connlry inipnivcil soniowhat under
him. 'Plio loss (if possessions in Europe beyond
t he nat ional limits of the kingdom was highly bene-
liciul.
Philip l\'. was sueiredcilby ]'\'rdinand \'I. This
are told, during all that }K'riod. lie was not popu-
lar, howi'ver. The elorical inlluence was entirely
and bitterly hostile. The priests kept the jwoplo
from symjHitliy wiHi ])rogressivo and reformatory
ideas.
When Charles 1\'. canio to tho throno, 1788, the
(M'clesiastics resnmed their former sway over the
all'airs of stiite. It was thisking who in 1705 ceded
to France the island of llayti. The year following
■weak and inellii-ient sovereign wore the crown thir-
teen years. JJuring that jKiriod the country de-
clined once more. At tho time ho came to the
throne war was being waged Ijotween tho great })ow-
ers of Europe, as usual, but two years after his ac-
cession the jieacc of Ai.\-la-Cha|K'lli' was negotiated,
and after that Ferdinand lived in peace. Jle could
not be induced by even the oiler of (Jibraltar once
more to join in the general war which raged.
At the death of Ferdinand, Charles III., his
brother, came to the thnine. For twenty-nine years
lio occu])ied tho throne, and tried to improve the
condition of the country. The hKpiisitiou was hold
in chock. Only three victims were burned by it, we
an alliance with Franco was negotiated which re-
sulted in enabling Napoleon to employ the mili-
tary anil naval forces of S})ain to further his own
ambitious designs and, ultinuitcly, to appropriate
the kingdom ilsdf. 1 the groat naval battle of
Trafalgar Lord Nelson very nearly annihilated the
.Spani>h licet. About that time Trinidad wa.s lost
to Si)ain, and accpiired by England. It was during
this same reign that Spain coded Louisiana to
l"'rance.
In .March, US(IS, there was a revolution which
deposed Charles and raised to t' throno Ferdi-
nand VII. ]k)th aj){)ealed to Napoleon, who .settled
tho nuitter by ordering them both to abdicate,
^» B
^ i ^
y>.j' ': ^
1 ;.l
CATIIOI-IC SPAIN.
311
re-
liU-
|wn
late
of
Ithe
huet
to
liich
jrdi-
Itled
late,
wlilcli tliey <liil, whereupon ho aiJpoiiiU'd \\U rlthT
hrotl-.er, Joseph Hoiiiquirte, King over Spain. Tliis
appoint nicut was math' .Tune .">th. Josi'pli t-ntiTfil
^laih-id .hily -iotli. 'I'he opposi-
tion rallicil around Ferdinand
and drove .lu' aniial)ie Josc[i!'
out of tl>e capital. Tliereupou
Najjolt'on inniself took tlio
nnitter in liand. lie restored
his hrotlier in l)ecend)er. A
new element in the conllict of
Napoleon with Euroi)e soon de-
veloped itself. The Duke of
\Vellin.;ton eanie on from In-
dia, and eoniin,!i; l)y way of
Portugal, carried the war
against Napoleon into the Span-
isii peninsula. The disallection
of the country rallied around
"Wellington, adding materially
to his strength. Ferdinand was
restored to the throne in 1814. It was in tlie year
1809 that the Peninsula AVar hegan. Wellington
won a victory at Talavera in 18013, hut for the nM)st
part was ohliged during the the
j'ears to fall hack upon his
Portuguese hasc, until the Itns-
sian disiuster of Napoleon. Af-
ter tiiat, Wellington nnulc rapid
progress in tlie e.\i>ulsioii of the
Freucii from Spain. The treaty
of Valencia, hy wiiieh Napoleon
formally ahandoned all claims
to Spain was signed in Deeem-
hcr, 18i:5. The Cortes promptly
invited Ferdinand to take the
reins of government, and rule
in accordance with a constitu-
tion which had heen formed
nearly two years previously.
Tlie reign of Ferdinand VII..
whicii really hegan with the
year 1814. extended until 18;5;j.
lie helonged to the Dark Ages,
and iioth disiegarded the constitution and persecuted
those who had invited him to llie tlirone. He ruled
in accordance, however, with tlie average pul)lic
sentiment of tlie (tountry. Tiic iieojde were lietter
jileased with him than they would have heen with
39
a heller riiiei, so complete and demoralizing was
tht' cicricai domiiiat.iou. Tiie in(|uisition was re-
stored with ail its attendant ai)ominatioiis.
It was during tins reign that
the colonies, whicii iiad made
some progress toward inde-
liendence during tlie rule of tlie
iSonajiarte, achieved independ-
ence. It may he stated here
that .Joseph Bonaparte i-ime to
the United States, and ujmhi a
pleasant estate in New Jersey
spent the last years of his life
i|iiielly and res|K!etahly, leavirig
liehind him a reputation as a
worthy gentleman of no special
force of character. In 181(1
Spain stdd F'hirida to the United
States for ^.'i ,000,00(1 and the
recognition of certain houndary
claims on the Mexican frontier.
With all his mediev.d and ecclesiastical tenden-
cies Ferdinand was not reactionary enough to suit
the priests. They wanted the '" good old limes " of
the Ilapsburgs restoreil. They
formed "The Apostolic .hint a"
and incited the Carlist insurrec-
tion, which, with some interrup-
tions continued for half a cen-
tury to he an element of discord
in Spain.
\\ t' have used the name
Cliarks thus far in this chapter,
hecausc it is generally employed,
but the name whicii is C/iiirlrs
in Fiiglish and Juirl in (ierinan
is ( '(irhs, or Don C'urhix, in Spain.
Ditii in S])aiiish and Diiui in
Portuguese, originally meant
lord, althoiiirh suhse([uently a
mere [iropt'r name. With this
much exjilaiiation wo [iroceed
with tlie Carlist movement.
Wlu'U Napoleon's star si't and
l'"erdinand VII. came to the throne, the latter had a
younger brother, Don Carlos. The king was a de-
bauchee of the lowest type. lie had several wives
and no children, and having (piarreled with his
brother, he was sorely distressed by the thought that
%hm
m
<-j >
31 -J
I'ATlloMC SPAIN.
:,!
I)oii L 'irlos would 1)0 liis siicci'ssur iipun I lie lliroiu'.
Tlu' I'tiimsi'lors i>( i\\v ruyal luMisclidld |H'rsiiiiili'i| tlu>
kinir iiiiil i|U('i'ii that for 'I"' ^'il^c of liallliiiLT l>on
Carlos it would he riirlil I'oi' llic ciucrii lo lie iiiiinic
(i> Iht )iiiirriat:i' vow. 'I'lu' I'liiii ol' lliai siim^'csiion
was 11 daiif:lit>r, IsaU'lla. 'I'lic dili'imiia was as
iircal as cmt, liowi-vcr, for liy .lie Salic law, which
had liccii iiitrodiiccil iiy the lirsl jioiirhoii and was
liiiidiiii; iijion thai dynasty, whether in l''raiico or
Spain, only males were heirs to the crown. A .sec-
ond child wa.s also a daiiirhter. The kiiii; then.
iSliii. |iroclaiineil the repeal of the Salic law, and
that the elder danu'htcr. Isaixdla. w.as the heir a|)-
parent. 'Therewas repnunani'c to the repi'al of the
Salic law Ihronirhoiit Spain, and extensive pre|i-
arations for civil war followed. Moth sides were
])repared t'or tlu> strnir,i,di'. thoiii,dit to he inevitahle
upon the death of tlie kin;:. The clerijy and |K'as-
anlry generally es|)oused the cause of l)oii Carlos,
while the nioreliheral elenient wiw won over to the
side of Isahella hy the promise of respect for the
constitution.
In the meanwhile Louis I'liilipjie came to the
French throne and espotise(l the cause of Isahella,
it heinjj; airreed that, she should marry a hushan<l
chosen for her. and in case of failure of issue the
crown was to u" to the thildrcn of the other
dauLihtcr. The wily l-'riMich Kim: provided an im-
potent inilii'cile as the hushand of Isahella, marry-
ing' l^ahclla's sister to his own son, thus lioj)iiiLj to
secure the crown for his own family, ujjon the death
of Isaltella, who. he well knew, could have no leirit-
imaic olTspriii;.' so lon^ as her Kiishand lived.
Keiidered desperate hy this trick, the »|ueen con-
tracted a moriranatic marriajio hy which she had
.several t'hildreu, the present King Alfonso being
tlu' ekk'r.
.\ new and more liijeral constitution was promul-
gated in IS.'U, and the Imiuisirioii was abolished,
the liberal jiarty rallied to the su])port (;f Isabella,
or rather, of her mother. thei|ueeii regent, and what
was more helpful to her. Mnglish. French and Port-
uguese trooj)s heljted her suj)press Carlisni. By 184U
the first Carlist war was over.
Isahella II. was a mere child when Ferdinand
VIII. died. The regency fell to the queen-nioTlier,
Maria Christina, a woman of great ability. For
some tin'e the royalists were trailed C/irMiiios. She
was not at heart a liberal, and as soon as the Carlists
were viUKiiiished sIm^ made no conceuhnenl of her
triu' nature. The constitution was ignored, hut
ia u few months she was obligod to lay down the
reins of governnu'iit. The Cortes miule Fsparlero
regent, lie devoted hims(df to I ho nniterial im-
provement td' the country, building roads, working
the mines, etc. In ISCi the Cortes de( hired Isa-
bella to he id' age. Maria Christina, who hiul been
living in l"'raiice, soon i:aino buck, but her supri^ma-
ey wius short lived, (ien. Narvae/, was prime minis-
ter of Spain from iSM to l.s,")l with some int,errup-
lions. He was a truly great statesman, almost the
only one Spain had produi'ed since Aimenes.
Through the |K)rilous times of thul period, especially
the rev(dutionary uprising of 1848, he carried tho
kingdom siu'cessfiilly
Tho guileful marriages of the (lueen and her
younger sister, alreaily nu'iitioned, occurretl in 184<).
Don Franiisco do Bourbon was tlio withered trunk
to which the (iiieen was tied. 'J'ho si.stor Loui.su
was married to the young Duke Monti)ensier, who
was <lestine(l to be an important tactor in Spanish
politics, '{'he (lueen was justly indignant at the
trick jilayeii ujion her by the Citizen King of
Frame, and her career was deeply disgraceful. In
public ajid private life she was a reitroach to her
sex .mil lu'r nation. Many of tho best men were
banished. The greatest leiuler of the liberals, how-
ever, O'iJonnell, was for some time a tremendous
})ower. From 1S.")8 to 1S('>;{ ho was at the head of
tho government, distasteful as he was to the ijuee'i.
For several years thereafter S[»ain was in a state
bordering on chaos, and resulting in the expulsion
of the royal family. " The act," says a recent his-
torian, '•which led to the immediate exile of Isa-
bella, then enjoying the sea-baths of San Sebastian,
w:u< l\\e j)ronKiwi(iiiwiilo of Cadiz, of September I'.i,
18(i.s." 'I'hat declaration of
reform was signed by Duke
Torre. Marshal I'rini, Admiral
Topote, and other leading
men of the kingdom. So
strong was this movement
that the (lueeu had to accei)t
the situation without a blow.
A i)rovisional govenunent
"'^""^^"- was formed with Serrano at
the head as regent or president of the ministry, and
Prim as war niiuister, Lorenzaua ..s foreign secre-
s
lior
JVC
)\V-
OllS
of
L>OM.
iltO
■iioii
his-
ls;i-
tiiui,
r.i.
n of
)uke
II
iral
ilinsj;
So
nent
■oept
)lo\v.
inont
»o ilt
and
lecro-
CATIIOUIC SI'.MN.
^l^
tiiry, Ortiz. iiiiiiiHlor of jiisUck, 'I'oikiIu iniiiisUir of
till) miirino, I'Iu'iktoIu rmiiind minister, Suf^itxtii
iniiiistiM- of tiin interior, /orillii niihisl«>r of coni-
nicrct', Ii(i|K'/, ilo Ayiiia for tlic colonics. After Koino
licHitttlioii the (/'orlcs tiniilly licciilcil upon ii nion-
iircliv MS tlie form of i;ovcrnment. to Itc iiiloplcij.
'I'lic l>ukc of MontjM'nsicr, I>on l''crniiniio, Kiiiir of
I'orlnuiil, iinil I'rimc l,(Mi|iolii of llohcnzollcrn,
were pnl. forwiinl us eamliiliittis for I lie viiciinl.
Ilirone. 'I'lie iiilter was I'rim's (•ainlidale. His
candiilai V oe(;isi(Hieii tlie l'"riiniMi-l'rnssiiin war.
His name was williilrawn \>\ liis fatiu^r in .Inly,
ISlo. In N'om'iiiIht followin;^, .XmailiMiH, son
of N'iitor l"',iiianiiel, ami I Mike of Aost.a, was
eleitted kini( under llie title of .Vniadeiis I. .lust
iK'fori! his arrival .Marshal I'rini was as.sassin-
ati^l. 'I'lial was a death-lilow from wiiieii t.iie prin-
(Mple of eonslitiitional niomireiiy in Spain never re-
covered. .\iiiadciis was an ainial>leyonnL( man, and
that wa.s ulioiil, all there was to him. He wore tlu!
crown from .lanuary, IHTl.to Kehniary, lH7:{,when
" tlu! repiihli(! sii(!(!etMlod the monarchy as ipiietly as
one senlimd succeeds iinotlier.''
The liist " president of tho oxocutive power" was
Seiior I'i V Mar/,all, a scholarly ;,'entleiiian of the
pn^ss, iiiso a jurist and reformer on j.'(?ncral jiriiici-
ples. .\fter live weeks he ri^si;^iied, and Nicholas
Salmeron took the reins of jfovernment for a few
weeks, to he suiHX'eded hy the really ^n-oat and
Hplendid Kmilio Casteliir. Ho held sway for Homo
months. Hopes were entertained of a ])crmaneiit
ropiihlic ; hut
the nation was
Tcvl unprepared for
it. Ill ISTl
Serrano came
nto jxjwer
affiin as re-
gent, and in
Jaiuiary, lH7o,
tho house of
i'lourhon was
MAUGALi, CASTKLAU. restored in tho
person of Isaholla's oldest son, tho worthy Alfonso
XII. He wius horn in 1857. Of the governniont
as now constituted, Harrison says:
"Under him Spain enjoys an hereditary, consti-
tutional monarchy, 'i'lie kiiii,' is inviolahle; tho
executive rests in him, the legislative jiower in king
and corles. Senate and congress (Miinpose Hie
cortes, and their meetings are annual. Mcpulies
from (Iiiha were admitted in IH'M. 'i'lie king con-
vok(^s, suspends or dissolves cortes, appoints the
presid(!nt aiui viee-pntsident of the scnuli! from t.lie
senate alone, and has lesponsilde ministers. liOi!al
self-go\eriinicnt is allowed to the various provinces,
districts, and communes, with which luMllier execu-
tive nor cortes can interft^n! except in cases of aihi-
trary or uncoiislitntiiaial assuinptioii. The estali-
lisJKMl religion is Catholic, which is maiiilaincd hy
till! state, and a limitiMl freedom of worship is al-
lowed to I'rot.estants, though it must 1k' private."
Kver sinci! \M't local self-govoriimciil has \>('vt\ on-
joyed in Spain. Itiit not witlislaii<ling all the lati-
tude allowed under the present regime, then! seems
to 1)0 very little disposition on (Hie part of tiie Span-
ish peopli! to share in the improvenitiiits of tin; age,
Tho term " (Jatholi(! Spain" is lianlly U^ss appliiui-
hlo now than when first applied to tlii! country.
Spain has some art of which it may justly h<»ast,
and a very littli; literature of high merit. .Miirillo,
Olio of tJio great masters in painting, was a Spanianl.
'i'lii! ('ill is an (!pic of the very highest, rank. It is
hasod on a hislorical characli^r. Thi! ('i<l ('ani|K!a-
dor was the iileal of a hero cliei'islicd hy the (Chris-
tians of Spain, as airain-l tin: .Moors. 'I'lic latti^r
re[ires(int him as a liiLfhwaynian, the scourge of
honest p(!opi(!. He iloiirishiij in the last of the lltii
and tirst of th(!l:illi c(!iitiiri(!S. 'V\n'. Sohi/ of l/iii
(fill was composed a century or so later. l''rom it
dates Cast iliaii poetry, a ilistinct product, not hor-
rowoil from the .Moors or jiy other peopk;, hut a
truly national hody of literature. A convent of
lioiKidictine monks at Cardegna was ilev(jtod to tlii!
memory of the (Jid, for there is his toiiih, as the
Menodiotines claim, and tlioro arc his hanner, huck-
lor, cu|) and cross. I'nilip II. had the Cid canonized
hy the iio|k,', imt his true apotheosis was tho work of
an unknown poet. (!id is tho Spanish corruption
of the .Vrahic word for chief — soid. Ho was also
called Cit'iipciMlor, or Champion.
Ho was tiie l)eau ideal of devotion to the CJrowii
ami C'ross. .Macaulay says of this epic: " It glows
witii an uncommon ]iortioTi of the fire of tho Iliad,"
ami Sou they says, " It is decidedly and ahovo ;>,11
iiuestion the finest poem in the Spanish language.'
On the same suhject Harrison remarks: "Thci
death of the ('id soems to have Ixion the hirth of
vta
I
■ '^^
1 1
1.
y,
n
' D
'C •
I
'':'l
m.
:^
^
3H
CATHOMC SI'AIN.
CiiHliliiiii jiooHV — II pot'sy <lifTc!ruiit us poMsiljli! from
tliat of tilt) polished, iii^'iMiious, mid iiiiprusHioiiiiblt'
Moors who hiiimtcd ])iihicc, rii'li;,'htuil in ('0111111011-
tiirius, mid sunt niuMsugos of hiitLJo or ruioiicihalioii
ill vursu t'hiiriu;t«'ri/,od hy an iiicoiiipiinilik' po«'tiu
Irrhitiiiuv. The Ciistilimi populiir vorso chin;,' fiiilh-
fuliy to roiiiity ; JL WHS full of (Ircmiis of iiiilioiuil
firiiii(k'iir ohsciindy foriishiidowod ; il, deiliutl.wilh mi
iiitiiitivo political sisiiso, tlio jjrciit chmiipioii of tlio
jicojtlt' mi 1 opponent of an unjust ruL^r; it trans-
foniicd an historic kin;,', half a century after his
death, into an idealizeil and half-faliiilons liero.
"There were three (!ids: the cavalier, who could
li;,'lit better than all others, who protected and },'ov-
erned his kin;,' when he was not ligiitiii^' him, bru-
tally vigorous and frank, inaccessible to tender feel-
ing, a violator of holy places; then a nobler, loy-
aller, chivalric, Christian Cid, who grow out of the
impassioned reveries and reminiscences of the author
of the Sninj of llic (Jiil in T^oo — a champion fer-
vently adoring the Ktornal, blessed with visions of
archangels, absolutely devoted to tho king and fa-
therland, full of fatherly tenderness for his daugh-
ters, Dona Elvira and IJona Sol, full of ilignity and
glory arising from a consciousness of just deeds and
chivalrous enterprises, the noldesttype of honor, re-
ligion, patriotism, ami knightlinoss; and lastly, the
Cid of the ri»)i(iiifi-r(isi)f the sixteenth century, who
is a sort of ('id i/ahi/if, overllowing with fine talk
and sentimental rhodomontade."'
In 1081 Spain lost by death a trulv groat drama-
tist, Calderoii. Tlis
works have never
been translated.
His bicentennial
was celebrated with
great pomp in
Spain, and was
received with ex-
pressions of warm
admiration from
the literati of otlipr
nations.
The suiuemc
name in Spanish
literature is Cervantes, u brave soldier who lost the
CKKVANTES.
use of his left arm fighting in the ranks in that bril-
liant uik! important sea-light with tho Ottoman lleet,
the battle of Lepaiito, fought late in the sixteenth
century. His />iiii (Jiii.in/i^ is vriilely read in many
languages. It is a prose satire upon the mock hero-
ism of chivalric romances, the novels of his day. It
has been said thatCervantes laughed chivalry out of
Muroijo. It would lie more accurate to say that lie
rent and exposed to just ridicule the tinseled robe
of romance which it wore as regal purple, for chiv-
alry itself died when lire-arms came into use.
Quito a large body of national ballads of un-
known authorship exists in the Spanish language
which are eminently creditable. Througii Lock-
hart's admirable translations they huvu been udded
to the treasures of English literature.
Tho colonial jiossossions of Spain at the present
time consist of the islands of Cuba, i'orto Hieo, the
i'hilippine Islmids, (htndinc Islands, and I'alos, tho
Marian Islands, aixl a small area (48lis(|uarc miles)
ill Northern Africa, Fernando Po and Annaboii.
total area li:i,(i78 8(iuare miles; total population,
(l,;i!i'.t,;547. The first, second and third alone have
any importance, and they are dwelt ui)on more es-
pecially under the head of "Central America and
the Isles of the Sea."
The length of railroads in Spain on the first day
of IKSU, was 4,007 miles, with 1,'iA'i miles more in
the course of construction. The government has
liberally subsidized the lines, but they are owned
and ,)perated by private enteri)ris(, Not much more
than half the. .soil of the kingdom is under any
sort of cultivation, and the average productiveness
of the land under tillage is much less than formerly.
'i'he supreme characteristic of Spain is that
])eculiarly brutal and demoralizing amusement,
the bull fight, the favorite Sunday entertain-
ment of tho jicople of all classes. It consists
simjily of an encounter between an infuriate beast
and a trained athlete and swordsman, with
every {ulvantage on the side of the man. Occa-
sionally he is gored by the horns of the maddened
Ijruto. This sort of barbarity is a relic of tho
gladiatorial arena of Kome, and is at once cause
and eifect of the demoralized national character
of the Spanish people.
*Ws^
■■: ■','■■
>■ .■■,
]
4-
V \v vv \ ,-. v., \ ,\ \^-, v.: V. \ ,; A', \y,- \>.' yf^r};;^
\ \ ' \
i; f: 1 PORTUGAL AND THE PORTUGUESE.
y>;. /<; 7%'. .n: j<. /.. z-^: W' /<: ^a^^A^^ai. ./^:
^•^
(.
:M^Ha^a^^^^avl!^Pl.^gLI^ .d .i ^^:!: . :i...i . Jiwa
CIIAPTKR LIl
I'llllTlmAI., •>l.l> AMI N'KW - I.HIKPV, IT'' I'M'I'I IlK. 1'.AIIT1H<I AKK AMI I'lU'ILATluN— t.AKT 1)AV.'< OK
Ai.KDN.so— Maihtimk Si riiK>iA( V— X.AiiitA ask Maiikiiia— Va^i o ha (Jama, tiif, A/.hiika .ami
('Ai'K cir (ilMlll iIcll>K— llA (lAMA AMI I \ 1)1 A — I'llllTrilAI. AN1> IlllAZIl. - I >IHC HKIlArtTIAS AND
SKBAHTIASIUM— SUBHKIJI-KST I'oUTt'llt'EIlK KvKNT"— I'cPBT WiM!— CaMOKNh' LUHIAII,
!-^.-^t
W^.^
WV, (listiiiclivo liistiirv (»f
I'()rtiii,'iil (liitfs from Id'.)."),
Wit.ll il ,Slll)Sl'(|lll!llt, IK'lilHl of
iiiur^'oiice ill .'^piiin. I'rinr
to tliiit tiiiio it \vii.s an
iii(listiiii;iiisii!il)lo |)art of
iSpiiiii (iisiii;^ llio niodiM'ii
tunii for tiio Ilieriiiii I'lni-
iiisiila). iJoforu tiuit tiino it liiid
ici'ii Hiihjrct, in turn, to tlio Uo-
inuns, ^'isiL,'(^tlls, and .Moors. At
tlio (ioso of tlio c'lovonlii cuiitury
Alfonso \'., Kini; of Luon ami
%D Castile, wri'siiMl fr< in tlio .Moor.s
'l^p . Ij3^<i-, riiat ])iirt of tiiuir Kuropcan posses-
^■N^^^\M- ''ions lyiiii^ hotwui'ii tlio .MIiiIkj and
"l^in'eV •'"> Douro, and ;,'uvo it to his sou-
^- in-law, Henry, who ciilled hiin.solf
Count of Portugal. Tlio uaino was siiggostod by
the capital, I'orto Calo. llonry's son Alfonso had
the titlo of king oonforrod uiion him liy tho [lopo, in
rewanl for his gaining a vi(!tory ovor tlio Moors at tlio
hattlo of ()iiri(|Uo, 1 i;i'.>, in (!onsoi|uoni'o of which vic-
t(jry his possessions wore extended to the 'I'agiis.
My the niiddlo of the following century the king-
dom ooiii|)risod suljstantiuUy t!io same territory as it
does to-day.
Tho area of Portugal is ;3t;,510 square miles, and
the popiilatimi a tride f)ver four millions. Tiio
period of linrgeiiee in Spam was from l."(.sii to
lti4(), during wliieh time tiiree sovereigns of that
eouiitry, i'hilip II., III., and 1\'.. rulcil overtlie en-
tiro pt'iiiiisula. 'I'lieiv iiave lii'i'ii tliirty-li\(' sowr-
eigns of Portugal, not counting tho Spanish usiir[i-
ers, tho present king, FiOiiis I., I'omiiig to the
throne in l.soi. The I'ortugue.so call the period of
the three Philips, "the Captivity." When once tho
sce[)ter of the Spaniard was hroken the country Ikc
camo singularly free from hoth foreign iiitervontioii
and domestic revolution. Ihit Ihosi? vears of trau-
((iiilllty have hoen years of utter insignilicanco.
The just jirido and real importance of Portugal goes
hack of "tho Oa[)tivity." for tho most part Portu-
giioso history is a dreary wilderness, hut a few e[)i-
sodes of interest are found here and there in itd
record, like oases in a desert.
Tho lirst Portuguese king was a very rernarkahlo
man, the iiiconseipiontial naturo of his realm,
rather than his personal (;liaractor, being blio expla-
nation of his comiiarativo obscurity, lliscomiuests
over the Moors were the lirst important steps to-
ward Mioir iiiial sui)jugatioii. Li order to extend
his dominion to the mouth of tho Tagus lie was
obltgod to take !iisl)on, then a Moorisii city, and tho
richest, most jiopiilous and iiest fortitlod town on
the peninsula. It is supposed to have hiwl at that
'•.J,,'
■I I
m
iiii'i^ -^ii
(315)
T>rv
'm^%
m ■'
mm^'
m
■ » I
t^.
\ t
,^i^'
I'lJItlLUiAI, AND THIC PORTUliUESE.
linio ii |i(nniliili(iii of it(, l('ii.>;t, Tour liiiiuli-.I tlKtti-
suiid. 1( was tlu! fliii'l' rciilcr of tradi; Ik^Iavcom
l"lui'(i|)i' anil Al'i'ica. In laviii;^ sii'i^n to il, t.lio jrroat.
kiiiLC liail llic Lrciiius ami ;ioo(l roiMimc to .secure llic
cITcclivc alliance! of the I'liiixlish. (icriiiaM and
I'Mcmish crusaders, just slartiiii^'oul for llic Second
Ivriisadc. ll was a co-o|)eralion which enahlctl Al-
fonso to allaidv hy land and water, alheil ht^ himself
had no ships. In n^'OL^niii ion of t lu' service rendered
!iY I'lnLrlisli allies an J^n^lishnnm liv the nanio of
Not only did Alfonso 1. iiuiiiit-ain and onlarj^o
the lionli'rs of I'oitngal, hut he also laiil tho foun-
dations of that nniritnnu Lcrcalncss which niisod
lh(? l'orlui:nese kingdom to its liiffhost siiinniit, and
niav hi' said to constitiiti' the one claim id' the » a.-
lion to prc-eminenee. lie encouraij;ed marine e.\|K!-
dilions, conferriuff knijjhthood njion those who dis-
tinuuished them.selves in that lino. In tlii.s policy
he was iinp;irtial a.s hetween natives and foreigners.
He sowed the seed of a hounlifnl harvest. Indeed,
VTKW OF I.ISIKW.
(lilluu't was appointee] tir.'^t hishop of Lishon. It
may lie added that Li.shon now has a population id'
ahont -irJd.OlU). In 1 m"i"i it snIfenMl a most desolatinij;
earth(|uake fidlowed at. once h\ a tcrrihle coidlaijra-
tion. .Not less ihan lio.ood lives were lost. .\ por-
tion of the prcscnl citv anted;itcs thai calaiidty. hut
the irreatcr |)art of liishoii was completelvdestidyed.
'riic louLT Vfli'n of this tlrsl kiuir of |'ortn;;'al was
ahnosj. constant 1) occiioied with war. Sometimes
he was ti^'-hlinL'' iiciirhhcn'inL' Christians, -omclimes
atljata'iit S.iraccns, ami sometimes .Moors from
across the .Mediterranean. His limil exploit was a
hold and successful sortie upon an arniv from
.Morocco which had laid sicLfe lo I.ishon.
il i- hardly less to I'ortUL'al than to Spain that the
worlil owes the discovery of America, alhcit I ho
I'orlumiose court decliiu'd to render Coltindins the
succor li(( linally seeureil from tho l^ueeii of Castile.
Had it not heen for what Cohimhns diil, saw and
learned at liishon the tire of di.scjovi^ry would never
have hcen kindled in his hrain.
It was in IISI th;d. .Vlfonso died. Il was not
imtil the year 11 111. that I'ortumie.sc .seamanship
demonslrateil its superiority and l'ortii!j;al gained its
tirsi foothold ahroad. In that yearan entcrprisinif
tar. Zar;,^!, madii a voyai,'e id' discovery in a south-
western direction. His holdness was rewarded with
the discoverv of the heautiful island of Madeira,
^\^==^
.
I'OUrUtiAK AM) THIC rORTUCiUKSK,
317
Hourly ii thouHaml iniloa away. Tlic Azoius islands
and (!ii|)C Vurdo wero liitor discoverios. , Iiidi'ini lio-
cuiik; fiiiiiDiis f(ir its wiiio, also for its rich yiold of
siijiiir heforo Cuhii irlipsed it. Tlio island is small
and has Ixhmi
mainly nsufnl to
i'lnrojio of lato as
a rotri^at for in-
valids, osjMM'ially
sntTorors from
lung dilllcnltius.
'riioc'linnilc is ah-
soliittdy delicious.
Thero wcro no in-
habitants upon it
wlicn discovered,
and the t)resent
]xM)j)lo are a mix-
ed race, the I'or-
tuguese and Ne-
gro blooil being
intermingled.
Slavery existed
there once, Imt
was long since
abolished. The
last vestige of
slavery in the
Portuguese col-
onies \ras wiped
out in ISTS. The
total colonial pos-
sessions of I'ortu-
gal embraco TO'.l,-
•lii'.l si|uare miles
and a population
of over tiirce mil-
lions, mostlv in
Afrii-i auu tiie
islands iuljacent
to the dark eon-
sailing westward, missing it only to lind something
incomparably better, was f(uuid by skirting along
tin' western coast of .\frica. Ships from Lisbon iuu!
long been doing a thrifty traile witli t lie Africans,
tiudintr a re}rion
UUILM. llisriVITlliS.
tineut. Hut these possessions are trivial as compared
with what originally scenuMl likely to l»o I'ortugars
share in the Orient and the New World.
The Azores islands were discoscred twont.v years
later tlian Madeira. The great achievement of
Portuguese enterprise, however, was the discovery
)f t
le passa
U'c to the Mast Iiidi
IV the Cai
.f
(lood Hope. What Cnlum
ins
vainlv sou
Ldit b
previously sup-
poscil to be unin-
habited, peopled
by a ra<'e of sav-
ages who were
only too eager to
e.xchango for the
baubli's (d' I'ivili-
zation ivory and
other precious
things. It had
Ih'cu the tJieory
of Ptolemy that
Africa extended
westward as it ex-
tended south-
ward. 'l"he Por-
tuguese found
that just the oji-
posite wa.s the
i;ase, and that en-
couraged them to
pusii their way
farther and far-
ther in liie liiipe
of lii'.ding a |poinl.
at which land
cc'sed. Their
hope was realiz-
ed. Repeated ex-
peditions were
niad(! willnuit
success, lievonil
the fart her exten-
sion of ooin-
— ' nu'rce, until Viia-
codatiannidouiileil the('a|M!of (iood Hope and sail-
ed along the eastern coast of .\frica. 'I'he people h((
found to be less barbarous than the negmes of the
west; at least lie came upon some evidences of semi-
civilization, and traces of inlercoursi> with A.sia.
reeling his way along I lie roast cautiously, he
crossed the Indi;'n Ocean and laudci' >\\ the coast of
M
ilaiiar
M;
•;■' I I '.IS. He was
Iron
!
ISllOll
''' y 'i
My.- i:
fi;i.'i:^..
4::' : • '
m
*-v
3!i!:
■li;
318
PORTUGAL AND THIi PORTUGUESE.
two vuius, rL'turiiiug witli a ricli cargo of Indian
ITootls.
A ivvohilion in oriuntal iratlic was now inevitahh;.
Tiie Istlinius of Suoz liad long buen closed, ex-
cerpt for caravans, and intorcourso bei^weun tlic
far Ivist and Western Euroi)0 was i)art]y by land
and itariiy l)y the .Mediterranean. IJut henceforth
an easier and less ex|iensive ronte, liianics to Vasco
dad'aina, was praeiieaijlo.
J'ormgal was in a position t,o make good use of
tiie dis(M)verv made, f<)r it iiad a large nierciiant ina-
rinc and for a long time was ruled by a pni)lic-spiritod
monarch. Tiie Portuguese carried on trade in In-
dia witliout rivalry or ciieck during a peri(»d of
many yi'ars. l?ut in l.">-i.") King John III. bucame
more interested in crnsiiing out Islam heresy and
Judaism l)y tiie ln(|nisitioii than in developing the
Indian trade. Tiie general character of the country
was seriously im[iaireil iiy tliis jjolicy, and tlic way
liius ])ie[)ared for the displacement of the Portu-
guese in the East by a inoiH! intelligent and secular
people. Tiie rise of tiie Hritisli Empu'c in Ilindoo-
stan. and of tlie supremacy of the Mritisii Hag upon
evervsea was nuuk' [lossiiile by tiie baneful inllu-
eucc of tlie cliurch in I'ortugal. As tiiat empire
rose, i'ortugnese commen-e dwindled until now it is
hardly tlic sliadow of its former greatness.
Tills same King John establisiied a kingdom in
America. Hra/il, wliicli is now a very coiisideraiile
power. It liad been discovered in 1.")1U by Petlro
Alvarez Cabral. wlio entered with zeal into the [iro-
ject of C/"liristiaiiizing tliat portimiof the new world.
The Brazil of to-day is liic proudest living inonu-
nient of the golden age of Portugal.
King John was succeeded in l").")? by his infant
son, Doin Seiiastian. "When this sovereign came to
years of independence (he never reached years of
discretion) lie was absolutely eager to subjugate the
Moors across the Mediterranean, lie gathered a
niagnilicent army, and in l.'iTT set sail from I.isiion,
resolved to carry tlie war into .Africa and accoiu-
plisii a great deliverance for Uhristendom. Jlc had
powerful auxiliaries from other nations of Europe.
A groat battle was fought August ;!, at Atcacer
(^niiiir. The Europeans were uttei ly defeated, and
Dom Sebastian himself, who led iiis forces in ]ior-
son, was lost. He is supposeil to have been killed.
stri|iped and mutilated beyond recognition, lint
his fate proved to be one of the most remarkalile
mysteries of all history. All sorts of stories were
told by those who protended to have seen him alivo
after tlie battle, and his suiijeets woro disposed to
believe that ho had escaped and would return. .So
strong was this belief that it dovclojiod highly inter-
esting results. A boily suiijiosed to bo his was bur-
ied with all possiljle honors in the monastery of Bo-
lem at Ijisbon, but the hope of his survival was still
cherished.
One esjiocial cause of Sebastianisin (as this curi-
ous hope canu! to be called) was the danger of na-
tional anniiiilation, which his deatli involved. Ho
had no direct heir, and Philifi of Spain claimed the
throne. Ilis claim could not bo disjxitod, and "the
Captivity" followed, during all which time the
crc'diilons I'ortiigiiese persisted in expecting Sebas-
tian's return. The cluircli fostered the delusion that
ho was on a distant island, and would some lino day
sail 111) '''"^ Tagus with a splendid and irresistible
lleet. This hope has not entirely died out even yet,
and all through "the Captivity "' served to keep alive
the natioiuil sentiment. It contributed largely to
the preservation of a patriotism which made Portu-
gal improve tlie opportunity afforded by the utter
imbecility of the court at Madrid to regain its indi-
viduality as a nation.
The revolution by which Portugal escaixid ab-
sorption into Spain occurred in 11)40, and was
ctfected with very little blyodshod. The kingdom
held on the tenor of its way, suilering little from
war and much from superstition, until the Xaixde-
onio wars. Cbliged to take sides, the governmout
formed an alliance with England and the other
Allies. Xapoleon sent a small army into the coun-
try, declared the throne vacant and the country a
jiart of France. Tlvit was in 180'i'. The nominal
head of the government was Queen Maria, but she
being insane, the regency had boon conferrod 14)011
.Fohii ^laria Joseiih, Prime of Brazil. That was in
IT'.l'-i. When the French soldiery came, he set sail
from Lisbon, for Uio Janeiro. When tho empire of
N'apolcon foil. Prince John roturned to Spain,
leaving his son, Dom Pedro, Kogent of Brazil.
It was in l.S'J"^ that the latter became Kmporor
of Brazil, and complete separation occurred,
and that without any bloodshed. In a few years
Dom Pedro came into possession of the crown of
Portugal also, but he soon surrondorod it to his
daughter Donna Maria, preferring to ronnun at Rio
u
n
11,
il.
:)V
a,
,rs
of
lis
io
PORTUGAL AND THE PORTUGUESI!.
319
Jiuieiro. Before, tliat, liowuvur, lie luid j^niiitcd
tliu ])ooi)le II const it utiuii. Xot lon;^, after civil war
arose in Portui,r;il, furiiisiiiiif^ an excuse for Uriiisii
iiit;erfereiice, which reduced the country to a condi-
tion of Henii-sul)jii;,'iitiou to Kii;,daiid. Its foreign
pohcy lias ever since been wiiat tiie Hrilisli desired it
to bo, except as tliere were occasional " j)er(idies, " as
tlio Eiiglish writers hraiid every attempt at self-as-
sertion oil the ])art of I'ortuiral.
VIEW UF OPORTO.
Portugal is famous for its wine. Its vintage and
the country itself both derive their name from the
seaport town of Oporto. This wine was brought in-
to jiroininenco ]>y the Uritisii policy of encouraging
its importation into England, while discouraging by
heavy duties the importation of French wines, a
policy which grew out of the fact that in the early
years of the present century France and Kngland
wore at war, while Portugal was the passive ally of
the British. I^esidoa, the English preferred port to
chiret and other light wines.
pecially in the far Ei^st. He was fully imbued with
the spirit of enterprise, and his elaborate verse is
the noblest literary monument ever raised in honor
of the dominant spirit of that age. Tiie great man
drained to the dregs the cup of ingratitude. IIo
died a [lauiKT in the city of Lislxm. After his death
th(! Portuguese becaini! aware of his genius and
havt! ever ciierished his memory. He is the one lit-
erary nniii of that country deserving of even men-
tion. His Lusiad belongs in the best of the world's
olassics.
40
%
! :''■
.!'l^:
,_5>
iMnh
#:ni
^
CHAPTER LIII,
M
i
i
IcELANn, Denmauk, Xohway am> Sweiik\, the CofNTiiiKs EMiiiiArED— Iceland and its Liteii-
ATIIIE— DENMAKK — TlIK DaNKS IX HlSTOItV— IIa MLET — NoHWA V AND THE XllllWEOIANS— AllEA,
Poril-ATION AND KMlliUATIDS— Cl.IMATE, Soil, AND I'ltODUCTIONS— TllE BlIlTH OP A LlTEllATlRE
— Swedes ami I'lKiTEsTANTifM— (ii'sTAvrs Aixii.rnLS — The Swedes in Amehica— Decline
lip Sweden— PiiEsKXT liovEiixMENT and I'onditihn op Sweden— Xatuiial Hesouuces op tub
CouNTHv— Scandinavian Mvtiioi.oiiy — (iiiEENLANii, and the Xorsemen in Amekica.
HE tunn Sctiudinaviii is
no longer in use, except
liistorieiilly, )jut the in-
liiibitants of Sweden, Nor-
way, Denmark and lee-
land are still called Scan-
dinavians. Altlimigli not
living under one govern-
ment, tliey form, substantially,
one jieople. Distinct yet iusepar-
alile, they are several nations, l)ut
one jieople.
In immemorial times .md until
about the eleveuth century the
.Scandinii vians spoke one tongue.
The language now has two branch-
es besides the original, the Dan-
ish and the Swedisii. The original
speech is jjreserved in truly pristine purity in Ice-
land, and that frigid land nnist have ])eculiar inter-
est for every student of Xorse history. It was in
tikc nintii century that the country was settled by
Scandinavian colonists. That bleak island now has
a po|)ulation of less than one hundred thousand
jiersons, but during all those ages it has preserved
(he songs and stories of their ancestors in the primi-
tive language of Scandinavia, enriching the litera-
ture with much which commands the admiration
of scholars.
For sometliing more than three hundred years
(it'iS to Vi&i) Iceland was a haj)j)y republic. The
pco])le are still remarkable for their intelligence.
They are brave, pure and amial)le. '' The old
tongue," says I'etersou, "which is the foundation of
the three Scandinavian languages, they liavc kept
during IJOUO years in its original purity, and the
hiimldest workman can read and write, and is
thoroughly conversant will) the Sagas, the history
and the laws of his country and the Bible." Ice-
laud is (iOU miles from Norway, 'i')0 miles from
Itreenlaiid and ."idO from Scotland. The long
winters give ample lei.^ure for study. Once a depen-
dency of Deiunark, the country is now entirely inde-
pendeiu, only the King of Denmark is the heredi-
tary head of the Icelandic government. To all
intents and i)ur[)oses the country is a republic m
which all citizens are eciiuil 1)ofiire the law. The
cliuuitc admits of very little agriculture. The pur-
suits of the })eople are ])astoral and piscatorial.
The country is of a volcanic fornnition. The
Ilecla is the chief volcano of the island, and in its
neighborhood is the great (leyser or Hot Sulphur
Sju'lng. The houses of the peoj)le are built of lava
blocks and moss. In everything but clinuite and
(320)
T-K
-f:
al.
he
iU
nir
IV 11
lud
'Xl
THK SCANDINAVIANS.
321
■soil, wliicli could hiirdly be worse, luelaiid is 1111
eartlily iKiriidifO.
Tlie once in'ouil. l)ut now insignifieunt, kingdom
of Denmark consists of llie jHininsiilii of .Futlund
and several adjacent islands of tiio IJaltie Sea.
Co{)enhagen is tiie capital. Tlie government is a
limited monarciiy. The |)resent king, Christian
IX., is best known as the father of Alexandra, Prin.
cess of AVales, Maria Dagmar, Empress of Russia,
and (leorgios I., King of (Jreece. The executive
power is vested in tiie king and his ministry, the
tlie ninth century. In the eleventh century they
very nearly completed the eoncjuest of Britain, tlieir
king at that time being Canute, the greatest sover-
eign of Ills age. It was luider iiim that Dennuirk
was Christianized. Near llie close of tlie fourteenth
century Queen Margaret tiie Dane etfettted the eon-
(juest of all Scandinavia, uniting Sweden and Nor-
way to Denmark. 'J'hat consolidation was called
•' The Union of Calmar." Margaret died in 1411,
and her nephew Eric was appointeil her heir, but
each nation chose its own ruler. Thirtv-sevcn vears
law-making power being vested in the Higsdag, wit a
its senate, called Landsthing and its lower liouse,
called Tolkething. Tiicse l)ranches of the legisia-
tiiri' represent,, as their names would indicate, re.-pcct-
tively the landed aristocracy and the people at
large. The state religion is the Lutheran. Absolute
freedom of worship is enjoyed, but there are very few
dissenters from the estabhslied church. Protestant-
ism in Denmark .lates from l')'M. Elementary educa-
tion is universal and obligatory. There is a i)r(js-
perous university at Coi)enliageii ami thirteen col-
le<j;es located in the dilfcrcnt lai'i^e towns of the countrv.
Tiie Danes apiwured lirst ii|)oii the surface of his-
tory as piratical invaders of England. That was in
later Denmark choso Christian I., Count of Olden-
burg, its king, and the house of Oldenburg wori^ the
Danish crown from 1448 to 18f.!;J. There were six-
teen kings of that dynasty, with an average reign of
' roiity-six years. The present sovereign belongs to
the ilultiplex house of Schleswig-IIoIstein-Sonder-
burg-Olucksburg, to which name might proiierly be
a(lde<l, ilesse-Cassel.
For many generations Denmark avoided complic-
ity with general European affairs, but it became
somewhat involved in blie Najjoleonic Wars as an
ally of France. That alliance resulted in the loss of
Norway. The great uiirising in Eurojte against des-
[lotism ill 1848 extended to that kingdom and re-
■7-
¥:4
■'\l
^\\
h' y
'f'1
ii\
k^v. ^
322
THE SCANDINAVIANS.
suited ill sccuriuj^ for tlic people a truly HIrtuI vmi-
stitutidu. oui; undiT which tlio iriil iuithoritv of the
crown in reduced to the iiiininiuiii. The latest ap-
l)eara;ico of ])i;iiiiiark ujiou the iuteruatiorial staj^e
of action was in the Selileswi<^-IIolstein War set
fortli ill (ieriiian history.
The hiirliest (hstiiictiou of Denmark is not iiistor-
ical, liiit iiistrionic. 'IMie j^euiiisof Sliaksiieare made
use of a SLini-liistorical, semi-mythical episode in tlie
annals of the Danish court as tiie canvas on wiiich
to paint his inasterpieeo, Hamlet. 'I'he Danes have
a vivid tradition of the melancholy jirince. and point
wiiii pride to his supposed ;rrave at Klsiiiore. There
was an old play of Hamlet which Shaksjiearo re-
wrote and inlo which he infused the life and lijiht of
genius. 'i'he historical
basis, so far as there is
any, helongs to the six-
teenth century.
When the allies, after
their victory over Xajxi-
le(»ii at Waterloo, de-
jirived Denmark of Nor-
way, in )iiinisliment for
French alliance, they jim-
jxised to cede the latter
to Sweden : hut the Nor-
I'roportioii to population, in the world. At the end
of IS'!) the shippinj,' of that countTy numhered
8, 1'-i.") vessels, of a total hurtheu of 1,509.4 ^T tons,
manned hy a8, (!()'.) sailors. T' here, as in Denmark,
tiie Ijiitiieran church is everywhere predominant,
and education is compulsory. Tiie IcLrislative author-
ity is ve>tcd in tiie StorthiiiLf, divided into two
hranohes, the La^'tliing and the Oldenthiiiir. Tho
executive authority is exercised by the king iionnn-
ally, but really by a eoimcil of state composed of two
ministers and nine eounselors.
Norway extends 1 OSU miles from north to south,
with a breadth vaiying from '^70 to 20 miles. The
coast lino is fringed with islands iiiid indented with
fjords. The chief river is Glonimen, or Stor-Elveii,
as one part of it is called.
wegians made sucli an
earnest and manly pro-
test against it that Nor-
way was recognized as an inili']iendeiit, kiug<loiii,
although under the same dynastic iiead as Sweden.
The union witii Denmark covered the long jieriod
from b'587 to 1814. In the early days of Scandina-
via tiie Norwegians were the leading element and the
hind coiupiereil bv the Scandinavians in Franco
{'Ji'^), was called Normandy.
With an area of V^"i,8i!0 square miles, Norway lias
a population of about ■i,()UO,UOO. It is an agricul-
tural and pastoral country, especially tho latter. It
has two large towns, Christiana, with a population in
ISSO of ll(i,801, and Bergen about one-third tlie size
of the metropolis, (iroat iiumlierc of the people
emigrate to tliis country. In 18T)5 the emigration
reached i;5, HO"). It has t ■ ;n olf somewhat since,
but is still great and constant. The State of lliiiiie-
sota has a very largo iX3reentage of Seaiidiuaviau
population.
Norway can boast the lai^est merchant marine, in
VIEW OF nnUGEN
Owing to the gulf-stream
the country is not as cold
as tho latitude would in-
dicate. But for that
ocean river, Norway
-would be uniiihaliitable.
The cliief source of
revenue is timber. Tlie
pines, firs and birch of
tliat land are of great
value. The fisheries and
mines are also very con-
siderable sources of reve-
nue, especially the for-
mer. The iron, copper and silver mines yield less
tiian a milliyn dollars a year, all told, while
the annual catch of fish exported, including
oysters, cannot be worth less than *!o,000,0U0. The
rivers fairly swarm with salmon and salmon trout.
Since its separation from Denmark Norway has
developed a distinctively national literature, and
can iioast one muno of world-wide fame, Bjornstjern
Bjoriison. Hans Christian Andersen is the liest
known .Scandinavian author. T'ho Siinnnve Salbak-
kvn, published in 1850, is regarded as the beginning
of Norwegiru literature.
Sweden is really the major part of Scandinavia,
of which (rustavus Wasa was the first groat sove-
reign, Tiiat monarch did much to strengthen the
nation and weaken the clergy. His reign began iii
Ih'l'.i. The country was at that time torn and tor-
mente'd with ecclesiastical strife, and so it continued
to be until early iii the seventeenth century, when
^
VIU,
ive-
the
1 111
tor-
ued
I
liou
Is
-• 5
h
THE SCANDINAVIANS.
323
Lutheran Protestantism completely triumphed there,
as in Denmark and Norway. The Scandinavians
never had any real aililiation with Homo on the i)art
of tlie iK.'oj)le. The popular heart was not enlisted
by popish devices. The last Cat'iolic kini,' of Swe-
den was Sijrismund. lie was succeeded in KiUO by
Charles IX., a zealous Protestant. Eleven years later
his i.'reat son, (iustavus Adolphus, known as tiie
" Swede of V'';*^^ory," ascended the tlirono and reigned
twenty-one years. That reign was a splendid ixjriod
in Swedish history, a memorable one in the history
of the wt)rld. In the terrible war between Protest-
antism and Catholicism, in
which nearly all Christendom
was enlisted, he took a conspic-
uous part. T''c iiistory of the
Thirty- Years War has for an in-
tegral })art of its record the ex-
ploits of that great soldier and
nuijestie man. lie gave his life
to the cause of Protestantism.
Gustavus Adolphus was re-
markable for the breadth of his
sympathies and the vastness of
bis plans. Not content with
conserving the interests of Swe-
den, and heli)Uig in the religious
disenthrall; nent of Euroi«, his
thoughts went out to America.
It was in his day that the most
beneficent settlements on this
continent were nuule, and that
the seeds of the United States were sown,
a wholly indeiHindent way, he projected a settlement
in the new world, which he hoped would be the
nucleus of an ideal nation. The first Swedisli colony
in America dates from 1(J37, five years subsequent
to the death of Gustavus, but none the less the idea
wa his. That colony established itself on the land
between Cape Ilenlopen and Trenton i'\dls. Dela-
vmiv is a part of what was then New Sweden. The
Swedes had very little to do, as it proved, in the civil-
ization of this continent, l)ut tlie dream of their
great king has been more than realized.
Although Gustavus Adolphus had the honor of
raising Sweden to rank among the great jtowers of
Europe, the kingdom attained its highest glory un-
der Charles XL (IGOO to 1(397). The peace of West-
phalia (1G48) had added largely to the territory of
Acting in
the kingdom. "When Charles XII. came ui)on the
throne ho had teneath his sway a nnigniticent em-
])ire. Ho left it almost in ruuis. .Many victories
were won over his enemies, but the country was im-
poverished. His reign extended from lO'J? to 1T1!>.
His successor was his sister, Ulrica Eleonora. Un-
der her a constitutional government was formed.
(Jradually the area of Sweden was narrowed uiilil
very little renniined except Sweden proiwr. In IS 14
Norway came, as we have seen, to form a dymistiu
union with Sweden, but that was not an important
union. The union is declared to 1x3 i)eri)etual, ''with-
out prejudice, however, to the
separate government, constiiu-
tion and code of laws of either
Sweden or Norway." The law
of royal succession is the same
in both. Li the event of an
absolute vacancy of the throne
the two Parliaments assemble
for the election of a common
king.
The present organic law of
Sweden dates from 1809, al-
though liberal changes wee
made later, the latest being in
18<i(). The government is sub-
stantially the same as that of
Norway, including religion and
education. There are two Swe-
dish universities, the one at U]»-
sula being the chief. It numbers
among its alumni Emanuel Swedenborg, the great
scholar and author who founded what is known as
the Church of the New Jerusalem, and was, besides,
a great scientist.
The area of Sweden is 170,979 square miles; the
population in 1879 was 4,508,901. The emigration
from there to this country, which may be said to
have begun in IS'iO, reached its maxinuim in 18G9,
during wiiich year it reached 39,004. The Swedes
are numerous in the Northwest. Stockholm and
Golcliorg are tlie two largest cities of Sweden. It is
esiimated that 49 jKjr cent, of the country is produc-
tive soil, including pasturage. AVlieat is raised in the
southern part of the kingdom, rye, oats and potatoes
being, however, the chief products of tiie arable land.
The iron mines are of great value and importance.
The Scandinavians 01 to-day can certainly boast
Hi
iS^iii
i ^ ^
3^4
THE SCANDINAVIANS.
IK) orijriiiiility in rcligiuii. Kvcii tlicir iiioiioriiiztMl
form (if Clirist.iiinity was borrowed fniiii (toriiiiiiiy.
iW'. Iji.lliiTiiM clmrcli ]m\\<j; overywliuro prcviilciil-.
Hut. lliiih (it'iiplc niiiy well 1h.( jinmil of l\\v. fullness,
(li'tinit<'ni'ss and oriirinalit.y of their old niyllioloLry.
Its ri'cord is contained in two eoljeclions, called the
Eddas. 'I'lie Elder Edda is in verso and dales l)aek.
to lti.")(J ; the younger is a prose work ami dates from
lfI4(t. In tiiose hooks :tre jjreservud the reliifious
conceptions and myths of ancient Scandinavia. Odin
dinavian divinities, thuir wars, loves, drinkin;if bouts
and various exploits. Poets lind in tiie^c stories rich
mat^ttrial for verse.
.Mention lias ln'en made of the pari taken by
Sweden in the I'arly settlement of this country. It
is claimed by tiie Scandinavians, and with ifood rea-
.son, too, that their ancotors were really the first dis-
coverers of tliis continent. In the ninth century an
Icelander, (runbjorn, dis(;overed (ireenland. lie was
.soon followed liv Erie the Ued. Erie yrave the
JP! •!•',: ;
is liie .lupiier of that mytlioloixy, yet he has stronirly
marked individuality, shviwinir an orijiin ((uite inde-
IK'udcnt of classic mytholojiy. The universe, accord-
\\\>j: to the Scandinavian theory, rests on the jjTcat
tree. Yirdrasill. The ;,'ods dwell in Asixard. and tliere
stands Valhalla, the jrreat hall of Odin. Tlior, tlio
Thundejer, is Odin's niiirhty son. 7otunheim is the
home of the (Hants. Frey is the ,irod of sunshine
ami rain, seedtime and harvest. His sister Freya is
the iroddess of love. The Enirlish names of the days
of the week were derived from and are ix^rpetual
memorials of Si'andin:ivian myth(jlo<ry. Loki is the
deitv of evil. Many are the legends told of the Scan-
conntry he found the name of OrconLind, his ac-
count of the country agreeing with the name he gave
it. Two settlements were made upon the western
continent. It was generally su])posed, until recently,
that Greeidand only was exj)lored ; but it is now
highly probable that the adventurous keel of the
Norsemen plowed along the American coast as far
south as Xew England, and perhaps farther, but in
the middle of the fourteentii century came that
terrible .scourge, the jdague, which destroyed the sur-
plus population, killed the germs of colonial enter-
jirise and utterly uprooted whatever may have been
already planted on these shores.
■IS
■ ! »
Ivo
|ru
l)W
lio
t'lir
ill
.at
lir-
lor-
(5 »^
,f m in Hit wr IH mm m iii in iit iii iit in m ih m in m in m m m m ih i» ik m lit in in m
iB^
^^^
m
m
m
m
^-j
^J^
*^-*;
^^
tl-
h^
-l>
M
SWITZERLAND AND LESSER EUROPE.
9 I w ■^^^— !»
6^
m
m
m
tw
tt»
Ssffl;sM!aM^^aE^#sa^®Mffll
CHAPTER LIV.
TlIK IIoMK OF- TUB Cil.A( IKIl— TlIK HKI.VKTI— MKDI KV U. SwnZKlll.AM)— 'I'lIK STOIIV IIP WlI.l.IAM
TKMi — TlIK Al.rM— <Jl.A(lKllH AND AVAI-AN<'H KH - / WINIil.K, CAI.VIV AMI SKUVKTI's -Sw l^rt
IlKIlKI^M AMI LlHAI. SKI. Kt illVKIlNMKNT— TlIK I'KDKItA I. ( illVKHSMKNT -KllII ATION AM) IsillJK-
TUV IN SWITZKIII, AMI -TlIK KKI'llll.ir <IK AMKIIIICA -SaN MAlllSd, TlIK I'AUMII.''K OK (Jt'J'RE-
IIOMIKIW— MllNAld ANI> (jAMIll.INd— UorMA Nl A — SKIIVI A — MciNTENEUIlll.
W i-»i
HE niiiiio Switzorliuul is di'-
rivt'il from Scinvytz, oiio iif
the t\vi'iitv-t\V() ciiiitoii.s of
tlio Coiifodoriitioii. It is
tllO MTV pilllliiclo of Kll-
ro[)e, ii('strm<f in tlic Al-
[liiH! ('ruifs, projofk'd from
Fniiifo, Gerniuiiy, Aiistriu and It-
aly liy moiiiitaiii harriers. Witli an
area of 1"),1IS,S sqiian; miles ami a
population of two millions and a
lialf. only <i'.l jkt cent, of Hie land
can lie called jiroductive, and not
much of that is I'eally ffood soil
The stupendous mountain ranLces
are pocuniarly vaiuahk! mainly as
tiiey attract visitors, (iraiii-raisinj,'
and cattle hreeilini;' furnish em-
ployment and support for tiie hulk of the people, hut
the chief source of Swiss roveiuio is the entertain-
ment of stran<fers. The Alps are visited every season
by tourists from all over the world, men and women
seelvinir pleasure inscaliiiif tlu^ lofty jieaks which may
bo said to ho tiie natural homo of the glacier.
In tho days of llonnin conipiost the inhabitants of
that mountainous roijion were known as lleiveti. In
tiie wars between the (lauls and the Konians, and
later, lx)twcen tho Romans and tho Gornnuis, they
bore some jiarl, occasionally risinj^ to a ^'ood ileal of
prominence. 'I'hey were brave soldiers, and once
gained supremacy over tho warriors of Rome, but
their triumjih was of short duration, and bore no
fruit. The lleiveti repeatedly sought to change
their sterile mountain fiustnesses for homes in the
tempting valleys east and west of them, but they
were compelled to fall back upon their strongholds.
In time their land became a itonuiu province, and
served as a barrier for tho jirotection of !{ome from
tho IV'utons. After tlie nortluMii horde had overrun
Italy and desLroyt'd the Empire of the West, the Os-
trogoths, Alenums, Franks and Hurgundians swept
over Switzerland with the besom of desolation.
In ST'.l the first kingdom of Hiirgundy was organ-
ized, including Switzerland, but after a century and
a half of inglorious independence the ("arloviugian
dynasty absorbed it. The jieople were not averse to
being under the imperial yoke, iiut tho bailiff or
vicegerents of the emperor were very distasteful.
The only noteworthy rulers were the dukes of Zah-
ringen, who held sway during the twelfth century.
One of the dukes of Zaliringen instituted the house
of Ilapsbiirg, the protector of the forest lands of the
duchy, and out of that jirotcctorate grew the rule of
the Hapshurgs in Switzerland.
l^
•*71
(y-s)
:■)■ ;■;
.Mi.'
I
2()
S\\ IT/ICKI.AM) AM) LlCSSliR ICUKOl'IC
H.t' <l
i !
•' I
As Idii,:: ii;,'!' iis till' (lays ul' ilic lli'lsi'li we liciir of
" CunrciliTalcs," lull I lie |iri'S('iil ('oiifcilcralidii is n\'
iiiuili liiicT iirii.'iii. li> I'lrsi iir^fMiii/.ai inn ilalcs liack
to l'.",t| wilt'll llic lliri'c fores! railloiis of Scliwvtz,
I'ri. iiiid riiin-walilcM ff rinrd a Iim^'uc OuI of I hat.
iiiui'li as the
iiirricaii I iiioii i^i'i'w out of I lie coiifoilcrai ion of tlic
associalion l:i'i v, ilir Confcili'iM; ion.
I
N
i|poi('on was riuht when
oi'iLiiiial I hirlt'cn .-lalc:
111' saiil lo a Sw i,-s (l('|piii;ii ion, ■• Naiiirc iiiailc you |o
1)1' a ft'ilrrati\(' >lali'," al least siieli >eeins faleil lo lie
till' case.
With oe- '
e asioiial
iiilerniip-
lioiis till'
can tons
have al-
'I'lit^ tyraniiieal haililT iiuUced tiial Tell had two ar-
rows, and a^Ued liini why he had more than one. to
which the iiiirepid ai'eher re|)lied, " If I had hit my
son
I shoulil ha\e shot you." The critics \n
oiioiince
this story a leu'i'iid common to all Arvan nalioiis,
I'ouml. wiih sliirhl \arialioiis. in IVrsia, Denmark,
Itt'land and elsi'whcfc.
lint the chief inlerest of Swil-zurliUKl is that
vast svsieni of mountains whii'ii culmiiiati's in
.Mont iUan
A I
|is extend from Iho
waysU'i'ii
free and
unitt'd.
T h
nat ional
lero was
1
Will
laiii
Medit<'rra-
iieaii Si'ii,
hetwiHiii
Miirseil-
l
Toll. His
very I'x-
iste 11 e
has Ih'1'11
(jiiostion-
ed, and
certain it
is that all
known of
of him i.s
more le- ' ^
ireiidarv than historical. The story isthis: Tell was
a liunler liviiiLrin the canton of I'ri in tiie early part
of the fourteenth century. At that lime the naps-
Inirijf dvnasty clainu'd so\(rei::'iitv o\er Switzerland.
All .\ustriaii haililV named (Jessler laiseil .'i caji on a
])ole in the niarkel-place of .Mtorf to wiiich every-
hodv was ordefiMl to how in token of sulniiission to
the irovcrniiuiit. Tell lieloiiLTcd to all ori;'anization
foriiK'd for the ]iur|iose of thfowiiiu' nil the yoke of
0|i|iression. and he refused oiiediellee. (iessler coll-
demiieil him to death, hut reprieveil him on condition
that he woiilil shoot an apjile from the head of his
own son. Hein^;' a rcmai'kahle iiowman. he ventured
the shot, and hil the a|i]i'e willioul iiarniiiiL;' the hoy.
cs and
iice, ir-
n'.'ul
irlv
eastward
to iihoiit
!«" east
loni;itii(U'
uikI 4:>"
;K)' north
latitude.
T h
HI
U
1 1 n c,
li o II c
and till!
Daiiul
)i'
VIKW OK lU.SLE.
are the
{Treat riv-
ers which
rise in
t h o .s e
111 O U II -
_ . - tains.
The .Vljis cover an area of neai'ly Kiii.oot) s(|uare
miles, extendiiiij; some TOO iiiik's from east to west,
\aryin,i,^ in hreadlh from ."id to "v'tiO miles, with an
averaire elevation of 1,111(1 feet. There are no less
than seven liundri'd peaks which tower into the re-
i;ion of perpetual snow. .Vnioii^ these are Mont
Hlaiic, l.'i.lsl feet lii^h : (Jraiid Ceroin, 14,lSir>; l-'in-
steraarhorn, 14, l)'^.")', Schreckhorn. 14, SI,"); Mont
Cenis, 11,1S.">, and Juiiirfrau, i;i,l II. Th"re are six-
ti'cn passes, the most notahle heiiiji: the ;.'-reat St. Hcr-
iiaid. hetween the valley of the Klione and Piedmont.
Napoleon crossed it in ISdti. More than two thou-
sand years hefore, llannihal the (in'at had crossed
what is now known as the !>ittli' St. Bernard puss,
0^
1'—
^ olV
Q fc_
SWIT/KKLANI) AND IJCSSKK KUKOI'K.
327
wliicli coliiu'cls (JciicMl, Suviiv lunl I'ii'ilmitllt. Ill
Swilx.frliiiiil till' Al|i.-i arc 111)1 fiiri(:li('(l with iniiicral.-',
riial only liriiiu' fnuiiil tliiTr; Imi in siiiiii' out Iviii;;
liortioiis of till' tri'iMt I'liaiii iron. \vnd ami i|iiirksil-
vcr al)niiiiil. Till' liistinrtivi,' Aiiiinr animals ari' tiui
cliainois, till' ilH"c, tlu' .1,'oat, iiiiil tin; faiiimis dogs of
St. IJiTiianl.
'riui vast, acciiiiiiilatioiis ol' iro aiul siiow in Mio
Aliiiiii) )M'akH, callcMl ghiciiTs, liivo Ixicu carcfiilly
fiiiii^li ami iiiiiliiiatiiiL,', not iiiifr('i|iiriilly srarri'il by
ili'i'|) rlrl'ts. 'I'owanl tlir lo\rrr rml tlii'sr iro nias.-cs
ari' usually siri'wn will; sand ami roarsi' i,'i"avi'l, and
trains ul' lariri' Mo 'ks that. ilisi,'iiisi' tlir natural lolor.
Ill foriiici' conditions of the cat'Lli's surface llicv at--
tiiiiu'd oiiorinoiis dinit'iisioiis, liiif, if wc ("(cc|)t tliosn
of (ircciilaiid, iidL yi't cxplonul. noiii) arc known llial:
oxcocd iiliout 'M) miles in ionglli and Iwn or
thrco niilos in hrcadlli." Tliosu stu[ienilou.s iiu-
;lio
li
in
c
11 -
arc
St,,
an
CSS
rc-
iiit
in-
lUL
i\-
kcr-
iiit.
Ittu-
scd
iiss.
I
VIEW OF GENEVA.
studioil liv !j;iH)loijists. It is sciontirically certain
that glaciers "iico extended over countries wlic t tliey
are no longer found, and that tlio traces of them
tlirow light upiai our knowledge of the earth. The
Alfis are the cliii'f arena for the pri'sent display of
this kind of |iheuomcnon. They are descrihod liy
liall us "continuous masses of ice that originate.' in
the region of perpetiial snow, hut e\tend far helow
the snow-lino, oftxui reaching tlie/.oncof forests, and
sometimes descending into inliahited districts in the
midst of corn-lields and fruit cees. The ico is very
ditlerent in iippourance from ,liat is comnioiily seen
in wintcT on streams and lakes. The surface is
41
eiimulation.s of ice and snow are a porpulual men-
ace. They oceasionully sli[» from tlu'ir moorings and
rush downward, uarryiiig death and desolation a.s
they go. Sometimes the sliirht,est, cause, as tluj vi-
bration of air, will precipitate a glacier. A glacier
in motion is called an avalanche. The mere sound
of a bell has been known to turn a glacier into an
avi lanche. Soiik' jiarts of the Alpine vaUeys are
uninhiibited on aeuount of the freipicnt occurrence
of these avalanches.
The lirst real trium[)h over the Alps ivus achieved
when the Mont Cenis tuimel was completed. That
gra id work of engineering is one of the wonders of
i^i. I
>.',.;>
•., -v
i«i:
n
• is : I
32S
.SWn/KULANIi AND LKSSICR EUKOl'E.
tln' iiHHicrii world. Il «,is lii';,'iin in AiiljiisI. is.'iT.
mill i'<iiii|ili'ii'(i iis ii iwiuii'l ill |)('i'('iiilii'r, is^o. It,
WHS lliniwii ci|M'ii to (riilli(^ ill llic lolldwiii'^' Sciilcin-
liiT. Il lucks only thirls Viinls (if licini; ciirlil iiiili's
li.iiir. licKsi, ?<l. ■.,!)( }().( inn. 'I'miin run llimuirl, ii
ill mIiiiiiI, lAvi'iily iiiiiiiihs. It cDiiiu'ct'i Italy iiiiil
I'VilllCI'.
Wr iiiiiy ii"« rcliini In ii foiisiiicriitinii of tiic pcD-
)ili'. tiicir wiiys, iiistury, ('(iiKlition iiiul iiidiistrii's.
Tlic Swi.-s arc a very siiii|ilc-iiiiiiilcil |icii|)lc. 'I'licir
line [iruinincnl n,'iii\c name, iL-iilc I'min tlic ni\l liical
rcsiiloiicc tlicrc lialcs rniiii l.'itl to |,")H1, ihc IuIUt
(laid ticiii;,' I lie time of iiis dcalli. iMirint,' l.liiil
tinu* liis inlliicnci! was aiiiiosl, luilocralic. His
aii.-lcrc lliciilniry ami criu'l lii;,'oiry rouiui Ihcir
iiio-L cxircnic c\|irc.<sioii in llu^ luiriiinir at t.lic
sl.ako of .Scrvciiis for the crime of hein;^ u I'liilariaii
in Ihr'oloLry. Many inetVeclnal iilleiii|its havu hecii
niaije to cleanse the skirts of ('aiviii from tiie lilooil
of Ser\etiis. The former was imieeil i»|i|ioseil lo hnrn-
in;r tlie I r heretic, |(i-cfcrriii;^ to kill him in a K^ss
hiirrilile«ay,iint hisiAecntion \\a.sa|i|iro\eil I iv Calvin.
MOl'NT C'ENIS TrNNKI.
'i'ell, is Zwiiii.'-Ie, one of the ilhislrioiis names of thi^
relij;ioiis Hcforinatioii. lie was a coiitemporars of
Martin Ijiither and conirihiiled miieh to I'rotvstant-
isiii ill its infancy. Alioiit. one iniUion and a half
of the iio|)ulalioii IicIoiilt to the Protestant; church,
leaviiiixa inillion for the Cafholic faith. Hut Zwiii-
jrle dill less, however, for the Protestant cause than
John Calvin. The latter was a I-"reiichnian. Imt he
resided for a loiiir time in (u'lieva. and inav fairlv lie
Claimed as a jiart of Switzerland. Horn in l.'idli, he
lied to (ieiieva from the papal ])ersoeutioiis in l^'ranuo
in the year l.");i(l. His first ri'siik'iice was .short. IFc
pushed on to Strasliurij, hut in l")40lie was invited
by the senate of (renevii to return. His [lernianent
The Swiss have always heeii irood soldiers. One
of tlu^ most lirilliant victories of history was their
triumpli oviT the .\ustrians at- the liatlle of Morirar-
teii. in 1;M;5. It has well been called the Ther-
mopyhe of Switzerland. Their bravery, reinforeed by
the admirable natural facilities for defense, has pro-
tected them from (;oiii|Uest. For a loi'jif time now
I he ureat powers of Kurope liavi* abandoned all idt'ii
of interference with Switzerland. The French
Uevoliitionists attempted to reiruliite the alfairs of
those cantons, but tlu^ Coiiirress of Vienna (181."))
ackiiowledired and <,niaranteed the indi'pendence of
the Swiss. Macli canton has its own constitution
and loeal solf-i^ovornnient, and throe of the cantons
-- s
^
F^ T)|V*"
SWITZKKLANU AM) I.I.SSI.K KUKOIMC,
32';
iiiv (li\ iiliMl cicli inlii iwn hLuU'H. "Tlicir coiisUlu-
liciis," ^;iys Mciiiimii,'Taiii:i' frmii |iiin'l\ di iiincnitic
lit ixTlVrilv ri'|)rrsi'riliili\i' svsiciiis, Imi cucli cuiisUtii-
liilM II1U>I. 1h' Slllicliiilird lis till' I'l'ilrnil il-SI'llllilv
U'l'iiri' il. CUM luiiii' lull) I'liri'i'. 'I"lu' iMclcsiasiii'iil
mil liiii'iiii's in tlif lict'iiniK'il cliunli an' llic sviuhIs,
a.-'siinlilics of till' wliuli' rliTu'v ; ami at llicirKiilc
staiiil^ ill cai'li caiitdii, as tlu' lii'ilirst acliiiinistralivi!
aiitliciritv, an ('ccli'siasrn'al ciuiiuil — in (iciicva a
consistory." 'I'lic Itoiiiaii ('allioiic cliurcli has tivit
l)islio|)rii'S.
Any iKTsoii i'li','ilili' lo tlin iisstuuldy is iilso L'li;jililii
l-i the t'oiiiicil ami till' iin^siiicncy. Tlicrt! is iiiso n
I'cilcni! court, liaviii,:: jurisdictinii oNcr all rases uris-
iiii; lH't\v('i'ii the cimrcdcral ion and llic canton,
lictwi'cn canloii and canton, alsohctwccii the Lfovcrn-
nicnl, I'l'dcral or local, on the one side and an indi-
vidual or a cor|ioration on ilie other.
The country lias three universities, Hern, /urich,
and Ha»le ; and three iirofcssional schools of emi-
nence, ( iencva and l<ausaniie t licidoi^'ical .seiniuiirie.s
and law schools, and the la\r school ;il i-'reihurL'.
The central irovernnieiit, has a consiituiion which
lias un<leri,fone many cli.iiiirt'S. 'I'lu^ jircsent, or'^anic^
law of Mio eonredcration dates from l.'^Tl. The con-
irress of Switzerland, the t"cderal assemhly, consists of
a natioinil council with one mcniher for every ■•itl,(M)0
inhahitiiiits, ami the council of states, corrosjioiulinjj
to our natioinil senate. There is a federal counoil
oxercisinii executive fiiiu'tioiis, eomiiosed of seven
inoinliers, oloctt'd hy the federal a.s.senihly. The pres-
ident of that council. cho.>-'en annually hy the
council it.self, is jiresident of the Confcderatioii.
The president is not eliirihle to re-idection until after
he lapse of a year from the expiration of his term.
Watch-makiii:,^ is the chief imlnstry in Switzerland.
It remains to speak of the Repiihlics of Andorra
and San Marino, also the I'rincipiilities of Monaco,
I'omer "lia, Servia and Monteneirro.
Andorra is the name of a valley and a repuhlie;
which nestles like an eaudc's eyre far up among the
mountains. It, is situated amoui; the Mastern Pyre-
nees. l)etween the French department of Ariegc and
the Spanish province of ix'rida. Ever since the days
of Clharlemairiie it has heen iiide|H'iiilent, forminf; a
line of di^markation hetween Spain and France.
There were not mine than l".i.O()() inhahitants hy the
latest census. They are very i)rimitive, kindly and
4h.
M'
MP'
f ■ •
.!V-*>
■.i£|
Mr-
Sp
.r'Ui
^
V
33°
SWITZERLAND AND LKSSKR EUROFIC.
hospitiihlc moiiiitiiiin'ors. TIk' area of tlio rojmhlic
is 14 !l s(iiiiiro iiiik's. Tlie goviTiiineut is cnlru.sU.Hl
to twenty-four consuls. There is notliing worthy of
note in the history of Andorni.
San .Marino is at onee the oldest and smallest re-
puhlie in the world. The area is 'i'i siiuare miles,
tiie population a little less tlia-i ID.UOO. There are
live villa^res within its narrow limits. The largest
has the sanu^ name as the republic, and is the capi-
tal. San Marino is situated in eastern central Italy.
It dates back to the foiirlh century when St. Mari-
it is not the least among the nations. That distinc-
tion belongs to Monaco, which is as inde()Ciident as
if it were tho iirst power on tlio globe. Monaco is a
village of less than two thousand inhabitants. With
its surrounding territory it has an area of six s(|uare
miles, tho total i)opulation being ;{.137. It is situ-
ated on a high promontory in thetiulf of (Jenoa. It
has two claims to distinction. As a watering-place
i';s jnild climate makes it a resort for consumptives
and other invalids. Hut its chief notoriety is duo to
the fact that it is a legalized gambling-place, fiimous
I:":;- c"^^ -"■■■■■ .- ■,' ■- '^ci ■ '=^'.- -■■ ■■ t - ^-^^ ■• • ' • ■<v X- - ^ - iTT
p^^
**sr^-^!?S?t'
?.-.♦< ^■'•-
m-.-'
J,"^^'
'^:W^-: -m*
i^^l
i..-,^'
BEUNE
nus, a pious stone-mason, fled tnither with a few fol-
lowers to escajK) the Dioeleiiaa ])crsecntion. The
country ' •; soi>:o gocnl pasturage, and produces
fruit .-iik-worms and wine. San Marino is the ])ar-
adise of otliceiioklers. Its little army of] 81!) men
has i;!l ofHcers, and the jMilitieal affairs of the re-
[)ublic are intrusted to a senatc> consisting of sixty
life members, an ereeutive counsel of twelve, elect-
ed annually, am' two j)residents, electwl for six
months. Tiii.< nas been tho form of govenuucnt
since 1847.
T^U'ioiigh San Marin ) is tho smallest of republics,
the world over for tho extent, variety, and oj)enness
of its games. Professiomil gamesters and respecta-
ble tourists are there found ui)on a common level,
the former habitues, tho latter constantly coming
and going, the players of to-day Iming for the most
part different [lersons from those of yesterday.
What is doiH! with more or less secrecy in the rest
of the world may be called tiiesole employment and
indusi.'y at Moinico. SjH'aking on tliis subject, a
rei'ent writer says that the Prince receives about
^UaO.OOO jK'r annum for allowing tho gambling to
bo conducted within his principality, and tluit the
S^
71
ness
!cta-
evcl,
uing
(lay.
vest
ami
'ct, a
ibout
iig to
t the
-9p
SWITZERLAND AND LESSER EUROPE.
331
jireseiit prineo is entirely (iiuler the inlhienco of the
Jesuits. Tliis least eountry of Euro])e is great only
as an evil. Tlio Prineo resides in Paris.
IJouMiania was formed as a province of Turkey in
ISCil, out of tiie union of two minor ijrincipalities,
AVallaehia and Moldavia. The represontatives of
the people met at tlie capital, Huciiarest, May vl,
1877, and i)roclainied absolute iiidept-ndence of Tur-
key. The Berlin Congress, in the following year,
contirmed tl>e jjrodamation. Its area is 48,307
S([uare miles; population something over 5,000,000.
Bucharest 's a city of over ^'-iOjOOO inhahitants.
The jieoplo are, for the most part, (Jreek Christians.
The government is an elective and strictly limited
constitutional principalitv. The present prince is
Karl I.
Servia gained indei)e'.id("ice of Turkey at the same
time and in the same way as Uoumania. It was vir-
tually free, however, as early as 18'^!». The present
prince, Milan II., is the fourth of his dynasty, tiie
house iiaving been founded by Milos, leader in the
Servian war against Turkey, whicii lasted from ISl,")
to \S'i'.). The Servians are Slavs, of the (ireek
church, except in a small distvi'jt maiidy jteoplcd by
iloliammedans. The area of Servia is :iO,.S")0
S([uare miles; poinilatioii nearly 2.000,000. The
country and the ])eople are wild and rude. The
government is similar in form to tliat of Uoumania.
Belgrade is the cajiital, with a population of less
than 30,000.
j^Iontenegro is a small and barbaric i)rincii)ality
near the Adriatic sea, serving as a wall between
Turkey and Austria, the Moslem and the Christian.
The Turk was never able to subdue tiie Montene-
grins, who are a tribe of Servians intensely devoted
to the (ireek church. Tiie population is not over
2.")0,000, but the I'rince, or ^loapodar, can raise an
army of :iO,0()0 at any time, especially if tiie oijject
is to war uik)!i the Turks. Russia has often found
great advantage in Montenegrin symj)athy. The
reigning i)rince is Nicholas I. The country has a
constitution of the modern sort. By the treaty of
Berlin, Montenegro gained from Turkey the town
and district of Dulcigno, on the Adriatic, which sur-
render was not actually nnule until ISSO, mul then
only under the pressun; of the great powers. The
area of this ])riiicipal'ty is :i,"'.')0 s(iuare milos. Tiie
country has neither roads nor villages. Forests
ai)ound, and acorn-fed swine are the chief source of
re\enue. The agriculture is carried on, the little
there is of it, in a very jirimitive way, and that
almost wholly by women. It may be added that the
same is true as regards women and agriculture, only
in a less degree, of the entire conti^iu'iit of Kuro{)0,
.. ■.( -.t:
!'■ ''■''%
BB^
»fl
'if ■
m
if
i
I
I 1 s
(■(.■
il f-
■ T '
•vTii-
I^ii54-\ii^-x4s-^
OLD ENGLAND.
i2^. ii- h ' 4;'' ^ ^-- W-4- *? < # ^^ ^
r£r- -I^X- '^ - "Ti^ ^^Li-i' j:^)^ ^^- ■^^'^ «CTL^-^
I
i
CHAPTER LV.
Knui.ihii (iiiKATNKss— Natkinai. Tkiims — Kahtv H:
II, -oNs — til i.n
'K C.fiSAU IN HlMTAIN— TlIK DlIlIllS
— Hdman (dmjiest UK Tin; Island — IsnKrEMiKNcK— uivknt <ik tiik ANiii.o-SAXnN -Ciihis-
T[\\ KVAMiKl.l/.ATlKN— IllIMI AND Hll.MAN Clirillll Is KI.IKM'KS—SvMll) <>>' WlllTllV — DANISM
In( rilSION— Al.FllKIl Tin; (illKAT— I'ANITK and tiik AMM.ICIZATIDN (IK TIIK DaNKS — DUNSTAN —
lOnWAlin TIIK ('(tNKKSSOH - '1 UK XflitMAN InVASION-IIaHCIMI ANIt WiLI.IAM — HaTTI.E OK IIAST-
iMis— Tiik (^)Nyi kst dk Kn(ii.ani)-1)cimk>iiav ItmiK ami Kkai.ty— IIknhv I.
m
i
(,^.?-)
'*?' '
I
/rl.
Ill
lew
,111-
llllllS
llir
ion,
lilcr-
Sllll
Wo.
liwUi
111
OLD ENGLAND.
:i:i:i
ii seiiii-liistoriciil, liiilf-])(K!tiua! way tliu loiiiitry is
soiiicsLiiiics ilosii(iiutotl Alliiim, soiiiotiincs liritaiiiiia,
(If Mrilaiii.
'I'lic original iiiiiabiLants of Uio counlry wt'n' Brit-
ons, from wiiom tlio jiroscnt W'olsii iilaini dcsccnl.
Cults ami l'i(^ls, hardly ilistingiiisiiahlc from I lie
Llie !{ril,ons, may fairly Ikj cla.ssiiil among tJiu lirsl
sottlors of <in'at, Hrilain, as well as Mnglantl iirojK'r.
In tiio ant'iont, world liial, jiarl, of tlic gloln' lioru no
important part. 'I'iic I'luiMiicians arc su[>|iosod to
iiavo liecn
iIk! lirst. to
|iass till'
[lillars of
lIci'ciiU's,
:iiid dis-
cover (lie
great isl-
and of the
North At-
1 a II tic.
Learning
of tiu! e.\-
istl'IILO of
tho rid I
tin mines
of Corn-
uali. tliey
(■arried on
i|iiite an
extensive
tratU' witli
tiie Corn-
ish miners,
liut it was
not until
toileotuiil aristoeraoy of the (Minntry. The religious
rites ol»serve<l were horrihlis for they |)ractiocd liu-
niaii saeiifuH!, sometimes immolating many victims
at one time.
.Iiilius (JiDsar <'rossi^d to England twice during his
(ialli(! and (iermanic Wars, imt he did little more
than to gain and disseniinatu inforniiition alioiit the
(•ountry. It wa-s in A. I). -I'.i, that England was
reall} iuinoxed to the empire. Tiie attacking army
I was lirst loil hy Plautius, hut soon the Emperor
-- — ■ ! Claud ins
SAXON" lUVlNITIKS KOUMF
1. Siiniliiy. •■-'. Mniuliiy.
.-,. ■riinisiliiv. 11.
:iiI.Y WOKSHlfl'.l) IN DUITAIN.
:). 'I'Ni'Mlay. I, Wi'ilm
V'riilnv. 7. Satunliiv,
.lay.
il I III sell
appeared
upon the
s c e n e .
When he
i relumed
I tothecon-
tiiKMilA'es-
pasiaii(af-
tc r wards
em [icror)
was left in
command.
The isl-
and(M's dc-
f e n d I' d
' lliemsi'hcs
j with hrax-
j cry. liiit
of ci)ursi^
they were
I ini[)otent
its against
! such an
eiieniv as
the eagle eye of .lulius Cu'sar looked across the <liaii-
iiel and conceived the purpose of annexing Kritain to
the Woman Empire that it, really hccamea part of the
historical world, lie crossed the straits of Dover iu
1?,C. ri'i. lliscoiiinienlariesgive a somewhat glowing
account of the people and of tlieir progress towards
civili/ation. Of their relii:ioii, Driiidism. he wrote,
"They teach that the .^^oul is iinpi'risliahlc. jiassingat
death into another lioily. They consider this helief
;i potent incentives to lira very in liatlle, removing as
it does the fear of death." Tiie priests were called
Druids, and they w're not only ministers of reliirion.
hut also ministers of justiee, and in general tho in-
Uoiiic !it the zenith of its ]iower. .About, t.wentv
ye;iis elapsed when a rehellioii iirokc oiii. Thi;
leader of the Kritons w;is lioadicea. i|iiecn of one of
the I ril M's or counties of lirilaiii. This hrave woman
rallied the natives lo her stand.ird of revolt, rcL^ard-
le.ss of tribal fealty, and she gaincil some verv con-
siderable sueeesses. She took Loudon, then as ever
{\n\ chief city of the island, and laid it- in ashes-
Milt the llomans rallied their forces, and in a <lcci-
sive battle sl(;w no li ss than eighty thousand Briton.s.
Seeing that all was lost, the gallant Bo'ulieea eoni-
inilted suicide by taking poison.
In A. 1). T8, Agrieola was sent to Britain, coin-
'!■(
>
V
p. .
I::
(M
■:r:-;::in
'H: [
■'■!• • f
:>!)
! h
:|.
^''—^
^ 5
":l-
334
OLD ENGLAND.
missioned to coiuplotu the ooiujuest of tiie islainl
ami tiieii to uiidertiike in a tliorougii anil humane
.ay to civilize tlio people. Tii'^'v were not I'ar he-
liind their eoniiuerors in civilization even then, lie
was so far sucees.sfnl tiiat a very considerahie j)art
of Kn,:j;land was made thorougldy loyal to the Uo-
Tnan Emiwroi.^. The intractahle and irroeoneila-
Ijle took refuge in AV'ales, Scotland or the north
countries. It was a ditHcult task to hold tiie rude
outside barbarians in ciieck and ])rotcct llomisii
England from predatory incursions. Large forts
were built and great walls along tlie fritlisof Forth
anil Solway. Towns sprang up in wiiich Latin was
spoken, and the literature of tiiat language was
read. Classic mytiiology largely su[)j)ianled l)ru-
idical barbarity, (rradually the island grew in favor
and importance. Helena, tlie mother of Constan-
tine tiie (Jreat, was :« Mriton. Slie was also a (Jiiris-
tian. Tiie introduction of Ciiristianily occurred
early in the present era, but just wlien and by whom
tiic (irsi seeds were sown is uncci'tain. It was
ujion English soil and i)y liritisli soldiers that the
first Christian emperor, Constantine, was proclaimed
emperor. The Emperor I lonorius releii-sed the Hril-
ons from imperial allegiance. That was in -ilU. A
few mouths later Alaric entered Home in triumph,
and the Empire of the West fell. The most west-
ern portion of it, however, nniy be said to have
escaped the humiliation of (rotliic compu'stby hav-
ing lirst been set free from the yoke of Rome.
Indi'iiendence of the empire was a d'.ibious bless-
ing. The Scots and I'icts of Scotland and Wales
made themselves very troublesonio. London, York
and Liner' ;. more Roman than Hritish, could not
defend t a'hi :cl -es from the rudi; barbarians. The
townsfoilv Ml) wealthy and cultivated, but their
wealth see. -ed to draw upon them despoiling ene-
mies, and culture was no match for brute force.
Their conilii ion soon became unendurable. Before
the fifth century was half gone, they felt compelled
to seek j)rotection from without. In their distress
they ap[)lied to the sea-rovers of Scandinavia, and
the cry for help was heard, the prayer for succor
answered, but not in the s])irit of kiudne.ss. It was
the Wolf and the lamb.
In 1 r.t Britain became Englauil, or, rather, the
transformation began then. It occurred in this
wise ■ In rt'sponse to the call for help the Angles of
SchleswiiT, and the Saxons nf IFolstein. w il h some
.Jutes from .Jutland, crossed the angry waters be-
tween their land and the fair island of distress
south of them. The event seemed trivial in im-
portance, but it j)roved of the most far-rcachiug
conse((uence. Much of the blood of the Britons
courses in British veins to-day ; but the language
and national characteristics of the jieople are almost
wholly Anglo-Saxon.
The religious and other institutions of the Britons
were obliterated from the country. There were
several petty kingdoms and much dis.sensioi; among
the new comers ; but they were so far harmonious
that they succeeded in destroying t he cities, churches,
schools and agricultural improvements of the
Romanized Britcns and holding in awe the savages
beyond the border. Essex and Wessex, Bercia and
Deira, were the names of those kingdoms, with a
fifth, Mercia. more powerful than any of the rest.
The i)eo])le were divided into two classes, earls and
churls, '{'he former held land and were the aristoc-
racy ; the latter were the j)easant class. A promi-
nent feature of those times was local self-govern-
ment, '{"lie villages and towns, for the most part,
governed themselves. The town rulers were called
ealdermen or aldermen. The Britons, properly so
called, never again exercised any very considerable
influence over the affairs of that island. The name
of England S'>')u became and renniined entirely ap-
proi)riate. The chief wars which followed were
waged by different branches of the Anglican family,
or its near kinsfolk.
ijute in the sixth century some of these Anglo-
Saxons ajtpeared in the slave market ac Rome, and
attracted the attention of that eminent pope, Greg-
ory the ({rent. Finding whence they came, and
that the gods of Scaiulinavia were worshi])ed there,
albeit the Cross had once llourished in Mriton, he re-
solved to evangelize the English. St. Augustine of
Rome (not the supremely eminent saint of that
name) was delegated to the important task. That
was in ."ilti. The tirstconvert was the King, or Earl
of Kent, Ethelbert. His wife was a Christian
Frank. The first English bishopric was established
a!. Canterbury. Thirty years later, Edwin of North-
umbria accepted the new faith, lie was the founder
of Kihvinsburg or Edinburgh. In O^J.'} the kingdom
of Mercia undertnok the championship of the old
faith. Many a bloody war was waged in the cause of
these rival religions. In (iiSO all England became
ud
Le,
re-
liat
lilt
larl
Ian
lied
Ith-
llor
loni
line
OLD KNOLAND.
335
C'liristiuii. This com jdeto triiiiiiph of Jesus over Tiior
was largely duo to tliu intcllifxeuco and zeal of mis-
sionaries from Irelanil. TIk; lafter island was far
more civilized tlian England a tliousand years ago.
Sciiools and churches ilourislied, and tiie Irisli
church of that day hail no connection with Rome.
It was somewhat in rivalry with it, es|)ecially as re-
gards spiritual authority in England. It hecame
necessary to convoke a synod to determine which
the English church should ally itself with, the Irish
and adventurous Norsemen were tempted to invade
Englan<l by tiie thrift of the island under its An-
glican masters. A vei'y ((insiderahlicivilizalion had
grown up, and when' lumian towns had lieen razed
to the ground in whole or part, new cities iiail come
to attest a renewed ])rosperity. In scholarship and
letters the Venerable Rede won a high jjlaee by his
learning and genius as early as the eightii century.
The England of tiie original English had gradually
attained to a fair degree of national unity and en-
or the llonuin church. That council, the Synotl of
Whitby, met in (it')4, and its decision was in favor
of Uomo. The great royal champion of Home, Eg-
bert, King of Wessex, succeeded in con(|uering all
England. He belonged to the first years of the
ninth centiiry, and was a cotemjiorary of Charle-
magne. Egbert may be said to iiave ft)unded the
English crown, and was ihiny-six degrees remnve(l
from (^ueen Victoria by lineal descent, or rather
ascent.
We must now turn i pack to a great I'risis which
arose in English affairs in the eighth century. 'I'liis
was the incursion of the Danes. Those jiowerful
42
I lightcnment when the disturbing element from Den-
mark was introduced into the country. That por-
tion of tlu! island whicli was English without being
directly and originally suiijeet to Wessex, did not
' seriously object to a change of sovereignty. After
a contest of nearly a century I lie Danes succeeded
in estal)lishing tiiemsidves in i be eastern part of the
island, but they nuide no nuirkcl impression upon
the future of tlus country.
In the year STl Alfred the (ireat succeeded to
the throne. His reign extended to the second year
I of the tenth century. Those thirty years were es-
1 ])ecia]ly menu)rable, for small as was his kingdom.
— h
A-i
^^\\
Wl
I:
iiM
>i!
^iR' ■
Jd
33^
OLD ICNGLAND.
Alfred hi'llur (li'siTvcd tin' title ol' Oniat, than did
iiiiy ((tlior iiu'dicval skvitimuu iinloss it he (!liarli'-
iinijjiii!. Diiriiii: llic lirsl "T Ids
ri'igii 111' was in coiist-aiil waii'an
villi the Danes, siicrecdiin,' in
narmw iii^r liieir area and siih-
JciMiny tlieill l<> 'I deuTee (if vas-
salau'i'. **ne li.illle, Imweve:'.
jiripved a liriUiant Danish vicldi'N,
and till' kiii^ was ohliired in take
rei'iiiii' in disj.'uise. ll was dil
iiijLT lliiil l>eriiid (if eell|ise tlial
served as lionse-servaiil, am
fi'uin Hritain, fur aliioit a Dane, lie was in spirit :i
lliuri)u;:li i'liiiiflislinian. Alfi'i'd's son, Edward tlio
Klder, was tlio lirst to tiiko llic
liile (d' Kiiiif of England, Imt tlio
Mnuland of ('aniiti! was a step in
advaneu, for it mertrt'd into one
(witii llio Enjrlisli as the one) llio
I two Scandinavian ekmient.s of tlio
leople. JIo was tlio only grout
sovereign tlio land onjoyod from
AllVeil to William of Normandy,
liul not: iho only grout ruler, for
Dunsran, aWiough ii siilijot
5r
_Q'
OLD KNGLAND.
,U7
ers. Weak in iniml, lie was swayed by otlierH. For-
lately tli«
Eii<'lisli
rh<
was one patnot
exerted a powerful intluence over iiiin, Godwin, ear'
of Wessex, and after liini his son Harold. It was
diirini? this reiijn that Scotland was the seeno of
those bloody divds made immortal in the drama of
Maebetii, and Knfifland's part in the overthrow of
that foul traitor is
fairly set fouh l)y
Sliak ipeare. And it
may well l)e remarked
here i hat the histori-
ca
h.l
iilavs of that sn- — ^tzTfe^i^^ig:
preme ijeniusareof in- ..^s^~fp^'
calcniable value from
tlu'stanilpoint of iirit-
isii history, atfordinj^
as ihcy do wonderful
insi'dit into the siiirit
)f ll
le time.-
1'
Hut
Edward's most meni-
oralile aet was not
succorin<( Maleolm of
Scotland. It was be-
stowiiii: iiis kinL;don)
ujion his coiisni
W
lam o
Such was
t N.
irma;.ily.
;iariial-
ity for the Noniian:
that he wisl'cd to lit
succeeded liv one o
their iiiimlicr.
At
leas
W
ilhani .iimsel
set lip this claim, ami
not without some show
of truth. However,
in Ins
last
lours
Ed-
1(1 liestowed
crou 11
ii[ion
Earl
Harold, son of (Jodwin, bill, unfurl unalely, the
hitler had once been shijiwrecked upon the Nor-
man coast, and while liehl a |irisoner he signed
a complete renunciation of all claim to the En-
glish crown ill favor of Duke William. When,
therefore, Harold came to the throne William de-
iiiaiK
led
oillp
iaiice with the promise made. The
Saxon persisted that the pledge was exacted of him
under diin^ss and was not binding. William there-
upon gathered his forces and invaded England. The
battle of Ilasting."? was the result. That battle oc-
curred in lUtiO. In it I larold was dluiii and his army
jmt to utter rout. The Saxon cause was lost, irie\-
ocably. What the folly of Edward the ('onfessor
had begun the sword of William the ("on(|ueror
llnished.
We have now seen the JJriton give ])lace to the
Anglo-Saxon, and the
latter assimilate the
Dane, and now still
another element was
introduced into the
English race, the last,
of all, for the \or-
iiiaii vas the liiial
really foreign ingredi-
ent in tiie strictly J-hi-
glish lilooil. ill Iht!
task of making one
people out of many
England has shown
a wonderful power,
and tiie work of as-
similation is still going
on ill other parts of
the Urilisli islands, cs-
[iceially in Scollaiid ;
but the Saxons wiio
were so ingloriously
coiiipiereil at Hastings
have proved the real
masters of the sitiia-
tiim. N'otwitbstaiul-
ing the political
change made, Kngland
remained Englisii, and
the Norman, like the
Dane, gradually lost
his identity, merged in
that of the descendants of the Angles, the.jutes and
the S,/,x(uis. It is net'cssary to iicar these general
facts ill mind, as a safeguaril against lieiiig deceived
as to the actual importance of the Norman coiic|uest.
It was not the battle of Hastings and what im-
mediately followed which constitutes the t'uiii|uest. So
i;oniplete was that initial victory that William's right
to the crown of England was at once conceded. ( >n
Christmas-day of that .same year (10(1(1) occurred his
coronation at Westminster Abbey, the Archbishop of
" .(■
■r* : .!
4['
•5 .^
t^
l':i
338
OLD ENGLAND.
wr ^
:'<:':"
■1
M¥:
:>\i
.f,-;i^:f
iii
York ()Hiciutiiij:f. The now king professed great resjxjct
for tlio liiws of Engluiul, ami wiis riitlicr lenient in his
trciitiuent of the viimiuished. After a few luonths,
during wiiieh ail went sniootlily, William returned
to his Duchy of Normandy, to look after his affairs
there. Hardly had ho sailed away when the spirit
of insuhordinaDion niaiiifesteil itself, and it became
evident that the l)attle of Hustings had not really
sulxlued the nation. The duke returned with all
the force lie iM)uld command, and then began a long,
hitter and il„s(,Liting war. Incli hy inch William
conqutrud England, and terrible vras his revenge
upon ti'ose whom ho branded as rebels. P'riglitfil
talus of horror are told, and large tracts of rulti-
vited fields were utterly devastated, the slaughter
• ;,!;. [K?()ple lieing ruthless. These wusto plates
Iio maintained as hunting grounds. Gan<e laws were
introduced for the jjreservation of wild beasts
at the exjHinse of the con(|uered Saxons, that the
con(|uerors migiit have the pleasure of killing.
The [leople, to a large extent, were reduced to a
state of serfage little better than downright slavery.
To rentier the conquest more secure, William
caused his English kingdom to bo surveyed, ai'd a
record to be nuide of the survey. That reconl is
called Domes-ddij Booh, and detestable as was its ori-
gin and object, it nuiy be called the Ijoginning of an
incalculably important system of land records.
The present ])ractice of keei)ing public records of
all real estate titles is of (juite recent introduction,
still, tiie fundamental idea of the system is found
ill that vestige of the Norman contjuest. The lands
taken from the vanquished Saxons were either re-
tained or parceled out among the barons from^ior-
maiidy. To a very liwge extent the present English
titles to lands are traced back totheOontiuest. The
king did not bestow those estates absolutely, or in
fi'.c xiiiipk, but conditionally, on the feudal plan. If
the landholilor or his heirs, failed to render satis-
fact(M'y service to the crown, the land ii.self could l)e
I'oclaiMied by a decree of forfeiture, ov esfheat. It fol-
lows that the landed pro[)erty of Engliuid could
now be largely redistributed l)y law vritliout the vio-
lat^ion of any "vested right" or infringement ui)oii
the British cons' uution. ]'ossii)ly the land tenure
system introduced by William may eventually prove
the lever of a most riwlical reform in English realty.
William was :i man of war apart from his cam-
paigns in England, but his continental struggles
were not important, and ho was not a really jwteat
factor in the affairs of Franco, to which his duchy
belonged. While engaged in devastating the town
of Nantes, belonging to liis liego lord, Philip of
Franco, ho was thrown from his liorso and killed.
His death made glad the hearts of his subjects.
He had even (luarreled witii his own sons, ami the
older, llobert, had raised the standard of revolt.
In the struggle that followed William came very
near being slain by the sw(jrd of his own son. Ho
was overthrown, but tilial regard saved his life.
Wli'u tlie career of William came to an nd, Rob-
ert inherited Normandy tuid his brother William
Kufus, England. To a third brother, Henry, was
be<jueathed the maternal fortune, whidi was very con-
siderable, l)\it no part of either the kingdom or tbe
duchy. Aljout this time the Crusades began, and
llobert mortgaged his duchy to Rufus to raise
UKjney to join Hie expedition for tlio rescue of tJie
Tloly Sepulcher. While the Knight of theUross was
in " Paynim land " his royal brother was accidentally
killed in the chaso, an<l Henry at once claimed both
England and Nornnmdy. There was none to dis-
])ute his claim, until Robert's return, anil then it
was too late. Henry I. held fast to both possessions,
being a skillful politician, a brave soldier iuid im un-
natural l)rother. llobert died ill prison. Tliis lirst
of the Henrys reigned thirty-si.\ years. Howae call-
ed Bain.nhrc, or "the good soholar." Under him tlio
country made some progress, but not much, and
almost none at all under his successor, Stephen, a
grandson of William the Contjueror, his mother be-
ing Adele, Oountets of Blois. For twenty years
Stephen kept the laud in a state of anarchy and
misery. The crown really belonge;' to HeniVs
daughter, Maude, who had been the wife of the Ger-
man Smperor, 'lenry V., and later of (ieoffrey,
Count of Anjou^ but the Englisti of that day dif'.
not take kiad'.y lo Ll:e idea of a queci., iuid ilaude
was singularly destitut.L of tact. After s"veral in-
effectual attemjits to gain the crown^ she retired to
a convent and endt'd h' r days as a jiious nun. '1,'ie
basis of the conipromuse was the agreemei;., that
Steuhe!! should wear the crown until death \. hen
Henry, the son of Maude ..nd (feolfi-oy, should suc-
.■;eed him, an arran;j'ement which was carried out in
good faith. The death of Stephen occurred in
ll.'")4, and the accession of Henry II. proved the
beginning of a new series of events.
^ h \
a)
-?l^
Nr=^v^
Wl
OLD ENGLAND" I . I PLANT AGENETS.
' ' vfcs
A
ANDTHE
CHAPTER LVI
TiiK Sprat op Broom-Blossom— Thuma!' a IiK( kkt— Sthonobdw an'd Irihii Siiiuiuation— The
OSK KMILISII I'oI'K of KoMK— TlIK SlIUUOWH OK IIkxICV II. — ItK IIAIU) ClKni IIK l.KON — KiSd
JoilS AND MaONA CIIAUTA — IIkMIV hi. and I'Altl.lAMKST— I'ltlXIK lOllWAUl) AMI TIIK ItAKONS
— KouER Bacon the Mkdikvai. Scientist— 'I'hk Two Bacosx CoMPAiiKii — West.minsteh
Abbey— AiKiiiTECTL'iiE and Kiikemasonkv — Uktikisi-ect of Oi.ii Knoi.and.
^
^¥>
':h
,ITI1 tlio coronation of llun-
ry II, Ix'u'iiis the nilo
of tlio I'limtii-^uiK'ts,
sonietimos culled tlio Au-
goviiiu ilyuiisty of Kii-
glisli king.-*. 'I'lio I'liiiitii-
gciic't.s hold the seei)tor
from 1104 to 148.-), or until tlio huttlo of
BoiWdi'tli jjiivo the useeiidaiiiy to the Tu-
dors. The Diike.s of Biiekinoliani and
C'luuidos continue to call themselves
Plaiitairenets. The term originated in
the fact that Ileury's father, (Jeoffrey of
Anjou, was accnstomed to vear a spray of
broom-hlossom in liis hat, the French
name for which lAijmict. It is nut jiropos-
ed in this chapter to follow the course of history to
the Tudors, but only to the accession of the Ilrst
Edward, whose hroad statesmanship raiseil the na-
tion into so nnicii more prominence than the dynas-
ty, that he constitutes a great landmark in English
history.
Henry had extensive continental possessions. Be-
sides the dukedoms of Anjou and Normandy, he
was, through his (|ueen, Eleanor, Lord of A(juitaine.
The three possessions constituted about one-half of
the jiresei-.c France. The first notable reform which
he introduced was a well-directed blow at the
clergy. Hitlierlo a prii'st was anicnal)le only to an
ccclesia.-^tical tril)uiial. however heinous his crime,
but he abolislii'd tliis un-
just; '•benclit of clergy."
Tlionias a Hecket, Arcii-
bislioj) of Canterbury, the
first Englishman since the
Con([uest to hold that iiigii
ollice, refused to ohiy (he
law. He api)ealed to the
pojio and took refuge at
tiio French court. The
jiojie espoused the cause
of the clergy and t-hreat-
ened the king witli e.xcom-
inuuication, but he stood
linn. A partial reconcili-
ation was finally effected,
and Becket returned to
the see of Canterljury.
That was in 1170. The
archbishop showed no
disposition to obey the law. The result was that
four barons, at the instigation of the king, assassin-
ated him. Three years later he was canonized, and
his shrine at Canterbury has ever since been a
STKONOBOW.
(339)
m
m
'•i:)l'
•i! li-
. I . ■ (■
R>:
»- ■ — a ■""
1"
1
i"
1' '
V-
\ »
W b.
34'
(JM) KN<;i.ANl) »NIJ THIC PLANTAtJKNin'S.
siici'oil sjiol to tlioso who syiiij)iitliizu witli his viows
ofcloriciil iiidepomlonco of sucular law mid jiiHtici'.
To itUay I lie tuin|)Ost riiised hy tiio ociilosiiiHt.ics,
iloiiry LMMisc'iituij to do jioiiiiiico at the shriiio of
llio " martyr" aftur lit; was sainted.
It wasdiiriii;,' tlio rciirn of Ili'iiry II. that En).';laiid
giiiiu'd iicr lirst foot-
hold ill Ireland. The _
Karl 'if Poiiihroki',
calk'(l •• Stroiii,'l)o\v,"
led an army of his
own iinmi'iliatL'follow-
iiiifacross St. ( ii'orgc'.><
Chaiiiit'l and rarvcd
out fur himself a jiot-
ly kiiiird<im which lie
elaiiiu'd to hold in the
name of ihc Hriti.sh
sovcreitrii. Tlic foot-
liuld tlius gained was
the I'mviiicf of Ia'Iii-
stor. I-'rom ilial t imc
to (late MiiLrlaiiil has
asserti'd a iictitious
claim to rule a people
jiersistt'iitly uiiri'coii-
cilod to any interfer-
ence with home rule.
That usurpation dates
from 117".'. The rei:,ni
I if Henry the Second
continued forty years,
durinu' which time
much was dtine, he-
sides the abridgment
of clerical authority,
to correct aiiuses. The
rights of the barons
were respected, wliile tlieir arrogance was re-
stricted. It is safe to say that the jirinciples of jus-
tice found more recognition in him than in any
ruler of that century. lie was also a patron of
learning. It may be remarked that it was about
this time that Xicholas Breaksjiear, an English
prelate, was made pope, being the only Englishman ! known for something which he was forced to do in
to hold tiie keys of St. Peter, lie took the name spite of himself, and to which he never intended to
of .Vdriaii IV. Henry had enough Saxon blood in j be faithful. We refer to the Great Charter, or
iiis veins til be satisfactory to that element of the ' ilagna Cliarta, wrung from him hy the barons of
people. With the Xorman barons he was less jiojiu- the realm at liunnymede. Joiiii is sometimes called
MI'RDEK OF THOMAS A HECKET.
lar. 1 1 is reign was largely a struggle for the cur-
tailiiient of baronial jiower. It was under him that
ilie august judicial system, or, as (J reel i calls it, '' tlii^
falirii! of Knglisii judicial legislation," commenced,
and a glimjiso is aflorded of the groat charter granted
by his son John. His reiu'ii was an education, pre-
paratory to the su-
preme event at Kun-
iiyiiiede, iif which we
arc jiresi'iitly to heai'.
This great kingdied
witli tlie clouds of ad-
versity thick and
thickening about his
head. His two elder
SOILS were di'ad, and
the I'eniaining two,
Itichard and Joim, eii-
gagt'd in a plot against
tiicir royal father,
whose last days were
tilled witli sadness.
The older of the
two sons of Henrv
II. is known in his-
tory as liicliard CoMir
do Leon (iiiehard of
the Lion Heart). He
was a lirave Crusader.
,Manya ii>niaiitic.«tory
is told of his j)ersonal
[)rowess. Witli a touch
of pot'try in his nature,
he was a great jiatron
of minstrels and tron-
hadoiirs. But apart
from the glamour of
romance, Richard lives
in history as a royal knight-errant, and that is
about all.
The younger brother, John, who succeeded to the
crown in lliiOand wore it until I'-iKJ, was treacher-
ous and despicable, yet sagacious and brave. He
was a great general, a powerful king, but he is best
r
^ a
mj-
<J
4^
OLD KNGLANI) AM) THK IM.A.N 1 ACilCNETS.
(piir
11.'
illlt'V.
-tdl'V
■illlKll
(IllL'll
iituro,
utroii
tnni-
apavt
ur of
Ikes
at is
:o the
icher-
Ile
best
do ill
ed to
T, or
lins of
L'alled
341
Ijacklaiid. His n)ij;ii exttiiidud from li'.i'.tto liU'i.
Till! cliartvr was siffiii'd .(iiiio l'.», lv'ir>. It \fus in
effect a royal jiloilj^'e to rcH|)ect tlio rights of tlie bar-
ons, tlio I'lerj^y and tlie ir'ojiIc. 'I'liat trnly aiiiru'^t
(biiMiMient t'onsliuitus tlic fuiidaniuntal part of llic
Hritisb constitution. A coimuil of liic clergy and
tlic noliility wiis lidd two years before tlie charter
was signed, for the piiriiosc of (h^vising ways and
means to secure tliat safeguard against royal usur-
jiation. (Jardinal Laiigton fairly earned the honor
of organizing this important victory over absolut-
ism. i'"or once Iheciiurch was on the side of prog-
ress and lilierty. The king
had the support of the
pope, Innoccnl IH.. Iml-
Langion inTsisteil in his
patriotic purpose. '{'he
charter as origiiuiily signed
by King John contained
sixty-one articles. It was
freijuenlly renewed with ad-
ditions by suiise(|Uent sov-
ereigns. 'I'lie ri^dit (if trial
l)y a jury of oiu''s e(|nals, or
peers, is. perhajis, the most
imiiortani guaranty of the
entire charter. No taxii-
tion wit luuit the cnnsent of
the taxed was another great
])rinciple, and one which
develofied into the right of | uuiiAnn ('(!■
the IIou.se of Ooinnions in
England and the House of Uepresentatives in the
Uniteil States to originate all revenue bills.
Notwith.standing the fact that King John was a
very brave and able man, he not only failed utterly
to hold in check lii.s English subjects, but he lost
the dukedom of Normandy, which was seized by the
French king, and henceforth the title became ex-
tinct. His reign was singularly inglorious, and his
name is exceptionally infamous in royal annals.
But had the one notable act of liis life been vol-
untary, it would have made him to the English jkmi-
]ile much what .Vbrahani Ijincoln is to the colored
people of America. As it was, he neither re-
ceived nor deserved the slightest ci'edit for allixing
the royal sign manual to the charter.
Tlie death of this batlled despot left the crown to
his son, Uenry, then only eight years of age. For
three years the kingdom was rided by a regent
of patriotism and siatesmansiiip, Karl Pembroke.
'I'he king was declared of age when sixteen years
old (Iv'v'.f). taking the title of Henry HI. It
was during his reign tiiat- the great council of the
nation bei^ame kimwu as tlie parlianu'iit. and began
to assume its pruper functinn as tlie reallv supreme
autlmrityiu the laml. Henry \va- a weak king, and
that fact was fortunati' fur the nation. It was
farther fortiiiuite tluit his was a spendthrift. Ho
needed money, and had to ajtply to parliament for
appropriations. Every application, whether granted
or ileided, .served to eiii-
pha>i/x' the parliamentary
jiiri.sdiction. Kut the church
of |{ome was i|uite as ea^rer
to take inlvantaLTO of Hen-
ry's imbecility as the jieople
were, and during this reign
ccclc-iiastical usurpation
made considerable iicadway.
Parliament showed a piti-
ful incapacity for govern-
ment. For many yeai - the
cuiinlfs was in a state bor-
dering (Ml anarchy. The
reign of this king exlend-
cd frmii \-l\>\ 111 \-r,!.
The noliility seemed infatu-
ated with a sense of their
own importance, and tinally,
in I'iM, they de[irived the
king of all authdrity, holdiitsr hiui and his fam-
ily, with one exception, ]irisoners. That excep-
tion was Edward. This prince was a brave and
able man, and a good son. After a long .strug-
gle he succeeded in breaking the power of the
barons and restoring his father to the throne. The
leader of the barons was Earl Leicester. In itself
considered, the Haron.s' War could not be commend-
ed, but out of it grew the Ilou-se of Commons, or
borough representation, and when the smoke of the
conlliet had rolled away it was found that immense
progress bad been made.
The chief interest of that (ong reign Wius not the
clash of arms, but the increase of intelligence. It
Wiis during tiiat period that Roger Bacon ilourislied,
a friar with an ajijireciation of science worthy the
nineteenth centurv. lie was so verv far aliead of
^r-
■'■'"."■ i
u
m
«!'
'1/ ' :■;,!
■iii
■^
34-'
Ol.l) i;.\(il,AM) AND THI': I'LANTAGKNKTiS.
liis tiiiios thilt lie wiis iiliiKist fiirijiittfii oonturicn
iHirorc! Iio WHS iiii(lcrsii)u(l. Ilu was ii voice trryiiij^
in tlio wildiTiieHs of i;,'ii(iriiiu;u. plemliii;^ for knowl-
edge, iiwiilvciiinu'. liowevcr, liiinily itn eclio of hviii-
|iiitliy. (»\t'uitl \va< llie seal uf Ifiuiiiiii; wliefc lie hi-
horetl with tiie j^roiitexl. iisHidiiilv lo serve tlie ciiiise of
leaniiii;.'. It was duriii;,' tlie rei;fii of Ileiirv III.
thai the Miit;li-h imiMTsilie lieu'iin to he rccoj^iii/ed
eeiilers of inlliiciKc. The Cnisiidc,-! had sliimilated
zeal for kiiowli'dirc, tlic harharic West, haviii!,' eonie
ill coiitaet with I lie more eivilizeil Saracens, l-'rom
the schools of CJordovii und IJui^dud I'aiiie ineen-
tives to a liij,'lier education than ihe Christians of
the Dark Aires iiad
- known. Ill ail this
Eiighmd hud its full
.share, and Uoi,'er
Hacon i^'serves the
honor therefor. His
just rank is i|uite as
iii^'h as was tiiat of
his more illusirioiis
namesake, l"'raneis
Hacon, only the lat-
ter lived at a time
when the seed sown
fell upon fallow
frrouud. and liore
luueli fruit. Of O/xis
j]f<ii/iis of the elder
J^acoii and the .\(;-
riiDi (Jn/diiinn of the
youiifrer Hacon it
mi;,'hl well he said. " unlike, hut not unei|ual.'" Hoth
were \rritten in Latin, the English heing considered
as an utterly unlit vehicle of literature. It was not
until the nextcentury that anythinj,' of intrinsic merit
was contrilmted to literature in theKiiirlish laujruasito.
llojfer l?at'on was more concerned with the essence
of things than with their form, with science than
with literaturi.'. To learning he added invention.
The telescope, microscoix.', sjiectacles, and nniny
astronomical and mathematical instruments, have
been claimed to he his invention ; so also is gun-
powder. Whether he actually invented or only
introduced these appliances of civilization, he cer-
tainly deserves great credit for tiying to inaugurate
a hetter state of affairs. lie tried to substitute as-
tronomy for astroloirv, ehemistrv for alchemv.
Wosttniiister Abbey dates from this reign, A
church was built upon that site by Kdward t!iu
Confessor, but the jiresent edilicc belongs to tlio
reign of the third Henry. It is there that the sover-
eigns of Knglaiiil receive coronation, anil iieneatli
its puvemeat.s nniny of them have found Kepulcher.
\'ery many of tlu^ more emiiuMit men of England
wt're either buried there or havi' had monuments
ereett'il or tahltils ascribed to their honor in that
august abbey. Kings, statesmen, soldiers, poets and
explorers there find a common place of association.
Some |)rogrcss wiw inailo tluring this reign in art.
.Many manu.script books, elaborately illuminated or
]»ainted, are still ex-
tant, showing very
considerable skill
with the brush. Ar-
chitecturi' received
much attention, es-
jtecially the (lothic
style of structure.
Masonry uc(|uired a
marked prnmincncc
during I hat jn'riod.
These masons were
freemen. The great-
er part of tlu^ labor
of that day was jK'r-
formed by slaves or
serfs, who were
bought and sold like
cattle. Hritisli com-
merce can hardly be
said to have existed, the foreign trallic of the
island being in the hands of the llanseatic I-icague,
or Free Cities of (iermany.
During the jieriod now travetsod England can-
not be said to have contributed nuich to the
improvement of mankind, beyond giving jiroof
of an iulvanced idea of civil liberty. Might
has rested upon the nation, but the star of
liuiniynietle is the harbinger of dawn. A tiim-
ing-i)oint has Ijeen reached, a fork hi the road
of history.
The I'lantagenets continue to sit upon the
throne, but the betterment of the kingdom, as
a whole, has gone on until at this stage of na-
tional develoj)nieut Old England may be said to
disappear.
'
o *v
^11
•llt-
liiir
ClMC
lllvr
olil-
hv
tllo
caii-
tlic
lisrlit
of
;um-
roud
the
II, ilS
E na-
iil to
I
I III III III III III IK III III III III III III III III III III 111 III III Hi III llljll III III III Hi Hi IK M m IH lit IB
m
m
k
W
7. t
Hi
*• 4 '' ^
•^1 ») .1 N).
W ODERN ENGUNpl j^ :\ Pl^NTAGENETS^^^ U
j AND THE J^
"^
'/h. 1- SI
s:tijM*M;by^(
..^'..UJ'^
p:i*^SS
MM
en
I
CHAPTER LN'II
MllDKIlN F.Nlil..\M>— TlIK AMIIITIIIN IIK KllWAHll I, -CnNl^l f>T lit \\ ,M.K« — I.I.KWKl.l.KV . AMI TIIK
Wki.kii I'iii.ic V iTK KuwAiin— I'm
m
fr^r.
THIN
IK S( (PTI.AMl- Wll.l lAM
r. 1
A 1,1
AC K-
AI.KS —
■UdilK
IN
w
Ainill IIIAN
IT Itlll ( K—
I.KIiKM)^' -'I'KMIMIIIaHV St lUKI-
I'lIK DKATM lit' KlIWAIlll I. AMI
•INK
SlDTl If |M1K1'KM1KN( r— TlIK t IIIKK (il.llllY UK TIIK \\\\tT K.I.W A llll— TllKATMKST
,IkWK~I'.1>W Aim 11— KlIWAIlll III.— TlIK KllKSl 11 WaII and TIIK ll:.ArK I'lllMK-iiKNKllAl.
(IIAIIAITKII OK TIIK ICllWAlllllAS A'lK (IKIIKKIIKV (11 AlCKll— JlUlN W V( LIFKIS— TUK lltACK
ri.AcirK— ItUIIAllU II. AMI \V\T 'I'VIKU TlIK '.A-T UK TIIK I'l.ANTAllENKTH.
pi
ll^.
^^^ I '
K-<^^^*^^-^
11
U) vci'Mi of
Ed
wan I,
.Mod-
.■^aysdrccn, ■• liogms .Mod
('I'll Kii;,daiid." Till.'! cp-
ocli is uuiuarkcd liy any
I'voliiliniiary calafly.-iiii.
'TrDiu that timo," liocx-
pla ins, "kitn.^-*, lords, cojii-
iiioiis.ihi' courts of jiisiii'i'. llio forms of
iiililic ailmiiiistratiou, local division and
%^ linivincial jurisdictions, llio rclation.s of
1 liunli and state, in L'l'cat iiicasuru tlio
rainewdil; of socit'ty ilsidf. iiavo all tak-
rii llm siiaiii! which liicy still essentially
retain." l-'or more tiian half a century
allconnection with Monnandy had cea.soil.
and lonv hefnre linit, fear of any further
incursions of harliaric hordes from ihe North had
disapjiuareil. P'rench was the lauLTUaire of ffovern-
inont and Latin of liti'ratiire, iiul, the people cIuul:;
tenaciously to Kn;.disii. a tenacity whieii was des-
tined to triunipii completely. The ajre of the three
Edwards wa.s aifrand epoch in En;,dand's <froatnes.s.
\\ . ■. t!ie trouhloiis and lon<,f reii,'n of Henry III.
closed, Edward I. was lighting tlie Jlosleni. Upon
learning hi.s father's death he returned home. His
lirst thouffht was to have a reckouiiii; witii the land-
d;
sl,i
)f
ni wcro enjoying l><>S''es-
sioiis not vested in them hy provalile title. But he
soon ahandoned that idea. Any such •' new ver-
sion" of l)oinesday Hook would arouse, a tempi'st,
and he did not, care In inaugurate aiioilier •'Marons'
War." Wisely reconsidering his initial piirpo.se, ho
changed his plan, and sek'cted as his line of policy
the suhjugation of the original Mritoiis who had
taken refuge in the mountains of the west and
north. Xo thought of recovering lost territory on
the ciuitinent was entertained. He asiiired to rule
the entire island. He succeeded in the west and
failed in the north, hut he none the le.ss foreshad-
owed English destiny, as regards Great Britain.
The Widsh wen^ not an ea.sy peojile to conipier.
Brave of heart, they had the advantage of almost
imiiregnahle natural fortilicatioas. 'I'he mountains
of Wales are admirahly adapted to a defensivi^ war.
The "Welsh were often at war among themselves, he-
ing divided into numerous clans, hut they were
nunc the less quick to unito for the repulsion of a
common danger. They were trouhlesome neigiihor.s.
Descondeil as they were from the original [)roprie-
tors of English soil, they thought it no crime to
make rejirisals. Often they would descend in pred-
atory hands and pillage the adjacent countrv. The
43
(34.^)
B
C
ii
W--
■■■■ .'Mi!:
lii
m
;ii
-a J-
344
MODKKX ENGLAND AND i'HK I'LANTAGKNKTS,
siilijiigiitiou of Wiiles eiiiue to hi! ruganlod as u na-
tional iK'ciissity. '"lio mirsorv rhyiiio "Tatry Mas a
Wrlshiiiaii. '''a(Ty was i. tliicf," wliich is familiar lo
Kiiirlisli->|>(.'akiiig cliililivii to tliis day, may Iil' sut
down as a waif from Old Kn^dand, a vosliu'e of a
pn'jiidioo wliirli onci' rostid on a solid foundation.
Edward I. SL't about tiit' annexation of iliose moun-
taini'iTs in ri^rlu, ijood carni'st.
TiK' leader of il:" W'elsii forees was the hold and
ehivalrie Llewellyn ap (irillith. Julward mareliod
to hold fast to tiioir orif^iuul laui^uage and niain-
(ain their distinut.ivo characteristics, which they do
to tins day. Their lanjruiigo is totally distinet from
the Kni,disii. and tlioir literature is saiil to he rich,
esjKJuially in poetry.
Llewellyn was a prince, and Kdwaid told the
Welsh (ihiofs that if they would meet iiim at the
irreal ciustle of Wales, (Jaornarvon, he would i,dve
tiiem a prince who had never spoken a word of En-
_i,dish and was a native of Wales. Thoy acueptod,
IWS'i'l.E CAi;ii.\ \IiVON.
into the retreat oi" the (.'ymry and the " fabric of
W 'sli "i're.it ness f-dla'.. .tsin.dc blow." — fell, however,
to rise airain, and for fouryears the Uritish lien was
Ik Id at bay by the last real Prince of Wales. Tin
1> ny; Wi's obliu-ed to surround Llewellyn and jrradu-
allv close in upon liini. 'i'lic bold prince fell in bat-
tle, and Wale- wa- aiinext'd to l-'iiLrland in TJi^".'.
substantially as now. The kiin: adopted a liberal
judicv. treatiiiL' the people with just iiiieralily. Hy
the •• Stalut" of Wales." the more! bin'iiarous customs
of the country were ab<ilished. ti:e Kn!.'li--1> .iurispni-
aiid were i)resent^'d ro the infant son of the king,
who had been born on Welsii soil. 'I'his first En-
glish I'rinee of AVale.s was the second sou of tiio
king, and the chiefs supposed that he would rule
their c'Hfiiry alone, or at least that the title would
lie disiinctive and jtennanent-; hut before the child
rea( iied maturity his elder brother dieil, and thus
ihi' Prince of Wales became the heir ap|)areiit to
the English throne, and ever since then the title has
simply serwd as the designation of the oldest son
of the ruling monarch, a title with no ri'al jurisdic-
dencc -adopted, trade iruilds In the town.s e-tablisheil. | tion or special connection with theallairs of Wales,
and local riL^its proiei't.d. The people were allowed In this councetiou mav be introduced the .Vrtlni-
MODKRN ENGLAND AND THK PLANTAGENETS.
345
rian lej;oii(ls, or myths concLTiiiii^ Kiiij; Arthur and
ilie Kiiiglits of the Ilouiiii Tabic. Thoso legciult^
fiiruie prominently in Englisii tradition and vorso.
No snuh jKjrsous over existed ; at least tliey have no
])lace in anl.iientif history. Rohin Hood was a ver-
itable highwayman, i)roi)ai)ly, a Saxon who twrnetl
freebooter to make reprisals upon the Norman bar-
ons wiio were titled robbers. The common j)eople
loved him for his lawless espousal of justiee, a'\<l his
memory has ever been held in esteem by the yeo-
manry of " Merrie England." The mythical Arthur
goes back of the Saxons, lie belongs to the tradi-
tions of the j)rimitive Britons. The network of
ronnince which has been woven about that name
and its iissoeiates may be designated as the dream of
tiie refugees who tied to the mountains of Wales.
The enchanter Merlin, who formed one of good
King Arthur's company, was the " Mother Shipton"
of the Welsh, and it wasai)roi)heey of ilerlin which
inspired the forlorn iioi)e led by Llewellyn.
Tlie aMd)ition of Edward was more easily but less
permanenlly gratified in Scotland. That part of
liie island had formerly acknowlegcd some allegiance
to the English I'rown, but Richard of the lion heart
had released the SiT,uh king from all allegiance on
the payment of a sum of inone\, used by him in the
Crusades. Not long after Edward ca.me to the
tiu'onc a dispiUe arose across the border as to who
should inherit the Scotch kingdom. Edward was
asked to settle the nnitter, which he linally did ujKm
conditions of a renewal of the acknowledgment of
Scothind as a lief, or de])endency, of the English
crown, and its king as his vassal. Tiiat made a par-
tial union of the countries.
Till' Scotch king, Haliol, soon rebelled, and the
famous William Wi.llace came to the front as the
iiero of Si'oiJand. ^'^'onde^ful ex[)loits are attributed
to him. and tiie I'^ngiish army was nearly destroyed
when tiie martial genius of E<lwar(l saved it, and
made him masti-r of the situation. He showeil len-
iency to all excepir Wallace, wliom he beheaded in
the Tower of London. The Scotch have never fiiiled
to <lu'riisii his niemorv gri'teruliy.
All this was early in the lung reign of Edward. A
geucnition passed, and Scoilaiiil seemetl to be securely
Liiglisli. Bui a great"'- than William Wallace was
raised up — Roiierl Bruce. This nnblemau s|M'iit his
earlier days at (he English I'om't, a si'ini-prisoner.
Coining to manhood, patriotism lired his heart and
he returned to his native land to head a revolt in
favor of absoluie national indeinMidence. His most
staunch supporter was James Douglas, and together
they lire<l the heart of . Scotlaml. Edward liimseU'
was absent ujHin iIk^ continent at the time the war
begi'.n, and his armies were so badly beaten that he
mai'.e haste to patch up a ix^ace with the king of
France, returned and took the held in person, inspir-
ing his army with new lio|m. lint he was too old to
bear the burdens of tiie campaign, and sank beneath
them, his deatii resulting in the entire success of the
Scotch cause. Scotland remained inde[)endeiit until
James, the tirst of the Stuarts uj)oii t!ie tlin)ne of
England, came by natural inheritance to wear both
crowns, and the Welsh policy of Edward was extcuul-
ed to Scotland, thus rendering the entire island in-
deed one nation.
'i'lie glory of Edward was not military, but civil,
for he was a broad-minded, far-seeing and eminently
practical statc^sman. Eirst of all, parliament as-
sumed during his reign its modern sha(H', and ceased
to be an irregular, inchoate and exju'rimcntal body.
Under his reign it became u well-delhu^d legislature,
and to this day a statute of Edward I. is as much
the law of England, if unreiiealed, as a statute of
Victoria. Judicial ri'forms were elfei'ted of the high-
est importance. Instead of ap|)cals to force and
chance, relies of crude barbarism, reliance was
placed upon the administTatioii of justice in accord-
ance with the principles of order and fairness laid
down in Mikjiik Chdrfd. The relations of church
and state were regulated in a way to curb the arro-
gance of ecx'lesiastical authority. The establish-
ment of judicial districts was a great step in ad-
vance. That splendid falirie known as the British
Constitution is indeeil a system of law gradual in
its growth, antedating English history and still in
])roeess of completion ; and its corner-stone, the
(ireat Charter, was laid by the unwilling hands of
John Lackland ; but the framework of the mag-
nificent smierstructuro belongs to the reign of Ed-
ward L, anil that not in rudiments alone, often in
exact iletail as well. Borough representation, which
he introduced, had in it the very essence of civil
liberty. Some of the Boroughs failed to be repre-
seiite<l. atlciidaiice upon tin; sessions of iiarliament
being looked upon in that day as a bunleii, much
as service upon the jury now is. Tiiere was never
any pecuniary conjiensatioii lor the service, but
■1.
I '4 '.
i\M-
W'
■w
If*'" '
«;
M'. I ■' i
feti", '> '
'';^^lii
-
346
MODERN ENGLAND AND THK PLANTAGENETS.
griMUiiilly iiii irksome duty came to bu rouugiiiziMl
as a liiyli privilege.
During tlie reign of tne f.rst EdwarJ tho Jews
were subjeoted to bitter jwrsecutiou, and liiudly to
expulsion. Tiie number banislieil was about six-
teen thousand, i:iost of wiiom were robbed and
slaughtered l;efore they could make good their es-
cajie. From tlnit time until tiic Proteetorato of
Cromwell there were hanl-
ly any Jews in England.
Xo part of Europe has es-
eaj)cd tiie infamy of Jew-
isli ])orsecution.
The reign of Edward!.,
sometimes called Long-
shanks, extended from
l-l'il to 1307, and then
tiie Prince of Wales took
the throne as Edward II.
His reign extcuded over :i
jjcriod of twenty years.
They were melancholy
years. The king had no
fitness for government and
was singularly unfortu-
nate. To no purpose, ex-
cept j)crsonal and nation-
al humiliation, did he
prosecute the Scotch war
in which his father lost
his life. The worthless
foreigner who was his first
favorite, Piers Gaveston
of ("iaseony, was so very
obnoxious to tiu' people
that he had to be Ijanishcd. ~
Tlie (puH'ii, Isabel of Franco, cared far more to ad-
vance tlie interest of her brother, Charles IV., than
of her husband. When the two sovereigns quarreled
she raised an army to ojiposc Eilward. and defeated
him, tocik him jirisonor, and hanged his jirimo minis-
ter, Hugli DesjK'iiser. A iiarliamcnt soon after con-
vened, declared tiio king (le|»osed and his son Edward
III. tiie sovereign of England. A few months
later tlie ^inhappy ex-king was ruthlessly murdered
in tiie castle of Kenilworth, the victim of tlie cru-
elty of Isabel and her vile associate in crime and
power, l{og(T Mortimer. Thus ended one of the
most inglorious and unhappy reigns in English annals.
EDWARD II. AND UlS .)A1IA)I{S
Edward III. wieUled the scepter forty years, ui-
cluding tlie first three years of his reign, during
which his mother and Mortimer lield practical sway.
In 1330 he sent his mother, a prisoner, to a castle
in Xorfolk, executed her accomplice, and inaugu-
rated a career of his own. llis first thought was
to regain Scotland, but he soon abandoned that
scheme to devota his attention to a higher ambition,
which wius to be tiie king
of France, claiming the
crown by right of inher-
itance. The Salic law
which bars royal females
from succession prevailed
in France, and so his title
was fatally defective, for
he based his right alone
npon his mother's title.
He none the less stoutly
made the claim, and for a
century the two countries
were at war. For a much
longer time the British
sovereigns insisted uiion
appending to their legiti-
mate title the words '' and
king of France." Edward
III. began tlie war in 1338.
It was not until 1340 that
any important movement
occurred, when the fa-
mous battle of Cressy
was fought. The English
force was small, but the
day was won. The glory
of that victory belongs
to Edward's son, then only fifteen years old,
" The Black Prince," as he was called, on account
of the color of his armor. Prodigies of valor are
related of the boy, and his after life gives some
plausibility to them. Tiie ghjries of Cressy were
soon followed '>v the siege and fall of Calais. A
brief truce w,vS negotiated which continued ten
years when it was broken by another battle m
which the English won a brilliant victory. Tlie
actual advantage to the English was slight, however,
for only a few cities on the coast were ceded to Eii-
gliuid by the peace which was linally agreed u))oii
in 1374. Edward lived to bury his chivalric son.
^
o
,>
^:
old,
Dunt
arc
were
A
toil
ill
The
Kii-
iipi)ii
son,
^
MODERN ENGLAND AND THE PLANTAGENETS.
347
the Black Prince, two years after the jjeaco, him-
self following the i.ext year, leaving the crown to
the sou of the illustrious prince whose death had
been mourned as a national
calamity.
The century covered by this
chapter is peculiarly rich in
developments of an encour-
aging nature. The mere po-
litical hist(jry of the period is
a snuill part of it. It is in
the progress of the untitled
numy and the aristocracy of
the ))raiu that tiie real glory
of tlie Edwardian age appears.
It was not the Jieroes of war,
from Llewellyn to the lUack
Prince, nor yet the statesmen
of parliament and the judges
of the assizes, who deserve es-
l)ecial praise. Tliere iiail been
brave warriors and noble pa-
triots before. Tiie grand fact
of tiie period is tiiat England ceased to be divided
into enslaved Saxons and despotic Normans, the
entire people becoming truly Englisii in ciiiiraetcr.
Instead of Uobiii Hood
wirii his merry rolilwrs.
despoiling the nobles and
sharing his booty with
the peasants, the most
popular personage in
English trailitions, we
have people respecting
the rights of others and
tasting the sweets of
manly privileges.
The supreme name of
this jKiriod was that of
(leoiTrey Chaucer, tho
father of English litera-
ture, lie was a truly
great ])oet and tliorough-
breil Knglishman. The
literature of Old En-
gland, so far as it had intrinsic nierit. was in Latin.
The i)oetry of Beowulf and Claidmon, like the pmse
of King Alfred, the Venerable Bede and Asser. can
lay claim to no intrinsic merit. Mesides, their En-
glish was a language quite different from Uioderu
English. But Chaucer belongs to the vital ])resent.
His C'((ttlrr/jiiri/ Tales have indeed some indelicacies,
many variations in orthog-
raphy, and a few words now
oljsolete. It is none Uxc less
true that he is a perjictual
wellspring of good English
and delightful verse. Born
in 1328, his last breath was
drawn as the fifteenth century
came upon tlie stage. A
member of the nobility, a court
favorite, happy in all the cir-
cumstances of his life, he was
still tlio poet of the people.
A Yoluniinous writer, he com-
posed more prose than poetry,
but his elaijorate poem, the
C'unlerhitrij Tulvs, is the one
iiumortal production of his
genius.
Side by. side witii Cliaucer
stands John Wyclilfe, the lirst to give a complete
copy of the Bible to tlu! English jjoojile in their
own tongue. Wycliile was born in 11524. and lived
until 1384. Much of his
time was spent at Oxford
where he was a teacher of
note. His translai/ioii was
thiMvork of his y'\\h.' ago.
In translating it he used
the Latin \'ulgate, and so
many of the terms 3m-
ployed are tiie original
Latin slightly Anglicized.
It Wiis a bl(jw at the
llomish church which
none of his contempo-
raries seemed to appreci-
ate. Cliaucer and Wyc-
liife, working singly, yet
together, did much the
same work for the litera-
ture anil religion of their
country that Martin Luther did for the literature and
religion of (rormany, for they laid the foundations of
whatever developed on British soil in letters and wor-
ship. Chaucer is caried a skeptic by (ireen, but
■ ■ • 1
Mi
k
l-^"' ' ' ' '
i}'
Ihiil 5'-
Jl>;,
hm
'mil'':!-
* 1
IP
iiiii!
348
MODKRN ENGLAND AND THE I'EANTAGENETS.
WvclilTo was in spirit ii vuritablo I'liritun, iiml tlio
iiiigiity streams of iuUiicMico wliicli llowotlfrom tiieiii
JOHN WYCLIKI'K.
soon ooniiniMgk'il ami jn'oved of incalciilii.blc bless-
ing, secular iiiid religious. Ciuuicer was the an/iif
cuitricrol the Keuaisianec, as tluit term may be uiuler-
stooil ill ti)e light of French history, while W'yt'litfe
was a radical religious reformer. Besides hislrans-
liilion of the Bible, he wrote and otherwise grandly
wrought against the })iii)aey, producing a ])rofound
impression, and win "ing tolas causea no les^ eminent
nuin than John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster and
father of the royal Ixmse of Lancaster. The Pope
himself was alarmed, as well he might be, although
the troubliuis tiuu>s immediately following i)ostj)oned
;he inauguratiiiu of the distinctive chui'ch of Eu-
glaud, ami all the reforms connected therewith.
Tliere was one gloomy feature of this period, for
it was ill i:i4it that the Black Death imule its first
aiiuearance, that most fatal epidemic of all hisfory.
It swept .)ver the Continent and the British isles
with unexampled furor. No authentic record of
mortality was ki'jit. and we only know that it was a
horror unimaginable. Large towns had grown up
without sanitary i)rovisions, such as water, sewerage
and 'he like, and the lilth was unenduraiile. The
laws ( f health were disregarded and thesujierstitious
people altriiiuteij their calamities to Providence. 'I'iie
futility of priestcraft and penance to stay the rav-
4
ages of the iKistilence did much for the cause of re-
form, awakening in the public mind thoughts akin
to scientilio roilcctions.
In tiie eleventh year of his age Ifiehard II., the
son of that popular favorite, The Black Prince,
came to the ihronc. That was in the year loTT.
Thai; boy-king never reache.i years of real discretion.
His uncle, John of Gaunt, was the first sovereign
])ower behind the throne, an able, ambitious and un-
scrupulous iiiii'i. Early in this reign occurred the
reijellion of the peasants against tlie Poll-lax, led in
Essex by ti thresher called Jack Straw, and in Kent
by a ditcher known as A\ at Tyler, or Walter the
Tyler. The former never came to anything serious,
but Wat Tyler rallied a vast mob, marched ujion
London, sacked and destroyed the Palace of the
Duke of Lancaster, committed other de[)redati<)ns,
and sueceedeil in wriiiLriiii: from the Kinji several
charters allowing the laboring })cople a few cardinal
rights. The jieasants only demanded "t'lie abolition
of slavery for themselves and their children forever;
reasonable I'ent, and the full liiierty of buying and
selling like other men in all fairs and markets, and
a general pardon 01 all i)ast offenses." The con-
cessiou to these tlemands was not sincere, and soon
the charters were revokeil, Tyler assassinated ami
the people dispt'i'sed. Good, however, was aceom-
[ilished, fiu" the temper of the i)oj)ulace had been
shown and a wholesome awe of the peasants in-
spired.
Kicliard w;is alike unpopular with high and low.
His nature was exceptionally unlovely. He was con-
tinually quarreling wit!: his uncles and his cousins.
Some he killed and some he banished. Anumg those
diiven into exile was i'en'ry Boliiigl,roke, Duke of
Hereford, son of John of 'I.nint. S )oii afli r banish-
ment he became by the death of his fati er, Duk-J
of Lancaster. Having raised a small army across the
channel, he ventured back in Ht'.tlt. The uiipopu-
larityof Uiihiird was sll(^l that the inikesoon found
himself master of the situation and he ])roceeded to
usurp the throne. The dejiosed king was sent to
Pontefract. castle a prisoner, where he soon ended
his days, probably assassinated by royal com.iiaiid.
Thus ended llie last of tlie Plant ai::enets.
^\^
^!ft^'^^^r^^^^r^!;^;^^!^T^;?^^J^"^^i^!^^
-S— -Ll-O-
"«—
-: E
LANCASTER AND YORK.
-S^^AftTKg
^ T^i^'r. ^
'^Si.^r^^;;?'^^;.^^^^^^;^^"^^^^^:^^^:^^^^^'^-^?^^
"►-13
.T-^Biil
ClIAI^'l'ER LVIII.
The I'kuii>i> (iK Tin; 1I(»ks-.\ Diki.. What I.kd to it ami What Camkiik it— IIkmiv IV.
TlIK Lm.I.AHl)^' AMI Wv(l.lfKI:-llKNI!V V. AMI Till: I'.NCI.l-ll IN I'llAM K -ItKlilNNIM; (IF TUK
Kmilisii Navy— IIkniiy VI.-Kni) df tiik ()\k llrximKii Vkaus' Wah— 'I'iik Kxiii.isii 1!k-
llESIV— IaiK (auk ami IIIH IxSlliliKlTlliS— 'I'MK WaU (IF TIIK lldSK: KllMAlill 1\'. — WaU-
wicK •Tiik KiN(i-MAKKit"~-i;ii\vAitii V.— Ifii iiaiih lII.-H(isw(iiiTii KiKi.D— Tiik lii.Kxm.Sd or
TIIK WlllTK I!l>«K AM> I!KI1 IN TIIK IldlsK (IF Tl lldU.
-»•,.( ■€) ,
mm
ui*««ijajL-j.
II K lirst of tho l'liiutii>j;(!-
iiets I Iciiry II., ciiinc to tlie
tliroiio ill ll.")4 ; tlio last
of tlio lioiiso, liic'liiivd II.,
K'ft, it, the last your of tliu
fourtL'L'iitli century. Tlieii
followoil three Henrys, the
l''ourtli. Fifth anil Sixth,
foniimu: llie House of liUneaster,
and covernitf tiie |ierioil from
lii'.l'.l to 14i;i. 'I'o tiie l.aneasters
suceeeded three representatives
of the iiouse of York, Edward
IV. and V. and Uieiiard 111., ex-
tendinjjffroni U(il to \-iS'i. Those
oiijfhtv-six yi'ai's, the period of tlie
'ro.'es, will now enijajfe our atten-
ten.ion.
'I en years after ilu^ coronation of Uicliard 11..
tiie yonnu'i^st anil aliiest of liis uncles, the Dui'ie of
(ilonuester. toolv ',i|) arms in reliellion, He was so
far sueirssfnl liiat lie dictated terms of settleuieiit
to tiie Iviiii;-, for a time, hut, soon the royal |mi\m'|' so
tar <i;aiiieil tlie aseendaney that the duke was im-
prisoned at Calais, then an I'lnuiisli possessioe in
I''ranee. (Il.ineester soon thereafter died of ano-
jilexy, aecordiiig t,o the jfoveriior of tiieeity; of jioi-
.■^oii, according to current and snli.sei|nent o[)iiiion.
Among tlie adherents of (iloncester were two dukes,
Norfolk and Henry Holinghroke. Diike of Here-
ford. 'I'he latter was the son ol Jnhn of (iaunt.
In i;5i).S these ducal dignitario.s had a i|narrcl which
they proposed to settle liy a duel. Hearing of it,
and glad of an o.xeti.'^e, the king lianished tlieiii
holli, the Duke of Norfolk for life and iJolin'diroke
for ten years. At that time the .cnerahle father of
Henry was ulivc. He was Duke of Lancaster. He
ilid not long siirvivi! the lianishment of his eldest
son and heir. .\t his ileath ihe king sci/rd and a|)-
propriated to the crown the dukedoni of Lancaster.
Hereford watched his op|)ortunity, and when K'ich-
Ml'd went, to Ireland in the sunmier of i:!'.iil to con-
duct ill iK'i'son the Irish war. Henry liolinghroke
landed on Knglish soil with a small hut intrepid
followiiiL;-. Tlie riMrii'iieil exile hail no dcsiiriis upon
ilie throne, hut simply, a^ he protcstcil, came hack
for ilie purpose of ciaiming his inheritance of Lan-
lastcr. liui the king had a great, manv enemies
and the times were ripe for d\iiastic revolution.
On the north was Scut land and across the Lnudish
cliiiniicl ua< l''raucc. IkiiIi eager for revenge, and
'_dad of an oppurtmijiy to assist a rdiel. The I'cr-
( 34') )
'V 'I 'I.;:- ,
ll:'
a!
m
>:H'
m
;lli
M
„5
350
LANCASTER AND YORK.
cios of >i()rtluiiiil)(.'rliui(l brought tlioir forcus to tlio
support of Uoliii<f|)rokt', wlio soon found liiuisst'lf at
tliu lii'iiil of Mil Mrmy of (Id.ooo muii. V.ww I lie ri'-
tcuiit who wiis ill chariTc of t ho UiiiLichim while tlir
king was in Irchuni. tliu Duke of York, wont over
to Jlc'iiry's side. Iiiciiard caiiu' haric witii a vcrv
cousiderahio army, hut his soldiers deserted mid hi'
wab taken prisoner and ecndueteil to r.oiidon.
Thcro he exeeiited a formal ahdicalioii. 'i'hat was
llio peo|ile ill forget, fiilness of the Ihiw in his title,
he plunged into foi'oigii war, managing to rotain
his crown until in 14i;i death elaiined him. Mo sover-
eign ever held fast to Ids suepter and yet luid more
occasion than Henry of Lancaster to suy, " U uoasy
rests the head that wears a crown."
During t;lic reign of liichard II. tiie ineipiout
cause of Protestantism had made .1 great deal of
headway. It was in \'->'Xi that parliament passed
HENRY V. HEVIEW'INCi HIS TROUl'S HKFOHR AOTNCOTTRT.
Scptemhei '2',), \:>'M. 'i'hc next, day parliament de-
posed him by ilue process of law on the ground of
inali'easance, and the haiiislicd duke who had re-
turned to claim a ducliv was (hilv installed as king
of I'liigiaiii] under tin.' name 'if Henry I\ .
A crown thus won was not retained wilhoiit con-
stant etTort. <)n the north was Scotland andacniss
the channel was France, hot h ready to assist insur-
rection, and the spirit of fai'doii ran .~ > high tliat
I he ()[ipositioii did not liesilatc to seek foreign alli-
i I lie •• Statute of I'rriinitiiri'" which lu'ovided that
■■ whoever should procure from Uiaiu' or elsewhere,
cxcummuiiications, hulls, or other things against
the king and his I'ealin, should Ik' put out of I'lie
kiuir's jiroteclion, and all his lands and goods for-
feilcd."* The leader in this anti-papal movement
was .lohu Wyolilfe, a very learned profi'ssor in Ox-
ford rnivcrsity, airl translator of the Hihle into En-
glish. During Henry's reign a strenuous effort was
iiiiulo to suppress and undo the work of Wyclilfe.
ance. To gain the especial support of the church. In 1 401 it was enacted that " all ]icrsons ooii\ icted
Henry inaiiguraiod perseiaition, heing (he lirst Va\- liy their hisliops of holding lieretical opinions, and
glish kiiiL:- lo liiirn heretics. In the hop' of uniting who should refuse lo ahjiire the same, should ho
at
0.
ist
U'
ir-
iil,
)x-
•A\-
vas
tiv.
tcil
.1(1
i
bo
^
m' ^
V
LANCASTER AND YOKK.
351
burned to doatli," iiiul tlii.s statiilo was not allowed
to bo a deail letter, Wyeliire hitnself, " The Morn-
ing Star of the Rofornuition," died peacefully in
llie year ];i<S4. In tiie days of Hiclu^id II. and
Henry IV. tlio Protestants were called " Lollards."
Ileiny V. was just rii)enin<^ into inaniiood when
ni)on tiic dealJi of Ills fatiicr, .March ^2^), .'tVi, he
was called to tlie cares of state. 'Die wild pranks
of jiis youth and tiie coarse tastes of the times are
well set fortli l)y Siiaks))eare in connection witii
that unique character, Sir Jolm Falstail. Uisinijf
sHjKrior to tiioeviloniens of his l)()yiiood. tlieyounii:
kinji showeil a masterly genius for public allairs.
In the iiopo of curing factiousness ho entered with
great zeal ui)on tiio jirosecution of war with France,
The brilliant victory of Agincouit, a repetition of
Cressy, made every loyal Englisli heart true to his
cause. The Britisli sword seemed invincible, and
I'^rance was at the mercy of Henry V, Step bysteji
liio Frencli Unicorn receded before the liritisii Lion.
In 1430 the famous treaty of Troyes was made,
in accordance with wliicii llcnry married Catiierine,
daughter of tiie King of Franco, and was pro-
claimed regent of France, tiie Fiencli king of tliat
day, Charles VI., being insane. The force of tiiis
treaty was not recognized In' tiio Orleanists, liow-
ovor, and real peace was not secured. For nearly
two years tlie king continued to be engaged in war
upon the soil of Franco, when he died, leaving a
son nine montlis olil. In two months Charles also
died, and tiuis the infant heir of two kingdoms,
llcnry \'I., became king of l^iigland and France.
.Many of those wliodisputed tlic regency of the fatiicr
conciMled the validity of tiio claim of the son to the
throne of I'"rance as well as J"'.iigland, But there
was in l"'rance a party whii'li su]»i)orted the claim
of the son of Ciiarles A'l., in preferenco to tiie
grandson, liolding the treaty iiy wliich tlie Dauphin,
the Prince of Orleans, had lieon dojirivcd of the
royal inheritance, null and void.
Before proceeding witli tlio reign of Henry Yl. it
deserves to be noted that Henry V. was the founder
of the British navy. Prior to liis reign the govern-
nieiit had no ships of its o'lvn, but relied upon tem-
porary loans of vessels from maritime to\^ns and
the luerchant niarino of ju'lvate sulijei^ts. The liftli
of tlie Henrys inaugurated a very important chingo
when he built the first really formidable r.ian-of-
w;ir I'lngland could over boast.
4+
T\) return now to the course of invents under the
infant heir to two thrones, we lind troublous times.
No doubt but that if Henry \'I. had been of ma-
ture age and a sovereign of moderately good ability
and character, the dream of F'ranco-English unity
might have been realized. Hut this jirospect was
soon dashed to the ground, the p(issibility even
never returning.
By the tei'ins of the will the Duke of Bedford was
made n^gent of Franco, a man of commanding al)il-
ity. i'uris was in \\'\P, hands, and the only consider-
jible l'"reneli town not garrisoned by Fhiglish troops
was Orleans. The continuance of the struggle on
the jiart of the Orleanists or F'rench patriots suomed
useless; but just when all was lost, .loan of An-,
more s[)ecitically mentioned in tlii! history of l-'raiice,
came upon the Held of action, ins[iiring ]iat riot ism
by her fanaticism, and reversing comiiletely the for-
tunes of the war.
Bedford died and the English were obliged to
abandon the continent. The .Maid of ()rk;aiis sought
to deliver France from foreign rule, but she suc-
ceeded in doing the still bettor thing, saving Fn-
gland from the danger of haviiii:' its nationality
comiiromised and perhaps lost. The savior of two
nations, she was, as we have seen, the victim of the
unutterable mcauuess of both. Charl&s VII., un-
cle of Henry VI., mounteil the throne, England
had lost all continental possessions e.\cept Calais,
The niindrod-Voars War between the two nations
came to an end in the year 145:5,
Keturning now to F^nglish soil, no lind the coun-
try profoundly distiirlied. There was constant fric-
tion dining Henry's miiioritv lietween the voung
king's undo, Hiim}ilirey of (iloiicester, and Cardinal
Beaufort. Faeli claimed the regency, (iloucoster
was fouUv Miurdored, but the advantage did not ac-
crue to the cardinal. Two years before (iiat the
king, always weak and almost imbecile, niarrieil
Margaret of .Viijou, and A\^, togetlier with iier spe-
cial friend, William de la Poll', Duke of Suifolk,
ruled the realm after Chuicoster's taking off. The
litter failure of the Knglish in Franco occasioned
the banishment and subse<(ueiit murder of SulTolk,
and the fall of that royal favorite was soon followed
by several insurrections. The most forniidalilc of
these (not count iiiii; the War of the lioses) was the
rising in Kent, of twenty thousand men ledby.Tohii
Morlimer. better known as .lack CJaile. The insiir-
^^■W
^);
5
r
!l .
35^
I.ANCASTER AM) YORK.
<(uiits miirulic'd lo IjoiiildiL tuiil oii(tiUii|i(;il iipnii
UliickliOiitli. 'L'lioy (luiiiiiuili'ilcurtiiiii miicli-noudt'il
ruforins in tlio laws ndatiii;,' to labor mid tuxes,
'riio city uoiiiiL'il of Ijoiidoii n.)(;o;^iiizu(l tiio justicu
of tlio fluiiiis inudo. The iviiiLf was roiiiovod to Kun-
ihrorlli I'ustlt', atid tliuro wasevury lirospoct of a sat-
isfiiflory sulliuiiiuiit of tliu dciiiaiids iiiadu. liiil
Ciidu could not wirlj tlic jiliunlci'ini; disposiiiou o''
Ills followers, and lo Londoners were oiili;:uii t
take up arms aijainst liiuni mi sell-defcn. 'i'lic iv
suit, was L'ailc was oi)lii,'i'd to tlcu, many of his ' >!-
lowi'rs iicimr slain. In liis Hii,dit he wa:< iuiii.M'lf
killed, and all the I'l^forms promised were defeated.
The loss of l""rance emliiilered the Kiiudish nation
and serveil as a sort of hlood poison. The suppura-
tion from the Lancastrian wound po\iri'd ils d(Mdlv
pus into th(^ veins of ])oth rival factions, and pro-
duccil that tcrrihk^ civil war. the \\ ar of the Roses,
so calk^l ln'cause the fa(,'tioii of Lancaster wort^ ;i
red ror-e ,ind the adherents of the house (»f York ii
white rose as their rcsiiecjtive badiies. The first out-
break was at St. .Vliians in It")"). For t'orty years
the conllict raged with occasional truces.
The year following the expulsion of the English
from France, Kichard, Duke of York, was appointed
Protector of the kingdom by i'arliament. The Duke
of Somerset, Kdward Heaiifort, was the leader of
the branch of the house of fjaiu'aster whit'h opposed
this jirotectorate. In less than a vear Henry re-
sumed the reins of government, a triumph of Som-
erset. Tlii'reui)oii York took the licld in hos-
(Llity to his rival. 'I'lie battle of 'It. Alban's (May
'I'-i. 14.").")) followeil, I'csulting in tlu defeat of York.
A ])arlial peace was then clfected. but in 14")'.> the
hostilities were resumed, 'i'his time the white rose
of York was in tlu^ ascendancy, and the king was
captiiri'il, his (pu'cii and son rinding refuge in Scot-
land. The Diilvf boMly claimed th(^ crown, but
I'arliament compromised tlie matter ijy ])ro\iding
that Henry was to reign until death, when itichard
of \'ork, instead of I Icnry's own xm Ivlward. should
succeed to the throne. This aiijustmeut was not
at all satisfactory to the Lancasters. " Many of the
great noble,-." says a coicmporai'v hi-torian. '• rallied
to tiie support of the youuLT I'rini'c Ivhvard. and
the Duke of Ynrk was dei'eate(| at W'aketield a
lit I le later. The iluke \uis killed in I be ac^t ion. and
his head, ornaineiileil wiili a paper crown, was
])laced over the gate of the city of York. His son,
the Karl of Rutland, was captured and murdered in
cold hlood by Lord (dilford. Kdwanl, the eldest
son of Richard, was now Duke of York. He at
once took up the cause of his house, defeal"il the
roval f)ijes at Mortimer's (,'ross, and followeil up
his victory by a renewal of the bloody executions
begun by the ri'al party. <^u(m;u .Margaret won a
victory )'"ei the Yorkist force in the soeom battle
of Si 'Jhaii-, and resi iied the Mngfrom them. She
li'c'l !o jiiprove her advantage, however, and the
D.U.J ■ York marched boldly into liondon, where
ir ,ii\s dL.'liirijd king by tiio peo[)le and a large as-
.semblage v! ' Mes, prelates and magistrates. March
■M, 1-KU."
Kdward I\'., first of the three kiiiL's of the house
of York, was born upon French soil, Rouen, in
1441. .Vllhough he was made king in lldl.the War
of the Roses had not ceased. T'he Lancastrians
cherished the hope of delhroniiig him until the bat-
tle of Tewkesbury, May 4, 14^ 1, when Kdward was
conii)letely victorious. Mut before that time his for-
tunes were v;irious. Three years after his corona-
tion he married J''dizabetli Woodville, which served
as an excuse for an outbreak, tinder the lead of the
Ivirl of Warwick. This carl is one of the more not-
able characters in Knglish history.
Richard Neville, Karl of Warwick, known as"tlie
king-maker." was lirst cousin of Kdward 1\'. lie
was the wealthiest. I-.nglishman of his day, at least
he enjoyed the largest revenue of any subject of the
realm, and rivaled t'Jie king himself in the magnifi-
cence of his mode of living, lie had done more
than any other one man to place Kdward upon the
throne of England, and he made no secret of his
greatness. lie assumed to be a })ower behind the
throne mightier than the monarch who sat upon it.
At the time the king married Elizabeth, one of his
own subjects, the lordly Warwiekwas at the Fi-ench
capital negotiating for his sovereign the hand of a
princess of l'"rance. lie was so nuich incensed at
this that he gave his danghtt'r in marriage to the
king's vounger brother Clarence, witlioiit royal per-
mission, and upon an uprising in ^'orkshire against
certain levies in Mti^t he and (darence put, ihem-
seKi's at the head of the insurgents. In the battle
of Kdirecot which soon followed, t hi' royal forces
were defeated, the fatJier and brot her of the niieen
iiehcadcd.
A brief reconciliation followeil. In 14'^() h(j.stili-
T
LANCASTER AND YORK.
.?53
tics liroki' out, it;,'iim. Tliis tinic Warwick was
oliliiri'ii ti Ktvk ••■ifcl V ill lli;,fiit, I" VvMuv. 'I'licn^
llu! raiiiipiis kiiii,'-iiiaki!r (•iili'rt'<l into ii(';,f(i(iali(iiis
witli (^iR'cn .Mar;,'ar('l for llic rcsti > lion (if llcury
\'I., lollic Kiiiriisli tlirmii', the iiiania;,^(' of I'riiicc
EdwanI nl' i aiicastcr wilii Ir^ iiwii (lauu'litA^T and tin;
rt'i'ogiiiliuii of Ciai'(.'iic() as tiiu iii'ir |irusuin|itivu to
tho ])r'MC(' i5y tiiat arranj;i'nifiit lio wonlil imiko
it reiisoiiably curtain that tlio crown would Ijc in-
hcr 111' the lioiis(' of Ncsilli' for two <^{m. itions
purislu'il liy tlie sword, with tlic solitary cxiVj in of
(i('or;.'c. AiTlihisliop of ^'ork. The dm. '4;. 'it of
Warwii k, who had married I'riucc Kil«. ', was
wt.idd('(| ill Mr.' to liirliani, Duke <d' ( llouccsifr, af-
terward Uicliard Ifl.. Iiut uvt'H then none of llio
hlood of the " kiiii,^-inaker" ever llowud in the veins
of royally.
This last ontorprisu of tho groat Warwick jiaved
heriteii hy tho Warwick Ijlood. Ijonis X. was then tin; way for a renewal of hostilities between J'"rane(\
upon tho French throne, lie favored Warwick, and and KiiLdand. In 141.") the Knij;lish a;,'ain invaded
TOWEK Ol'' LONDON.
the plan worked well. 'I'lic seeniin;:ly iiivinciblocarl ' tl'.i' French territory for the |iiir|)(jse of suiijuualion.
returned to Fiiirland, marched upon liOinlon, took
it and restored poor Henry the Sixth, Edward tlec-
\\vj: 1o llollanil.
Ihit W arwick's career was nearlv al an eml. Some
six niimllis later Ivlwarl relnriied wilh a force of
Dutch and l'"leiniiii,'s, anil (he Imttle of Barnet was
fou,L;ht-, Ajiril 11. I-IU. in which the threat carl wiis
slain. A few weidxs later (^)ueeii Margaret and
Prince Kdward were both taken prisoners, ami tiic
latter slain. In the follow ihl;' .lune llenr\ himself,
the last, of the Laiicasters, was put to death in tlic
Tower (d' London. That, ended the War of tho
lioscs. It is said that, in that war evcrv male mom-
Nothing oamo of tho oxjicdition, however, except
that Louis ajxreed to ])ay a ]iensioii to the English
crown and betrothed his heir, the Dauphin (Jharles,
to the (ddest dauLriitcf of the king of Mngland, a
conclusion and result i|uitc unsatisfactory to the
English people, who still clung to the Iiojh' of coii-
linenlal pos.<essions. The hctrothal just) mentioiie'
was not. carried out. \.nii\< artcrwards .securcil (■ r
his son and heir the hand of Anne, daughter of no
(ii'rman Fiu|ier(ir, .Maxiniilian. Fdwanl resu ved
to avenge this insiili. and ri'trievo his pop' iiirity
with his own pco[ile by anothor and more c' eiisivo
invasion of I'raiice. But in the midst of ' .s prep-
'■!:.,f
,^%
J-"
r
I-
M
'U
i;
.354
I.AN'CASTICK AND Y(iKK.
uratiiiiis, \\>v\\ '.i, 14>s;!, lu' ilit'(l. Icuviiii,' liis two sous
Edward. a;;od tliirt.oeu yours, ami Jiicliard, wlio was
<im1v leu years old.
Ivlwai'il \ . (tail liai'illy Ix! said tn liavts rui;,'iit'd at
all. rpiiri the dnaih i>r liis fatliur lie d(!|)!irted I'tir
LkiuIiiii, Imt, lu'l'nn^ lit^
liai] rcaclicil ins dosliii-
ali.iii his iiiiclo, JJicliard
(if (iloiicL'stdr, whoso
hiihioiisiu'ss stands rc-
vcak'd in the draniali-
/.aiicin 111' Sliaksj)uart',
had him seized and
l(i(lL;-ei| ill (he Towor.
Soon al'ier, his name-
sake, lh(! younp'r
lirother lit' the younu'
kihL;'. «as placed in t he
same royal jirison.
'rhe[ioor hovs were soon
murdered and the un-
natural uncle hecamo
kin^• of Kuiiland.
liiehai'il III. assume(l
the kingly olliee .July
li, I'L'igidug two years.
])uriiiif this period jio
may he said to have
assiduously tried hv
good goverumeut to
imrchase pardon fort he
ci'imcs wilh uhieli his
coronal ion rohes wuro
staineil. In t his lui sig-
nally failed. The dis-
atTeelion was too great
to ho resisiod. The
Karl of h'ichmc'il,
llonrv Tudor, hi'canio the leaditr of the dis-
all'oetion. lie was tho grandson of Owen Tudor
and Calhorino, widow of llunry \'. On the nui-
teruiil .side of the hoUHO ho was the lioir to tho
Laneiistrian cliiiiii.s to tho throne. Fortuniitidy
for Henry, lio wtus an i^xiie in Urittany, ami liis
confederates on Kiiglish soil were discovered,
arresti'il and exoeutod l)of()ro lie iuid crossed tiio
channel, Hut the spirit
of rehcllion could not
ho kept down. .Muny
uohles \inited in invit-
ing tho e.xiled eurl to
return mid elaiin tho
scepter. lie was .saga-
cious enough to pro-
pose to put an end for-
ever to tiio cruel and
seu.seless War of tlie
Roses hy nuirrying Elia-
aheth, ihiughter of Ed-
ward IV. Landing on
English soil at Milford
Haven early in August,
148o, liichinond joined
battle with Richard on
the "^'.ind of that month
on the Held of IJo.s-
worth. Richard coni-
nuuided his own army
in person, was defeated
and slain. Richmond
Wius proidaimed king
ujjou t-lie hattlellold,
and the entire nation
acc^uiest'ed, amid uni-
versal sati-sfactiou that
the hloody rivalries of
the Lancaslers and tho
Yorks had ut last ter-
minated hai)pily in the
union of both houses, and their disapj)earanco
from the royal annals, equally absorbed in tlie
house of Tudor.
>2i
i;
111-
iiy
it'd
lul
"K'
'1,
U)I1
ni-
liiit
i.f
he
X'Y-
tho
inco
tlie
i
m
&
>^-
I'll
1 1
i
llENitv VII. ANO Ilia Timer— TiiK Times and C'iiaiiac teh hf IIeniiy VIII.— Domestic I.irE
(IK "Itl.lTK IIaI. '" — UEFOUM and ITS LIMITATIONS— IIESHV's WiLI.— ICDWAIID VI. AND La II Y
Jane Chev— IIi.oody Mauy— The Accession of Ki.izahetii IIeii I'lifT Siitoii and
THE .\jiMADA— MaIIY (JVEEN >K StOTS— ELIZABETH AND IIEil I'lllENUS— 'I'llK Kl.lZAUETHA N
A(1E — KniILAND I'NDEH the TriKlllS— IllELAND AND THE TlllOUs.
'i>
HE long reign ot' Henry
VII. (148:)-1.MI'.») WHS .siib-
stiiutially free from civil
strife, liy marrying Eliz-
abeth of York ho made
utisuranee of the close of
the Wars
of the Ros-
es duubly
sure. Some
pretenders
there were,
but no very
forinidalile
claimants-
This king
was exceedingly avaricious,
ulliiougli not without
breadth of mind.
If he did not secure forhis
country tiie honor of jiat-
roni/.ing Christopher Co-
lumbus, as he had the oiiiiortunity to do, he was
not slow to take advantage of the great discovery
made by tlnit inivigator. No sooner had the i!-\-
i.stenee of America become known than English
maritime enterprise liegan to give promise of its
ineomparable future. As early as l-l'.H) Henry com-
missioned the Caliots, of Bristol, father and son, to
go on a voyage of discovery, and after them came
(Jilbert, Drake, Erohisher
and Hawkins. It is true
that the immediate njsiilts
of those e.Npeditions were
not important, but the
spirit of adventure was
stimiiUited and the seeil
sown came to a [ileutifiil
iiarvest eventually. The
War of the Roses had' de-
stroyed serfdom, or villan-
agi^ in EiiLrland. fn'" suli-
stantially the same reason
that the civil war in the
ITiiited States destroyed
.Vnieriean slavery, and thus
1 he way was prepared for
commercial and industrial
thrift. Tiie kinu^'s greed for
money hud an indirect tendency in the aino direc-
tion. It was durinir the reign of the lirst of th.e
:T
(.^55)
\f
i;^- '
■Jl
\ .;
:|
f
f
\
<!
•
\
', ' '
\\\-
1 1 ! ;
'";■«'
mm.
ISh.
kr
•v. 4
1'-^
ft';'
^!il
§
H-
35^'
THK I'UDOUS.
'riiilors lliitl ii Kroiicli wriUT douliirnl, •• of nil I lie
.•<tiiU - ill till' worlil tliat ( kiinw, Kiii;liiiiil i-i the
I'lMUItl'V wlllTC lilt' tolilllliPllWt'illlli in l)f.xL gDVlTIIOil
llinl I lie pcnplo least OJ)|)IVrtSlul."
IK llii' liiiii^ ilfiiry llic Si'voiidi ltiim' jiluta' to his
sdii, Ik'iiry tlio Kiu'litli ( l-'iHH), all i|Ui's|iiiiis um to
tlu! •'iiccossiiiii were ;it im iinl, and ilie l;iller I'liiiTcd
ii[i(iii his iiilieritiiiico iiikKt I lie most !iiis|iic;ioiis cir-
ciiinstiUKes. .Miirryiiif,' Callieriiu' of Sjmiii, lie may
lie saiil ti' iiave mtulellie most Itrilliant matrimonial
alliaiRi; |pn--il)le a! tliat. day. 'i'lu' rei;^ii of tliissov-
ei'eijrii extends over a jieriod of thirty-eij^lit years,
and oieiijiies a large jilaeo in the historic llioiijrht of
the world. His was a
many-sided career, fnll
of varii'd experiences.
To ajipreciute the eir-
cuiiisiani.'us which con-
s|)ircil to make the
career of Henry the
Hiirhth and the Kn-
Ldaiid of that periiHl
ilhistiions, one must
call to mind the dis-
coveries of C'ohinihns
and ])a (iania: the
invention of (inton-
Ijiirjr; the rise of the
(Jttonnm empire njion
iheruin.sof the Ryzan-
tine cmiiire; the lie-
format ion in (iermany. and the Renaissance in
France. A new day had dawncil npon Knrope.
The wealth of India ami the Montt'ziimas washcLnn-
iiinic to pour ill upon W'l'stern Europe, and new op-
portunities to arise. England was no longer the
outer edge of creation, hut the center of the world.
It was a lime to expand the thoughts of men, and
without lieir.g a man of the finest jiarts. Henry
\TII. was certainly a ruler of /ar more than ordi-
nary ahility, and hi< csiH'cial vices as an individual
were the occasion of his chief virtue as a king.
Lii'ciitioiis ami heartless, he put aside Queen Catli-
erine to marry Anne Holeyn. That was in itself an
inexcnsalile crime, hut in its conseiiuenccs the great-
est of national lilessings. His clKiractcr thus had
com[)cnsations even wlu're most rcprehensihle.
This reign was early drawn into war with France
and Scotland, some French towns hcing taken on
the continent, and the hrilliant n ictory of I'MinUIcu
Field hcing won across the TwcimI. lint war was
neither the luisiness nor the pastime of this kin^f.
To j(ot rid of his lawful wises seemed to have licea
his chief oeciipatitm for some lime. Cardinal W'ol-
sey un<lcrtook to hring this ahont in the case of
i Catherine within the pale of the Catholic church
and with tli(> connivance of the pope. Ihit that was
inipossihle, so strong was the Spanish inilueiice at
the Vatican. For failure herein the magnilicent
cardinal fell into <lisgraco and tinally diet!. The
pri'text for the ■ipjilication for divorce was that
Catherine wus the vridow of Henry's older hrot her,
.\rthiir, who hail died
two months aftiT mar-
riagi^ and prior to the
death of Henry iho
Seventh. With the
hypocrisy not unusual
in those days lie fuigi.ed
conscientious fear that
he was displeasing (iod.
What Wolsey failed to
do w,is essayed hy all-
ot her ecclesiastical tool,
Thomas Craiimer, af-
terwards hurnt at the
stake hy Mloody Mary
for the ]iarl lii^ took in
these divorce proceed-
ings, and for Protes-
tantism. Cranmcr's idea was to get an opinion
from the universities first, in he hope that the pojx)
woulil he influenced hy the jinl^'n.i nt of t hi' learned.
Here was a significant, if tentative, recognition of
the growing ]iower of
education. It may
he remarked that the
king had shown con-
siderahle sincere sym-
jiathy with the pro-
gressive tendency of
the day, the New
'Learning as it was
called, although in his
desire to win favor
with the ]ioi(e he had cuanmeu.
written a treatise in denunciation of Luther a id his
doctrines. Some of the universities gave the desired
S'T'
Q
IHIC TIDOKS.
357
<i|iiliiiill, lull (III' I III III ill' ol I lie rlilll'rii rclMlilU'il iili-
clui'atc. KosdIvimI In Ui riil nf lii.s wifii, ('(Hik! wlinl
wciuld, lli'iii'v (Icliril llif |)o|(<' mill uiicimililidiiiilly
ml liiusi' rrmii liiniir. (.'ailiciini' wiis swiftly ilis-
]Misi'i| III' llii'li, aini Alllir ill>liliii'il ill lirr |ilui'0,
'I'lit' Uiiii.' .-iiciii lircil 1)1' Aniii' liiilcyii ulsn, l)iit in-
.stciiil III' a iliviircc. Iiiul licr Ih'IkiihIciI. marry ini,' nnc
111' liL'i' iiiaiii--(if-liiiiiur, .laiif Scymoiir, tlio very next,
(lay. Sill' liii'ij wiiliiii a your, 'riinio oilier wivus
followi'il liiiriiiL; the liliiiliiiDits iil't' of this tiiiiiislcr,
Aiini' nt' L'li'M'-, ('allirriiir lliiwai'il aiiij Calliariiii'
in;,' 111' till' ;,'ri'at. aii'l niirij,'lit cliaiiciillur, Sir'I'lHMiias
Miiif, his DlTciisit liuiii;^ tliiit liu roimiiiiiMl a (iovniii
aiiil cini.-ii.sli'iit Itoiiiaiiist. Ilt'iiry's si'vcraiici' rruni
tliu cluirc'li (if liunic, wliicli ncciirrcil in j."!;);}, rc-
siillt'il ill slri|i|iiii:^' niiiiia.-itoriuii and cliiirclius of
their vast wcallli. lie was not, howevor, in syiii-
paihy with I he more railieal iileas of the iiel'orma-
lion, ami the swonl of iierHouution fell heavier on
ilissenliiii,' I'roteslants than n|ion inTsistent, |ia|iisf,-<.
lie siienieil to take Itoine as his model, rallior
than (lene\a, oiiK he wishi'd to have the luxul-
i
>»
""^^-■■i^.
ifilf^'^^-Tr^ivi (C- -' -Jii'i'j
HAMPTON COtTlT PALArR, RESTDEXCE OF fARDINAL WOLSEY.
|-
I'arr. The lliruu cliililren who cainu to the throne
were home to liiiu by the three earlier wives. Kdvruril
VI., who wa< the third Tmlor sovereign, was the son
of Jane Se\i iir; Mary, of Catherine; Elizabeth,
of Anne I')ole\, . Siicli was the life of him whom
his suhjeets wen- wont to call " Hhill' Hal."'
The jiolify of 'le crown was to magnify royal
authority and curtail the jurisdiction of iiarliament,
W(dsey ruled without parliament as fur as iiossihie,
and Thomas Cromwei! who succeeded him in politi-
cal inlluence, sought rather to use that Ixidv as a
subservient tool, lilling it, as far as he could, with
tlie mere creatures of the crown.
One notable distrrace to this reiirn was the beliead-
.sliip of church and stale tlie same, strictly national.
Ky act of parliament Henry tbo Eiy:lith had been
allowed to settle the succession in his will. Tho
provision he made was tliat Edward should be tho
iinii.ediatc successor, and if ho died without heirs,
his older sister, Mary, should be the first to succeed,
ai.d if she too died childli ■-■ the younger sister,
Elizabeth, sh(mld inli^'ri* the kingdom, and if ^■he
also passed away witli ait iieirs, ihe cruwn shouldgo
to the heirs of Ilc'iiry'-^ younger sistei. Mary, Duch-
ess of SulToik, in |i'-eferenco to tln' /milv of hi.s
elder sister. Mar- in i, wife (f Ja;ae- iV. of Scot-
land. All these ciiiiiigencie.s ;,rose. Edward was
ten years old wlu •; hi^ father died, and in six vears
V
s V
jm^y-Hi"^
ipi
..,
ii
m.
%
i ■■
m^- ■'■■r
35'^
THK TUDOKS.
liu too [iiiss('(l ;i\va\ . loiiving no lii'ir. His sisters also
ilii'il cliiidless. 'J'lic I'iiiiiiiy, loo. of ilio Diu'iifss of
SiitTolk bucaiiio uxtincl. Tiio will was carried out,
ami yd its imrpose was singularly defeated when
James \'I. of Sco' 'and, son of Mary, (^ueoii of Scots,
cai.a- to lie James I. of Knu'land, ho being a descend-
ant of .Mar::aret 'I'udor Stuart.
KJward VI. was a verv j'ioiis boy, wbollv under
.'/r'^te.-taut iulluenee. During his reign the cluircb
of Ivngland was nrought iiuito near to the IjUtherun
^'tit.nlard. A'u.xs wa.- abolished, the reading of t,h'3
Hible ciiconraued. The n ligion I'avoretl by the
str.ite nuiy be si'.id to have become thoroughly mod-
eriiiy.i'd. So fveble was tin, ooor young king that
Uie succession early became ,i nnitter of intense so-
licitude. It was known that iiary was a zealous pa-
iiist. In their solicitude for tiie cliurch the advisers
of the king ]iersuacU'il bi.n to name the grand-
daughter of the Duclies.v of SulJolk, T.ady Ja:ie
(tivv, his success(n'. l-'or ibis he had lo la\,-i'ul
authority, and nnicb as iu' ruling class I'.eplored the
accession of a Konianisl. they resolved to uphold the
law. The result was that the unforlunate and jwr-
■sonally innocent I^ady Jane was belie;uled, with the
instigators of tiie movement.
W'iih the death of the last of all tlie Edwards,
and the swift punishment of the uiey iiarty, Mary
canie 'o
the thri lie
tilled with
b i go try,
eager lobt^
revenged
upon the
faith that
bail bad
so much
to do with
the troub-
les of her
m ot b er.
in addi-
tion to
this, was
her mar-
riitgo to and eager lov^' for Philip nf Spain.
l)iirin,r the five yeais of lu'r reign (15.");{-L.j.JS)
nothinir was left, undone which could lie done
to restore England to harmony wil.i Rome.
(.u i'.i:n makv.
eager lovi' for Philip
Many Protestants were brought to the stake. Hut
all her eiforts were futile, iilood enough she shed
in reaction, but- her success was tcmiiorary. The
really permanent result of her reign was the loss of
Kngland's one remaining foothold on the continent,
Calais. The Kreui'li recovered tlnit town, to the
almost fatal chagrin of the ([uei'ii, and the tierci;
indigmilion of the English people. It was to En-
gland a blessing in disguise.
We have reai'hed now the reign of the last and in-
comparably the greatest of tlu' Tudor.s, ■■ the \'irgin
(^ueeu," Kli/aln'th. It began l.Jr)!S and clo.sed Itin^i,
thus covering the nn)st iirilliant and glorious period
of English history, with reference to which she her-
self might well say, " All of which 1 saw and juirt
of which I was." Twenty-four years of age at t be
time of her conniation, already discijiliui'd in the
<cliool of adversity, keenly alive to the perils of lu'r
})osilion. she proved the right woman in the right
plaee. ilasculine in form, massive in intt'llect, im-
l)etuons in t. inpt'r, she was a remarkable adept iu
all the arts of govt'rnnieut.
Eli/abelb early announced to Parliamciit her jiui'-
pose to live and die a virgin ijueen. The lirst suitor
for her hand was I'bilipof Spain. actuate(l nodouiil;
by nH)lives of |)olicy. His suit was not S(t much as
eutertaineil. From that time on there was im[ilac-
able enmity between the two sovereigns, eulmina-
tii'g in the •• Inviucilik' Arnuida." Sjiain was the
most powerful kingdom of Europe at that time, es-
pecially on the high seas. It was on the IJlst of .lulv,
1.">SS, that the one hundred and thirty ships of
Philip's Armada wei'c seen otf tlie Uritish coast, iu-
tenl on repeating the story of William of Normandy.
The Knglisb ships were small anil i\'\\ . iiut the
"rulei' of i.ie (Queen's navee" was the dauntless
Drake. The invading sipiadrou was compelled by
him to sail northwanl. and was struck by a terrible
storm which shattered it into hopiOess wrei'k. That
was the culmination of the last attemjit to "beard
the litin in his den." Since then Kiigland has been
secure from invasion, fri'e to regulate her own af-
fairs. Philip reduced Engliiud to an exti'cmily
which, with Elizabeth at I i.i' helm, was her ojipor-
tunity to establish the priuci[)le of national .security
upon an nn[)ri'gnable (Jiiiraltar.
Dther suitors, whethei' foreign kings or lordly
subjects, were easily disposed of; but she bail a-
uoi'ld of trouble with her beiutifu' ousin, Marv
j>nllv
arv
■
THic Tunous.
359
(jiiouii of ScoLs. Slio, liko llio oLlior Mary, was a
staunch Catholic. Tho papal farty looked to iier
>f ivcason, ami al'tt'i' long years of waiting brought
Mary to trial tor comphuily witii Philip in Uioexpc-
nir-
to restore tho mother churi'h. ("at holie sovereigns dilioii of t/;,.. Arni.ulii. Her couipliei: v in the n
espoused her cause. To what extent she was really I der of iJa/uley liad heen proved !)"foro. Convii'ted
guilty of plotting for the overthrow of Elizal)eth, it of treason, Elizaiieth signed lurdjalh-warrant, and
is hard to say. Beautiful in i)ersou and cajjtivating j she wa.s hel'eaded. Mary (^ut en of Scots has long
1 a favorite object of roniauiic interest, but in
strict justice
siio hardly
merited siK'iial
coniniiseralioii,
ill manners, she was regarded as a danirerous rival.
Sh.
iiad a
checkered ca-
reer ; married
lirst to the
V
iU-
•ii
i);
aftcr-
anis l-'rancis
d later,
II.
upon her re-
turn to Scot-
anu as a wut
he h
lecaiuc
the wife of
iiord Darnley,
the grandson
of Margaret
Tudor, daugii-
ter (d" llenrv
Vir. In Mary
(^ui.vn of Scots
vi'sted tiie rc-
siduarv title to
th
E
ngUsli
1 shi
(Tow n, anil slu'
was the hojie
of tl
le iiaiial
)a
rty. If si
,d"
le
lad no sinister
g-sp
J*
■^^u
i4-
jffll
L
i
.i
( I7-. » %
■£»
1
s
,i' :
^ A
^
1
W^
B
^1
mm^m^^^^ flw
||G|MifflW^
^P
Igl^'
t^ ''^ '--^H
Hfl^^H^
EhWIIHBp
M
iii^i
'^%yjy
^^^IB^mSSi^
■::-■■■;■
ii^^HI
1
■ Tfei
^»
1
\
S^NKMBKHMBM
V *^
}
^H
^^
'^^w^^^m
■\^W' Ijr
^
Ik^^^M
M^Mm
P^ !
QirKKN ELIZAHETII
1
\
mong her
sui)je(ts(^uei'n
i'lii/.abetii had
two favoiites
Ifercnt
at
(h
times, the Mar!
of I
iiiceslcr
am
1 the Karl
Essex, nci-
t her (if whom
lies e r V c cs-
)ircially tlie
pro 111 i nc n cc
generally giv-
en tiiem. In
Eord Ihiilcigii
and Sii' Walter
italeiudi sjir
d ri
stale:
men and fast
Sii-
I rienils.
■isDn
aile
designs upon tiuit crown, it was certain that
a very considerable ])ariy in England stood readv
to employ unlawful means to preciiiitate her com
ing into the kingdom
In tl
le ineanwiuie iroulile
ame for Marv at: her own court.
II
er lavorite.
Rizzio, was killed liv Dan
iiiij not long alter
Darnlev himself was killed hv the Earl of I'xitiiwell
io whom she '':ive her
iiaiiil III a lew we(
ks. T
marna'i' ii
rovoked
a |iiipi lar uprising which re-
•lulted in her being forced to >ii;n her alidication in
ivor ot her sou .lames, with a rcLjenrx.
Not
after ,-he escaped iiiid took rel'iige in England.
I'lli/.abelh alforded her a,-
Vluni ;illi
pathy, but her ministei>
45
I iirid'esscd svm-
ale were aiinreliensive
■ii. 'I"
MV.'
'J-'l
.,1 1,1!
Ml fe
m'
:llji
-71
360
THE TUDORS.
bolluiii Ai^o WHS the goldoii iii^o o*" Englisli litera-
ture. Diuing that period iloiirislioil William Shak-
speare, who scaled all the jieaks of tiioiight and
Hooded the land and ago with glory. l?nt we re-
serve all further discussion of literature for a suh-
scquent chapter.
There was much which was harha'c in England
when the last of the Tudors died. She herself was
coarse and rude to a shocking degree. In ]irofaiiity
she could vie with '• our ai'my in Manders." It is
none the less true that during the reign of the great
house of Tuihir the nation rose from the mi're rudi-
ments of greatness to rank with the foremost; na-
tions of Kurope. Once rid of the idea of heconiing
great hy continental coucpu'st and possessions, lirit-
aiu set about in right gooilearnc.'st becoming indeed
iis iu mune, Groat Britain.
As early as the reign of Henry the Second, 'Jai-
glaud cast covetous glance across the channel and
sent an army into Ireland for its sul)jugation ; but
it was the Tinlors who really decided the fate of
that unhappy island. There was no centralization.
Urilain became great becanse the petty kingdoms
were consolidated into one nation, while Ireland,
which in the eighth century was far more ad\anced
of the two, dwindled away and lost its splendid op-
portunity through the calamitous iulluence if the
tribe and the ?lan, in distinction from the country.
For a long lime the " English I'ale," or the area of
actual British rule in Ireland, was very limited.
Henry \'II. determined to extend it, lint pursued his
purpose only Ivelily. Henry VIII. was more fully
bent on Irish subjugation. Under his reign nobles
and )ieople felt the hauil of a nuister. The last of the
Henrys took the title of King, instead of Lord of
Ireland, and his successors ujioii the throne have
never ceased to hold fast both tiie shadow and the
substance of Irish sovereignty.
To s\ip[iross the national sentiment, the language,
dress, customs and laws of the country were prohili-
ited. The fact that Henry was at enmity with the
pope nnide loyalty tn Home an expression of jiatriot-
i.STn in Ireland. Edward the Sixth was actuated
more by zeal for Protestantism than by jiolitical
considerations in his endeavors to extend English
authority in Ireland. When Mary came to the
throne and Protestantism lacked the support of the
government, it almost imn/'diately nudted away.
She was not disposed to aba»i.!'.n the island to itself,
by any means, but her)»ersonal sympathies were with
the Irish in imitters of religion. Elizabeth was in
symiiathy, of course, with the Protestantism of her
brother, rather than the jiiijiacy of her sister ; but
she took a secular view of the Irish (piestion, and
uiuler her the jiower of the Bi'itish crown was felt
throughout the entire island. " Every vestige,"
says (ireen, "of the old Celtic constitution of the
countiT was rejected as barbarous. The tribal
authority <if the chiefs was taken frv;m them by law.
They were reduced to the jiositi- ; of great luibles
and landowners, while their c'uu-juicn rose from
subjects into tenants, owing only fixed and custom-
ary dues and services to their lords. The tribal sys-
tem of i)roperty in common was .set aside, and the
commercial holdings of the triliesmen turned into
the coiiy-liolds of English law. In the same way
the chieftirus were strijiped of tlicir hereditary jur-
isdiction and the English system of judges and trial
by jury sul)stituted for proceedings under Brehon,
or customary law. To all this," he blandly adds,
" the Celts opposed the tenacious obstinacy of their
race." After giving numy details in regard to the
colonization of Ulster, which was the culmination
of the Irish jiolicy of the Tudors, (irecn ob.serve.-J,
" The evicted natives withdrew sullenly to the lands
which had been left them by the spoiler: but all
faith in JMiglish justice had been torn from the
minds oH the Irishry, and the seetl had been sown
of that fatal harvest of distrust which was to bo
reaped through tyranny and nuissacre in the age to
come.'" 'I'lie policy of (rladstone's government is
an improvement on preceding ministries, but at its
best, English rule, is a continuation of what might
be called Tiidnrifni in Ireland.
[
-^
*'J
STUARTS AND THE COMMONWEALTH.
■*»**»*** *
'II IMI Ji !■„
r. -/rfjr. •/r. v?; '/r- '/r. *j7i ■j/fjr^ -j.
James I. and the Gunpowdeu Plot— Sik Waltku K.m.kiuii— Tciiia(i o ami Phtatoes— Kino
James' Veii9Iovoptiie Uikle—Viiioinia and New KNia.AMi-CiiAUi.r.s I. and tiik Uoyai. I'ke-
HCKIATIVE— Kl.ll>T. I'VM, Ha.MI'DEN AM) ' IKI.MH El.l.— 'I'lIK I.ONCl I'Altl.IAMENT— (AVAI.IEIIS AND
Udi-NmiKAiw— UEdiciDK— The (Vimmdnweai.th -The I'iidtkitdiiatk— C'iiaui.es II. -.James II.
— WiEi.iAM AM) .Marv— Anne and .MAiii.iic)H')iiiH— The Stiakts, and Enulanu at the Cloj^e
OF that Dynasty.
T WHS on the '^4111 of Martli,
ir,o:i, that - (iood Queuii
@^ Be.-^s," as tho Kiio-lish often
called her, jiassed from
eartii, and in aueordance
CHAPTER LX,
^-^^l^^-^^l*'^
Tiobert C'atosl)y to l)low up tho parliament house
while tiiat body was in .session. .V cellar heneatii it
had been liir"d, and lilled with thirty-.si.t barrels uf
jXnn|)owder. eone'i'aled iR'ncalh a pile of wood. The
session was dtdaved, from various causes, until No-
veml)er 5. lilu,5, and that da
\' was Imallv lixei
1 fur
the ex[)losion.
It
was the mos
t dial
lolical consnu'-
aey ever hatched. A few days befori the session
beiran. a Catholic miMnber of tho House of fiord.s
was warned nor, to take his seat at tho oitenini,' of
the session. This was a suspicious circumstance,
and served to put the government on its guard.
<_Jny Fawkes, wiio was to light the fatal match, wa.s
.seized in the act of entering the cellar on the morn-
ing of the session. A .search soon disclosed the
Inu'rid conspirai'V. Tho sensation jiroduced wan
profound, and to this day Guy Fawkc^ is annually
burnt'd in elligv on the night of Xovendier .")tli liv
th
lulii
d tl
le papal cause
in \{
ngland luis
never ro<!ovi'red from the injury it then received.
One ivf the lirst a(tts of James was the arrest and
conviction of Sir Walter I\'alei<rh on the fal.<e chargo
of conspiring against the king's life, 'i'hat brilliant
(jrnanient of the Fiizaltetiian ago may well be called
tho father of Knglisii America. To him belongs
tiio iionor of fouiuling a colony of his countrymen
in Virginii in \'\'M'). It did not vemaiu permanenily,
U^'U
*m iC
,;1^^
,*/r.l.:i
I''
■"l;!
■Hk
.
w
i 1.
JM
.^j
■ 1 »H •
HUfck
•;
: i\ ■
k
■ri'
^
^ ' ^-
H'l • • c.
m^'-'^'' h
»ii?if. r 'i'
pjir" i-.
'!.<■'■' ■ ."'i
K'-l;' . .'
■*.l'. ■'
"1
M' ^'■,'.
•4-Xi,
.k
362
THIC STUARTS AN'D THE COMMONW KAI.TH.
but it hoik; tile k'ss laid the fouiidalioii of tlic colo-
iiiiil pulicy ())' lMi;,Hiiii<l, iiiul to liiivu done tliiit was
glory oiioii^li for any man. Ho iiitrodiiccil ilu; In-
dian jilanf, tobiioco, in I'liiropo, at least in Miiiijland,
■Nvlicrc it spui'dily i,'aini'(l popular favor, notwilli-
standinjf tin; Kiiijf was hitti'rly oji[)osl'(1 to its u.-c.
Jamos wt'iit so far as to w:ilo a hook called "A
Counterhlast to Tohaeco," Init to no purpose. The
weed '^ro\r in favor, and the demand for it iiad
niueli to do with liie renewed and sneeessful attempt
to t'stalijish a st'ttlemrnt in NirLrinia. 'J'oliaeeo
fact that the so-called iiuthorized Kuirlish version
of tiie Hihle, the one used l)y the Protestants of all
denominations, hears his name. He had nothing to do
wit h making the translation, except to favor and con-
voke the assembly of learned divines at Westminster
which made that august translation. Some lifty
i)ers(uis were employed four years at the task.
The death of James I. occurred March 27, Hj'^o,
when he was lifty-uiue years of age, and had been
u]»on the throne of England twenty-two years. The
trreat events of ins rei^n were the establishment of
CfiriVtopheT j^f^^
So7>ert ^^'ff^:L Wright/ Thoma^s Cuido Robert Thomas
WinUr^ ^ Wm^h ^JT Percy Faivkes Coles by ^^"^^^'^
Would not grow to advantage in l-highind. and if se-
cured at all must be cuitivahMl in its native land.
Hut Sir Waller found ihat another Auu'rican prod-
n(t, the jiol.ato, would thrive on l-'.uglisii soil, or
rather, "du Irisii gnuMid," for he planteil some
hrouirlit from .Vmerii'i iiion his estate in Ireland,
ind fioni that e\j 1 1 .
■oiiniryof ihisgi'eiu stii,i:i- wi fo,,il.
Kiiiu' .lames was a noted
'I came the use ui thai
the two leading Au;:'o-Americau colonies, X'irgiiiia
iu ItidT and Mew England in \iVH), of which we need
not further speak here, except to add that the for-
mer was due to the love of tobacco, the latter to the
love of ( i<id.
The l.iws. duriuir llie reiiTu of .lames I., against
ail
relitrious
disseiilers. Puritans and Catholic.-, were
).' la it
I'tterlv desti-
tulr (if L^i'iiiiis. iiardlv I 'es«r.! wif!; ave'vire talent.
\ ITS' severe
liut 1'.
Ml, L'iiarli's I., who came to lli
\\v li.id an Mioriluui
ii! ioii u, hi." 'n,ii
II
■i\cd h
inisell \j lie o' .!■■{
e wrote much, but ii >.'i'
lUg
ti^or Mf 1m illiijii parts,
In the
I :<\ lUlV MliUC
literarv wm-jd iii-i oid\ cai 1 to disf'iiction i^lhe
thi'oue duly Ui, lll"^o, was lilled with a detennina-
tio!i to assert still more stnuigly the royal ]ireroga-
ti> ill matters id' ta\atioii. faith and worsjiip.
ijouis the (irand of I'ranee hail no more exalted
opinion of royalty than did this second of the Stii-
,irl>. lie ii'ii'i'ived ii to lie t he iirivileire of the kins'
alV
-H
-« 9
iinst
WlM'O
lllO
iin;i-
-liip.
;lltv.l
St\i-
kitig
THIC STIARTS AND THI': «. OMMON \Vi: AI/IH.
363
ti) do iiljout whiit lie /leasod. lint the IJrili.sh jmr-
liaiueut was not the Froncli States (rcneral. By
liis (lay tlio House of f'oninions liad Iteconie a tre-
inondous power. During the liri^t Inilf drcado of
his rcigii lie called tliree
jiarliainents, in cacli one
of whicli the Commons
demanded the redress of
jrrievanees in accordanee
with the [irineiples of liie
tJreat Ciiartcr, hefore
makint; ai)i)ropriations
for the pul)lie service and
the royal iiousehold.
Tliere was a deadlock in
eacJi case, and the parlia-
lueiits were dissolveil
without legislative action.
The (pieen was a French
princess, and the chief
counselors of the crown,
lUickinirham, Stratford.
and Ijaud, attempted to jilay the rule of l?iclieii(fi.
It was in tiie tliird parliament of (Jliarles tiiat the
famous Petition of Ri4.dits was offered, and .secured
from the king — -— ■
some concessions, I _. - ^
afterwards viola- ! -r
ted. One of tlie
tirstaud most coii-
si)icuous h'li/lers
of tiie Commons
was Kliot, ancestor
of John Eliot, tlie
great Indian apos-
tle. He was he-
iie;uled hefore the
[lopular cause iiad
gained nnich head-
wav. Associated
uirii iiini were
I'ym, Hampden
and Cromwell.
Tiie two latter lill
tiie larger place in history. John Hampden stoutly
refused to pay taxes unjustly anil tincotisritutioiially
levied hy the king in disregard of ]iarliam('nlarv
;Mitiiority. His vesistiince \va> made a test case and
proved a wonderful advanlage to the popular i;ius(>.
Cromwell's tirst .-pcech in the Common
in l(i'.it», and HamiHieirs
resistance of illegal taxa-
tion dateil from lt;:')8. All
.vas made
OI.IVKI: » IMIMWKLL.
til" wliil' ilie contest
gained in sluMiornness
on hotli sides.
'J'here was trouhlc in
Scothuid and Ireland
al.so, especially the for-
mer. The king tried to
force J'lpisftopiicy upon
the I'reshvterians across
the Tweed, aii<i they «i'i-c tired with indignation.
The Irish were less . ■.■Ijcllious, for once, than the
Scotch, and were easily pacified liy Stralfonl. 'I'liat
statesman was so
0'l*itt''d with his
success in ]>ul>lin
that he jtcfsnafled
the king to ('i^
still an'/ther par-
liament, thefifthof
liis reign. It met
j 'm i\tif ;jd of .\o-
V-r. |t;4(;. and
r (i'''>« II its \Ul>
1 <«W>ra'(X'd J/>n/
ParliamcnC ^;i\'-
/Ml,, lirst tjyiyn/s
IS to iUt'
'Vupj.
■lUii/
-' |(»Mo ,
was sent to the Tower ; a hill p!i''se«i j.
for triciui'Ml iiicetimis of parliameof^ uii'l 'h*'
alioliiioi! I that very odiou.., <"cret \ft\muii\, Wk'
Star Cliaiiilicr. The more the 1 iig coucciImJ, (})'■
louder liie ilemaiid> for redress, and the more y< ■
fA\
■v-; r^^
ijff
Wit'
My
w'::
364
THE STUARTS AND THE COMMONWEALTH.
Into tlic (Joiiiiiiuiis, the moro arrogant did Cliarles
bocoiiic.
Open war broke out ill KU^i Ijotwceu tlio crown
and Parliament, the Ejiiscopalians iuliieriiig to tiie
cause of the i\iiig, tiic J'uritans (juite a.s warmly e.s-
pousing the cause of Parliaiuent. 'Plie former were
called Royalist.s, or Cavaliers, the latter lioundheads.
The Presbvleriuns of Scotland allied themselves
Charles then lied to Scotland, lie was given up,
tried by the Commons for treason, found guilty and
beheaded January, l(J4it. The court which tried
him was extra-constitutional and in the nature of a
court-martial, although comi)osed of members of
parliament. Many of the Rouiidhoads disapproved
the regicide, but the king had forfeited his right to
the crown, and his execution was another long
CKu.MWKIJ, J)lSSol,Vl.N(i TlIK l,n.\(; I'Alil.l AM f >
with the Uoundlieads 'in condition that Presbytcri-
iiiiism should lie established iu J-liiglaiid. Such was
the Solemn League and Covenant, as it was called.
Now Cromwell canu' more ]iromiiicntly to the front
than ever. Tii jiarlianieiit be hud liceii less eonsjiic-
iiousibiin P\ in. lull in war be was I be mastermind.
His •' Ivoiisiilcs " were terrible in battle. In lH-i-l
I bey Won tbc viciory of Marsim; Mnor and the next
year the decisive Held (»f \aseb'.' was won.
step towai'l ilie rule of the pC'>f)lo by the jieople.
The Commonwealth was now de< tared, that is, a
government 1)V tlie Commons without king or
House of Peers. In Ireland Cb.irles IT., son of
Charles I., was declared king, bir Cromwell ?< • 'in
crushed out tlu' Irish rebellion, jira^ licing h.iirril"iJ"
cruelty in so doing. The royal cau-c ru:.:Jieil 'Hi
a littU' longc r. but by Idril the coiitcsr was orrr.
and ilie vouiiger Charles found a-\luin ai. Ub-
W
-M
)1C.
(IP
>ll
J^^
THE STUARTS AND THE COMMONWICALTII.
365
French court. For two years inuro the Jjong I'ar-
liainciit reinaiiicd in session, purformiiig the func-
tions of government, Cnjiuwell lieing merely the
head of tiie army. In Ajjril of tliat year tlie hhmt
soldier marched with troops into the House and
disiKjrsed that body in an unceremonious nuinncr,
and the parliament which luwl begun tliirteen years
before and had previously lost its upper house or
head, and was well called "The Hump."' passed out
of existence into perpetual history, memorable for
justice rather llian law.
In \Vt')'\ bcLrati ilie Protectorate, and it continued
until li'idd. A [)ariiamcnt summoned by Cromwell
conferred upon iiim the ollice of Lord Protector, af-
terwards made for life, with power to name his suc-
cessor. 'I'his wonderful man lield the reins of gov-
ernment until 11)08, singularly indilTerent to the
forms of law, an autocrat without beinga tyrant. His
rule was little else than martial law on a grand
scale, but under his sway the nation j)i'ogi'essed rap-
idly and was a tfcmeniluus power in the world.
During tliat irregular period JMigluiid wrested the
mastery of the Channel from the J)utch lleet, and
thus gained a naval ascendancy of inesiiniable val-
ue to the commerce of the country. Cromwell was
a ])atriot, and abenefactm', if somewhat lawU'ss and
high-handed. lie failed niainly in not adapliiiL;' his
government to the constitutional traditions and re-
siiecting the established order of things. His son,
Richard Cromwell, whom he munod his successor,
was neither fitted for the cares of state nor ambi-
tious of jtubliu honor. In li>ii(l the Protectorate
ceased to exist without a struggle.
Charles II. was in Holland when the Cromwellian
fabric of go- eminent fell asunder. He pul>lished a
declaration of amnesty aiid toleration, returned and
was received with every deUionstration of jiublie sat-
isfaction. His reign extended to l<is."), and was un-
eventful. The court was lulled for its profligacy.
Charles himself was an easy-going, pleasure-loving
time-server, secretly accej)ting a pensi(ui from the
King of France, caring little for the pi blic or his
own honor so long as he could "eat, drink and be
merry." The nation got on very well with such a
king. He was at heart a Catholic, but no bigot.
The fate of his father CAcrcised a wholesome re-
straint upon his inclinations. He longeil to help
tlu; papal cause on the Continent, Initwastoo timid
to do so. His death occurred in Februarv, i'JS.J.
When Charles the \'olu])tiuiry died he was suc-
ceedetl by his austere brotlaM'. .lames II.. whose reign
of three years was ii futile endeavor to restore the
papacy. This king was ('onscientious in his devotion
to the mother church, and felt it to bo his .sacred
duty to revive the ancient worship. To this end, in
the spirit of the Inijuisition, he iiuiuguratcd the
••' Bloody As.sizes," a series of trials held by Chief
Justice JclTries. proverbial foi' his injustice. The
nation was in no mood to tolerate this policy, and
an iin ifatioii was sent to his daughter Mary and
her husiiand, William uf Orange, to come (jver ami
take ihescepter. The
invitation was ac-
cepteil, and a revo-
hilion of the great-
est importance ef-
fected without stain-
ingEnglish soil with
blo(Kl. .lames was
so very unpopular
iiai !'e was glad to
.'sc :>■• with his fani-
IIn ill disguise. Vll.l.lAM.iKciliAM.K.
.Mary was indeeil a Stuart, but her husband was
coci[Ual with her in lutliority, and he was thorough-
ly imbued with the spirit oC Protestantism as it had
been devclopi'd in the Dutch struggle with Spain.
T'he only real strength of James was his continued
rectjgiution as king of England by Louis XIV. of
France, and t lie sympathy of the CatlnJics in Ire-
laml. To the latter island he imide his way with a
small army supported by French gold. On Irish soil
was [ought the fanuuis liattle of the Hoyne. the cel-
ebration of which has occasioned so many riots be-
tween Orangemen (so named Irom William of Or-
ange) and the Irish Catholics. That battle oecurreil
July 1, It'iOO, and was a signal victory for William
and the Orangemen o-ver James II. and the Irish,
his supi)orters. In l<ilM Queen .Mary died, but Wil-
liam continued to hold the reins of government
until his death, 1T0"2.
During the previous yi'ar parliament had passed
the Aetiif Settlement (for William and Mary were
t-liildle.->:) by which the succession was conferred up-
on Mary's sister Anne, wife of Prince George of
Denmark, she being a Protestant and the wife of a
Protestant, while the s(ui of James, who was after-
wards known as the Pretender, whs a j)apist. After
m
n
liii
iiiP^
366
THE STUARTS AND THli COMMONWEALTH.
Anno aiul her chiltlrcii flie succession slioiuld go to
QUKKN ANMv
t!io 'l(>Wi.'.; •: !■. ^.;3tross Sopliia, a i;riuiilii;aiglitur of
Jiiiaes I., " and hei' lioirs Iwing Protestants." The
reign of Anne, from 1 .• .0 1714, was memorable
for tlie splenilid victories of tlio Enghsh army in
Fhmders, under tiie eoiunuind of tiiat greatest mili-
tary genius of iiis age, the Duke of Marlborougli,
To liiin Kngland owes Nova Scotia and Minorca.
It Avas also niemorahie as a period during wiiicli
many famous luitiiors lived; tlie ])ostolliee system
was ailopted, tlie country jiros^Kirous, and tiio '■'lion
of the " United Kingdom" mado stronger and more
equable.
For a little more tliun a century the Stuarts wore
the Englisli crown, cxceiii, as it was temporarily ta-
ken from them. As a dynasty it was inglorious and
metliocre : but tlie inition stetuiily advanced in all
that const itutes national greatness, and from being an
insignilicaiit island, a mere ap|MMidage to Europe,
it rose during ilic era of the Stuarts to the very
front rank, Marllinripugli and liis troops being hard-
ly less iM)tent in continental aifairs than Wellington
and ills troops were a century later. But it was even
more to liie general jJHJsiicrity of the country than
to mihtary genius and valor that the England
of tliat period owed its commanding position in the
family of nations.
J
^
<^ij® y
® :-\M
*A'i
♦J<^^<i^<ixi7A^A^>>i^^^^
MSMtx^>m:
m PRESENT ^
Si*;
rM^:^b!c-iii
ENGLAND.
I, „ m
'(S[^ ' '(Si-
',**«*«
*«
m%
.0,.,.^
j<
:^
t?-
2ESZCi32n
^.■-L,.
rzz^Lzi:
Lil^
n7EiL:.i:^:zL:^vL:i:/^
TmrTVTTj
CHAPTER LXI.
-VllTlllilA — A SlIOUT UETnilKPElT-
TiiK Dkcav <jp ItovAi.TY— The (iEoniiE.*— William IV.-
HLKNllKni AN1> (llBHALTAIl — Wesley, WHITEFIELD ANI> the MeTIICIDI-'T-' — Du. JllllNslIN AND
LEXIIdllltAl'MV — IiLA( KKTO.NK AMI TMK CuMMON I,A« — Wll.llKliKllUI K AMI AkHKAN SLAVEUV —
( CILDNIAI, AM) I.VTKIISATIONAL I NTEIIVESTID.N — KK-ifLTS OF THE ItKVULlTlllS A IIV AM) NaI'O-
LKDMi' Waics— The ('dun Laws and Khek Tiiadk -I'dlitk al I'ahtie: — I'ahi'v I-kadehs—
KoVALTV, ITS ]>ALAtES AND liEVENl Ks — I'AKLIAMENT— 'I'llE M|NI3T11V— TllE UNITED KING-
DOM AMD lilMTI"!! KmI'IUK— < 'OLIINI A I. I'cissESSlDSS.
OIJEHX Enslaiid iiuty be
said tu (liito from the
hloodlcss re vo lutiu u
wliicli cost James II.
liis crown. His expul-
sion from tlio kiui^dom
not only secured I'vot-
cstiinism from all dan-
ger of a i)ai)al
reaction, but
it subordina-
ted the royal
jjrcrogative to
the will of the
jieople. Hence-
forth the sov-
ereignty will
not merit much attention, be-
ing a very insignificant part of
Present England. To clear the
way for " weightier nuitters "
than crowns and scepters, with-
out entirely ignoring the royal
family, it is proposed to narrate
the notable dynastic facts be-
fore entering upon the heart of the subject before
us in this chapter. Queen Anne died August 1,
171-1. In accordance with the Act of Settlement
passed by j)arliament in ITOl, (feorge I., P^lector of
Hanover, succeeded iier upon the throne. His
reign continued thirteen years. Sir Horace Wul-
poln, whose motto was, " Every man has his
price," was the foremost jjolitician (statesman ho
was not) of that reign. AValpole became premier
under (leorge the First, and
continued to Ixdd that position
11 f teen years under his succes-
sor, (ieorge II. The most mem-
orable feature of the n ign of
the lirst of the Georges was the
South Sea Hul)ble. Tliat gi-
gantic speculatiiiu dates back
to (^ueen Anne's reign, the
South Sea Conniany iiaving
been chartered in I'.ll. It was
a scheme to monopolize British
trade along the coast of Spanish
America. In a few years the
companv liecame a formidable
rival of the Hank of England in
linancial intlueiice. Its pros-
I iwrity was j)urely sjieculative. It had the effect
u -
1^
■si
46
(367)
i^v
¥'-■
368
I'UICSIC.NT KNCiUANI).
to stiiiHiiiit.o ii viist ;mi(>inil of s|i('(iil:tl.ioii. A
wild jii'riod of tituinciiil liiiiiicy wt. in. 'I'ho )mlj-
l)l(! liiirst ill II ■.'(), mill tluiiisiiiuls of fniiiilies wuiv
niiiiud by it. It, was coteiuporurv witli luid siiiuiar
to [jiiw's Mississiiipi >clii'iiii', wiiidi crazed and h^iiik-
ruiitoil l-'raiiw.
Thi! I'ciirii of l.liL' second (ieori,o was a Inwj; one. o.\-
tondini,' to r.iiO.aiid tiio jiuriod was (niu of lireat iiii-
jiortanee, imt tiie kiiiif iiiiiiself had vury iillie to do
wilii the ictiial aecoini'lisiinient of any of tiie f,'roat
results to ijo hereafter set t'oriii. At his death his
fjrandson. (ieor;.'e 111..
(MMie into the ro\al in-
lieritiincc. His I'eiu'ii
e\tei|iied from 1 ^liU to
IS-iO, e(i\eriiiLr the pe-
riod of I he ile\ ohit ioli-
ary War wliirh fi'eed
tiiis 11 Ml lit ry from Brit-
ish tyi'aiiiiv. also the ca-
reer of .\;l)io|e(]|i. fn-
sane ;is I liis kin:;' iiii-
doiihieiliv was diiriiij^ a
cEonuE in, part of hi- rei^i'ii. liis t'a-
jiacity for alTaii's of state mat ter"(| liitle. 'i'iie pop-
nlarily of parlies and party leaders determiiunl tiie
policy <]f ihe troNcri.Mieiit. lliiriiiL' the last, ten
years of this ri'iLrii tiic i'rinec of W ales was reu'cnt.
The reu'eiicv teriniiialinL,^ with th(> death of Ihede-
nuMitt'd kiiiu'' in iS'io. the prince was ei'owned ( ieorue
Having tnicod the sovoroigii.s of Kiigland in their
duclino to the present tiino, wu now turn tu the prog-
ress of Present Kn-
glaml. Ill order to
a|ipreeiali! tlie civil-
ization which is the
crowniiiL.' honor of
to-day, it is necessary
to look hack a little
to the period "o\ered
hy the precciling
chapter.
It was duriiiu' the
\v\'^i\ of Charles II.
that the iloyal So-
eietv for the I'ronioi imi of Scieiiei! was formed
ill Lcindoii, and most e\eellenll\ well did il
inolit the name, for right royally did it fo.-ter the
growth of exact knowledge. In U'ljlt llaivey dis-
covered the circulation of t he liloud, and I liii- laid
the foundation of physiology, and from that, time
on the spirit of Koger Bacon has seemed to animate
the British mind, producing, later in tlii' ceniiiry.
Sir l<aac Newton, whose diseovery of the law of
gravitation was an epoch in science. The iii'st En-
glish newspaper was priiile.l in Hi II, six year^ after
the post-ollice system h.id Ih'cii estahlishcd. The
first toll-gate was erected in l-'aiglaiid in Hiti:!. whiili
was the heLMiiiiinir of passahle roads for wau'iuis.
VlCTlllllA AMI rillNI E Al.llKUV.
I\'
I pied the throne ten y
ears.
The third
( leor^e was ohsi iiiate and tinallv demented, hut, nior-
dlv amosi, worlhv soven^iu'n. while his sou am
ce.ssor was a oeoauciiee 1
if the \ I lest sor
t. I
1 suc-
n his
domestic lile the last of the (icorges was unhapjiy
ind disreiiut
iMik
IV.
piitaiile.
At his deati
irother, the
L'li
irelice. sui
ceeiled to the crown as William
■ or seven vears lie wie
Ided t
le teci)lesce
he iri'eat kingdom.
I)
jiter of
\ niir Cllllllll.:
less, tl
le succession
fi'll to the lot of \'i( loi'ia. dauirhter of his brother, th,
1)
lll\e o!
Keiil. Aseeiidiiiir the tlirono in ],s:
i,, at
he .-il:'!' of ciLrliteeii. she is now in the enjovnient of
LHi. Til l.sfO sh
a long ami prosperous rei
I'l'iiii'e .Mhert of Sa.\e-( 'oliuriT-liotha,
irried
wlio (lied 111
I. si; I. I'ers,
le IS very jiopular: politically
-he is iiiiM'elv ulial the nation decrees, through par-
liamenlarveleetioiis. Her heir, the Prince of Wales, I
does n<it hesitate to say Ihattlie continnaiice of mon- ;
arcliv in l'lnglan<l ilejiends on the will of the [icople.
7c
i
II-
•li'd
til
ulc
(III
Ull-
1
\
li.<-
1
.
.-)
"il
V
I'UICSICNT KNCiLA.NO.
3^'9
IKJiiHiiblu to I'xininsion fruni a jiotLy kiiif^doiii to u
iiiiglity eiiijiiiv.
It WIW ill tlir yiMF l*i04 tllllt Miirll)nluU;.'ll Won
tlie spluiulid victor} ot IJluuliuim iiiid otliur liiinl-
foiiglit Imttles, wliich Ciiniu uour \rrotkiuy tlic |tow-
er of L(Jiii.s \IV. During iho .■suniu juar Sir (ioorgu
llooko ciirrioil liy storm tho I'urtros.s of (Jibraitar,
wliiuh made Kuj^land Mistrus.s of tho .Muiliturranean
(ioorgf Wiiitolii'ld in 1114. I'lu' young<-'r Uisluy
Wild tho iiutiiur of iniiny very popular hyniiiH, whilo
thu olhi'r two inon siicccedt'd by thuir cloiiiionto and
/oal as pruai Ikm's in making a nmnt proi'ound iui-
prtwsion upon ilir I'lngli.-h-spoaking jiuoplo of tw(j
iicmisphururi. 'liify foundutl iliu Mcinodist Episco-
pal (Jiiiircli in England and America, 'I'lio char-
I aiteristic wiiich tiie denomiiiatiun has always hud,
Sea, with it^ inoxhau,«tiblo wealth of fonimcM-co. an
advantage of iiioro sjubstantial valiio to tiie ])eoplc
tiian all tlio mines of IV'ru and 3Ie\ico. Tn losing
(libraltar Spain lost mncli. 1)iit Enirland gained in-
com])arably more; tho former lioing unable to niako
full use of the advantasre involved in the iiossession
of that rock.
Among the more noteworfliy cliaraetcrs of the
eiiihteentli century sliould Le mentioned tlic Wes-
ley?, .Tolm and Cliarles, and t1n;ir eo-\vorkor, White-
(lolil. 'i'lioy were horn early in the century, John
Wesley in 'i:o:i. lo-- brotlier Charles in 1 :o«, ;nid
exceeding enthnsiiism in the work of eoincr-ion,
it derived from them, Tiiey laid the foujida-
tion of an organiziitioii which Inn been a tr.'mon-
dous influenee in tlie world. AViiitcfield wa- a
prodigy of elor|uenco. but John Wesley, by his
astonisliinir industry as an oiLranizor. writer and
]ireac1ier. faiilv (■.■lined tlie suprenu' honor of estali-
lishingaclur h which now. when only a little nnirc
than a centiirv oM. lunnbcrs in communicants be-
tween four and five milliinis of souls.
Dr. Samuel .lolmson is fairly entitled to tlic dis-
tinction of beina tiie Father of the Dictionaiy.
P^
•^ — opr
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
//
^«*%
A^>
< ^^^
%
1.0 ^1^ 1^
1.1 ^v^ia
1.25 liu 1.6
^= II ^^
<
6"
►
r
vy
^^''a^
"^v^**
<^y
'»
^
7:
'^ •>
/^
'^
7
Photographic
Sdences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14S80
(716)872-4503
1
i^
>
,<i'
^
wm
i%di}
i''^:i
'|iS ti'iii:!
^i'' ■■ilr .
v-i lit*'
',' ' -J
<S fw
37"
PRESENT ENGLAND.
H(irii in 1709, educatod at Oxford, he was an antlior
hy i)r<)fessit)ii. From 1747 to 1755 his time was
mainly devoted to his great work," The Dictiomiry
of tiie Plnglish Language," an inc(>mi)arahie service
to the cause of letters. Attached to him as a sort
of literary lackey was Boswcll, who ])reserved and
I)ul)lished the most minute details of tiie life ami
conversation of the great lexicograi>her. It may bo
reinarke>l that important as was the service of John-
son in dotiinng the
right spelling, pro-
nunciation and
Uieuning of En-
glish words, the
reallysupreine hon-
or in tlie line of
lexicography be-
longs to an Ameri-
can of that same
an<l the succeeding
century, Dr. Noah
Webster.
In the depart-
ment of legal liter-
ature no name can
be compared to
tliatof SirWilliam
Hlackstone, whose
Commentaries,
written about the
middle of the eigh-
teenth century,
were the first clear,
intelligible and sci-
entific presentation
of tiie English common law. His work is still a
text-book, studied by every law student, and to be
found in every law office in Great Hnt.iin and the
United States, wherever, in fact, the common law
prevails or is a suitject of study.
One more Eiiglislmian of the cightoentii century
deserves mention, William Wili)erforce, the great
Emancipator, lie was a man of immense wealth,
and in early manhood an ordinary niomter of the
House of Commons; but in 1787, when about thirty
years of age, he resolved to devote himself to the
cause of abolishing the African slave tnwle. Hurko,
I'itt and Fox, tiie great political triumvirate of that
day, nobly seconded his ellorts, and after a struggle
'jf twenty years his philanthropy was crowned with
success. In the course of that struggle tiie British
public sentiment upon the infamy of slavery was
raised to a standard so high, and nnide to rest upon
a foundation so secure, that British influence, where-
cver felt, has always from that day been brought to
bear (with inconseiiuential exceptions) in opposition
to the hideous traffic and tlie horrible institution of
slavery. And it is very largely duo to this British
sentiment that it
may now be said
that slavery has
been wiped from
the face of tka
globe, its few re-
maining vestiges
being in i)roce8S of
extinction.
As the wars be-
tween America and
England belong to
the history 'of the
United States, so
the campaigns
which resulted in
Waterloo belong to
French history. It
may be well to ob-
serve'here, however,
that each produced
a radical influence
ujH)n the policy of
England. George
III., yielding to the
influence of Lord
>*'orth, sought to comiKjl the colonies to remain de-
pendencies, quite irresjxjctive of public sentiment
in tlie colonies ; but for a
long time now it lias been un-
derstood in England and the
colonial portion of the British
Empire that the .(uestion of
national indeiiendence really
rests with the colonists them-
selves. The New Dominion
and Australasia remain iu the lobd nobtu.
United Kingdom from actual "lioice, and no
war for iudejiendence would Ikj necessary to sej)-
aration. Thus, it nuiy lie said that the Thirteen
OF -
r
^
i^
^
PRESENT ENGUANO.
371
Coloiiios8oouro(lf<)rtlie(!ol<)uiu8of tlio prusent Great
Brituin tlio riglit wliicli thevBccured fortheiiiselvos,
its exercise being discretioimrv witli those who ought
triuin))li of the free trudo ])ulicy in Enghuid, u
|K)licy which grew out of mid proved lielpful to the
niunufueturing interest of the country. The regu-
I
^f>r^-: -"-—sr
l.DNUiiN I'iioM (:lii;K\\Vt(ll I'AIIK.
in 111! justice to decide it. The Hcvohdioiiiiry War
was thus 11 great lesson of non-iutcrvcnlion in colo-
nial alTairs. The Xaiiolconic war, on tlio contrary,
was agrcat lesson
of intervention.
Itnuide England,
in a certain high
sense, insuster of
Euroi)e,and nu)re
disposed todictate
to other nations
than to her own
colonies.
With the con-
sideration of one
more topic the
reailcr will he i)re-
pared t<t lake an
api)reciative sur-
vey of the present
Groat Britain.
That subject is the corn laws and free trade. Those
Btatutcs for the regulation of the grain triulo date
back to i;J<iO, and tlieir alxtUtion in 1840 was tiic
WINUSOK I'ALACK AND WIN'OSOU CASTLE.
J «»
4.
l.itions had hccMi chunged from thne t(j time, but
their constant olgect had Ijeen to jMotcct tiic maiiu-
facturing interest, of the country. In the limil strug-
gle over the re-
peal, a struggle
lasting several
years, and in
wiiich Richard
Cobden took the
leading j»art for
reform, the jtrin-
ciplcs of political
economy, the laws
of sup|)ly and de-
nnind, were dis-
cu.ssed with great
fullness and spirit.
Miss Harriet, Mar-
ti ncau rendered
the cause of free
trade immense
service by imlitical tracts and novels which brought
Hie arguments of the reformers down to the undcr-
staniling of tiie jicople. Sir Robert Peel, originally
v:'i
4 .'e \
■:i
iljl
■;■!'
\ ]:j: ■• .{ j
' ''"'!!
' : , '.
r^ r
372
PRESENT ENGLAND.
't \- ^
'n:i|
^■ii:l
a prutuctiuiiist and a leaUing .statosmnn during tlio
second quiirtor of the present century, came gradu-
ally to adopt the veiws of Cobden, Bright and Miir-
tiiieau. From tliat time on, tiie national .sentiment,
witli great unanimity, has been hostile to the doc-
trine of ])rutecliun, and at one time the indications
were that the enliglitoned sentiment of the civiUzed
world was unuergoing substantially the same pro-
cess of change wrought in the miud of Peel; but
at the jtiosent time France and the United States
Wliiggs, or Whigs. The term Tory is of Irish ori-
gin, and was lirst ai)plied to Cathoiiu outlaws in the
reign of Charles 11. About the lime that the roy-
alists dubljed their opiKJuents Whigs, the latter re-
torted by api>lying to tiieir adversaries another no
less ojiprobrious nickname. Gradually each party
came to take pride in its name, and al' ionse of re-
proach was lost sight of. It was within the present
generation, and in designation of their resiKJctivo
characters, that the two parties came to be known
are strongly proteotive, and (iprniany is bocomiiig
more and more so. Even in England there are
some signs of a reaction.
It is now time to speak of the history of parties
in England There fire, and long have heen, two
great politic al organizations in England, each with
a duly chosen and recognized leader. The origimil
names of tliese organizationswere Whig and Tory.
The present ap]iellations are, Liljcral and Conser-
vative. Whig is II contraction for Whir/r/nmore,
southwestern Scotch for drover. The term was in-
troduced in l')4S t() resignate certain Covenanters
from that section of Fcotland. In 1670 the op]io-
nents of the Court part' in England were first called
as Liberals and Conservatives. The Hritish Empire
of the present time,
the Great Britain of
to-day, has heen un-
der the rule, at dif-
ferent times, of two
very remarkable po-
litical leaders, Wil-
liam E. Gladstone,
who still live? and is
at this time Premier
of Great Britain, and
Lord Beaconsfield,
lately deceased. The former is a Liberal, the latter
QLAIlgTONB.
>'J^' •■ .
a
J-
a
>
ri-
'm
ter
M
I'KESKNT ENGLAND.
373
(Karl of lleutDiistU'lcl.)
Wiis ii (Jimserviitivc. Mr. (iliidstono is iilso kiiowii us
ii luuniud sclioliir, esi)ociiilly in nil iiiatUTs rulutinix to
Homer. IV-aconsfii'M, Itms^ |)liiiii ileiijiiiiiiii Disnieli,
achieved some fairu! us a novelist, lliirdly, if iiny,lo8s
desurvinirof mention
is Joim lirigiit, tiie
great Commoner, too
lii)eral to lie a leader,
even of the Ml)erals.
Enterin;!,' parliament
in l!S4;j, jiossussiuf^
rare eltKjuence, lie
has always heen the
esi>oeial eiianiiiioii
of free tnnle. free
sjxioeh, free institu-
tions and progressive
ideas generally. During the Anierii.'aii Civil War,
when many English statesmen, inuhuling even Mr.
Gladstone, faltered and wavered, he remained the
stalwart friend of the Union cause, rendering the
TTnitod States immense service hy his elo(iuenee.
Insignilicant as the erown is in England, there is
one respe(!t in which it is a very imi)ortant reality.
The expense of maintaining it is very eonsidorahle.
The annual reveiuie of the royal family from direct
appropriation and from estates is about three mil-
lions of dollars. The royal ])alaces are Buckingiiam,
St. .Tames. Kensington, Windsor Castle, Balmoral
and Oshorne House.
The parliament consists of two bodies, the House of
Lords, or Peers, ami the House of Commons. The
former, wliich is liereditary, .so far as concerns the
lay membership, consists of -iWi members, inclusive
of two archl)ishops and twenty-four bishops of the
established, or Ej)iscopal, ctmrch. The number is
subject, however, to change, as the creation of new
lords is always in order at the ))leasure of the sov-
ereign, that is the ministry. The Lord Chancellor
is president of the IIou.se of Lords. The House of
Commons consists of (i."i4 members. Of these 487
are English, including Welsh ; d'i Scotch, and lUo
Irish. A further chissilication of the body is this :
representatives of boroughs, 3(iU ; of counties, :is;} ;
of universities, 11. In parliamentary elections there
is a household and proptTty <|ualification. but the
right of suilrage has been greatly extended, and
manhood suffrage seems to bo inevitable in the near
future.
The ministry or cabinet consists, in its main oHi-
ces of a Lord of ihe Treasury, who is prime min-
ister, or real wielder of the scepter; liord High
Chancellor; Chancellor of the Excheipier; Secre-
taries of State for tile Home Department, Ftireign
Affairs, the Colonies, War and liulia; First liord of
the .\dmirally; Postmaster Ceneral, and .\ttorney
(iencial. 'I'hese and some other high otlices are
strictly iHilitical, changing whenever the political
complexion of the Hou.se of Commons changes.
The subordinate executive olHeers are exempt from
tiiis dejiendi'nce upon the fortunes of jxditics. Tiio
Civil Service of (Ireat Britain is conducted upon
the plan of retention during good behavior.
The term Tniied Kingdom applies to Englantl,
Scotland, Wales and Ireland, with the little islands
of the British grouj). The term British Empire
has a much wider signilhration. The latter imdudes
all lands aiul peo|)les subject to the British crown
and constitution, and is the most stuiiendous empire
the world ever saw, with an ever-active jjowero:" ex-
pansion and absorption. Ami it must be admitted
that as a rule the cause of civilization is iidvanced
by the expansion of Hritish jurisdiction.
In regi'rd to Bri'^ish colonial possessions, Mr. Fred-
erick JIartin asserts that they emiirace about onc-
.seventh of the land surface ot the entire globe, and
nearly afourtii of its population. He adds that of
this vast dominion, "three million .sipiare mibs are
in America, half a million in Africa, a million in
.Vsia and more than two million and a half in Aus-
tralia. The.se colonies are groiUHjd into forty ad-
ministrative divisions." Vv'e iuld Mr. Martin's re-
nuDie on this subject:
"Of these forty colonies, ami groups of colonies,
four are in Eurojie, eleven in or near America, ten
in or near Africa, seven in Asia, and eight in Aus-
tralasia. In lMiro|)e the Possessions are, in alpha-
betical order, first, Cyprus; second, <iii)raltar; third.
Heligoland ; and, fourth, Malta. In America, or ad-
joining the American continent, tiie possessions are,
first, tiie Bahamas, a groui) of some HW islands and
islets, of which twenty are inhabited ; se(;ond, the
Bcrmudiis, a group of about :Uio islands, of which
fifteen arc inhabitwl; third, the Dominion of Caiia-
<la, com|)i'isrng the Provinces of Ontario, (Quebec,
New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Manitoba, British
Columbia, and (suico June W, 18T3) Prince FM-
ward's Island ; fourth, the F'alklaud Islands, a group
t
ii:.-
1^.
m
1 1
fS »^
fr f I f- ■^
:t
\< t
mr .'
b':m
J, ■
fell 'M -5
'(,■);
mi
m
374
I'RESKNT ENGLAND
7T
<»f liirjio luoii, witli voiy few iiilmltiUiits; tiflli,
(tuiiu'ii, DM tlio coiitineiit of Soiitli Aiiioricu; sixth,
till- II(iii(liirit«, oiilliccDiitiiieiit of Cuiitral Aiiii'rioa :
Ht'vuiitli, Jiiiiiaica, to wliicli uw aiiiicxod. liy an Act
of Ptirliiiinuiit, i)assi'(l in IHTll, tlio Turks iinil Gaicos
Islaniis ; ciglitli, the liWwanl Islantls, comprisin;^ tlio
forniiTly si-parato colonii'.s of Antigua, Montsorrat.,
St. Ciiristopiiur, Xovis, Anjruilla, tlin Virgin Islantls,
and Dominica, tlio whole unitoil uniler an Ait of
I'urlianioiil passed in ISTl ; ninth, Newfoundland,
not yet included in the Dominion of Canada ; tonth,
the Island of Trinidad ; and eleventh, the Windward
Islands, cup urising the formerly separate colonies of
liarhadoes, .'ii. liUcia, St. \'incent. (irenada ami To-
hajro. In Africa, ami nearest, to the Afnican conti-
nent, the colonial possessions are, first, the Island of
Ascension, in the Soiilii .Vtlanlic Oci-an ; second, tlu-
Ca|KJ of OcMid lIojK}, iiicludiui,' iiritish KalTraria, and
other annexations nnule from isilil to 1ST' ; third,
tiic (land)ia si'lllement, I'U the west coast; fotirt'li,
the va'_'uely limili'd (iuld Coast terrilitry. eniarL'cil in
ISl'i l)y a cession of old I )utcii seitlcmenis : lifih,
the Soutli African setlli'inent, of (iriijiialand West,
proclaimed Hritish territory Oetnher v'^. IS'l ; sixth,
the Island of liagos, and territories on the mainland,
ceiled under treaty of Auirust, ti. ISdl ; seventh, tiii'
Island of Maiu'itius, and its depi'ndi'ncies in the In-
dian Ocean ; eighth. Natal, separated from tiie Cape
of (ioo(l IIo]iein 1S,")(; ; iiintii,the Island of St. Hele-
na, in the South Ailantic ; and tenth, the territory
of Sierra Ix-one, on tiie west coast of Africa. In
i^.>t--»^.^aMr58^^j'^jTgJi-'ir-4i-gw-«L»w.,,3^.aa^
ida.1
ll.U.IIUMllii*ltHl»ni!iM|IHIlil!!!li!MMtlMIMJ»t|ll||liltitll|«
CHAPTER LXII
"71
KNIII.IXII I.ITKIIATIUK IN (iENKIlAI.— 1)A WN DP LlTKIlATMlK 1\ Ksiil A ND— SaXDN Al.mEl)— CHAI'-
(Ell AND ('ANTEIllllltV TaI.EK— (SPENSEIC AM) TlIK I'aKIIV (ilKKN- I'KIUY'S KelK'H AM) MiNOR
1)I.I> KSdl.lKII— SllAKSI'KAIlE— CoTEMI'OHAlMKH .(IK SlIAKJTKAllK— HacoS— Mil.TdN AND HIS
t'oTEMrimAIllES— I.ITEllATfllE OP THE UksTOHATKIS — DllVDEN — l.dCKK AM) N'KH TON— I'ol'It
AND Shift— Dkfoe. HrsiE and Oiiihon -A I.iteiiaiiv (iiioi I'— IIvmnoi.ooy— ADr)isoN and
"The Sl'ECTATOIl"— StEEI. ANDThIsTIIAM SHANDV — I.KTTKHS or JirNHH— (iol.DSMITll, t OWTEII
AND YOUNH— I.ITEIlAltV iMI'dSTOIlr-— IlVllON AND HIH I'KEns— lloOD AND ItllOWNINd- I.AKE
School of Voets — Ciai.i.khv of the Six Intki.i.ecti'ai. Titans of Modkiin Knoi.isii 1,kt-
TEK8— C'UAIILOTTE HUONTK AND .IaNE KyHK— TllACKKIlA V AN I> IIK KENS — M INOIl NoVEI.IHTS—
CoNTEMPonARY Eniimsii Men op Lettkiis— Latest Tvi-e of Litkratihe :n Knuland.
(^♦i-^J^^-^Ti
2<i uuo 8UUS0 the Etiglish lit-
eruturo is not simply liio
litemUiro uf Eiij,'liiu(l, Imt
it iufluilt'S all Uie littTiiLiirc
(if the English laiiguago, in
whatuvor land writlou. But
tho lileiatuiu of Enoland
only will bo considcruil, iv-
serving American literature for a .siii>.-ic-
onent chaiiter. Some English writers ac -
(juired such iiromhienco that they have
apjieared in jirevious cliaitters in uon-
neetion with the events of their limes,
but before taking leave of England it
will 1)0 of interest to lake a coniitreliensivo
view of the grandest galaxy of authors
the world has ever jirodueed, for elassio
literature, Greek and Latin eondjined,
contains less real genius and inti^lleetual grandeur
than our own vernaeular, even apart from this con-
tinent, can boast.
The earliest name in the literary roeord of En-
gland is licotrulf, a long and utterly stupid i pie. It
is supiwsed to have been brought to tho island by
the Saxons when in company with the Angle.s and
the.Iuics, they first estal)lished themselves in Britain.
The old Britons ha<l no literature, at least, if .lio it
IR'rished utterly. The first indubitaldy English jioi't
was Ciudmon, wIkj died in tisu. He left u metrieai
paraphnisc of parts of the Bil)le. His nnuniscript
was lost, and not recovered until M'u^A. It has no
intrinsic merit. The same is true of the oldest Kn-
glish prose, King Alfred's translation from the iiatin
of the \'i'nerai)le liede's ecclesiastical history, lieile
belonged to tiie eighth century and Alfred to tiie
ninth. One line on the title page is sug(;estive of
the relation of old English to modern, also to Latin,
or " iioclaeden."' This line reads, ''Aelfred Kyniiig
waes weallist(Hl thissc bee and hie of boclaedene on
Englise wemle" — King Alfred was the translator
of this book, and turned it from book-language into
]"]ng'ish. Bede's history of England was an impor-
tant work for the iid'ormation it affords, but it is
hardly a part of Englisii literature. The same is
truo of the somewhat ajtocryphal biograiihy of Al-
fred l)y Asser, the last of the anti'-Norman authors.
Asser lielonged to the first years of ihc tenth cen-
tury. Three centuries later Layamon produced a
47
(375)
-I- .
■1-1
m
m^
■ .1
fm'^
%\
m ' '
!l
Ipji
'
nil'' ' <
M
'it ' i <
, '■ I- r
m,:
Pl'iH
B'J;
aiV'--
il
•*.l'j - _«^
376
MTICKA'IUKIC OK KNGLANl).
iiiiiTiitivi' in viTso of Celtic Inulit.ioii.s ciillwl Itnil,
iiiitl Unii, a sorii's t»f dull liomilicM in verso, ealk'il
Oi'iiiitluiii. Some iilea of this iiootry may bo ^Mlli-
ored I'l'oiii llie com plot, —
''Tliiss boc is nikinincd Orrinulum
" Koirtlii lliut Orriu itt wrohliU'."
The lirsi really meritorious Knijlisli writer was
(iootrroy Cliauccr,
horn in l.'Vis, died in
IHM). lie is called
•• the l-'aiher of Hn-
1,'lish I'oetry." lie
was more than that,
I'lir l'!n;_dand can
hardly ho saiti to
have hail any literii-
tnri', prose or jiuelry.
hel'dre his day, eer-
' iiAiJiKi; tainiy noliilnu^of real
value. His writiiiL!- were suniewhal voluniinous. hut
his t'liiilirliiifii 'J'dli's stands incoin|iaraidy liii:her
than any iiliier uf his works. It derives iis name
from several pil^'rinis on their way to jia\ honia^'e
,il till' slu'ino of 'riiomas a I'x'cket. and who. heini;
;;ue-is at 1 ho same inn, iioLmiled the lime hy loUin;:
stories. One ver-e will servo to illuslrato tiie nature
of (.'hauciM's Knirlish and the plot id' the Titles,
111 S4)utliwerk at liii! Taliani ii8 I liiy,
llucly to wfiidcii en my i>ilL'rnna;j;(!
To C:iiiti'rl)ury witli ful dcvnut eoriige,
At niirlit wiis I'ointi nito that lio-itclriu
Wi'l Nync and twenty in 11 coiiipanye
Of soiidry tolk, l)y iivcnuirc yfalic
In fi'lowsclnpo, mul pilsryiiis wltc tliei nlle
That towanl Caiiterl)ury wolden ryde.
It will 1)0 oliserveil that the variations from ijood
modern Knirlish are mainly in the matter of ortlio;.'-
rajihy. and il was not until the |irinlini,' press was
inventod that uniformity herein iioifan to prevail.
It was not until the middle of the sixteenth cen-
lury that tlio seeoml truly ixreat name appeared in
I'lmrlish literatiu'o, Kdnnnid Spenser, the author of
'I'll': Fdi'i'iiijiii'viii'. Ik'foro his day Bishop I'ort'v had
(•<dloeled the ballails of tlio laiiLnnnro. and I'ern/'s
Ji'i'/i'ipirs lit' Aiirif/i/ h'l/i/h's/i /'i»//y/ is a (loliLrhtful vol-
uuio. hut the liallads themsidves are anonymous.
Sir Thomas More, a famous jurist in the reii^n of
Henry \'II1., wrote an ever-notaiileilesoription of an
ideal repuhlie u])onan imairinary island, I'/o/iin. Th(>
work waseomposeil in l.alin. Colemiioraneous witli
Spenser was Sir I'hilip Sidney, lie was a writ«n' of
mueli olo;ianet', hut no mmv marked iKiwor. S|ieii-
sor's maslerpieee was in part an indlalioii of " Tiers
IMouirhman," ii eot^'mporai'v of Chaucer who was
very hiifhiy esteomod, hut wih)so poelry is nn)rc
lunnileiical than poetical. Mut in power of innti^i-
nation ami variety of allei^orical conception il is 11
remarkalde prodmtion. It is very loni,' without Ihj-
imj eompleie. It caimol i)o ri'ail cursorily with
ju-otit, hut its careful perusal yields an anijilo n'wanl.
There are oidy three Km^lish hooks nlder than
Shakspeari' which are much re.ul. even li\ the schol-
arly lew, Cinilirliiiril I'dhs, I'rrrifs li'r/ii/nr.s. iir ti'rl-
irs. and '/'//(■ I'lirrji (Jinritr. \\\ else iniL;hl lie ohlit-
tu'ated with comparatively slii;in loss, except as ihoy
may Ik- useful in h.-lorieal resi'areh.
It was on the -Mlh day of .\pril, l."ii')l, in I lie small
town of Strut ford-on-A von that Wii.i.iam StiAKS-
I'i:aI!I: was horn, and his death occurred on the 'i'.iCL
day of the .same
month just tifty-two
years later. His fam-
ily was liumlile and
his cducalion limit-
ed. .Vt'cordinjj to all
accounts he was the
most coniradietory
character in all his-
tory, the supri'ino
oniuimi of mankiii'l.
.\t till' aire '1' ei;;li-
tecn he was niarrieil to .Vinie Hathaway, seven voars
his senior, an altoirothor commonplace wonnni. At
twenly-two he left his native villa;:e for F.ondon. He
hail a keen eye for iiusiness, and u lien ho iiad ac-
iiuired capital eiiou;ih to return to Stratford and lie
one of the lirst men of iho town he did so. evincing-
utter indilToronco to literary fame. .Vt Ijondon he
secured employment at a thoalor in some liumhlo
capacity. As an actor ho did imt oxeel. hut he was
a capital uianaLior. Wantinjj; hotter play.s than ho
could procure in any other way. he sot ahoiit ro-writ-
i iuL'' and then writiiiLT dranuis himself. Ho wrote its
tho demands of his own thiMter n'(|uired, and it is
said that he never revised his work. If a |ilay served
the puriiosos of his slaire, that was onouirh, Mesides
a larijo numiior of sonnets, some of them very ox-
((uisito, and several lon<r Imt minor poems, Sliaks-
MIAK-TKAllE.
"if"
voiirs
At
h. lU'
11.1 ll.'
Iiiciiiij;
I 111 lu>
luiililo
lie wart
liii lio
-writ-
)to us
(I it irt
MTVfd
kcsi(k'S
[ly ox-
killlkrt-
r
Ml
37«
j.rn;i<.\ iiui; oi" i;N(iL.\M).
t
■ I
rn^i
. i:»-;i«
is, .Wirinii Ori/ii/iiiiii, lilJy iloscrilK'il lis liiiii.-i'll' wlun
III' says, "'I'iiis Ni'vv liisiniiiiiMit is llif siii'iici! uf u
iH'Ucr anil iiniri' iktI'imI us^\ df riiasoii in llio iiivusli-
;.Mti<iii III' lliiii^rs, ami uf (lie true aims uf ilu' imiiUt-
slaiiilih:.'." It (•ITiM'tt'il a ruvuliiliun in |iiiilu>u|ili\.
Tilt' lt:>.>'(jiiiaii niflliiiil, as i'iini|iari'il wiili |iliiliisii|i|iy
liiiiir to liis (lay, is well sii;.'i''i'si,ci| liy I'mf. Backus
iu liiii fiilliiwin;,' iiliscrvaliiiiis : "Twenty eenlurii's
iiail elapsed after Arisiutlu liail slimrn his uu'tlinil uf
Kcarcliini; after truth liefuro Uaruu unilerlouk to iii-
trinluee a iiuw inetliinl. Aristuile luaile timuifiit
active; Hiicou aimed tu make it. usefid. Aristotle
made loj:;ie the fundaiuenlal science, and considered
melapliysicsof ^^reiittT importance than uliysies. Ills
theory, carried into jiraetice, produced twoiily cen-
turies of fruit lessiiess ; two centuries and a lialf of
Hiicon's theory in practice luive revolutionized the
literary, the coniiuereial. the political, the ri'lifiious,
the scicntiliu worlil. The ancients luul a philosophy
of words ; Bacon called for a philosophy of works.
His {^lory is foiindi'd upon a union of s|»eculative
power with practical utility, which were never 8v,
conihined l)efore. He neglecti'tl nothing as too
small, des|iised nothintras too low, by which ourhap-
jiiness could he augmented; in hini, ahove all, were
combined boldness and jirndence, the iiitensest en-
thusiasm and the plainest eonunon sense."
To the same age as Bacon, oidy :i little later, be-
long l"'nineis (^uarles and (reorge Herbert, (luauit
writers of deeply jiietistic poetry. Sir Thomas
Browne, who wrote prose, was really more jHXitic than
they, fur his Ji!i/ii/ii) Medici is one of tho most faoi-
nating of essays, often vague but always eharniing.
The Civil War and Commonwealth which followed
so soon after the
ElizalKJlhan age pro-
duced a jilentiful
/ ^^H m \ crop of earnest prose
writiTS who contri-
buted much to the
formation of the En-
glish language as a
suitable vehicle of
grand thoughts. Jer-
emy Tayl'i' and
JOHN MM.TCPN. Thomas Fuller, the
royalists. Uichaid Baxter and Jolni Milton, the non-
conformists, discuhsed the jKilitics tuid theology of
tiieir day (very nearly the same in many res|)ccts)
\\\\\\ great ability and fullness. .Milton's essay on
iilH'rty is one of the linesl pieces of prose composi-
tion in any language. But the literary glory of that
jieriod was .Milton's I'linnlise l.iisl. It was comiKised
after the piK't had U'conie lilind. The two great epic
poets. Homer and .Milton, were both of them sightless.
The latter sang the war in heaven In'twei'ii the loyal
fones of heavi'ii and the reliellious .\ngels, led liy
Satan. That supposed coidlict, together with the fall
of man, furnished the basis of the great structure.
Wordsworth has happily characterized Milton in
these lilies :
Thy soul was lilte a star and dwelt apart;
Thou badst a voico whosu sound waa lilte the sen —
Pure as tlie naked heavens, majcBtlc, free;
80 didst thou travel on life's cotnmna way
In cliccrful godliness; and yet tliy heart
Tlie lowliest duties on herself did lay.
The Hostoration under Charles II. brought to the
fore a different class of writers. Samuel Butler was
the most notable jjoet of that ,)eriod. His Ilndibras
is a brilliant satire upon the I'uritans and Puritan-
ism. The wit is keen and pitiless. To tho same
jKjriod, but on tho opposite side of tho religious and
|)olitical issues of the day, stands John Bunyan,
whose I'i/i/riiux J'm/rexs is still widely read for its
wealth of allegory and its depth of piety. He was
a martyr to his religion, and while languishing in jail
comiH)scd the work which has made him innnortal.
\ stnilling tinker by tnule, some think him a giitsy
by descent. Another noted writer of this |x'ri<Kl was
i Izaak Walton. His C'um/ikfe Aiu/kr is refreshingly
I free from theology, jKilitii'S and ethics. It is simply
I what it professes to bo, a treatise upon fishing, but so
capitally done that whether one be interested in pis-
catorial sport or not, one can not fail to bo delighted.
After Milton the next really great name in English
verse was .Tohn Dryden, born in 1(131, died in ITtJO.
In character he was a time-server, a puritan under
Cromwell, a pa{)ist under James II. He was the
hitter's poet laureate. His writings were voluminous.
He was the first real critic in English literature.
His intluence was very great, and upon the whole very
good. He lives in the literary records of his country
more for his usefulness in forminsr the literarv
style of the language than for thointruisic merits of
his writings.
The next great name in English literature was the
philosopher, John Locke, a cotemixtrary of Dryden.
■7c
1^
.-
k
LITKKATUKIC Ol' K.N(.LAM).
379
HiB Hssiiy nil lliv I III mil II I iiihrsliiiiiliini is juslly
I'llllkl'il as Mccollil iirilv In Ititciill's .\itl'lllll Dl'i/i'lllllll.
Ill ilic^ iiK-tii|iliyMiuiil wui'lil Ills work i", as llullaiii
cxiircsscb i(, "tlii) llrsi real cliait nl' ilic coasts,
wlicrciii Mdiiii.^ iii^iv 1)1' laiil iliiwii iiiciirvucll), liiitllu!
L'l'iu'i'al nlaiiniis uf all iirc |«'r(;iM\ctl." Ldcki! was
liiii'ii \t\',i'l and ilicil iii I .iM. Sir Isaai.' Ni'wtnii \va.s
liorii ill K'llv' anil ilicd in \''i'. 'I'lio laltor olTi'uli'il
a n-vuhiliiiii in iniliirai siicnrc ('i|iial Id llial of Kacon
in |iliii(ts(i|iliy. His I'/ii/nsn/i/iiii' Aii/iirnli." /'riini/iii'
Miillii'iiiiilifit, may Imi set down as ilic curner-stoiK' of
Miipcl, 1 scii'iiff. Till' work "if |{o,'('i' {{aeon liad U'l'ii
roriroiU'ii. ami lia<l In lir licmo hm r ajzain. wiili rcad-
jiistiiioiit to the liint's, ami tiial. iml liy an iinilator,
Imt liy an oriLfiiial i.'cniiis, and Sir Isuai; iin'l, tlio ns
i|uirt'iiu!nt,.
In pootry tlio oifxiitwnlli ccnliiry i(|i('iu'd wiiJi Alcx-
aiidiT I*o|K.'. His easy llnwin;,' rliynics and sliarp
wit liiive iK't'ii ^'ri'atly admiri'd. In his day lio was
tliouu;lit to 1)0 aitnxlijiy. 1)111 lie lacks slayiiii^i|iialiln's
as a |)oi't. lit' is not. iinirli read al, tla- jircscnl day,
('.\it'|)t l)y tliost! wlio do so from a ccrlain soiiso of
ilius. Ilistraiislalioiis of iloniurliave l)('ciii'clii)S('d.
Mis friend, .loiialliaii Swift, was sonii'lliiiii; of a |)ot'l,
hilt, whet her 111' wrote in versu or prose, liu was a ter-
rihie satirist, tiie liereest thai, ever iield a |)i'n. His
\'iii/iii/fs iif (iii/liirr is the greati^st of his works. lIu
|)roi!iifi'd a Lfreat many |)aniphli'ts ou current topies.
His style was inten.sely Sa.xon : his life detustahle
and iniserahle.
The lirst irreat Kiiirlish iiovoli.st was Daniel Dofoo.
l)orii in KiCil.died li:M. IHs /i'(//^/«.«/// ^ Vvrsw is still
read with iindiminislietl iiitercsthy eiu'li newfrciiora-
tioii, and .<eeiiis to hear a chariiuMl life. His imaj.'-
inary history of the (ireat iMa;,'i;e in ijondoii is a
straiiirely reiilistiu and fa.seiiiatimr narrative. Field-
iiii^ and SmoUet who followed him may liave sur-
passed him in genius fur inveiilion, hut they soiled
I heir paires with impurities which put the novel un-
der the hail until redeemed hy the unsullied iieii of
Sir Walter Scott. Kiit prior to Scott came another
Scotchman. David iliiine, of jjreat power. Hi' was
a master of jihilosopiiical reasoniiij^ ami historical
iiMiTatioii. His Mnriil mill I'liihisd/iliiiii/ IJssm/s -mm]
his llis/iir// iif /■Jiiiiliitii/ nw ilic two pillarsof jiis fame.
Mdw'.nl (iil)hon, who was horn in IT:!' and died in
J I'.M. was the .second irreal historian of Kn;:iisli lit-
erature, as Hume was the lirst. ifis lircHiif innl
Full of till', llniiiiiii I'liijiln- was accepted as a standard
work almost from the first, and lime d<H's not dim
the luster of his irreat name.
In the latter half of l.:e eighlecnth ceiitiirv Hoiir-
Ur "I a group of ethical, political, theological, crit-
ical and piH'tical writers vrlio, without reaching tin-
high pla f really lir-i-dass merit, deserve honor-
iihle mention. These were Dr. Samuel •lohn.son, the
iexicograplier ; Kdniimd jturke, the |N)litical orator
and e-sayisi ; .\ilam Smith, the father of the science
of I'olilical Hcoiioniy. Sniilh's most imporlani work
was liniiiirii iiiht llii' Sill II ff nml ('iin,ti>s uf' flu' Whi/lli
<if' \iill<iiis. Bishop jliiileraiid William I'aley wrote
in dcfeii,«(! of revealed religion aLTainsI the attacks
of the skeptics treatises which arc still iiseil as text
hooks in our si'lmols. and arsenals from wliicli are
ilrawn weapons used in lighting for ori li'"lo.xy.
The eiglitoenth ivntury was rich in sacred jMK'try
anddidactie prose. The hvmih in iisi; in the church
wi'fi; largely composed in that ceniiiry. Isaac Walls
h'.longcd to the lirst part, of it. Montgomery cays
of Dr. Walls, ••He wasalmosi the inventor of hymns
in the I-lnglish language." The intense realization
of religious triilli which marked that |)eriiH| deeply
colored its literature. It was the fashion to assume
piety, in verse especially, ami cater to the tastes of
the jiioiis, as in tli" case of Walt.s' coiilemporarv,
Dr, Young, who though u frivolous man of the
world was the author of the luguhrious but once
very jiopuhir .NA//// Thninilih.
Joseph Addi.soii. the accomplished essayist, vras
horn in liit"i an Idieil in ITl'.t. He was a very |)op-
ular iK)et in his day, hut his i)oelrys()on drop|K'd ont
of sight. His real ciaini to hoiiorahle mention rests
upon his conlrihutions to and eslahlishmeni of the
S/irrfiifiii; the Tii//rr and ihe ^'///^/•(//"/M'spci.'ially the
former. Those puhlicat ions \rcre forerunners of ihe
more modern newspa|)er. They did not give much
news, hut they discussed (pieslions of cairreiit inter-
est inucli in the method of the pre.sinit editorial of
the heller sort. Those essays have hecn read and
studied as iikmIcIs of good, nnimpassioned and jiro-
saic prose ever since their piihlicalion. .\ddisoiis
friend, Wicliard Steele, was a co-lahori'r with him in
the.se enierpri.ses. Many of the pap-rs were conlrih-
uted hy others, Swift ami Berkley among the num-
hcr, fi.r to this |K'ri<id liclonged the famous divine and
])hilosoplier who called out I'yron's hrilliant sally:
" If IJisliop Berkley says there is no matter,
It is no matter what lie says."
.■: f\:
K
i-4
','■■>
I.' . '
^*fi
.-vliilj
^ -.»
,vs.,
LI'IKKA II NIC OK KNOl.ANI).
A litl.lu Inter ciimo Fjiiiirciicu SitTiif. lli' wiw of
Irish ili'i^cfiil, litirii ill I * |ii, dii'd in l^is. Ili.s '//'/.v-
/;•(//// S/iiiiii/i/, |iiil)ii«lii'il ill KCil, was tlio ln'sL iinvfi
ever wriltcii in l';ii;rli>li milil tlii' 'liiy til' Sii Wallor
ScKlt. Mis Siiilliiiiiiliil ,lt>iinii'ii wiis ilcsi:.'iit'(l as ti
Hii|i|iii'iii('iil Ik I lie '_'i(Mt iKiM'l, liiit it, was imi li\
any iidmii^ its i'i|iuil in mi'iii.
In I ^ •>'.•, ami I'miii tlinl I'l until 1°. 1'.'. wiili mca
nioiial lull rnijiiiinis. a|i|K',iif(l in the I'nlillc .hlnr-
Hsi<\ a l/<iM(liin jininial, a scfii'sul' Ictici-; nn pujitiis
Ki;;iii'i| ".limiiis." 'I'lii'v ipruiliiicil an iniincii-c scn-
salinii. it was la'Vt'i' Ixiidun who wruif tliciii. \ as!
I'l'-carih ami clalmrali' ar;:iiiiiriii> ha\(' liccii f\-
|i('iiil('i| (III their |in>lialile aiilliiirslii|i, hut tuiillle
|p|ir|>i>se. Sir I'liiliji i-'iaiiris is i:eiier.ill\ lhnii;;hl III
lia\e I he liesi clain In the huinir, lull, the in\sli'ry
is I'eally insuhilile. 'rimse letters were Irenii'ii-
(Imisly inlliieiilial. 'rnlhisilay I lii'v are mirivak'd
fur |K»wvr III' iiiveeti\e ami inri-i\e eritiiisiii.
Oliver (Jdldsinilh was u very reniarkahle charac-
ter. Like 'rimmas
(J ray. \\ Im w rule thu
olcLiy « iiich has iin-
ninrtaii/cd his name,
he wnite a litt''
LiiMtd [iiietry. "Thi^
Keserled "\'ilia;,'e"
I eiiiL,' I hi' hcsl ; hut
his hesl |iriiiliictiiiii
was that, charming'
rninaiice. '/Ac \ir(ii'
iiiiiii^MiTii. ()/' Wiihlirld, It is u
iii(>st di'liiihtl'iil jiicliire nf a country iiarson ami his
family in the ei^'hleenth century. The |K)|)ular
oiiincdy, Shr S/an/is III Ciiiii/Ki'i', was also from his
[leii. William ('ow|ier was a |)rofouiidly reli;,Mous
))iiet of that jieriod. The intensity of his helief
nearly unsettled his reason and hrmiijht u|ioii him a
luelaiK'hiily akin to mania, iiut his muse was eapa-
hle of siihlime lli;:hls, anil oucu, in Jn/nt (ii//iiii,
struck a humurniis vein.
The latter part of thi>: century vras notahle for
literary imiiositini!. 'i'he most successful was that
of .lames .Maciiiurson, author of ffssin/i. 'i'hat
I'laliorate |i(icm has very j^reat merit, and is held in
hiidi repute. heiiiLT still much reail. It purports to
have heeii the work of an Irish hard of the far-
away tiays of Celtic tradition. Macplierson strenu-
ously insisted that he merely translated an epie
which was composed ori;;imilly in tiio (iaeiic or
Kise dialect, 'i'homas Uhatlerton, the jHior l)o\-
piN't who starved todeath in ti London ;:an'et at the
a;re of eiirhteen. vtm* Htran;,a,'ly infaliiuled v\ilhlhe
miMiia for iiiipostnre, lie wrote some very delij:hl-
fiil M'l'ries tit thu ii;;u of ulosen, and mi;,'lit have de-
\elii|ied into somelhinLT ^'rand had he not falK'ii a
victim to the |ia.-siiin for literary decepiion.
Ikiihcri Ihiriis and Sir Waller Scott were the
crownin;: ;ilorv of Luiflish literature in the ciLrh-
teeiith ccnlurv. Iiiit they heloiiL,' lo Scollaiid rather
than I'in^land, as Thomas .Moore docs to Ireland.
Tint most famous name in the earh- part of
the iiincleeiith ceniiiry was lionl Hyron, horn
in i;ss. Ilo was only thirl\-si\ \cars of a,:,'c al
the lime of his death, hut he left iiehind him
ii lar;j;e hody of poetry, very much of which
liids fair to Ih> incorporated into the immor-
tal jiart of Kiiirlish
literaliiie. Like his
friend Shelley, the
author of (Jiitrti Mali
and other deep-
ly emotional and
somewhat fantastic i
poems, he was nior-
hid in I he e\t rcine.
ills l'/u7,/r lliirnlil.
Miiiil'riil and. hmi
•/lain, and in fai'l. ii'im uiuun.
nearly every thiiiu' he wrote, fairly teem witrh emotion,
.lohn Keats, author of /Jii/i/iiiiini, who died of a
hroken heart, the victim of cruel criticism, lielon;:ed
to the same elass, in hoth time and tyite of genius.
There was a eirde of jioets of sentiment in \rhieh
Hyron, Shelley and Keats were foremost, hut which
was enlaru'cd hy the presence of JA'iirh Hunt and
Walter Savau;e i<andor. They did much to infuse
into modern thoiiirht (ireek ideas of culture. They
drew attention from rcliLiious siihjects to the hi<:lier
ran^res of mundane tlioii;ilit and activity.
Thomas iiood. horn in IT'.Ht, died 1S4'), heloiiired
to no set. His iri'iiius was strictly inilividual. His
/{n'l/i/r nf' Sii/lis and ^miii/ nf the Shirt aro most ex-
ipiisitely pathetic, ihit he excelled in wit. His
humor is of the very hiu'hest order. Mrs. lirowniiii;,
the most wonderful woman in tho whole list of
jioets, was horn in 18(l'.i and lived until ISflL Her
.iiiritni Lei'ih is a masterpiece, and many of her
i«a.-i*i^
'.: t:
^T ',
A'
Jo — >-
His
t'\-
His
It oi'
ll.T
hor
l.ri'KKA TIKI': OK K.N(iL.\NI>.
3^'
iniiiiii' jhk'His art' inarM'lrt <it' liciiiily iiml |ici\u'r.
Ill r iiii<liiiiiil, UdkTl
lirowiiiiiir. 'I ill liM's,
Illl'l is il I I of lli^'ll
I'lirik, liiii ciiriiitiHiy
oliM'iiri' ill liis i'\-
|iii'ssicih-i.
I 'ii riiiur lilt' |ii('s.
(•Ill ti'iiiiir\ l'jii:l;iiiil
li:is liaij llii'ci' |HH'l.-i
l.niii'Mic, (ir |iti('ts
(»f llii'CKiirt. iianiflv.
.M.niKii iK.NS^"i>^, HiiIh'I'I SdiuIic}, \*'i|-
liain \^ .inlsworlli and All'rt'd 'rchiiysoii. 'I'lic la;
Icr has lii'iil till' |Misitiiiii tliirty-i wo vcitrs. Sniiilii'v
liuM il lliirlv vcars, iiaiiii'ly, rroiii Islit to Isj;!.
Ill' was a iii'tilitlc writer and Ids iHiclry has ^.'imkI
l«diils, hill il, is weak and lliin. Ai liic |irt'si'!it
liiiiu it is «('ld(ini ri'ad. Wnnlswurth and ('(ilcridir"'
riirnu'd, with Scinihcs.
wlial is known as ihi'
/ ,^jp»«— ''^^^ \ Lake School. 'riicv
were I'll'!' froni iiidcli-
jrai'ics. and did ininh
jlo ciiltivalf a wliolc-
Isoinc tash' and a kind-
ly apprcfiation of iho
Itoi'tic in lit I It' every-
day lliin<:s. Coleridi^e
occasionally slniekont
TUMKKiiAY. into tho marvelous. His
Anriiiil Mariiiir and Chrisluhr] are inex|dicahlc.
Charlotte Hroiite, the invalid daiii:hter of a conn-
try elerfryinun, iiriMlticed in \M\ a story which
cn'ated a profouiul sensation, .hiim Eiirv. Shi' was
thou twenty-nine years of aife. She lived ei^dit years
^^^^^ ^ loiiirerand wrolelwo
r'^^J^m^ ^i^^\. other good novels.
^ ^Ki-,-.-i^Bfe V >•///■/•/*■// and WUvll, ;
hilt niioii tiie tirsi
rests her claim lo a
niche in tho temple
of immortal fame.
Thackeray, who was
Mini in isil and
siir\ i\ed until lSii:i.
shares with Cliarles
Dickens, who was
horn a veur later and survived his ureal peer seven
( ll.\ULK^ IIUKENX.
years, the honor of JK'ing ihe ^'re.itest of iioveliHis.
Those two iiumeH
tower ;:lio\e all oth-
ers. Tlie j'ollncr >cl
forth Knirlish \\vi\\
life; the hitler l''.ii-
glish low life. Such. I
ill a general wa\, i'
I he (lilTerciicc hc-
twoen I hem. No one
heforc or -iiKc lias
reached the altitude
of t heir creative fac- i.Mm..K i:
iilties. Noi I'.ir Iroiip ilieni. however, stands
■•ficor'.'e I'iliiit," a wiiMiai' of mo«l niar\rlcius powi'is
as a no\cii>i aii'l vci\ considcrahl'' aliilily as a pocl.
1 Charles liccd.Wilkie'
I ('(dlins, Anihoiiv
Trollo|K'.l!ulwcr and
; l>isr,icli ai'c to he
rankcil among tiie
lieltcr of our se<'ond-
dass English novel-
I isis of this ceiiMiry.
; There are many
writers of note who
have made vahiahle
contriliutioiis to En-
glish literature dur-
ing the present per- tmiv -TrAiiT jiii.i..
iod. Thomas Cailvle. the liercc iiater of shams
and democracy, .John Stuart Mill, ilie i.'^reiit apostlo
of Agnosticism, or positi-i>m, llerld'rt, Sjieiiccr,
the philosdphur of
science, and Tyn-
dall. Darwin and
Huxley, the disci-
ples of jiurc science,
are only a fc.v of
the great contem-
porary names of
Mnglish men of
letter-. .Macau lay
helonged to the
middle period of
this century. The
lileiMlure of |''.ii-
1.1 . ( Il.Mll.KK II. DAIiWIN.
gland, oiice a mere
rivulet has now widened out, inio a vast LTuif.
-oFT
i. \
s
m
m
ffife'!
mil
'vm a
^Miiji
'''■'■': ■'
t •-.
^Z\y.',
Lk>5
\ ■ / , / ,' / ; / ■ \ ) I.I I.I
'"1 .' , ' ■ . , .
SCOTLAND AND THE SCOTCH .
II
/"-r
T— r r— T K ) \ V \M0
e'll AI'TKK LXlll
^^I»11A \M> \n\ \ '^tnllA TlIK I'UTS- iMMItKlT CoNNKrTInN tiK TlIK KaUI.V S MITCH ANI> TlIK
As.. I.
lU Kt.H '<V.
ilil'lN \ rii'N
V V.iN^ » <>\\ i:n-UiN np Snill VMl I'KKiil ^ Till: S< .rlrU ||{|>-IMI \N KnWtN AND I'^IUN-
1.1 M \\\ \\ It III I
irri-ii Ilinitn
t \ .- r \ N r I N K
II. AMI Si II
|]N(,I \Mi hi Si \ \ \M1 M \« III I II .1 \ Ml -
I'mH.!:!"-- \M> Kki It vi.MM
IJitiuiii' r.t;i I I \NU Im'i II MM N< i: l.'tHii:!; r nu: snwMiu ash ink IIim -i: »>i' mi Aitr
|) v\ in 11 .1 \Mi -
■ I \ Ml - \ lli;\i; i \ 1 1 1. i<r i;s..i \M> AMI I in; Si nn ii (Khun M aii\
t^i I KN ur s, or- I \Mt - \ I
■ II \M>. .IvMI-- I. n|- I'.Nt.l \Mi \ NaTIoNM. rAKAlIC
.InilN l\S<'\ I M'lS I'l- llli: I Mill' iMNi.l'.iM <i'MI'lliri» SiiMK StiHill t ' H \ ItAi T Km-^TU H -
Si oil II I.I I i:ii \ n Ki, r.i i:\>. >i
\\i> ( AHi \ I p
(3«^)
>«»: '^i
V >€£&>'
l> ItollKUlS
■!. lli()ii_L?;tl»
foniH'r
lllKlui/l'll
lio I'liap-
Novi'v
nice, ;iiul
lllil Ul'MT
sjn'iikiu,:^,
lis ill tlio
<t (if tins
collaiul is
\\ ht'u Iho
jiroviously
•r lo SciiL-
fiis I'slali-
lu' (■(iinili'v
|):iL;aiii^i"-
ly vaiiuc
i\i' ln'1'U a
11 was jiiT-
il into llu\
t
jl
M
}
Hi
:i ^ •, . :, ^ I
^(1
M^:l
k.
3«4
SCOTLAND AND THE SCOTCH.
(Jonstantine II., jrroiit grandson of tlic former. His
roigncxloiidoil from SKU) to UV.i. Ho acknowledged
suljordination tn the Knglisli crown as the price
of ussistaneo in tiie iiiterininahle wars of tlie
period, but only to retract liis fealty when the im-
mediate cause of it was removed. and tiien a conllict
with Hngl.ind resnlted. Constantine laiil down his
crown voluntarily, repaired to a monastery to pre-
l)aro for deatii, leaving the tiirone to a near kin,
ilalcolm I.
The grandson and successor of Malcolm was the
King Duncan of the ]ilay of Macbeth, 'riie mon-
arch of the latter name was not the false friend
Shakspeare represents, nor was the real Lady .Mac-
beth the monster of the stage. The historical ac-
count iliffers widely from tiie histrionic representa-
tion. Jler brother, the law fid heir to the throne,
had been cruelly jiiit to death to make room for
Duncan the Usurjier. A battle was fought in 1U40
between the two factions, termimiting in the defeat
and death of Duncan. History says of Macbeth,
"He governed Scotland with a tiriii hand and <rreat
wisdom, and his reign was a period of great national
prosijority." Ho and his (pieen were liberal friends
of the poor. In lHoT he shared the fate of Duncan,
the son of the latter coming to the tiirone. About
this time William the Conqueror subjugated En-
gland and placed Scotland under vassalage.
The next noteworthy name in the royal aniuds of
Scotland was David, who flourished about the mid-
dle of the twelfth century. Under him Scotland
made much jn-tigress in civilization.
The wars of Wallace and Bruce for Scottish inde-
pendence form a part of English history, and were
recorded in a previous chapter. That struggle cost
the country a vast ann)unt of blood, but from a na-
tional point of view it was a good investment, for it
so far broke down the barriers of clan that Scotland
l)ecame in reality one country. The treaty which
terminated that long war dates from lo'iS. Thir-
teen yeaiv later the parliament of Scotland admitted
the commercial towns to representation. l'"rom
that time to iIr' consummaiion of the luiiun with
England, nearly four centuries, the "tiie third es-
tate" was a great jiower in Si'otland.
The death of Hubert Mrucc brought to tiie throne
his son, David II., then only eight years of age.
\\'ar soon liroke out al'ri'sh iietween lingland ami
Sc(Uland. In tiie lialtle of Xevdle's Cross, fought
in VW), David was defeated and taken j)risoner .
His limd ransom cost UHl,(i()() nnirks. Otherwise
his reign was uneventful. It extended to liilo. At
his ileatii, there lieing no son to take t he crown, it
passed to his sister's son, Hobert the Steward, who
took the scej'ter as IJoliert II. With him began tlu^
dynasty of the Stuarts whicii became best known in
coimection with England.
The lirst Sliiart to disiingnisii himself w;us James
I., who reigned from l-l".'! to IVM'i. He wasalnvast
of his age at its best. and did inucii to systematize the
government and advance the interests of the people.
He was a poet of some merit. A few fugitive pro-
ductions atlrilmted to him still exist to attest his
talent. Umler him the b.ironial power was at its
height. Douglas was the leader of the deliant fciul.ii
lords. James 11. sui'i-eedt'd in breaking the power
of the chiefs. The genius of Sir Walter Scott has
(dothed with perjietual radiance the struggle of
that jieriod. Erom the standpoint of iiistory, di-
vested of the glamour of romance, the Scottish an-
nals of those times are simply the record of inter-
minable civil and border warfare, (ienerally the
English crown tlaimcd and received some slight
recognition of sovereiglity beyond tho Tweed, but
otherwise the Highlands and the Lowlands were alike
free from foreign domination.
Scotland should hold the memory of James I. in
profound respect and lively gratitude. He was as-
sassinated bv a base conspiracv and a brilliant reign
<'losed in darkness. It was a great calamity to the
nation. Political assassimitiinis generally are.
A long.-;efies of civil Wiirs, a chronic state of an-
arcliv almost, followed. Tiie ciiiefs of clans would
brook no authority. Feudalism had nowhere a lirmer
hold than in Scotlaiul. and the nobility lived for the
most jiart in liostile isolation.
It was not until the reign of .Tames \'., a contem-
porary of Henry VII. of l'',ngland. that really ami-
cable lelations liet ween the crown and tlii^ nobles were
estalilishcd, and that by alTability rather tiian force.
About the court of .Liiik's the I'^ifth at i'Miiibiirgh
gathered luxury, and the chieftains found it more
agrcealile to bask in the courtly sunshine than share
the vicissitudes of war. as depicted in tiie Scottish
lays. Many of them plunged wildly into dissipa-
tion, but even their vices were jinblie benefactions,
for while tiiey revelled the common jieople were lid't
to the pursuit of the paths of peace, and S.'otland.
■f" <?-
Sn"
( ' i
f.
SCOTLAND AND THE SCOTCH.
385
111
tis-
the
iiii-
oulil
niier
tlio
kMU-
iiiiii-
WL'Vl'
iiri:li
noiv
:li:iri'
ttish
■^il.ii-
idiis,
left,
hitlierto frenzied with contoiitioii, enjoyed coiiteut-
nient. Fishcrien were encouraged, a navy built, and
coiuniorce sprang up. The king married Margaret,
daughter of tiie Tudor Henry VII., and thus hiid
tiie foundation of the union of tiiu two iiini'tlouisof
tiie island.
All went smoothly tuitil after the accession of
llenryVIII. tothe Knglish
crown. That king iiated
Scotland, or ratUer covet-
ed the sovereignty of Scot-
land. In an evil hour
James was provokeil into
war witJi his more power-
ful neighhor. The result
was disastrous. The Scotch
navy was destroyed and the
army signally defeated at
Flodden Heights, Sep-
tendjer 0, loi;5. The
slaughter was terrible and
the overthrow com|)lete.
The great king iiiniself was
anumg the slain, leaving
an infant to iidierit the
throne, James V.
The (pieen niotlier.
JIargaret, was made re-
gent. The old feiul be-
tween the crown and the
nobilitv soon broke out
with renewed virulence,
secretly aggravated and
intensitied by Ilenrv, who
was as bad a brother as
husliand. It must be ad-
mitted that Margaret was
as unfaithful to her marital vows as her lirother, and
her piTsonal vices, and the crimes to whicli they led,
served to keep the country in a state of misery. But
all tiiat was no excuse for her brot'.ier Henry.
At last the child became a num and was allowed
as early as seventeou years of age to be iiisown master.
We now return to James V. Tie wius a ruler of
grciit atiility. He strove assiduously to U\v iiis coun-
try from foreign dii'tation. It hail U'conie little
better than a shuttlecock for French and Knglish
battledore. James succeeded in commanding tlie
res()ect of his royal i)eers and gaining for Seorland
an honorable rank among nations, and all this while
yet a ytaith. He could have married Henry's
daughter, Mary, or another Mary, the Spanish Prin-
cess of Portugal (Spain and Portugal then being
one), but he invferred an alliance with the daughter
of the king of France. The fruit of that marriage
was the beautiful and unhap(>y .Mary,t^ui'en of Scots,
whose melancholy career
forms a partof the history
of Fi'.gland, and was iiar-
rate.l under the Tiidors.
Hei' sou, James VI. of
Scotland, was .lames of
lOngland, the lirst Hrilish
sovereign of the house of
Stuarts. In him ws.s se-
cured the " married ca'ni"
of a [lerijetual union U-
tween Fngland and Scot-
land, no longer two na-
tions, i)ut two UKulc oni',
Kngland being clie one.
It is hardly too much to
siiy, iiaradoxical as il may
sound, that when Scotland
irased to exist its existence
began. So long as it uas
a kingdom, with its inter-
minalile feudatory and
border warfare, it was little
better than a heroic bar-
barian. Ibit wlien those
civil wars were over the
energies of the people took
a direction which rellected
IcilIN KNDX I'llKACllINd Tl) (^IKKN MaUV.
the highest honor up-
on the nation, jirepar-
ing the way for splen-
did acliievemeuls.
The tirst pn-emi-
nence of Si'otland
was in the line of
church refiu'in. \\ ith
Henry VI II. iuid his
motive the Scot eh had
MAUV, IjlKKN t>K M
no sympathy, but with the reformation as pushed by
Luther, and above all by Calvin, it luul the deepest
i -•':■ 'I'
:.».
U
|rlhv|
'S •^
386
SCOTLAND AND THIC SCOTCH.
t. '
:-'x\i:.
symjKitliy. Aimmi,' lliuso wlm sal ill, tlif fuel ul'
.Iiiliii (Jiilviii iiiid iml)il)C'il liis austorc tliunlo^y ami
n'liiililican jiolity in inalters occlosiastic, was .lolin
KiiiiN. lie rctiiriii'il t'lcim (iciicva to Ivliiilmri;li In lit'
llic ^^roal (U'fcMidcr (if I'rotostaiitisni. ilir IkiM assail-
ant i if tlit^ UdMiisli clnii'cli will I wliicli .Marv tlir ijih'cii
was ill cldsc atliliatidii. Out nf llio niuveiiR'iit, in
wliicli lu' «,is the aukiKiwlLMlireil IcadtT '^Vi'W iicitonly
lla' Kirk (if Scotland, hiil ri\tsliyt(_'riaiiisni in Aiiicr-
ica, wiili ils many liraiiclics and niiglity nii'inliur-
slii|i. W'iicri'vcr a I'ri'-.hytoriaii litdl calls to prayiir
or s|iir(' |ioinl,s to licavcn tlicro niiconscioiis lioiiia;,'o
is jiaid to tlio rcliirioiis (>(,'iiins of Scotland. I'crso-
ciil ion could not staytlio jirojii'oss of I'reslivtorian-
isiii, and tlu> iial ion soon U'cainc sulistantiallv united
in lli(M'i'j('cti(in of all iiitcrvcnt ion from Uoinc. Tlic
Coiifc'ssion of I'^aitli was a'lopted liy tlio Si'otcli Pai-
liamcnt in l."i(!(», and to-day Scotland stands in tlio-
oloiry siihstantially on that crcod, cxccjit that a
somewhat lilieraliziiiii tendency is inanifcst. Scot-
land is the most e\aii;.'elically orthodox land on the
i^lolir, and of all (Miristiaii jieoiile the least iriveii to
heresy. Tliey aro cs|iecially distinguished for the
strict ohservance of Sunday as a day of rest.
'{"lie crowns of Scotland and Hngland were united
forever in the year lt'p(i;i. Separalo parliainents
were maintained for a century. The union, the
c(im|)leto consolidation of the countries, dales from
IToT. At that lime the iiopiilation was I.(l.')0,(Hill.
It is now aliout three tiinestliat amount. 'I'lieirrcat
vice of the people is dm like ill less. The ratio of
iUciritimacy is also (.'xcciilioiially large. In the eigh-
teenth century vagalioiidago was something appall-
ing, ''tramps" heiiig the curse of the country ; liut
with good laws came industry and thrift. .\t home
and aliroad, especially ahroad. the Scotch liave
show 11 reinarkalile ahiliiy in tlu- priideni- maiuige-
mciil of great iiusiness enterprises.
It only remains to speak of the lileralure of the
Scolcli people, which, a.: already iihserved. is a part of
i'inglish literal lire.
'i'lie supreme name in Scottish literature is IJohert
lluriis, whose works liavi' well heeii calle(l "■ The
SoiiLis of the People." lie toiuihed and won the
heart as no other singer ever did. l''or the most
part, he followed the (laclici/.ed I'lnglish of the eoin-
iiioii people ill his own country. His genius lifted a
form of s[ieccli from llie level of provincialism to
the loflv eminence of a classic. I'ersoiiallv the vic-
millKUT illllSS,
lini of misfortune, his life darkene(l liy poverty and
misery, ho is now in the enjoyment of a most envla-
hle posthumous fame. Munis was liorii in IT.")'.! and
survived until l','M.
His life was iinsjK'ak-
ahly sad. The son
of a liumlilc peasant
of .Vyrshire. his early
advantages were e.x-
ceeilingly meager.
'I'hroiigh life he had
a liai'il struggle with
|ioverty. He died
with the shadow of
the jail for dehtors
on his heart. His soiuowhat voluminous corresjnm-
deiico siiows him to liavo Iteeii a master of c.\(iuisito
prose. It has liccii said that Shakspeare gave us tho
Mihlo of secular literature and ^'.uriis its hymn-hook.
Sir Walter Scott is the
seuond great name in Scot-
tish literature. Munis eiii-
ployeil the provincialisms
of his country in his songs,
while Scott wrote the pure /
JMiglish. hilt in liotli his /
poetry and his novels he
showed himself to he a
loyal Scotchman. He was
horn ill liTl and died in -m waitkk mutt.
ls:(v>. He was t'diicati'd at Kdinliurgh university.
Ho was raised to the peerage in IS-.'o ju recognition
of his literary services. In the domain of the his-
tci'ical novel he has never heeii c(|iialed.
Scotland can hoasi.
great eminence in met-
aphysics. The plii-
h sopluM's Hume, Kci
and Hamilton were
Scoiclimeii. Mill Ihc
greatest of Scotland's
suns, after Miiriis and
Sci tl, was Thomas
Carlyle. clitic and his-
torian. In him areseon
the strength and acute- rii.niA- ..mhvik.
iiess which characteriztM he nation. He was horn in
1 Til") and dit'i! in ISSO. Hespent many years in Lon-
don. Iiiit never ceaseil to lie a thoroiiirh Scoicliman.
SiT'ATlIlN, AlIKA. KoADS AND I'llOIUCTS (IF IIIKI.AS1>~St. PaTHKK — liANIlIIAIIK ANIl I.ITKHATI'liK
— ('DINTIKS ami I'ltllVINCKS- IllISII I.INKN — KncIMSII lil.I.B IS IllKIAND— TllK llATTI.K OK TllK
ItdVSK— DaNIKI. O'CdNNKI. AM> I'aU\K! I. — liKVOI.lTION AN1> ItKKOIlM- KjlKiKATION KIKIM IllK
l.ANl> AND iMMKlllATION TO A.MKIilCA— IllISll I, AND I.AW-IUISII CITIES— KdITATION IN IllK-
I.ASD— KMJIKT AND " TllK V XITKI) I|II»11MKN " — KKNIAN IlllOTIlElill01>D— TUE LaSI) LEAUITK
AND TllK KnOI.IBII CoNSTITITION.
IIEKil is no iiioro fortilo
land boiieiitli Iho sun than
Ireland, known to the llo-
niiius as Ilihernia, to tlio
Celts as Erin, or Scotia. Its
urea i-; only .'U.S74 si|iian'
niiles,or,
ineliul-
the
n earl y
two hun-
f^ 3-i,r>3i.
The Irish Sea sc'parates
it from England, with
St. (ieorgeV channel be-
tween it, and Scotland.
The soil is too moist, tiie
rainfall too almndant for
grain raising;- lo tiie liesi, advaiitajje. The hoirs of
the low lands are a i)rominent feature of tiie island,
but grass grows luxuriautly, and (ho yield of pota-
toes is enormous. The only dangerin the case of the
latter is that the wet soil will breed decay, or the seeds
of it, liefoH' the crop can be secured. Flax is a i)r(Ml-
uct for wiiich the country is well adapti'd. These
three, grass, jxitatoes and ilax, have Ijeeu |)eculiarly
siguilicaiil ill making Irish history, as will appear
presently
Irisii history can hard-
ly be said to extend far-
tiier back lliau the llftii
tjntury wiien ("iiristian-
ity was introduced. Be-
fore that time tlie barliar-
ic triljes of the island were
almost unknown, or if
kr' <wn, little regarded.
The conversion of tlie
island was undertaken by
St. I'atrick, who is its
jiatron saint. He was a
Frenchman according to
some, a Scotchniiiu ac-
cording to otiicrs. Taken
captive in war. he was
sold into Ireland where he remained six years. Dur-
ing that time he seems to have conceived a strong
interest in the people, for some twenty years after
(.3«7)
f :
i ) I ■ ? i
^r!f
li-
li
tl ■; :(
4!" ; I
:-M ■
3.SS
Il<i;i.A.M) AND 'lllp; IKISll.
loiiviii'' llicrt! lit! icIiiriK!
il
its a iiiissiiiiiai'v III' I III'
(•rii>s, .s|niiiiliiii; liver lliirly years iu liis lioly w(irk.
Dales iiro (ilisciire, hilt all l.liis was eerliiiiily in llio
lil'ili eeiiiurv, iniilialiiy in llioc^arly pari, tif it. His
(Icaili is lixod fur Mareli iTt.li, with wide varialioiis
ill I lie yi!ar, iiiid tJiat, day is (il>serveil liy I lie Irisli
[RNijile as sacred lit Ids ineiiuiry. Ciuiriised as is tlie
l»ii'L,'ra|iliy uF tiiis man, I here are extant, two uiidmilil-
ediy j;emiiiie |iriiilucl inns ol' his |ien, llie eliief heiiiLC
iiis '• (jiinressiun,"' wherein ho alVurds an iiileresliiiLj
view of his tliooli)gicalti|iiniiins. Ciirionsly, nonuiir
I he diiLCinas jieeiiliar In Iliiinanisni, as cuniiiarod with
I'riilesianlisni. liiid a place in St. I'airiek's ('onPes-
sion. An alisiiril I radii inn al-
Iriliiilt's Id ids niirariildiis |iuw-
er I lie lianislinieni, rrnni the isl-
and of tiiads and snakes. \\ liat-
ever else he did ur Taili'd to tin,
ho surely siiecetMled mosl, re-
niarkalily in his niissiun as a
Clirisiiaii iiriiiiaLTandist.
Tiio iiriudnal laiiLrna::'' nl' ire-
land was (laelic, imw sjiokeii,
willi sdine \ arialimis, in llu'.
ili'lirides and llii^lilands nf
Scui laml, in llie Isle of .Man,
tiiid in siiine seelinns uf Ireland.
Thrreare almnl, Idii.ooo (d' the
|)eip|ile wliii speak nni liin;^ idse,
and many mure wlinspeak Imlli
il.aiid l''.ii:;lisli. Tliere is asniall
hiidy (if lileratnre in tliis laiij^'iiau'e. Iml. il, is devdid
(if mneh iiierii. The Irishim^n wlio havo excelled as
unlhurs liavt' used tlio Eiiu;lish lanj^iiaue. 'riiomas
MiKiro and the hisldrian liCcky may he iiitMilioned
a-< Irislnneii who lia\e eiirichod litoraiui'o.
Tho island is dividoil inti) Ihirty-lwn euiinties and
llic four |irnvinces of Jji'inslcr, Mnnsier, ConiKuijjjhl,
and risicr. Tlie latter is in l,lie north and larijelv
t line suni.hi^rn Intluiid displayud niimirkuhlu apLitudo
for this liraneli of skilled iahor, and if events had
iKa^ii allowed to tiiku their normal
eoitr
so, Irish I ill-
i
TIIK TOWKH. Dl'IlI.IN CASTI.i:.
selllcil I
dcsccni.
1
Til
roie-iiaiit-
manv of ihoin <if Scotch
c relations of landlord
d I
enaiii. ar(^
rci^nlalcd in lliat province liy just, cnstoins liaviii;,^
I lie lorce 01
'I'hcr
d
(MS nomimnu' nt any conse(|iience 111
Trelii
i'M would hiivu made that island rich gind eonti-ntud.
The policy of the Urilish ;,'overmiKint was protoetivo
to one .seotion and prohiliilory to aiiotliur. Onco
Hii<r|and imporli'il its linen from that part <if
the island. Heavy export dutit's ruined tho hiisi-
iiess whiu'e tho ]ieoplo were Catholics, while I'rot-
estaiiL Uelfast was exempt from this reslriclioii.
This imjiisbdisoriininat ion o.xtonded fn-iii jfi'.t'.i to
lS"iS, wIk'Ii ils ohject had heen completely cITeoled.
Irish linen thus alFtn-ds a strikiiiLT instaiict! of 'n'l'i
seel ional and s(!ctarian iniipiity.
-:'~'.^W^ l''riiin the ei;4lilli to ihccIeN-
tMilli e(!iiliiiy was the period of
Ireland's ^rreatest com[iarative
ci\ ili/.ation. Dnrinjf that pe-
riod it was more advanced in
learning' and culture than V.i\-
j,dand,and certainly not inferior
■^! to any part, of thecontinentex-
cept .Moorish S|iain. Colleges
nourished anil tiie arts were
carried to a lii,!.;li degree of per-
fection. Ill education and re-
ligion it was independent, pro-
gressive and [inienlial. The
church of li'oine lu'caino jealous
of t he Irish church and insti-
gated Henry II. of Mnglaiid to
make a war of suhjugalion upon tho smaller hut inoro
advanced island. Tho Irish were not united under a
strong central government. On the contrary, they
were divided into petty kingdoms having no secure
hond of union. 'J'his fae! facilitated ciMuiuest. Hen-
ry made his raids iu II T:i. Kmni that tinio to the
present Kugland lias claimed Irisli allegiance.
Soinotimes the yoke would he thrown olT hrii'lly, hut
only (o he made all tin; 7n(iR' galling. The most
iiiomorahle struggle hctwi'i'u o
was
Battle of ih
jijircssor and ojipressed
,nc, fouijiit .lulv 1, Kl'.MI.
The Catholii
if Irelan
(1 liail espoiisei
1 M
10 cause o
iiid vcrv 111 I le nianulacluriiii
Hast PI 11 us
(leal ol
MS am
I 11
laKC:
arire ijuanlilu
if
;rcat
hut
that oiice-lluurishing industrv wiis crushed to ileatl
dames II. after his e\pulsioii and the eoronalion of
William and Marv, and that halt le was tl
10
resiil
Tho anniversary of the victory aehievod hy the Cr-
aiiLremen on that occasion is still ohserved iu some
her I
art?
Ireland hv the British irnvoniment,
in the interest of i'rotostant maiuifacturers. \t
one
secta-
sections as a day of rejoicing and occasion ol
rian riot. XmiKsroiis have boon tlio aitempts of tl
— fj
r ii
u'y
I re
('11-
tlu)
U'C.
hill
(ist,
SS0.1
;',!((.
(if
1 dl'
<ult,
1
(M--
ollIC
ctil-
llio
1
— * —
~~i>j
'V
k
IKI'LAM) AM) 'J'lli: IRISH.
3«y
Irish, even in l;iU;r liiiios, t.o iiihi(!V(^ iiidi^iKMiilciico,
lh(! iiiMirliv(! I'Vuiiiui iiprisiii;^ hciii;,'' iho liisL iiriiuMl
I'clH-Mioii ii<;aiiist, Krilisii iiiilliority. The more im-
iMirliiiit (Iclails
liirii^ (iiiih'sl in |)iirlijiiiioiii;, it wik"* (liseslulihsluMJ and
(liscndowcd, and tin; (MKhtwrnenl, isxcciit, iis used for
iinnnitics, vt-M doditttihMl to odiictitiontil iind otiicr
_ scciiliir [iiir-
lacls in Ihis rc-
iiAvA iia\(' hccii
;rivi'ii in |irc-
vidiis cliaiilcrs,
'rh(';^r('al(!st,
(pf liisli |ia-
ti'iols was I).in-
icl ( ('(Jiinncil.
hc-
ic was a 11
iiHiiKMial ora-
hir. till! sii-
|irciii(' ai^ila-
liPf. "Xu IVMl-
hiliiiii is worlli
cini' drii[i III'
hlocid " was iiis
Mini III.
\ I
(Jdll-
licrd (if till'
rmilii
Vol arin-
Thal. rcronii
was 111)1 salin-
h(pw-
orv,
I'aci
OMT, wilCI-CIHi-
(III il |IIIW(
rfiil
iiHivciiiciil was
11 a u ''lira
led
fi
ni's('(iirinj,M'(!-
rorniiii ihi'tcn-
iiniiif land and
the I'L'lal inns nf
hnidioi'd and
tenant.
I
uaiicr III
ivsistaiici'
\r sought. In suiiirc hy iiarhaiiKMilary jirocoss
tlic
nil
wit
Mr. I'ariii'il, a
larLjeland nwii-
LT and I'rotcst-
aii( who lias
sliipwn hiinscir
to h(! il gieat (irL'ani/.(.!r, |iarliaiii('iitariaii and dc-
hiitcr. Uol'orm within tiic (jon.stitutioii is Ins aim
inovcini
'I'hi'
Li I is
lit is
rriicali'il III
liuatiuii of Irisii Ljri(!vaiices. His cITorts woro not
limit iniich success, Many infamous lawn were 1 and scope. 'I'lio proseut ministry and jiarlianieiit
have hccn
ahiiosl, ali-
Korhi n ix^y
0(;c 11 p ied
with this
ci)n~ci|iiencc
of his iiirila-
tinii. The
latest and
Inr-
niHlanU; rc-
hcllion oc-
curred ill
IT'.is, anil
ra;.''ed I'nr
I no yeai's.
When sup-
pressed the
Irisli I'ar-
liament at
Huiijecl.aiid
the refiirin-
crs have rea-
son to tak(^
heart, there
heini,' solium
chance that
the Irish
iiniv vet lie
ilaiud
il noil
itical
Dulilin wiis iiholishod, and now Indaiid is represent^'d
in the Mritish Parliaint'iit.
l{y I'iir the f,n-eiiter part of the jKipuIation of Inv
laud is Catholic; hut until IHii'.t the Kpiscopiil
clnircli was the state oln.rch. In that vear. after a
1"
and indiistriid e(|iiiility with l,he F,ii<j;lisli and Scotch,
iilthoiiudi niiich remains to he doiii^
The statistics of Irish iiopulatioii are very reniark-
ahl(\ In K5() the population wius a triile over ".'.ndO.
t)(M), and in sixtv veiirs it lacked onlv a trille of three
^Fhi ■*"
> ' .B'.
- ( ." •
fi
•t^
\\v
X :
iiil'-^
.:)ii;
:i!;
390
IKliLANI) AM) TIIIC IRISH.
tiiiii's iliiit immljur; by LSJl it, was onlt ^.(MMl.(l(Ml.
Hcl'iiri' aiiiiilii'i' ti'iisiis. cuiiii' (lie t(trriblr ruiiiiiu',
wlicii llnmsaiiils ■'■'•li of ,<tni'v:itiiiii, ami \,i>lly inure
soiiirlil iclirf in ciiiiLrra! inii lo lliis cuiiiili'v. siiinc to
Kiii:laii(l. It is csliiiiati'il llial, over ■.'.ndd.oiio caiiu'
to America Im'Iwcom 1 III' years IS'il ami IS':;, and
that lliere luv. more Irisli. iiiciinliii:.' tlieir eiiiliireii,
in tlu! I'liiu'il Slates ihaii in li'elainl. 'i'liere are
tertaiiils more in New ^'llrlv City than in |)\il)lin.
The I'.ULrlish iuul tlio lamllurds ilo not reirret this
loss of iiopulation, for they iirofer cattio and sheep
I that reasoiialile men annms them exiiecled, or even
demanded, down to the year heloic its j)assa;.'e. It.
>eeiires to all teinmts throu>:hout the sisier i-land the
rlLilil of free sale foi' whieh I'lsier was wont lo he
<'n\ ieil. It jrives them thi' |iri\ ilcL'o of iretlini: ihc
• fair rent,' of their hoi.linLrs lixecl i)y the oonrt, and
of ohtainin:,' wiiat is in fai't a sialnlory.or lease for
lifteen yeai's, renewable at the end of the term. It
extends the authority of the tribunal created to ad-
nunister the new law over eontriu:t8 of the most .sol-
emn and .striiiirent eharaetcr, so that leaseholders
:f^
:^^*te;
a^fe*- .:<*-%■
SflW-
g&^.^ji^
%est!!>-^J
,-Vt'^^^'
I,OXT)0\DERUY.
to men and women ; butter and beef, wool and mut-
ton, to ])otatoes. In this eountiy the iiulustrious
citizen, irresjHJctive of nationality, is a jiubliu bene-
factor, whatever iiis employment. That the Irish
imniijjrrant is welcome here and the Irish emiirrant
l)idden jrodsjKjed there, is a difl'en'iice larwly due
to ditferent economical condirions and eircumsianees
of nature.
The r>ond;jn Times thus lirietly sums up the Irish
land bill, which became a law in Aupist, ISSl, after
one of the nnist memorable of parliamentary struir-
jrles, exteniUnij: over seven months:
" It gives the tenant farmers all, and more than all
may not be excluded from the henolits of the iiill.
It jireatlv eidari^es the opportunities for the creation
of [leasant projirietory with the aid of judilie funds.''
The chief cities of Ireland are Dublin, IJelfast,
Cork, Limerick, Londonderry and (^)ucensti)wn. The
river LilTey, ilowiiiLr tlirouirh Dulilin. divides it iido
! two nearlv eipial parts. The population is about
•i.')0,(l()0. The former capitol of Ireland, situateil
there, is now used as a hank huildinir. Belfast. 1(M)
miles north of Dublin, is the chief city of the Prot-
estant jiortion of the island. It has nearly :.'tMi,(i(Mt
iidiabitiuits, very few of them lieiiig IJomanists.
Linoii nnmnfactories were cstahlished there as earlv
n
■iitiDii
luls.'-
fust,
Tlio
illtn
iitxmt,
iited
, l(tn
I'rui-
O.OOII
1 lists,
early '
i
■_,
-» i
'r
)\^^\
I 1
f
w
w-m
IKI'.KANM) AM) 'rHK lUISH.
^9^
us KiUT. It is still the cuiili-r of lri.>li U'xtmil
niiiniifiii'tiircs. (Joik is iiliiiosi \vl. '\ ('ialii)lic;. aiiil
its iiiiimifiutun's iiro i^htss ami otiier minor staples.
It iH Rituatud I'M niilussDiithwust of Diiiilin and lias
an L'xuulliMit liarl)or. Linicrick liii,s iliu Inmor of he-
in;; tlio last (ilucu to surrcndiT to Wiliinni III., in
l)!'J4, on wliiult occiisioii it seiiirod irnpiirlant con-
cessions fov the Catliolies wiliiin its limits. It is tiio
chief city of .Munstor. Loiulomlcrry, like Meifast, is
in the n(;rth of Ireland, and an important center of
Protestant inlhiencu. It was once a fortified town.
Very many of the {Mjoplo are of Scotch descent.
Trinity Collc:,'c, Diihlin, is the principal university
of Ireland. It was founded in V\'iO, hut it feH into
decay, until revived by (^ucen Klizahelli in ].")'.i:!.
Ilcr successor, James I., {.^ranted it representation in
parliament, and munilicent endowments. It is a
very rich institution and its rank is with the best
universities of Europe. Anioiif^ its graduates arc
numbered Swift, (ioldsinith, Hurke, Herkeley and
Sheiidan. (Queen's colle;(es,C()rk,(}alway and Belfast,
arc somewhat imiK)rtant centers of liberal and j)ro-
fessional education ; but not a.s well known as May-
nootli College. The latter is designed for the ediu'a-
tion of priests. It has provision for about live hun-
dred students. It was founded in IT!*."). It has a state
endowment and is the only state endowment of any
kind in Ireland for the bcnelit of Itoman Catholics.
In Irish alTcction no mime hits a more tender
place than Ilobert Emmet, born iu 1780. 1 was
!i leader of the United Irishmen, a great organiza-
tion, having for its oiiject the liberation of their na-
tive country from British rule. In 1803 he and his
associates were engaged in an uprising which was
premature, to say the leiwt of it. Young Kmmci
was arrested, tried, ti,iivi(;lril ami exi'cutcd. His
speech in his own defense on the trial is a very re-
markable piec(> of eloi|ucni'e. His sad fate inspircil
the muse of Thonnis .Moore, whose" Irish melodies"
give v<ti(!e to Irish patriotism.
The latest formidai)le and avowed orgaiii/ation in
favor of Irish nationality is, or was (fur thi' society
seems to Ijc a tiling of the past), the l^'cniaii l$roih-
erhoiKl. In medieval and legendary Iicl.ind there was
a triljo by tin- name of Finns or Einians, The mod-
ern society of the name was started in ls."i'.i, in both
America 11 Srcat Britain. It held a " Congress "
at Chicagt, m 18ti;i. That first gathering attracted
much attention. Another, held at Cincinnati two
years later, was more inipoitant. It rcia-escnted a
constituency of 8(),0()u, and seriously threatened
trouble. The next year two military companies of
I'enians cro.ssed from the rnited States to Canada,
to strike ut England through the New Dominion,
The raid was abortive and inglorious. Several I'c-
nian riots occurred in (ireat Britain iluring 18(;7, but
they accomplished nothing directly, but indirectly
they ^^rOllght a great w<irk for Ireland, impres.s-
iug ii]ion parliament the necessity of Irish reform.
In that jHiint of view the Fenian Brothcriiood de-
serves much credit.
The ijanil Ijcague is a radically dilferent organi-
zation. It aims at British reforms within the limi-
tations of the British constitution, rather than the
dissidution of the union. It has secured very nnicii
through the land bill and the reiuljustmcnt of rents
thereunder, and it is still a tremendous power in Ire-
land and the British [jarlianiout.
v1^
, ,>|.;
it
,.iN- r
4^
M
;u:.'
■ 'lit'-'- ■'V ;■ 1
■'ill':-!:!);.-
.'I ■ ! ';•
KXTKNT OP CaNAIiA— C'KNsrs UkTIHS-i UK IKHI — KnciI.IHII Dl^lllVKIlY OP f'.\NAI)A— FitKNCII SkT-
TI.KMKNT or CaNAHA— Al AlllA AMI TlIK .\(AmAN»—( 11.11 KllAMK IN "N'KW KllASI K "— CIIAM-
ri.AIN AM) 111!* I'ol.lr-Y — lllllTIKII Policy IS (ANAIIA — TlIK Peih-ktiation op Xatioxai. TyI'KH
AND Ol.l) WoUl.ll I'llKJIIlllKS— TlIK Canaiiian Imiianb — Mamtoha — IIidson IIay ANII TUB
llriisoN Hay ('ojm'any— I'oi.itk ai, SY!'TKM op Canaiia— Viktiai. Isdei-endknce— HucirBoc-
ITT— TlIK ClTlKI op t'ANAUA — KDICATION — HaIMIOAIIS— IMUIIAOOB AND TUK KsqUIllAUX.
v^^
NTIL the year ISTT tlio
torm Ciiiiiulii iipiilifd siin-
l)ly to ii tract of country
soiiio 1,400 iiiilos loiiir and
from ^00 to 400 iiiilcH wide,
just uorlli of the I'niled
States, divided into Viukt
and Lower Canada, and
^hfm forniinj; tiie U^tter, l)ut hy no means tiie
\-iBf, lar;j:er, part of liritisii America, and now
'RrI known as tlie jirovinces of Ontario and
(Jueliec. ^ut the term now lias a mucli
wider in" .>rt. Wliat were so hinjj; tiio
distinct jirovinces of the Atlantic coast,
«j^-!3J' Nova Scot ill, 2sew Brunswick, Prince
J^^^ Edward's Island and Xewfoundland,
T"' are now included, also ]{ritish Colum-
hia, Maiiitoha, Fjahrailor, the Hudson J5ay re^don, in
line, " the whole hoimdless continent" north of the
United States, except Alaska, reaching to the North
Pole and from ocean to ocean, forinerlv known as
British America. 'i'he comidcte consolidation of
the JJominion was not elTected until 1ST-.', Prince
Edward's Island heing the last province to join the
confederation. The total area of the Dominion is
ahoiit ;$.'")00.()00 s(|uare miles.
Tiie Canadian census of 1881 may Iw summed up
in its more ini|)ortanL features tints: (J80,4!)8 are tlio
ligures for the total increase during the last decade
immediately preceding the enumeration, and tiie to-
tal pojndatiou is now 4,;3.")0,r>;3IJ. Tlieiniiahitants of
Ontario now numlicr l,!»i;5,4()0; of Quel)ec, l,;jr)8,-
4i!'.i; of Nova Scotia, 440,.')8;"j ; of New Brunswick,
:!-21.1ti!t. Tiie populatiim of Prince Edward's Isl-
an<l is lOT.rsi, and of Manitoha 49,500. British
Columliia and the territories are estimated at 100,-
000. As compared with the census of 18T1 Oatario
shows the largest increase, the iKjrcentago being
18.0.!). Queliee, 14.0tJ, Nova Scotia, l.'3.01. New Bruns-
wick, 12.44 and Prince Edward's Island, 14.C:].
It was in the sfiring of 141*7 that J>/iin Cabot, a
foreign mcrciiant of Bristol, England, set sail witli
a ileet of live vessels on a voyage of discovery in tlio
new world. Henry VII. commi.ssioncd iiim. His
son, Sei)astian Cabot, I'ommanded one of the ves.sels.
They reached the Newfoundland coast in June,
and were the lirst l''nglisliineii to behold America.
They returned to l'",iiirland almost immediately. No
settlement was etiected. 'i'wo years later tiie younger
Cabot conducted a second expedition across the
Atlantic, liut this time came to anchor in tiie (iulf
of Mexico instead of the (iulf of St. Lawrence.
(394)
* — »l
limed up
!)8 lire the
st dociido
111 the tu-
bitanls of
c, i,:k.s,-
ruiiswiuk,
ivnVs Isl-
. liritish
at 100,-
1 Ontario
igo bcinj,'
e\v liruns-
4.g:5.
Cabot, a
sail willi
ery in tlio
liiii. llii^
10 vossols.
ill June,
America.
ately. Xo
10 youii,!j;er
icross tbo
tbe (iulf
Lawrence.
i
^ *
TICK DOMINION OT t'ANADA.
39.S
Thu (jaliolH lU'coiiipiiHlu'd imtliiti^', iN'yoiid liiu din-
Doiuiiiatioii of Now-World knowlcdgo.
Tiio llrst [tract ieiil dlHoovery of (Jainula occiirrod
ill i'"):!!. .lac-
«liios Cartior, u j /
French iiavi-
},'ator, rcachoil
tiio moiitb of
tlio St. Law-
ivmr, and as-
cended tlial
lordly river as
far as llio sito
of Montreal. It
was two years
lieforo ('artier
relurned to
I'Vai
ice.
Prior
totliat limellu^
New Koiind-
laiid lisliorics
liail teiiiiiied
tiie Ficneli,
Kurdish, SpMiiisli and I'orluj^iieso across the Allandc,
but, (Jartier was tbe llrst pernianeiil settler. Ho
broii^rbt t(t tlioso shores a very considerable colony
from the west of
{•'ranee, men in
whoso veins there
coursed tbe blood
of the old Norman
rovers and robbers.
A little prior to
(Jartior's explora-
tions a Froncii fleet
had sailed alonjjf
the American con-
tinent from Florida
to Canada,dubl)inf;
it; " New France,"
but doing nothing
to really justify the
apiiellation. The
first French settlers
had for their main
object trade in furs
and fish. Gradually they formed jiermanent settlo-
nients, near the coast and along the St Lawrence.
One of the primitive settlements of " New France"'
was .Vcjulia, or .Nova Scothi, Now Krunsvrick, and
a part of .Miiine. The llrst .\cadian Hottlement was
in Itioi. Its eloso proximity to the llsliery banks
rendereil it
cspi'tially im-
portant. In
111;! Frame
ceded Aradia
to Kni;!and.
The jieoplo
resolutely re-
fused to take
the oiilli of ill-
le^'iance to tlu*
Fiiirlisbernwn.
'riieie Were
eiglili'on tli(Mi-
sand ,,l" liieiu,
and the rutli-
less band ul'
Uritisli power
removed them,
in many cases
separating families. The melancholy fate of the
Acadians furnislu'd and suggested I^ongt'ellow's
great and substantially historical jiocm of •• Kvaii-
geline."
TIic French of
Canada bt'lmig to
the old ri'ginii!. the
France which pre-
ceded the Hoviiiii-
tion. They are and
always have Iteon
singularly out of
all sympathy with
their fatherland of
the l:',st century,
and jtrido them-
selves upon their
coiiser vatis 111.
They arc profound-
ly religious and as
orthodox as a c(d-
logo of cardinals.
They have no share
in tiic wor' wrought for tlio French people by Did-
erot and Voltaire, Rousseau and Daiiton, theCyclo-
])ediu and the mn» ciihlle. They have remained
^
m
,. :t : i
'■ ■ i
; i
i '
■ 1 M
l f.
I' 'I ■::." ■
ii
i!
Hi-
39^'
THIC DOMINION' OK CANADA.
as lu'Mfly .stiitjoiiiiry us possililc, and show no si^nis
of iiiu'asiiK'ss ill a siltiiiu; poslmc. As conlradif-
lorv as it may sound, it is none tiu' liss inu', that
old l"'raiici' is lo Ik' found only in " New l^'nuici'."
auniui,' a pfoiilc who l^l'l liicir anccstiMl iiomcs hf-
foi'c I ill' Ifcnaissaiirc.
SiTond lo Cariicr was Chaniplain, in wJiosc
lionor I.al>i' Ciianiplain was iianu'd. lie cann' to
thisfouMtn in Itio;!. Ili^ aim was moiv to fouml
11 slaio than to I'stahiisii a t.radiuir-post. In IddSiii'
laid llie In ndations of (^)u('li('c. Tlu' jiohtv of
Ciianiplain was lo found an rinpiiv hv convcrtiiii;',
(■i\ iii/.io;: .iiid sulMluini: tiic Indians, railuT ihan by
liiiildiiiL: up a piiiciy Fn'iich colony. 'I'lic colo-
nists wiTc to In' lay missionaries, insiruincntal in
clcvatiiiLj tlic alioriiriucs of the New World, niucli
as the hariiarians of NoiMli'in i'luropc had hccii
transforiiH'd hy intt'icoursc witli civilize! jieojilos.
Hut he dill not kn iw the iincliani:ealde savagery of
tlie Indian. Many 'veiv t'lirist iani/.ed, and for the
most part friendly felalions Inive always Ik'imi main-
tained lietween llu' races; hut tiie distinctive ideiiof
SamiR'l Chainplaiii. asof .lohii Mlioi, proved a llatr
failure.
From llu' days of Champlaiii dates the real pros-
lK,>rity (if ("aiii'da. Tlie white popiilaliiui increased
with coiisideraiili' rapidity. Uy I lie year 11 "I'.i, wlu'ii
llie whole country passed into Mn^'Iish control and
the I'^rench \\:\ix was furled, the l'"rcucli iiopulalion
numliered ahoiM ('p"i,(i(i(i souls. There has Ih'cii no
increase since hv iminii^ration, and a L;reat nianv of
the l'"reiicli Canadians have einiurated and are enii-
j^fatin^- to the railed States, ihe ■•States." as they
call it.
'I'lie sad fate of .\eadia was not, sha vd by the
Canatiiiinsof half a century later. On the eoiilTiiry.
the l-'rench took the oath of alleijiance in good
faith i'l'd the l'',nj:lisli adopted a very conciliatory
jiolicy. 'They respected the riiihts and indnlirod the
lirel'erences of tJie coni|uered people to an uiiprece-
deiiled dej^ree. Tliev were allowed to rclain their
peciiliiirities of lanuuauc, ri'lijfion, and to a laruc
extent, lavrs. To this day Canada is governed upon
a dual jilaii which fosters the maintenance of tlu^
{•"rciicli population as a distinct pari of the people.
I'hc |jr,'<iiit l''reiicli population of Canada is soine-
tliiim' over one million, and the toleration of the
Mritish crown, tojj.-et,|ier with the radical ehi'inies in
I'Vaiice, have ileveloped in those ]ieople a
ovallv
to the imperial jrovorninoiit second only to thiiLof
the Kussian peasantry.
The irreal. hulk of the present jiopuhitiou of
C!anada is divided lielvveen the I''reiu'h, Irish, Scotch
and Imi^HsIi. with a few (iermans in tlu) lurjrer
towns, Alonu' the I'liilcd States border aro si'al-
tt'red some desccndanls of the Tories of tlu^ Ui'Volu-
lionarv War. It may be rcniarUed that the tlilTcrent.
elements of the population, whatever their nation-
ality, inaintain their national peculiarities more te-
naciously then' than anywhere else. l"'orexample,
I he U.illie of till- lioyiie is fought over with disrep-
iitabli? freiiueiicy between the Catholic Irish and
the Craiip'ineii upon Canadian soil. Mor is it an
unctinimon tliinLr to liml .settlemontsof Scotch lliijli-
landers where (i.iclii^ only is spoken and the Kny;lish
i.iuirnairi' is iin niil;nown toiiLjiio,
Theie are about l(H),()(l(> Indians in Canada, not
iuchidiiiij; Ihe Fscpiimanx of llii^ far north. .Many
of these aboriL^ines are on reservations, and all of
them a If peaceable. Nocomplaints of Indian wars
and '• riiiijs" are made. The larjier jiart of these
savages ari; to be found in British Cohnnbiii and the
far north, where llu're is aniplo game. Those upon
rescrv ations are making some progress in the arts
of civ ili/.ation.
The older |iart of Canada is ailapted to and de-
voted to iniscellancoiis farming, but .Maiiitirtia, the
h'cd Wiver region of the north ami center, is pecul-
iarly suited to wheat growing. It resembles Min-
nesota which it jiuns. That far-reaching tract of
country in the very heart of the coiiliiieiil, under
propi'r I'ultivalion and with transportation facililies,
might furnish breail to the whole world, if iicet'ssarv.
Tho great, ililliciilly of course is transportation. .V
railroad across the continenl on Canadian soil has
been projected, and strong hopes of its ciuislruclion
anM'nIertaincd. .V railroad to Iludsou'sUay has
been contemplated —one could hardly say [irojeeted.
The province of Manitoba was purchased by TIkmiuis
Itoiiudas, h'.arl of Si'lkirk, from the Hudson Mav
Company in ISIO, The '• Hed Kivr Selllemeut,"
of I'embiua, was ciVected under his lordship's aus|M-
ccs, a <'olonv of Iligldanders eslablisliing theinselves
I here. It was not, at all nourishing. ,\t last the
Xorthern I'acilic railroad c;iuk' near enough lo fur-
nish an on I let for I he wheat ('ro)) and an era of some
prosperity was inaugurated.
Hudson's Hav has been well described as " a <'iT:ii,
^r
,) tlliltof
Litioii tif
h, Si'iUvli
i(> Ki'volii-
• (lilT('i-('titi
■ir iiatiini-
s iimrt' Ic-
IM'Xlllllllll',
itli ilisivp-
Irisli ;ni(l
ir is it iiii
)tclilii,i;l>-
110 Enf,'lisli
lUiula. iitit
111. Many
and all of
inlian wars
rt. (if liu'so
)ia anil I ho
'htiso niHiu
in till' arts
VJL
) and do-
tiTl.a. tho
, is lu'ciil-
I.U's Min-
racl (if
111, nndor
facilities,
iii'i'i'ssan.
at ion. .V
1 soil has
list rnct ion
; Hay has
projci'li'il.
)V Thomas
Ison Hay
llcnuMit."
ii|)"s aiispi-
liu'iiisclvi's
I last, llio
1^1 1 to fnr-
vaof sonio
IS " a i^roia
?r^
1 »^
TUl'. DOMINION OK C'AN.\n.\.
397
landloi'ki'il soa." It. is ,S(i() niilos in IimiltIIi rroiii
iiorlh lo south and tiUO iiiilcs in widi li. lovcriiii,'
an area of :Utl),(llHi si|iiarc iiiilcs. llndsoa's Siniii,
is ils ontli'l to the Allanlir. Il is icclionnd in win-
tor and roiiilorotl soniowhal. daiiui'rons liv lloaliiiij;
iro in siiininor. 'I'iio idi'a of roaohiiii; llio soaiioard
from Maiiiloha liy that, route is wholly I'liimorii'al.
Tlio lliidson's May ('om|)any was tho last, of tin'
j^roat. MrilislM'oimnorcial moiiojiolios. It, was char-
torod in liiTO hy Cinirlos 11., and it; did not. siirroiidor
it.s [lowors and riuhls to tho orown until i|uito ro-
ooiitly. 'I'lio act. of parlianioiit anthori/.in^:; thosiir-
rcndor and providiiiLT tliorofor, was. passed in KStiS.
Tho transfor
Wiis |H'rfoct-
od in IS 10,
just, two coii-
tiirios aftor
its corporato
creation. It.
traded iiiaiii-
ly in furs,
(iradiial'y it
spread its
area of fraf-
lioaiidoslal)-
lishod t ra-
il ill i;;-!) OS t s
from ocean
to ocean. Jts
profits wore
nor moiis.
So too wore
itslieni^titsto
l-lio world, for it set in operation a slii|K'ndous
inochanism hy which the savages of tho iiorlhern
portioiiof North .Vmerica wore iiidiicoij to harvesl.tho
fur crop of that part of the contiiiont for the com-
fort ami health of tiio civili^;ed world
i'AUl,iAMi:N"r iini'sK. urr.wtA.
pardoning; power, and thai is ahont all. .\ttlio ]iros-
enl. •inio llio position is tilled hy the Man|iiis of
lioriie, eldesi son of the DnUeof Ai'LTylo and siMi-in-
law of (^)iieon \'icl,oria. He is a worthy j^'ontlomaii
and i^ives satisfaction, alliioiii^jh. porhajis, not ipiite
as popular as his immediate [iredocossor. Lord l)iif-
feriii. The constitution of the dominion, adopted
ill ISt'l, detines the relative fnuetions of thcLreiicral
and the local u-overnmeiu ■. The former has juris-
diction of criminal law, incliidin,^ tho ponitentiaries ;
liankrnptcy procoodiii^s ; marriaL;'o and divorce;
natiirah/.alioii of aliens: Indians and their reserva-
tions, and, ill line, all 'natters not.oxprossly assigned
to the pro-
viiu'ial loijis-
latures, ro-
vorsitiij;, on
this latter
point, the
policy of the
conslitut ion
(d' the I'ni-
ted Slates.
r ro vincial
leuisiat nres
are rest riot-
ed to strictly
local mat-
ters. The
jiiduos in
Canada hold
oilico during
{jooil behav-
ior, and tluf
(M)iirts ooiisist of the local trilninals and ;i Su-
preme (.!oiirl and (loiirt of l''Acliei|uer .it Ottawa.
There is no |oii;;-ei' anv coiisidcraiile desii'c on the
part of Caiiad;' to lie free from Miiiiland. nor yet to
lie annexed to the I'liileil Slates. The prcscnl sys-
riie poliiical svsteni of Canada is soniewlial com- tem of uioveinment seems to meel I he popular \ lews
]ilicatcd. The fellers of colonial de|K'ndeiice are
si III pi V liracelels, worn for orminienl. The home l;iiv-
ernnieiit aiijioinl
il dill
pp:
ij:o\ eriior-ii'ener
il wl
lose iirinci-
1'
les consist III the mainleiiaiice ol a niinialiire
coiirl at the cajiilal, (Ittawa, for llie diversion of the
ii'ood people t herealioiits. The actual authority of
}j:ovcriiiiient is divided lietweeii the dominion parlia-
meul. and the iiarliaments of the iinn iiu
That
It ini-
riLMiroliead, the (Jovernor-Oeneral, has the
admiralilv. The existence of vexalious larilV re-
sliictions niion commerce ;icioss iheli<irder is a nin-
tiia
I sour
ee ol rc'''n
1. lint so 1
oiiLT as I he inlerc<t ot
this ri'iiulilic rc(|uires protect ive or re\cuue duties,
the.sc restrict ions would appear to ji(> iiie\ iiahlc. At
least there is no indication that, a reciprociiy t real \
will lie entered upon lielueeii lliii liiited States and
Ctiniida.
tj)nclii'c is a i|n;iiiil old town with w.illsiiiid liattle-
C
M
i
■1
!!.'
:ilii'^k
n
:i;^M,
i
Q »-
39«
TIIIO DOMINKiN OK CANADA.
IIICIII
ami sirccis wliicli aro iiicrc laiit's ami alley.-
!•"(•«• cities of iMii'iipeare as sujj^gustivo of tlie nii'dieval
aire as (Jiieliee.
'eal IS a
Moiili
tliril'lv port, aii-
iiiii'alil\' siliiateil
at the eoiillu-
eliee of 1 he I !ver'
aii'l ,irulf of ^t.
Lawreiire. It is
t he iiat iiral heail
of thai ehaiii <:f
lake Ma\ iitalioii
wllicli extends i
fr<iiii till' upper
waters of t he Su-
perior ami links
toLrel''er |)u-
lulh..Milu'ailk
( 'liieau'o.
)iiaiiy lini^ laiildin^s, fiui niosf. ii<)tui)le Iteinj; liie
rniviTsity of Toroiilo. It w;is iit lHr)7Mmt lliusuat,
of j^'overnniont
was roiiioved to
tlio interior town
of()ttiiwa,\v]ii(:h
lias reniaineil
till! oa[)ital ever
since. St. -lolin's
ill New i?runs-
wiciv and St.
.loiiiiV in New-
foundland aru
liotli very eon-
sideralili! ports.
S<i is Halifax,
.Nova S<'iitia.
Ilainillon and
•'■.'•» V ■,-;-/.''1'i1k-l
)e-
t loit, ( lexrland.
T.dedo. r.ulValo.
< >SUeL!ip,< lu'dell:--
Iiiii-l;- and .Mon-
t real. It was for-
rlv Ih
tal ol
Can
lioml
mion
ari'
11 o 11 r 1 s 111 n I
towns in On
tario.
In t
le matter
A
ornndahle not dispersed parhaiiu
nt ill iSC.) ami
burnt down ihecapitol. It was not reliiiilt. The
capital was
removed to
T o r o n i o
duriiiLT the
next
vears
theii
of eiliication a
pulili(! school
system prevails
wherever the
population is deii.<e enoiiirli to admit of it, with the
exception of the I'rovini'O t)f t^uehee. The l''rench
1W(
lo t^m
iiec lor lour
rniito IS on
t he shoi'i! n\
Lake Unta-
rioand is I he
pro V iiieial
capital of
t he iiiovince
oi'onlo.
Whelir
•I"
lail I a lis
Cai
are not to lie ■
hired to de-
slructiiui hv
s p e 1 11 n LC -
lio(d<s. The
priests hold
llrnily to the
eiiildren.diid
e aro f u 1 ly
train them
up in ignor-
ance and the
Caiechisni.
Spi'ak inj,'
of the rail-
roads of tlio
e o u II I r V ,
or Western Canada was disrinci from Lowct or
Kastern Canada. Toronto was the capital. It has
Krederiek .Martin says, "The Doniiuioii of Canada
hail a network <d" railwavsof a t,otal leiiirth of l,7u\
t
■it ":,i"
I-
iKittcr
1)11 11
<cli()'>l
'ovails
tlic
h III.'
rciifli
1 i:i IIS
, tn 111' ■
) dr-
M liy
n <j; -
'I'll.'
hold
u tlic
l,<llnl
II 1 1 y
llii'iii
i(ir-
d {\w
ISlll.
ill ''
• niil-
.f Lho
t r V ,
illlildil
k
_
-« —
— &
V
;«
THIC DOMINION Ol' CANADA.
399
iiiilii.s lit tho Olid of Juno, ISlS. 'riiorc wvw ;il. tiio
sumo jioriod linos of a total liMiglli of l,lt'.l<) niilos in
ooursc of constniction, ami li,(K)0 inilos inoro iiad
liocu siirvoyod, and conoossions grantod liy lin^ gov-
orninon*'. Partly iiutliidoil in tiio latter class is a
railway oroHsing the wholo of tiio doininion, from
liio Atlantio to till' I'aritic, to tho roust niol ion of
which tho British govornniont couLriijiitos a grant,
ainilios ti) an aroa of ahoiit TiOOjOOO S(|iiai'o milos
north of Hudson May, tho iiomo of liio Ksiiuiinan.x.
This liranoh of tho family of Aniorioaii aiioriginos,
found at tho oxtromo north on hotii tho Atlantio
and till' I'acilic coast, aro thought, to lio tho ooniu'ct-
ing link botwooii tho Indian and tho Mongolians
nionlioncil in a sni-cooding cliajitor on tho Ciiiuoso
Km]iir('. 'I'lioy aro short, tiiick, muscular and stupid,
in
Si
ST. .lOHN'S, N. 1!.
tho form of a irnarantocd loan of «!-.',r)00,0(Mi.
nco tliO torni Ganaiia. in its fullest sonso, oxtonds
till' North I'olo. this cha|iti'r may doso with some
count- of lialirador and tho i'!si|iiimaux.
iiiilirador moans "araiiio laml." It. is as groat a
isnoinor as tho iianio (iroonland. A distinct ooun-
liy that nanio in tho valloy oi' tho Saguor.oy, and
ovinoo of (^uoiioo. is inhaiiitcd liy a low l'"rcnoli
uiadiaus who Ihrivo by liisliing. I^ahnulor itropor
cx[iort only in lishing or hunting. Thoy aro siip-
[loscd to numlior alioiit ."i(»,(t(io. including those found
in (iri'i'iiland and Alaska. Their domestic animal
is the dog. and their principal I'nod is the hlulilier of
tho wliali', walrus or seal. Their color is a light
lirown. Origiiiallv the were alinosi wludly destitute
of religious si'iisiliilities. C!liristian missionaries, .Mo-
ravian and Danish Lntheraii, havi' done somethiiig
ill tho lino of thoir oouvcrsion to Uhristiauity.
y— 50
V-v- K
')■
' It
V M
'-!.!'
J ii
r !
ciiaptp:r lxvi.
I.Mi'F.niAi, India — Tin; IIiktii ri.Ai e up the Akvan Hack— Ancient Riins— Ai.exandeii in India —
I'DHTrr.rEs'E and Din ii iNDiA-liuniMi Kxpilsion op the NETiiEni.AMiEit'' -The I'nENcn
IN India— LoKi) C'i.ive and Slha.iau 1)(i\vi,ah— Waiuien IlASTiMis— Loud C'ounwai.i.is— Se-
I'OY MUTIXV AND ITS KeSILTS — VR EliOYS (IP THE C'liOWN— "OWEN MEUEDITH "' AND LoIU)
liiroN— The Mdiin. Kai'iitE— Henahes the Hci.y City— Sanskiht and the Possibilitibs
or the FiTiiiE.
&.
a
ir'^*URIX(i tlio i)roiiiiursliip
of the liito Lord Ik'iicoii.s-
fielil tlie (^iiecii of Eu-
gliiml aililcd to liLT ritli's
tlmt of l''.iiiiirc.ss of India.
Tliat Cduntry, soinotinies
called Iliiuhistaii, is in-
deed an empire, containinix as it does no
4'*
lessUian;2r)l),U00,-
(KK) jieiiple, not
savages eitlur,
liut the inlieritoi's
of a s])lendid ei\ -
iiization, cflete, it
is true, but not
■\vliolly lost and
wash'il. In jioj)-
ulation tills iiu-
jiiro at its Ijest. With the Himalaya mountaius on
the north, and the Indian Ocean on the south, it is
a land by itself, rich in resources and under a high
state of cultivation in many parts. Such a country
contributes greatly to the wealth of England, both
by its imports and its exports, furnishing the raw
material and consuming tiie manufactured article,
all to an extent whicii may fairly entitle India to the
designation of the
backbone of Brit-
ish prosjKjrity.
By a careful
c o ni p a r a t i v e
study of lan-
guages it has been
ascertained that
the present groat
nations of the
world came, for
tlie most part,
from tlie Aryan
race, which can
be traced to In-
dia. The Hrah-
niin, the Urcek,
the Koman, the
perial possession is doul)le that of tiio Ifomaii cm- t Englishman, the German, the Yankee, all belong
(400)
m
[itu\
he
irit-
ireful
i Y e
laii-
beeu
tluit
groat,
the
f..f
part,
Lryan
fan
In-
"l^rali-
irt'ek,
the
oloiig
>:i
A" — ^
URITISH INDIA.
403
9 >
to tlio saino stock. IJiiL the cunnt'utioii is too re-
mote and o1)S(;ure to be traceil in tliis volmiie. Itis
eiiougli for our purpose to follow the footprints of
historical ilevcl-
oitniont.
India is splon-
(liil, yet mournful
in ruins. Fallen
temples and de-
caying pagodas
attest a past which
is sealed from the
vision of history.
Eventually their
mysteries may be
explored and the
gold of facts sep-
arated from the
dross of fiction.
Xow those mon-
imicntal ruins are
surrounded by the
wall of mystery.
The first ap-
ix;arance of India
in history dates
from B. C. 337,
when Alexander
the Great attemp-
ted its con<|uost.
Ilis intrepid army
was ilushed with
victory over the
Persians, and eag-
er for " more
worlds to con-
quer." India was
little more to the
Greeks than a
vague rumor, a
fabulous land of
wealth and lux-
>iry, a voritahle
Eldorado. But
the nuirch itself k.nci.ish i.ii'
was exhaustive. The Ganges was his goal, and 110 I
serious Imman ol)staik' iiii[)i'ded his course; but
the beat of the country uii'lti'd the heroism of the
bravo Greeks, and the sand choked their eiiter[>rise.
The intrejjid and dauntless Alexander sjwnt two
years in the country including the time spent in the
march thither and back, returiung without a por-
_^^____^ mancnt foothold.
fM^^r:'. -^ The invasion wiis
not wholly fruit-
less, however,
(ireek culture ac-
(juired some tul-
vantaije from con-
tact with what
may probably bo
set down us the
oklcst of all ex-
tant or known
civilizations. But
no vital connec-
tion was formed
between the two,
and India soon
<lr(ii)ped out of
the great world
with which an-
cient history has
to do, leaving be-
hind hurdly a
single landmark
or trace of i.ny
kind.
The first Euro-
pean, after Alex-
ander, to pene-
trate to India and
establish relations
witii it was the en-
terprising Vasco
da Gama, who^o
ex2)loits were told
in connection with
Portugal. For a
century the Por-
tuguese enjoyed a
monopoly of ori-
ental commorce,
1: I.N INDIA. and then came the
Dutch to wrest it from ti.eni in great measure.
During the .soventeeth century Antwerp, Amster-
dam and other commercial cities grew rich in the
Indian trallic. The Dutch Ea^t India Company
f^'H
c i.
sC
-13! i'
■i' . •■*,-(!
:•:■ \m
1 t i;,
i :.
1 f !
^
404
HUITISH INDIA.
was formed in lt)02. 'I'lic Knirlisli were not slow in
trying to yain a Tooting, and liiu Dntcli, wiio liad
succeeded in eclipsing tlie I'oiliiguesc. found a for-
midable rival in the Hritisli. That rivalry was sharp
and bloody iinii! HlMt. when the acccssidii of Wil-
liam of Orange to I he Knglish throne lirought coni-
jiarative peace.
Before that, time the union jack of Kngland had
successfully delied the 1 )utch hroDUi in Indian waters,
and Lord C'live had laiil lirmly and hroaillvl he foun-
dations of British Jndi.i 'i'lie decisive blow was
.struck in ITo.s. But it was during the period when
Huroi)e was the theater of almost constant warfare,
from ITiSl to IS 11, that England succeeded in expell-
iug the Dutch from India. Even .lava, afterwards
restored, w;is wresteil from the IlnUanders. By
the last census returns the Dutch |)cipuhu,iou in In-
dia ])rui)er had dwindled tn se\enly-lwo. .Many
hou.scs and some canals remain to testify that the
Netlierlanders once possessed the land, or the .sea
rather, but they tiiemselves have gone. When Ad-
miral Duncan, of the liritish navy, ahnosl annihi-
lated the Dutch licet olf Camperdown, on the
eleventh of OcIoIkt, 17'JT, that was the virtual end
of Dutch East India.
The East India Company, chartered by the En-
glish parliament in HiOO, may lie said to have be-
gun England's connccliou with Indian atfairs. It
took about aeentury to dispossess the national rivals
already mentioned. A third rival was Erauce. To
the Eronch belongs the dubious lionor (d' origina-
ting the policy of employing native soldiers mider
foreign cttieers, to i:on(|Ucr the country. They wen^
called Sepalis, or Se|ioys. England soon adojtted
the same policy. About the nuddlo of the eigh-
teenth century the Indian rivalry of the two nations
was very sharp. For a time it seemed that the En-
glish were to have meted out to them the same
judgment that had been awarded to the Portuguese
and Dutch. The honor of arresting the progress of
the French and linally insuring British supremacy,
belongs to Uoiiert Clive, afterwards ' ord Clive. lie
entered the service of the Company as a clerk. He
never enjoyed the advantages of a military or lib-
eral education. His llrst exploit was the recapture
from the French of the city of Arcot, having at
conummd only odO men. He held the city against
a besieging army of 10,000 natives. Duplei.x, the
French governor, was held in check and defeated in
several engagements. .V decisive batlU^ was fought
June :.*;5, n">T, on the lieM of I'lassey. Clive had
l,OtH) Knglish and -.'.(Mmi Sepoy troops, and wiihlhat
handful he defeated the unlive X'ieeroy of Uengal,
who was the ally of I he l'"rench, Surajah Dowlah, at
the head of (■.,".,(i(io
men. That great
victory shaticretl
tlie l'"rcnch rule
and broke the pow-
er of the \'ieeroy.
The French rapid-
ly dwindled away,
iiut iliil not aban-
don nil hojie of re-
gaining lust ground
until in isol their
expulsion was com-
pleted. The linal
outcome id' the Na-
[loleonie campaii:n sih.v.iaii n()\vi,.\n.
maile assurance doubly sure. In the battle of Wa-
terloo the last remnant of Indian hope for France
disappcart'd forever.
lionl Clive was sonielhiiig more than a brave sol-
dier. He was ihe first (iovernoi'-( Jeneral of the
coiinlry. His adminisiration of affairs was oidy for
the period of two vears, but during that time he
I succeeded in crushing out all European rivalry and
in imiking highly iinjiortaiit inroads u|)on native
rule. The N'iceroy .Surajah Dowlah was a jiowerfiil
prince, but he was destroyed. He it was who in
IT.JTtook ('alciitta from the Enulish and crowded
l.")0 of the prisimers taken into the dungeon rendered
famous as the '• Hlack Hole of Calcutta." .\11 ex-
cept twenty of ihe numiier died the first night of
sulTocation. But his cruelly was trivial and mild
as compared to the I'elentless desiMitism of Clive,
whose jiolicy was to terrorize the Hindoos into sub-
jection.
In ['tV-i the British East India Company under-
went some changes, and the notorious Warren Hast-
ings was appoiiiieil (iovernor-tieneral. He pursued
the policy of Lord Clive. 'i'o cruelty was ailded
ra})acity of the most I'avenous so7't. The corpora-
tion whicii they served was a commercial cu'ganiza-
lion and judged everything from the standjioint of
revcniH' only. \'ast fortunes were accumulated by
private individuals in their employ, and expenditures
if;
I.'
;■:
, I
HKITISIC INDIA.
407
for |)oiisi(iiifi, liril)t's iiiiil sultsidics wore iiiiineiisi! ;
l)iit HO loiiff UK Uio ('oiin»any roufivi'il till) lion's Hliiiro
ill not protits iilnisos woro iiiioliockcd. Hut piililic
sontiinoiit was at last arousod. Warroii Ilastiui^s
was iiiiiKjaiiiiMl by itarlianionl. 1 1 is trial was uiioof
tlio most iiioniorahlo in all liistory. It callud out
tlio oliK[iion((^ of Hurku ami olliors. Hastings was
accjuittoJ liy llio [twrn boforo wiioni lie «as tried, Init
oonviutod by tho court of inibliu o[iinioii, whiuh also
sat in judgment upon Ids case. Tiie result was a ref-
ornuition in Indian affairs. Under the load of Wil-
liam Pitt, parliumont in 1784 made a radical chango
in the politii^al systom of India. Hitherto tho Com-
pany had been alwolute and desj)otie, but heneoforth
a board nf control was to have suiKjrvisory j)ower.
It was not un-
til I808 t!iat
tho govern-
ment took up-
on itseii' lurgit-
ly tho nnuiagc-
mcnt of tho
country, doing
away with tho
G o vo r n ors-
(leneral be-
holden to acor-
poration, and
substituting
for thoi.i
Viceroy- of the crown. Thore wore twenty (iover-
n(M-s-(icneral during tiie ninety-three yeans of Com-
])any rule. Earl Cainung being the last. Among
tliesc was Lord Coriiwallis. After his inglorious
career in America, ui)on Indian soil he achieved sub-
stantial victories which sliowod that his surrender at
Yorktown was not tiie cowardice of a jioltroon, but
the wisdom of one who bowed to tiio inevitalile. The
Mar(|uis of Wellosloy, or Duke of AVellington, was
another of the governors and soldiers who preserved
and extended British rule in India.
The East India Company, which ranks as tho
most gigantii! monopoly of all history, received its
death-blow from tho Seiniy Mutiny. Tho first out-
break occurred May Id, lSr)7. It sjiread like wild-
lire over the country, the central jioints being Cawn-
poro, Lucknow and Delhi. The Europeans in the
former were slaughtered, men, women and children ;
in tho latter they held out until relief cumc. Delhi
was in the hands of tiie Sc|)oys from tlio first, and
the fall of thatcily was fatal to the mutiny. Strong
was the provocation of the mutinoers, and not in
vain was the bloiMlshed in the struggle. From sub-
jection to a soulless corporation to the rule of an
empire whicii is based largely upon reganl for the
welfare of the [n^jple was a most beneficent revolu-
tion. During that war (ii'iieral llavelock becaino
famous as tiie ideal Christian soldier. The utter
inability of the natives to coiie witii the English wiw
so fully shown, ami the British policy so far reform-
ed, that since the fall of Delhi there has lieou no in-
surrection, nor any serious manifestations of disaf-
fection.
Under Boaconsfiold tiie vicoroyship was held by
iiord Lyttoii,
son of Bulwor
E. Lytton, the
novelist. His
ruk'wasdevoid
of .special in-
terest. It must
be lulmitted
that as '•( )wen
Moredit li,"
author of I.u-
nlk', he won
far more hon-
or than he did
or could as
Viceroy. Mr. (Shulstone apirointed as his successor
Lord Uipon, one of the framers of the 'i'reaty of
W ashington, which settled the " Alabama claims."
WitlKuit going into wearisome details, it may be
added that tho present British jiolicy is to allow the
native population to bo governed in accordance with
their own system of laws and nietliods ot justice, so
far as such liberty may be indulged without endan-
gering English supremacy. In that ray can the
interests of the British publi(! be best conserved and
imtmoted.
Having traced tho course of events in India from
the standpoint of foreign intervention, sliowing the
relations of that country to tiie rest of the world, it
will bo f)f interest t^i ascertain its liistory from an
indejiendont standpoint.
Tho great Hindoo epic, Ramatiana, not niaptly
called "The Iliad of the East," is supposed to be at
least throe thousand years old ; but its statomoiits
51
'il'(
"I'l
■I-;''.' . '
mm
ijiisjli;:;
^ii
si-i
7
40H
HKiriSH INDIA.
iiro .xt'lf-cviiioiil lii'tioii, for lliti iiiomI jmrl, 'I'lu' lirsl.
kiii^'dntii of Imliii witliia the mii^'u of iiutliuiiliuliis-
Imit was till- ,M(i;.Mil I'liiipirc. Mcii.'iil is a iiirni|iti<m
III' al)iiii'viatioii of .M(iiii.'iil. 'I'lic il\ ii;isl\ was fdiiiiikMl
by Hal)oriii l"i'i'i,a (K'scuiidaiituii liis ninihcr's side of
lliat ;riviit 'rai'tiir, 'raiiu'rlaiic. Tlii'sc .Mi>;,mI ('iii|icr-
ors, liflc'i'ii 111 iiiiiiilici', WOK,' all .Mi(liaiiiiniMlaiis.
Tiicy were liertv warriors and Icrrililo higols. Tlifir
/cal I'cir Islam was imly ciiiialcil In tliuir slakdcss
lliirsl .''or idiiiiilor. They rava;,^'d India ami gatliuivil
tho ricii spiils of ilic iiinrc civili/ed l»ut less warliko
"hcallii'ii niiiiid almiit." Tliu enipiri' was at its
lii'iulit ill llio last, hair of I ho sovoiitooiilh ct'iiliiry.
Delhi was tho
capital. The
1-', 11 ro |io aiis,
wlioihorl'orlii-
^ucso, Dutch,
l''roii(li or 1mi-
glish, avoidod
foiuiict with
tlio jrroat Mo-
uiil. 'riio;.M-oat
S('j)()yrol)ollioii
was ahotlcd by
iSaiiadiir, tho
oiiiiKTor at.
Dolhi. Tho
I'lnpiro iiad ai-
re ai'y been
{."■reatly woak-
eiiod hy sehisin
and dissoii-
(ioiis, and that Sopoy alliaiii'C was fatal. 'I'he
iMiL'iish shot his sons and jrrandson, and trans-
ported the ein|peror hinisolf to Hurinali wliere he
dicil. 'riuis with the close of the Sepoy rebellion
the MoLrul Hinpiro disappeared, and has since shown
no synptonis of life.
Ill 1818 the total railway iniloaj^e in India was
S.til."». 'riiere had boon expended in the construe-
tioii and ei|uipnieiit of these railroads over !?")( 10.000,-
(101). The poiuilation of British India, classiliod
according to religion, is Brahinans, 140.000. 000 ;
Mohaiiiiiiedaiis, lO.OOO.OOO; Buddhists, li.ooo.ooo ;
Christians, itoo.ooo ; various forms of aboriginal be-
lief, (i,()OO.OU0. In Soutlicrn India the missionaries
have met with some success. Buddhism is a reformed
sustaining much tho
esus
or later IJrftliminisin, Buddha
saniu relation to Brah'aa a» •)edU8 Ciirist does to
.lehovaii in our religion. The total fidlowing of
Bii'ldba at llic prcsoiii dav in British Imlia i
s con-
lin
to the
Bun
licse possessions.
India iias smeral splendid cities, ctMilers of trade
and wealt li.tho most no i able of thoe lieiiig t he seliloni
because far inland, Benares. It is upon tl
\ isilcij
10
BunniiA.
hanks of tho (ianges. The Brali mans regard it. with
:aeied veneration. It is the chief seat of Indian
education. It contains some gpluudiJ niosijues uiul
temples. It has a population of about •J.'iO.OOO.
A glance at the Sanskrit language and literature,
and we take
leave of India.
In the study
of languages
as a science,
the Sanskrit is
the most help-
ful. It cea.sed
to be spoken
so many cen-
turies ago that
its death is
sliroiided in
iniiiktlietrablo
mystery. The
sacred books
of the Brah-
mins are ^ '
served 'roin
vulgar knowl-
edge by being entoynljcd in a dead tongue. This
religious literature is enormous in volume, and
I'oniains soiiii! remarkaiily line productions. Jlax
Mailer hiw iilaced a very considerable knowledge
of this literature within tho reach of English read-
ers, and made the terms Vedas and Puranas some-
what familiar. Religion and iihilosojihy not only,
but the sciences, are discussed at great length in these
ancient tomes. Kvidently, the Hindus in their best
estate were a highly intellectual jieople, and it is not
at all imjirobable that with the aid of this Sanskrit
literature the scholarship of the future will be able to
trace the .stream of civilization, by a broad and un-
mistakable channel, and not by mere conjecture, to
its verv fountain-head.
'.C
?T?S
Au.
■trublo
V. Tho
hooks
Hrah-
V ^ ''
Toin
<uo\vl-
rhis
and
;Max
h n'lid-
,somc-
\ ()i\ly,
u these
loir l)Ost
it is not
anskrit
e abk' to
mil nn-
ture. to
Murrisii INDIA.
409
i^mi'
Hi:-
m
,1 t
r
ivj
•vjt
ri--
m
im
ii
\i£'->
t
m
w-
ii;
M
mn
^5
yfetl^^tSSMSMtltMtSSi^^
^r
Ik AUSTRALASIA, f f
-^IS^^yti:
.6^,
■wfifiHiMifiiidfiH
■« 11 liiiui I U* ■'•i'ii«a«'iiiti«i«li«i« I ii«« •'•■■«« ■•'■■^••« I iMii'ii'iliiai ■>•>•'•■'• I •itiiiili'i •'•■■«'■•'• 1 1
CHAPTER LXVII.
GENEnAL OfTI.OOK— KacU ('l)l.(INV SKrAllATKl.V roNSIDKnEIl— N'KW SoIITH WaI.KS— VaN DiEMAN'S
Land, oh Tasmania— South Aistuai.ia— Vutouia — New Zealand — Queensland — Westkhn
Australia — Austiialasian iNDKi'ENDKNtK.
K"
'MKRICA is cilled the now
world, and Australasiii
might well bo called tiie
newest world, and }iositively
the last. Tliis giolie has
been thoroiijihly explored,
and no continent '•" conti-
niMital island remains to \k\
diseovereil. The surface of the wiy)le
earth is now within the compass of hu-
man knowledge. Hetweeii the southeast-
ern shore of Asia and the western coast
of America stretch nnuiy small islands
and some targe ones, the more im-
portant of these bung tht\;roup called
.Vustralasia, with an area of H,4".ir),(.)0()
square miles and a population of almut ri,00(),()()()-
This portion of the Hritisli Empire (for sueii it is)
has seven natural and political divisions. It is pro-
posed in this exi'Cptionally long cliaptcr t<> iiresent
li>e more interesting fads in regard to eacli colony
in tlieir projjcr order.
New Soutli W ales, as it is now railed, was discux-
ered hy Captain Cook, in IT'd, and eighteen years
lalcr.a convict coionv was I'slalilishcd at Kolany hay.
Tiie countrv was so iK'aulifui, thair Cooksugoestcd a
name reminding the rciwlerof a choice garden, or silt
for villiis ; and the Mritish liovernment had no liigher
conception of the discovery than that it might serve
as a dojM)t, whereon the mother country could dis-
charge the criminality that she wa.s slowly ascer-
taining could not all lie put to deaih. There was
no realization that a country so desiraldo deserved
a worti'ier population, or that asci'tion of the [n'oplo
at home that trcini)led on the verge of paujierism.
but had not been tainted by crime, had rights to an
tusylum in the new paradise. The urgent need was
a corral for jirisoners, and Hotany Ray would serve.
Tiie tirst shipment consisted of .")(io \ ale prisoners
and W^l fcnudcs, condemned to banislmu'nt fur life.
They were accompanied by sutlicieid. nii'/"ry to
guard against an otherwise [lossiblc outbreak, an<l
the civil staff to i«lnuinster tiie affairs of the settle-
ment. I''ree settlers were not encouragi'd. Their
presence luiglit iiave inti'rfcred witli discipline.
There were free colonists, but they were people that
could be relied on as aids ii. any oni'ii/r; and they
were favored with convict labor to any extent dc-
siri'd in prosecuting tlieir jicrsonai euteriirises.
Tiu! area given up In the crimiaiil classes ami their
custodians was ani|iie, including all that is now
Soiiili Australia, \'ictiiri;i and (^)iiccnsiand, !is well
as the colony of lu'w South Wales; and yet within
lifti'cn years another conv'ct setilenuMit was estab-
lished in Van Diemen's i;and. The country was noir
overstocked, but the island prescnicd advantages,
• ', ■'.
i .
(4^1)
- . i>
I. N- .'
"'i
It '
mm
ip;
\\
n^
1 '■•'»''•■
l^'A'r
i 1
KB
i.ut
ife;
'Is;?
-^
412
AUSTRALASIA.
whicli could not be so easily secured 011 tiie iiuiin-
land. Tiio latter settlenieut was a deiK'udeucy of
the former, prisoners being transferred from one
colony to the otiier, as well as siiipiicHl direct to Van
Diemen's land from Great Britain. For ten years
from 1803, ..o free colonists were perTiiitted in tiie
new settlement. Tiie island was a prison and noth-
ing more. Jiut in 18i;j the (lesirai)ility of free set-
tlers, as part of a reformatory system, led to the
home government offering grants of land to fami-
lies possessing capital, aiul prison lalxir without
charge, as inducements tc^ take up their abode in the
colonies. There was little diHiculty in procuring
limited emigration, as tiie climate in each case was
good, in the Ciise of Van Diemen's Land esiwcially,
and the soil could hardly ix) too highly i)raised. It
was not until men arrived in the colonies tlnit the
heinoHsness of the system became apparent. It was
hardly possible for imagination to present a pic-
ture of sucii conditions of life as were lealized by
the colonists after their acclimation.
Prisoners on their arrival in tiie colony, after the
system was in full Ijloom, were housed in dejtots,
waiting to be selected by free settlers. Sometimes
the relatives of a criminal reached the colony before
him, selected land, and were ready to take him as
their assigned servant, so tiiat in liis case transpor-
tation was no punishment ; but ill the majority of
instances jirisoiu'rs, men or women, taken as assigned
ser^'ants, were treated worse liiaii slaves, as tiie mas-
ter generally spoken of as tiie ''cove" iiad no inter-
est in i)i'eserving tiie ser\ant as a piece of property.
If twenty were worn out. otlier twenty could be pro-
cured to take tlieir jilaces, witii no more trouble
than sending an application, or calling to select from
the next slii})ment. Usually the convicts were of
the worst type, sinu't of meriting capital i>uuish-
ment; and if there were any redeeming features in
men or woiiieu. when first jilaccd on the vessel for
transportation, four to six nioiiths' life on shipboard,
exposed to the conlaniinatiug itiiluence of convict
opiiii(jn, seldom failed to produce an inverted
scheme of lite bi'fore the end of the voyage. Some
on each sliij) were as nearly demons as could be
found on earth, and they were idoli/cd.
The assigned servant was usually at the mercy of
men very little sujierior in educaticui or morals, as
the better classes in (ireat Britain shunned the con-
vict colonies, and if they must needs emigrate, found
homes in Caniula or in the United States, rather
tluin expose their families to the degrading associa-
tions of jienal settlements.
Servants who had offended their masters were
sent to the stijiendiary magistrate with a sealed let-
ter, specifying the number of strijies they were to
receive, and on that wa'Tanty without inquiry the
prisoner was handed to the flagellator to be flogged
as i)er mandate. After the punishment they were
sent back to the emiiloyer knowing insubordination
would lie still more severely castigated. Wrongs of
that class rankling in natures naturally brutal, re-
sulted in conspiracies and murder, and then the
fiends, goaded to desperatit)n, betook themselves to
the unsettled country, called " the bush," to subsist
as bushrangers by spoliation until they were hunted
down like wild beasts with the aid of native track-
ers and bloodhounds to lead the military and po-
lice to their lairs. Prisoners brought in after bush-
ranging were hanged or sent to Norfolk Island, or
attached to chain-gangs, compelletl to work on the
roiuls or piiblic works, having manacles to drag that
rendered their escajie inipossiljle.
Norfolk Island was a deeper pandemonium at-
tached to Van Diemen's Land from 1825 to 18")"),
to which the worst criminals were sent as the last
resort this side the gallows. The island is on the
Pacific, about five miles long, by little more than
two miles broad ; and in that limited area, Dante
might have gathered many uuiniagincil tortures for
the completion of the agonies of the damned.
This abhorrent system continued in New South
Wales until 1840, and in Van Diemen's Land until
\H^)^.^, after which no new shipments were sent
from Great Britain to the colonies named. Queens-
land was also first settled by convicts in 18'^5,
the country being then known as MoretonBay ; but
that region was thrown open to free settlement in
184 J, and in 1S4IJ there were only 2,"-3r)T inhabitants
in the settlement, including i'ree and felon. West-
ern Australia is the only settlement in Australasia,
that is still cursed with the convict system, and its
continuance there is due to the petitions of the in-
habitants, addressed to the mother country, setting
fortii thin the free settlers are jirecluded by the re-
})ule of the colony from obtaining free labor, anil
must be ruined if denied the aid of prisoners in tiio
prosecution of their enterprises. T'lider such rejirc-
sentations the colony is allowed 200 prisoners per
5C
to
tlR'
mil
anto
for
outli
ntil
so lit
Lvns-
liiit
lit ill
tiUltS
'est-
ln^ia,
11(1 its
w iii-
?ttiiii?
10 ro-
iiiiil
11 tlio
•0 pro-
sier
:^
Q »^
t
AUSTRALASIA.
413
year, under protest from tlie other colonies, and tlic
total population is only "^(j,!!)!], including 1,T0U pris-
oners. Western Australia was first settled in 1829,
and dcveloixjd slowl}-.
The total population of Botany Bay in 1788 was
1,030, of which number T57 were life prisoners, the
remainder being guards, military government offi-
cials, and the multitudious hangers-on that always
surround the fleshpots in Egypt, or elsewhere. The
free jiopulatiou increased to ao,0:i9 in forty years,
and tlie convicts then numbered 15,(309, of which
total 1,513 were females. The growth yf New South
't\ ales was slow until the incubus of transportation
was removed in 1840, and in the year following that
rent, there was an addition of :iU,-^Oii to the popu-
lation. The decade following tiie discontinuance
saw an advance to 205,503 ; but at that time the
district of Port Philip wtU5 agitating for separation,
and in the following year its desire was granted by
its erection into the colony of Victoria.
Gold was discovered on several occasions in Now
South Wales before its discovery in California, but
the free settlers were of the opinion tiiat its exploi-
tation would unsettle labor, and for that reason the
auriferous wealth of the country was belittled, so
that hardly any person understood the significance
of " the find." The great geologist, Sir Frederick
Murchison, addressing the (ieographical Society of
London in 1845, announced the probability of ex-
tensive gold-fields being opened in Australia ; but it
is only fair to mention that the i>rocious metal had
been then recently found near tiie Mac([uarie river,
following up in a desultory way previous "finds" in
1829. The colony of Xew South Wales appointed a
geologist in 1850, and about the same time a work-
ing miner in California, impressed with the similarity
of the two countries, determined to return to the col-
ony to search for a payable gold-field. Mr. Ilargravos
was fortunate in his investigations, as we find him in
May, 1851, established at Ophir, near Bathurst, New
South Wales, leading a party of minors whose oper-
ations sj)eedily made that country the cynosure of
all eyes. The surrounding colonics were largely de-
pleted of their young and vigorous men by the rush
toward Bathurst. Every vessel that put into an
Australian jiort was immediutely deserted, unless
the commander hail the wisdom to aiinouiice the
ship to sail for Sydney ; in that event lie could man
and load in a few oays and procure any rates lie
thought fit to ask for freight. Port Jackson, the
port of Sydney, was the busiest spot in Austra-
lasia as long as the colony enjoyed the monopoly
of gold discoveries ; but the other members of the
group hiul long been playing at hide-and-seek with
treasure, and Victoria ollerod a reward to any per-
son who might oiicn a payalilo gold-field in its terri-
tory. Later in 1851, discoverios in Buninyong at-
tracted attention to Victoria, and since that date it
has become well understood that the whole of the
continent is auriferous. The colony of New South
Wales in its first year of gold production raised
*2,341,080 worth, and in the following year over
^13,500,000. Subsi;quently the returns were larger,
although never to exceed *15,000.000, and that
amount included gold received at the niiiit from
other colonies for conversion into coin and bars-
In four years from the establishment of Victoria
as a sejiarate colony, New i^outli Wales had passed
the highest point previously reached in iiopiilation,
continuing to grow ra[)idly until the year 1S59, wlien
the constitution of Queensland, as a seiiarate govorn-
nient, reduced the aggregate from 342,000 to 330,-
000 in round numbers. The areas nominally gov-
erned, in the colony, as o;iginally dofineil, were "all
territory from Cajie York in the parallel of 10° 37'
south latitude, to South Cape in latitude 43° 29'
south, including the islands in the Pacific within
this latitude, and inland to the westward as far as
the 135tli meridian of east longitude." could not be
even approximately adininistcred by the otllcial
stall available, and, in fact, the older colony did not
attempt any such feat of statecraft. The process
consisted mainly in drawing from the outlying por-
tions the means to pay for the physical iniiirovomeiit
of the governing center.
South Australia was cut off from the first colony
in 1830, in the days of penal settlements, but that
segregation did not seriously affect the total of [lop-
ulation. The area of New South Wales at present
is 310,938 scjuare miles. Its greatest length being
900 miles, with an average breadth of aliout 500.
On the north is the colony of Queensland; on the
south Victoria ; on the west South Australia, and
on the oast the Pacific Ocean. The population of
the country, according to the latest returns, pub-
lished in 1880 by the autliorities in Sydney, gave an
aggregate of 734,282 persons ; the increase of tho
last year having been about 40,000.
Mjl
^^1
I I
m
..■.';[Ni:;t-
Cr..L' ,
'i.r
ip
■. I,
in
U:l\'
v:\
^ '> — -
4H
AUSTRAI.ASIA.
I'litil IS.")") govorrnnont avus by incatis of ;i iioiiii-
1100 council, or loyi.sliUiiro, to whii'li tlio iiioinljers of
tlic atliiiinistrution were fttlinittod. »■.'■ o///'/') ; after
lliiit liiiio. ruspoiisihlo i,'ovoriiiiioiit, was iiiaiigiiratod.
'I'lic parliamoiil of two liousos iiiiitatos [^onls and
t'oiiiiuons, and llio governor represents tlie lirst es-
tate. All money bills must Ijo initiated in tlie low-
er house, on a message fron: the vit-eroy, and such
legislaiion may 1)0 rojooted /// /o/o, hut cannot be
amended by the upiier house. The 15ritisli tiieory
of rule l)y three estates is in fact earrii'd out in the
practice of the whole group of Aut:tralian colonies,
except the colony of Western Australia, and the in-
formation now given will serve in all the cases indi-
cated, the ditferences being trivial.
The council consists of twenty-one or more nomi-
nees aj)i)ointed by the (;ro\vn, as advised by minis-
ters ; there were thirty-nine members in LST.S; and
the assembly is an elective body of 10'^ members,
chosen by universal male sulTrage. The governor
is the executive, but he is adviseil.and in most mat-
ters I'ontrolled, by a resi)onsible ministry, raised to
olHce on the votes of the lower house, anil answera-
l)le to that body for every otUeial act. The ap-
pointment of the governor rests with the home
authoritif^s, but the salary to be paid depends on the
colonial assem!)ly, with the ])roviso that no ehamre
can be made during a term of ofliee to affect the
salary and allowanees of the then incumbent. The
present governor receives %!;55,()00 per year and
a residence ; ami the ministry, eight in number,
are paid, the colonial secretary i^lOjOUO, and the
other ministers ^T.-'iUO per year. The governor is
commander-in-chief of all the forces of the colony.
The jiublic lands of the colony arc nuide over to
the people to be administered by their rejiresenta-
tives, and the sale and rent of lands constitutes a
large item in the reveuues of the colony, amounting
to more than half the receipts from all sources.
There is no direct taxation ; the .«econd largei't item
of income being from customs duties. The annual
outlay ranges from about *!lil.()()(>,()(i() in ISTo to
*•.'*,. ")t)ii.i)(iii in issii. including xv'.ikid.ihmi for new
public works. The public ik'bt of the colony
Miihiiintcd al Ihecloseof ISiit to s's,<,)4',), ,"),")(), miiin-
ly iiicui'i'cd for railroads, iidcgrapb lines and other
[lublic wiirks, ihe property of tlie stale. There wort'
at lilt' time named i!(H) miles of railroad ()|K'n for
use, and in the succeediiii:' vear ■.'■.'■'! miles were add-
ed to the network. The telegrai)h liue.s at that
dati; aggregated S,41"i miles.
From liSoO, the year preceding the opening of the
gold-lields, to 18I1-I, trade more than ipiadrupled;
but from that time there was a steady falling off for
about six years, followed by a gradual increase until
18TS. The chief exports arc wool, tin, copper, tal-
low and j)reserved meat. The country is richer in
coal than any other [lart of Australasia, and its gold-
lields cover a vast area known as the Western,
Northern and Southern tields ; but the produce has
not kept up to the figures that at one time prom-
ised to rank New South Wales among the great gold-
producing countries of the world. The liscal policy
of the colony is a near approximation to free trade,
and the crown lands are in part devoted to s(piat-
tiiig, orwiiat is known among us as rani'he-keeping,
and ordinary farming, the jirincipal crops being
wheat and maize. Cattle and sheej) abound, and
pigs and horses jiresent large and profitable aggre-
gates.
The colony now known as Tasmania, in honor of
i the Dutch navigator, Tasman, by whom the island
was first discovered, was in the beginning named
for a governor of the Dutch East Indies. Cook
l)artly exi)lored the country, and. ius we have seen, it
was for many years a iKjnal settlement. That un-
fortunate commencement has detracteil greatly from
the .success that nnist otherwise have attended on
colonization in the midst of so many natural advan-
tages. The area is estunated at "^(i, '2 1.") square miles,
including a mimber of small islands in two groups,
northeast and northwest. The country and climate
invite settlement, ami when the initial mischance
has been lived down, its numerous advantages will
make Tasmania the abode of the wealthiest families
in Australasia. At the present time the outlook for
the colony is not cheering. In IS,"),"}, •i,;jl4,414 acres
of land had been leased from the crown, yielding a
rental of !i<l-t7.84.") ; l)ut in IHTT the (luantity leased
had fallen to little more than one million, and the
rental was only ss^il.'.itKi. Of more than four million
acres of land sold al that date, U'ss than one mil-
lion was under culti\ atitui. The country had fidlen
into bad repute, and something more than a mere
change of name is requisite to give the infant slate
a new start in lite.
The first years of the colony have been glanced
at under the head of penal settlements, and need
AUSTRALASIA.
415
Ml'
52
■•■ J)
t ■
II
i i
11
■■ 1
■ 1 1
:^H
!; ■ 1
J^
Q *-
ra^
AUSTRALASIA.
417
not be referred to in detail ; but a new m/ime was
inaugurated after thcHystemof trausjOTrtation cani»
to ail Olid. A constitution was granted to the col-
ony, iieriiiitting all |)orsona who possesucd projierty
to tiio extent of iiil,000 in loaseiioid, or *150 freehold,
to vote for nienibers of tiie Upper House, and all
liersons occupying or owning houses, of tlie value of
!j'35 per annum, or freehold jiroperty worth ^'ibQ, to
vote for members of the Common. A commission
in tiie army or navy, or holding a degree, or being
in holy orders, entitled tiie ixsrson so distiiigiiisheil
to exercise the franchise for both liouses ; the actual
fact being that education and respectability were
tlie desiderata at wiiich the constitution aimed,
tiirough provisos as to freehold and leasehold proj)-
erty. The substratum of society i'<>"lu ntit lie en-
tirely excluded from a voice in the administration
of affairs ; but ciiecks were demanded.
The system of government described as operating
in the other colonies obtains also in Tasmania
without material cliango. The governor, appointed
by Great liritaiii, is allowed iiilT,500 ; and lie is ad-
vised by five responsible ministers, eacli of whom re-
ceives $3,000 per year. As in all the otlier colonies,
the ministers must hold a seat in the Uiiper or
Lower House.
The revenue of tiic government is derived mainly
from customs, excise, and bonding duties; the terri-
torial revenues are small, and iiiamit'actiires are
inconsideralile. Tiie public deljt in 18S0 was -^8,1)34,-
(100, resulting from loans incurred to prosecute
jiublic works ; tlie debentures rctleoiiiablo before
lUO'^. Pojiulation does not increase rapidly, but
tliere is an increase of about ten jwr cent. The pro-
portion of uneducated jiersons is large, but decreas-
ing. Immigration is very slightly in excess of
.emigration, the movement being almost entirely
between tiie colonies, as Tasmania lias no attractions
for Europeans looking t > Australia. The same may
be said of tlio commerce of Tasmania; it is purely
local. Wool is tlie stajile, Ijut tlie island will repay
expenditure of capital. Horses, cattle, sheei), and
swine tlirive ; the soil is fertile ; roads are excellent;
there are large beds of coal ; iron ore and tin
abound, and gold-fields have k>en worked, wiiich in
18T9 gave returns to the value of about *7-^U,000 ;
exports of tin in the same time exceeding Ssl.fiOO.OOO.
Railroads wore opjiied for trutlic in 18^1, and ex-
tensions have been made that aggregated IT'J miles
at the beginning of 1880. The tolegrapli system is
also statj projKjrty, and at the conimencomeiit of
1880, 781 miles of line were being worked. The
department does not yet pay expenses, liut viewed as
part of a system of police, it is indis|tensable.
The colony called South Australia occupies the
central |)ortion of the Australian continent, Ixjtween
12° and 38° south latitude, and l-^it' and 141° east
longitude, stretciiing from the Indian to the South-
ern Ocean ; a territory about "^,000 miles long by 500
miles wide; an area of 903,000 square miles, liound-
ed on the east by Victoria, New Soiitii Wales, and
Queensland ; and on the West by Western Australia.
The country is just ten times tiie size of Great
Hritain. Colonization has been cimfined almost
entirely to a small section in the south of the
greater area, and much of South Australia is yet
unexplored.
The prevalent characteristics of one colony are
so nearly like the features of eaeii other, that a brief
description of South Australia may servi^ to deline-
ate in a sketchy manner the whole of thccoMtiiicnt.
Particular and detailed iiictures of the territory
would demand pen p!iotogra|ilis. inconsistent wilii
the design of this work, so we content ourselves
with a few general observations.
Tiiere are parts of the Pacific slope on this con-
tinent that so closely resemble Australian contours,
that it is easy to believe that the two countries were
at one time a continuous territory, subject to like
intliieiices for a geologic era; but there are no
Andes nor great mountain ranges to give grandeur
to tiie scene. Mountains, as they are called, in
that country, might be described as mere foot-hills.
The princiiial range in South Australia, known as
the Flinders, rises north of the head of St. \'iiicent's
Gulf, and runs several hundred miles north to Lake
Bhiiichc ; continuing, after a break by the hills called
the Hummocks, to Port Wakefield, due south and
southijast, l)y ranges to Cape Jervis. At intervals,
Flinders Uange is followed by similar elevations, the
highest ])oiiits on Musgrave and Jlacdoniiell being
about 4,000 feet above the sea. Mount Lofty, the
bat:kgrouiid of Adelaide, cajiital of the colony, is
'Z,'.VM feet high : and inoiuits Uenuirkable and Brown
rciUjii 3.."-iOO feet. A succession of hills is all that
can be said for them, iiy men who have seen the
Cordilleras or the Altitudes in Colorado. The slopes
and valleys arc often of great beauty, and dotted
;ir:i
m\:
I
3
■41 ,■■ j
1.
f
: IM;;;'' '
.J
ill'; '• : >v
Cif..
^
<8 fc_
^iin
418
AUSTRALASIA.
willi liDinesteiuls. liiivo 11 poa^'cful cliiinii ; liiit in
iiiaiiv districts tiio soil is iiifjit. covorod with serul)
and l)rusliwoi)d. (li)iisidoriil)lu art'iis near llio liiils
t«'li of tlio droiifiiiiii^ rains that at times \visii tii(3
vejfotal iiiattor and IVrtiliniii",' salts from the raiij;es,
und liavo iniido tracts of siiiierh farm land not
surpassed in the world.
Where the .Mallee soriih once tloiirished, there are
good pasture lands, not the most fertile, but ex-
cellent third-rate territory, on which s(iuatter.s make
fortunes, sind over parts of which farmers (!ond)ine
grazing with agriculture. Salthush and Myall
Country, in the far North, remind the traveler of
the salthush plains, that used to torture pilgrims
to Utah, in the days of Brigham's '• lland-Gart Brig-
ades"; and on which so many hundred gallant fel-
lows laid down their lives, during the early exodus
to the Californian gold-fields. There are no great
lakes. Where such desirable features are promised,
the depth is inconsiderable, and the heat of summer
leaves little more than a swamp. The country
wants only extensive irrigation, to make a paradise
for farmers and raisers of cattle. India already
looks to Australasia for sui)plies of horses, and the
wool of the continent is never surpassed. Wiieat of
the finest grade is produced in Australia, and it
would be ditlicult to mime a fruit that will not
flourish.
'JMie Murray is the only river of any volume in
South Australia, and that is common to the three
great colonics. It runs into the Southern Ocean,
within the territory we are describing, rising near
mount Kosciusko, Xew South Wales, and forming
tiie boundary Ixstween that colony, Victoria, and
Soutli Australia; running about 2,400 miles, of
which extent nearly -^,000 miles is navigable. The
mouth is impeded by a shifting sand-bar, but that is
no great ditliculty. The rivers generally diminish
from fair streams to creeks in summer, often
becoming a mere succession of water-holes. There
are lakes in tiie colony, the principal being Alex-
andriiui and Ali)ert — almost the only fresh-water
lakes, the great majority being small and brackis!'.
The flora of tiie Australian continent is decidedly
limited; set down a traveler in any part of the
country, and it would be hardly possible for him to
determine from tiie vegetation around him wiiich of
the e(donies he inhainted, except that he could jiro-
noiince between the extremes of north and south.
Forest lands are mostly in tiie mountainousdistricts.
The deep gullies are covered thickly with shrubs and
ferns, and the table lands are well grassed. Veg'i-
tables or Euro|)ean fruits grow abundantly in the
gullies, and on tlie grass lands wheat lamies to per-
fection. The scrub lands fail more on account of
surface wati'r than from any want in the compo-
nents of the soil. 'I'he salthush isexiellent feed for
sheep and cattle, and the country can sustain ahnost
unlimited stock. Artificial grasses thrive, and most
scpiatters have some jjortion of their lands improved
liy their iutrcxluetion for fattening their cattle and
sheep.
The climate of the peopled portions of South Aus-
tralia resembles that of Southern Europe ; parts of
Spain and Italy seem to bo reproduced on the new
continent, but the Alps and Pyrenees are wanting, and
the idleness of both countries may also besought in
vain. The heat of the country does not oppress as
much as lower temiKsratures on this continent, the
atmosphere being less humid. There are but few
days hi the year in which the coltinist desists from
out-door labor on account of the sun, or of the hot
winds — a kind of sirocco — that blow across the con-
tinent and strike all animal and vegetal)le life with
desiccai ing dryness. March, April and May are pleas-
ant months, and Septemlx!r,Octoljerand NovemlxT.
The spring and early summer could hardly be desired
more beautiful.
Aborigines are seldom lovely, and still less fre-
quently lovable ; the Australian is no exception.
They were never. i)owerful in numljers or physique
except in some few ragjyps, and they are dying oil,
iiaving no desire to learn the arts of civilization-
Schools established for their benefit do not win tiieir
regard, and although they profess any creed in re-
turn for gifts of tobacco, their acquirements always
end in smoke. It is supjiosed that they ai'O allied
to the Papuans, as although black, they are not of
the Xegro type. Their hair curls, but is not woolly.
The men are not muscular, but they are tolerably
well formed, built of bone and sinew. The women,
worn out by incessant drudgery in the service of
their thankless masters, areperiiaps the least prepos-
sessing human beings to be found on this footstool.
Tiiey have few accomiilishments and no ambition to
rise aijove the status in wiiich nature and accident
have placed them. The weapons of the men are
s])ears, throwing-sticks, waddies and boomerangs, and
Ifi •
:4
)lerubly
women,
'r\ ice of
AUSTRALASIA.
419
they make shicldn of bark with wliich they will
(lefciul tiiemselvos from tiio assaults of numerous
enemies as long us the assailants are nut at close
([uartcrs.
Tile lirst year of tliis century was signalized from
an Australian standpohit by the discovery of por-
tions of South Australia by Lieutenant Grant of II.
M. S. Lwly Nelnon, but it was not until 180"i tiiat
the country was surveyed by Captain Flinders. That
gentleman was n(jt very favorably impressed, or ho
failed to convey his impressions to others, as the
country was left severely alone for almost an aver-
ago lifetime after the visit of the investigator. A
wiser and more daring explorer, Captain Sturt, in
1830, found his way from the Murrumbidgce to the
Murray, and followed that river to its month in En-
counter Bay, traversing the territory from New
South Wales. The result of that journey, and tho
report of the captain was an application of gentle-
men in London to the homo government. An un-
favorable rei)ly, from the powers that were, deferred
action lor three years, but in 1834 tho colony was
founded on condition that no convicts should be
sent there.
The first governor landed in Holdfast Bay in
1830, but prior to CJaptain Hindmursli's arrival, the
colony had been governod by commissioners. Nomi-
nee governinent continued until 1851, wiien a con-
stitution granted partial election of the legislature.
In ISol) responsible adniinistrat'on became the law
under the system already descrii>eii. Six ministers
advise the crown, and are answerable to parlia-
ment for the managemont of affairs, 'i'lie governor,
who is commander-in-chief of the forces, receives
^■^r),0()!», and ministers are paid !i<5,0OU })er year each.
Public works of various kinds havo lieeii undertaken,
including railroatls, and that has resulted in a debt
of *33,11(),U00. There were in 18T9, 533 miles of
railroad in use, and 405 miles in construction, lie-
sides 5,080 of telegraph line, inclusive of a line
across the continent of 2,000 miles. The population
of the colony exceeds 250,000 persons.
Wool, wheat and flour, and copiier ore ai'e the sta-
ples, and mining ojxjrations are extensively carried
on, but nothing has yet been done in tho way of ex-
ploiting the iron ore of the country. Great enterprise
has been dif?played by tho colony in exploring tlio in-
terior of the c;;!'.tiiient. Alxiut 250,000 square miles
of territory are put to pro li table uso. Farmers are
■7-
Iiermitted to take up lands after survey with the lul-
vantago of credit to tiie extent of 1,000 acres of
ordinary lands, or of 040 acres of lands rcclainu'd by
drainage. Lands bought and sold in the colony
pass by registration under the Torrens Act, and the
saving in expense is great. The tariff of the colony
imposes the highest duties on articles that can k'
manufactured in tho country, but the jieople that
.'uiminister tho law call it incidental protection.
There is only one colony that directly lulvocates and
insists on jirotectionist legislation in the Australian
group, and that is Victoria.
The northern territory annexed to this colony has
one prosjierous settlement at Port Darwin. Tlie
climate is tropical, the rainy season commencing in
October and continuing five months ; the greatest
heat and rain coming together. Fever and ague is
tho great trial to which settlers are liable. Tho soil
is fertile, an<l all tropical fruits flourish. Alluvial
mines have been opened in many localities and arc
inlying ; but the jiopulation shows 2,0?0 Chinese and
Malays to only 400 Eurojieans.
Victoria, once the Port Philip District of New
South Wales, and at one time called Australia Felix,
was first settled in 183.5. Tho area of tiie country
is not extensive, but the ontorprise of tiie po|)ula-
tion and other advantages have given the commun-
ity a lead in the aifairs of the group, that is not
likely to be soon lost.
Victoria is the southernmost colony on iho conti-
nent, between the 34th and 3(»th parallels of south
latitude, and lietwecn the 141st and 150tli meridi-
ans of east longitude. Its coast lino is about fiOO
geographical miles, extreme length from east to west
about 4.v'0. and its greatest breadth about 250 miles.
The colony embraces one thirty-fourth of tiie con-
tinent, being 88,198 square miles, a little less than
tlie area of the main island of Great Britain. Blun-
ders in defining the territorial lines between the col-
onies have given to Victoria a considerable strip of
country, that properly belongs to South Australia.
The bounds of Victoria, landwards, have already
been given. She is shut in by tho two sister colonies
and the Murray. The southern boundary is tho
southern ocean. Bass's Straits and the Pacific. Cap-
tain Cook, in ITTO, sighted Point Hicks, in what is
now Victoria, the country probably having been vis-
ited by navigators more than a century earlier.
Western Port was discovered in ITOS, and tho strait
- V
1
;' '
\ •
Si
f .
I !■
H
' I j
|;.
ii ■ '
; 'I
420
AUSTRALASIA.
tliiit (lividus tliu (•oiitiiient fnmi llio Van Dicmeii's
Liiiid Wiis siiilod lliniii^^li unci imint'tl for Hiw.s in tlio
Hiiiiio yuiir. I'lirL I'liiliji IJuy. tlm liiirlior of Mel-
boiinit', wiiH (lisuovcTud in Iso-.'. and after tluit tinu!
tho country lit'caniu well known to Mio li'iidin;,' men
of \i'\v South W'iilos ; hut its viduo as a pastoral
region was not iindorslood for one-third of u cen-
tury. Colonel (Jollins, in eluirgo of eonviets, at-
teni|ited to settle the territory in lS(i;i, hut happily
lie ahandoncd the enterprise in 1SU4, declaring tho
land uidit for hiihitation. Twenty years later the
country was traversed hy colonists from New South
Wales, hut settlement did not follow for ten years.
Ill Xovondter, 1S;J4, tho Mrothers Ilenty, intorestod
in whaling, estahlishcd thoir homo at I'orthind, and
remained in that section, alt hougii their occupations
changed I0 s(iualting so(jn afterwards. The iirst
.«ettiement in .Melhouruo wasnnulc in .May following
by Uatnnm. who l)ouglit of the natives (iOO.OOO ac.'res
of land, l-'awkner, who always assorted tiuit he was
tho f(Mindor of tho city, sent a party in August,
and himself entered tho settlement inOotolier. The
name .Vustralia Felix was ln^stowed on the western
portion of tho country in ls:!('i, l)y tho explorer,
Majoi' Mitchell, since knighted. The administration
of law in tho scttloinont wod inaugurated in the
saniG year hy Captain Lonsdale, resident nuigistrate,
antl from that datoregulargovonnnent was the rule.
The governor (d' Now South Wales visiteil and
luimed .Melljourno in ISIJT, and half acres of land
were sold in the village for *1T."). In 18.J1 \'ictoria
was allowed to assume control of its own affairs.
Gold had been discovered in several jdacos, ])y
sfjuatters, hut the signiiicanco of the "find" was not
comprehended: it was only feared that imblicity
given to tho auriferous condition of the soil would
raise the waives of labor, and disincline the workiuji
das.- to servo as she|)herds. The c>tablislunont of
.self government was immediately followed by more
vigorous act ion. .\ctivo search for payable llold.s coni-
inenced. and lliids were reported, in July and -Vug-
ust. In Sejjtendier of that year all .Melhourno was on
tho imirch toward Buninyong, where a good load
had been found.
The govei'nmont imposed an extraordinary license
fee on gold miners ; a tax so great that only a few of
tho diggers could pay the imposition in advance.
trold-fl(^ld conunissioncr.s anil mounted police were
sent to the gold regions, to arrest men found mining
without a pornjit. Thonsaiida of mou on tho gold-
liolds in the most prosperous times did not realize as
much nn)ney from their oi)erations as would have
luiabled them t(j j)ay the demands of the govern-
ment and buy foiKl.
Sir Charles Ilotham was sent out as governor by
the mother country, and ho brought with him tho
manners of a mun-of-war captain, impressed with
the necessity for rigorous j)roceedings against the
diggers, ills lino of policy was t(j worry the miners
into rebellion by incessant hunting for licenses, and
then crush them into suhmissifjii by an ovorwhehn-
ing display of military force, lie was successful.
The miners of i?allarat built a stockade at Eureka,
and presented front against tho injustice with which
they were troateil ; but they were not able to with-
stand the force of soldiery and police sent against
them. The rebellion was suppressed, as were other
oDriili'ft on other gold-tiolds, and nniny prisoners
were taken.
There was an attempt to rally tlw jieople gener-
ally in Melbourne, in support of the governor, l)ut
tho demonstrati(tn was a failure, resulting ';nly in
calling out tho nniss of tho population to tlenounco
his high-handed }iroeeedings. The martinet discov-
ered that his work was only commenced, and ho
induced his secretary, Mr. Foster, to resign his oflice,
assuming tho blame that j)roporly belonged to his
superior. That was the end of absolutism in
Victoria.
The new constitution was proclaimed in 18a.-), and
after that the ballot was introduced, followed by an
abolition of property qualification for mendMjrs of
the Assembly, and after a little while by universal
male suH'rage for voters for that house. Frojiorty
i|Ualilication for voters and mond)ers of the council
oontiiuu's to bo the law, but in each case the rociuire-
ment has been reduced. Xon-|)ayment of mend)ers
was found practically a disiiuulitication of tho non-
jiroiwrtied classes, and in, conse(|iU'nce the peoi)le
commenet'd agitating for that concession to justice.
They were mot on the threslndd by the refusal of
the upper house, rei)resenting j)roporty, to concur in
any such measure, 'i'o allow ])ayment of members
was to dimiiush the power of tho wealthier classes,
anil tho figiit was continued for yeans; but in tho
end tho jwpular jiarty, carrying the .war into Africa,
won the battle, and now there cannot Ijo found on
this footstool a more complete presentation of
■(■)"), and
1 by an
icrs of
iversal
operty
■ouiicil
L'l luirc-
iieiubers
le non-
poo plo
justice.
Usui of
ui'ur in
nenibcrs
c'liisses,
t in tlio
Africa,
ound on
tion of
*!■
ill* ^
il
1
III
' ■
m
te:
: .! fi'
•4'.avii
!'!l!;:!i;::
5^-:
1
Hi
^,,ij.h
i; /
1 1
]
AUS'l'KAr.ASIA.
4-23
ilciiii>crati(! LjDM'riiiiiciit I linn i- dlTrnil liy llw culdiiv
(if N'ict.urin.
(iiilil was raisi'il in N'icl.nria iiillic lliv-l ycarul' the
^((M-tii'lds to I.I10 Viiliio (if *•.','.»»•'. '.Mil, I III' mini's not
lii'iiit^' njN'ni'd, in t'l'aiitv, uiilil Sciiicnilici'. In tlu^
in'xt yoar llii' lutal cxcccilcd *.">:i.(I(mi.(mmi. ami in tlir
rtdiowiu;,' yciif, i!<ii:{,<H)(),(Mii). It. in iisclcss lit iv|in>-
diiiH tliii lii,'iiri!s Tor I'ucli yi'ar rnun that- dalt) In tlio
prcsi'iit tiling ; tlii^ vast |Mi|Milation, thai was alinust
I'Xi'liisivt'ly t'iii|p|nyL'd on tiio };iild-tii'lds, lias lii'i'ii
liirijuly uallod ulT to moru salisractnry |iiirsiiils. and
as ti I'linsi'iiui'iii'i! till' totals liavn dwindled under
tiiat lu'ad loan aj,'grt'>,Ml(' ol" aliout iti|."),(KHl,(Mt(» in
isro, tliu total lo that dale hciiii; alioiit *'.lT(i.;;i(i,-
'.)"i(t. 'I'liu calcuiiition pi'i'si'iiti'd is hasud on an avor-
;i>^(i of ij*".'*! JUT ounce for ;,'old, and ocononiists uro
well content to si'O the totals diminish, seeing that
gold has never huen raised to tho price for which it
sells.
N'icloria commonccd ils pulilic dolit in IH'y^t wilh
a trillin;: loan of al)oiit*'^,l()0,U()U. Us total in ISV.i
e.\cOi!dod*l(t(),"-ii>0,()(»(),all incurred for puhlic works,
on wuicli sum tho interest has never Iteen hehind hy
one day. There are \,Vli) miles of railroads in
oi)eratioii, as shown hy the returns in 187l», and at
that time Hi-'i miles in addition had Itecn authorized
by parliament. There were in use at the same date,
5,T;50 miles of wire in telegra|ihic work, and the
uumher of messages exeeoded l,()(Ul.(Mi(l annually,
the rales having been rediU'Cil, to bring the service
within the reach of the j rer classes. All these
works uro the property of the stale, imd many others,
including d<icks and Ihe Yaii Yean waterworks, are
valuable assets. The gold-lields are being sui)plied
with expensive reservoirs, some assisted by the gov-
ernment, and others entirely at the cost of th(? state,
rates beuig charged for wat<'r supply.
The governor is allowed ?i.")t),0()U j)er year, l)csiiles
!jil(),()()() for rent of the residence at Toorak ; iiud
the ministtirs are paid: ^10,000 to the premier, !i!!S,(H»0,
to the attorney-general, ami ^T,")()0 to the other seven.
The leader of the miners in the rebellion at Ballarat,
Mr. Lalor, is now siKjaker of the assembly, with a
salary of !ti7,-'it)0 per year. Mendiers of the lower
house are ptiid : i! I,o00 per year. ileml)ers are elected
to the assembly for three years, subject to dissolution,
iuid to the council for ten years, a fifth of the body
retiring every two years. The population of Victoria
to tho present time, is about !K)U,()00. (fold, wool.
lallow, ami preserved meats are staple iiiipiiri>',
wheal is also e\poried, but not in such i|uaiililie- as
lo clialli'nL,'e a placid in the record, 'i'lii' coiinli\ is
by far the most ilensely poplllaled <>( I lie Au-ll.iliiili
colonies, wit h I he most I'ompli'le cdiiral iniial «\ -tcm,
allliout'li it has not vet arrived at the eminence of
lK(iiig compulsory. The colony has an ariiicd fnirc
and a iiaw for defense.
Mew /ralaiid is known to have Ih'cu vi-ited by
Tasmaii in liir.', and again by L'oidv in ll"'''.'. but
was lint co|oiii/ed until long after, ll consi-is of
two groups, the iiorili ami iiiidille islamis ; bin there
are also M'\eral out 1\ ing islamis, including South, or
Stewart Island and ( 'lialhain Island. The coasi bin
is about li.oiio miles, the group aL';;ii''aling l.ouo
miles in length by about "iOO miles across. Its areii
approximates to 10"i,;M'^ s(|uaie miles, about two-
thirds being tit for pastoral purposes and agriculture.
The population in llS"»l was ;i"i,.")."il, exclusi\e of
maories, and the number in IS''.' was reported -HilJ,-
l-.".!, of which total about :iOO,(MiO were al)le bi read
and write, (b)lil-lields were lirst o|M'ned in 1H.")T, in
which year over *"^()(i,(Mio value was raised. In ilio
following year there was a slight increase, bdlowed
by decreasing yields for two years, after wlii<h U'ller
" linds " were struck, showing in iSOl nearly *-l,(MHI,-
000, the next nearly *S,(Miu.()(iu. and subei|uenfc
yields that aiiproximated U) ><l l.oiio.oiio. '|"he total
yield, to the end of IS?.!, being *lSO,(;:!.t,-HO. Tho
maori, or native population. in l>!Ts,acconliiig tore-
turns then oblainc'l, aggregated 4;b;V,»"). They are
very inlelligent aborigines, capai)le of receiving civil-
ization, ami as farmers, are persevering and succi ss-
fiil. In war a large amount i>( courage and skill
has been displayed by them, taxing the powers of the
colonists, and Mritish military forces. 'J'he maories
tiro now peacefully disposed.
The iiresent government was established l\v .stat-
ute in bS.V^, dividing the colony into six provinces,
which were afterwards incr'tased to nine. The suf-
frage is practically househou,, giving a vote to every
persim that is benelieially interested in the coimtry.
The system of govermnent by iirovinces was super-
seded in ISTT), when siiperintendenis and provincial
ollicers gave [ilace lo local boards and the governor.
Legislation is vested in a parliament of two cham-
bers, each member of eillicr house being paid ><1,().")0
per session. Four aborigines are elected to the lower
house bv the maories. The governor is the execu-
*n—
53
■ ■■ ■ .
' ■
!V
! r
pr-
m
It--! ■■':..•
iiil ' f
424
AUSTRALASIA.
t.ivo, having in considcriition of iiis ilutii's as gover-
nor and coniMiandcr-in-ciiit'f of tiio foruL's, ^;JT,oUO
per year as salary and allowance. He is advised by
nine ministers, who are responsible for the adminis-
tration of tiieir departnipnts, and for tiie general
numagement of allairs. Two maories are always
incliiiled in the cabinet, but they are not in eharge
of any Jjriinch of tiie goverimien^ Tiie home gov-
ernment used to control native allairs until 18(!:{,
but since tiiat date the oolonists have been in tlie
enjoyment of full responsil)ility. The seat of the
general government is at Wellington siuee ISfll ; up
to that date
the capita' was
Auckland.
Public works
have Ijceu very
expensive in
New Zealand,
and tiieir prose-
cution has in-
volved the col-
ony in a con.iid-
erable debt, p.;ri.
of which is guar-
anteed by tlie
Imperial gov-
ernment. Tiie
total to isrit
was «!ini,r!)l,-
SaO.TheChiiieso
in Xew Zealand li^^j^;^^
numbered 4,-iS'i
in l.>sT8, and of tiiat numlier only eiglit were
females. Tiie natives of the Flowery Land have
the same peculiarity in all their travels ; they
leave their better-iialves under the shelter of " tlie
Brotlier of th > Sun and the Moon." They are not
valued as coioi. <ts, jiarliy on that account, but they
are industrio'-sand frugal, and grow rich on land (hat
would hardly give bi'ead ti .uroi'jaus, either as gar-
deners or as miners. To sunie of the Australian eol-
oiiie:! (Jhinese are subject to special taxation, to ex-
chme tlieiii.
Population in New Zealand increase •> (irerajiidly
by excess of births over deaths, and by numigration,
than in any other colony in tiie g' , up, and exports
are increasing. Oommeri'e in twenty years to 1S7,S
has grown more than twenty-fold. The stajile ex-
ports are wool, corn, Hour, kaurie-gum and j)ro-
served meat. Gold was exported in 187r> to the
amount of ;518,3fiT ounces; in 187G to the extent of
liTl,8f'>.'J ounces, and in IstT, ;5U),48(i ounces, llail-
roads were comnienced in 187::J, at tho cost of the
state by loans, and at tlie end of 18T!) there were
1,171 miles oiien for tratlic, besides 'ZSi miles in
course of construi'tion. At the same date the length
of electric telegraph in use aggregated 3,5P-J miles,
which had sent during the preceding year 1,148,04!?
messages. The (ieneral Assembly in 1879 sanctioned
further constructions to the extent of 938 miles ex-
tra broad, to be
completed with-
in the live years
then ensuing.
The completed
lines, when i)re-
pared for ser-
vice, are to cost
$80,000,000.
The system of
government in
this colony is in
the main similar
to that describ-
ed ill connec-
tion with other
colonies. Each
colony is jier-
niitted to draft
its own consti-
tution, provided
that it embodies tho principle of responsible admin-
istration ; but when the form has been adopted, as
for ilist:uice iu tho case of Victoria, an appeal for
change, beyond what is contemplated in the original
instrument, is received l)y the imperial government,
with a tone and demeanor that seems to say, "You
have made your choice and must content yourselves
to work out your own salvation." The bicameral
system is by all ihe colonies treated as indispensable ;
l)ut in course of time, in many of the stales single
chamiiers must bo resorted to, because of the unac-
commodating spirit that is manifested. The re-
sponsibility of rule can bo borne i)y one chamber as
well as by two or more.
We have already glanced at (^ueeuslaixl under the
name of Moreton Hay, forming jiart of tiie penal
.-•l
and pre-
i7i) to the
i extent of
ces. Kiiil-
ost of tlio
tlioro wore
14 miles in
tlie length
l,ol*^ niilea,
V 1,-148,043
sanctioned
15 iiiik's ex-
niad, to be
)leted with-
le five years
ensuing,
completed
, when i)re-
d for ser-
, are to cost
[)00,000.
he system of
>rnnient in
colony is in
ain similar
at deserib-
connec-
\vith other
nios. Each
y is per-
ed to draft
own consti-
m, provided
de adinin-
iidopted, as
a[)lteal for
lie original
ivernment,
say, ''You
yourselves
le l)icanieral
isptMisable ;
ates single
f the unac-
Thc re-
chamber as
id under the
)f the penal
^
±L
AUSTRALASIA.
425
colony of New South Wales. That name ended
when tiie settlement was cut iulrift from its old asso-
ciations, and the better title, Queensland, was be-
stowed with the constitution and jjowers of respon-
silile government. Earliest colonization dates from
the year Ibi'-i.'), when the tirst shipment of "govern-
ment men" arrived. That was the euphonious
method by which convicts were indicated ; they were
"government men." Seventeen years elapsed from
that arrival, and in 184'^ the country was thrown
oiKMi to free settlers. An enumeration four years
later showed a population of "vj^-J")!', including free
and felon, and the transportation system at an end.
The virus had not gone far enough to establish
ncnto pi/d^niut, iis in Tasmania. Change of name
and improved habits have placed the country among
the best conditioned comnuinities.
The boundaries of Queensland are on the north,
the gulf of (Jari)entaria on the east, the Pacific
Ocean on the south, the colony of New South Wales
on the west ; the 141st meridian cf longitude from
the '-iltth to the 20th j)arallel andtiience to the l.'38th
meridian. Tiorth, to the gulf first named, "including
all and every the mljaceut islands, iiicir mcnibeis
and appurtenances, •:. the Paci'.c Ocean and in the
(Jiilf of ('arj)entaria." The ilimensious were cstab-
lislu'd by Her Majesty's order in I'ouncil, when the
lirst governor arrived, in December, 1851), and inau-
gurated responsible administration. I'arliamcnt
consists, as in Great liritain, of two houses: the
council of thirty members, nomiiiatedfor life by tlie
crown ; the commons, or assembly of 55 menii)crs,
chosen by ballot from as many electorates; voting
among males being as wide as taxatic 11. Holders of
l)ro[)crty, either leasehold or freciiold. are in addition
permitted to I'ast a ballot for eacii i)roi>erty, as well
as for tiieir residence, ('ousidering tiie origin of
the community, it is perhaps but natural tliat prop-
erty should have been fenced about with safeguards.
Tiie governor of (.Queensland, coiumandcr-in-chief
and vice-;ulmiral, as Ins lommission runs, is allowed
a salary from the imperial authorities, like all otiier
such olHcials, merely lo define his eiiaracter as a
civil servant, .somewhere about *i5,i)(io jier aununi ;
his allowance from tlie colony being !t!'^5,0()0 jier
annum. l{e,>|»onsible ministers, to tlic nuiuiicr of
six, are paid *(5,()0() per year eacli, and are answer-
able to parliament for every act of the administra-
tion, as well as for their personal deeds. Tlic rev-
enues of tlie eolony are derived mainly fnuii sales
and rents of public lands, I'ustoms duties, and ex-
cise. Public works and aid to immigration have
comiwlled the country to incur a piil)lic debt. In
18:!i tlie total liability of the colony was s^.'id.'.tCO,-
4;i0, but in the year last passeil the jiarliament
authorized the iulminisiration to rai.se anew loan of
^15,00(1,000. U(uisiilering the vast area of the
country, ()(m,5v'0 sipiare miles with a seaboard of
'■i,'i^>0 miles, and that the debt is a ti''st charge on
all lands and revenues, the public creditor is of
cour.se perfeetly safe, and would be though the
liability \rere largely increased. The population
of the colony does not increa.se rapidly. It is depend-
ent on Chinese and South Sea Islanders for a large
part of all recent arrivals, and even with such (jues-
tionaiilo aids, the immigration of 18' It only aggre-
gated ti,8ii(i, while the emigration for the same term
amounted to 8,l.'i4. Similar results were chronicled
in tlie iH'cceding year, although the figures were not
<|uite so unfavorable. The climate is .semi-tro])i(!al,
and P.iiropeans sutler so severely from exposure to
the h.'at, that none remain in the country longer
than is ab.<olutcly uet'cssary to protect their inter-
ests. The population in 18".'.i ainounted to •^'17.851,
ineluding i;!,-v'(!'.t Cliiiieseat work on the gold-tield.s.
The muniier of Aborigines in the territory apjiears
to be uiidi'termiucd.
Wool is the slajile export, the other items being of
small amount, iu(;lu(iii;;T preserved meat. copi)er,
a lid gold. Cotton and sugar-cane are said to Uour-
ish ill l^iu'enslaiul ; tlu^y have certainly been accli-
inatcd siu;ce.ssfully, but the su})ply of suitalile labor
is so limited, that sonic time must elapse U'fore the
returns upon the outlay will sensibly alTect the ex-
poi'ts of tiie colony. There arc jfroiiablv about
v'5.(i00 acres under sugar-cane at the present time.
Livestock does not llourish (luite so well as in \'ic-
toria, but the ligiiri's under that head are .satisfac-
tory. Coal-mines have been o-pened ami j)roiiiiso
continuous yield.-i ; gold-miuos, which were entered
on in 18(17, gave *(!,5;{'J,155 value in precious metal
in 1877. Uailroads in operation in 1878 amounted
to '.""; miles, and at that time 1 Hi miles in addition
'•.re in course of construction. At the end of 1S77
'he telegra{>h service of the colony employed 5,-.'v".l
miles of wire with 11^' stations. i,,ike all the other
colonies having responsible goveinnient in the
Anslralian group, Queensland has an agent general
■J ■1
f: , 'p- ^ ' Si'
«; ■
■i'.. ^ i
IP.
]!li"^ .-
.iaja;t'
Ji
J
4.6
AUSTRALASIA.
ill London, whose ilutios arc niaiuly to keep the
friends of tlie colony in parliament advised as to
its interests, wliicii, added to the dignity of h.iving
siicli an ollicer, is perliaps a justification fo). tlie
outlay involved.
T!ie excL'plional conditions of Western Australia,
tlie only penal setlleiiient now retained by Great
Britain, and retained as such at its own solicitation,
removes tiiat colony from the category in wliicli
the other colonies of the group appear. It is the
Ishniael of settlements, and if tiie hand of every
other colony is not against it, tlie reason must Ijc
souglit in the fact tliat its conditions arc to(j feeble
to demand much energy in dealing with all the mis-
chief that it is capable of accomplishing. It is also
supposed in its defense tliat " its ])overty and not its
will consents" to receive sucli poor yokefellows in
the difliciilt task of building up a colony in Western
Australia. Tiio area of tlio territory is great, esti-
mated at 1,0U0,UU0 s([uare miles, its greatest lengtii
being from north to south 1,(JUU miles, and from
east to west 1,000 miles. The actually colonized
territory is within an area of about GOO miles liy
150. The outlying territory operates as a k'.nd of
sanitary ground, over which the infected cannot
ajiproach the other colonies. Vessels from the
pariaii settlement are subjected to strict examin-
aiiou and socLi (luaraiitinc regulations on tiieir
entry to healthy ports. More severe measures .»'ere
once threatened.
'riiere is not responsible goveriinient, only the
nominee system that lias been mentioned before.
The governor, wiio is paid *13,")00 per year, dis-
ciiarges executive runctions, and calls to his aid a
legislative council of 21 members, seven nominated
and tlie remainder elected. Property qualilications
are demanded from voters and representatives ; in
one case a minimnm of $50 per year, ami in tiie other
of i>5,000 in landed property. Instead of a rcspoii-
siblo ministry there is an executive council, composed
of odicials, incluUiug ulie judiciary, the professional
heads of departments, and six secretaries of state.
The governor, within the instructions given to
him witii his commission, or subsec|uent directions
from the colonial otHce in Loudon, is dictator in the
colony. Ilis councilors have no control. The
income of the state is derived from sales of land,
leases, licenses, and customs; added to an imperial
grant in aid of *TG/j20 per annum. In the year
IST'J Western Australia incurred a debt for the
construction of a railroad, amounting in all to
$1,805,( ,n). At the end of 187'J there were T8 miles
of road o^Kiu for traffic. The territory, as defined
by the royal commission, includes all tiiat portion
of New Holland to the west of 1:^!)'' east longitude.
The first settlement was made in 1839, and 31 years
later the grosi total was only about 0,000 jiersons,
bond and free. The last census, taken in 1871,
showed only a population of 35,353, nearly 1,800 of
whom were ])risoners. Tiie exports of the colony
consist almost entirely of wool and lead ore ; the
value of wool in 18T'j, the highest point reached,
was $T87,'J45 ; and the lead ore exports for that year
aggregated *5G,875. Coal has been found in
small ([uantities, and recent investigations favor the
belief that the colony is rich in minerals, including
copjier.
It is iiighly probable that the Australasian colon-
ics will, in the course of a few years, constitulc
themselves a republic after the manner of the United
States, tiie home government being wilhng to afford
tiie colonists every facility to carry out desires foi'
iiiileiiendence whenever the [lopular will may take
tliat form ; and almost inevitably the city of Mel-
bourne will h■^ the capital of the nation in the day
which no loyi ' Australian would wish to hasten.
The Queen oi ^,rcat Britain has no portion of her
well-ruled empire in wiiich her name is more revered
tinin in Australia, liut iu the progress of human
affairs, chanire is certain.
*m
-^
711
-• $
4h
;
'
CHAPTER LXVMII
The Grkat Hhitain op the Kast— Tiik f'oi'NTiiv DKscitiiiKii— Tiik <'itiks op Japan— I'lionrcTs
AND l'ui'i:i.ATioN— Mines— Eahly Histouv — .Iapan in the time op T.ksau— The Oheat
Queen— iNTKODurTioN fhom China op I.ettehh and riiiLo^oi'iiY — IttoDiiisM Inthodixed —
FiiisT CoNTAiT WITH Kinoi'EAN.-' — I::siiT Missions— The Diti ii in Jai'AN— Tycoon Iyevas
— Two Centlkies op Peace — Ameuica and Japan— Fall op the Daimios— Ciiuistiax Cal-
KNDAii Adopted— New Japan— Japanese Idolatiiy and Sintuism— Tbanspohtation— Mod
ERN Missions— Japanese Liteuature.
^§
f
^^\;"i'«AI Nippou, or Nihon, is
tlie native iitiiuo of that
'• Sunrise Kingdom,"
known to Europe and
America as Japan. This
land of tlie dawn, which
we arc to visit, is not a
part of tlio continent of
Asia, but sustains to it nmch the same
relation that Groat Britain does to
Europe. »
Japan consists of four large islands
and numerous minor isles, embracing
" The Thousand Islands " of the Ori-
ent. Ti>e four large islands are Nipon,
•• or Nipiion, witli an area of it.J.UUO
square miles ; Yesso, with 30,000 square miles ; Kin-
sin, area IC.OOO sipuire miles; Sikok, 10,000. The
entire area, includiii,i; the 3,840 small islands, is
about l.")(l,000 sipiarc miles. The total Iciigtii of tlie
empire is l,(iOO miles from north to south. (Jonse-
([uently the climate varies widely, but as a whole it
belongs to the tomjierate zone.
Japan is the home of cartlKjuake!. Tlie country
is mountainous ; tiienu)untainsshow ."olcanic clfects.
The highest peak, Eusiyama, 14,170 feet liigii, is an
extinct volcano. The rivers are short, shallow and
rapid. Throughout the empire there is only one
fresh-water lake of any considerable extent. That
is called IJiwako, or Lake Orni.
Near this lake is the city of Miako, or Saikio, the
western, or ancient, capital. Tokio, commonly
called Yeddo, is the eastern ca])ital. The former
was long kept sacred from the intrusion of foreign-
ers. It was built about 1100 years ago. It is almost
surrounded by mountains. This ancient capital has
a population of al)oiit 3SO,000 inhabitants. Tokio
lias about three times that number of people. The
most imi)ortant seaport of Japan is Yokohama, the
third city in size. Its spacious and pacitic harbor
affords protection for ships. It is on the bay of
Yeddo, and only twenty miles from the nalional
capitiil. Osaca, on the island of Nipon, is second
i>nly to Tokio in iiopulation, Ne.xt to Yokohama
in size ranks Nagasaki, on the island of Kinsiu.
Neigata, on the northeast coast of Nipon. Kobe, near
Osaca, and llok >date, on Yesso, are the renniining
cities of some magnituile.
Japan is highly cultivated, .so far as it is arable.
The i)opulatioii, by the census of IST'J, was 33,110,-
S-i."). and it ro([uires good tillage to sujiport so large
a number of inhabitants on an area so small, a« coin-
" ,
■*Ns »-
(4^7)
I ■ ,
^
ff<i:
wm
i
1
W '
■' '
1
iB'-p'
{■^
i
»'';■'
#!|:l:'';'
f'r':P' '
llhl''*: i
.. ;
|r
r ■
''■•$' '
(5 k^
_• _9
^
428
JAPAN AND THE JAPANESE.
piuotl wiLli jKijiiilaLioii. Tho siiiiRi c;(!iisu.s gavo tliu
iuiiiil)er of fiiniiors ii.s 14,)ST0,42(). The iiuilherry
troojwitli its silk, ronu, umltlie tua-pluiit, fiiriiislit'lu!
main articles of exijort. l{a\v silk goos to Euroiie
ill largo (juaiititii's. Tiiu surplus lea of tiiecouulry
liiiils its way, most of it, to tiiis country. For Iiouh'
coiisumptiou rice is the ciiief product of Jaj)au. It
exports more to (he I'uileil Slates thau to any other
country, ami imports more fi'om Kngluiul than from
anv (.tlier, allhough the imjiorl tr:i<lo witli the
UuiU'il Stales is
increasing very
rapidly.
Speaking of
the rural popu-
lation, a recent
visitor to that
country writes,
"The farmers
are a simple-
hearted anil in-
ilustrious race.
l?akes, spades.
ami plows used
liy tiiem are nf
rude construc-
tion. Sometimes
tiie jilows are
drawn liy oxen,
but just as fi'e-
ipiently by men,
women or chil-
dren. Theysiiow
great kimlness
to aninuils, very
few of which, however ; be found in the eni-
})ire." Tiio grass in Japu is so coarse tiiat shee|)
suid cattle ctunnot thrive upon it. The few domes-
tic beasts of .Ia))an are li'd on grain exclusively.
The pci)[)le live almost exclusively on rice, iish and
radishes, with some jtolatoes, fowl, onions, (lumji-
kins, and t hi' like. The fruits of .laiian are of an in-
ferior ((uality.
The Tuines in .iapan an' very important, (iold,
silver and copper are exported iu large ((uantities
and have been for a long time. It is said Unit l>o-
tween tiie years of la.'iO and HilV.t, the Portuguese
exported from that country not less than ?ci9T,i")(H».-
0(M) in .rold and silver. The yield has fallen olf in
late years, but it is stfll a very important feature of
.Japanese resources.
It is now time to turn our attention to history.
It is impossible to lix a boundary lino between fable
and reality, legend and autiientic history, with any
degree of precision. The Japane.se have a literature
running far back into the remote past, and some
things are credited by them which are simply incredi-
i)le. The jjooplo themselves believe that they had
national existence about "^oOO years previous to the
present onii)ire,
and this was es
tablished by
Jininm Teniu),
in the year 076
B C. According
to this the period
of the Jaj)anose
world does not
dilTermnchfroin
the perioil of the
Christian and
Hebrew world.
This Jiininu
was a great war-
rior, and estab-
lished his king-
dom over the
entire area of
Japan. It was
in his day that
the people of
that country
learned to di-
vide time with
some degree of accuracy into months and years.
That fact |)erhai)S, rather than any great exploits
and coiKjUests, nwikes the year li. C. 607 tho begin-
ning of detlnite computation and narration in
Ja[)an. The emperor, or mikado, was also high-
priest, or pope.
The lirst capital was Kaswabara, but it was
changed several times. Saikio, or Jliako, was the
ca[)ital for nearly a thousand years. It was removed
from there to Tokio in 1S(m, as one of the results of
the great revolution to be explained later. Native
writers agree in slating that the total number of
emperors in unbroken line was one hundred and
twcnty-l'iMir. The emperor, or mikado, became so
<5~"
4^
JAl'AX AN'I) THi: I AI'ANICSE.
429
^^
years tlio real
rulers were tiie
tycoons, or sliio-
goons. Origiii-
iilly tiio tycoons
Nfcre the mili-
tary cliieftains.
They ruled hy
fear ami frc-
((ueuily iuvolv-
ed the country
in civil war over
their rival ami
hostile ambi-
tions.
The tirst cen-
sus of Jajjan
was taken H. ('.
97. Thecmiier-
or who caused
this enumera-
t'on of Ills suh.jt'cts was Sujin-tenno. lie ])uilt a
jMJwerfu! navy and estalilished commercial relations
with Corea, ir
sacred and au<;;ust a personage tliat ho couM not his reign 800 canals and jwnds were constructed
stoop to practical statesmansliii), and forajjeriod in the interest of agriculture. After him came
of six hundred . Kekotenn(),who
iiad tlie land
surveyeil an<l
large grain ware-
houses imilt, in
which the sur-
plus of the years
of plenty could
be stored for use
in the years of
scarcity.
In the year
A. D. ri()(t, a wo-
man ascended
the throne of
-Japan, Jingu
Kogu.thcwidow
of the emper-
or Cliinaitenno.
SJK^ liiid l)een
her husband's
companion in
arms, and lier scc})tcr was a sword. Siic led her
army to victory over Corea. Siie ac(|uired more
rei.own lliaa
any predecessor,
and to tliis day
tiie i)ainti'rs and
jxiets of -Japan
delight iu set-
ting forth hci"
exploits. .Vtthat
time the art of
working in silk
was unknown in
the empire. It
was introduced
from Corea dur-
NirnoN BAsni iiRin(;E, tokio
1^
rigated tiio arid
landanddrained
the lakes. Evi-
dently ho was a
great statesman.
It was his suc-
coosor Quinin-
tenno, wiio aliol-
ished t-lie hid-
eous i)i'acticc of
requiring the
empress ami her
court to commit
hari-kari upon
the deatiiof the
eniiKjror. llis
hunuuie reforms
extended to otii-
er things, and
the actual civil-
ization of Ja})aii was greatly advan(!ed by him.
lie also paid nuicli attention to irrigation. During
-lAl'ANKSE SOLUIKUS.
ing the reign of
her son.
Late in the
third century of
the Christii.M
era, Chinese lit-
erature and let-
ters were introduced into Japan, and Confucius
becanu^ the great philosopiier and teacher of the
i!
li'
i:A
i^
43"
JAl'AN AND THE JAl'ANKSi:.
.liilniiicsL'. llis jinicticiil i(l(;;i.s coiiiiiu'iiiloil IIkiiii-
Sflvcs to tlicir iipproviil, mid llu'v iidnpted liiiii
•IS tliL'ir iiitrllcctual i'allicr. Tlio iiitrodiiutii)ii of
(.'Iniic'si' letters was a very ^reat event. " I'rior
to that evi'iit," says Jjaiiman, "tiieir owii toiij^nie
does Hot appear to liave l)eeii reilueed to writ-
ing." Alioiil tliat time tlie favorite Japanese iiiu-
sical instniiiient, tirj koto, was invented. 'J'lie
emperor, Osin-tenno, son ( f .linLru Kogu, also intro-
duced from (IJuna improvi'nientsin sill-: culture and
grand on tiio little island of Mno-Sliiiua. It is culled
J)iii lliilsii, or '-Thelireat ]5iiddlia."
The mild and meditative religion of Buddha did
n )t prevent war, civil or I'oreigii. An attein])t was
made to subjugate (Jhina. It resulted in failure
and the bootless invasion of .Ja[ian by the (duiiose.
It was found that either couM repel the otlier;
I'.nther eould subjugate the other. Mven among the
diseiples of ISuddha in Japan there arose war. The
priests (piarreled so l)itterly that to their animosity
manufaoture. Dikes were constructed to guard
against inundation, and rice-mills built.
The lirst national history dates from A. 1). 400.
One hundred years later Buddhism was introduced.
It also came through the gateways of Corea and
China, and it found reaily aceei)tancc, rapidly dis-
l)laeing the old Wintu worship. The luitional cliar-
iietcr was very materially modified l)y this religious
innovation. The higher classes were csjiecially in-
Uueneed by it, and it i)eeame the fashion for the em-
l)Crors to abdicate and adopt the life aud habit of
the Buddhist jjriesthood.
One of the tru!y great works of art in Japan is
the bronze image of Buddha, fifty feet high and ad-
iidrable in proportion, whieh stands solitary and
is attributed a great contiagration, whieh in lo30
destroyed about one-half of the capital. During the
pei'iod known as the Dark Ages in Europe, Ja[)au
was on very nearly the same plane, as regards civil-
ization, as that continent. The records of that
2)criod in both cases should be written with blood.
The first eonneetion between Japan and Euro})e,
so far as known, dates from 1 oil . Some Portuguese
traders voyaging from .Siam to China were wrecked
on the coast of Kinsin. The national records make
mention of the fact on account of the firearms which
the strangers had. Two years later the I'ortuguese
opened im|)ortant coininunieatioiis with Jajiaii for
the double purposes of tratlic and evangelization.
The Jesuits and the merchants kept each other coni-
'i
i^
A
i^
jAl'AX AND THIC |AI'AM;SK.
4.31
^11 1J30
rinji the
Japan
lis civil-
)f that
|)lou(I.
iMivoije,
Itufifuose
Iv rocked
Is make
Is wliich
Ituguose
hail fi>r
i/.ation.
ler coni-
liaiiy. 1l was 111 I'tiU LliaL Fniiitis Xaviui', (■alk'd
"■ tlio l)rij^lit and niorniii;^ slar of iiukK rn nussioiis,"
visitutl ,Ja})an. Ilo spout ton yoars in tho ostal)lish-
iiiont and sujioriiilondciico of dosuic missions in In-
dia, l^oyliin, Japan and .Malacca, hapli/.ing, it is said,
a iiiiiiion cuiivorts. Two cd' those ton years wore
spoilt in Japan. Sucii was tlio jii'oj,'ross niado by
iinssioiiarios of tho cross, tiiat Tycoon Nobii A'anga
wiio rose to oininoiico 111 1557, liko Constantino tho
(Ireat, osi)oused tiio cause
of Ciirist from motives of
policy. He wairod wan p-
on tho Jhidd lusts, begin-
ning his crusade in l.")!!!).
A great many lives wore
taken and tomj>les do-
stroywh The .losuits wore
delighted witli their prog-
ress. Ill l.")Sl (heir coiu-
niuiiioii numlxjrod 150,-
000. ]?ut tho triumph was
short, and the reaction
destructive. Buddhism
had a linn hold hik)Ii the
people, especially the
higher classes, and the
soemiug ])r<isperit;y of tlii'
Jesuits was duo to no real
sympathy with their mis-
sion. A\'ith a cliango of
jiowor came the reaction,
and the Jesuits wore
swept out of tlio counlry,
utterly and ruthlessly.
They api)oaled to the
sword, and fell by it. In 158;") they were ordered to
leave the country within twenty days, and desist at
once from preaching and baptizing. Those who
should disregard tho warning wore threatened witli-
deatli. But for some time the execution of the
threat was evaded. The Jesuits had siiijis of their
own, iuid the tycoon concluded that instead of soiul-
ing them away it would be better to employ those
ships in war with Coreii.
It was the last year of tlm si.\feeuth century that
the English and Dutch mariners first visiii'il Japan.
The lOnglish never made inucb headway in estab-
lishing conunercial relations with tliat country until
our own times. Tho Dutch were more successful.
JAl'ANKSK WOMEN,
They .sueiii to lia\o succeeded in convincing Llio Jap-
anese authorities ihatthoy had 110 religious designs,
but wore purely eoinmorcial and limiiuial in their
jiurposes. Such I'citainly was tho fact, and for (juite
along period after the roprosontativos of all other
parts of Eiiroiie iiad boon expelled, the Dutch wore
allowed to maintain a trailing post at, the island of
ilirado, and the prolits reali/.eil from this monopoly
of !'".inii|ienn ronimerco wore very considerable. The
overthrow of this monop-
oly was brought about by
the United States. Hut
before passiiii; to that re-
volutionary event wo must
rt'turn to tho political
affairs of tho empire.
During the year HiOU a
battle was fought near
Lake Orni which gave
to lyeyas total authority
over the country. This
soon removed tlu; capital
to YoJdo. lie gave tho
country a most admirable
system of laws, and estab-
lishe.l justice upon so iirn-
a foundation that for
more than two hundred
years after his death tho
land hail peace. >so por-
tion of Christendom could
over boast so t'onspicaious
a practical oxemphfication
of the religion of the
Prince ut Peace as the
Japan of that jieriod. The first American ship in
Japanese waters was a man-of-war coinmanded by
Oommodore Bidoll. That was in lS4i). Tho naval
visit which accomplisheil practical results was made
by Commodore M. C. I'erry in 185;j. lie negotiated
a commercial treaty iti 1854, which was the be-
ginning of one of tho most radical revolutions that
country ever experienced. ThesameyearSir .lames
Sterling of t'.io British navy ari'ivt'il at ^iagasaki, de-
termined to secure for Kngland as much latitude of
ctunmorco with Japan as had boon granted to the
rniled States, and he was successful. Other
nations followed, and the Dutch monopoly fell, and
with it Japanese exclusiveuess, to a very consider-
54
V
•j vl
'■:'W
M
432
JAP AX AND THE JAPANESE.
a, id •
able oxtoiit. Tnidu wus liuiito<l ami liuili^uil iilK^iit
witli niiiiiy restrictions. Tiio now iMjliuy wus lirnily
cstublit liud l)y 18.J8.
Jiipiin, liivo rruiice mid Itidy, luul itsReuiiissuncu.
It bogiui about tlio first of tliu ei^litocntli cuiituiy.
Thuro w;is a {^rciit revival of leaniin;,', a inigiity
intellt'Ctuul duvelopniont. 'I'bu j;o\(.'rniiieiit at
Yc'dilo, as it was thou called, had prosuuiod
too luuch and gone too fur in ignoring the law-
ful authority of the Mikado at .Mikio. Wiieii
in 18t!8 the Tycoon, now f( 1 t'.etii t t'nio otlicially
taking tliis title, ncgcti'itcd treaties by which
foreigners wtvv al- . —
loweil sonic 1 oni-
nioriial r.rvilo^ -,
ihati>",:>(.,ai,ion ■
made iho occiisi-jn
of rev, 'ution. The
battle of Fushinii
was fought
the dainiios
their leader put
duwii, Suddeidy
as if iiy niagie the
j'ower which iiad
bech suj'renie for
centuviesivascn sh-
od and the ^[ikado
inove<l from Kioto
to Yeddo, iience-
forth Tokii), ar.l
became in fiu-t, as
in theory, the supreme authority in the nation.
Tiie immediate object of tiie revolution was not
obtained. The. Mikado found tiuilwhat liie Tycoon
had assented to he could nut escaiie from. The
foreign gove: nments were (|,iite too powerful and
thc'r navies too strong to l)e delied by a kingdom of
islands. A little injury was inllicled upon property
owned by fr,reigners and a few )utrages committed
(fur which amjile indemnity was ^oon paid), and
then the Japanese accejRed the situation. Tlie
government and the great mass of the peojile were
so well jileusod to bo rid of tlu' daimio despi/tism
that they were in no hunn)r to maintain a (pnirrel
with foreigners. "Finding."' says an able writer,
"it impossible to <h'ive out the foreigners, as many
of the patriots desired, the new government ratified
the treaties, and thenceforth followed in quick suc-
COMMODOIiE PKIiKV I.AXDlXlj IN .l.M'AN.
cession those radical chiingos in the national jwlicy
wiiich nuido Japan the wonder of tho nations. Tho
feudal system, after seven centuries of existenoe,
was abolished in August, 18T1, and tho daimios
matle to reside as pensioners at Tokio. Tho
Mikado apjiearod in piiljlic as tho active patron of
the dock-yards, light-houses, hosjiitals, .schools,
colli'ges, railways and telegrajjlis which were rapidly
estaiilished." Finding that isolation was impossible,
Japan entered with enthusiasm upon a study of
Western civilization, fully resolved apparently to
adopt inid adapt the latest improvements of the
day. In 'i short
time a nourishing
newspaper press
was established,
and the decimal
system of reckon-
ing money, as it
obtains in the Uni-
ted States, was
adoi)ted. Tiie Jap-
anese ,v('« corre-
sponds to our dol-
lar. Nationali)anks
on the American
planwere establish-
ed. Theynmv num-
ber over 2W. Tho
western postal sys-
tem is alsi) in
vogue there. The
English jiostal savings .system has been adopted,
and is very largely patronized.
All these changes were not wrought without
some very stulil)orn resistance, especially in Kinshui.
These reljcUions required the intervention of tho
military for their suppression. Tlie chief of these
was the Satsuma rebellion, le;^ liy ,S;'.iiro T.ikamori.
It beiran Felnuary 1. 18Ti', aniKasted sevv^n month-.
The rebels nrmliered ^J'.oOt), and tiie losses in killed
and wounded on both sides amounted to about
The total jialilic debt of Japan, September 1,
is;s, was *:i' ").T'i."),<!';T, all of which was lield at
home except iA:i,'MH)fiH), held in Engl; iid. These
ligures include the paper money incircu'.rii>r, *<l"il,-
it")4,T:!l. By tiie ijierations of a sinking fund ihe
<iebt, foreign and domestic, is being obliterated.
H'i^
L.
Ill
Tliu
)pteil,
lumt
shui.
)f tlio
tliese
uiiori.
iiitli--.
killed
about
ibor 1,
iL'lil at
These
hvn,-
nd the
d.
JAl'AN AND THK JAI'ANKSE.
433
'I'lie lirsL line of ra'!roud, from Iliofro to Osaka,
as miles, was ojjeiied in the summer of IST'). At
the close of 18*1) there were opeu to liusiuess T'l
miles of railway, with 140 miles in ])roeess of con-
struction and 455 additional miles chartcrcl. The
mileage of telegraphs at that time was l,'.i:3."(. The
standing army is about S(),(H)o, with a militia, or
home-giwird liable to dut\, of 5,000,000. The navy
consisted in June, 18TH, of three iron-clads. one
gunboat, ami several wooden vessels.
political control. As Sintuism is the indigeiums
religion, it deserves esjHicial consideration. T'ho
worship of the sun is its fundamental idea.
The moon is also an oliject of iult)ration. T"he
emperors claim descent from the sun. Imago
worship, or idolatry, aljountls. There are gcxls
of war, rice, riches and the like. Perhaps the
most curious feature of Sintuism is the seven
happy gods, who are represented in a way
quite foreign to occidental ideas of deity. 'J'he Ja[)-
TUK SEVEN HAPPY JODS.
In theory the govornmont is an absolute mon-
archy ; in practice it is a responsible ministiy.
The empiio is divided into thirty-eight Irm, each
having a g<)>-ernor aj)iK)inted by the central govern-
ment at Tokio. There are three imperial cities, To-
kio, Osaka and Kioto, governed by nuiyors. The
area of the rice-fields is 5,585,900 acres ; of the other
cultivated tiolds, ;5,817,30O acres.
In IS^rl the calendar of Christian nations was
ivdopted, and it may Ix! said that old .lajiun dated
from 15. C. OC; t;) A. D. ls:->. The ancient faith
hius or temples, the lUiddhists 2!)(!,1!00, sustaining a
priesthood numbering Itis.('i5-t. But new Japan has
by inijiei'ial decree abolished the religious machinery
of lonner days, so far as the ^ame \-iis subject to
anese, whatever his religion, worships his ancestors,
and reverence for parents is carried to au e.\treme
unknown in Europe or America.
The government school for boys (Kaisciyak-ko),
at Tokio, employs Oernum, French and English
teachers, and thousands of boys and young men
nuiy now receive a comjilete education in the
science and literature of these different nations. It
is the science and worldly wisdom of the Occident,
far more than its religion, that the .Japanese are
disposed to adopt. Japan has a voluminous litera-
ture, and the great majority of the people can read.
No European or American has ever yet discovered
in their books, whether prose or i)oetry, any Hashes
of genius.
If \\
' 1
1 p
1
ii
' •'!
ii
u
■ '1i
,
'H ^'
■l I
■i
I . - ta^l.iiJ, ''^'^-^''-f*- L/tJU ..
V H M V " ■" ^^^ mj ■■ " t- ■ < y ,j y-i u .'W . fc .
i_. nj TJifVJiyfa .. t-mn vJ V/\' 1
''i ^^y
CHINESE EMPIRE
V'/
;!-■
U^Mi^^^'^ *
4
y^^\^
' 1^ ^:^-^ It^ ^Mi jU lE^lk^lE
>sy >^ t^w ^^ ^ir:x
n,s^^?i ^'^,_.. .vv<-..*^
.^2^^.-^2^_.,^2I5!:2?-HJ^.„:?-H^,^5S^
CHAPTER LXIX.
rKlllUTlllllAI, I',.\T1:m— ClilVA riiDI'Kll— TlIK ClMNKSK CoAl'T— Til K SlIANIillAI HE(illlN— TlIK VaI.-
I.KV (IP TlIK IIWAMi-llll— 'I'm; iNTKIllOIt— I'llODll'TS— TlIK lilVKIls KV CHINA— TlIK t'LIMATK —
TlIK KiiiiKsTs— TlIK Ki.iiiiv Kt' China— (JEi)i.(i(iV op tiik Ciuntiiy— Minkiiai. Wkaith and
I'KTIlclI.KIM— ClIINKSK A\ HI Al.s— ClIHKA ANII IT:" i;.\<l.rslVKNK>'f— MaNCUUIUA ANU THE Mol)-
KItN TaUTAIH— MllNOOI.lA— TllIBKT ANII TlIK CllANI) I.LAMA,
"B
4^
^^•N^^^
JILN A.ciiiliraciiiu'' <'hiii;i I'mp-
LT, Corua, Maiicliuria, Mon-
gdliii, Tilicl, mill Ivisicni 'l"ur-
ki'staii, anil t'xclusivc nl' Cn-
uliin-Cliiua, Siam ami utiuT
iiicTi'ly iiiiiiiiiial Iriliutarii's,
covers ail aiva nC -l.Mo/iod
ilus. Tills is I'liual to iiuarly liiu
f-«: wiinlu of coiiliiR'iilal ]Miro|ic. It cxlcmls
from the parallel of iiorili latitmle IS-'
1^ ISit', Avliiuh runs nearly centrally tiiroiit;ii
iSoiulaii. Africa, ami falls about, sixty
miles south of the City of .Mexico, to
north latitude b'.i- :.'.")', almost coriv-
s[)oiiiliiig to the jiarallel of Ijiverpool,
I'lnglaml, ami the northern extremity of
tlio Province of Quehee. In lonu'itude
it Rti etches through lifty (leu'rees, from the 8Utli to
i;j(itli incridians. Russia bounds it along its entire
northern line, of nearly :5.(i(i() miles; the Paeilic
Oceau (or its subdivisions known as the Jaiiaii, tlie
Yellow and the ('hina Seas) washes its entire east-
ern and southeastern boundary, of more thau4.()()()
!iiilcs in extent; Cochin-China. liurmah, Hritish
India, Bootan, Sikkim amlXcpaul border it on the
south und smitiiwest, and the latter and Kussia on
th(^ west.
China Proper, or that portion which is dist.incti\ely
Cliineso in civilization ami autonomy, embraces only
about half of this vast empire, yet it has an area
nearly eijual to that of (ierinany, Austria, Franco,
Italy, Spain, Norway and Sweden, and the Uritish
Isles united, having a coast-line of alioiit the same
contour and lengtii as that of the United States on
the Atlaiiiic, and a land frontier estimated at 4,4(10
miles. W'itii the exception of an incousideralile
projection in the northeast, between the Gulf of
Pe-chi-li and Corea, it corresponds in latitude with
that 1 .)rtion of the T^niti'd States south of the south-
ern line of New York State and that jiart of Mex-
ico north of the city of Vera Cruz. It lies south of
ail Kurojie.exci'pt the soutiierii jiortionsof the Siian-
isli, lionian and (irecian jieniiisulas and their out-
lying islands. Al'out iialf of China Proper is iiiiiy
or mountainous, containing a large proportion of
lands wliicii cannot be cultivated even by the labori-
ous methods of terrace-farniiiig and artificial irri-
gation, so largely practiccil in tiiat country.
From its soutiiernmost limit, on the gulf of Ton.
i[iiin, to tiie Ciiusan Archiiieiago, nearly a tiiousami
miles northward, tiio lookout of China on the seals
inde>crit)ably cheerless. A range of disintegrated
granite moimtains frowns, or, under a tropical sun,
glares, on tiio passing voyager all the way. Treeless,
siiruldess, almost bladeless, tiieir Hanks of rotten
granite gullied into red and yellow gulches, and their
(434)
19
c'HiNicsic i;.Mi'ii<i;
JiPW^^T^W^
435
'
P'l
' -!
M
myy.
'•,»':
#11] 4
mm
m
#.
i'^J
I'HINICSIC ICMIMKi:.
4.n
iiitL"'vo.iiii^ riiLrus iiikI siiiiiiiiils liuiiiii!il willi Mack-
on *
lined li()iil(l(U's, tlii'si' ilt'solaU) iiitMiiitiiiiiH yield md
liiiit of tlio ricli, |i<i|)uti>ii.s iiilerii)r just licliiiul tlitMii.
Milt witliiii u Imndri'd mid fifty iiiilcs "f Sliiini:liiii
till! |ir(PS]K)(;t (•iiiiii;,'(S, Hero till) ciiuriiiiiiLr (Jliiisiiii
An;lii|Hda^'o iqiiiears olT tlio Bay »( iiaii;,'i,'ii()\v.
Tiii'si' isiaiids lire liuautifiilly ti'rracud fnuii tlieir
HUiriiiiil.-i to lliosea. Tt'iiiplL'^ |m'I'c1ii'(| on llie priu-
(:i|ia! eiiiiiii'iices or on tlie ii'iii^'et! of rocl\y iironioii-
torius, wiioro tiicy fuii only lie rcucliod hy HtupM cut
in till' solid rock, stand cniliowcrcd in lovely ;;rovos ;
shrines dottlio waysides ; walled (owns andunwalled
villajj;es are seen on every side: and around all
glistens the sea, animated
by gaily ])ennoned junks and
bevies of iisliurnien's boats.
Not far north of these
islands aiii)uars the low, Hat,
alluvial j)lain, on the edge
of which stands Shanghai,
ill the delta of the river
Vang-tsi'-Kiang. This jilaiii
is Olio of the most roinark-
able geogriiiihical develop-
ments of China. It extends
inland from Shanghai (in
iiorlii latitude ;f()^ lo') to-
wards tlie south l.")(i to :i")(i
mile's; westwanl, from ;!(><)
to r)(i(»;aiid northward about
S(i() miles, to the gates of
i'eking and the base of the niountaiiis over which
climbs the great wall, the northern boundary of
(Jhiiia Proper. From its southern verge, on the bay
of Ilaugidiow, to its northern limit, on the gulf of
Pe-chi-li, only the bold, niountainous promontdry
interjected lietween the Yellow Soa and the gulf of
IV'-elii-li, constituting the greater })art of the jirov-
inco of Sbantimg, intervenes between tlii.. plain and
the ocean. In the interior tiiis vast sea of verdure
sweeps northward past the Shaiitiiiig promoniory,
comes out to the gulf coast beyond it, and continues
aliout a hundred miles still farther iiortii. From the
west the mountain ridges and lines of foot-hills
which make the water-s..." 'jtweentho tributaries
of the two great wator-cou/ses of China, the Yangtsc
and the Yellow rivers, jn'ciject into it. From south
to north, through its greatest length, runs the (Irand
Canal, about 800 miles in length, one of the grand-
3^-
^
m
^\: :y']
"•tmmMS-Tm^. • .■•mXnMi
rnixESK .irxK.
est achievements of man, considering the early age
in which it was constructed, whether regarded as a
feat of civil enuniicering or as a project of jiolitical
and commercial sagacity.
This whole plain, except in seasons of I'xtremc
drought, or when tiie Yellow river o\erllows its
baiikn (which, liki' those of ijic lower .Mississippi,
an' in many places higher than the surrounding
country) and Hoods wliole districts, is one unbroken
sea of liars est. Ivico, maize, millet, mulljerry, cot-
ton, sugar-cane, vegi'tables of everv variet\, and or-
chards, interspersed with innumerable cities, towns
and hamlets, till t lie eiitii-e region. Westward of this
wide, extended plain lie sev-
eral large, populous }irov-
iiices of rich valley.s and
table lands, tiiiely watered
by the soiircos and upper
triiiiuaries of the Yang-tse
aiiiT Yellow Itivcrs, and va-
ried by hill and niountaiii
scenery growing more ami
more wild and romantic as it
e.vti'iids wi'stward and soutli-
wartl, uiilil the limits of
China Proper are reached in
the lofty niounlaiii chains
which make the boundaries
of Kokoiior and 'I'ilict. and
ibe glaciered lieigiits of the
Himalayas. Southward of
the ^'aiig-tse river, the mountains and hill coun-
try bordering the (ireat Plain are thu favorite
habitat of the tea-plant. The bulk of the teas
and their dioiet'sl varirties are })rodiiced <>ii the
boiiutifuily terraced hill and mountain sides of
this rough, lirokeii region. Rice is the iirincijial grain
raised in this portion of the country, which yields
nearly all the fruits produced in the south-teiniierate
zone and the tropics, in America. Oranges, bana-
nas, pomaloes (or shaddocks), peaches, pears, and
smaller fruits known in our markets, and iiiaiigoes,
lichens, arbutus, lungans.carambolas and otlii'r fi'uits
lieculiar to Asia, grow in abundaiicc. Sweet potatoes
and ground-nuts (or peanuts) and yams are produced
in large iiuantities.
The rivers of China are numerous, Ijul only a few
of them are of gi'oat length. The principal of these
are the Ilwanu'-ho. or Yellow river, in the northern
o v
'\
.< I
.."h
\':k\
= i' 1.
mmm
it:.
43«
CHINliSK EMPIRIC
jinniinjcs, tho YiiiiL,'-t.sc-]viaui,f in I|il' ruiiLnil prov-
iuco.s, iiiul tlio So-Kuiuii,', or U'esloni river, in tiic
soiilii. Tln! iViiiii, 11 narrow iiiid c!xc;ooiliiigly tortu-
ous stream, ill tiio iinrtlieasturii proviiuo, tiie Xiiiij-
1)0 rivor, uiiiptyiii'^ into tiio JJiiy ot; Ilimi^uliow, a
littlo soiitii of llie Yanj,'-ts{', and tlio river Jliii, in
tlio province of Fiili-kien, are all navigable for (xjeaii
or foreign rivor steamers only i' the iiead of tide
water, a distance of l'.' to loo iMJJiv. The I'earl,
lirovince of Tibet, among tho Min nioiuitains, it
enters tho western central jiroviuco of Szo-Chiien,
and, first making a groat homl to the north, receiv-
ing its chief tributary, tho Ilean-Keang (a river of
about tho size of the Ohio), then curving for nua'o
Hum Ihroo degrees to tho south, it liniilly bears
northward and eastward again, ami empties into the
Yellow Sea in north latitude 'M". I'Voiu its source
111 the sea it traverses not less than •],!)(><,) miles.
or Canton, river, a branch of the Se-Ke;' ■g, is now
navigable for the same class of \e>sels about sixty
miles. The Yellow liver, though a stream of ini-
luunse length and often of enormous volume, lius a
broiul, inconstant banr.'l. full of shifting saud-'i'xrs,
and is ]/raetically unnavigablc for anything liut
small native llal-lioats. The ooe grain! rl\er ol
China is the Yang-tso-Kiu,ug, which is navigaioil by
daily lines of American and Hi glish-imiltsteamers,
mostly of the Hudson river pal tern, for a distant c- of
760 miles, and could be used for several hundred
miles further b\ vessels like those emploved on the
Oliio and the Ujiper Mississi|ip;. I':i.-ing in the
Through the lower "I'M miles of its cbannol it is
thronge I in all seasons of the year with native craft
an;l largo niuubers of foreign-built vessels, many of
which afo ow led by nativj gi;ilds.
'J'bo climate of China !'roi)er corresponds in tho
main to that of tiio United States and northern
Mexico in tho ft. line latitudes. The winter tempera-
ture in tho liorthorn provinces is rather milder than
in tho (iorresponding latitudes of tin; T'nited States,
and is not (jiiite so mild as in tho same bolts of ]']u-
rope. On the nther hand, the summer lioat aver-
ages somowluit higher than it does in this country
aii<l Euro|ie.
itiiiiis, it
j-Clim;ii,
1, roceiv-
rivcr of
[or iwovQ
lly bums
1 into the
ts soiiroo
i)U miles.
iiinol it is
iitive onift
!, many of
ids in the
iiortlierii
r temiicrii-
ildov tliiiM
0(1 Status,
ilts of Ku-
liuat aver-
ia coiiutry
CHINKSE ICMl'IRK.
4.^9
Tiiis iiiiiy liu (liiu in part tit tlio faut tiiat so hirj^u
a [lortion of Ciuna is dunuiluil of forusts ; wiiicli also
accounts for tliu small rainfall and slight humiility
of many parts of tiiu country, and frequent famines
cons('(|uunt thereon. The most lliickly settled jiurts
of the country, whether in the plains or in the
mountains, are (piite bare of timber, the exceptions
bein;^ chielly the groves around tiio teinjtles and
monasteries of the several religious orders ; where the
jtriests protect the trees, partly for the purposes of
ornament and the delectation of tiiemselves and the
devotees who throng here in the hot season to enjoy
the I'ooling shade and roimmlic beauty of these syl-
van relreals, luid parrly as a source of revenue. For
luMii)er and wood-fuel the most populous regions
are now dejteudent mainly on the timbered districts
far back in the spi-.rsely inhabited mcnuitain regions,
or upon importations by sea.
China, one mime of which is " The Central Flow-
ery Kingdom," is unusually rich in the variety
and commercial value of its llora. ; particularly as re-
gards its shrubs and llowering plants and trees.
Through the painstaking elforts of early Dutch and
English gardeners numy of the latter have been ac-
climated in Europe, and distributed from Holland
and Fngland ii. ..o gardens and hot-houses of all
the civilizcid world. <)( the useful shrubs and trees
whose products are eagerly sought for by all nations,
the list ih remarkably long. The principal ones are
the tea-plant, cinmimon. camphor, the mulberry-
tree, ginger, rhubarb and ginses^g.
Comparatively little is known of the geology and
miueralogv of this country. It is certain, however,
that- northern China is iargelv covereil with the lot'ss
formation, idt'utical in nature with the loi'ss <if the
liliine, and the similar format i(Ui covering eastern
Kansas, Mebraska, and southeastern Dakota to the
depth of from lifty to s<^'veral Inindred feet. No
mine fertile soil and subsoil have been discovered in
anv land. The mountains ami hills of southern
China are for tlu' nmst part of igneous origin —
ciMuposed largely of a rotten li'ldspathic granite,
easily excavated witli thi^ pickaxe, interspersed with
ipiartzose boulders and blocks of gneiss.
lr(Ui, copiier ami coal are known to exist, t be lat -
ter of good '|uality and iu largi^ i|uantilies, and of
late llu' Chinese grvernment has consented to the
einploymenl of foieign capital and meehanii'al ap-
pliances for mining it. Petroleum has been diseov-
iTcd in several parts of the country, and if foreigners
were permuted to exi)lore for it by right methods
there is good reason to beliovo it would be found in
jtaying ([uantities, China imports many thousand
gallons of kerosene from America every year, and
the trade is constantlv
mcreasmg at a rai)
d rati
when a little encouragement from the Chinese gov-
ernment would lead to home mamifacture eijual to
all their present demamls, and much nntre. tioUl
and silver are found in snniU ipiantities, but the
govermnent jealously restricts information of thi.s
miture, and the product is a matter of mere conjec-
ture, 'i'he mineral wealth of (his great empire lies
as yet undeveloped. When Western learning has
raised up a class
if Chinese scientists and
iivii en-
gineers, and the inqierial government, becomes nun'o
tolerant of foreiy;n enterprise, then the rich mineral
lidst
-I'l
treasures of China will burst into view in tli
of the hundreds of millions of ]K)oplo that crowd
Asia in all ([uarters, and the stories of the caves of
Aladdin will be sur[)assedby the new-found wealth
ef Cathay. Already enough is known of these re-
gions to warrant the fultillment of this predii^timi.
The fauna of t
lis empire coiiqirelien
tile
geiu.'ra and most of the sjiecies of animals known to
Asia. Ali the domestic animals of l'inro|ie and
North America are found here. Tigers, lions, leop-
ards, and other beasts of prey haunt its
all'
and
foil
■southwestern lungles ;
api
nonl<evs are
nd in the districts bordering on Cochin-China ;
d the Mactrian camel and tlie idephant. are reared
in tl
le west and
)f
outhwest, ironi wiiuai reuioiis
troops or eanu'is come and go alou
ll
van routes of Central Asia. \''
nomoiis re|
10 LTi'eat cara-
it lies are
nnuR'rous
which the most dri'aded is the cobra
tl
10 scourge ol
hid
la.
Bird
s ot mnumeraiilc varit
tion, fn in the diminutive! hunimiiig-iiird to the con-
dor and the eagle, are native to the eipuutry. Anions,
those remarkabU' for the beauty of their pluiiiagi
are
bird.
the silver and the giddeii pheasant, the argu?
paroi|Uets of sevt'ral varieti
the eiH
kali
the peacock, the mandarin duck, and hummiiig-iiirds
of more than a dozen spei'ies — "llviiii; llowers." as i ho
Chinese call them.
ood liinls of delicious i|uility
are
bird.
and
found in kii'Lie i(uanliii
quail
-nipi
wooileoeks
I'
■hiding the rire-
■eous, pliea>anls.
<-: and geese, both wild and tame. l'"isli of
excellent sorts are taken in large i|iiapi iiir< from
tile risers and alomj the coast, and an' rai-i^d in ai'ti-
55
:l
' f
ii' V '■• '
J[iU'
Bii
1 , f
440
CHINESIi KMPIRE.
liciiil pDiids, tliis kind of fo(jil buiiig tliu main iv-
liiinco of ii largo proportion of tlio inliabitaut.s for
t.lieir supply of meat-food, particularly in the soath-
eiistern j)rovinue.s.
Noi'Lli of Cliina l*roj)er lie Corea and Manchuria.
The former maintains the mo.st complete self-isola-
tion, oxcludini' foreigners fn>m direct social or com-
ii'crciai intercourse with a rigor nnlvnown to tlie
Japanese at tiie time that Commodore Perry lirst
visiu"! them, to negotiate the treaty that has succeed-
ed in bringing Japan into the general comity of na-
tions. It is doiitii for a foreigner to enter Corea witii-
seen of this sealed antl mysterious laud. Man-
churia, the native land of the present Tartar
(lynastA of China, lies nortli of Corea and Ciiiuii
Proper, stretching nortlnrard to tiic Amuor river.
It is composed in large part of delightfully di-
versilicd regions of fertile hills and vales, covered
with extensive forests, broad native j)arks of oak
openings and vast areas of prairie land, nearly all
lying within tlie same latitudes as Iowa and Min-
nesota, or France and Xorthern Spain. Otlier por-
tions of it are rugged and mountainous, bleak and
barren. This entire countrv is divided into three
( IIINKSE STUEKT SCKNK.
out special ])ermit, and the latter is very rarely given,
and tlien under tlic severest restrictions and a sys-
tem of iMlolcrable espionage. It is for the most
part a fertile country, well divcrsilled witii hill and
\ale. Tiic government is adesjM)tism. Still people
are industrious, and seem lol)e contented. SulTering
ior la(;k of the necessities of life is tliouglit to be
almost unknown. Tlie iittemptsof tlie T'nited States
lo lead the rest of the world in opening the ports of
Corea to commerce, as it ojiened Jajian, althougli
[((■rsistent, have elTecteil little Ijcyond the ameliora-
tion of tlio condition of sailors wrecked upon that
coast. Such uufortunalits were, until very lately,
either miissarred or held in perpetual slavery in
Corea, to jirevcnt, their I'cporting what they had
sul)-provinces : ^loukden (or Shin-king), Kirin, and
Tsi-sti-har, of all which a great part is believed to
bo as ca[)able of high cultivation as the American
and EurojKJan States generally are. Yet, with the ex-
ception of the snnill district of .Aloukden, whicli
contains a considerables population of Chinese ag-
riculturists, mechanics and tnulers, it is still the
home of nomads, a region roan' 1 over by ajwople
scarcely more nearly assimilated to Chinese civiliza-
tion than are tiio Sioux of Dakota to that of the
adjacent American States. The merchants of the
few rudely t'onstructed I rading towns and stations
of this region are Chinese; the Tartars them-
selves jireferriiig to live by the chase, fisiiing^
and a rude stvie of airriculture but little bet-
II, ami
red to
lericau
the ox-
whicli
;so as-
:,ill the
;iviHza-
of the
of tlio
!tatious
thoin-
tlshiug,
bet-
CHINESE EMPIRE.
441
tur than that practiced by the North American
Iiiihaiis before recent efforts to civilize tlie latter.
In fact, not only in this respect, Imt in many
others of their practices in peacn and in war, as
well as in physiological distinctions, they l)ear
striking resemblances to several Xortli American
tribes.
-Mongolia lies west of Manciiuria, on nearly the
same jiarallels. It has the lofty Altai Mountains in
tlie north, the snow-covered Ala-shan and Kin-shan
subject to the ruling dynasty of China, to which the
Mongols acknowledge heivuitary allegiance, wiiile
they maintain their am lent Tartar form of gov-
ernment.
South of Mongoli;., and directly west of China
Proper, are [liled the mountains of Kokinor and
Tibet, wilii tiieir glaciers surpassing those of all
the world i)esides, and their intervening fertile valleys
and plains and l>uri!iiig deserts. Tibet is the tiirone-
land of the (!rand idama, who is pojx) to a church of
VIKW iiV AMOY.
Mountains in the south, ami several lateral ranges,
between which extend [jlateaus of dilTcrent degrees of
elevation, from UOO feet to over M.Odi) feet :ibove
tlie oct'an. There are many dreary deserts in this
immense country, but, on I lie otiier liami, liiere are
l)roa(l areas of fertile jirairie land aii.i rich bill and
valley country, as capable of producing enormous
crops of wheat and maize as are the plains of Kan-
sas and \eliraska. Hut with tiie exceiition of lim-
ited jiortions settled in jiart by Cliinese agriculturists
and tr;iders, they are under the control of noiinuls,
in a state of semi-barbarism, kindred to that of the
Manchus. Jlomrolia is I'atiier nominallv than reallv 1
nuiuy millions mon^ than confess allegiance to the
Uoman pontilT. He resides at the sacred city of Lassa,
renowned in all Ibiddbisl <'ountries for its holy tem-
ples anil immense iiioinisteries. The jieople are en-
Liaged iliieily in agriculture, herding, and a ruile form
of mining:- for sihcr, gold.cojiper and prec'ous stones.
-Mostof tluMu live in the greatest ))i>verty, le prey of
despotic rulers and swarms of idle moidvs who
infest the countless monasteries and constitute a
larger rat'o of the ))0}»ulation than the religious
onlers in any other jiart of the globe. The history
and civilization of tlie ("hinese ]ieopl(! will form the
subject of another cbajiter.
::it ■
. 1 -
f ■
1:1
•
/ '■
, \
•J ',
'■' V
ti V
.,
.'i h •■;
; ;■ .V
1
rc
ilHl ::
r -
''■'•mn
W
m
:r- ' . ill
^■'^ ;•'*!'
;|i: •
Hh
roXFlTirs.
CHAPTER LXX.
The China op Fab;.k — Table of Dynastiks — The Ace of Conpitius, and the Great Wall —
1'ka<e on Kakt'i— The M'ist ('ivii.i/.ki> Land— Knii.Ai Kahn and JIauco I'olo — Inter-
national (,'OMMKlt( lAL INTEIK lUliSK— rolHLATION OP CHINA— THE (iOAEIlirMENT— HEVENUE
AM) Taxation— I'E('ii.iAiiiTiE>< OF the rEoi'i.K— I'ood— OrcrrATioN— Architectike and Art
— Education asu Opfice-holdino— The IIanlin University— liKLiaiON op Cuina,
m^
IIIi^A is undoubtedly the old-
est of now existin<r nations.
Its poets, like tliosu of Greece,
\ claim eons ujion eons wlicn
tlie Ciirtli WIS tilled witii de-
ei miijods, dcnioiis and "iants.
Some of these fables refer llie
ori^^in of man to a i)oint of
time more tlian ;i,yuu,()()0 years aii-
I tece leut to tlie l)irtli of (Jhrist. The
ear!ie>t epoch of rational Chinese his-
Liiry hennas with the reii,ni of Fuhi, 'i,S'i't
years ])efore Christ, or only Ii03 years
after the deluge — reckoning according to
Hales' Ciiroaology, wliich nearly curre-
siionds with tiiat of tJie Septuagint. IVr-
bajis some credence is due to the tradi-
he two fal)le-oljscun'd sovereigns immedi-
ately preceding I''uhi. One of these, Y\i-cliow, is
said ti> iiave led th* Chinese into China from the
far West, down the left i)ank of the Yellow river,
and to have settled tliem in some measure in its
great bend, in the pri>vint;e nf Shaiisi, teachiuir
them Ik exchange ilii'ir shifting tents Tor iiuts ot
biiii^lis and trees. His successor, Sin-jin, the
" rrcariicr nf Righteousness," laid the foundation of
till' (.'hiiH'se worship of SlianLT-te. tiie '• Sujircme
tion
Ruler," which is the only state religion of China to
this day, and of which the emperor .s the sole ])riest.
He was also, they believe, the discoverer of fire, by
friction of two pieces of wood. However that may
he, iie encouraged his jwoplo to set up ])ernuinent
homes and heartiis, and abandon nonnulic life.
Fuhi, who began his reign B. C. 'Z,S5-i, organized
the peo])le into tribes with distinct names, heads,
and judges, lie also discovered iron, and taught
men to use it for implements of i)e.ice and war. lie
was the Tubal-Cain of (.'hina. After "eigning 115
years, he was succeeded by his son, Siimumg, the
" Divine Husbandman," who invented the plow, and
euctniragod men to engage in agriculture, ;'.!;d t'lugl t
them the use of herbs. He reigned 140 years, and
was succeeded i)y the usurjjcr, llwang-ti, about Ji. C.
'Z,i)'.)7. Hwang-ti was a great general and a wise
rider. He taugiit the people arts and maiuifactures,
encouraged learning, aiul instituted the sexegenary
cycle, by whicii the Chinese still reckon time. The
lirst of these cycles dates from the sixty-iirst year of
Hwang-li's reign, or 15. C. v,i)i}i, i. e., 51<S years af-
ter the Deluge. He sc.'cms to have had no little
knowledge of astronomy, and he established the
Chinese calendar with a true understanding of the
length of the year, not recognized by the Ilonnins
until nearly '^,fn)() years later. His wife, Seling, in-
(442;
<3\
THE CHINESE.
443
vented and tiii;glit the art of silk-spinning and
weaving. lie reigned lUO years and was siiceeeded
by three kings of imicli less iniportanee, when the
reign of Yan t!ie (treat begun, H. C 'i'i'u. Hero
commences the authentic history of this wonderful
nation. The historical writings of (Jonfucius, the
records of his great book, the " Shuking," go no
farcher back than Yau. Under this sovereign and
his successor, Shun, there was a remarkable Hood,
or overflow of the Yellow river, along which the
densest population had settled. Khun called Yu to
his aid, and by deepening the bed of llie river, open-
ing new channels, and casting iiji dikes, the inunda-
tion was assuaged and the fields reclaimeil. Yu
became the founder of the first Chinese dynasty,
that of Ilia. The sovereignty, tlieretofore regarded
as elective, became from this time on hereditary in
the eldest son ; and the records cease to claim for
sovereigns reigns of improbable duration. It is im-
possible in this volume to do more than name the
several dynasties which from that time have ruled
the destinies of China, as in the following table:
Djimsties.
Fimiidcr
Hill
sluing
Cliiiii
Twin
Uiiii
After Ilan..
Tsin
Sung
Txi
Liaii!;
Chill
Sill
Tim;;
After I.iiin^.
After 'riiii;;.
After 'ruin
After Hull
After (Mimi.
intcrreniiiim
inter
Sunn
S. Siiiif!..
Viien.. ..
Miiig
Twiiig ..._
Yu, the (ireat
CliiUL'luni.'
\Vii-\\"Mn^
('hwaiiir-HianL;
Liu-Pan^'
LiuYu
Kau-ti
Wu-ti
Yaii},'-Ki('n
Li-Yiien
(,'hwang-T«iini,'
Ko-Wei
Knhlai Kahn
llung-Wii
Snn-elii
Nil. Sov-
ereigns.
Vears.
ir
W'.t
K.
as
(iU
K.
nr.
HTI
It.
:i
•17
U.
^(1
■i-a
B.
^
44
A.
15
l.V>
A.
M
.ISI
A.
:>
•£i
A.
4
;>:>
A.
m
A.
31
A.
a)
^Sil
A.
^
Hi
A.
••)
1.1
A
o
11
4
'.1
A.
A.
A.
jl
10
A
A
ii
l,->:t
A
HH
A.
ll>
■-!7il
A
Kras.
, V. S-.tn li> li. C.
. c. irtiiito li. c.
. V. ll;.'Jtii li. ('.
. C. ^111 to H. C.
. c. aij to A. I),
I). 'JJl t.i A. I).
, 1). -xr, to A. I).
1). 4>'il to A. I).
, I). 4r'.PtoA. 1).
. I), .'i M to A. I).
, J). .V.rto A. I).
, 1). .wr to A. I),
, 1). tilSto A. I)
. I). iHi;- to A. 1),
. I), ilillo A. I).
. 1). '.wi;io A. I),
. I), '.iirto A. I).
. I), li.'il to A. 1).
. 1). iKk) t ) A. 1).
. I). ilTilto A. 1).
. I). 11-,'rtoA. 1)
.1). l-.'HOto A. I),
, I). i:tiiHto.\.D,
I), mil to
uaa.
. !i4i).
aw.
4a).
■irii.
."ST.
i;iH.
'.KIT.
iisi.
!l.i(l,
;i4r.
ii.-ii.
'.m.
iiri).
11-J7.
1*11.
i:iiw.
1014.
The third dynasty is reiaarkalile for its great
lenjith of rule, JSTii vears — the longest kii')Wii to iiis-
tory. It was during the si.\th century of this dynasty
tliiit Confucius arose. The country iiifreased in
population and develoiied in resources during tiiis
long jK'riod, notwithstanding tiie matr, internecine
wars growing out of the resisttuw e of feudatory
lorils to ilie power of the cmiiero''. lieiiriiiiig was
cherished, and men of letters were con,-.picuous in
the councils of the governineiit. The usurper,
Chwang-Siang-Waiig, after having exterminated the
last of the Cliau dynasty and reduced all the jKitty
states to Ids sway, lussumed the name of " The First
Enijieror," and addres.sed hiin.self to the extinction
of all piist history. He ordered the principal sclud-
ars of the retdm to be jxit to death, all books were
to be delivered up to lie destr(>yed, under penalty of
dciith, and the royal and provincial libraries were
burned. 'I'he loss to China and the world can never
be estimated.
Altiiough Chwang-Siang was one of the greatest
military commanders in all Chinese history, and
although he constructed bridges, dikes, canals, and
many other jmblic works, crowning all his feats of
civil ei: :!neering by building tiie (treat Wall of
China, one of the marvels of the world, the name of
this vanilal emperor lives now mostly in execration.
His dymusty survived him only seven year.s.
It is a singular coincidence that the succeeding
dynasty, the Itist of the old era of the world and the
liegimiiiig of the Christian era, was remarkable for
the progress of tiie nation in the arts of jieace, and
tliat at the same time that the Uonian Empire was
at peace with the world, and .Tesus was liorn in Betii-
lehem, the Emjieror Ping-ti (signifying " peace ") w;is
enjoying a rpiiet reign in China.
Owing to tJK^ weakness of the last of tln^ Han dy-
nasty, and the (piarrels attending the attempts to set
ii[) its successor, tlie empire became divided into
three princiiialities. The divisions were not over-
come and the country reunited until netirly four
liundred years later, under the strong government
of Yiuig-Kien, or Kautsu. One of the most illustri-
ous dynasties in Chinese history was that of Tang,
extending from A. I). 1118 to A. D. OUo, when, as
that learned American sinologue, S. Wells Williams,
has well said, " China w:is [irobably the niosl civil-
ized country on Ciirth" — Ivirope being then '• wrtipped
in the ignorance and degradation of the Middle
Ages." Taitsuiig, the second of this dynasty, es-
tablished scliouls, instituted the present system of
literary examinations, and made a[)[iointiiient to
otlice conditional lirst of all upon the rank secured
in these scholastic examinations. He extended his
empire over all the countries now suliject to China,
and even lieyond tiiese limits.
The Yuen dynasty, tiiat of the Mong(d Ttirtars,
was founiled by Kubiiii, grandson of (Jenghis Khan,
the terrible Ttirtar chief who overnin all Asia inid
Western Eurojie. It was during Kublai's rule that
!'!■ I
^: ■:!
•■n
■t;i
:: |i i i
444
THK CHINKSE.
^liii'co I'oli) visikd (Uiiiiji, and on his ivturu imia/.i'd
all Kuropu hy his trulliful iiarrat-ivo of thu hiijh civili-
zation, woalth and iiiiignilioencu of " Cathay." 'riif
tiraiid (Jaiial was const nictod hy Kiihlai, and under
liiiu ami his jjfraudsoii the empire enjoyed irreat
prosperity. Their successors were prollij^ate, weak
( r tyrannical, and after SS years of !Monirol su)ircni-
ai'y the pc( pie threw otr the Tartar yoke, and the
Chinese dynasty of iNiin^^ swayed the inqjorial scejiter
for ;iT(i years.
In I.MC), durin;,' the reign of Kiah-tsing of this
dynasty, the Portuguese caniutoChina. Foreiuni in-
tercourse was soon
begun. A I'ortu-
guesc colony was
begun at Ningpo
and a ^jroiitalilc
trade established,
ivhen u series of
nets of piracy and
cruel outrages (in-
cluding the kid-
nappingiif Chinese
to be sold into slav-
fiU'ce, they succeeded indisposing of their gootls and
olitaining cargoes. No further attempt was nuido
until 5JT years later, when the East India (Joinpauy
sent a single vessel to Macao, but, through the jeal-
ous treatment of the 1 Drtugnese, failed to disjfose
of its cargo. Some desultory conunerco was carried
on at Formosa and Amoy. At last the English se-
cured trading ])rivileges at Canton in lfi84. 'I'heir
commerce with this country was of small impor-
tance, however, until the opening of the jiresent cen-
tury, when the opium trade set in. Tiiis soon assum-
I'll frightful ])r<)]x)rtions. The Chinese strove to ex-
elude it, but it was
tlie
and
committed by
ciunnninders
owners o
f r
or-
tUL'uese vessels, led
to the expulsion
.f
the f(i
trader.-
Acts of rapacitv
commi
ttetl
I IV oth-
f.
orei^'ucrs aiu
later, the (piarrels of tlu' lionian L'alholic mission-
aries of ditferent orders, are chielly responsible for
that .-pirit uf suspicion and exclusion which has
ever since, to a greater or less degree, nnu'ked the
Chinese treatment of foreigners.
The Dutch first became known to the Chinese in
a nuval attack upon the Portuguese settlement at
Macao, in HI-*->. Beaten off, tlK'y took forcible pos-
'jcssion of the Pescadores islands in the China Sea,
to the great annoyance of the Portuguese of the
China coiist and the Spaniards of the Philii)i)ine
islands, as well as of the Chinese. After this, in
Iti'M, they seized a jiortion of the island of For-
mosa, and held it by force for '-iS years. Tiie English
api)eared oti the nnmth of the Canton river in May,
lt;;iT. and asked jiermission to trade. Partly by
snuiggled into the
country under cov-
er of tiie arnni-
inents of the cor-
rupt East India
Company and hire
of the English Hag
toChineseand Por-
tuguese coast-trad-
ers. Tills led to
the Anglo-Chinese
war, known as
the '•Opium War,"
closing with the
treaty of Nanking,
anil the compul-
sory ojtoning of five
Chinese ports in
184-2. The first
American vessel
I'ligaged in the China traile, the Eiiiprcsx, set
sail from New York in 1784, only six nK)nths
after the definitive treaty of ])eace with (Iroat
Britain acknowledging American independence. It
luiule ii successful voyage. Tiie first American treaty
of amity and coinmerce Ixstween the United States
and China was negotiated at Macao hi 1844. Nearlv
all the commercial nations of the eartii are now in
liberal treaty relations with the Chinese, securing to
them, among other rights, the i)rivilege of trading
at twenty-one ports; of traveling in the cimntrv ; of
enjoying and disseminatingtheir religiousdoctrines ;
and, what is still more noteworthy, the jurisdiction
of their consuls in all actions for debt or damages,
or j)rosecution for offenses of any kind conunitted
t)y their sul)jects on Chinese soil.
triiies ;
lictiou
uiitted
i
„
-fj
'v
THE CHINKSE.
445
In IS't'i, according to tiie roturns uf tlio Iniporiiil
(customs, there were 3,()01 foreitrners in C'liinii. of
wlioni 1,7T1 were natives of (JrciiL Uritain mid Ire-
land, 1,541 of tiie United States, 481 of tlerinany,
and 239 of Frimee. More tiian lialf of all tiiese, or
3,U47, were at Sliaiijiiiai, and ',H)ii at Canton, leaving
1,30G scattered among the other treaty ports, at
"oking, and at tiie several mission stations. 'JMiis
does not include the foreigners at the Portuguese city
of Macao, and at the British island of IIong-Konc:'
mile. The most densely inhabited portions of jjoth
countries siiow a much larger average. 'Die rich,
alluvial Cliinesc provinces of Kiaiigsu, Anhevei,
and Ohehkiang, in tiie (Jreat Plain of Cliiiia. aver-
age 850,7()o, and till iniiabitants, resjtectivcly, jut
sijuaro mile. These are the most densely iK)j)ulated
provinces. Tlie Belgian provinces of Brabant, East
Flanders, and Ilaiiiault average fully as dense a
population as tiiis ; or, severally, TTl, T(!(i, and OTll
l)er s(juare mile. Bchni and Wagner estimate tho
The population of the entire Chinese empire is
still an indeterminate problem, since tiie statistics
of the dejiendencies are mere estimates. Tiiese are
as follows : population of Manciiuria, ii,OUO,t)UO, of
wliich the semi-civilized province of Moukden, ov
Sliinking, contains •^,liS7,"-i8ii ; (jf Mongolia, o.UOd,-
OOO; of Tibet, (' 000,000, and of Corea, 8,000,000.
The population ot China Proper is known witii aiiout
as great certainty as that of most European niid
American countries. According to tlie latest otlicial
returns, the Eigliteen Provinces contained 'M0,2'!d,-
079 inhabitants, or t>77 per siiuare mile. There is
no good reason to believe tliat this is an exaggera-
tion. Belgium has over 480 inhabitants jier s(jiiure
total iiopulatiou of the Cliinese Empire, excluding
Eastern Turkestan, at 4tJ5,000,000, which is in ex-
cess of the al)ove tigures.
The government of. China is practically dual : a
democracy witiiin an autocracy. From the ancient
patriarolial times there lias come down a system of
elders, cliosen by tlie peojile to act as ari)itrators in
>!i.iLLers of disagreement and preserve tlie peace.
As a rule tiieir administration is eminently mild and
i just ; which cannot always be said of the imiierial
I rule. The imperial government is wlioUv vested,
: theoretically, in the II wang-ti, or emperor. Under
i the title of Tien-tzi, " Son of Heaven," he is both
tiie spirit'.nil and secular heiul of tlie nation, clothed
r^
m
1^' '!;■>■!
m
I.-
in
-^^Ou.
446
THE CHINESE.
witli tlie liigliust lof^isliitivo iiiid cxecutivu iiutliDrity,
witlnml- limit oi' cinitrol. Hiit in ivulity lio is ri'-
strit'ti'd iiiul iiL'ld ill hy tiiiiD-lKtuorcMl uml sucrud
custoiiis, \viiic:ii liiivu nil l.lio [idU'iicv of ii written
CDiislitutioii. 'I'lu; uiiipLTor is the sole liiLtli-priust of
the Enipiro. Ile.witli liisropi-esontfitives, porfornis
tiie gretd, reiii;ioiis eeremoiiies at the 'iViii|ilo of
Jleiiveii, Hk> 'l'('iii|)le of A^^riciiltiire iiiid elsewhere.
No eei^le.siii.stieal hieiMrclu is iiiiuiitiiiiied lit tliejmb-
lio c.\i)Oiise ; nor is there any priestlb . ' iitt;iielied to
tiie ('i)nfuei;iii or state religion.
The succession since li)44 has not been hereditary,
but the eni|K)r(ir names his successor — any member
of the imi)eriul fatnily, witiiiu certain limits. The
admiidstratiou of I he empire is under the supreme di-
rection of the Interior L'onneil ( 'hainlier, comprising
four members — two Tartar ami I wo t'liinese — assist-
ed by two members of thi! Ilanlin, ur Kreut College
of Peking, who have to see that nothing is done
contrary to the civil and ri'ligious la\v< of the em-
pire laiil down i?i the Ta-tsing-hwei-tien (/. e. Cid-
lecteil Kegiilalions of thedreai I'ure Dynasty, the
const it ul ion or fundamental law of I he t'mpire), and
the sacreil writings of (Jonfncius. I'lidcir this
(Joiineil, or Imperial Cabinet, are six boards, each of
which is presided over liy a Tartar and a Chinese :
the Board of Civil Appoint!, lents and Administra-
tion ; the Hoard of Iteveuuc, regulating all tinaucial
alfairs; the Hoard of Rites and Cerem(»hies ; the
Hoard of Military alfairs; the Hoard of Public
Works; and the lioard of .ludieiary — the highest
tribunal of criminal jurisdiction. Theoretically in-
depenilenl of the guvernment, and al)()ve all these
boards, is the Hoard of Public Cens(»rs, of about 4(»
members under two i)resideiits, one T:i'"^ar and one
Chinese, who, by the ancient custom of the cm[)ire.
ha\e eac^li the privilege of presenting any remon-
strance to the sovereign. One censor must be pres-
ent at the meetings of each of the six boards. This
right of remonstrance, like the right of jietition in the
I'niied States, is generally regarded as sacred and
inaliemiblo, and is exercised with a large degree of
freedom.
(ireat ellort is made in this const itutiou to i)re-
scrve a balance of jiower between the Chinese and
the Tartar elements of China Proper — the standing
army, howi'ver, being at all times largelv Tartar.
Every province and city has its military head, usually
a Tartar, as well as its chief civil mairistrate. a Chi-
nes) nninduriii. Tho standing military force of the
empire consists of two great divisions — tho onocoin-
|iosed of Tartars, the other of Chinese and other
subject races. Tho latter is used nniiidy as a con-
stabulary force, the former is maditained in garri-
sons antl fortilications '.n all the great cities along
the coast and on tho fuintier. Chimi had nothing
worthy the name of a navy until 1ST7, when tho
government ; 'rchased ' mr idnurably constructed
Euu:lifb-buil', .'i-m ,'T'ii( ' ..its '! about 4./0 tons ea h.
Ti, ''■.esothe;, ,!.ld'>-.i m IHti) fiur similar ones, and
recently tli' v ii;! :■ cw);, ■ uited and e(iuii)ped -several
small revenue eii ■(''.• at itioi- own navy-yards and
arsenals. These yards, dock, ud arsenals, estab-
lished with the aid of foreign instructors iuid me-
chanics, are now largely operated by Chinese olli-
cials and workmen. This navy is intended only for
coast defcnise and enforcement of the customs laws.
The public revenue of China of late years has
been t'stimated to average 8125,UUU,()U0. Only the
recei[)ts from custom duties are made pid)lic. In
isis these amounted to l'^,4.s;5,',)S,S haikwan taels,
or about j!lS,T-^o,()(K). Tho largest expenditure of
the imperial goveriunent is for the army — amount-
ing to almost «4.j,(iOO,()l)U per amuim.
China avoided tho dangers of contracting a for-
eign debt until 1.ST4, when it negotiated a loan <.>(
t'<I"JT,i)^.") at 8 i)er cent., secured on tho customs rev-
enue, hi 18T8 it negotiated another loan of £1,-
l)U4,'^'i''J at 8 per cent, secured in the sumo way. Tho
total foreign im[)orts in 18T8 at all the twenty-ono
open ports amounted to £'M,'i-il,'.2()8. and the exports
to t'-2(i,l")l.ii.") 1. In the ten years ending 18T8 tlio im-
ports increased 18 per cent, and the exports '^."i per
cent. Of this trade the English got the lion's share,
carrying off,in 18'r8,£14,(;0(),0()0 of the exi)orts, and
giving in exchange €'),()i)8,'.}'21 of Hritish home prod-
uce and the whole (d' the balance in opium. There
is no way of ascertaining the amount of tho domes-
tic trade of this populous country, or the volume and
worth of tho trade carried on with Asia and Europe
overlaiul.
Physically, the Chinese of tho (ireat Plain and
Southern China are rather smaller than the average
Euro[)ean. Their conn)lexion is considerably lighter
than the Hindoos, with that sligiit yellow or sallow
tinge ]ieculiar to the Mongolian race. The cheek-
bones are pronuuent, tho shape oi tho face is as
generally round as that of tho European is oval.
J-
liii and
livenigo
sallow
c'licek-
30 is as
oval.
lW.
THE CHINESE.
447
'Piio liair :■ st,iai;i;lit,, coursL! and Muck, t'ae \touvd is
tliin (wir cs aro scarrcly u\ir stn^ii V tiit cvi-'h are
ill all cast' l)l,i''k, ..mail ami alii'ist, inviiriahly uli-
rn|ii'\ Til.' nose is small, and wilhoul. Ijcinir llat, is
\vid(; and in^nlarly dcjiii'Ssod it, tliu lower cvl n'ni-
ily. Tlir lis arc. lihini so tiiin ,w in tin- l'.ui'ci[)c n
tyjio. 'li'^liands and I'cct arc small and rcniarl^ahlv
wc'l-sliapcn ; tlic motions oi' ^lic ' 1^ ari^ light, i|uick
ai'o secluded, except, those of I,li0 laboring class, hnl
llioy Inivo large inlluence in tlicir liomes, where con-
jugal and lilial alTection and respect aro ueeounted
1 ' highest \irtiies. (Jliildren, as a rule, aro treated
witli tenderness, and often with excessive inuul-
gciu-(
On
ifesteil more generally
On tlic oilier liand. lilial respect and lovoare nian-
\ than in otlier nations. The
TEA CAIIDENS AT SIIANGnAI.
and often graceful. This is a sketch of the typical
('liinaman. The nioiuitaineevs, the people of the
northwest proviiu;es, and the ]"'orniosans, Coroans,
and Tartar tribes in general average fully as great
height and muscularity as the European or Anglo-
American. All of these last-named Asiatics arc
semi-savage, or, at least, mncli more igTioraid, coarse
and fierce than the true Cliinanum. The latter is
peaceable, imliistrious, temperate in the use of in-
toxicating drinks, frugal, yet kind and hospitable.
The elders are sedate, dignilicd and polite. The
younger people arc fid 1 of good humor and bnlibling
over with love of social sports and mirth. Women
56
doctrine of lilial obedieiico is fundamental in their
social, political and religious systems ; the lirst essen-
tial of instruction that they receive at home, in
school, in society, iu and out of ollice.
Among the vices most common in China, the
opium-smoking, which has developed at an alarming
rate since the early part of this century, is one of
the most destructive.
As to licentiousness, there is nothing to iirovethat
this people is any more addicted to it than Europe-
an races. Polygamy is allowalilc, ami is practiced
by nicu of wealth. Concubinage is honorable ; con-
cubines and their children are legitimate, and the
i.*^
■ ■.it;!;.^
|r1™'i
*
||lf%^r.
■ .
K
Hpote '
pj'i( ij'
..
\0}'t
, ' i
Iv'-f
,!!• ■ i
H!
448
THR CHINFCSK.
law c'oiiijtc'ls tin; iiiaii to ])nivi(lc for tlioiii. ]Uit
till' j^rcat l)o(ly of Cliiiiusc aiv inoiioirainisfs, citln'r
fi'iiiii ilioici' or iicc'ussity. Iiifaiiticiilo is jiracticcil
to soiiio c'xii'iit, liiit it, is ill (liri'ct violation of
iiiilicrial rcscriiits a.i,'aiiist, it, ami tln^ iio|iiilar son-
tiiiR'iit, ami tlicrc is a lioiiovoU'iit sociiiy wlioso
special business is to i)rt'venL this criim', and care
for fonmllnii^s.
Till' ('liiiu'sc st'L'in to lii.'vc an unaccoiiiitablo hunt
for ill ini^ tliin^^'s in a way diri'dly oipposito to tlio
styli' of doing the same in other lands. The iioint
of their inagnetie-iieedle is toward the south; the
place of honor for their fjuosts is on the left hand;
they wear white as
a Ijadge of mourn-
ing ; their joiners saw
inside of the gauge
line instead of just
outsiile of it, as Eu-
rojuMii joiners do;
and they draw a
plane towards them
instead of pushing
it. Scores of simi-
lar inversions of Kii-
ropean customs can
be I'ecited. They are,
])erhaps, more sensi-
ble than some other
jK'oplo in abjuring
artificial heat in
their dwellings as
much us possible, supjilyiiig its j)laee by increas-
ing the weight and number of their garments, and
wearing furs next the body insteail uf with the hair
outward. The unnatural and barbarous practice of
coni[iressing the feet of their fashionable women, and
insisting on it as an essential mark of high life, was
introduced about A. D. [>'M. It is the nmsl iiTuuion-
al of their fashions; less injurious than such ex-
treme eonii)ressionof the vital organs as is freipicnt-
ly seen in other countries, but equally indefen-
sible. The shaven head and long (punie of tiie China-
man are badgesof loyalty to the Tartar government.
Rogues, convicts and sus^jccts are comi)elleil to lose
their (jueues and wear their hair long, which is the
most elTeetive means conceivable to induce an hon-
est Chinaman to hold on to his ijueue and keep his
head shaved.
The food of the Chinese is largely lice, millet, or
maize, and vegetables, lish and fowl ; which accounts
for their living so inexpensively. 'I'hcir habit of
saving everything, of turning everything that is til
for nothing else into niaiiuro for the liclds and con-
verting it throii'di agriculture into food or other
held products, in worthy of universal imitation. The
eating of rats and uiice is conlined to the jpoorcst
classes. None of them seem to crave such food, as
the Viennese epicure does his fatteued snails or the
Frenchman his dish of frogs.
The principal occupations of this j)eople are agri-
culture, manufactures and trade. Kxeepting lit-
erature, no i)ursuit
ranks so high in the
Chinese code as agri-
culture. The Tem-
ple of Agriculture
occupies a large in-
elosure in one corner
of the Chinese quar-
ter of I'eking, and
there, once every
spring, the emperor,
acc(im[)aiiii'd by all
his ministers, goes
to invoke the bless-
ing of Heaven on
the toils of the hus-
bandman, while he
plows a furrow in
the sacred field, as
an example to all his peo])le. Artificial irriga-
tion and fertilization are employed to a remark-
able degree and the soil is made to produce from
two to three crojjs a year, according to climate,
from age to age. without impoverishment.
There was a time when the inventive genius of
the Chinese ajipears to have been as strikingly active
as it is now sluggish. The use of the magnetic
needle seems to have been discovered as early as in
the reign of Ilwang-ti, fully 'Zfii>Q years before the
opening of our era, although it was not a])plied to
navigation until very mueii later. Silk si)inning
and weaving is referred to a still earlier [H'riod.
Costly furniture, richly embroidered robes, felts,
mattings, ornaments of silver, gold, copper and
brass, and the use of precious stones, were common
in the older dynasties, contemporary with the best
I i
^_ 1» J-
:o
lj\ ill!
hloss-
jii on
lius-
iU' \w
<\\ in
■1.1, as
ii-vi,i,'a-
.'iiiiirU-
fvdiu
liiiiate,
111
1)1
us llf
active
aufiiutic
us in
(ire the
lioil to
limiiiiL'
jKTiull.
. IVlts.
)cr ami
IIIIIIIIOIl
tlio l)e.st,
THIC CHINESE.
r
44'>
lioridds of Ej^yptiaii and Assyrian iniiguilioencL'.
Porcelain was nnide loni; lict'ore the (Jlirislian era.
'I'lie orij,Mii of |)a]iur, the art of prinLiii;,', ;,'uniio\viler,
and imnionais ollior invoiitiuns, uro traced buck to
China at dates varyini,' from •^(»)() to ;)()(»(» years iiLjo.
For reasons not wiill understood, the spirit of in-
vontion seuins to iiave sunk into lctharj,'y dnrini,'tiiu
last few centuries, ami tiio ('liinesu husy themselves
in rojieating liio nnmafactures <if their fatliers, even
the jiattcrns of their costuines haviiii,' remained
unaltered for
generations.
The great
(|uantities of
tiieir industri-
al jirod 111 t ions
lire iKjyond any
known mcan.s
of estimate;
besides supply-
ing the homo
wants of their
teeming inill-
ions, they send
their tea. silk,
porcelain, mat-
tings, drugs,
and not less
than one hun-
dred other ag-
ricultural or
manufactured
artick's, to all
parts of the
world, cither
in fleets of Chinese junks and foreign vessels, or
))y caravans ovcrluud to various parts of Asia and
into EuroiK).
Chiiioso arcliitectnro is not of a high order. Their
dwellings, for the most part, are of burnt or sun-
dried brick and of stone, seldom more than two
stories in height. Only the very poorest classes live in
huts of bamboo, or mud and straw. Some of their
temples, pagodas, palaces, and imperial tombs are
works of considerable architectural grandeur, gar-
nished without and within with highly colored porce-
lains, enameled or glazed bricks, and jwrcelain
llgures, bas-reliefs and intaglios of human figures,
animals, birds, flowers, fruits, etc. Their sculpturing
is of little merit, being rather grotesiiue than nat-
ural or of graceful and Iteautiful designs and pol-
isheil execution. Their carving, es|)i'cially in ivi.iy,
is often murveloiisly elaborate and superb, only lack-
ing a few of the characteristics of the most ri'fined
art. Some of their India-ink drawings (always
excepting the [K'rspective) and their paintings in
water-colors of birds, fishes, insects, fruits, flowers,
costumes, and other distinct objects, are ox(piisito.
The brilliancy of their wutur-colors is unsurpassed,
and Kuropcan
and American
artists confess
that in sonie
shades of color
they have not
yet leurned to
ecpial them.
The use of oil,
in the painting
of pictures, the
Chinese have
never ac(|Uired
to any com-
niendal)le de-
gree ; and very
few of them
have manifest-
ed any consid-
erable elTort to
learn it. Their
paintings iii
porcelains and
their line gild-
' ing in lac.juer
are justly a<lmired the world over, — altliough these
have still, hard, realistic features which separate them
from sujierlative art. Feats of civil engineering have
Iteen performed by the Chinese which, considering the
age in which they were wrought, were truly marvelous.
The Great Wall already referred to deserves further
attention. Starting at the sea, winding like a huge
serjient along the crests of mountain chains, s{)anning
intervening chasms on enormous archer, it ends at
last far out in the (lobi desert, thirteen hundred
miles from its point of beginning. It is constructed
of huge l)ricks and stone facings, of from four to ten
feet thickness, with lillings of concrete or indurated
clav. For most of the immense distance above
TUK GREAT WALL OP CHINA.
-• S)
M'l
v'''-
I ]■*
lit
'^C
1
45"
11 IK ( IIINIOSI':
;,'iv(Mi it is thirty fci't lii;rl>, twciity-fivc fuel, hnmd at
its base, lifU'cri ft'ct til its siiiiiiiiit, (lavcil mi |ii|i with
hriik <ir ihi;;-st()iiu.s, jM'otoctotl with criMu^hituil hiiltlL'-
nu'iii.-.aiiil ;,'iiarih'(l ((>• tv few imiKlrcil yanis w itii t'cir-
liliciltiiwiTS I'isiii;,' I'urty I'ci't nr inure uliuvr lh('i,'riiiiiiii.
The (ininil (Jiuiiil is Htill iiii<'i|iiai('<l in l('ii;^rth hy
any "ijicr siiii,'l(! canal in llio wurlil. Its inllucncii in
di'Vi'liijiin;,' China is a stmly I'cir stiilcsniin of all
lauds. 'I'his is liut. niui ol' lliiManuls of thi,< iDunlry.
Tin' ^'I'uat {)iains of I lie noi'lli anil tlic hi'nad, allu\ iai
dcha 1)1' t hi! Cantitn river ar'e rainiMeil in all diree-
tinns with canals. In no other eouiilry, not, even
L'.\ee|p|iii!,' Ilollaml, is water «o niin'h relied on for
trans|)orlalioii. 'I'huir means of hind curriai^o ari!
Htill exe(!udini,dy priniitivt!, men hein;; Uio eiiiuf hur-
(len-hearers in llio most thickly [lopnlati'd jirovinces.
Beasts of hiirden are more nunu'roiis in tlio northern
iiiid western (jrovincs. Wheeled vi'hiides are few.
The wheelharrow is used to a considenihle extent in
some jiarls of the country — and aloui^ \\w (iraud
Canal and in other parts of the (ireat I'lain re^Mon
they are partly propelled hy wiml when the direction
favors. I''ew roads are coiistrucled for two-wheeled
vehicles, wliert'as pavecl roads for fool men ai'e meas-
ureil hy hundreds of thousands of miles. Uailroads
could in! constructed with case in the irrealer part of
the most fruitful re;,'ioiis of China, hut the opposi-
tion of the [leople and of the u'ovim'iui, cut, for various
reasons, is still unsulidued, althou;^li liu're ari' indi-
cations of late of a hetter feeliuL;. A teleirraph line
has heen <ipeneil between Shanghai and iVkiiiu;, after
lorn; opposit.ion, and it is hojied it will soon lead the
way to other modern improvements in communica-
tion. 'IMie 1,'overnment [lostal system has heen re-
stricted, until lately, to (!;overiHTient disi)atclies, and
private correspoiidenco has Ikjou conducted hy jiri-
vate expresses. Some of tlii^ hridires of China, huilt,
of niaii)le, irranite and other kinds of stoni;, are
line specimens of eniifiueeriiii,' skill and artistic taste.
There are marble bridges hi,i,di enough for large
junks, witii lowered masts, to pass umler. The
stoiK! bridges of China, some of them several
Hundred feet long, are nundiereil by hundreds — one
might say thousands. Then; are places where
roadwavs have been ipuirried out of the sides of
prt'ci pices in ihe canons of their great rivers, and
tlirougli mountain passes, on a scale which com-
mands admiration for the wisdom of their rulers
and Lrreat (ui^'ineers.
The principal roots of the national existeiujc are
its form (d' local government, hitherto referred to,
(the government of towns and city wards i)yele(;tivo
elders), and its educational systi^m. The imperial
government for nearly fifteen hundred ye; rs has
inlensilied the inlliieneuof tlio latter by ba.sing its civil
service upon it, making the attainment of the high-
est literary degr(;es a condition precedt'iit to the hon-
ors anil emoluments of ollice. There is no heredi-
tary civil ollice but that of emperor, and I'ven that,
as previously explained, does not follow the law of
primogenituH!. All other olliciis are hel<l up k'foro
the sons of the rich ami the poor, the sons of the
ministers of state and those of the hunililest peas-
ants and mechanics, as prizes to ho contested for,
on cipnd terms, first of all in the schools, which
offer them the only portal of admission. Subse-
(pient promotions dei)end, exei'[it when jiersonal fa-
voritism or corru[)tion cree[)S in, both on scholarsiiip
and successful administration. Of course this is a
powerful stimidus to the people to educate their
children. Tbi' government provides a system of ex-
aminations, from that of the jirimary schools np
through all the grades to that which admits lliegrav-
haired doctor of philosophy to the Ilanlin Tniver-
sity, "the college of forty," from which theemi)eror
selects his highest civil ministers. Thi' people and
their wealthy beiHifactors provide the schools, 'i'lie
founding of elementary sidiools and academies is one
of the most ccmimon, as it is one of the most grate-
fully appreciateil forms of Chinese benevolence.
Very generally the iK'o}ile tithe themselves to main-
tain schools, or support them by voluntary ^ .liscrij)-
tions. .Men of wealth employ private' tutor:-, lint
wherever and howsoever educated, all the pupils
must enter the examinations through the one door,
and pass the same ordeal. First, there is an exami-
nation annually in each district, preside<l over by the
district magistrate assisted by examiners select;ed
fioiji among the elilers and the first literati of the
district. This examination contains certain sjiecified
elementary work in writing, reading, and tliemenior-
i/.ing of precciils inculcating respect and obedience
to jiarents and magistrates, simple lessons in social
virtue, the great importance of education, a verv
limiteil elemeniary knowledge of numbers, geogra-
phy and history, the " five elements," the four sea-
sons, the six i)rinci|)al kinds of grain, the six do-
mestic animals, etc. Besides these elements, the
-^
^
^ 1.1/
Tin: I iiiMChi:.
451
■X'. illO
I'll In,
(•(;tivo
|)oriiil
i-i Ims
Is civil
! liifili-
IC ll'iM-
lU'R'tli-
i\ tliiit,
law i)f
iK'l'oro
of tlio
<i poiis-
to(l for,
, which
Subse-
lUllll fii-
iihirsliip
his is II
to their
11 of ex-
lools up
h(«<j;riiy-
I'liiver-
L'liiperor
(' mill
'I'lic
is Olio
f^ralo-
olciico.
iiiaiu-
liscriii-
. !5ut,
pupils
no door,
cxaini-
l)y I ho
siiloctod
ii of tlio
|K'citic(l
iiioiiior-
iiediciu'o
111 sociid
, ii very
jreo^M-a-
I'our sea-
six d<i-
Mits, the
rliildrt'ii lire ri't|iiircd to nioinorizo |Hii(oH on im^^i^'* of
the (iiissics, willioiil, lit'iiiL; i'\|H'ci((l to coiii|irch('iid
liicir iiicaiiiiij; uiuii liicy havi' aii\umcd years larlhir
ill thoir studies. Those who |mHs tiiis villai,'e exaiii-
iiutlioii ha\e their names {losted at. I lui ontraiiei! of
tile Miaiiist rale's ollicc, mid are said to lia\(,' oariie(|
•'I lie \iilai,'e iiaiue." 'i'lie.>e may enter, \vlii'iie\er they
choose to present, tliemselvos, the annual county oi-
district examination, covering; a iiiucii more arduous
(ioid of Htuily. If liiey
pass this orileal they an^
said to have earned
" l-ho county name."
Not more than oik^ in a
liiiiidrctl of those who
enter the district I'xain-
iiiatiims over attains to
this distinction, ^uiie
liowevcr, hut siicii 118
have, are iiermitted lo
vnivr the next examin-
ation, which is for tlio
lirst literary deforce,
uurryiii;,' the title of
" Beautiful Ability."
Tills untitles the holder
to woar 'Mho jiill, but-
ton," " the white robe"
and other insi;.niiii uf
scholarly rank. The
curriculum of study up
ttj this point cmliraces
a th()rou;,di inemori-
/.iiif^ of tlio classical
books of Cliiiia (tlie
writintfs of Confucius and his coinmonLalors),
and a ;rood decree of uudersiandinu' of the most
pi'actical parts of iboin— inclu ' ml; Chinese his-
l.iirv. LTOoi^rraiiliy. social science m [lolitical u'ov-
ernmeiil. I-'roin these ;iraduaLes the army of
Icacliers, scribes, lawyers, and pbysici^nis is conlinu-
allv rocriiited ; liiit before 1 he ciiizen i-an hope to
hold any jjiiblie ollico above ihat of constable, in-
must enter the triennial examinations, held at earh
irovincial (tauilals, and win the second lit
^Uvancoi
1 SI
in.
Pri
er-
cnaration
if Confucianisni, Taouism, ac I Hi'ddliism
of tho I
ary title — that
for this ttontost carries him farther and farther into , come down to 1 hem from tlie earliest
abstruso iloetriiies of (Joiifiiciaii luelaphysics, a
^'ood know led:,'!' of the theory and cckIc of the Clii-
nesi' ^overnmeni, and ifieat. readiness in the use of
the lan;.'iia;;e. Tlii' natural sciences, uhicji liaM'
uraduails wroiiLrht llicii- Way into the hi;;hcr scIiocpIs
of Ivinipc and America, an t whieli have done so
nnicli to develop ijii'x' countries within the pastime
hundred yea I-, ari' >t ill (with tlio ^^\ce pi ion of asl roii-
oiiiy) e\cluded from tho rej,'ular curriculum of Chi-
iioHU sliidy, iiltlioii^'h bc-
^innill^' to receivt! atten-
tion insoiiio of tliosiKicial
schools established under
^ovorninoiit aus|ticos at.
i'ekiii;;, and tho frroat
conters of foroijiii trade,
Shan^diui, Kucliow, ( 'aii-
toii, 'i'ien-tsin, and other
poiiiis.
W'liilo (umipiiiatively
fi'w from the masses of
the (-'liinesi' pcopli^ att.ain
to even the lirst, literary
rank. it. may bi' triillifiil-
ly said that the miilt.-
Lutles are able to nsid and
write ill a rudimentary
way. if notliiii;^ bettor.
There are very few of the
common people — of tin'
males — who cannot read
llu; almanac, keep a
written momorandiim of
aceiaiiiLs, and enjoy tlu!
popular romamo, writ-
ten for this class of readers in the limited vocabu-
lary of common speech and found scattered tliroULrh
the huts (if the laboriiiir classes and the boats of the
I'ivei' )KMip|e. The folk-loro of China is voluniinous,
and tlu'ir roniaiiees of I )vo and war are almost, in-
numerable. .V larLTo pa 't of this stulT is the veriest
tra.^b. but in I he woi tliless mass there isa little '^^oixl
wheal \\liicli manifests itself in various wa\,-
'["lie reliLrioii of the ( 'liinese is a st rani.'"!\ coni ii.-ed
niedlev (
cnirra
fted
ll
i(^ ancient monot lieisih, mIucIi lia.-
tlie depths of the (!onfuci:in philosophy
It
involves
T
ha
ve a \a:^ii notion (j| one
Su
ireiiie
UukT,'
' t
■ir
srreat labor, eniljraciiiir themasierv of the mosi
ShaiiLT-li
w I ion I
Col
ifueius tauirlil !liat it, i.s
I'M
452
THic lhim:si:.
M
f'- (■■■
[n
ll«l
iiiiliossihU' for 111:111 111 know ;iii\ iliiii^' t'loaiiy. As
til' ','riMtiir ami Siijiiviiic Iviilcr n!' all ihiiius ;;iii-
iiiatc ami iiiaiiiiiiaro. hi' i^ to In' ivu'anlod wilhivvor-
oiici'. Ilo has istalilislu'il tlio ".vlalims ol' man to
man. ami man to ,lii.' material wnrM : amllotho
stiulv ot' these relations ami the duties iri'o^vini;' out,
of them ('.infiK'iiis aililresseil himself, using all the
light that had i I'liie down to his time from [ireeed-
iiig sages, ll'-'l lie li'.H Unt his airhorits to some
of till' iinei. .it i.;ystiei-ms, and hi".i."-ed many of
the old-limo superstitions. l:.id he not iueiileatt'd
siieli ixtreme revereiu'i' tor the past, and lunl not
his followers, re-iiiforeeil liy the !.:overiimeiit e'liiea-
lional sysrein. ordained lluit friin generat.oii to
Lieneraiioii the whole mind of the ruling (dass of
( diina should he spem: in loidving hiiek to thethoiights
and juMctii'es of the ])asl, and |iatieriiing iifter t hem.
it Would 1h' ililliiult to eoinnu'iid the ('o'.fueiaii
lihiloso]iliv loo highly. Tho worshiji of Shang-te,
the Sn|irein'j Uuler, as ohserved hv tin eiuperor at
' 10 Altiir of Heaven, at I'okiiig. is the state relig-
, Ml of China, 'i'liere at stated jK'riods he stands,
as the S(de priest and father of his |ieople. under tho
oiH'!' •^k\', with not an idol aii\ where in the vast iem-
of the di\ ine Ihiddha. !'>oth of these ha\e di'gem'ra-
ted into systems of idolatry, superstition, and monk-
ish indolenee, mendieancy ;ind fraud. Only a few of
the most highly idueated I'otifueiauists. and alxiut
JUii.OdO Christ iiin loiiM ris. ean he regarded as ;ilio\e
sulijei'tion to these corrupting forms of religion.
Slowly, liiit surely, the I'erineiil of l-",iirope:in eiv-
ilization is working, as may he inferred from some
things ahvai'y said and maiiv other indieat ions that,
might he iiotieed if there were space. The ojiera-
tiou (if the Chinese foreign laistoms ser\ ice. modeled
after the Mnglisli service, has worked a gri'al reform
in tho collootion of tho rovt'iiue. ;ind has paved the
way for other innovations. The estahlishment of
arsenals and mivy-yards ; tin' erection of light-
houses; the re-organiz;ition of a portion of the
army, which has heeii armed and drilled by Ameri-
can ii'id MuroiK'ai' tacticiaii>: the eihuMiion of a
large mimlK'r of Chinese youth in the schools of
i'liiropc and America; the ostah'ishuient of stdmols
of fori'ign learning at IVkiiig and t'lsewhere; tho
ado[)tioii of foreign-built vessels for a large jiarl of
their rivor and coast trade; the iiit roiluctiou of
clocks, sew ing-in;icliiiu's. ami numerous other west-
vvn iuvcntious; the pi'ogress of lui.-sioiis din'ctcil
pic ciu losiire. and Inirn.s nu'onse and otU'i's sacrifice
to •• llini who ruk's Ml the zenith and in Mic four | against their superstition-; ; the growing usi' of th
piihlic press; the use of the marine telegraph calile,
and the recei'.l estai'h-liincnt of a line of tck'graph
of sevei'al hiMidred miles in Iciiiiith. — all denote that
>f lieavcn ; " asks for<rivenes> t'or the tra:
|U;;ric
n'essionsof rulers and in'oidc ; and it
ivokes i];es--uigs
oil t lie nation. ( 'oufueiiis has his temple in evcr\
(.ity and t'oiwidi'riililo tov.n, and honors tilmost di-
\iiie are paid to him h' orilcr of the goNcrnnu'iit ;
wliich exerts its jiower to iiicri'ase the po[iiil;ir rever-
ence for his teaidiing-:. Taouisiu dales liaik to the
sau'O, l.eaoutze. ;i ooiiiem}iorary of Confucius. It.
was originally :i non-idohitrous rationalism and spir-
it olo^rv. which sou ^1 a to exalt men above their lli>shlv
usts and into a state of sa
isdom b\ the I'ou
temidalioiis ot re;isoii ; verv uiiicli as
I'.uddl
usni.
rliieli was introiluced from India into China
liMiit I'liiH years later, it
"1
A 1). r.
night to jire-
ire UKiii bv ineditaiiou. si'lt-iienial. prayers an
tl
10 lU'oLrress (
if the -Aixo (annol K'
staved.
even iiv
I liiiic<e t'ouscrv ali-m.
Accoriiiing to the census of ISSO, ilu'ro are l()."i,4ii."i
Chinese in the I'nitcd Stales. Tiiev are found in
eve
r\ stale and territorv of the Inion, North C
ir-
olina and \'ernioiii alone exccned. Marly in IS^"!
Congress enacted ;i stringent law to jimhibit, during
the next twenty years, immigration from China. The
Chinese do not, conn' t<i this country to become
.\mcricaus, but to remain a few years, and then
reiurii to their native land ami families, 'i'lu're is
no disturbance of the Chinese now vrithiu tl
le
deeils of huin;inity for absorption into the essence borders of th t'nitod States
.'gLMieta-
I luiiiik-
il I'l'W (if
III aliiMiL
as aliovo
HMU I'iv-
)1U souio
idiis thai.
\o (ijicra-
nioilrli'il
It ri't'onu
avcil tlu'
IllU'llt of
,>t' li.-ht-
II of thi"
IV Aiiiori-
liiiii iif a
H'lumls (if
if scliddls
lu'iv; llio
::■(> ]Kiri of
ui'iioii of
iIrt wcsl-
(livcctcd
>(• of till'
ipli calili',
tclc;;Ta|ih
note tliai.
oven liy
li>."i,li'i">
f(Uiiiil in
irlli Car-
ill ISf^".
it.diiniii;
ma. Tlio
lll'COUU'
lllil tllCM
TluMV is
ritliiu the
«»»ll'»ll!lll»ll!ll!l»lll!l»llll»ifllllilil|Hii»lll
lliiili»liitkiitlitllilitlitialitl«»litt!itM»iilt|niikM9
^'
''•^^t^^-^^ik®I'-''^^U^;^'i:-''^^^^
^^^T^ttt^Tfp^f^intt9^V^9t^r^ptrWWttrpM^rT^^^r^^tr9^f^^T^p^9'T^ttt^',
[W^
AAim ^<sa»^ ^li^^n
mm MINOR ASIA AND AFRICA. 1
-Va
' ■ -I \-
iliiiiilii ihIihmIii .ttliiiwlir lilii iii i fdif -' • "^ ' "-'• •^- '^' "-^ ' •^' •^■•■■^" -'■•—'■ -' ■ --j- -^ - -jjn ,^1 . r-'nnrif ^
'"""""""""'""I" .MMLriiiiiMimijMifiijiiii I ,„ i iirr
CHAPTER LXXl.
.\8IA IN 'iKNKUAI.. VllSOll I'OKTIONS IN DUTAll.- ASAM— SlAM — ill IIMAII — UnKII.MlA — KAST 'I'l li-
KES'.AN — ArcllAMSTAN — liKIIllRIIISTAN— AllAIlIA— AFIIICA IN (iENKKAI. AND IN DkTAII.—
MAI)A(iASlAU— Al.llKlllA— Moltl)(< D— TlSIS— TUIl'DI.I— I'KNTllAI, AFIUI A AND SlllKIlIA— SlUTIl j ■ I ' L ' '^ <
AKKUA— Tllb- Dt'Tl'II ANI) TUB K\(iI.I:<ll — Zll.ri.ANl) AND TllK La->T OP TIIK lil>N Al'AUTKS— ST. I [t^:,^ I , t^^i^fe
llELKNA— lUiaillM.AlKS OP THE tJllK VT UkIIcMIINS OP THE WoIll.D. )_ L"^^^
E UTO .'ilioiit to loavi' till' Oil
lino' of UoiifiU'iaiiisin aiuoncftlu' lii^luM' classos. 'I'lio
rapital is Uik.'. al iho luoulii of ihi' riwr of tin'
u' cxiiort is i-liiotly si
III til
iiiissioiis wcri' c'slah-
(' colli imuM
Ito II
oiir-
saiiio iiaiiu'. Tl
li'i'iith cciiiury Uoiiiaii L'atlioli(.-
lislu'il ill llic coiiiitry wliicli liav
I isli in spile of pt'i'sccuiioii. Till' iiri'seii* Christian
lioimiatioii of the ciiiiiirc is ahoiil. half a iiiillioii.
Tlio Anaiiii'Sf laiiou;,--(' is very similar to tlio Clii-
iR'sc, anil ilu' literature is siiU more eloselv allied to
Ai-i'ii ill
1
Area in
S>|. Mi
I'up,
N'MllU'S.
Sq. Mi.
l'o|,.
AxhtUr /,''(.«■(.(
i;,o,"i(i.iiii(i
rj.iiiKi.iHui;
lloklijira
■ll.lHhl
•,',.">llll.CUI(l
f'fti'iiSt- l\lli...
i.riii.iiiiii
I'.'.'i.iiiiii.iiixi!
!■:, 'i'lirlii'stiiii..
.VII'i.lKHI
."rt<il iKIll
J'lpan
ir«>.iKKi
Xi.lHKl.lKIOI
Af^haiiiHlnii...
•i'nl.lMM
I.IHIil.iHHI
.\ii:im 1
1
Hi'loix'histaii .
Kir.lllVl
•J.Oiiil.iKHI
Sl:llll
rr.-.MKKi
il.lKXI.iKXV
/'( r^iii
liSli.UIll
ri.lHIil iKKI
Itiinniih \
Aniliiii
I.lW.lldd
LllllH iKKt
liiitMi lUilUi.
LnMljUKI
•^4llJ^N)l_l.(VKll
rnrkey - .
(ir.'I.KHl
Hi. .MM Hm
Asi;
that of CliiiKi.
No other pai-t. of .Mi
Siaiii, " the kiiiiidom of the free." as the t
jilies. The freedom referred to is dishelief in Krai
iiiiinisni.
do-Cl
I so imiiorlaiit as
eriii mi-
ll oeeiipies the middle porlioii of the li
iiiieso iieiiinsiil
lie iieople
ardeiil lliid-
dliists. 'i'he eapilal is UaiiLikok, the " \'eiiiee of the
Kast." The arcliiteelmi' of Siam is .siioo-,. stive of
I\ij:yi)t. "Their st met iires," says I/'oiioweiis, •• are
solid and eiidiiralile. The lem[ile>^ are beautifully
situated amid spaeious avenues of tr
'd hv o'ardens, while th
'ees. anil eilclos-
I ed I IV o'a rile lis, while their t a perm
pyr.'imiilal
roof;;, seiilptiired facades and lofty /mirhnii/i (sj
lire:
The Knipire of Anaiii is also known a< Cochin- i all jiaiuted. oilded and irlazed) are iiiaile voeal with
China.
It
was I
reated ahout eiu-htv years auo. It
is south of China, The government is thoroiiiihlv
despotic. The emperor rules tliroiijxli mandarin
auenis. The reliLTioii is IV.iddliisni. wit I
1 a sjiriniv-
tiiiy air-lu'Us at all hours of the niirht and dav. and
resplendent heyond description in t he siiiiliuii!." (if
all ; he nations livi
iil;- almost, entirely apart from tl
iiilside world, Siam is the onlv one to lia\e a I'lu-
' r,i)
¥: I
lil;>.
454
MINOR ASIA AND AFRICA.
"71
wliii'h is trill) iiiusical. jii.l;j;('il rrnm tlic Kuropciui
or Aiiioriiuui siuiuhird. 'J'liu IdiKj-iriuiji imd hthtji
iii'o iiistruiiuMits cliisclv resciiililinix [\w piano. 'I'lie
iiri, of piiiiitiui( lia.-' heeii carrieil to soinu ilegrou ol'
merit,, hilt architcctuv is tin' art most iierl'octcd.
Walt Plini /\'i"/i. M' ti'iiiplo of till' l']iiiuralil (ioil. is
a iiiairiiilii t'lit, sti'uctii;>' :'ii(l tlicii.' are many tem-
ples anil pi'laeesof liaidly less ^raiiileiir. The reliic-
iuM of the country is iUnlilhism. The people are
exerptionally mora! ami ohservaiit of the live eoni-
mandments of Hiiddlia : thou shall not, kill, steal.
commit adultery, lie. or get drunk — and the posi-
tive virtues insisted upon are, revereiuc for parents,
caro ft)r children, ohedieuce, gratitude, moderation,
fortitude, patience and resignation. The Siamese
liti'rature. which is (juito full, is largely religious in
tone, 'i'he people love poetry. 'I'he sacred iiooks
are numerous ami of such a high character that, a
Christian missionary writes: '• It is dillL'ult lo see
iiow tiie luinian understanding unaided by revela-
tion could soar so high, and. as it were, toucii the
very throne of (iod.''
The government of Siani is a diiarehy, there he-
iugtwo kings; hiii the second king is hardly more
than a rice or lirithndiil. Alioiit his court is the
Council of Twelve, or Cahinet, and when the chief
king dies tiuH, liody may defeat the execution of his
will as to his siu;cessor on the throne. 'I'his veto
power is not the only restriction upon roval author-
ity. Tiiere are laws, written and enwiMtlen. to which
he must conform, and which rendci the government
in elTect a constitutional monarchy. When (ieneral
(iraut visited the Siamese court in 1.ST8, he found it
a seat of learning and jiisiicc heyond all anticipa-
tion, l-'rom 18"il to the present time, the throne has
been occupieil hy a patriot anil stalesman. l-'irst,
ilalia Mongkut. crowned in l>^.'ll . ;i nioilel gcMitleman
and dec]) siiideiil. Astronomy was his favoriii'
study, llis death occurred in IsilS, and the same
night the Council. Sei ali;u\dcc, cindii'nicd his eldest
son, Somdetch Chowf.i Chullalon Korn.as king, and
the younger son. Prince <n'orgi' W ashington. second
king. The lali''!' kiiiL^ had a faiiiih of M children.
Polygamy jircvails. and ihc wcalili, social import-
ance and rank of a man dchMinines the nnmher of
his wives. ISiil in the ruyal household there can he
onlv two wives whose s nis are cliL^'ihle to the throne.
Slavi'ry existed in Siam until IS^-*. when by royal
edict the insiiiution was ahidished. or rather, its ab-
olition began then, *^^or the process was gradual. A
.system of comiiensatioii to masters was adopted
which pu'vented any serious dissatisfaction.
Siam is sometimes called "The Land of the White
Elei)hant."' Any white animal or bird is held to
be almost sacred, as being animaled by the pure soul
ill its metenipsychosis. A white elephant 's sup-
(loseil to be auimatetl by a deeea.sed king of excep-
tional whiteness of character. The palatial stable
of the white elephant is guarded from the evil spirits
by a white monkey. The same veneration jirevails
in Kurinah for the white elephant, or "august and
glorious motlier-ilescendant of kings and heroes."
Hurmah is between latitudes li)" and 27° north,
and forms a ))art of what is sometimes called I'ar-
ther India, 'i'he soil is productive and the climate
agreeable, i'he mineral wealth of the country is
;;rear ami \aried. including gold, silver, copjier, ai«v' •
nmiiy, lead. tin. iron, coal and precious stones, .such ii,-
rubies and sapphiies. Rice, com, cotton, toiiaeco,
indigo and millet are the chief ]irodiicts of the uoun-
try. Klei)hants, tigers, the rhinoceros and the buf-
falo are found there. I he lirst anil the last being ilo-
iiK'siii'ali'd. T'he peojile arc short, robust and swarthy
members of the Mongolian race. Buddhism is the
prevailing religion. 'I'he ruler of Hiirnia.h is abso-
lute ii his authoiily. and tioi even the most horrible
abuse of power by the sovereign seems to shako the
loyalty of his subjects.
Hokiiara is tin' name of both a city and a connlrv,
the former being the capital of the latter, and the
most important commercial city of Central .Asia.
It has long been famous as a seat of Mohammeilan
learning. Il contains a hundred colleges and has
about U),()ni( simlents in attendance. 'I'he lierci'
Tartar, (;iiengis Khan, desolated the city in |-v':iii. It
was soon re-iored. so far as jiossible. The popula-
tion is about liin.duo. The country of which it is
the capital is sometimes called (Ireat Hucharis. Willi
the exception of a little gold in the sands of the
()\iis or .\moo river. Hokhara is destitute of miner-
als, it is also deticient in timber, 'i'he ancient-
liac'lria neaidy eorrespoiiils to t his country. The
idissians exerci-e s.'mi-protecloral jurisdiction over
i?okiiara. The reliuion of Islam prevails, and
Christ iaiiiiv h.is no foolhold vvlialever. except as ihe
iiussians have Lriven I he (ireek church a lillle ,i(l-
vaueement. \o jiart of the world is more com-
pletelv i-olated than Bokhara.
'iu
J^?:
(lUlltl'V,
mill till'
III Asia,
imu'ilaii
;iu<l luis
(' liiTci'
■.':in. It,
|iii[iula-
irli it, i.-<
i,<. With
s cit' the
f miiH'V-
aiu'iiMit
IV. The
)11 ()\rr
iN. aii'l
i! a.< llu'
mil' ail-
ii'i. Ill-
^^f
MINOR ASIA AM) AFRICA.
4.v^
Turkastaii (laud of the Turk) is esLiiiiaU'il lo
liiive au area ol' l,b%,iO'i sijuaro uiilu.s. Tin; west-
ern {Kirtiou is uow a part of Russia. It is tiio homo
of tiic ancient Scythians. East Turkestan is nat-
urally an ariil land. Agrieullure n,M|uiies irrigation.
With the aid of mountain torrents taniLil and ren-
dered supplemental to the plow, the people nuinago to
raise fair erops, generally. 'I'he system of govern-
ment is exceedingly crude and des[)(itic, the policy
being to levy all the tax that the jirdihictions of the
country would possibly bear. The religion of the
inhabitants is Mohamniedanisni. with a few ,seat-
Leivd traces of Huddhisin, which jirevailed until the
eighth century. The Chinese long claimed sover-
eignty over I he country. They were tinally expelled
from Ivashgar, the capital, in ISi;,"), by Yakoob Hey,
who has since attracted some general attention as a
bravo mountain wai'rior whose ex {iloits are important
from their supposoil iK'aring upon the eastern rival-
ries of Russia and England. Formerly the com-
merce of the country was conducted by way of
China, l)ut now the trade with l{ussia is very consid-
erable.
.\fghanistan, or land of tlii' .Vfghans, is known
in Persia as Wiliji't, " the mother country."' It is the
bridge belweon India and Western Asia. It is a very
mountainous reu'iini. The Afghans are divided into
man\ tribes, each independent of the rest, until re-
cently. It was the middle of the eiglilecnth cen-
tury when they became an organized people. The
Hritish have repeatedly tried tocoiuiuer the ((Uiiiiry.
liui the mountains serve as natural fortresses for the
natives, and the I'higlish were obliged to be content
with the establishment of anon-Russian nationality.
It is now i|uite well eonceiled at liondoii and St. I'e-
tersburg tliat the country shall remain free. The
religion of Islam ])revails.
licloochistan is a part of the same wild and inhos-
pitable region as Afghanistan and Turkestan, iiihaii-
ited spaii'clv by wandering ,-liephcnls, subject in ;i
xau'iie way lo a de-^])otic khan whose seat of empire
is ivclat, which w.'.s stormed and taken by the En-
glish in is:i'.). In the sack the khan of Ihe ])cviod
\\;is slain. Industry is alino.<t unknown. The peo-
ple air uorshipers of .\llah and his propliet .Mti-
hanimed. In the more favored valltns a link' rice,
tobacco, cotton, barley and indigo are produce 1.
.\i'aliai. the land of the I'rophet, is a iieniiisiila
surrounded by water on all sides except the north.
D/
I where it h( .u\..s on Turkey. It is a very uninviting
i c(Uiiitry, hot, dry and unproductive. Hy the aiel of
\ irrig;;tion the people manage to coax from the soil
meager ''arvesis of colfee, ci)tton, indigo, tobacco,
bailey, sugar, and many aromatic plants. There is
really no national government. The Arabs being
waii<lering tribes, each sheik, or patriarch, is a
I petty tyrant. .V few of the people dwell in villages
I and cultivate the >oil, but for the most part they
; are r>edoii ins, or predatory and vagahondish triljes.
..Mecca is the chief city, owing its prominence to tin
I fact that it was tlu' birthplace of ilohainmed. Tl.'
other cities of Arabia are .Medina, Loheia, iloi'ha.
"'"''-'-- •'' -fi- ■ .igy^^^R— ^^^•fe^i^S'sS^
MOCIIA.
.\deii, .Miiseai. ^'elllba, aii,l Rostok. ( )iu'e the .\rab
caravans were a mm'v iniportiut feature in interna-
tional trans[)ortation, but lliev ha\e dwi lulled into ut-
ter insigniiieance now, ami Arabia is iiiterestiiig<iiily
from itssug.restions of an' ii|uii v. Owing to its deso-
lation ami saud.the eiriKjueroi's of the past shuiiiii'il
it,aii<l the Ar.ibs weri'allowed to di'velop in theirow n
weird wav, iindistributeil bv the rise ainl fall of
eiupires. It imu boast a liler.ature whiehwas licli
in poetrv. at lea.-l. befori' t he religious insanity and
terrible earnestness of Mohammed had given birth
(o the Sai'aieii Mmpire, which was rat her a., <iiit-
growth from than a <ievelo[)ment. of Arabia. The
priiiiijial i'\porls ot ihe eoiinlry are ilates, eotl'ee,
i:iiiii arabic. ii:yriii. aloes, pearls, balsaios ami other
driiLi's.
Till' least iiiiportaiil, ol' all the conlim'iits, .M'riea,
was ihe lirst lo all ra I our ai leui ion, iiuhi'liiig as it
does that oie-e -plciidi'l i-oiiii!iy. I'lgypl. The name
itself was not i\i.own unlil afti'r the Romans had
-I
Jv -
456
MINOK ASIA AND Al'RK'A.
coiiii' inli) collision with the Ciirthaj^iiiiiius. T
inicit'iit. (k'sii;iiiiti()n wiis
Li/>
II"-
Afi-
H'
Cii uxtuuds
ahoiil 1, ")()(! miles from iiortii lo .south, uinl contaiiis
iiii iut'M of 1 l.iidO.OOi) s(iiiare 111
ilv
lis
])o])uiatiou
is a matter of wild LuujoLiturc, not far, i)erhaiis, from
:.'lKi,(i(i().(ilK).
J 11 thusi. uslimatL'S Maduirascar i.> iiichuled. That
f tl
10 con-
is the eiiief islam! in tho near vicinity (
tinent. It lias an area of --i-^S.-MM) sijuare miles, and
a [lopnlation of .").(iuu.()00. Some faint sugirostiona
of civilization are found
tiiero, l)ut that is about
all. \'t'i'y coiisideralile
eifort Ill's lieeu nuule to
introduce Chrislianily,
and not without some
.success, especial ly
amonu- the hii,dier clas-
ses. Tlie chief city of
the i>land is 'l\inan-
arivo, in Iho interior.
It has a j)0])ulation of
■.'.■),()00, and carries on a
thi'iviniif business in
iiold and silver manu-
factorios, and in riujX''.
Tl
le
l:in''ua,Lre,
ila-
Li'asy. has iieen rcilu
ic) writing by ¥.
missionaries.
Mi
luced
uropeai
1
11 the
sixteenth, seven tei'uth
and
eiiriiteen
ti>
tui'ies il
le 1.-
land
een-
was the
resort of jiirates who
roved I lie sea iu quest
A MOHAMMKDAN MOSQUE.
)rsh
lailen with the treasures o
find
.sons the dnulges of white masters, and tiie continent
itself contributing very little to the civilization of
luaidvind. It belongs to the past, and perhaps to the
future, but in only a very subordinate way to the
vital iircscnt. U})on its monumental ruins the
mind's ey reads the inscription, '•Icbaijod" — the
glory has departed.
A verv livelv interest is felt iu the jieoirraphv of
Africa, and luimerous ellorts of great enterprise have
been nuide d>iring the last decade to a.scertain what
are thephysical facts in
regard to that conti-
nent. A rei'cnt writer
who conceals his inuiie
renuirks : " Africa is
no longer the term in-
ciiijiiitd that it was in
the days when the
adults of this gener-
ation tliiunlKid their
s(diool geograi)hies.
Then the vast interior
of that mysterious con-
tinent was '.narked as
'desert' or 'uniidud)-
ited/ but now we know
that numerous oases
dot the sandy wastes,
and thai- the snppi)sed
' uninludiited regions'
teem with milli(Uis of
human beings. To the
indefatigable labors
and indomitable cour-
age of .such men as Liv.
lan commerce.
We return now to the continent of Afri
ca.
Il
remote antiipiity none of the contiiuuits could com-
\)ATo with Africa in the scale of imiKirtance. Egypt,
as wo liavc seen, was the fountain-head of that
mighty stream of civilization which has fertilized
the world, and even Kthiojiia was not to 1. des])i.sed.
II
( 'arlbaL'c
the fi
bli
(U'limlaiiie ri\a
ilof old
iiL'' lime the iiUeeiicilvor commerce, w.is i' ^ a'
n I he .Vfr
V.
lean
side of the .Mediterr;
Saracen iMiipirc
as larii'elv .Vfrican. aid I '
mean sea,
IP
the noblest r.aco of the medieval a; e. Ix'loi
part
has I
that
continent.
But
qnce then
leeii little better I ban ;i cipher, her
d in
)i ru late
ngslonc, Cameron, Stanley, Ciranl, liurton, Speke,
I'iuto. and other explorers; to the zeal of the missi(,ii-
aries, and to the ever-pushing s|)irit of barter, is the
world indebted for its present store of knowledge of
the Dark Continent. Still, Africa is, in its great inte-
rior, comi)arativoly unknown. There are yet vast
regions of that C(Uiliiient where tlu^ footof tiie white
man has ncNcr trodden, and. on this account, is that
c ^ itry a )>resent favored tield of exploration and
travel, 'i'here are now exiH'ditions engaged in cx-
plor'i g Afri' a nude- the direction of societies iu
(»( Vfiu.ny, l?i;>siii, ^•'' uice. Kiiglaml. Italy. Spain, and
oiler .>l,ites."
ill nor! hern .\i;ica there are I'.'iir countries, each
k-
Au.
lueiil
jii of
to the
o the
i till"
'— tlio
iliy of
e havo
Wllilt
nuts in
coiiti-
writtT
luune
rica is
•nt in-
,vas ill
II the
gener-
theii-
iphics.
interior
us COII-
•kcd as
linhal)-
D know
oases
astes,
)iJS(.'ll
ions'
lis of
'o the
abors
c-our-
s Liv-
Sjieke,
ssidii-
is the
dge of
it inte-
et vast
Be white
is that
n and
in ex-
eties in
in, and
's, eaeh
^r
MINOH ASIA AM) AI-RKA.
457
possessing a very consiijerahie civilization. Decay,
but not death, is stainiRid upon thcni ail. 'I'liey are,
to name them in the order of then' inijiortanee,
Egypt, Algeria, Morocco. Tunis and Tripoli. Thcv
all skirt along the Mediterranean on one side and
the Sahara on ihe other. Uiie of llieiii, Morocco, is
washed by the .Vt.iantic also. Thi'y are stfoiiglv
almost wlioll, , M(jlianiinedan in faith. 'I'hc excep-
tions are mainly Jews. Of the oncc-tlourishiiig
Chrirttian churches which may almost be said to
iiave ( overed that vast region in tlie early jieriod of
the i;iuireii, hardly a vestige remains. Islam swept
them all away, and is itself secure against dislodg-
ine it, ajiparently. From Cairo to Fez, the I'rophet
am' the Koran have aljsolute sway, and tlieir inlhi-
enee is silently extending southward. In the opin-
ion of some eminent authorities Mohammeilanism
is sure to con([uer Africa, not as in its infancy, by
the sword, hut by the natural alhnity between itself
and the colored race ujion its native sand. In so
doing it is displacing most revolting forms and
piiascs of idohitry, and its progress may be vicweil
with satisfaction.
We have no occasion here to pause over Egypt.
med's gri'iit son-in-law, All. Fez, its capital, is a
gloomy town of about 100,(1(1(1 inhabiianls. having
tile air of being wholly subservient to the sultii'i and
his numerous harem. Jn the (luysof Moorish glory,
and long into its deidine. I''e/. was a splendid cit,y,
but of its splendor there remain oe'y inos(|ues.
Tunis has recjcntly aci|uired special prominence.
As we write, ]■' ranee is trying to annex it, inelfeet, to
Algeria, ami Tripoli is in danger of the same fate.
The 15uy of 'I'unis is under treaty obligations to
fiirnisii the Ottoman Empire a certain iiiiniber of
ti'oojis in time of war.
Tripoli, tlu! easternmost ]]art of what was oiiec
the Harbary States, is small in [lopulation and
somewhat vague in area. It is little ln'tter than a
de.-ej't. with a few oases. 'I'he ci'iuitry is under the
rule of III! absolute jiaslui.
In p.i-sing from northern to southern Afriru. im
either side extends the most extensive desert (Ui the
glolie. the Sahara. It consists of rocky plateaus and
mountains sej):iraic(l bv immense tracts of Jturren
gravel. Soiilli of tlu; Sahara, on tlic At lantie coast,
is Senegambia. noted only for its exportation of
slaves before the tratlie was aborishc(k ,]i[.\ bcloW
it is the small and kindred country of Siei'ra Lcoi.e.
Inland, and extending iiKJclin ly. is Soudan, a
someuhat fertile bell, having foi k prbic'pal cities,
Kano, Kuka, 'I'imbiietoo and S> soto. The coast
from the south line of l/ibev' i -oiilhwan
twenty degrees below the e<jnai'
an<l F,ower OuiniM. Still farther
of (lie Hottentots, whose piti.ibl.
enlisted missionary cfTorl.
•""■f tehes the same domain of
\deii and I'ort Naial
I .VI ./.iiiioiijuc, Sofala, Zangiu-
iug for jHiri.-' '/f i))c .same gen
througl'i fty'irty 4if'/4Hn^^ of '
liar('ly anyli: .' 1\-
the world. TU' ...... -,■,
Inland and Sofala, forbid-
A STUKRT IM ALiilEUS.
Algeria, the n-ost considerable colonial possession of
France, swarmed in the early })art of this century
with pirates, as did all that coast. To the United | tion. The one spot at all li/;ed ;V^id oecidoriUl
States is the world priuciiially iiidebteil for the su])- j in all tliat vast reacii of cunimentis f.iil/ria, ji-'<f.
ome
- called l^p|x'r
nth lies ih(! land
/riulation earl\-
eastern cdh/'
. \ , liel ween the
miUH'i> Jiiilulafid..
od .SdiiHitili (<tand-
eonnl ry .-< leiel, n. /
ami colli '
ostrich fc.MJu'i's v/
mate, ex<eijt it) '/a\-
msiderable eivili/a
jiression of Algerian pira
there an armv of (io.ooo.
The French maintain i north of the ei|uator
Mori
ivia IS lis capital
i 111
enuiiiu' w
as founded in IS'io b\ the American (\<\-
.M
orocco has a population abo
it tl
le same as
Al-
geria. It is independent, ruled l)y a sultan known
to his own subjects as " Aiisolute Uuler of True He-
lievers." The dyna.sty boasts descent frtmi Moliam-
oiii/alion Socu'tv, whu
h h
'hat it
il.l
Ol'lll
the nucleus of a ire lie ra I exodii- 1' neirroes from this
coiintrv.
lint less than twentv thousand Ai
Iricans an' !■
found there. T
lied
*''0
'J'
Ft . , .
id
■l!
-ii
-f
45«
MINOK ASIA ANU AI'KICA.
t'Vcn ill llu! (lays uf .vlavury, liiul no longings I'or ilu'
Ciiiiaaii (iT liis anceslors. 'I'lio ('(institution of Ijiije-
ria was nioil"k'(l after tiiat.
rnitcil Stat(
oiilv wiiilc niou cannot vole. 'I'iiijrc arc s(jh(juls and
faii'lv wt'il sii
It fell inio Kngiisli liands in r.'.Ml. Tiie area of
tins colony is ;J48,(»00 siiuaru miles and tiie jioj)U-
iation 1.. ")()().()()(). and of LJiese only ai ion t •^4(i.()(i()
are of Enrofiean descent. \\ ool is the chief exftoit.
Natal, fonnerlv a iiart
orled, and the jieojile
are jirosiierons in tlieii
■^inall wav.
r
'xtnMne southern
jioin of Africa, (Ja(i(
of (iood ill
alionl the
iiiie, IS on
.i.ilh iley;ree
of latililde, and tiie cli-
niale is delightful, re-
senihling that at Sunli-
ago and ujion the pam-
pas of the Argentine
1!
'I'
Til tiiut n
mote region are to li"
found very considvirahle
se.l.lemeiits of Europe-
ans, Dutch and Knglish.
The fiii'nier went there
lirsi, but having no
strong home government. "
to protect them, f(dl into liie hands m' the Knglish.
These Dutch are called Boers. 'I'hey are an easy-
going people, niiamhitious. luxuriating in exemp-
tion from the i'.\-
acting tasks of civ-
ilization wiihoui
lieiiiLT liarliarians.
of the C'aiie settlement,
Eui
oiieun iMinulu-
ijieun poj
lion of :2.">,(i()(). and, liko
the Cape of (lood IIopo
colony, has no increa.se
from without, and is
wholly given to sheep-
raisinj'.
ranw idver
Ui
NATIVK MI^SIiiVMiV CIIIT.DHEN.
liev are truly
,dian. Thev
Ar-
iiheiiv. ar(^ \irtu-
ous. and as indus-
trious as llieir cir-
iumslancesi'ei|uire.
T'lt- I-',iii.disli (Ind
It n.
I cliilit s
to .-nppi'css tlieu'
rebellion. Tlii-
cluster of I'iuropi-
aii sclilcmiiits in
South Africa con-
sists of (Jape Colonv. N'atal. Oi-an
Free States is a territory
wc>L of Matal, ocenjiied
by .some .l(),U(i() Dnteii
settlers who would mit re-
main in Natal after the
Knglish had taken jios-
session. Transvaal is so
named liecause it is loca-
t(!(l beyond the river \'aal
which divides it from
Orange. It was in tho
valley of this river that
dianuinds began to be found in such rich ubund-
ance in JS'O. ]t was to secure these precious stones
that the English oi'ganized an indepen(U'nt colonv
across the \'aal. Jt
is thought that no
country is richer in
mineral resources
than tills jiart of
Africa, but oiilv
the di'Miionds and
the I'old have been
mined.
.Inst nonh of
Natal - Zulu land.
oat ive;
are
tierce \( arriors. -av
au'es o
f thi> n:
dangerous il uiui
the lowest ty)-.
T
ley arc passim
stale, an
^1
'1 T
ivcr I' rce
atciv fond of war and the chase. Thev hate Knn
ransva;i
(;
pe t olonv was origin- pcans liccaii-i
the tcndciics of civilization is to les.sen
ally found
c(l ii\- \ an luettet
I{i(
as iiroi
in H'l.'i"^, and seemed game. They Inive given the Knirlish a great deal of
iii>ing as English settlements in America. | trouble, liirhting and Ueeing us the enierirency might
^
ilir lailil.
■s J.rc
>]■>. !iav-
lif 111''-'
il' iii'it
tV)* .
iias'sii'ti-
tc E\ivi'-
tii li'sscri
it drill of
■V lili-Jflil
r
-« s
k
MINOR ASIA AND AFRICA.
459
rwjuire. At lust, iiowevor, sifter a groiit <lo!il of o\-
|)oiisc uiul losH of life, tlicsu siiViij^t'S liiivu Ijouii so fur
civilizLMl world for liis unliiippy iiiotlier, wliilo, in iin
iiiii)L'rsoiial point of view, it was regarduil as an
t'APE OK GOOD HOPE, CAPE TOWN', AND TABLE MOT'NTAINS.
^.^^^ ^^^^-r-fK '
.~ui)ducd iis to give no serious troiililu to the nulivus. j adeiitional i;-u;iriinte(; of repuhlieanisni in !• ranco.
In tiieir subjugation oeeurred tlie highly sensation- ' 'J'here is no lunger any danger from the Uona[)artists.
al death of a Ha'l the sou of
the great em-
young man who
may well be call-
ed the last of
the Honapartes,
the i'rince Im-
|ii'rial, son of
eon
mis \ap(d
d Ki,-.
euie.
peror, antl the
grand ne[ihew of
the still greater
eniperor.retuin-
ed wit li an hon-
orable militarv
rcronl, lie won
Id
I le was a \ cry
worthy vouth,
and in the hope
of winning some
military renown,
he went 1,0 that
distant lanil an
odleer in the British arniv. Ambnslu'd and slain
liave iieen a
standing men-
ace to self-gov-
ernment in re-
in
1
It
blii'an b' ranee,
as inexpres-
iblymelaneholy
Il a lirilliant rhildhood to fall a \ictim to
his ruelaneholv fate excited the sympathy (d" the I Zulu barbarity, but it nuiy justly be said that all
l<ir sue
4J
Q .1^
n
'^'■
460
MINCJK ASIA AND AFRICA.
inicoiiscicii.slv lliii-i' Kiilliis iiiiiiinlati'il liiiii u\>nn
tliu alliir (if l''i('ii(li lilici'Ly.
Tlio isliiMil (if St. Ilcli'iia is iiOLMMiiilt'il as an Afri-
can islaiiil. allliiiuu'li il is an less than l.tdo mik'S
cast (if tilt! niaiulaml. It. contaiii.s umI) -li s((naro
miles, 'i'lii' ncarc-t. laial is l\\v l.sl(J (if A.st'unsinn,
ami that, is ,siii) iiiilr> disianl. 'I'lii^ -ulilary ami
ruuky sjit'Llv in liw .VLlanlut Ocoan was run(l(;ivil fii-
tliu n-'iiily iXTCut Odiitinonts (if fd-diiy, Kumiio and
Aiiienicii. Jxirrowi'il tlioir roiijiidii fnun Asia, and that
in t,l»t' liirlli-iihicfs of tlio t\V(t^ ruli^idiis \vhi(.'l) mv
su|ii'(_'nu' in llic world, nuithur lui.s uow any footliold.
Dr. liui'sL (liMdus tiio world, rolii;i(iusly, thus : Chi-i,N-
iianity, 4ls.i'iMi,t)UU,UUU ; Buddhism, 4()(i,(iUU,U(iu ;
Miihanimi'diaiiisMi, '^ !."),( It H ),()( )0 ; Kralniiani-m, l]o,-
UUOjUUU; Judaism, T,UUO,UUU; all olJu'r forrns of
\h f i
i I/:'/ i \v\ v^ 1 1) I
<^r_.
I ;\
W/J h ^ - ' ^^ '^ M' '^ ^ \'^<^^^^ '^^
mous i>y tlio faot flmt Xapoloon Honapurto spent tlie
last years of liis life there, tlio p-cat international
]iris(iner. The otherwise miirniiortant island lias
the ine-emiiience of lieimr the most uuirns^ jail the
world ever knew, the cii^e in whith the li(m of the
iiiiieteoiith century broath(;d his last.
Ill tliis chapter the less im]iiirtaiit portions of
two continents have eiiEraired attention, and from
the standjioini of the a(;tual Imth are of trivial iin-
]iiirtaiice. Ihit it is a reiiiarkuljlo fact, that both ot
UKATII OF NAI'OLtON.
' reli-ious lielief, 174,000.000. rxautama Buddha
attempted to reform Brahmanism, and his re-
lisrioii. after a brief Imnie success, was driven out
of India, utterly and iiernianently. as was Chris-
tianity out of Palestine. As nearly all Africa
seems disclosed to accept Islamism. so Asia. cxce[)t
India. Arabia and Persia, unites in w(irslii])incr Gau-
tama Buddha, who miirht well say with Jesus (Jlirist,
'A prophet is not without honor save 'a his own
country."
r
Ullil
[that
,hol.l.
JhrU-
jUOU ;
1 '.:>,-
"1
H
iBiulilliii
his re-
ivon init
Chris-
Africa
1. except
Ini: (iau-
(Jhrist,
I his own
r
(461)
i':-
ri
462
MEXICO AND I'Hl'; MJCXICANS.
li()rril)lo I'usl.oin no doubt juvvailed. OtliiTwisc tlu-
jiooplo wurc fur iiilviinct'd. Tlicir is|)i'(jial excel Icik'u
was astronomy. In find. s( ience tlicv aliainod re-
nnirkahlo |)rollfitnfy. 'I'liey hail discovc'ed t\w
cause of eclipses, and tlie location in the iieaM'iis of
the more imjMH'tant conslcllatious. Tliev could cal-
culate tinu' accurately. 'I'licy wcfc i^ood farmers,
.succeeding' rt'nnirkahly well in their atrrieulture,
coiisiderin;: the fact tinit tliey had im lieasis (d'
liurilcn.
"The .\/.tec ciiaraeter," In i[Uolc fartln'r from
I'rescoit, •■ was perfectly
oriu'inal and uniijuc. It,
was made up of incon-
jjruilies. apjiaienlly irre-
conciiahie. It hlended
int. I one the marked ]ie-
culi.irilies of dilTerent
nations, not only of liie
same phast' of civili/.a-
lion, hut as far remo»i'il
from cat-h dliier as llu' 1
extrenu's nf liariiari.-ni
and rclincmenl. It may
lind a liltin;:' parallel in
their ou n Ududerful ch-
male. capaldc of produc-
ing on a few sijuare 1
K'airiies of surface the
boundless varietii's (if
vt'^'ctable f(M'ms wluch
bcloULC to the frozen re-
<:ions of the nortb, the
tenijK'rate zone of Eu-
To[)e and the burniiii;
skies of .Vrai)ia and II in-
dustaii."' C'ortez found the Aztecthrone occupied by
]\lontezuma II. lie had succeeded his uncle, the lust,
anil ^1 It Montezuma, sixteen years before. The
uiu-le h. \l<,'nded his kinu^dom li\ the coni|uesls of
the Mextecas and the TIaxcalans. The tajiiral (the
city of Mexico) was called Tciiochtitlan. 'i'he follow-
ing deserij)! ion i.s jriven of it: '■ The city was nine
miles iu cireundVrcnee and the number of its houses
«as about tlu,0(l(>, and of inhabitant.s probably odO,-
(Mii). 'I'houirh a few of the streets were wide and of
j;'reat leuLrlh, most of t hem were inirrowand liui'd with
mean houses. The lar^'e streets were intersected by
nunu'rous canals crossed by bridges. The jjalaee,
near tlio center of the city, was a pile of low, irreg-
ular stone buildings of vast extent. It was a walled
town, wrU ''arrisoned."' The wonderful strangers
were treated with cordiality and loidideuce, at first.
-Montezuma allotted (Jortcz a palace for his occu-
jiancy. This kindness was repaid with treachery
and cruelly. The king was .seized and im|irisoned,
his life s.icrilieed and his capital destroyed.
The news that Cortez had iliseoveretl the ardently
sought land of gold and silver .sumo way roaehed the
Spaniards in (hdja and in the mother country. Oth-
ers joined him, and with
their aid and the aid of
IIEHNANDO rOUTEZ.
tribes hostile to the
Aztecs, he sin'ceedod in
subjugating the eouiury.
In \'>'i'l the invader was
apjiointed govi'rnor and
captain-general id' what
w.is then called .New
Spain, which posiiiou he
belli without intcrruii-
tion until I'r.'S, \\ iicn he
returned to Spain. After
an absi'uce of two years
he resumed the gover-
norship of 2Se\v Spain,
rennuningten years. In
l.")40 he returned to
Spain, dying in 104 7.
Cortez estal)lished sla-
very, compelling the na-
tives to till the soil and
work the mines for their
concjuerors. They were
somewhat skillful in
mining, ami it was only that feature of the country
which interested the Spainards.
Fi'om the time of 'Cortez until independence was
achieved, about three centuries, there were si.xty-
four viceroys, or governors. During that i>eriod
the ])resent Mexican jieople nniy be said to have
come into existence, for the native is neither Indian
nor S])anish, but a nuxture of both. For a long
time, however, the foreign element was an alien
elenu'nt. Mexico was looked upon hy the mother
country during all the colonial j)eriod, as a good
l)lace to accumulate a fortune, but a poor place to
enjoy it.
hi
ti)
ir)4r.
sla-
hv iiii-
il iiiul
tlu'ir
■y wero
:ul ill
Dim try
icu WIS
iixty-
jMji'iofl
,o liuvo
Indian
a liini;-
n alitni
niolI'L'i'
a uood
)laL'(: to
MKXICO AND THK MICXKANS.
\(K\
The iiutivp ivumlntion iiad its uiistoimicy. 'l"'"'
Aztofii(il)UN
meii wen-
called Cil-
WL'i'i.' iR'ver
i'l liny sort
ol' |ii'rs(MiaI
siTv i 1 11 do,
hut its a
class tlioy
\vci'cilc|iri\-
cilof tllL'np-
[(cirtunitics
MKXICAN UACKil-K. wllicll (if
I'lLilil licKinLTcd 111 ilu'iM. 'I'lic rrciilcs were also dc-
|irivcil III' iiulitical privilcics. 'I'lic L'uvcrnnicnt was
iidMiiiiistcrcd, and tlic army nlliccrcd, hy men sent
over from Spain I'or thai (nirjiosc.
The lirst foriniihihlc resistance to the honio <rov-
ernineiil oeenrred in ISIO. under a |irie>L nauu'd
liiilalLiii. Il was MPon suiiiMVs.-eil and ihe leadersliol.
'i'en yeais iaier a native of ^lexieo, Idm Au;:ustiii
llurliide, eaniu I'oruai'd as i he leader of a uioM'uient
for independi'iiee. Tiie deelaraiiou of inde|K.'ndeneo
\va- i.-sued V'eliruary '•.'•I, 1S->|. Tin. coiuitrv was
ripe fur il. In liie aiilunin tlu' colonial u'oxernnniil
was forced tosurrendi'r unconditionallv. The vicerov
vacated llie capital. In tlii' followini,' Mav thoai'niv
(k'clared liurhide euijieror. Spain was in no condi-
tion to assert, its claim to sovei'eiLruty.
J?ul the end was (udy t he hei.nnniiii(. Thestrui^u'lo
for independemo over, civil war hegaiu In Duceni-
her next, Santa Anna, who was destined to lie tlio
most prominent man in Mexican affair.s for more
than thirty years, led a repuhlicaii movement hy
proelaimiim' the repuhlio of \'era (Jruz. Tlio coun-
try seemed to lie on the evo u( a iirotraeted civil
war. it was averted, toiuporarily, hy the aiidication,
in March, of Iturliido. He was exiled and a ]irovis-
ional irovernmeut estahli.-^hed. A condition liorder-
iniron anarchy prevaileil until f>cloher4, IS'M. when
a const iiiu ion, framed in imitation of the consti-
tution of the United States, was adopted. Tuder
that organic law the republic consisted of nineteen
states and five torritorlc^s. The first ])rcsidont was
Victoria. Iturbido returnetl and attempted to re-
claim the throne. He was defeated, captured and
shot.
AtTairs moved on toluruhly smoothly until lH-i8,
when u presideutiiil election gave rise to iiiiothorcivii
war, which
Ited in tl
icess ol the insurixenls.
Ill the \ear following, Sfiain so far ln'stirred itself a>
to attempt to rt'gain conlrol of the country, hut tlie
army sent over for that purpose was dt^feateil in a.
few inonlhs. di-handed and si'iit toCuha. That was
the end of Spanish inU'rventioii in .Me\ic(».
One insuneciion followed anotlier in (|nick suc-
cession for ipiiie a long .series of yi'ars unlil a new
wiirld was addi d tn the Kiiglish vocaiuilary, Mr.n-
riiiii'jilidK heeomiiig a svnonvm for tdections which
lead to anarchy. In ls;i;{ Santa
.\nna came i the fuiv as pre-'-
dent. 1 le ruled for twoyears, dur-
ing wllicll tiiiii! a new e(Uistitutioii
was adi;pted under which the au-
thority of llie central goveriimeiii
was greatly increaM'd. In the
meanwhile that |ii(rl ion of .Mexico |
north iif ill" Kill (Jrande river n.^
Milled and declared it.self inde-
peiiiK'nt, taking the name of santa \.s.na.
Texas. Without aiiticipatiiiu' what ]iniiierly cihir'S
under the head of Texas, ii may he said the success
of that secession had iheetTcct to hriiig on u relapse
iiito anarchy. The pii'sideiit whom Santa .\niia
had driven into e.xile. Ihistamaiite, returnei! and be-
came president. That was in IsiiiT. Hel'onMlie year
expireii Santa Anna relnrned ami was aMe to rcLrain
much of the reality of power. In l.S.'il) he bejame
the reeogni/.cd jiresident. In duly of the same year
(ieueral Uravo deiiosed liiin and usurped the reins
of governnicnt. His rule continued just one week.
Out of the cuiifusiou which followed aro.<e a dic-
tatorial triumvirate, Santa Anna, Bravo and C'aiial-
i/,o. iR'iiig the three nil rs» A new constitution was
adopted in JS4o, under whit'li Santa Anna U'caine
Jiresident again. Before the year closed he was de-
posed .■Mid Caiiafi/.o put in his place, hut in Deceni-
lier following still another man, (u'lU'ral llerrerii,
was ele\ ated to the presidency. A year later and
(ieueral I'areiles succeeded him in the same revolii-
tionarv wav.
In tl
le nieanwhile the I'liited "States, without just
Ji
ir
cause, had provoked war with .Mexico. That w
brought Santa Anna- hack from exile to he the leading
general. The great republic found it an easy task to
kerrun and overriile the little ri
ibli
11 cverv
-♦»
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
■^ Ui |2.2
Hf m
iL i.-^ la
IL25 III 1.4
6"
m
va
/
O;
y
^,
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. 14580
(716) 872-4503
V
iV
SJ
:%
V
6^
^
:
I
!^
ti b ■
i
'Hi
! 1
U!
.it!
iC.l1:'.'' ••.
7
464
MICXICO AM) IHI': MICXICANS.
oii''iiL'cimiiit tlie United SUitAj.s was viuturiou.i. Iii
1M4S ii treaty of pence was negotiated, l)y virtue of
wiiieii iiii iiir.neiise area of country wtis taken from
Mexico and atlileil to tiie United States, includini^
California. Xcw .Mcxiea, Nevada, and in L''ciii'ral tiie
region l<no\vn as liic great mineral hcit of I liis re-
public. A territory which liad never lieen of inucli
vaUie to Mexico soon develoj)ed such a wcaltii of
golil and silver as to lie positively revo.l.itiouary to
tiio nionetarv system of tlie entire world.
contract, and tiie union <jf churcii and statu abolisliud.
Wiien the United States became involvetl in civil
war the tiu'ee Kurojiean powers, Fnuiee, Spain and
England, conciMved that iIk' time had coiiio to foist
upon Mexico a foreign-born eminTor. lituiis Napo-
leon was the prime mover in the plot. Enormous
claims against tiie Mexican government were j)rc-
semed. A Spanish force under (J eneral Prim occii-
jiied N'era Cruz, soon reinforced iiy English and
French troops. It wa.s arraiigeil that those claims
KN'TKY OI' TIIK KHKNTH THOOI'S INTO TIIK CITY OK MKXK'O.
Santa Aiinii was now in disgnu'o and once more
compelled to leave the country. Again revolutions
followe<l each other in ijiiick succession. At last, in
181)1, Henito.Iuarez gained possession of the govern-
ineiit, and succeeded in holding it long enough to
elTeet many radical reforms, and when he tinally re-
♦^^ireil from public life the country lia<l accpiired
])olitical staiiility. Tiie ])ower of the priesthood had
been tlie especial curse of Mexico. Under Juarez,
who wiks a full-blooded Aztec, the jiroporty of the
church, nearly one-half of the real estatti of the re-
jiublic, was confiscated. Monasticism was abolished,
also ecclesiastical courts. Marriage was mmle a civil
should lie paid out of the customs roveime, and En-
gland and Spain withdrew. I>ut the Erench forces
remained. The church iiarty co-operated with the
Ereiich, and the native government was jioworlesa.
The Uiuted States protested, but was in no condi-
tion to enforce its proti'st. An horoditiiry monarchy
was declared established July 10, 18():{. The {-rowii
was tendered to the .\rchduke of Austria. Maximil-
ian. With much jiomp and circumstance he ac-
cepted. de|)artiiig with his wife. " jwor Carlotta," for
his cmp'ire, having first received the blessing of the
I'o|K' and the farewell good wishes o*' the sovereigns
of Erance, England and Helgium. Ilis formal en-
slied.
civil
I iinil
foist
IIIOUS
', iiro-
iicuii-
1 and
•lainiH
d
(1 E?i-
forcurt
itli tlio
iverk'ss.
coiuli-
miircliy
ciowii
a\iinil-
10 ac-
ta." for
of the
iM-ei}Xiirt
nal cii-
^
MKXICO AND TIIIC MICXICANS.
4<>5
try into the city of Mexico wcurred Jiuiu Vi, lSii4.
Having no ciiiid, lie lulojitud as liis iioir tiie son of
tiiu Kniporor Iturbido. l-'reiicii hayoiu'ts jimppcd tlic
liironc, and lie .st-eniod to bo master ul tlio situation.
IJiit when tlio I'nited Status settled its own trouble
it turned its attontion to Mexico, demanding tiie
withdrawal of the foruigu troops. Tiie moral .suit-
port of this government wits of tlio greatest sorvieo
to Juarez and the Mexican patriots. The French
American comment. The bullet that terminated
the life of Maxinulian and rendered his poor wilo a
maniac, esialtlislied that part of the •• Monroe <luu-
trine" whicii means iho nun-intervention ol foiciirii
governments in American alfairs. Tiie lesson was
.sovcie, but the result was well worth the cost.
Mexico wius siibsianliully harmonious under tho
restoreil rule of Jum'/.. Jle iield the reins of gov-
ernment until liis death hi IS'ri, having been re-
-• !;
r
^:
^.£l-^
government wa.s given distinctly to uiideistan<l that
it must coasc its intervention or prepare for war
with the TTnitod States. This protest liail the de-
sired effect. Louis Napoleon sent nn envnv to ^[ax-
iiniliaii urging him to abdicate. TTe refused to do
80. Tho French troops wore withdrawn, tho last
detachment leaving ^roxican soil early in 1807.
Maximilian liad fatally mistaken his strenirth.
Wholesale ilosertions fonowe('.. and in a few months
ho was a prisoner. A rnnrt-martial tried him. and
very justly condemnod him to ho shot. On the 1 0th
of June, 18()7. he and his two generals, Mirnmnn
and '^^oj^a. wore executed. Thus inelorinnslv ended
the groat test case of European intervention on the
elected in IS^l. TTis successor was Chief Justice
TiCrdo do Tejada, wlio was sueceedetl by General
Diaz. Doceniber 1, 188(t, GoneraHitmzalos wua iu-
:■ iguratod President.
As now constituted, Mexico consists of twenty-
seven states and ouo territory, the latter being Lower
Palifornia. The city of Mexico, like tho city of
Washinjfon. helonirs in a district which is under
tho exclusive juiisdiction of the general goveniment.
Tlie Mexican District of Columbia is called the Fed-
eral District of Mexico.
There are several cities in Mexico of some impor-
tnnce. hut the onlv reallv larue one is the capital.
That has a population of 250,000. Tradition has it
I
1 ,
I ■
I
J.'
■ ^
i
if ■,
't^
1
it
■ i»"
•if,
K\
-I
ij
I, .
II
■u
t.
11'
»
ir
1.1
'K
^li
M\l
■i
7
-« «■
466
MI<:XIC;0 AND THK MEXICANS.
timt it wivfl fouiidod alMUit tho iniddio of tlio foiir-
tooiitli century. ■(Jortcz dcstroyotl tlio old city, mid
laid out tliu now town with widu HtitMiU uiid on a
niaKuiliocut Hc;alu. It oliicf Htructuru is a oal.liudral
wliiuli is liiouglit to Itavo cost not loss than ifi'j,. ')()(),-
000. Tho aiiuloniy of San Carlos is roniarkablo as
containin^r thu most valuahlo oolloutionof paintings
in Anioriua.
Mo.niuo is rich in undovolopoil resources. Even
the mines have yielded hut a very small por cent,
of their capacity. The eighteenth century witnessed
tho most prolific yield of those mines. The long
pori(Kl of civil dis(|uietudooi)cratcd very unfavorahly
upon tlie mining interest. Tiiere are, however,
eleven mints in the country which coin annually
ahout *-^0,(HM).(HIO, mostly silver. The total pro-
duction oC the Mohican mines up to IST.j is esli-
nnited at Hi-l.IJOO ,000,000; the total coinage to tiiat
date had been *:5,Oti;j,ti()0,Ot)8. Ahout '.)b jKJr cent,,
ol all this was silver.
The agricultural resources of tho country aro very
pn^al, liut owing to the indolence of iJie jM^ople, and
tiu* dit1i(Milties of trans|H)rtali(in, very little is raised
for ex|Mirt. At the end of IHf^l ilu! loial nundtiTof
mill's of railway opiiu to trallic was l.oTo, tho
*' National Mex can" InMug the principal lino. It ex-
tends from Vera Cruz to tho City of .Mexico. Other
lines aro in process of (lonslructiou. In tho year
1S82 <liroct cominuni(!atiou hy rail Uitwcen the
United States and Mexico was fully inaugurated.
auguring n revolution in tho commercial relatious
of the two countries. At tho present time there is
no paper money uso<l in .Mexico, except a little
United States money on the border. In January,
IHH'-i, a charter was granted for the " iJanco Nacional
Mexicano," with a minimum capital of 4i;{,(H)0,000
and a nniximum capital of :ii'^O,OOO,()0'), with au-
thority to establish branches and issue '^i of pa{)er
money for every #1 of coin in the treasury.
'i'his chapter cannot lie cIos(m1 kittcr than by giv-
ing, in a condensed form, I'rescott's di'scription of
the groat dofmciilli, or to'uple of .Mexu'o, completed
ill 14H0, the most remarkable biiiltling ever erected
in America. It was "a solid pyramidal structure of
earth and pebbles, coated externally with white hewn
stones. It was s(|uaro, its sides facing the cardinal
points, and was divided into iivo stoiies, each of
which ro(-eded so as to lie smaller than that below it
The ascent was by a llight of lit sti-ps on the out-
side, so contrived that to roach the top it was neces-
sary to [lass f<iiir times around the whole edidco.
The liase of the temple is siipposiMl to have bei'ii :{00
feet S(piare. The summit was a broad area covered
with tlat stdiies. On it were two towers or sane--
tiiaries, and before each was an altar on whiirli a
tire was kept continually burning." Mear this leni-
ple was garrisoned a guard of 10,0(»0 soldiers. It
may well be doubted if the present Alexic^ans could
liresent any cipially high evidence of civilization, in
any dopartmeut of human ollort.
^^
'n> I
ij
^
SOUTH AMERICA.
*"•'"••'"- ...r... .^....jr... ,..;■■.■..■■.
'if^nufntfi''"
^ t H4k^' t
••"II,
CHAP T 1^: R ' . X X 11 1
TiiK South Ajikiiii:an <'iiNriNKNT, *■< A Wiioi.k -I'ataiiuni* and tiik I'ataiiiinianh -Thk Ak-
IIKNTINK UKri'lll.K' 'I'lIK l'AIIAIIIr<K. OK CaTTI.K ANli INIIOI.KNIK -I 'lllcir A V — I'AKAIIf A V, ITH f^L
lIl^TOItY AMI MKI.ANIIIOI.Y KaTK — KiIOM TIIK .IkhIIITS TO Lol'KZ -llllAXI I.. TIIK I )Nl.r KmI-IIIK *!▼
IN AMKIIHA TIIK Ama/.ON, Itio IIK •IaNKIUO. IIIAMONII'IIKIIS ami rot-KKK UaISINII — I'llltTI IIAI. _L
AMI TIIK rollTI'lHKKK DVNASTV IN llllA/.ll. — NATION A I. I MIKI'KMIKNI K WITHOl'T ('oNfLKT— */^^t^
(JlIANA, KniII.ISII, KIIKNCII ANII DiTC II— VkNK/.IIKI.A -Itol.lVAIl, TIIK. I.I llKllATOIt -TlIK WoHK «f^^?"
Ac I IIMI'IIHIIKII IIV Itol.lVAIl— TlIK I'NITKll STATK< OK 1,'oi.oMIIIA -I'Klll' -I'l/.AIIIIO ANII TUB
IncAH -MlUNTAINS ANII MlNKK -I ill ANO-itKIM ANII UaII.IIOAIIS -Itill.lVIA -('llll.l ANII TIIK
('MII.IANS-'rilK I.KAIIINO NATION oK .SolTII .V.IIKllll'A — TlIK lll!<ToilV ANII C'.NIIITION OK ('llll.l
—TlIK I.ATK WaII HKTWKKN t'llll.l, IT« CAIKK ANII I'llOIIAHI.R IlK^l'l.T.
i-^-^-**^*;—^
illllS far ill tlio history of
tlio world tilt! only (■outi-
nciiliil porlioii of Aiiiurica
roiiliy known to ('oluml)iis
liiLs coiitril)iitt'il vory little
to tliu lHUi(;lit of niiinkiml,
and i.s .still a hind of ^roat
|ioHsiliiliti('.><, rather than
uchiovoint'iit. I'ntil a coiii-
vcly rucunt jioriod tlio ontire
inoiit of South .Vim^rica, so far
wa.s inhahiti'd hy civilizud
was undi^r the colonial yoko,
at not of lilxjral and |iro<^rus-
Cn^daiid, lint <if iia.Tow and
sivo Spain and i'ortin^al. Al-
iit thu saniu tiiiiu that .Mcxiro
hocanio iiidi'iicndcnt the cciloiiics of
Spain farther south hroke their eliaiiis, and I'ortn-
fjal's one de|H!ndeney, Brazil, ehaniied from a ctdony
to an empire, (loliimlms landed at liie month of tli<^
Orinoco river, N'eiieziiela, in I I IIS, taking pos.sussioii
of the (iontinent in the name of his aii;.'iist sover-
ei<,'iis, l'"ei(linaiid and IsalR'Ua. That wii.s the shadow
east iKifore hy a dominion wliiv;h continuod for
ahoiit three hundred and thirty years.
South Anieriea e.xtends from the isthmus of Pan-
ama to ('a|io Morn, a distance of ahont 4,H0U niiios.
It,s area is ahont 7,()0(),(»00 sipiari! miles, or 1,500,000
.sipiare miles less than North America.
The ino<t nctahle ojoncral feature of Mio eontinoiit
is the mountain raiij^e known as the And(!s, which
lies alon;^ the I'acilic coast in almost a slraij^ht line
for over 1,000 miU's. It is not wide, hut high and
prei'ipitale. In altitude it is unrivaled, except hy
the Himalayas. The lii;^hest )ieak of the .\iides is
the Sonata, 24, SOO, feet; of the Himalayas, i'lvercst,
•>'.»,(H)0 feet. 'IMie Andes has no less than thirty
active volcanoes, tlu^ liiLjhest heiiiL,' the Saliama in
I'erii. This vast inount.ain rau;^i is riidi in precious
mineral.s. On the (Mist side of it tlow.< the larf^iist
river in the worl<l, the .\ma/.on. Its cajiaimMis
mouth, ".I."; miles wide, is at the very eiinalor. I'' or
over two thousand miles tlu; .Vma/.on is navigahlu.
'IMie eipiatoi'ial portion of i\n' continent is not so
warm, hy any nuMiis, as the same latitude in the old
worlds, thanks to the snow-capiied ,\ndes, the trade
winds ami other causes. The condor is the most
( 4^'7 )
f
II
j;
Ufh
f-\-l
I . - i
,-iiSU
VI
..2^=*^^
468
SOUTH AMKUICA.
roiiiarkiil)lo of tlio aiiimiito iirothict.s of tiio coun-
try, wliL'tliur binl or k-ast. Tluit solitary dwollur
in tlic loiist accussililu jiortions of tlio Aiidoft istlic
lar;,'est hinl in tlio world. Its lnKly is from tliroo to
tliruo and 11 half feet loii;^. In some j)ortions of tlio
c'jntiniiit a jjrcat varioty of -iinuU monkeys uliound,
Tlio other jieculiarities of the continent will ujnieur
in conncctiun witii the several countries.
Till' southern ajiex, I'ata^onia, is very nearly
worthless, 'i'ho wild beasts and wiMer men roam
over its barren rocks and frost-bound hills unmo-
lested by while men. It
was first visi . in lo^O by
Ma;j:ellan, who named it
l'ata-onia(MiM:-feet). The
iidiabitants are larjije and
tierce. So far as now known,
that jiorlion of the conti-
nent is incapable of l)eing
made useful. The same is
true of a <rrou|) of islands,
in tiiat vicinity, the Archi-
|ielagi) of Terra del I-'uogo.
Xorth of Pataironia, and
aiijoiniiiif it on the east side
of tlie Andes, lies the .Ar-
gentine l}e|iublii', of which
Buenos .\yr('s, at the mouth
ol'tiie liio lie la IMatariver,
is the cajiital. The wealth
of that country consists of
wool and iiides. The meat
is hardly marketable at all,
so plenty is it. Tlio pkins of the cattle and the
clothing of the sheep can be exported to advan-
tage, and are the main source of revenue. The
annual export of wool averages over ;:i(>0,()0(>,0(.tO
jiounds. The nunilx;r of hides evoorted annually
is about ;},000,0'.>0. The exportation of horse hides
is also very considerable, although sensii)ly dimin-
isiiing. Herds ot liorses, thousands in ninnl)er,
roam wild over the pampsis, yet horses were unknown
tiicre until introduced from EiirojK? in 1. ").'{() by Men-
doza. Fourteen years later goats and sheep were
introduced, and seven years later cattle. Wiiere na-
tiiic was best prepared for these most useful animals
tliey were not known until wiiat might l)e called
human accident occurred (for no special pains were
taken in Soutii America or any where else by
liie Spaniards to introduce EuroiKMii animals).
The La IMata was di.scovcred in l.">Ui by Juun
Diaz do Salis. The climate is delightful, and to
those who seek ease the country is inviiiiig. At the
jn'cscnt time it seems to i)e ((uite attractive to the
Italians. The rcpuiilic is a federal union of fourteen
states. Some claim to authority over I'atagonia is
asserted by the .Vrgentine government, 'i'lie Argen-
tine i)opulatioii is aiiout :i,Ui)0,uuu, including the
4(),0U(t in Patagonia.
A i)artof the La Plata country forms a distinct
republic, called rruguay.
This small nation has an
area of (i;{.:UMi si|uare miles,
and a ]>opulation of aliout
r>00,(»00. It is indistinguish-
able, excejtt in a political
way, from the Argentine
Republic. The first settle-
ment was made lhe/e, and
in Paraguay which is far-
tlicr inland, in Ht'i'i, by
Spanish desuits. When
Siiain and i'ortugal be-
came distinct nations, after
their brief union, there was
a sharp rivalry for the
possession of both I'ara
guay and rruguay, lying
as they do between the old
Spanish colony and state of
l?uenos Ayres and Mrazil
wiiicli was settled by emi-
grants from Portugal. In 18"iS Hrazil recognized
rruguay as an independent republic; since then it
has continued to vegetate without serious molestation.
Paraguay is a nominal republic, but in iM)int of
fact it is under the mild dominion of the great
(geographically siKsaking) emiiiro north of it. It
was first discovered by Sebas-
tian (!al)ot, the brave naviga-
tor, who accomjianiod his fa-
ther, John ("abot, to CaiiiKla in
tiie first fiect ever sent to the
new world by England. It ,
was in the year l'>H> tiiat Ca- *
but, searching for a passage
across the continent, sailed up bebastian cabot.
tlie broad La Plata, as far as the uoulluence of tha
^^ Jf
great
it. It
MIOT.
of tho
SOUTH AMKKICA.
469
I'liiiiiiiiiiv iiiul Paiaim rivors. lit' was in tlio ciii-
j>l(iy (if S|iaiii at the tiiiio. In l.VJO tliu CDiintrv
was si'ttU'd, ami early uc<|uiri'il very connidtTalilu
j)runiiiR'ncr. Tlio Spaniards freely interinarricd
wilii tliu natives, called Payau'was. Tliu .Jesuits
lloeked tliitlier as early as KJIU and aiviiiired
almost ai)S(dnto sovereignty (>ver the natives. In
liiiT tliey were expelled from tliere as from all flie
Spanish colonies. 'I'liey had erected sjilendid
churches and lofty nmnsions which attest their van-
Antonio LojK?7, finally succeeded to the dictatDrship,
iiulding it until IStiv*, under the title of I'resident.
At his death, his more illustrious son, Francisco
Solano iiOjiez, sncceedeil him. He set up as pru-
leitor i)f the " eipiilibriuni " of the Im Plata regiiiu.
lie soon inaugurated war with Ura/il, the Argentine
i{cpui)lic and I'ruguay. For live years (IHiia-lH'tt)
t he war wius waged. The country was nearly depopu-
lated before LoiH)/. was killed and jieace restored.
Proceeding farther north, still ou the east side of
ishod dominion. In ISll the foreign yoke was
thrown ,)lf, and for tweiity-nino years the country
was strangely and completely isolated. During that
period it was ruled hy that nui(|ue character, Jose
(Caspar Ilodriguez Francia. Speakinu' of his rule,
Hon. r. A. Washhurne, late diplonnitic representa-
tive of the United States at Paraguay, says, " The
country being accessible only by way of the river,
he stopj)cd all ingress and egress, allowing during
all this time only some half a dozen foreigners to
lonvo the country and none to enter it. The ship-
ping then in the river stayed there, rotted, and fell
to i)ieces." At the death of Francia the country was
without even the form of a government. Carlos
the Andes, we come to the one American monarchy,
the Empire of Brazil. It occupies nearly one-hulf
of the entire continent, extending from latitude 4"
2:5' iu)rth, to latitude 4<» 44' south. Its area is
3,24-2,!t()0 square miles. The country has some gold,
hnt its especial wealth of a mineral nature consists
of diamonds, found in river beds. Hut the sugar
and cor.'e ])roductioiis of the emjtire are of more
value each year than all the mining ])r(Klucts of a
jieriod of eighty years. The po])ulation is about
10.000,000, not including the shifting, vagabondish
aboriirinal jiopulation, estimated at about 1.000.000.
Brazil is the only ])art of America now where slav-
ery has u legal existence, and it is being gradually
FsT
:l;'lr'.
i
I '!
J';i!'
J!!i*
470
SOUTH AMERICA.
cxtiiij^niriliod tlioro. Jinizil was disuovoroil in 1500
by I'iiicuii, ii ui>iii|iiuii(>ii of Coluiiiliiis. It \TUfl cur-
ly suloctcHl l)y till! l'(irtiii;iiL'^(i iH tlu'ir fiivdrito resort
ill Amoric'ii. In l.S()8 llii; kiiij,' of I'ortii;^iil, Joliu VI.,
took rofui,'o from tlio Frt'iidi in Brazil, iiccoinpii-
iiioil liy liis court, llu reiiiaincil tlicre iiiitil IHtid, to
tlio {jreat lioiiolit of tiio country. When Xaiioluon
fell, lip took tiic title of Kiii.u' of Portuj,'al, Al;,'arvo
and Hra/il. A national coii;;rcss wa.s asseniltk'il at
llio do Janeiro in l.S'^"^, wlion Doin I'cdro, son of
John V^ , was olocted " Porj)clual Protector." The
couni.v was
declared inde-
pendent, and
Portugal ac-
quiesced with-
out a niur-
inur."Con.sti-
tutionul Ein-
jieror" was
soon after
adopted. In
18:51 Doin
Pedro I. ab-
dicated in fa-
vor of his sun
Doin Pedro
II., the pres-
ent emperor.
Father, son,
and grandson
deserve high
credit for j)a-
TMK CITY OK CAIi.UAS.
triotism and good ability, wiilKiut brilliancy or great
force of character. The cmpire'is divided into nu-
merou.s iirovinces for administrative iiurjioses. In
nothing exce])ting its mighty river, tlie Amazon, its
diamoiid-i)cds and the extent of its area, is ]$razil at
all aiiove the dead level of uninteresting mediocrity.
Tiie chief cities of IJnuii are Rio de Janeiro, the
capital and metropolis, and the largest city of South
America, impulation nearly IJOO.OOO ; Hahia, or San
Salvador, pojiulation, ISd.OOO; Pernambuco, popu-
hition, !i(),0()U; Maranhao. population, 40,000.
There are two geogniphiial terms so nearly alike
as to be confusing, (iuinea, a common name of a
largo tract of country on the western coast of Africa,
and (luiana, a large territory of tiie northeastern ])art
of South America, between the Amazon and the Ori-
noco. The latter countrj Is subject to several powers,
(ireut Hritain. France, HcjUand, Hruzil and Venezu-
ela. It is u tropical wilderness, valuable only fur its
few largo sugar plantations and its forests from
which areshijtped various kinds of high-priced luiii-
iier. French Uiiiana, witii the island of Cayenuu
just off the coast, is used as u penal colony. In the
early days of American discovery it was 8U]ipo8ed
that that region was rich in gold, but the supjiosed
precious metals wero only mica and (puirtzose rock.
North and west of Guiana stretches Venezuela,
of which Ca-
racas, on tho
sealxiard, is
thccu}iital. It
has a {lopula-
tion of some-
thing less
than '^,000,-
000 and an
area of 4o;j,-
201 s(|uare
miles. Colfeo
is its chief
article of ex-
port, but cot-
ton, cacao,
sugar, tobac-
co and indigo
are also im-
jiortant pro-
ductions for
exportation.
The republic consists of twenty states and one ter-
ritory. The president is in etfect almost dictator.
DiainoiKls, gold, silver, tin, zinc, cpiicksilver and
copi)er are i)elicved to abound, but the mineral
wealth has never been very much develoiwd. The
capital, Caracas, has a poi»ulati(m of about fifty
thousaml souls, and is a somewlrit thrifty .<eai)ort.
Its chief honor is, however, that it can boast being
the birthplace of the Great Ijiberator of South
America, Simon liolivar, whose services may well lie
narrated in this connection.
The Liberator was born July 25, 178.3. He in-
herited immense wealth from his father. His edu-
cation was completed at Madrid. In 1810 he joined
the |)atriot army. In three years he rose to emi-
nence as a soldier and entered Caracas in triumph.
^
It cot-
CllfllO,
tobiie-
irnligo
ns for
;iitii)n.
DUO ter-
lictiitor.
rer unJ
mineriil
The
lut lifty
eaiHjrt.
t being
South
well l)e
lie lu-
lls edu-
,e joiuetl
ti) euii-
rluuipli.
SCJUTH AMKKI(.:.\.
^ »
471
hrr^ nii iimi ni i
BUn
liut Ills uchioveniunUj wuru uol iu lliu inturoHtof that
Iturtieuliir part of tlio coiitinout. Ail Spiiul-sh
Aniuricti rebelled ut about the saniu time, and the
Soiitli Aniericuu eolonies formed one power, uiueii
as the tiiirteeu eolouies wiiieh afterwards Iwcanic
tiie riiitcd States, did. The jteriod of Btrug^de, i-e-
Hultiiig in inde]ii>ndenco for all continental S])anish
A ineriea, extended fi'oni 1810 to lSti."i. If Spain
luid been free to eoneentrato its energies, wasted
though they were, uim)u any oneeohtny, as now upon
Cuba, the uprisuig might have been suppressotl ; but
there was either aetual rolKjllion or the mutterings
vf the coming storm ull along tho lino from Pata-
gonia to tho United States, and from ocean to
oc^an. This simultaiioousnoss was not tiie re-
sult of precuucerted aetiou, to uuy cousideraijio
extent, but rath-
er a notable il-
lustration of the
familiar truth
that "like causes
produce like ef-
fects." The heel
of oppression
had become in-
tolerable. The
great island of
Cuba alone es-
caped the con-
tagion of liberty and missed its great opportunity
by waiting until it luvd become almost alone in its
colonial deiiendency.
General Bolivar was made first president of Co-
lombia iu 1819. A few years later iu^ led an army
of lilwration into Peru, and its indejwndence was
also achieved. The portion of country between the
pmsent Peru and Chili, extending much farther east
than either of them, Wiis created a distinct republic,
named, iu honor of the Great Liberator, Bolivia.
That was in 18-^5.
During those lifteon yea.s Bolivar made many
enemies, and was accused of tryiiii,' to consolidate
South America into a kingdom, himself to Iw the
founder of a dynasty of his own. He may not have
been as free from jwrsoiial aiiil)itioii as our own
Washington, but he luwl a very dilTereut i)eoi)le to
deal witii, and only oueof the many repulilics (Chili)
has thus far shown capacity for self government.
In 1830 General Bolivar died, not having the higii
VIEW OP CARTHAUENA.
satisfaction of seeing tiio Soutii Amoric'ii problem
solved. In iiiin Venezuela fiirnisiied the lilK^rator
of several states, but not tlie fouuder u|K>n a solid
basis of free institutions.
It may here bo added that tho South American
republics have been runt and torn frei|uenlly witii
civil wars ami wars between each «»ther, and as a
whole they have cast discredit upon the principle of
self-g'ivernment. But tho condition of those coun-
tries has iieen materially im)irovedduring liie (loriixl
of inde(iendence, notwithstanding all hindrances.
We return now to tho detailed consideration of
the nations of South America.
The United Status of C(doiubia, formerly New
(rranada, is the extreme northwestorn uortion of the
continent It has an area of 3.'>7,1T'.) s<piare miles
and a jHJpula-
tion of nearly
throe millions.
Tho first Span-
ish colony was
established there
in lolo. The
Cauca valley is
believed to be
very rich in min-
erals and la-
pacity for tropi-
cal pHHluction;
but it is so malarious as to bo a dangerous place
for any but natives to live. Some attempts have
lieen made to open up the valley au<l develop its
resources by Yankee enterprise, but without suc-
cess. Bogata, the capital, is an inland city, pleas-
antly situated on the San Francisco river. Ow-
ing to its high altitude, it enjoys a delightful
climate. It is an old city, dating back to 1");5T.
Its i>opulatioii is about 40,000. A few miles below
the city is tho great cataract of Tequendama, with a
per|iendicular fall of (jOO feet. The United States
of Ct)lonibia has about the same sea-water frontago
on the Pacitic Ocean as on the Caribbean sea. Car-
thageiia is its principal seaport. Its principal com-
munication with the world is by way of the Pacific
anil across the Isthmus of Panama, to the southeast
end of which it extends.
Directly south of Colombia, between it and
Peru, lies the republic of Ecuador, so called be-
cause it is beneath the equator. Its o-xtent is from
r
r?^
sy
-^r^=S^
i
47^
SOI Til AMI'UUA.
y'T
ITi '
; [
MM
Iffl r
n ■
uyt'.'/J',',
; ■■)'.■■ ■■..
1^ ;i.'i' iinrili I p ."." ."id' sdiilli. I'miii ca,"!. Iu \(i-l il
('^((■iiils iiliiMil H(i(i miles. 'I'lii' csliiiialcil area is
•.':.i).(i(l() snuaiv mill's. It, miu'iil. well U' culli-il llic
iiiimc n( till' Ncilcaiiiis, |'(ir i|, lias iid U-ss lliaii sixteen
ill j^immI workiii'.^ onler. The faiinMis Iriiiu aleii nme.
(Ji)t(i|ia\i. toweriii',' to tlie liei;;iil, nf ISjSl,'. J'eel, aii<l
llie stili i.ifiier ('liiml.ura/... (-.'l.-l-M feet, liiixli) aiv
llie cliiet' natural riiri(i>ilie> of llie I'lHiiiiry. Ivtrlli-
i|iiakes am (Miriimuii aiiil "'fieii very severe. It, is
sn| |i(isei| that its eajiilal. (^Miito. was onei' llie i'a|(i-
tioii a tiille over •.'.."ii 11 1,(1(1(1. It i-i e<tmiateil that :>',
|H'r cent, of the iMlialiitaiit<^ ai'e I ii<liaii<, ami 'I'A |it'r
cent. Creiiles, or " Chains." In IMd the iii|>ital,
liiina, had a |ii)|iulatinn of {(io.ortCi it. is six miles
inland from the sea|Mirl town of Callao. I'nlitieally,
there|mlili(isili\iile(l intosevenlee:Mlc|iar(mentsanil
has a eonstilnlion I leleil aflei'that of I he I'niteil
Slates, or. rather, such \ras the rase |ire\i.>ii< to tin'
late ilisasi rolls war with Chili, sime .rliieli time I Ik;
''overnment has heen in a ehaotii; eonilition, with
AN( IIONT I'KUITIAN
tal of a tlourisliini? Indian oiniiiic The present
lioimlation is exceptionally iininterestin;; and the
country is peculiarly destitute of attractions.
We are no\r arrived, in oiir circuit around tlio
continent, at I'erii, the country havini^ the most in-
terest in history "f any in South America. It is
the only oik'. in fact, \vhi(;h may be .said to till any
considcrahle space in history, Avliile it.s most j>ros-
perous neij^hlior. Chili, alone .^eems to be on the
highway to an important, fiituro.
l'"ru lies between latitides ;i()° 20' and M-i" -JO'
south and Ion;:!. .'udes O !i):d SI" ',•(;' west. The
are;i is al)oiit ."lOli.tKtO sipnire miles and the popula-
TliMI'LE OF Till". SfN.
an uncurtain future. Nature has divided it into
three parts. Met ween the ocean and the Andes lies
a narrow strip of J'airly level bind, varyinj,' in width
from (10 tt) '-.'O miles. This rej^iou is culled tbeeoa.st.
Except in the near vicinity of rivers and rivulets
the coast is a barren waste. l{ains are unknown in
that repon. There are two parallel ranij;es of the
.\ndes, and between them extends the best i)art of
the country. That .second division is called the
Sierra. It is a series of valleys, somewhat broken
with mountain s[uir.s, but iu the main very fertile.
The averaire width of the Sierra is 100 miles. It is
described as " a reirion diversified with tropical val-
"71-
il:''../i
III;- >■ -5 :
i'U|iilal.
ilicallv,
■nlsiiinl
I'liitcil
- til tlif
illll' till!
Ill, Willi
I'd it into
lAudes Vu'S
rr ill witltli
tliocdiist.
11(1 rivuk'ts
Lkiiown ill
U'S of tin'
|st part of
Icilllc.l till!
iit broken
Iry ftTtik'.
lilos. It is
Dinciil Viil-
SOl III AMI.UKA.
17.^
it'\S ailij Mist clcMilnl |ilulc;ilis." N'ilK -|clllll« uf tlic
(iiitivah'il area ainl riMir-lil'l li< nf ilic |Mi|iiilaliiiii arc
III lie rdiiml ill llic Sierra. I'h'MphiI lln' mcipiiiI iiioiin-
taiii raii;.'(' lies I lie .Miuiliiiia, scry lilllc known. 'I'lic
Iniiians of tiiaL n';.'iiin liaxc lu'vcr liccii sl'rioll^ly
(liHturlii'il, anil tlicy arc nmri' liarliaric than tliosf ut'
tlic Sierra ever were.
Tiu! faiiii' of i'l'rii early rea- iieil tlie Siiaiiianl.-*.
Iiireil ami |iluiiilere<l a cily. 'i'ln' iii\a>lers Iniiii u
town uliirli tliey calleil San Mi.'iiel. 'I'lial « a.- Ilie
lK':,'iiiiiii. of a iiiiii|Ue-i liarillv il' an\ I -■ iiii|iiii-
taiit liiaii llie siiliju.raliiiii 'if Mixiiu l)\ ('i(rte/.
I'erii, Meiiaijor aiwi lioli\ la then fni'iiie.l une i:.i-
lioii, riileii liy III!' liiiM ii\ii.i.-ty, willi Cii/eua- ii>
eapilal. 'Tlial nmiarkalilc eily h ll.:!'>n leei alio\e
tlie level ipftlii' SIM. 'I'lie Iliea-: I'lailiieij ile-ient
Tliev \rero tolil of a land in tlu' soutliwost wlioro;;oiil
\v;is as ])l('nty as iron. In I'll".' Ballioa, jrovcriior-
i^i'iicrul of tlio DiiriiMi colony, triuil to liml it. Ho
met with no siiccuss. Twelve years later an adven-
turous Spaniard, who had heen a swineherd in youth
and was destitnto of iiitellijjenee or eharaeter, I-'ran-
eiseo I'izarro, made a voyap' aloiiLj tiie I'eriivian
eoast. No;'nii;r seemed to he aeeoniplisiied. I?ut
ill \'>'M lie made a second voyaLre, under euiiimissiiin
as i^^overnor and I'aplaiii-Lreneral, to eiiiii[iieraiid rule
whatever country he could tind. lie sailed sotilh
from ]\inama fourteen days, when he landed, eaii-
from tlie sun, w liicli they worshiped as the i^od of
the world. .Many iircliiteetural ruins, ineluding
teinplcsand palaces, attt'st a hiirii ile<ireo of attain-
ments in the art of huildini,'.
I'izarro was received as a friend hy the Inoa Ata-
hiiallpa. In return for this kindness the iri'acious
sovereii^n was taken prisonei'liy the swineherd. He
houirhl his liherty hy an enormous ransom of irold
to the amount of uvi^r si'venteen niillions of dollars,
and even llien he was not lilierated. On liie con-
trary, lie was hiirned alive. His half-hrothcr was
placed upon the throne. I'i/.arro estahlisiied his seat
) ;
1
i ■
V^
! :M 1
474
SOirni A.MKKICA.
lit Liiiiii, whioli ho fotiiidoit in 15:),'). Tliiit l<nr iiiul
l)niiiil wri'tcli IiuiiUmI IIiu iiutivoH witli uiiHiK'iikiil»l(!
Imrliiiritv until tiiu year I'ltl \rlieii lio vena iiKsuHxiii-
iit(M|. 'i'lic Kiii^'of S|iiiiii liJiilihil)lN'il liiin Miiri|niH.
lie iiiinricil tlu) Iiicii'.-* iliiii;,'litor. His tlusitDiiiliiiitH
tiro itii>oii<r tiio inoro urii*t(x;riitiu of tlio pruouut I'u-
niviiiii ^riiiiil(.H'H.
I'i/.uiTo rciliUMjil the iiiitivoM to niavory iiinl iiiiwii'
tliom work iissidiiously iiitlio iiiiiios. Uis HiicooHHor
A'licii do Oiistni, iiitnidiicoil soinu iidiniiiistriitivo ru-
foniis. It wiis not niiiny yniTA buforo African Mlavory
was introdncod a^ a Hiilwtituto for Indian slavery.
Tlio latter was aholisiiud in IMoti.
IVru had an nnovontful caroor for nearly three
centurieH, dnrinj,' wliiuh time it contriliuted iniinenrto
qnan;.it ies of j,'ol(l and silver to the worM's stock. The
mines are still very rich and [irolital)le. Hutniton the
shore and on neighhorin;(islandsof the Pacific is found
an article of commerce which is the chief source of
I'eruvian wealth, tho excrement of birds, called ^n-
ano. Sjieakinj^ on this point, a recent writer siiys:
" Tlio f,'nano-l>eds constitute govornment inoiujpo-
lies of snllicieiit value to have paid for tho coi. ,truc-
tion of !,()()(» miles of railways which traverse the
Andes in a zi,i,'za<r way, connectin;^ the Sierra with
tho seaboard." 'I'here are many millions of tons of
guano. The Incas protected tho birds and tho Pe-
ruvian farmers then, oven niuro than now, used this
best of all fertilizers to enrich tho soil. Tiio conn-
try has over :i,(Kt() miles of railway, costing about
♦1S(),01K),0()(). Their constniction was a groat tri-
umph of financial nnmagemont and engineering
skill. For the former, Mr. Meiggs deserves tho cred-
it ; for the latter, the highest praise belongs to an-
other -Vmorican, Mr. Thorndikc.
Wo ha\e now reached a jjoint at which Chili and
liolivia sustain such relations to Peru that it is best
to truce their resjioctive lines of developmont until
they converge toward a i)oint common to the three.
Tho southern boundary of Peru extends very
nearly to tlio uorthern extremity of Chili, but not
quite. IJolivia separates them, having a seaport,
Cabija, which, liowevcr, is cut off from tho rest of
tho republic by tiio do.sert of Ataeama. In tho days
of tiic Iiu-as that desert was a favorite burial place,
the saltness of the soil |)roserviiig the body from de-
cay. Tlio area of Ataeama is 70,181 and tho popu-
lation about 5,000. The entire reiuiblic of Holivia
lias an area of 530,000 square miles and a popula-
tion of -.J.ooo.iHM). In tho days of Spanish rale the
chief part of tho country was called eilher Up|K)r
Peru or (Miarcas, having very littlo if uiiy in-
dividuality. In ITiiT it was cut oil from Peru
and iiijulc a part of the surntyulty of Hiietios .Vyroa.
It is inlernuMliiito Imtweon tho two, and |iocnliarly
isolated from the rest nf tho world, hedge I in on
the east and south by Hra/.il and the Argentine l{u-
public, on the west and south by Peru and (Miili ; itri
only seal)oard having tho \ndos between it and any
habitable territory. Molivia is a mountainous coun-
try, comprising as it does tho (/'ordilleras at their
greatest altitude. From that range two chains
break off, tho western, c(nitaining nuiiiy volcanooH
and Mount Sajaina, '^"J.TfJO feet high; and tho east-
ern, to which belong Mounts Illumpu and Illimano.
Lying as it does IjotweoiiHoutheni latitudes l^i^aml
!i4", Hc'.ivia is tropical in 'limato, except as tho
mountain tower into the regions of frost, and pos-
sesses every range of climate and productions. Tlio
interior of the country is prixluctivo, but its greatest
wealth is mineral. .\ll through the Holiviun Cor-
dilleras silver ia found in largo <|uantitios, and gold
also, both ])lacer and (piart/. A railroad is in pro-
cess of construction along the banks of the Matloira
river for about 150 miles. That river empties into
the Amazon and is navigable, except as its rapids,
which extend for about 150 miles, impede it. With
that obstacle overcome, Bolivia might develop into
a great and rich country. The capital is the f(M-ti-
liod town of Oruro. Formerly it was La Paz. In
theory the government is a republic on the most
a[)provod .Vmerican jilan, with a president elected
for four years ; practically tho rulers are military
dictators, and civil wars have been almost a con-
stant (juantity. From 18-^0 to 18:{!» (irand-Mar-
shal Santa Cruz ruled Bolivia. Insurrections, asga.s-
sinations, banishments and anarchy succeeded each
other, the last being the dejiosition of President
Canij)eio, who had been elect^-d in .Juno, 1880. Ho
was doiiosed for failure to resist successfully tho su-
jierior power of Chili.
From a mere glance at tho map of South Amer-
ica one would infer that Chili was the least import-
ant part of the continent, i)eiiig a narrow strip of
land between tlie Pacific Ocean and the Andes. Of
all the South American states on the Pacific coast
it alone has no territory east of the groat mountain
range. As a matter of fact, however, it stands first
SOUTH AMEHICA.
475
in iictuul iiiiportuiico. It U iiboiit l.'.'oo inilc." Inn^'.
uiul ill vridtli viiriuH from ',*() to i:)() iiiiloi*. 'I'liu
iivoni^u liui^'lit of tliu (Jliiliuti AiuIoh in 14,(H)U foot
uhovo tlio lovt'l of tiio Hou. The iiif,'lio«t |>t'iik Ih tlit-
Iiorpliyritiu Novmlo of Acoiiuiigiia,"J'i,4".i'J footiiij^ii.
Thoro uro Kuvurul iictivo voloiitiooH in tliia rcpiihlic,
Antiico JMjin); tlio cliiof. 'I'lio total iiroii of tlio
miitry is VS'i,H{Wi H(|iiiir(! niiluH, tiiu popiiliitioii ii
littluniurutliuii two niiiiionH. It Iiiim two liir^'u towns,
Siuitiitgn, tliu (.'itititiil, and Valparairto, tliu |M)rt. 'I'liu
fonnur is in tiiu inturior and liiu a population of
IHO.OOO; tlio latter is midway, nearly, as Itetwei-n
northern at .1 Hoiitherii i)uuudaries, and hii-s u popu-
lation of about 10(),()(I(>.
The northern half of Chili is nearly worthlosH for
a<(riculture, and even the mineral wealth cannot he
developed to very goixl advantaj^e. Hut the land
has rest, (^omjiaratively 8|K.'aking, from civil strife.
Says an Kni^lish writer, "The (Jhilians have made
the best of their luhantaj^es, instead of H(|uanderinj^
luvture's prodigal gifts in strife and indolence. Uail-
roatls and telegrapiis have Iwon intrtMlueed. and a
thrifty foreign commerce cstaltlished. Chili is pro-
verbial for its steady progress in all imlustrial en-
terprises, for the aitsenee of jnilitical jterturbation,
and for its imnetuulity in meeting its linancial en-
gagements. Its securities rank among tlie foremost
on tlie LoiKbni Stock Exchange, Iwing usually held
for investment ; it builds its own railways and its
own telegraphs without much foreign help; and the
money it borrows for sudi jiurposes is secured by
national and private bonds."
Historically speaking, this iMirtion of the Eini)ire
of the Incas began to have a separate existence in
1535, when a Spanish cxiKjdition under Diego Al-
magro pushed southwanl from Peru as far as Copi-
apo into the territory of the Puruinancians. The
natives drove back the intruders. Five years later,
Pedro de Valdivia rei)euteil the cxj)criment. lie
established a jKjrmanent settlement, calling the city
he founded Santiago, in hoiu)r of the jjatrou saint
of Spain, After securing his position there he
jMished southward to encounter tlie Ara\U'aiiiiins, a
tribe never yet sub<lucd, and who continue to occujiy
a strip of ('hilian territory I'.tO miles in length. Tlie
city of Concepeion was founded by A'aldivia in the
Araucaniau country, but in 1559 it was destroyed
and Valdivia put to death. For over a century the
Spaniards and the Arauciuiiaus were at wai\ The
peace of lt;fi.'iacknowlcHlge<l the indejiondence of the
native trilie south of Mobio. Again, from \'!'i'-i to
177:{, the Chilians were at war with their aboriginal
neighbors.
Chili wtw one of the first colonies to rel>el against
Spain. The mo\ement for iiide]ioiideiice Itegaii in
IHlu. The first step was to depose the Oovernor-
(ieiiend, (arrasco, and vest the [lolitical authority
in a Junta. corres|)onding to the Continental Con-
gress. The Junta placed (Jeneral Carreru in su-
preme authority. Hnt he was une(|ual to the
demands of the cikse. He was not destined to bo
I. (Jeorge Wnshington of his country. Mefore IHi:)
closed, Spain had re-established its authority. It
might have retained it perhaps, but harsh and »]>•
pressive measures followed, provoking a renewal of
rebellion in IS Hi. Siteaking of the struggle thus
renewed, a (Miilian historian says, '* The patriots
now raised an army in the neighboring province of
La Plata, i., 1 imule (General San Martin its com-
mander. He marched into Chili and won an im-
portant victory over the royalist forces at Chacabu-
co, on the IvMh of February, 1817. A jirovisional
government was set up by the patriots, and Don
IJernardo O'lliggins was placed at its head as su-
preme dictator. The Spaniards now rallied and
defeated the Chilians with heavy loss at Ciiauchar-
ayda ; but were themselves utterly routed by the
patriots at Chilenos on the 5tli of April, ISfS. Not
more than 5(10 S[>aiiiards escaped from tlie field.
This victory entirely dcstroyeil the Spanish power
in Chili, Peru and Buenos Ayn's, and secured the
iiideiiendence of those states. The Spaniards re-
treated to the jiort of Valdivia, which they held until
IH'H), when they surrendered to the Chilian forces."
During the next three years General O'Higgins was
virtual dictator, but ho lost his jjopularity and hail
to retire.
A stable gorcrnmont, a g(>nuiiio republic, was not
adopted until lS'.i8. iVlIairs moved on smoothly,
the country steadily growing in prosjierity and en-
joying the siibsiaiice and not tlie mere shadow of
republieanism, luidisturbed by any serious difficul-
ties, apart from some Indian warfare, until 18(54,
when war broke out between Spain and Peru. An
alliance was formed between Peru, Chili and Bo-
livia, in accordance with which the three republics
mi«le common cause against the mother country,
justly looked ujiou as a common enemy. This alii-
•
11'
M
>' „
-» ■
\.
■i' ■
y t
•1 ;!•
J^^«
4i '■
it-'
'J
.
^ t ,
;•
■ 1 ■
1
■
V
i
J'
i l;i
A±.
47"
SOUTH AMICKICA.
aiicc was iioL formal and roi-of^ni/i'd until ISiiT.
Hi'l'iic t.liat time Cliili liiul siiown siu-ii stfuii;:; sym-
pathy wilii IVni tliiit lior roast was hlockatiod by
llif Spanisli licet. That blouUiuU' led to the eap-
liireof tiie S|)aiiish steamer " Uovadoiii;;! " Itv the
Chilian steamer, " I'lsmeralda." and lat^T, to the
liondiiirdnieiit of \'al|iaraiso l»v the Spanish Ad-
miral Niine/. That, was a very irnpiditie thinu; to
do, for llu' actual loss fell upon foroifi;n residents
I'.uiinly, and thus secured the ill-will of other na-
tions. The United States olTered to mediate bo-
twei'ii the allii's and S|)ain. 'I'heoll'er was accepted,
and in April, ISTl, a tri'at.y providi' .; for ii cessa-
tion of hostilities Wii.s signed at, Washington. That
nniy well bo called the last, struggle of Spain to re-
cover its foothold in America.
In IS'^'.) hostilities began between Chili and the
allied republics of Bolivia and I'eru, growing out
.'f rival territorial claims and claims to (iuano-bed.s,
and mineral deposits. Chili insisted that having
doni- more than either of the othi'rs to repel the
enemy, she wasentitK'd togenerous treat merit. When
tlu^ \v;ir came she had an army of '.'■.'.OIMI and a navy
of ten small steamers and two jiowerful iron-elad.s.
With these land and naval forces she was an oxcr-
niateli for the other two nations combined. The war
was ooniliicted with great spirit ami intrepidity. In
the spring of ISSl Callao and i/iina were taken, and
the Cl''!:ans were absolut*.! nnisters oi' the situation.
Till' linal settlement of the i|uestioiis in dis-
pu(e anil of the relaiions of those countries to each
oil' 'r still rcniaiiis to lieaecomplishi . The national
del. s of i'eru and Molivia (especially ' ■ former)
I'.iiinot 1k' iLniored. l'"rii was virtually nioiigaged
tc ncn-rcside'n •■..I'italisls before the last war, and
t I Ai v.'il! imi III :t;'' iV'd to sacrifice those interests,
uioie espec' iu ^v j^;i!fUu> interests of foreign claim-
liuU.. It : ;i . urious and appropriate fact that the
jires •: i •; lest ;•,!> if ■ ,,:--'me importance in tiie jiiib-
He itiTains t' •'., South Auiorica relates to the excre-
ment of sca-fiiwls.
In the fall of 1881 tho Socrotiiry of State, Mr.
Hlaine, with the approval of {'resident .\rtliur, sent
two eavoys-i'xtraordinary to Peru mid Chili for the
pur|)i)se of facilitating negotiations of amity ■iiid
protecting I'l'ru from thi' apprelu'iided unjust, de-
mands of her victorious sister republic. Soon after,
-Mr. Mlaine was superseded by .Mr. I"'ielinghuyseii
who early made material changes in the instriiotioiia
issued t,o the chief envoy, Mr. Treseott. It is nut
iibsohitely i:ertain what, negotiations have lieou en-
tered into, but it is suppo.seil to bo morally certain
that the following teriiLS will be e.xiictcd and on-
forced :
First — The iibsoluto annoxatioii of 't'lirapiieii and
a large strip of territory imineiliat^ly north of it.
These include all tho nitrates and the gri'at bulk of
the guano. Second — ('liili holds and occuiiios the
district of Arioii and Taciia, noniinally for ten
years, to be tlu'ii released to I'eru on [lavment of
^■^0,()()(),()00, which they leave her no more power to
pay than if it were sj-JO.tKKl.dOO.dOO. .\riea and
Taciia may therefire bo considered |)ernianontly an-
nexed. Third The liobis Islands to he seized and
hidd by Chili so long a.? ijioiv is any guano on tlieiii.
Ueferring to this ultimatum, anil the sagacious
provision of the Chilians to protect the British in-
terest in I'eru, .Mr. Mlaine declares that tho Uniteil
States has lost a great opportunity to advance its
own (Commercial interest, while enforcing the princi-
ple of the .Monroe doctrine. His wordsun this jioint
are, "My conimercial interests 1 mean lluu'iitire iiitcr-
(iliange of comniodities, the siipidyiiig of nianiifae-
tured articles and raw material, the I'oueontratiou
in our I'ommercial cities of a share of that which
will now go wholly to liOiidon and liiverpool. Tho
trade of the west coast of South America, from
this time forward, will be as much in the liamls of
(ireat Mritain lus tho trade of Mritish India." Kvi-
dently that portion of the world is in a condition
of extreme ineortitudo both lUs to domestic and for-
eign relations.
^r
i.H:.
-'>Vv
of Stiito, Mr.
t, Arthur, soiit
(Miili for till)
(if iiiiiity •lilt I
k'tl unjust tle-
I. Siiou iifter,
Fu'liiiirluiyseu
ic iiisiructiima
)tt. It is not
liiivt' Ihjuu eii-
lorally cvrtiiiu
leteil iiiul ou-
'riirapiua iiutl
ly ntirtli of it.
' jjiviit Imlii of
il (ifi'Ujtios tlio
iuiilly for tcu
lu pavini'iit of
luoro [lowor to
I), .\rioa and
jriuaiioutly aii-
o 1)0 si'izoil and
Ljuano on tlunn.
llie sagacious
tlio Urilish in-
lat tlio Unitoil
to advance its
■inj^ tlio prinoi-
Ison tliis point
10 oiitiro intor-
; of uianufao-
coiK'ontration
of tliat wliioli
vorpool. Tlio
A.inorica, from
tiio liamls of
In.lia." Kvi-
in a oondition
losLic and for-
|[
^
r
^^* ^ aV A aV2 A*A aVa'a aVjTaW a^a a aVaVa a^aVa^a * * a * * a aV^Wa ^^IL ^^ a^ aVa'a a«« *« a a a a a * a a a'a a/, a a a a a «, aaa^aVa a a^aV£^
CENTRAL AMERICAI v I ISLES OF THE SEA
I -I rrriai ^-r^
w
^""m
■it:
CHAPTER LXXIV.
Mx
ih
'mi
f'ENTRAI. AMEnirA IN ( IkSKIUI— KaIII.Y SkTTI.KMKN T -I'lM.ITICM. PlVI-illlXS— (iAI'TKMAI.A. TlIK
ItKI'rIII.II s UK lIllNIX'ltAS AMI SaS S M.V a llllll — Nll'AllAiif A, CilsIA UllA, AMI ilmri'<ll Mos-
IXllAM— I'aSAMA -TllK WkhT InIMKS in IIKNKHAI. TllK ItAIIAMA" TlIK AnTII.I.KS t'lllA ANll
Pmini Uiio -CiiiAN nisTciitv— Uavana -I1a\ II ; Spsni^ii ash I'iikx. ii OnifATiiiN cic IT—
'I'lM'SSAINV AMI NaPOI.KiiN -Snri.lMl^rK— S \ n llnsilNtHI -.1 WIAh'A -TlIK I.i>si:u Antii.i.ks —
TllK ItAllllAIKlKa— TlIK (JllKSrilKAM-'I'llK IlKllMf HAS —TllK A/.IUIKS— TllK SkNlUVllll I.tl.ANIIH
—TllK Fi.ii Ij'I.anhs— Samoan Isi.ks.
^
<4->-==a^
IIKKI'] is Olio unlirokon
St retell of land from Uelir-
inj^s Straits t(i tlie Straits
of .Mau;ellan. from Capo
I'rineo of Wall's to CaiH'
Horn, to tlio liindraneo of
i;oniiiieri'0 ; lint from liio
sonlliorn oxtromily of
.North .\morieato tlio nortiiorii ox-
■sKChfe ''■ troinily of SoutJi Ameriea, is a dis-
J^^^L tanee.ifalionlSOO miles. Tlu'linU
that, liiiids the two ediitinents to-
ilet iier, or, to [in! it. in amove prai'ti-
ifc^ eaiwav. the harrier that divides the
3>7"'- .\t hint ie coast f nun the I'aeilic, is
that narrow ridm' of land called
V Jsv^'*^" (Jenlral .\merica. and whicii e\-
^ *• tends from llio soutiiern hmindary
of Mexiid to tlie southern lionnd-
ary of Panama. The width of Central Ameriea
vario.s from )H) tn loo miles.
The eastern shore of Central .\nierica wa.s tirst
visited hy Ciiristopher Columhus in l."i(fi. or rather
tliscovorod, forlio merely passed aloiiiril. Tiio natives
and his crow were ajj;reed in o]>position to landing;.
Twonty-ono years later Cort.ez sent. I'edro Alvarailo
to explore and ronipior the west coast. He Wi^.s
ahsent two \ears. Alinnst incri'dilile, \et iiardiy
lull extravai^ant. storii-s were told hy Iho .\/.tecs
and iitiier natives of tin; almndaneo of i^uld and
siher in that, reLcimi, and iho spioiidur of llie civ-
ili/atinn existing there, ilelics du^fiom liierninsof
Central .America in our own day attest, the esscniial
oorroctnoss of the re[iroseiitat.ions made, (iold and
silver are found in many localities, and sume mines
are in operation, lint tiio climale is so liol and the
air is so fetid, tlio L;overnment su insoeuro ami the
people Si I indolent, that iiu I'liiisiderahlo amuunt of
niiniii;,' is dune. The cnily industry of any accuunt,
apart finm transpnrlal ion, is himlieriiii^. The deiiso
foresls contain mahoLjany, lojj;wood, li!,'nuiii-vittB,
pinicnto, sarsaparilla, vanilla, lilack halsam, and
other trees vahialile for 1 . ik. tiinher or iriim. Tliero
are said to he iiol less than ninety-seven variotios of
poisonous trees in that reirion fatal to animal life,
lint, they are valuahle fur drugs. 'J'lie sparco
population consists, it is estimated, of one-
twelfth whites, four-twelfths mixed races, and .seven-
twelfths Indians. The country is mouiitaiiions, and
the monnlaiiis volcanic. There aro several lakes,
Xicarauiruahoiugt ho chief. Its out let, the San ,F nan,
is the onlv considerahlo river of Central America.
,/ * .i
. ' •.^.'•■.
■« 1. •
■r' >T-
(47;
'^■»■
<
. '■" ■*
^'■:'
. 'VI
!'■■•::■ I,
^t.
478
CENTRAI. AMERICA AND THE ISLES OK THE SEA.
i.i
ill
c ■ '^
■^ h
Politictilly tlioro uro five (Jeiitral Aiiioricaii ri'inib-
lics and onu Eiiroiwun dt'iKJiiduiicy, IJritisli Iloiidii-
ras. Tlioso rupuldios are: (iuatcinala, lloiidmajs,
Sail Salvador, Nitaragua and (Josta IJica. In IH'-i!}
the Spanisli yoke wius tlirown oil. Tlio division of
the uouiiti-y into districts and states liaving no
unity oecurred about ten years later.
Tlie present constitution of Uauteiiiala was
adopted in 185'J. Santiago de (Juateinala is the
principal seaport is La Liiwrtad, distant fifteen
miles from the capital. The Indians of that state
are more industrious than those of any other part
of Central America. Indigo is their chief article
of export.
Nicaragua has a population estimated at ',io{),WO.
Their chief ocaujiation is cattle raising. The capital,
Managua, is built on the slope of an active volcano,
'i'he old capital, Leon, ten miles from the Pacific
VIEW OP PANAMA.
cai)ital. It has a poimlatioii of 4a,(U)(). (iuatoniala
de Calielleros, once \\m ciipital, iiad a population
of (JO.OOO, l)ut oartli(|uake and lire iieiirly de-
stroyed it in 1;T:{, and it imw lias only about oiie-
tiiinl of tiiat popuhilioM. Tiic ro|)ublicof Honduras
is almost wholly peoiilcd by Indians. Its capital is
the Utile I own of Comayagua, on the I'acilic- coast.
San Salvador has for its capital tiiccilyof the same
name, founded by Pedro. Mvarado in lo'^'S, or rather,
it did have, until repeated eartlupiakes and vol-
canic eruptions conipelkd a cliangi^ of sitt;. The
city of San Salvador was visited by destnu'tivo
earth([uakes ami volcanic erujitions in lH7;i. The
coast, Wiis snrroi'iided by five active volcanos. Costa
Ui(!a is supposed to have a population of little less
than ;i(»0,00() souls. The Spanish jiortioii of the
(Kipulation clusters about the cajntal, San Jose,
which has a iiopulation of *J('i,0(l(), Costa Kica is
trying to connect the Atlantii; and Pacilic oi:eans by
a railroad runuiiig from Alajuela to I.imon, a dis-
tance of 11-t miles. That jxirtion of the line from
.Majuela to Cartago (4"^ miles) was finished early in
IHTH. Only a very little more work was done until
ISTil, when construction was resumed. Like all the
rest of Central America, Costa Rica abounds in vol-
canoes.
CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE ISLES OF THE SEA,
479
^-
Biitisli Iloiuluriis lius a pojjiihition of about 35,-
000, uiid is liardly nioro tlian u naval station, kept
up for tliG convciiiouce of the Hritisii Empire and
to strengtiien fJreat Britain's supremacy on tiie liigii
soas of tlie world.
Panama is, politically sijcakin;?, a part of South
America, one of the states of tlie United States of
Colombia bein<^ the Isthmus of I'anama (formerly
Darien) ; hut in reality is a part of the coimeitinj^
link between tiie two continents. It has an area of
yy.TofJscpiare miles
and a ]>o])ulation
of 175,000 souls. It
varies in width
fromiJOto 70 miles.
Its chief feature is
the Panama rail-
road, extending
from Aspinwall on
the Atlantic coast
to the city of Pan-
ama on the Pacific
coast. It was built
at tremendous cost,
ii(5()0,0{)0 a mile,
and the loss of life
from the unwhole-
someness of tiie
climate wiis enor-
mous. 'Pliat rail-
ro;ul is one of tiic
grcal- triumphs of
niodiTii enterprise.
Citizens of tiie
United States projected ami accomplished the work.
Oreat numlH-rs of C'iiinamen were employed in the
construction. Tiie jiroperty has always been a very
prolitable invcstiiient. It was recently ))urcliased by
tiie<'onij)aiiy tirganized i)y M. de [jesse|is(n construct
a .'■iiiii canal across the Isthmus of I'anama, one of
tiie most gigantic and iniportant uiidcrtakiiigs of
the niiietwntli century. The coiiiilry is rocky and
mountainous on tiie Atlantic or (Jaribliean side, and
swampy on the Pacific side. Tlio soil is all too
productive. Its yield of tropical plants is so very
hixurioiis tiiat llio decay incident, thereto poisons the
atmosphere. Tiie town of Panama lias a popula-
tion of aliout lO.OOO, .\spiiiwall of 4.0(11). Tiie
Pananni railroad was completed in 1S,").">. Witii tlie
6c)
Cor.lMltL'S DISCOVKIUMi SAN SAI.VADOU.
Panama ship canal completed (and it is a moral
certainty that it will be) engineeriug skill and enter-
prise will have supjilied to the commcreo of the
world tiie shortest passage to the Indies, whic|v('o-
lumbus souglit, the seareli for which oiwued to liu-
roi)e a new world.
The West Indies is tiio gonoral designation of
the archipelago wiiich breaks the watery monotony
of tiie (Jariiji)ean sea, wliicli is tl'.at portion of the
Atlantic Ocean extending from the southern ex-
tremity of the jk)-
ninsula of Florida
to the northern
coast of Venezuela.
It (ronsists of four
groups of islanls,
the Bahama Isl-
ands, the Greater
Antilles,tho ''.'irgin
Islands, and tiiu
Lesser Antilles.
The Bahamas
have, all told, only
about 4().(K)0 in-
haliitants, and a
total area variously
estima'.ed at from
3,000 to 5.000
R(|uare miles. This
group consists of
I'-i islands, (I'll
keys, '2.liS7 reefs
and clilTs, and
:{.0(10 islets. The
larger islands itidude tiie (irand Bahama, San Sal-
vador and New i'rovideuce. The latter contains
Nassau, the capital. San Salvador is supposed to
be the first land discovered i)y Columbu.s. Waling's
Lsland lays some claim to that distinction. The ab-
origines were early exterminated by the Spaniards.
The Englisli jiossession of tlic lialiamas dates from
Ki'i!). These islands furuisli for export canella,
arrowroot, sponges, salt, conch-slusUs, eleutheraliark,
and [lineapples. Tiie soil ami climate are especially
adapted to raising pineapple plants.
The term Antilles is often ajiplied to all the West
Indies except the Bahamas. The (rreater Antilles
coiii|irise the four large islands, Cuba, llayti, Ja-
maica and Porto Kico.
1 !L-v;t
> VI
1 ' ■c; ^-i
n
r i
-J,
'It
V
i
*
', i' '•
■:•!■::
*' ill!
\ 1 <■■;
i-H
IM
,■ » ■ !
! !
t ■
I
;
l' '
if
Ate:;
^4
48
CKNTKAI. AMKKICA AND THIC ISLi:S OK 'IHIC SICA,
Cuba mill Porto IJiro iirotliorctniiiniiij; Aint'riciiii
)K>sses.si(iiis of Spain of any considoraldc iniport-
ance. 'I'iio latter island has an area of '•),'>'.]() ,s(iuaro
miles and a iiopulation of ahoiit ()U(),()U(), onu-liulf
wliile, ono-tliu'd Cruolo, and tlio rest iiu<,'rocs. The
isliind iiriKhu-es a great deal of sugar, isonio eollee,
tobacco, cotton and cattle. It lias a little mineral
wealth, gt)ld, copiHjr, iron, leail, coal and rock-salt.
Its eai)ital is also called Porto Hico, Cuba has an area
of i;j,"^"^().«(|uare miles. It entire annual j)roduction
is estimated in value at |!lvMI,0()(),(H)0, mostly suj^ar
and toi)acco. The Cuiian census of ISTT gave the
population as follows: whites, 'i'!4,lli-t ; free negroes,
;j, 44-1,050;
slaves, ij'.»r,-
llOti ; C'hi-
ncse,o8,400.
C/olumbus
gave to Cu-
ba the nanu'
of Juana ;
the original
name, how-
ever, llnally
p rcvailcd.
The first
Spanishcol-
oiiy was es-
tablished ill
i:.!l. The
C a jitai 11-
(ieiieral who ruled the colony in its infancy,
Hernando, was a monster of criud rajiacitv. Hy
I .")■");! tbo native population had bc(ui nearly
cxlerminatcd by their inhunian taskmasters, who
liicn resorted to the African slave trade to sup-
ply tlie labor market with slaves. In 1524 the French
destroycil Havana, and again twenty years later, but
tliey gained no substai-tial advantage theniby. In
lli'M the Dutch took it. Later in the same century
[liratical marauders. Hying lui national Hag, seriously
ravaged tiie coast. In lT<i-itlie Kiiglisii took Ha-
vana, restoring it, however, the next year in exchange
for I'Morida. Spain has always sliown a desper-
ate resolution to maintain posst'ssidii of Culia. 'i'lie
riiited States, prior to the abolition of slavery, cov-
eted it, oiTering Spain at one t ime *100,0()0,(M)0 for it.
That was in 1S4S. Six years later an attempt was
made to intimidate the ^roveriiment at Madrid.
'I'lireo Amerii'iin niinistcrs-plentipotentiary, Messrs.
iiuchanan. Mason and Soule, met and went throngli
the solemn farce of issuing tiie Ostend manifesto,
claiming for the United States the right to take
possession of the island if Spain jiersisted in re-
fusing to sell it. 'i'iiis game of bliitT failing, the
project of annexation wai abandoneil.
For a long time prior to the abolition of the Af-
rican slave traile (1845), Cuba was the center of an
immense tratlic in fresh siip[)lies of negroes from the
continent of .Vfrica. The South American colonics
largely depended upon Ciiiia for servants, until their
independence and emanoipation, and a great
many were
clandestine-
ly brought
to the Uni-
te I States
by way of
Cuba. Sev-
eral insur-
rections oc-
curred that
were crush-
ed out with
great eruel-
ty. ^
Tiie most
resolute ef-
fort to ob-
tain inde-
jioiidenco was begun in 1808. The leader of the
iii()veiiient was Manuel Carlos Cesjiedes, afterwards
elected President of the "Republic," or abortive gov-
ernment set up by the insurgents. The war was
maintained for ^'evf)ral years, seriously interfering
with the prosiK3r!tv of the island and resulting in
failure.
Havana is not only the chief city of the West
Indies, as well as the capital of Cuba, but it is one of
the best known centers of commerce in the world. It
has a most excellent harlior, ami a pojiulation of
over 200,0()() souls. Of the city, a recent traveler
says, " The most prominent am-'iig the |tublio
buildings are the opera house, one of the largest in
the world ; the cathedral, built in lT"-i4 and contain-
ing the ashes of Christojiher Columbus, transferred
hither from St. Domingo in ITOfi ; the palace of the
(iovcrnor-Ceneral, with apartments for the dilTcrent
4^
^
Imuigh
uifc'sto,
Lo t:iko
1 ill re-
iig, tho
the Af-
er ot an
'rom tlio
I'oloiiios
»til their
a great
iiy were
ndcstine-
brought
the Uni-
l States
way of
iha. Scv-
iil iusur-
utioiis ()C-_.
irreil that
?,ro orush-
(ivit with
•oat oruel-
Tho most
sohite ef-
irt t(» oh- 1
'ii iude-
lor of the
liftcrwanls
.)rtivo gov-
war was
iitorfering
(suUiiig ill
tlio West
tt is one of
jworkl. It
Inlation of
lit traveler
ho imhHo
hirgost in
|(l contain-
jransf erred
Ihu'e of the
10 dilTerent
Q >^
*^
CKNTKAI. AMKltICA AND TMK ISLKS OK THK SKA.
481
govornnicnt ofliccrs. Mono of tho hnil(hngs, Ikiw-
evor, are very reniarkal)lo ; hut witii respert to its
|)iil)hc parks and jironionados, Havana pcriiaps sur-
jiasses all otiier cities in tho world, llie IMa/.a do Ar-
nnis, the Alameda <lo Paula, tlio l^anjuo do Isabel
and the Pasco do Tacon being tlie more prominent."
llayti is seeond only to Culia, from wiiich it is
scitarati'd by tho Windward I'assage. It measures,
from east to west, 405 miles, and its greatest width
is Kif) miles, comprising an area of •^S.OUO scpuire
miles, inclusive of a few contiguous islets. Tho soil
is very rich and productive. C'olTee, sugar and to-
bacco are raised in large (piantilies. The island is
divided into two
states, only tlio
western portion
being known, jio-
litically, as Ilayt i.
The eastern ])art
is San Domingo.
The latter is
Spanish, so far as
concerns itsEum-
jieaii elements, tho
former French.
Ilayti was tlie
second American
place visited by
Columbus. It lias
the distinction of
being tlio ])art of tiio Mow World first settled by « iiiie
men, rcci'iving tho approiiriato name of Ilispaniola.
The mines of tho island were poor as compared with
those subso(|ueiitly found in Mexico and Peru, Iiut
rich as compared with any at that time known to tiio
Spaniards, and they were very eager in their develop-
ment. Tho native population, estimated at •■i,()00,-
000, was enslaved and soon literally used np and
worn out bv excessive labor. Like all tlio AVest In-
dia al)origines they were unaccustomed to hard
woik and soon succuml)ed beneath the lash of cruel
taskmasters. \egvo slavery was introduced in
Ilayti in ir)'j".i. Pedro, son of Christoplier (^)lum-
bus, was viceroy at the time, and it was on his prop-
c ty that the first . onsigiiment of African slaves
was set at work. By I'll tlie aborigines had
dwii.dled to about 30.000. There aro said to bo a
few '.f their descendants stillsurviving in the mount-
ains of tho island.
Tho discoveries of Mexico and I'eru wore almost
ruinous to Ilispaniola. Tho (lopulation shrank to
utter insignilicance. Hut in HVM) a new era dawned
upon the island. A French set* lenient was formed
in the northern part of it and llourished rajiidly.
There was considerable tnndjio between tho two
nationalities, but in HID'.) by tho treaty of llyswick
Spain coded the western part of the island to
Franco. The French i)rocoedod to develop the agri-
cultural wealth of tho ciamtry, sugar, cotTee and
otiier tropical productions. Some idea of tho growth
of San Domingo may be formed from t!ie fact that
in tho year ITUO, 1,400 vessels and 30,000 men were
employed in the
i
commerce be-
tween Franco and
St. Domiiiuo, as
it is Lamotimes
given.
The French rev-
<dution si)rcad in
its ideas to Ilayti
and' had a some-
what uniipio out-
growth. Tlio
wealth of the
country was not
confined to the
white jKJoplo, but
all political rights
were. Jiesiilos the semi-Frencii jiopulation and tho
slaves there IiikI grown up a third chuss, the .Mulat-
toes, possessing fre(|uentlv rxtensivo plantations.
They demanded the extension to tiiemselves of tho
l)rincii)les of universal brotherhood. Civil war re-
sulted. The Spaniards of the east side of the island
took advantage of the disturliod state of things to
make encroachments, and so di'' English adventur-
ers. Tho slaves rose in insurrection, and tlio con-
dition 'i' affairs was simply desjierato. In IT'.'l the
demands of the ^lulattoes weie complied with, and
two years later the slaves wore emancipated. Com-
missionors from Franco decided that no other course
could be taken.
This TIaytian complication brought into jiromi-
nence that very remarkal)le man, Toussaint L' Ou-
vorture, an African of unmixed blood. He was born
in the island in l?4'i. His lather was a native of
.Africa, tho son of a chief. T(;ussaint was favored
'■■■: \.
>, *
i.
f
'.■•.)
1 1
.■-1; •
3 •• '
■•i I
111
t^
Q Jk.
'-f^
482
CENTRAL AMKKICA AND THE ISLES OK THE SEA.
^:v
fl l
' I
■i
witli a kind muster wlio tauglit liiiii to rcutl iintl
write. In the servile insurrection of 17'Jl and tiie
massacre attending it iie \tuh passive, except to pro-
tect his master and iiis family ; but afew years later
lie a])pears intlio negro army, first as a surgeon and
then as a general. In 1 7!i5 lie rendered eminent sor-
viee us a soldier. When the French government
granted liberty to the slaves he threw his iniluonco
ill favor of France as against Spain and England.
He took the lead in exjielling both the Spanish and
tiie English
intruders, lie
showed a won-
derful genius
for war, also
for civil af-
fairs. The Mu-
lattoes, the
freedmen, the
French andthe
other foreign-
ers came to
recognize him
IIS the supreme
authority in
every thing.
In 1800 he
tookjiossession
of the entire
island in the
name of the
French Direc-
tory, lie was
miidopresidciit
for life. The
BAT OP 8AMANA.
whole island was at jxiacc and prosperous under him.
IJut Napoleon, then consul of Fraimo, proposed to re-
store the old state of affairs, including there-estab-
lishment of slavery. He sent Leclcrc with ()(', vessels
of war and ;JU,(M)() soldiers to carry out this pur])osc.
They arrived on the island early in IHOO. Tmissaiiit
issued a iiroclaiiiatioii dechivinir loyiilty to France i)ut
death to the invaders. Loclerc in turn denounced him
as an outlaw. The forces of the island were utterly
iiiadeiiuate to the resistance. Toussaint retired to
the mountains, but was induced to surrender on the
promise of |K3rs()niil immunity and the continued
frecMlom of the negroes. That pledge was shame-
fully broken. He was carried to France in irons,
and died u prisoner in the custle of Joux, the vic-
tim of treachery und cruelty, including starvation.
The treatment of this great man was one of the
foulest blots upon the name of Napoleon, and a su-
preme calamity to Hayti. It seemed to be on the
highway to a largo prosperity, but with Toussuint's
fall it withered und shriveled.
Notwithstanding the fate of L'Ouvorture, the
Frencii had to abandon the idea of re-enslaving the
negro. In all the world's history no act of emanci-
pution, once
ellectivc, has
iMiOn practical-
ly and perma-
nentlyrecalled.
Failing in this,
the army left
the island in
1804, and San
Domingo de-
clared itself a
free and inde-
pendentrepub-
lir. The first
pret-ident, I)es-
salinos, who
had jiroved a
worthy suc-
cessor to Tous-
saint ill tlio
Held, was ut-
terly unfitted
for the trust
re))oscdinliim.
He attempted
to make himself cmjieror of all Hayti. Two years
later he was assassinated, but not until after the
island had been drenched in blood and the indus-
tries terribly crippled. With his death the eastein
part of the island returned to S])aiiisli rule. An-
arciiy prevailed until \>^'l'i, when Boyer united tho
entire island under one government.
For twenty years he remained in power. At
the expinitiim of that period he was l)anislied
and the island once more (livided. It remained so
until 184!), when Soulouquo, a freedman who had
a(i|uircd some prominence in the civil wars which had
desolated the i.iland, and had been elected jiresideut
of Hayti in 1847, declared himself emperor of the
7F
T M
k.
CENTRAL AMRRICA AND IHIC ISLES OK THE SEA.
483
eiitiro iBhiiid. His pretontioiin were successfully ro-
sistod by the Sun Dominguns under tho loud of
Sttntanii, who from 1844 to 18(51 was at tho head of
l»ul)lio alTairs in San Domingo, much of tho time as
president. In 1855 Santana put an olTectual termi-
nation by overwhelming sui»eriority in tho field, to
tho pretensions <if tho Ilaytian rival. Santana died
in 1804 ; Soulouipio in ISfiT. Hotween them what lit-
tle pros|)erity the island hiul previously enj(tyod was
destroyeil. A land which, a century ago, contributotl
largely to tho wealth of the world is novr a mere
cipher. Tho only redeeming feature, or consola-
tion, is that tho bulk of tho ixiople are now crudely
ha{)py, while under tho old regime they were excru-
ciatingly miserable.
During his first presidential term (Joneral (Irant
was very desirous of annexing San Domingo to the
United States. He exerted all his influence to se-
cure its annexation. Everything was arranged, and
it was only necessary for tho senate of the United
States to concur. But that concurrence could not
be secured. Senator Charles Sumner was as warmly
»)l)[)osed to it as the i)resident was in favor of it. The
controversy invt)lved the two great men in personal
unpleasantness. Mr. Sumner carried his point, but
in punishment therefor the friends of tho admistra-
tion deposed him from tiie chairmanship of tho
Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, a position
whicii he had long tilled with pre-eminent ability.
An attempt to annex tho small West Indian island
of St. Thonnis was also defeated. Tho sentiment
of the United States was and is averse to the ac-
(luiaition of any outlying scnithern territory.
Jamaica, with an area of 4,4 7;{ sfpiare miles and
a pojnilation of 50(),()()(), is one of the Antilles and
a colonial jiossossion of tireat Britain. It produces
in large (piantities sugar and cofTee. Mu(;ii of the
former is distilled into rum Inifore exportation. This
island was visited by Columbus and setJed by tiie
Spaniards in 1509. The Knglish ca[)tiired it in Ido.").
For a century and a half it was managcsd as one
vast plantation, tiie supply of slaves being kept up
by importations from Africa. The slave trade was
aixilished in 180T, and slavery itself in is:5;i. The
amount of sugar and colTee raised was very greatly
reduced by enumcipalion. It is governed by a cap-
tain-general appointed by the crown. Tlie capital
is Kingston.
The Lesser Antilles are divided into t\V(» groups,
the Windward or South Carrilwo Islands, and the
lioeward or North Carriboe Islands. Tho former are
Barbadocs, (rranada, the(}renadines, Martini<iue, St.
Lucia, St. Vincent, Trinidad and Tobago. They aro
all British possessions, except Martini((ue, whioh Ixj-
longs to France. The lAseward Islands are Anguilla,
Antigua, Barlmda. Deseada, Dominica, (Jandaloupe,
Marie (ialante, Montserrat Nevis, Sal)a, St. Barthol-
omew, St. Christopher, St. Eustacius, St. Martin,
Santa Cruz, and a group of still smaller islands
called the \'irgin Islands. All told, they are trivial
in importance. Their ownership is divided between
England, France, Sweden, Denmark, Holland and
Spain, tho possessions of the latter, outside of Cui)a
and Porto llico, U'ing utttnly insignificant. Tho
Danish islands an; St. Thomas, St. John and St.
Croix. Those small islands are almost worthless,
except as thoy may be useful iw coaling stations and
for other naval purposes.
The most eiustern of these islands aro tho Barba-
docs. That term was often used, in colonial times, as
applying to all the British possessions in the West
Indies. Slavery was abolished within the British
possessions alwut the same time that the Spanish
states became independent and freed their slaves.
At oiie time New P]ngland traded exti^isively in
slaves, rum and molasses with the British jxirtion
of those tropical islands, especially the two latter
articles. Since the restrictions of trade were re-
moved tho principal (M>mmercial intercourse of this
country and the world generally with those iiniu-
mcrable islands iscarriedon with Cuba at its business
and political capital, Havana, and the (iliief article
of trade is tho cigar. .Many parts of the tropical
world i)roduce sugar, coffee, and even tobacco, but
the flavor of the Cuban t()l)acco-leaf is peculiar,
and preferred to that of any other.
In Central America and the West Indies there
are only two seasons of the year, insteail of four,
wet and dry. During the cooler months it rains a
great deal, but when the sun i:; more vertical rain
hardly ever fulls ; an earthi|uake or a hurricane is
more to bo expected than a thunderstorm.
It may 1x3 added here tiiat the waters of tho Ca-
ribbean sea, flowing from it by an ocean current into
the (iulf of Mexico, lind egress only through the
narrow j)assago between tho Bahanuis and Florida,
and tlius is formed that incalculably important and
mighty ocean river, the Gulf-Stream.
Itr ■^'^
7T
i I
h:
i.
I •
t.
'<— a^
.J.S.I
CKN'I'UAI, AMI'KICA AM) TlilC ISLKS Ol' TIIIC SKA.
Tlic Itcrniiiilas is ii tciin siiu'i-'i'sli\i' of a ;,'r(>ii|> of
isli'ls luniii;; far ninic priHiiiiicncc Miaii iiii|iorl.-
iiiicc. 'I'licy lie alu'nl ('.-.'o miles ulT ('a|it! llallonw,
liic iK'ari'sl iaml. 'I'lirii' niiriilii'i' is -KH), tlicir area
only 'v'l S(|iian' miles ami then |Mi|iu1aliiiii only alHiiit.
t.iMi Mioiisaini. .Iiiaii Mci'miiiic/, (iis>'ii\(>reil l.lieiii in
l.'i".'".'. 'I'lie l.em|ieiiitiire is always miiij and tliu vor-
(liiro [lerpeiiial. 'I'lu^ Kn^jlisji lime some stron;,' Itat-
teries on llie lar^'cst isle of llie ;,'roii|». 'I'lu! only
i\i'w;j, foruliieli I lie nermiiilas u\v famous is onions,
wiiicli art! exiHirlcil m larire (|ii,inlities.
'I'lie A/ores, sihialeil in llie Nortli Aflanlie alioiil
ftOO miles west, of l'orlni,'al, are a ;iroii|i of isiantis
wliieli liavii l)een under I'ort.ii^'ui'Sf riiUs evtT sintH^
IM'.t. l''or nearly half a ei'iiluiy tliey vvw tlioex-
Irenit! wuslerM limit, of the known world. 'IMieir
area is 1 ll',( souare miles, iMipulal ion ahout. r.*.")(l,(HH).
'J'hore are three ^^roujis.tlie I'Moies and Corvo forin-
iii},' ono ; 'I'ereeira, St. (icor^rc I'ico, Fayal and (ira-
ciosa a seeond, and St. Micluud and St. .Mary Ihu
third. Tlu! eliief e.\|iorts art! wiiu'. hi'andv and
orauLies. 'The peojile are sim|ile, superstitious and
UMint:Ur(\stjn,i^'.
l/'uvin;,' the .\tlaiilie ami \ isitini,' t he I'aeilic. liu?
imjiortanl j?rou|> is (he Sandwich or Hawaiian Isl-
ands. 'I'hes(! islands were discovered l»y the Sjian-
isli in (he Kith ciMitury, hul, (hey were soon lost,
sight of. 'I'hey may he said to ha\e (iist, hecome a
part of the world actual wiicn \isiled hy that great
I'lnglish navigator, {'aptain Cook, in llTiS, \vlu» was
killed by the natives the following yeiir. The
jK'ople were indeed harharians, hut not downright
wivages. Something approaching a •■ivilization was
found. A .system of government strongly resem-
bling medieval feudalism jirevailed, with several
rulers of about 0(puil dignity, I'ach indejiendeiit and
sovereign. IJiit in the year II'.KI, Kamehanielui ax-
tended his sway to all Hawaii. \\'lu'ii he died the
entire grouji formed out' kingdom. In 181'.» ti civil
war occurred whicli resulted, among other things, in
the deatruetion of the idols of jjojtular worship.
N'l'ry Hoon after sevt^n .\meriean missioiuiries, with
their wiv(!s, came among (hem (o nnike known to
tla^m the (Jos|Kd of Christ. 'I'hey came at a very
opportune tinut. The ground was prepared tor the
seeij sown, and in an almost iiuTedihly short lime
the llawaiians hecan.e Christians. In lcS-^') the Ten
(/'ommandnKMits were adopted and formally nnuleii
part of the codi! of the country. Honolulu became
lh(! capital. In iMjUthe liuiled States re<!ogni/,{!d
the government of tlu^ Hawaiian Islands as a treaty
power, and in Isj.'i and ISII that govcrment re-
ceived full and geuei'al recognition as a nation.
Captain ('ook estimated the population at -101),-
(1(10, hulJiy the last census it hail fallen to about
ol.dtH). Commercial inti'nuiiirse jtroved terribly tle-
slructive to life. Tlu^ ]ieo]ile on the const, I'ontract-
ed diseases from contact with sailors which killed
them oil with unprectMlent(!d rapidity. Sugar rais-
ing is the (diief iui'ustry, and the greater part of
the prodiU't isexporte(| to San {''rancisco. All these
twelve islaii'is.of whici Hawaii is the chief, are vol-
canic. There are two iictive volcanoes on Hawaii —
Kiliuu^a. and .Maiina Ijoii.
The l''iji Islands constitule a group in the South
I'aeilic Ocean numbering about, 'v'O'.i, with a popula-
tion estimated at '.MMi.dOO. The first K-iiropean to
visit tbiMii was the Dutch navigator, Tasinan, in
ll!i;j. There was no full exploration until (wo
centuries later, when an American by the name of
\^'ilkes visited them. There are only two islands of
any consideraiile magnitude, N'iti Ix'vu and Vaniia
liCvu. The people were savages of the most pro-
nounced type, hut the missionaries of the cross have
met with great success ther(\ At least one-half (he
])opiilation habitually attend Christian service on
the Sabbath.
Having now visited the more interesting Isles of
the Sea, it is time to return to the American conti-
nent and true ' from many small beginnings to its
jiresent inagniliitence, that grandest republic of all
the ages — the United [States.
lililllpl liiiiiiiUi i i>i« iili1#nirrl 1:1 il>iii«iliii*l»ii iil l«<i il i •> '
^
■^ fj
p ,l;i>
x^
^..iii
3f
-: ti NORTH^I*:-
IC AMERICAN
I
<?' ♦s.vs' •^.-vTj' •^.•>^ ^' y"'^
INDIANS.
CHM'TKU LXXV.
'I'liK Si:ii.rK(T IN Hand— lliiiiiiN nr tiik Iviuan IUi k and tiik Namk MniNim ami tiik Kxtinit
Mol-NII Itl'll.llKltM 'I'mK I. ami ok tiik I'IKIll.ns Cj-IFK Ilori^KH ('aVK 1>\V Kl.l.KIIM -TlIK
NaTIIINS ami 'rillllK^ OniK UN TIIK ATLANTIC CilAHT 'I'KKTIMUNV UK TlU'MIIM.I. -KK'-KIIV A
TIIINM 'I'lIK ImiIAN llrUKAl— InIHAN 'ri'lllllTOItV — WaMIMM InIIIAN (II'I'IIIITI'NITIKH ami
I'llclHI'Kl T^" 'I'm AllllllKilNAI, I'ltlllll.KM- IIKI.ATIIIN OK TIIK INIIIAN To TIIK lllhTOIIY or TUB
li'NITKII STATK^.
-^
»."'\VKK\ tlic li.'iml.li.! nf
'\ Mexico :iiiil tlio Uritisli tln-
■^ ^ |)Oiiil(Mi(;v ol" i'lmudii is hUu-
lllu the IIHISI, illl|IUl'lillll Ilil-
tioii (III liir ;;1i>Ih', \ii'\ve(l
I'riini llin sl;inii[i(iiiit of the
iicliia!. lis liislury eoviTS ii
(;om|iiiriili\('ly siiort, iK'rioii,
l)iil. iiiroaily it. niiiks with tlii!
gi't'itt jiowDi's of the (fiirth, iind its
growlli is iihsohil,oly iiind'ucedoiitL'd.
'I'ho Uiiitud Stii(,(!S ciiii iH'st, lie studied
and iiiidurstood liy viewiii;^ it from it
Viiriet,y of staiidiioiiits, iiiul first of all
iiiiturully from the iihorigiiiiil point of
view.
Wo iiHO tlio term Iiidiiui to designiito
all tlio iieoples iind tril)os found hy Kii-
rofioiins on this continent, and whoso
oecujtancy of tho soil antedates history. It was origi-
nally a misnomer, given from tlio inisaiiprehonsion
that tho islands in tho Carihliean sea were a part of
tlio country in and ulmuL tho Indian Ocean of tho
far East. Misnomor though it ho, Iiuluim is tho
ilesigiiatioii of all jirehistoric Americans.
Many wild notions have heiiu ontortained relative
to the origin of the Indians. Some have tried to
trace tliitm to tho" Lost 'i'en TrilHis " of Isriuil, oth-
ers to the "Shepherd Kings" who were ex|)elled
from I'^gypt some four eliilia<ls ago. All such coii-
jcfctiiios are jii'epost,('rous. As well try to tra<'e the
origin of tohac<Mi or .vlu'at. It woulil ho ijuilo pos-
silile for till! inhahitants of northorn Asia or north-
ern I'liirope, esiK!iiiilly tho former, to make their way
from island to island to tho western hemisphere, but
in the sands of time are no footprints. Heliring's
Strait and the Aleutian Islands, if they have a se-
cret, keep it well.
The Indijin fdiiiid upon the Atlantic coiwt, from
liahrador to IJuonos Ayres, was a mere savage,
somewhat interesting iis a novelty, hut to all intents
and purpos(!s a cruile harharian hke the pndiistoric!
man set forth in our third chapter. In the interior
and the west, however, ho was found to have done
some romarl'.ahlo things. Thero were and still are
vast mounds which attest the presence, in a huried
past, of a iKioplo itossessing some real civilization.
Men of Hcioneo have heoii richly rewarded for exca-
vating these earthworks. Regular and exact are
they, proving capacity for calculation and execution
ahove tli(! level of harharism. Inileed, it is evi-
dent that the .Mound-huilders understood Homewliat
the jtrinciplcs of geometry. They may have ha<l
their Archimedes or Euclid. If they had only had
^ <3
■f
(4H5)
'■*','
^
* 1
A 3
486
NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.
iU^
V, Ciiilniufl to give thorn letters, tliey niifjlit liave fig-
ured iiiiioiig tlie hidtorifiil jiediiles. Tliere is one
iiiound in tlie Miiuiii vuiiey, (Jliii), laid out in tliu
furm of a liugOHUuiiu. Knivestiiidotiioriiii|ilonieiit8,
iilsu ])uttory, iiavc l)een found, ull uncoutli uiid
primitive, leiiving no doubt tiiat the continent wiis
onco occupied by u peoitle wiio " knew enougii to
know " tiuit l)y softening nietiil with fire it could bo
nuulu useful, und thut eliiy could Ix; moistened, fash-
ioned and baked with oqually
good results.
It is thought ])rol)able that
the Aztecs of Mexico are de-
scended from the ilound-build-
ers, and that the Indian, as ho
was found roaming the forests
by the Europeans who settled
this country and made it a part
of the civilized worM, was him-
self an interli)|ier, and not really
the aboriginal American. Hut
tliis is matter of conjecture. We
only know that the e.\tent and
nuignitude of these mounds
serve as an index -linger i)ointihg
to a history never to be written
of a jieople who luul ceased to
inhabit the country long l)cforo
the advent of the white man,
or if still the same, changed sadly
in character, and practically ex-
tinct.
Of the Canadian Indians, in-
cluding the Es(iuimaux, enough
has been said in previous chap-
ters, but Indian archa;ology and present facts unite in
Irt'esenting other aborigines quite as interesting and
civili/ed as tlie Mound-builders, known as Cave-
dwellers and Clitl-dwellers.
Tiie laud of the Mound-builders is now under
cultivation, peoj)led by a race noted for what it can
do in the line of utility, but the land of tiie Cave
and Clitr dwellers is still, for tlie most jiart, undis-
turbed by white men. That land extends over a
large part of Colorado, Utah, Arizona and New
Mexico. That vast region is inconceivably rich in
j)re('ious metals, yields a growth of very nutritious
grasses for bulTaloes, cattle and sheep. It may be
said to be at once the treasure-house and the})asture
... •^A
A
■C
ORKAT SEUI'EXT, ADAMS CO.. OHIO.
^
of the United States. From the standpoint of pro-
ductive value it is those two und no more. But to
the student of the curious it is interesting us the
homo of a more remarkable (Hjople, apparently, than
the Mound-builders.
The urchitectural renmins and uttestutions of a
decayed civilization in tiie Rocky Mountains are
jHieblos, casa grandes, cavo-houses and clitl-houses.
A pueblo is sometimes inhabited, but often a desert-
ed village. The luieblo struc-
tures are made of stone, ((uite
large, sometimes two or three
stories in height. Within, the
building is divided into numer-
ous apartments, as nuiny as a
thousand in some instances.
South of the jmeblos are found
casa grandes, dilfering from the
other class of structure in nnite-
rial, rather than size or object.
They were made of mud, or
ailnbe. For the most jwrt these
are now shaiieless ruins.
Cliff-houses are another highly
interesting feature of the un-
ticjuities of the interior of the
United States. A writer who
was on the ground and wrote
from actual observation, says in
describing one of these cliff-
houses, '• Over six hundred feet
from the bottom of tiie cafion,
in a niche in tlie wall, is a
tine si)ecimen of cliff-ilwcllings.
Five hundred feet of the ascent
to tins aerial il welling was comparatively easy,
but a h und red feet of almost perjHjudicular wall
confronted the party, up which they could never
have climbed but for the fact that they found
a series of steps cut in the face of tiie rock leading
up to the ledge ujion which the house was built.
This loilge was ten feet wide by twenty feet in lengtli,
with a vertical sjiace between it and tiie overhang-
ing rock of fifteen feet. The house occupied only
half this sjjace, the remainder having been used as
an esplanr.de, and once was inclosed by a balustrade
resting <;n abutments built partly upon the sloping
face of tlie precipice below. The house was but
twelve feet high and two-storied. Though tho wails
"-V i
- ^^
NORTH AMKRICAN INDIANS.
4.S7
dill not roiieli up to tlio rock iibovo, it is iiiifortiiiu
wiiotlitT it over luwl any other r(M)f
'J'iiu ground iiliiii sliowcd u front room
of Hix Ity iiiiii' fi't't ill diiiii'iisioiis, in
tlio roar of wliicii wore two sniallor
rooms, nacli nit'asuriii;^ live liy sevon
feet. Tiio luft-liaiid room jirojecti'd
along the clit! beyond tlie front room
in tiie form of an L. Tiiu rori\ of
the '^litT stM'ved as tlio rear wall of tlie
house. The cedar beams upon which
the upiM-T lloor rested liatl nearly all
disapjicarcd.
" 'i'lio door ojiening upon the es-
jilanade was but twenty by thirty
inches in size, while a window in the
same story was but twelve inches
s(iuaro. A window in the upfier story
which cominaiids an extended view
down thecaflon corresponds in dimen-
sions and itositiou with the door below.
The lintels of the window were small,
straight cedar sticks laid close to-
gether, upon which the stones rested.
Oi)posito this window was another and smaller
one, opening in-
to a semi-circu-
lar cistern, form-
ed by a wall in-
closing the angle
formed by the
side wall of the
house against
the rock, and
holding about
two au<l a half
hogsheads. The
bottom of the
reservoir was
reached by de-
scending on a
series of cedar
jiegs about one
foot apart, and
leading down-
ward from the
AT'udow. The
workmanship of
CAS A OKANDE OF THE GILA VALLEY.
iliculars were true ones and the angles carefully
squared. The mortar used was of a
grayish wiiite color, very compact and
adhesive. Some little taste w;h
evinced by the occupants of this
human swallow 's-iicsl. The front
rooms were plasturc<l smoothly with a
thill layer of tirm adolx.' cement, col-
ored a iUv[) maroon, while a wiiite
iiand eigiit iiiciies wide iiad Ix-'eii
painted around the room at botli tloor
and ceiling. An examination of the
• imeiliate vicinity revealed the ruins
>>f half a dozen similar dwellings in
the ledges of the clitTs, some of liiem
occupying jiositions. the inaccessibility
of which must ever be a wonder when
considered as places of residence for
human beings."
The cave houses of the aboriginal
American were substantially similar
to the clilT houses, excejit this, instead
of being constructed 011 a shelf of
the clifT, they seem to have been set
into openings in the cliffs. Caves a thousand feet
above tlie level
of the valley
have been found
which show evi-
dence of long
and J lopulous oc-
cupancy. Some
cave villages
liave been found.
This class of ex-
jiloration is still
incomplete, but
enough isknown
to justify the
conclusion that
the older gener-
ations of In-
dians, no doubt
the real pro;reii-
itors of those
now there, were
far more cajia-
ble and eflicient
A^
the structure was of a suiierior order ; the iierjicu- than their desccndauts. If not exactly " the degen-
61
Pllw'
■:! ■
M t - ■-
— ■> lA,
t-'
Mrl.
ill'
a;
'«.
■ >
S;;i
;p||ii
7
4HS
NORTH AMliRICAN INDIANS.
CI.IFK noUSR IN TIIK CANON OF TlIK MANCOS
roiito «<)iiM of iioblo siroM," tlioro is cortiiinly tut doubt
iiltout tl>u do-
gLMUTllCy.
Tlio iviulcr
limy (lowiro to
1(0 iiifoniiud
how ipiiiiy lu-
ll iiiiis tliero
j)rol)iil)ly wcro
oil tliis couti-
iicnb wlicu it
WHS first tlis-
I'ovureil. Tliere
is no way of
tolling, Inittlie
fairetitL'stiiiiutc
is five iiiillions,
ono-liftiiof tlio
nuiiihiT lit'iii!;
within tlio bor-
ders of tho
Uiiitc<l States.
Ceutriil gov-
oriiiiieiits and tho civilization implied, were confined
to Peru and Mexico, as those tonus are used iu his-
tory,aiidnotin
the present re-
stricted sense.
According to
the classifica-
tion iiiiule by
J. Ilaniniond
Trumbull and
other eminent
authorities on
this subject,
tho Indians
west of tho
llocky Mount-
ains were divi-
ded into eight
nations, or con-
federations of
triljes, bound
loosely togeth-
er by a vague
sense of kin-
ship. They
wore tlio Algonquins, Hurou-Iroquois, Cherokees,
UaiawhoBf Uohooa, Nutohoz, Mobiliaii^, Dakolas or
Siou.x. The
Cbvc Village In the Valley of the Rio Chelloy,
vast section of
fount r' ex-
temliiig from
PeiiiiHylvania,
Viigiiiiii.Dela-
wari' and Js'ow
Jersey,tliroiigh
Southoasturn
Now York,
along the coast
of the Atlantic
oil Now En-
gland, thonco
inland by tho
St. Lawrence
to the lake re-
gion, embrac-
ing the area of
tho states of Il-
linois, Indiana,
and sections of
Tennossco and Kentucky, formed tiie hunting-
grounds of tho AlgoiKjuins. This distinct nation
was divided in-
to numerous
tribes, the most
of which wore
decidedly no-
niiulic, moving
from one sec-
tion of their
vast torrito'-y
to another, as
their fancies
dictated or necessities demanded. Some
of tho more important of the tribes be-
longing to tho Algonquhi natiou were
tho Xarra^ansetts, Poquots, Mohegans
and Massachusetts who occupied South-
ern New England, while further south
of them were to be found the Shawnees,
Delawares and Powhattans, and some
less noteworthy branches of tho nation.
The Miamis, Foxes, IHinois, Sacs, Kick-
apoos, Chippowas and Menominees, were
scattered throughout tho West, and in
the section of country bordering upon the great
=^^T
i.
i
)tlW of
Tho
tiui) of
ox-
from
Iviiiiiii,
i.Dulii-
1(1 Now
hrough
iiHturu
York,
ho const
Vtlanliii
jw Eii-
tllOlU'O
by tho
iivvrcHco
hiko ro-
oinbriic-
aieiiof
itos of II-
Indituiti,
sctioua of
hunting-
it nation
vidod in-
unierous
tlio most
ieli wore
l)(lly no-
[■, moving
ono 8CC-
|of their
torrito'-y
other, as
fancies
id. Some
Itribes be-
;ioii were
Johogans
id South-
ler south
ihawnees,
nd some
|e nation*
!S, Kick-
loes, were
|t, and in
;he great
NOKTM AMKRHAN INUIANS.
489
HLArKIIAWK
lakes. 'I'hti Moiila;;iiiii!4 iiihaliilod 11 n^'iiin on
the liiiiiks of the Si. liiiw ii'Ufi'. 'I'lu-y were nbjccls
of yruiil liitLTL'nl, let the Jesuit |iriests of t^ueliee, wlm,
with II Irue iiiisslDuary M|iirit,s4iii<;ht
llieir riuhi haliiliiliiiiis in winter,
witli a \iew lit' l»rin;,'iii;; them willi-
iii till! pale (if lluMhiii'eh. The .\1-
<riiii(|iiiii tii'itiiiii ^ii\e liii'tli t(i many
Miiteil wai'ricirs wlm left, reennlslon)^
remoinliered by the early seltlorH
(if tho emintry. Of thoso may be
named Massasoit, Kin^; l'hili|i, IViwhataii, rontiae,
IMaokhawk and 'reoiimseh.
In tlio year UiOO, tlio Alj;t)ii(|iiiMH wc.o cHtimaioil
to number nearly two hun-
dred and tifty thousand.
Tho Tiidians of tho Uni-
ted StateHure <,'ra(bially be-
iui^ concentrated ti|Min ren-
orvatiims, and it will not lio
very many years beforo
every Indian will iKiobli^^ed
[A ^i 111 ado|it ('ivilization or re-
move to and abide upon his
reservation. Not that a red
man is impriHoned and cannot go beyond certain
territorial limits in his individual capacity. Not
that at all. Hut simply the roving about of preda-
tory bands cannot bo allowed where white folks live.
The otlice of Commissioner of Indian AlTairs was
created by congress in \1^'^^i., and is in charge of the
bureau of Indian AlTairs, a liranch of the Dejiart-
ment of tho Interior. It Ls his duty to suiK'rin-
teiid tho distril)utiou of the appropriations which
congress makes yearly for tlio Indians, who are re-
garded as " wards of the government." There are
numerous agencies scattered over the western coun-
try, sul)ject to the Indian Commissioner. During a
part of General Grant's term, a real Indian, Captain
Parker, lield this olKce, but the service is, and with
this exception always has lieen, altogether in the
hands of tho whites. The aim is to protect the ])io-
neers from depredations and enable the Indians them-
selves to evade the fundamental law that "he who
will not work shall not eat." Some of these agen-
cies and reservations are within the limits of states,
or territories which will become states, but it is evi-
dent that beforo many years all settlements of
Indiana will be concentrated in Indian Territory.
This fair puriion of our continent, bordering on
Texas, Kansas, .\rkansas, Colnrado and .Missouri,
ciinlains x\.\\ area of alionl. lO.utidHiiuaro miles. Thu
jHilicy of renmving the tribes of Indians toa territory
iif their own originateil jn iHltl. .\i first it was
somewhat vairue in cuneeplion and legishitixe ilellni-
tion, but this iMiliey has assumed precision at last, and
now the I'liited Stales stands ready to guard and
pi'otoi t •• the nation." as Indian territory is popularly
called, from intiudin;; whiles, 'i'he princ';ial trilies
there are ('hemkees, (Iliicasaws, Choetaws, Creeks,
(^uapaws, S(Mninolcs and I'micas. The entire |M)pii-
latiiin is not far from I(III,ihm). A good deal of corn
and wheat are annually raised, und large herds of
cattle pastured. 'I'here are schools among them and
newspa|K'is. Ii is not Indieved that the population
is docreasing. 'I'he old iduu of ultimate Iiidian ex-
tinction is unfoi' ided.
The general characteristics of tho Indian are, a
(Mipjier-coloied skin ; straight black hair ; high
cheek bones; a tall, erect form; st^olidity and an
incorrigible avcrsiim to work. Their sjieech is guttu-
ral, rasping and disagreeable. .Many dialects there
are, as a matter of course, among a jicMiple widely
scattered, unsocial, and having nothing approaching
a literature nearer than a f<!w rude pictures on bircli-
bark. Some claim that there were at least ton dis-
tinct languages spoken in this country by the prim-
itive natives. There may have been a lumdred. .lohii
Kliot, tho one Englishman wh») truly and sincerely
came to .Vmerica early in the seventeenth century to
convert the heathen, faithfully nuistered tho lan-
guage of the Indians about him in Massachusetts.
With infinito i)ains ho translated tlie Bible into it,
thinking he had done for the Indians much tho
same service that Wycliffe had done for tho English.
Tho dreary dilliculties of his mighty task wore ren-
dered recreative by tho anticipation of a redeemed
people. But a few generations passed ami nothing was
loft to attest tho wisdom of his goodness. Indiana
are numerous enough, in tho far West, but it has
Ixjon a long, long time since any "noble red man"
could read that curiosity of literature, or understand
it if read to him, however accurate the i)iominciation.
A great deal of sentimental folly has lioen wasted
upon the I dian. He had an iidlnitely better
chance to become civilized than the negro had, but
he would not l)Ccome a part of the industry of tho
country. A little corn and tobacco would he raise,
I
ill
?^^-mi'\'
i"'i!i':
littiH
'.i,s M
1
490
NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.
imd tluit is all. In tlio lield of Ainericiiii pro-
(lui'lion lio was, mid still jiorsists in boiiig, ii niuro
thistio, fond of tlio biuiblos and Imrtfnl invontious
of (jivilizod life, witliont aci;fi)ting anytliinf^ wliiuli
is tlio just itrido of progrossivo liiiinanity. Tlio skin
of boasts, a \rijj;\rani. war paint, bow and arrow,
toinaliawk and scalpin'r-kiiifo aro still tlio Indian's
nioasuro of imin'ovoniont. In tlio midst of a most
productive ooiitinont llio aboriginal Anioricau is a
i.-iiistitution,i paupor, supportod by aniiuitios, and
solf-oxoludod from partioiiiation in tlic ovouts of tlio
dav. Originally soa-sliolls somewhat carved and
fasliionod, coiistitiitod the Indian's only ol)joot of
trade or staiulard of values. Wampuui, as tlioso shells
were called, was both conimorce and coin. Their
btonc hatchets, clay kettles, ba.>-kets, tisli-nets, corn,
with a few beans anil squashes iuldod. might Ije
prized, l)ut there was no tratlic in them. Sometimes
copiier or piiw-stono was exchanged for wampum.
Now that the white man feeds and clothes him, the
Indian will barter the skins of the beasts of the
chiuse for nothing else so roiulily as for alcohol.
The Indian proper has a certain individuality, de-
fying change which excites some admiration. He
worships ( Jod as a ( Jroat Spirit, accepts the inevitable
with stoical heroism, and if he iloos tight in amlmsh
and scalp his victim, he is not ungrateful. Ilovoiigo
is the sweou'st broad an Indian ever tasted, but many
instances could be given of kindness rendoreil
at great jtoril to rejiay kindness. TMie Indian
has some sense of justice ; none at all of mercy. He
hopes at death toonter "the happy hunting grounds"
of the spirit land, but he expects to lie welcomed to
heaven ami made glad with the smiles of tli" blessed
in proportion as ho was " a mighty man of valor."
Tiie works mete for repentance, according to the
Indian's religion, are the scalps of enemies.
History records numerous instances of the dis-
placement of one jtooplo by another. From the Ued
Sea to the British channel the march of omiiire was
over the rt)iul of ruthless usurpation. The now
comers, from tlio Jordan to the Tiiames, assumed
that the original occuiiauts had no rights which the
invaders were bound to respect. It is true that in
this ii.untrv the aborigines have been orowilcd on
and olT a good many reservations, and been fre-
(luently cheated by dishonest agents — sometimes
cruelly murdered; but the very fact of roservutions,
agents, and annuities attests the exceptional human-
ity of tho United States government. As compareil
with the reoonl of any other jieople, Jew or gentile,
ours may justly bosist a century of honor. It is not
a |)ioneer prejudice, i)Ut an undeniable fact, tiiat tho
Indian is the wild partridge of humanity. T'lie ne-
gro did his liest to ac(|uiro civilization, and despite
the most persistent skepticism and hostility, rose to
the dignity of Anioricau sovereignty. Thoro was
never a time when this country would uot have
gladly taken the Indian by the hand if ho had
shown a disiiositioii to rise. It is " Indians untaxed "
who are discriminated against in the suffrage clause
of some organic laws. The United States govern ineut
has tried to solve this Indian problem — for it must be
ml littod that with all our reservations, missions, and
annuities, this country has failed to civilize '• tiie
lirst families '' of America in a w ay ignoring the
necessary steps in jiassing from barbarism to civili-
zation. The attempt has been to convert tho hunter
into a fanner, without any intermediate stage. The
shepherd, as shown in a previous chapter, is the con-
necting link between following the chase and follow-
ing the plow. No civilized jioople ever jumiK'd at
one leap from hunting to agriculture. In the earlier
days of the republic, tho raising of grain and live-
stock were iiiseparably blended ; but it is not so now.
There are vast tracts of land in the far West which
aie exactly ailapted to grazing, and nothing else.
Already millions of cattle roam those iilains, run-
ning together, but none the less individualized proj)-
erty. If the owner is absent, he has a suiterinten-
dent, and in either case employs "greasers" to assist
in the generii'. care of the stock. Tliis life on the
plains is iialf way between buffalo hunting and grain
raising. There is no good reason why the attempt
should not be made to utilize the Indians as herders,
and thus teach them the ali)habet of civilization.
Having taken this general survey of tho Indian
race, it is prooo.sed to enter upon the history of the
United States ami follow it chronologically, from
the earliest settlements to date. It may be added
that between Mexico and Can.ula, nothing of im-
portance to subsoiiuout events occurred before tho
seventoenth century. Hut from the time the first
English colony was established in North America
the Indian became of secondary aud rapidly lessen-
ing importance.
^
mil liiiiiuiii-
l8 e()mi)iiroil
X or iiontilo,
ir. It is mil
'iict, tliiit iho
;y. The uc-
iuul (lespito
ilily. rose to
Thcro was
Ul not liavo
. if ho liiul
Ills uiita.xL'il "
iffrago clause
j (roveniiuont
for it must lio
luissious, ami
civilize '• the
ignoring the
rism to civili- I
urt the hunter
to stage. The
tor, is the con-
ise luul follow-
er junnK'il at
In the earlier
■ain ami live-
is not 80 now.
West which
notliing else,
plains, run-
ualizeilproi)-
i suitorinton-
sors" to assist
his life on the
iiigaml griiiii
the attoiniit
IS as herders,
ivilization.
f the Indian
history of the
igically, from
may be added
Killing of im-
•ed before the
time the tirst
orth America
[ipidly lessen-
A^^^m^
r K .
^ ^^^.eOtOHlAlUNlTEo';^^
- ^^-^
r
-f-^
i^L^
i'^F^
^
CHAPTER LXXVI
.VlK . lit
Ml
Kniii.am) ami I".n(;i.isii Amkiih a— Siii lli MriiiiKy iJii.iiKUT AM) Siii Wai.tkh Uai.kkih— (atk Cod,
VlHlilMA AMI I'l.VMllt Til— (Arr. .lulls SMITH AMI I'm AlKISTAS — lNTmUllM TIMS (IK Sl.AVKllV
AMI KN(ll,l^'ll WlVKi— ImiIAN WaUFAUK — I.illlll ( 'II.PKI'I'KH ANll TIIK ItoVAI.I^TS— (illV. MkIIKK'
LKY AND NaTIIAMKI. HaciIN — MaUYI. ANll AND LllllD UaITIMOIIK — NKW KnuI.AND ANll ('ATT.
Smith— I.ANiiiNii iif tiik I'li.iiUiM 1''\thku!»— M'hk rii.miiMs in Hoi.i.ami— (iiiv. Cahvkh—
Mai-SASIMT and CaNIINH is -OtIIKU MASSArlU'iFTTS SKTTI.KMKNTS— I JllVKHNOFls WlNTHltllf AND
EnDICIITT — IIaIIVAIID ClIl.l.KllK ANll TIIK I'lUNTIMI I'llFSS— ( 'oNNKCTllIT AMI NkW IIaMI'SIUUK—
Uhiiiik Island and limiKU \Vii.i.iam« — IIostun and (JrAKKiis— Salkm and Witi hciiakt—
KiNii I'iiii.n''s Wau— Nkw Knui.and HiiioTuv anh tiik CiiAiHiK AijAiNsT ItiMiKii Williams—
Otheu Niitablk Kaui.v Nkw Kndlanhkh: — Nkw Nktiikklands and nENiiv llriisuN -Tiik
rATiuioNs— Ditch Oiivkuniius— Nkw Swkdkn— William 1'knn and Pennsylvania— T;ik
CaHOLINAS and .IiiHN I.DCKK— TIIF lltlilFNIlTS AND Sl IITI II — fiKdlllilA AND OllLKTIIllUl'E —
WH1TKF1KI.11 and SlaVKHV— Sl'ANISII AND I'ltKNC II SKTTLKMKNTS IN THK TnITKII STATES —
1<'i.(IU1DA — Mississ IFFI HlVKll AND V A1.1.K\ — TKIIK MAIli;rKTTK ANll NKW I'HANI K.
^\W
T?te
V T
h
B.
m
^w,^^^
N a certain vague sense it
might he said tiiat tiie
I'liitcd Stales dates from
14',m;. wlicii Ileiuy \"ll. of
K 11 gl a lid coiiimissiiined
John Cabot to sail to
America and establish there
a New Miigland. 'riiere
^ilm^ was already a New Simiii, witii a New
I"'raiicc soon to follow. But that cxjh'-
j|\gu,«(: <lifioii was fruitless. For ■ ' out a ceii-
"^^i*"!^' tiiry Kiigiand seemed to bo singularly
olilivious of America. Tiie last of liic
Henrys, his son Ivlward and daughter
Mary, paid no lu'cd to tiie new wmid.
'I'hc first Mnglishinan to inlciH'st liiiii-
self, tiioroughlv and to some |iurposc.
in .\incrica was Sir Iluiniilircv (iilbcrt.
In l.'is;) (^ueen Klizaiictii atiiiiori/.ed hini to form a
colony on this continent, lie set sail intending to
establish a in'riiiaiient settlement foragriiuitiiie and
lishing, csiiccially the latter, at or near Newfound-
land. His ideal was radically dilTerenl from that of
tiie Spanisli adventurers wlio hud prccciled him on
this continent. Sir riumiihri'y was lost at sea. Hut
his melancholy fate did not discourage others from
adopting ills plan. His half brother, the illustrious
Sir Walter Kaleigh, took up the mantle of (iilliort,
and right royally did lie wear it. His patent Wiis
granted in l."iS4. He did not aecom})aiiy tiie expe-
dition, but the explorers whom ho sent out etTectcJ
ii landing oil Pamlico Sound, tindiiu:; a country far
iiKMV inviting tlian citlier Newfoundlanil or New
Spain. It was named ^'irgillia, in honor of the
Virgin C^ueeii. Two attempts wore soon after made
to found a |H'rmanciit settlement, liotli of wliicli
proved iiiia\ ailing.
In li'iii-.' (JosnolddLscoverod and naiiied CajK! (UA.
'i'bc settlement, tlicre and tlieii was soon given up.
Otlicrs came ovi'r on exploring exjR'ditions, and the
Knglish public beeanio greatly interested in tlio .sub-
ject of .Vmcrican colonization, in liSUtj James I.
U9';
'I-'
Sir
H ■;■■
|H:,j
m
|»> K ! ■■.■
III!'
(■■!>«
■! :<
-7t
492
KAKLY COLONIAL, UNITED STATES.
divided the rcifion claimed by England iuto North
iind Soiitli Virginia, granting the llrst to the Ply-
mouth Company, and tiio second to the London
Company. Eaoh ('ompany attempted to establish
a colony, but only the latter was successful, and that
success was tlie first i)ermanent Knglisii settlement,
not only in Virginia, but America. The fleet wius
under the comimmd of Cliristopher Newport. It
sailed up the stately James lliver in IGOT, and
founded .lanieslown.
Tiio colony had a hard struggle, and was saved
from ruin l)y Captain Joim Smith. On one oecasiou
Smith was
captured by
the Indians.
The chief,
Powhatan,
condemned
liimtodeath
but Poca-
liontas, the
daughter of
the chief,
saved liim.
At least, it
is the story
told, and
long im-
plicitly be-
lieved. It is
certain that
the daugh-
BUILUING JAMESTOWN.
ter was an illustrious jwrsonage in the historv of Vir-
ginia. 8I1U vis-
■7=!^ — ited England,
received Chris-
tian baptism,
married an En-
't.'i\G\ gl '■■*'> "1 an, Rolfe,
'j'ii-^^ iind became the
founder of a
.>ji,^i^ family which
-v'> - "^ has always been
very proud of
her.
'"^'''' Slavery was
•'""^' •'^^"^"- introduced into
Virginia in J()l'.i. Tlie English never attempted to
enslave the natives, but they seemed to have no
scruples about dealing in African chattels. The
first negroes, twenty in number, were imported by a
Dutch trading-vessel. The next year the i)lanters
bought a cargo of English wives, oiic hundred in
number, warranted to be respectable. The price
])aid was I'M pounds of tobacco each, which was the
l)rice of her passage. With wives and slaves the col-
onists were quite established.
The first serious Indian war occurred in 'G'i'i.
The nnissacre was very large, and the retaliation
still more wholesale. Hostilities were maintained
with more or less steadiness, until 1046, when ])eace
was effect-
ed, and for
the most
l)art ever
afterward
maintained.
The Lon-
don Com-
pany waa
dissolved in
1G5J4, ujKjn
which Vir-
ginia be-
came a
province of
the ci'owu.
It so re-
mained un-
til the year
1073, when
Charles II. ceded it for the jx^riod of thirty-one years
to Lord Culi)epi)er and the Earl of Arlington, namea
conspicuous in the geography
of the present Virginia. Rut
the colony received its great-
est imi)ctiis when the civil war
in England culminated in the
defeat of the royalists. Vir-
ginia was settled by iulhcrents
to the Estaidished Church of
England, and many royalists -
fled thitiier when the Coni-
nu)nwealth was established.
When ( "liarles II. regained the
crown (1(J.")()) the population of Virginia was 30,000,
and several Hourisiiing towns had been cstabhshed,
including Richmond and Williamsburg. The
rocAnoNTAS.
f
\
l^l^/'
I
;!(),ooo,
blished,
The
EARLY COLONIAL UNITKD STATES.
493
first f:;()veriior iij)])()into(l by Cluirlos II. was (Jov-
eriior Berkeley, lie luul l)eeii in Virginia Ijefore,
ami the colonists hated him. 'I'iiey had good rea-
son for their hatred. He was a detestable tyrant
and oppo.sed to everything progressive. He discour-
aged education, proiiiijited the introduction of the
printing-press, and tried tocondiU't the colony as a
great tobacco jjlantation, and notiiing else, on sub-
stantially the same plan as wo have seen that the
Dut(!ii have always maiuigcd Java. The leader of
the opposition to IJerkeley was Nathaniel Bacon, the
first great patriot of English descent on American
soil. He put down an Indian uiirising and curbetl
the arrogance of Berkeley. '• Bacon's rei)ellion " oc-
curred about two
centuries ago, and
was a presage of
the llevolution-
ary War of one
hundred years
later.
The Virginia
Colony can now
bo left to itself
imtil it came to
form a jiart of the
colonial confed-
eration, as the 1)0-
ginnings of the
Union might bo
called. It was not until the French and Indian
War, which began in 1()0.'}, that this colony had any
further ex{)erience worthy of note. Year after year
it continued to raise tobacco for exportation, and
acquire wealth in tho business. Gnulually a now
nationality was growing up beneath the genial sun
and tho free air of young Virginia, as subsequent
events served to prove.
Maryland was carved out of Virginia during the
reign of Charles I. In 1(!".J9 that sovereign granted
tho state of Maryland substantially to George Cal-
vert, Lord Baltimore. His lordship was a i)apist,
and designed tiie establishment of an asylum for
persecute<l Romanists. So far was ho froi'. being a
papist of tho Spanish type, however, that the cidony
which he established was the most tolerant of any
in the new worlil. He called the country Mary-
land in honor of the Virgin Mary. Tiio ciiief city
bears his own name. His colony became a refuge
i"t)r Kpis(■opalian^. from Xew England, U)V dissenters
from Virginia, and other
victims of persecution.
So many Protestants
were there at one time
in Maryland, and so un-
grateful were tiiey, that
they aotuiilly cxi)elled
all Roman Catholics
from tho colonial legis-
lature. In 10!)I the pro-
prietary charter was re-
voked and remained in
sMsjiense until ITl."), when tho Calverts regain-
ed their vested
CECIL, SECOND LOKI) HALTIMOOT.
pi.vMorrn uock.
rights. They con-
tinued to govern
the colony until
tho Revolution-
ary WliT.
The name Xow
Knglanil was giv-
en to the region
around Cape Cod
by Captain John
Sniilh, who tried
assiduously in
HJI4 to plant
there an English
colony. He was a
nnm of broad views, great foresight, and a keen eye
to business.
Tiie first permanent settlement ni New England
dates from the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers on
Plymouth Rock, December :^1, IG'JO.
James I. was then King of England. That nar-
row and bigoted sovereign was determined to make
all his subjects conform to tho Established or Epis-
copal Church. The non-conformists weresul)ject to
persecution. To enjoy their religion, a great many
of them crossed over to Holland, where the widest
latitude was allowed. But that did not suit them.
The free and easy Dutch ways were shocking to
them. What in tlio Low Country was thought to
1)0 liberty merely, tho Puritans looked upon as li-
cense, irreligious and immoral. Those who felt that
way the deej)est returned to their former home,
(Plymouth, England) and prepared to sail for
the now world. By that time tho Virginians had
"-S
C
h:.'
ft ;;^'
f^i:
' i I : i,
'V'
mm
mP.
1
' f;
^
7
494
EARLY COLONIAL UNITED STATES.
boguu to prosier, and were well known to have
found 11 plciisaut land. The Pilgrims took tlieir fam-
ilies witli
tiieni, sail-
ing in tiie
now fa-
mous shi]),
the May-
flower, in
iSuiitemlxjr.
It was near-
ly a tiireo
montlis'voy.
age, and the
weather en-
countered
was more
frigid tlian
anytliing to
wliicli tliey
had ever
been accus-
tonied, and utterly unlike tiie mild climate they had
expected to find.
These Pilgrims had no
really valid charter, but be-
fore landing they formed
themselves into a Ixidy politic,
or miniature state, electing
John Carver first governor
of the Plymouth Colony.
That first winter was terrible.
One-half the little company
died, including the governor.
But in the spring, when the
llayfiower returned to En-
gland, none of the Pilgrims
went witii licr.
Tlie I'ilgrims were wel-
comed by the Indians. The
latter know S'l.nething of the
tisliernien wliohiul visited the
North Atlantic coast in quest
of fisii, and felt friendly. A
powerful chief, Massasoit,
negotiated a treaty of j)eace
with tiie new-comers which
continued uninterruptedly for a long I'jcriod. The
chief of the Narragansetts, Canonicus, was disposed
EMBARKAnON OF THE PILGRIMS.
to make trouble, but changed kid miud. Governor
lirodford, who succeeded Carver, understood how to
deal with
the natives.
Plymouth
Colony re-
mained dis-
tinct until
lGi)2, when
it became
mergedwith
the settle-
ments about
Boston in
the Colo-
ny of Mas-
sachusetts
Bay. Of
those other
settlements
one was
Salem, es-
tablished in 1029, ^rith John Endicott as Governor.
That colony consisted of two
hundred Pilgrims. In 1030
John AV'inthrop brought over
a colony of 1,000, many of
whom were highly educated
and wealthy. Tiiey greatly
imjjroved the general charac-
ter of the settlement, AVin-
throj) remaining the leading
man of all the region until
his death, a jHiriod of twenty
years.
In 1038 Harvard College
was founded. It was the first
institution of tiie kind in this
country. "William and Mary's
College, Virginia, was not
much later. The first presi-
dent of Harvard set up in
his own house the first print-
ing-press of the continent
nortii of Me.\ico the year fol-
lowing.
Gradually the Puritans ex-
tended their settlements to the Connecticut Valley
and Long Island Sound. Connecticut was thus
2k-
k.
^
•voruor
how to
with
natives.
ymoutli
my rc-
ned dis-
t until
2, when
becaiue
rgedwith
settlu-
uts ubovit
stou ill
) Colo-
of Mas-
uhiisetts
ly. Of
ose otlier
ttleiueuts
10 was
ilem, es-
Governor.
ted of two
In 1030
»g
ht over
many of
educated
greatly
charac-
jiit, Wiu-
leadiiig
rion until
)f twenty
•d College
is the iirst
ind in this
nd Mary's
was nut
tirst presi-
set uj) in
irst iirint-
contincnt
year fol-
iritans ox-
jut Valley
was thus
EARLY COLONIAL UNITED STATES.
495
settled, as were New Hampshire and Maine, so far
us tliey were settled at all, as continuations of
Massachusetts. Vermont had no development until
long after, Connecticut early ac(iuired a reputation
for lK,'ing more puritanical tlian Massachusetts.
Its "blue laws "have long been held up to ridicule,
but tiiore was no good ground for invidious com-
parison.
New Hampshire can point with jmde toDartmoutii
College and Connecticut to Yale College, as evidence
of the high character of their early settlers. Tlie
story of tlie Cliarter Oak is one of whicii the state
of Connecticut may well be proud. Ciiarles II. at-
tempted to dejirive the puritan colonies of their
charter, l)ut tlie one granted to Coimecticut was con-
cealed in an oak-tree, where it remained until it was
safe to bring it to light. Tlie Charter Oak stood
until 1850. Its memorable use was in 1087.
In early colonial days the only ixjculiar part of
Now England was Rhode Island, or Providence,
founded Ijy Koger Williams,
a clergyman who was ban-
ished from Plymouth for his
liberal views, especially for
his opjKJsition to jxirsecution
and the union of churcii and
state. lie founded Provi-
ft deuce in 1030. Newport was
f^ started by a few men of simi-
W////^ lar views as iiimself in 1038.
% '''^' ■ ' It W1U5 a long time before
the other New England col-
onies fraternized witii " tlie plantations on Narragan-
sett Hay."
Tlie settlers about IJoston were particularly bigoted.
In lOoO the first Friends or Quakers arrived at Bos-
ton. They were iwrsecuted sliamcfully. Tliey were
ordered to leave. Some were wiiipiied in public ;
some imprisoneil ; four lianged on Boston (!ominon,
and two little girls ordered sold as slaves in the Bar-
liadoes, an order no sett captain could lie found to
carry out. Boston has almost as much to be ashamed
of as Salem. One hanged a few (Quakers, tlie other
Ituriit several witches. The account of Salem witcii-
eraft finds iilace in connection witli witclicraft in
general.
Tlie first Indian, as appears from a previous chap-
ter, to realize the conflict between tiie aborigines and
the jiale faces about tlieni, was Philip, son of Mas-
62
IIUUEIt WILLIAMS.
sasoit, chief of tlie Pokanokets. In 1074 ho rallied
the savages for a war of exterminution. For four
years King Piiilip's war was waged. The Narragan-
setts were in the alliance; many of tlie whites were
massacred. Peace was restored in 1078, after two
thousand Indians liad lieen killed, including Pliilip
himself. The saintly John Eliot saw tlie work ho
had imisecuted for thirty years undone, and all liojie
of incorporating the Indians of New England into
tiie body of civilized society destroyed, i'iiilip's only
son was sold into slavery in Bermuda, and the Indi-
ans of the region rendered lieli)lessly weak. That
war rill New England forever of what had l)een the
esiiecial jjcril and fear of the whites for half a cen-
tury. What tiic good Eliot had iioi)ed to do by the
Gospel of Christ was superseded and rendered nu-
gatory by gunpowder. King Piiilip's war determined
the Indian jiolicy of the United States, notwithstand-
ing the pacific and just jiolicy of Koger Williams in
llhode Island, William Penn at Piiiladelphia and
the intermediate iM)licy of other settlements.
During the ten years immediately succeeding tiie
arrival of Winthrop at Boston not lc<s tiian 20,000
Puritans became pilgrims to America. The Boston
settlement was somewhat less rigidly jturitanical
tiian tiie Separatists of Plymouth. It is a curious
fact that Koger Williams was banished from Massa-
chusetts Bay partly for advanced ideas and partly for
his bigotry. Tlie sentence of the court rested on
these four indictments: first, teaching that the title
of the Massachu.setts Company from the king to its
lands was not valid, but that the Indians were the
true owners; second, tliat it was not lawful to call
a wicked iierson to swear or to pray, as l)eing the
acts of God's worsiiip ; tiiird, that it was wrong to
listen to any of tiie ministers of tiie Parish Assem-
blies of Phigland ; fourth, that tlie civil power had
no authority over the opinions [religious] of men.
For the first and last he is revered, while tiie first part
of the second and all the third are generally ignored.
His memory is also revered for his great service in
1037, in saving the New England scttlenionts from
a general Indian war. Owing to his infiuenco the
Narragansetts and the Moiiegans did not join the
Pecjuots in raiding the wiiitc.-. Tiie result was that
tlie latter tribe was exterminati^d without much
trouble. A few other illustrious luiines belong to
early colonial New England. Miles Standisli, tiie
first soldier. .Toliii Alden, the friend whom he sent
■^ s \
' I ■
I m
t
i :
.,»
I'.n
rp;
t
i\h\: ■
lii^i
7
496
KAKLY COLONIAL UNITED STATUS.
to court tliu iiiai(l(Mi wlioiii bulh IovcmI, uikI wIio
liiiully said. "Why don't- you sjii'iik for yourst'lf,
.Iolin,!'"'u'o tlio tlinu! I'liaractisrs liavinj^ roinaiilic in-
l.iTost. Cotton Matlier was a iiowmrul niiriisLor of tlio
j^osjH'l. Salem wilclicraft lias always litH'ii a rciiroacli
to liis oiliorwisd fair naiuc. SjM'akinf^ of tills point,
I'ooiesays: " Wliiiowitclicraft ragod iiiKuropolliirty
fliousand vi(;tinis jHsrisluMl in llio I5rilisli Islands,
Hfvnty-livo tliousaiid in Franco, one huudrud thou-
sand in (loniiany, and corrusponding nuniljors in
Italy, Spain, Switsiorlaiid, Swoilon." Ho puts tliu
iiuniher of executions in ^^ew
Kiigland at thirty-two, all
t(dd. ilr.s. Anno Ilntehinsoii
was the " strong-minded '"
woman in the colonies. She
had the honor of being jisso-
eiated with Williams, Wil-
liam ("oddiiigtoii, John
Clarke, William Aspinwall,
and some others, in the jiur-
chase of Rhode Island, for
which they paid the ahorigi-
nes "'forty fathcms of white
heads." In l()4'-i she removed
with her family to New Neth-
erlands, where she was the
victim of an Indian massacre.
One child escajK-'d the tuma-
liawk. She was a second
cousin of the i)()et Dryden.
Thonuis Hooker, long the
leading minister of Con-
necticut, as John Cotton and
Cotton Mather were of Massuchnsells, was a man of
great intellectual strength.
He helonged to a family al-
ready ilhistrious in ministeri-
al annals, and which is still
nobly rej)resentcd in the
^ pnli)it.
The Connccticnt Puritans
early came into contact with
the Dutch. In IfiO!) Henry
Hudson, an English sailor
who had alremly nuido two voyages to America, was
sent by the Dnfccli East India Company in (piest of
a passage across the continent, in the hope of a short
cut to the Orient. In his search ho sailed into New
HENKi HUDSON.
York harbor, never iKjforo visited by wiiite men, ami
saile<l np the river now bearing his name as far as
the jiresent site of AUiahy, when he was obliged to
abandon his enterprise and turn back. His reiKirl,
of the beauties of the country suggested the idea of
a Dutch settlement in .Vmerica. In ItJl.'J a trading-
post was established at Now Y^ork, which was lirst
called New Amsteniam. 'i'he next year another was
estaljlished at l-'ort Orange, or Albany.
Tho settlement of New York for purposes of
cultivation dates from Ht'i'.i, when tiio Dutch West
India Company established
colonists on the shores of the
Hudson river, on a jilan
widely dilferent from that of
any of the English colonies.
There was never any religious
persecution, nor was religion
considereil in any way, ajipar-
ontly. The early settlers of
New Y'ork may be called
"Christian iiagans." liut the
most remarkable • feature of
New Netherlands, as tho
region was called, was tiie
patHHin system. Any man
bringing (Ifty jtersons with
him was allowed a tract of
land with sixteen miles of
riv(!r frontage and a depth as
great as "the situation of the
oirupiers would iiermit." The
patroon was allowed almost
absolute control within his
own domain. Now England had its snuill farms and
farmers, Virginia and Maryland their spacious plan-
tations, tilled by slave hibor, and New Netherlands
its lordly estates, cultivated by tenants. The latter
system was not adapted to a country of boundless
landed resources, still, it inis not wholly disapin'ared
from New Y'ork yet. Two ('onturies and a half
have rolled by and the " patnHin " may be found oc-
casionally. Tho Wadswortii estate in the (ieneseo
valley is the largest still left. Those upon the Hud-
son and ihe .Mohawk have nearly all disap[ieared.
"The Patroon War," or rebellion of the tenants of
the Van Uensselacr estate, which occurred some two
generations ago, virtually removed tho system from
the eastern part of tho state.
(;fmi TyiaJiAlV.
^
fi »_
1O8CS of
:\\ West
js of tlio
a pliui
that of
colonies.
ruligioUH
loligioii
,y, apiiar-
ijttlerH of
(0 callcil
But the
caturc of
as tho
was tho
Any mill'
,ons witli
tract of
miles of
k depth iw
lion of the
,nit." Tho
(l almost
itliin his
'arms anil
ions pliin-
■tlierliuuls
|rhe latter
boundless
isai)lieared
iid a half
foui\d oc-
le (lencseo
Uho lUid-
saiUHjared.
Itenants of
some two
Istem from
KARLY COLONIAL UNITICD STATUS.
497
rUTKIl HTUYVEBANT.
Tho llrst Duteii governor was Woutcr Van Twil-
ler, II singularly stupid man; tho soeond, AVilliam
Kicft, a liusy little despot, and the tiiird and last
was tho stalwart Peter Stuyvesant, a nnui of ex-
traordinary will power.
Many of tho people
were English. Al»so-
lute religions liberty
drew to the banks of tlie
Hudson a great variety
of peo|)k'. In KilM the
English tleet entered
,the harbor,piussing lleil-
gato and without seri-
ous opposition taking
possession of the eoun-
try. Jlonoeforth new
names were adoptetl,
J'^^ow York boingsubstitutcd f'-r New Netiierlands and
Now Anist^irdam, and Albany for Fort Orange. Tho
|»ooplo took kindly to tho ehango, for tho mass of
tho colonists wore restless under the jjatroon system
as originally adopted, with its denial of all i)olitical
rights to tho common ]KM)i>le. This fact, rather
than any lack of courage on the |)artof Stuyvesant,
jiaralyzed the arm of that stout-hearted last of tho
Dutch governors.
A little south of Now York was the Swedish col-
ony proj(!ctod l)y (Justavus Adolphus, but not es-
tablished until liV-iS. New Sweden comprised tho
territory from Capo HouIoirmi to '{'ronton Kails.
Tho present state of Delaware and parts of Now
.lersoy and Pennsylvania belonged to tlic Swedes by
right of jiurcha-so from the Indians and of act-
ual occupancy. After an existence of seventeen
years Now Sweden was aunoxed to Now Netherlands,
almost witiiout a struggle, tho annexation including
all except that i)ortion of it in or near Philadelphia,
which William Penn purchased of tho Swedes. The
Dutch regained possession of New York after nine
years, retaining it for fifteen months only; but
Sweden made no attonii)t to imiintaiu control of its
colony, and the colonists themselves seemeil (|uite
indilTerent to i)olitical ciiangos.
It was not until Hi.S;] that William Penn estab-
lished his (Quaker colony in tiio now world. This
illustrious Friend was tho friend of Charles II. of
England, and tlio king owcil his father. Admiral
Peim, a large sum of money. In discharge of that
WILLIAM I'ENN.
debt His Majesty gave tho son a charter to a large
tract of land west of the Delaware rivor, and vested
in him full rcg.il powers.
Pomi established a "free ccdouy for the good ami
oppressijd of ail naiions,"'
more particularly iiis co-
religionists. Tlio city of
Philadelphia was Iho start-
ing-point of the settlement.
Among those who availed
themselves of the privileges^
of J'onnsylvania, was a-'S
company of (iormans, who,
like the English (Quakers,
were non-residents, very
simple in their tastes, demure in manner, and puro
in morals. Many of thoir descendants have main-
tained their mitional si)oech and old-time peculiari-
ties almost unchanged for two centuries. Pennsyl-
vania was never disgraced by an Indian war, by re-
ligious persecution, or any form of fanaticism. The
nearest approach to it was a trial for wit(!hcrart
which resulted in accpiittal. Penn was born in Lon-
ilon in Hi-M, educated at <)xforil,and early converted
to (Quakerism. He never resided long in the colony
which ho founded, ilis last years were spent in
jioverty and distress, lie died in ITIH.
Tiie Carolinas came into view in lUiiil when
Charles I. made a grant of "Tho Province of Car-
olina" to Sir llobert Heath. But only a very littlo
was done in that jjart of tho new w(»rld, beyonil
some lundjcring in tho pineries, until a movement
was made at the head of which stands the illustrious
name of .John jjocke. Tho greatest of English
philosoi)hers. Lord Bacon, hiul l)een a shareholder
in a comiiany gotten up to make money out of \'ir-
ginia, but his brother philosopher was a<;tuated by
no mercenary motive. Locke and his associates un-
dertook to establish an iileal state in .Vmerica. Ho
and Ijord Shaftesbury drew up a grand model of an
aristocratic Uto{)ia. The " Model " was utterly un-
suited to the purposes of tho pioneers, but the settle-
ment grew and prosjicred. Tiie Locke (irant was
issued in KJi!;}. The lirst ^Kirmanont colony was
planted in North Carolina. The lirst within the
limits of South Carolina datus fr-m lf!7(). Mefore
that time French and Si)anish representatives luwl
tried to gain a foothold on that coast. Much blood
luid been shed, and all to no advantage, for the
V\'
u
ml
I ii'i
( I
^
L4-
498
EAKLY COLONIAL UNITED STATES.
country wuh iieitlior I'";'eiu;li luir Spanish. Hut uftor
tlie Eii;(lisli had fairly taki'ii uudinputeil jHWHOHwion
many Kroiit^h JIuj,nioii()ts ll(tcl\0(l thithur from tho
jicrsccutions of l-'rancc. lUitwenn tiie yoars KiKf!
ami t<)S8 110 loss llian a iniliioii Ilu<i;uonots tied from
tiioir native land, a few of tli(!iii HWiking asylum in
(Jarolina. From Scotland also canu^ many victims
of jHTsccution, Covi naiit^Ts who wcn^ siihjuct to most
cruel treatment at home. The (Jarolinas were iu)t
so much estalilished hy Kn^dishnu^n as hy I'rench-
mi'U and Scotchmen. M :ny of the latter settled
in New .Jersey, where J^lizahethtown was founded
ill lilTO.
In a ;,cnoral way it deserves to he iulded, that the
seeds of the ll^nited States were sown by persecution,
and that even where persecution was not the first
cause.
Tho hitest distinct settlement in Ameritra to grow
into a separate state was etTectwl at Savannah in
173.'{, under the aus])ic('s of liie philanthropic (iov-
ernor ()<rlethor|)e,
the father of Geor-
gia. This amiahle
num excluded rum
and slaves, hoth lie-
ing at that time
common to all
American colonies.
1 1 is inlluence was
counteracLed, so far
as slavery was con-
cerned, hy that
jAiiiis lUJWAmj odLETiioiu'i:. eminent evangelist,
(ieorge W'hitelield. <>giethor|»e's jUMUial idea was to
estahlish an asylum for insolvent debtors, Jn etiect
it proved mainly a resort for the nnilcontents of the
L'arolinas and N'irginia. It grew rapidly, and ea.rly
iH'came an inqiortant colony. It was named in
honor of (ieorge II. of Mngland.
We have now spoken of the coloni(^s which devel-
oj)ed ultimately into the thirteen colonies and states,
each in its iiil'aiicy. It may he we'' in this conneo
tion to refer to the other eai'ly settlements within
the i)resent limits of tiie Tnited States, but which
hail no parr, or lot in achieving for those once widely
severed settlements national unity.
Tho earliest of these was Florida. Fonca de Ijcou
landed on the north side of tin; gulf-stream, oiii)osite
the Bahamas, 011 Easter-day of l.")i:5, naming the
country I'mmui Fhrida. llo was in search of the
fabled fountain of youth. No i)ractieal results fol-
lowed, do Loon roceiving a wound in an encounter
with tho natives which proved fatal to him in (hiba.
Hut in LWO Fernando do
Suto, a Spanish nobleman
who had Iteen with Cortez in
Mexico and I'izarro in Feru,
amiussing a large fortune, was
commihsioneil to tak(! jtosses-
sion of Florida. He fitted
out a large fleet. He had tidO
nuui with him and a goodly
supj)ly of domestic animals,
including liloiMlhounds. In
.May of the next year \w landed. For Ihi'ce years
he and his men wandered about in search of goM.
Ho was tho first to discover the Mississij)pi Kiver.
He finally jKL-rished in tho wilderness. In l.")!;.') Pedro
Menendez, another Spaniard, landed in Florida. He
had l{,U(JO men with him. They founded the city of
St. Augustine, which now has the hoimr of Injing
tho oldest Kuro|iean town in tho United States.
'i'hroe years before, a French settlement had Ikjou
elfected at Fort It'/yal, South Carolina. Admiral
Coligny, the great Huguenot statesman, was the real
father of tho settlement, Carolina, it may 1)0 ob-
served, was named in honor of Charles of l-'ramje, not
of England, This colony and the one at b'loridawero
far enough from each other, one would suppose, to
prevent clashing. Hut unfortunately a second French
settlement had been cfTocted on the St. .John's \\\sf.'x
in Florida, which served as a connecting link of hos-
tility. 'I'lio Spaniards were intense papists, tho
French hardly less bigoted Huguenots. They fell to
cutting each other's throats. All the French at
Fort Caroline on the St. .John's were massacred i)y
Menendez, " not as l-'renchmon, but as horotics," he
setui) as his defense. A'ot long after a Frenchman
of great wealth, |)omini(|ue dc! (iourgues litted up a
fleet for revei'ge, and torriltlo was his si.i.cess. Such
of the Spaniai'ds as escajied in l)attle he hanged, iu-
scril)ing over their heads, "Not as Spaniards, but
as traitors, i-ol)bers and miirdcM'ers." Such was tiic
tragio fate of '• .New I''rance" and " New Spain" on
the .\tlantic seaboard within the present limits of
tho ITnitod States, for tho French colony farther
north was (K'stroyed in counter-revenge.
During the period of c((loriial infancy uniler i^m-
m
EAKI.Y COLONIAL UNITED STATES.
499
Hiiieriitioii t.lio Froiicli iiiiido somo iiroi^n^ss in tlio
intorior of tlio country by way of tlie St. Ijiiwroiico
anil Mil) lakes. In H'm;! Pern Maniuotto, u Jesuit
of tiio bottor ty[)0, who iia<l alroaily »|K)nt Hovoral
years as a missionary in (Janada, sot out with liouis,
tlolii't and others, to explore the ■lources of tiio St,
Lawrenee. 'I'hey readied tiie Mississipjii in .Jiino of
the same year, ,t,'nin;( hy way of (irceii May, i'"<JX
river and tiie Wisconsin river. 'IMiey d(!seeiided the
Mississijipi as far, at least, as Kaskaskia, Illinois, and
returned liy way of tiie Illinois river, .loliet re-
turned to (iueUie, Imt the f^ood Father Mar(|uotto
remained in the wilderness, dyin;^ two years later on
the east shore of Lake Miehi^'au while eiijjajfeil in
mission work.
(Jradually, and undisturheil hy Eii;(lish, Spanioo
or Indian hostility, the French ostaiilished settle-
ments on the prairie aloiif( the river-hanks. Some
interestiiif^ relies and records attest very considera-
ble jirosperity in those days ; but later they fell into
decay, and in the p(;rmanent settlement of that [lor-
tiou of the United States north of what was once
Louisiana, the region imrchused of Franco during
the sovereignty of Jn'apoleon, those French settle-
ments exerteil hardly a percepuible inlluence. In u
word, they belong to the historical, in distinction
from the actual, in the new world.
Louisiana received its name from LaSalle, the
illustrious French explorer. The term was designed
to embrace all the valley of the .Mississippi. The
French imilt great ex[)ectatioiis 14)011 the develop-
ment of that valley, and of fur trade with the In-
dians of the interior. Moliile was established in
l70"i, New Orleans lifteen years later, and all seemed
prosperous, when suddenly the Mississippi buiible of
the visionary Law burst, whelming Franco in bank-
ruptcy, and jireparing the way for English triumjih
over lior great continental rival in the possessions
of the Xorth Aiiiorican continent.
This chapter eaiiuot be closed more appositely
than by (jiiotiiig Mr. Francis Parkiiian's very dis-
criniinating comparison iietweeii the (colonial aims
and purpose of New Kiiglaiul and New France.
" The growtii of Now Knglanil," ho says '• was a re-
sult of the aggregate ellorts of a busy multituilo,
each in his narrow circle toiling for iiimself, to
gather competeiico or wealth. The expansion of
New France was the a(;liievemeiit of a gigantic am-
bition striving to grasp a continent. It was a vain
attempt, fioiig and valiantly her chiefs uphold
their i;ause, li^ading to battle a vassal jiopiila-
tion, warlike as tliomsolvos. Homo down from
nnmlters from »vithout, wasted by corruption from
within, New Franco fell at last; and out of
her fall grow revolutions whoso inlluenco, to this
hour, is felt throughout every nation of the
civilized worUl.
"The French dominion is a memory of the past;
and when wo evoke its departed shades, they rise
upon us from their graves in strange romantic guiso.
Again their ghostly camp-lires seem to burn, and
the litful light is cast around on lord and vassal and
black-robed priest, mingled with wild forms of sav-
age warriors, knit in close fellowship on the same
stern errand. '.V liomidless vision grows ujkiu us;
an untanieil continent; vast wastes of forest vor-
tlurc; nioiintains silent in primeval sleep; rivor,
lake, aii<l glimmering pool; wilderness oceans min-
gling with the sky. Such was the domain which
France con(|Uered for civilization. Plumed helmeta
gleamed in the shade of its forests, priestly vest-
ments ill its dens and fastnesses of ancient barbar-
i:«m. Men steeped in antiipio learning, palo with the
close iirealli of the cloister, here s|)ent the noon and
evening of their lives, ruled savage hordes with a
mild, jiareiital sway, and stood serene Ixifore the
direst sha[)es of death. Men of courtly nurture,
heirs to the iiolisli of a far-reaching ancestry, hero,
with their dauntless havdiliuixi, put tu shaiiio the
boldest sons of toil."
Sn^
M.i
,mI'!
.i. !•'
St '
ixi'i
ij :
m ' '
IMM--
ii.fl.;
COLONIAL GROWTH
^
^^rr^
1
AND OUTGROWTH.
■ . ,* (r
\ '^ ■ ''^^vt:^i>^
•MMMM
**
SF'T^
CITAPTKR T.XXVri
l''ni!<r Hti:i' 'I'm* Aim Inihn " Ucimiii of 'I'iimik ami ri.AMA'miNH " iNTKiirDI.oNiAi, Waiih —
'I'lIK l''l.llllll>A\'< ANIP TIIK (IKIIIIIIIANS \VaI1.< IIkIHKKN KUKNC II AMI KmiI.I^"II < 'III.ONIBTK — A
I'KNTI'IIV UK lll.llllll -I.IKrTKNANT-Clll.ONKI, (iKllllllK \V AHIII NCITCIN ANll l>ll. KllA N K I.I N KkI.A-
TI\K I'cl^<»l-:»»II1N« OF KlIANI K, Si'AIN ANll KNiII.AMIIN NllltTll AMKIIICA < AI'TrilK IIF (^IKIIKI'
NK» l'llAN(l! ANll Oil! KnuI.ANH - Clll.clNIAI. DKIITM ANll MllN'K.V InIMIIKIT KKMrl.TBCIK
'INK l'*ltKNrll \\*Alt S'l-A^ir At r HilH'I'ON AMI NtlHTII ( 'AKULINA SMMHil.lNU AMI THK (IahI'KK —
llilsTilN 'I'lA rAllTV I'lllll' llll.l. I'lllHT I (IN Tl NKNT M. I IINIIIIKBi A N II I'A'I'IIII K IlKNIlV MiMTK
MkN ANll I'AI'l. IlKV KIlK'r- Kllli: IIaTTI.K (IF I.KX INCITIIN- I 'lIMIN KNTAI. AllMV < IIKIA SIZKII—
KtIIAN Ai.I.KN ANll TIIK (illKKN MlllNIAlN ll(H !. lUlTIK IIK lIlINKKIC IllLL-'I'lIK ( 'A N A 111 AN
KXI'KIIITION- KVACTATHIN (IF llllKTIlN ( IIA Itl.KBTdN IIaIUKIK ANll MdlLTIlIK -DKCI.AIIATIDN HIT
InIIKI'KNDKNCK— KmINKNT MKN (IP TIIK I'KIIKIII -IlKN.IAMIN KlIANKLIN AIIAIN.
i\ Iti'.Mi IIk! l']njj;lisli i.MV(.'rii-
I'niiiiciil. ori'iittMl II " Mdiird
"f TrMilc! 1111(1 I'luiitiitidiis"
for III!' iiiliniiiislriiliiiii of
foloiiial alTiiirs. This KoiirtI
r>-'L'^t_i^ifc»«vf ■ yiiTitTs. i'('(:i'niiii('ii(U'(l a t'luscr
S|X^^^^y^^^^?^|6^ uiiinn hi'lAvt'cii till! colonics.
Previous l,o lliat time tlic
j'liritan colonics liad (IcvoIojhmI very
considerable fellowsliip, and tiiero had
li(>cn csialilished a litUu connniinii^atioii
between New York. Most on and t.ho in-
tci'venin^T towns a(u'essiblo by water.
William iVnn drew wp the plan of a
close union which was not carried out
until loujj; after.
'riic Miiirlish policy was to ri'st rict eol-
onial trade to I'oininerce with the moth-
er coimlry alone. Tiiat " men ant ile system" was
embodii'd in the Navi,t;ation Act, and similar stat-
utes of Parliament. My every means jiosssible the
homo Lrovernment attempted to render the Ameri-
can colonies entinily subsorviout to the wealth of
the mother countrv. It v is not until about the
bejiinniu},' of the eij^htoenth century that Kn^dand
realized the importance of America, and set about
makiu),' it trilmlary in rijfht good earnest. The
jiolicy which culminated in war for indcpendenco
nniy U^ saiil to date from the creation of the " Mourtl
of TraiK' and I'lantations."
Mut Ihe 1.,'reat a<j;eney in nnikiuij tiie (colonists ac-
((uainted with each other and binding them to;,'ether
by a bond of common sympathy, was int^ircolonial
war, j,'rowini,' out of l''rencli and Kn<,disli rivalries in
the new world. 'I'ho <!eori;ians had a contliet with
the Kloridans which resulted favorably to tiie for-
mer without rei|uirini; any hel[i from more i:orthern
colonies, but wiien the Mritish lion met the Frencli
unicorn in the wilderness, victory was not so easy.
There were four distinct wars between the Krench
and Knii;lisii colonists, (Eliminating,' in what is known
as "The old Fronch and Indian War,'' be;j;iiiniiijr in
IT.Vland continuini,' until lldU. The other tliivo
were. Kin;,' William's War, IC.S't-'.iT; Queen Anno'fi
War, i;()v>-i:i ; Kin,:; (Joorge's War, 1741-48. Treat-
ies of jieace were si!.;ned or formal tleclarations of
hostility proclaimed by the home governments ac-
cording to the general situation in Europe, vrithout
(500)
■ ic
Sl't, llllDllt
St,. Tho
(oiiiU'iico
. " Mounl
iinistfl iu>
|oj,'(>Uicr
prcDl'iiiiiil
iviilrii'S ill
ll\ict, \vill>
llio for-
r.ortlRTii
|o I'VciKih
so easy.
|(.i French
is known
kinninj^in
lier tlu'i'O
111 Anne's
Trcat-
lations of
iienta iic-
without
i.^
i^
tOI.DMAI, (iKOW I'll AM) ()UI'(il<«)\\ III.
.S'>i
iiiiK'li r(';,'iiril til (III) real stale ul' alTaii'-i in Annr-
i> ii. |''iii' a ci'iiliiiy lliri'e was li;ii'i|ls ;iiiy artiial
n'ssiitiull of Imstilil ics i'lii- liny ciili^iiliTiililf lriiir|li
III' liiiK'. It. was iinl\ al'tri' l''i'aiin' liail lu-l. ('.ilLaia,
iilnl l'j|;;laiiil llio rriilnl Si ;ilr<, I liiil |M'l'lit;ili('lil,
|iriiiii was sci'iii'iiil, l''riiiri lliat. liiiir mi, IIhi cniiti-
lu'iit, was (Iclivcii'il rroiii wars wliiili wrni Imtli
iiili'i'ciiluiiial ami iiilcriial imial. 'I'lio iiirlaiirlinly
tail' III' Anulia, a part, nf (!anailiaii liislury alrcails
iianatiMl, Uilinigs tn that, scries oi" wars.
My tint niiildlo or llui tii;(liliM!iiUi cciilury l''r(ineli
ami I'liii^'iisli |ii(iiieer ('iiter|iris(i lpe;;an U> t,ini<ili ami
clash ill tJKi
Ohio valley.
Ill i^,i;i (ioV-
criior hinwil
(Hoof \'ir;,'iiiia,
sent. ( ieor;,'!'
Wash i ii;,M oil,
then only ■.'!
years nf au'e,
to \ enaiij^ii III
kinnv his rcii-
soiis fill' inviiil-
in;; the Mril-
ish (loininions.
The r((|ily was
that, the whole
country west,
of theAilei,'!-:!
iiies iH^loii^^eil
1,(1 l''raiic(i liy
ri<i[lit, of discovery. TIk' luixt, year tho youiifr
\'iri;iiiian, then a li(ail.(inant,-ci)!()n(!l of colonial
inililia, cslalilishcd a fort, at the forks of LIk;
Ohio river. A South Carolina coiii|)anv caiiie to his
assisl^iineo. Tlio Iwo (•.iininanders i|narreled over the
leadership. The discussion was soon ended hy a
successful at,lack liy t,h(! I''renih, who ac(|iiired pos-
session of l,he entire Ohio valley. TIk^ c(d(inists were
alarmed, for everywiiere the l''reneh se(aired rndiaii
alliance.
In 17."i.j (Jon. liriiddock, in (oniinand of tlu' Kril-
isli and Colonial forces on the frontier, nnd(Tto()k '
to oaptiiro Fort Diil^uesne, the key to the Ohio val-
ley. Tlioy wore atta(d<ed in tlui woods hy th<! In-
dians. "The Mritisli could only lire in platoons,"
Hays Tliallieinier, "hit,tiiiif rocks and trees niiich
•oftener than Indian.s, while the (-olonists, sprin^'inif
TIIK EXII.K np THE ACAnTANH
liehiiid trees, limk aim wii h elT(!ct." Kraddnek wiis
iinil'lally wniimled. The ret reat of his re;.'iil;iis was
covered hy tlie culniiists with such ^'allan1,ry that it
;:ave their commamler, W ashiiiL^loii, a rcpulalion
I lii'i>n;^liiiiil, I he I'lijiinies fur cuoliies'i, Itiaserv and
skill. It, i-' priiliahle that to {'.raddiiek's defeat, is
this ciiunlry and llie world iudeliled fur the piihlic
services of (ieor;.'e \Vasliili;^'liin.
The success of the l''ren(!h oV(!r the l'lii;,dish in the
Ohio wilderness si iniiilated a iinivement for a clo,s(!r
union. ,\ll the coliiiii(i.s north of the I'oldinac Mtnh
(l(de;rates to a coineiil ion held al Alliany. Itenjaniiii
l''ranklin was
adelc^ratc. lie
presented a
plan of union
\t hicli the con-
vent ion accept-
ed. Milt the
l';n;4lisli Moard
of Trade, al-
tlioiiu'li it had
at lirst, U'cn in
favor of union,
prudenlly veto-
(id tli(^ l'"rank-
liii plan. Many
of t he coliiiiists
were pleaxe(|
(vith \\\i' veto,
uppreliensiveof
Idsin;; colonial
individuality in a union of t he colonies. 'I'lie (■'reneh
war was early traiisfernMl from the n^inoti! valley of
tho Ohio to the east, es|K'cially to nortluMn New
York. At this perio(l ei;;lit,y |K'r ciait. of North
America helonj^ed to P'raiicc, sixteen \»!'' cent, to
Spain, and four per cent, to I'liitrlaiid.
The i,'reat event of the culminatiiij^ war hi^twoon
the I''rench and the Isn^lish in Ihi; imw world was
the capture of (^ueliee in 1 ?.")'.». That slronfjholil
was defendeil hy the hrave MoD^ciil'ii and a.ssailed
hy the j,'alliint Ccneral Wolfe, fiainin;^ acicetis to
"the I'laiiis of Ahraham " hy a secret path and in
tho nii^hl, Wolfe led a charj^e at dayhreak. The
armies were alxnit eiiiuil in niimher. Moth ;(cnerals
wi'i'e mortally woundiid. .V nohle nioiiiiimtnt has
heen erected to mark tho oipial heroLsm of the two
commanders.
h'.:
4
502
lOI.ONlAI. (il«)\V Til AND OlTliUoO 111.
'I'lii' hi"it your, iTtiU, Mmitrcal was ciiptiiroil, iis
\TL>II u.-^ (^hl'Ik'u IicIiI, mill in
1T(;;{ hy till- Ivrms of Mic
peiuo (if I'liris, KniMuo siir-
n'MiliTt'il til I'liiirliiiKl iill tilt*
tlKSKlUVL WuUH.
coiiiilfy iiiirth iif llii)
St. Ijiiwiviice iiiul Oiint
of tlio Mississippi • uiio
of the most iinportuiit
coHsioiis (if iill liistory.
It. WHS, ill rlTi'ut, tlio u-
l)!iii(l(iiiiiR>iil l)y l*'niiico
of iiuoloiiiiil policy. It
was tlie lit'ijiiiiiiiii; of
tlie total finl iif " Now
Fiaiu'o." Wliat En-
gland dill not securo
was to fall, ultliiiatoly,
to tho UiiitiMl States.
Tlio folonies found
tliemsolvi's heavily in
debt when llie last
French war was ended,
uaiiii'ly. *1 0,000. 000.
Of this amount the
home ifovorninont re-
iinburscil the colonii's
to the extent of %!r),000,-
000. Tho lirst colonial
money, 01 medium of
exchani^e, was corn,
furs, tobacco, or the
like. Virginia early
drew from I'liigland iu
exchange for tobacco
money enough for all
practical purjioses. The first mint was established in
m.Vj liy .Massachusetts, and tiie first coin was '• the
pine-tree .shilling." Pujier money was lirst used iu
Ma,ssachusctts, its introduction dating from lO'.K).
Dollars and cents belong to the period of indo-
jiendence.
Sjwaking of the relations of the French war to
the colonics, a historical writer says, "The sigiiitl-
caiicc of the war w:is in its JK'ing a preparation for
the iiiipeniling sliuggk- of the revolution. It was
a training-school for the generals and soldiers of the
colonics. It showed them war as eonilucted iiy tho
U'st captains of Kii-
rope. Wasliingtoii.l'ut-
iiam, (iates, .Montgom-
ery, Stark, .Vrnolil,
Morgan, and others,
who acted in the revo-
lution, here learned the
tactics of war. It also
taught the c(doiiies the
idea of consolidation,
and that ' in union there
is strength.'" It did
more than that. It se-
cured for the colonies,
when they came to
strike for liberty, the
sympathy of I-'rance,
which jiroved to be a
matter of incalculable
importance.
The French war was
a part, although a very
small jiart, of the Seveii-
Vears War in Europe.
That war involvetl the
great powers in li^<i»y
debts, and liesides sus-
taining their own bur-
dens, the colonies were
ultimately rei|uired to
contribute as never U'-
fore to the F.nglish Ex-
cheiiuer. About this
time (IT60) (ieorge III.
came to the throne.
From the lirst he was
unfriendly to tho Amer-
ican colonies. In I1il."» was enacted the famous
Stamp Act iu accordance with which all legal doeu-
inents had to bear a stamp, co.sting from three-
lience to six jiounds sh'rling, according to their
importance. Even newspapers had to be stamped.
The act called out intense hostility. The next
vear it was rojiealed, but only to give place to a
-r
im'^.'
^- '■
^s
4^
X
I
COLONIAL tJROWTH AM) OUTOROWTII.
503
HulwtiliiU) ill till' wiiy uf 11 lux nil ti'ii, ;;liis.-<, i)a|K'r
mill III lior iiUL'ossai'v iiii|M)t'l.-'.
Mrilisli HcililiiTs wiTi' (|iiiirt(T-
I'll nil till' |iciiii|(', Kiisliill
wa.i fiiruiniiHt in rt^sislinjj tin-
I'llCrnllcillllCllls (if tJR' llDIIU'
^^overiiiiii'iil, liiit liiii liruvu
Niirtii Ciinirmiaii.s wero nut.
iiiiii'li Iii'IiIikI lin' iiatriiitM of
Huston. It, Wiis to oMcajiii
IJritisli tyniniiy that many
A siAMi'. of till' |M'o|il(' (if Noi'tli Cam-
lina iniivi'il west, u.stalilisliiii<r what is now tlio statu
of Trii-
foiiii, for llio iiiliiiil rost, of ti'a was K'ss in Anu'iiia.
iiiniiT this tax, than it. was in Kiiiilaiul. 'I'lii' rarjiucs
liroiiu'iit' to Ni'W York and l'liilail('l|iliia wiTf .■<rnt
liiirU, liiit tlio Hiilish lni(i|is Ml. ISosliiii |iri'\i'iit 'ij
lliis from hiiiii;; (loiiii tliiTi'. lli'ivu|ion a^cri'at ini'i't-
iii;,' for |iriil('-l:ilion was lii'ld iil. Kaiiciiil Hall (wrll
(•aiii'il till' riaillci of Aini'i'ii'an liU'rly), afliT which
a party of nn'ii in ilis(_'uiso luianh'il the sliips in tlu'
hiirlior ami Ihniw all ilio loa oviTlioani. 'I'liiit fa-
iiioiis " toa-|iarty " iTi'alt'il i^ri'tit rxriloniiMit.. OtliiT
roloiiii's wi.'roili'li;,'litO(l,aiiil tlio Kii;jlisii wiTi' i'nraf,'ril.
I'arliamrnt. pa-ssi^l Iho " lloston I'ort Hill" liy wliiih
till' iimi of Moston was rlosoil. 'I'liis ai;t. of petty
spite on
nossee in
irr-^. Mill,
every part
of tiie
conn try
had its
grioviinee,
ni';;;al iv
and ])osi-
tive. Tiio
restrietioii
11 [ion trade
and niaii-
iifui'tures
van (luite
as injuri-
ous us di-
rect taxa-
tion. l']veii
IMtt, the advocate in iiarliiimeiit of jiolitical justice,
declared, "If I could liuvc my way, lliere would not
be so much as a. lioh-nail made in the inlonies."
The iron of I'eiinsylvaiiia mid
the timber of the Soiilli and
of Maine could not be used at
all. Sinu^j,dinL;di'Vi'l(i|H'il into
ii respectable lino of business,
especially in iiiiode Island.
The British seiitihe schiinner
(ids/ira to Narra^'ansctt Hay
to lay in wait fur sniu^'i,ders.
Citizens of I'rovidenco set fire
to her, and all the jicople approved the act.
In 17T3 all taxes were removed, except that on tea,
thrcc-iKJiice a pound, and this was only a matter of
63
I'ATKIUK HKNKY IlKI'OUE TUG VIUUINI.V ASSKMItl.V.
the jiart
of a 1,'rcat
nation ex-
cited the
wrath of
all the col-
onics, and
went fur
to develop
a feeling'
of coni-
niiin inter-
est. The
Ki'iiiimeiit
<if patriot-
ism found
expression
ill the or-
<.riiiii/.alioii
of the "Sons of IJIierty " tliroiif^hout the colonic,'*.
It was lo this society, very lartfcly, that was due the
coiiviicarKiii of a ilcliberalive and reprcsenlalivc
body to consnil. over (he i^rave situation. That
body met at I'liiladelphia, the most eenlral
of all the cities at that time, in September, ItM.
It proved to be snniethinix more than a convention,
iiolhiiiir less than the bcjiiiinini^ of a series of con-
vocations which were reijiilar and of supreme impor-
tance. It is known as the I'irst Continental Con-
•fress. It consisted of tifty-three members. It was
opened with an eloquent uddre ' by the supremo
orator of \'irn;iiiia and of the entire country, Pat-
rick Ilenry. The next year lie was elected governor
of Virijinia, and over after remained a jirovincial
statesman, in jiractieal work ; but his lulvocacy of
!) >
iki
■■!•;'.,■
i. I ,
m
MM
'^iJCJIlj;
S"4
COI.ONIAIv GROWTH AND OUTUKOWni.
tlii> viu'lil'* of lliiM'oloiiifS ami (K'liuiiriiilioiis of u[)-
pri'ssiini cut ilk' liiiii to tlio jh'oI'duiuI i^riitiliulo of
till' Million. He was horn in ITiti ami ilicil in It'.i'.'.
Tlu' ilclilMMat-ions of tin' lirsi congress \vc'ri> I'liarar-
Icri/i'il by prudcnco. Tlioiv was no di'liancf, no
menace. .\ i'es[H'elfnl |K^lilion was drawn iip expres-
sive of iinswervini; loyally ti> I lie kin^, hut. earnest ly
jirotesliuij; iiLcainst. (juarlt riu;:; armies upon tlio itolo-
iii(>s airaiusl tlu'ir eonsent. .V rosojulion was also
adopiei. totheelTeel that no eommereial intereourse
im. .irlalized at. Munker Hill, learned what, was to
ho done, he seut-1'iiul Uevere tonnisetliosurrouiuliui,'
towns and call out the minute men. II is ride lias
heen rendered illuslrious hy IiOni;l'ellow's ihrillim;;
poem on the suhjeel. lu an iueredihly short tiiuo
thirty Ihousaml hrave men were on their way in
hot hasie to "• Boston town," muskiM in hand.
The liallle of Lexini^ton was the tirst eugajxiMucut
of tlu^ Ivevolulionary War. It was fought, early in
the spriuii: of Wi'k (ieueral (iage sent 8(tO mou to
should lu^ held with I'aiijland until a eham^e of jxd-
rom a British point of
Imost a declaration of
>nie.'
icv towards I he coli
view that resolution w
1''
war.
.Vhout this time the people formed lluMnselve
l)eop
into military eoiupaiiies, sworn to serve
u the do-
fens'.' of their riiilus at a moineut's iiotie'c, 1
luiuuli' men.
leuee
Then' had iiecii some preiiKmitorv
.symptoms of war in the wavof iMllisions and hlood-
.>^hcd in ihe streets of Boston .''nd New York, also
in North Carolina; hut nolhinLT .•ip|iroaehiiiij; the
diu'iiitv of ii liaitl
A,
ual hostilities wci't' inaui:;ii-
rated hv tl
Briti
It B)st
on.
liev can
the cilv. (ieueral (Jauc was ii
niMiaded
imand of tlu'
IsuLdish fori't's. .\,-
as Dr. Warren, aflerwanU
destroy some military siqiplies at Coiieord. They
aeeoiu|)lished their olijeet without very serious oppo-
sition, hut (111 their I'cliirii they wen' met hy " the
I'lnhattlcd farmers," who had i^athered to ^ive them
a warm iiivetiiisj;. The British, were routed iii that
first eneoiinter. the hattleof Loxiiiirtoii. Thirty-ouo
towns were represoiited in that I'oiillict. That
" hrus'i," for it was hardly more, .si'rved to sharply
outline and distinctly presaijc the conlliet: which
was to closi> with the siii'rcnder of Coniwallis at
Yorktown. The war which lieii;aii in the spring; of
1T!."> was destined to cud in the fall of I'.'^l. .Most
appropriately, what licLTaii in Massachusetts closed in
\'iri;iiiiii.
1 Continental ('oiiLrrcs< mel at I'liila-
T
le .sccoiK
Hilt. NTH.-* to
irroiiii'liiii;
lis riilo h!i!<
v's ihrillins?
sliovt tiiiio
R'iv wiiy ill
liiuul.
otiiiaiicniont.
,'lit. early in
S(i() iiiou to
'^<
oiu'onl. They
sorii>iirtoi)\io-
iiu't by " tl>i^
■il U) liivo ihiMii
routotl ill thill
i,i\. 'riiivly-iiuo
onl\i>'t. 'riiat
votl to (iliariily
coulUot wl»i''l>
f (^niiNviillis lit
11 till' spriiii; »f
of 11S1. Most
lusolts flosi'il ill
iiu-l ill I'liilii-
^
COI.ONIAI. IJKOWni AND OUTi;KO\VTll.
505
^ — s
^IfiSi'in ■
506
COLONIAL GROWTH AND OUTCiUOWTH.
Ijio liiLU'r tukiiiix llio roiiiiiiiiiiil. An iissuult. wiis
iiiiiilc. Tlio 1,'iilliiiit, cumniiiiidcr lost, liis lilV, Ar-
iKilil Wiis Kcvcri'ly wmimlcd, iiiiil tlui wliolo of tlio
(■\|HMlitii)M (1i'IV;iUm1 t'ui-cvcr. Tlio haltlc (if (^iioluu^
was I'oP'jliI, on llic last, day <it' 1 7T."i. In a short,
tinio t,l,c ,$rit,isli ivcaiitnrcd .Monl,rc'al and St. .lolm's,
tlms .suit linj,', at, t,li(' outset, the nortlicrn iMMindary
of t,lio I'nilod States, and liindin^j; Canada with ado-
iiiiil handculTs wliiuli aro now worn as bnicolots.
Witli tlio winter of lTT.")-';tl he^^ins \\'asliin;;lon's
groat oiireer. llis lirsfc aim was to compel the Urit-
isli to evaeiiato Hoslon.
Works wore oreot.od at,
Donliestor llei<:lits wliicli
forced (ieneral Howe, wiio
hud superseded (reneral
k^v (ia^'o, to evacuate. U'itii
S'oviT a thousand 'i'oriesaiid
his own army, he saileil for
Halifax, wli'.h served as 11
■ ■»
GKNi;it.\L .MouLTKiB. reiide/.voiis for the Hritisli
(luring the war. liencoforth to i\H' eiul llu' proli-
lem for Wasliington was to so conduct a defensive?
warfare as to tiri' out the enemy and prevent, so far
as possible, the loss of life
and the di'struction of prop-
erty. It was the I'"al)ian pol-
icy upon 11 coutinental scale.
What the next movement
would lie, no on(? could ttdl.
Washingl(Ui feared an at-
tack upon .New \di'k. Il, was
a very ini[i<)rlant, point,, al-
(iK.Ni.uAi. i.K.R though smaller then than
Boston. Hut the Kritisli Heel, steered fart iuu- south
when it sailed away from Halifax, ap|H'aring in
(Miarleston harhor in .lune. (ieneral Charles I,ec,
who was in comniand of the southern deparlmeni,
thought, it hopeless to dei'enil the city, hut. Colonel
Moultrie resolved to try it,, erecting a rude fort, on
Sullivan's Island. From that point ho (!anouade(l
the licet before it, could bombard the city. Thi!
enemy was oidiged to aiiandon the assault, (ieneral
Clinton, who was at the head of the expedition, then
set his sails for New Ndrk. 'I'hc fort (in that island
has ever since borne the nain(f o!' .Moultrie.
'I'he next event of inteicst was the Dcilaration
of IndeiH'udcnce. After some hesitation and with
great ileliberal ion Congress decided to throw olT all
di.sgni.so and boldly announce indcjK'iidenoo. A
committee for that jiurpose was ap|iointed, consist-
ing of Thonias JelVerson, .Iidin Adams, Uenjamiu
l''ranklin, Ifobcrt i,ivingsloM and Woger SherK an.
The declaration was submitted by .IcITerson, who is
suppo.sed to have written it. His was cei'tainly " tho
pen of a ready writer." The members signed it,
.John llancoek, the Presi-
dent, leading olt with liis
bold sign numual. 'i'ho
country was fairly eleotriliod
by tho dt^claration. It in-
spired the jiatriotism of all
S(!ctions, and for the tinu'
obliterated provincial l)reju-
dices and converted thirteen
colonies into states. Houchn
forth there was no reeogni- "'"^ nANnu k.
tion of colonial obligations. State legislatures una
governors weni elected and the nuu'hanism of local
self-goverimiont st't ui) ut once, und substantially an
now. There was no nation thou, only the cndiry-
onie elements of one, but the states, like Minerva,
sprung forth fully urmed. It is a curious fact that
the great uct, which originutod und wus completed on
u broudly nutiotnil scule hud the eilect to creute
slates long before it bore fruit in the creation of u
nation, in u well-dellned politicul sense of the term.
W(' have in this chaplcr followed llu? cour.'^e of
British I'ule and American growth and outgrowlh to
the point where the colonies emerge into stales and
tluM'orner-stoiie (d' the mitiori was laid. There are
a l'e\r great nanu's and events which belong to that
pcrioil (list inctiv(dy, und io which s|iccilie attention
should be calleil before proceeding further.
The captain-general of Massachusetts when the
lu'volulionary War began was Artiunas Ward. He
."Ustaincil much the sauKM'clat ion to that war that
(ieneral Scott did to llu; civil war of a century later.
He was elected major-general, but never served after
(ieneral Washington assumed eommund. A\'illiani
Pres(;ott was the American commander ut Hunker
Hill (or Breed's Hill, us that buttle should huve been
culled). Later be f(Uight in the ruidis. He was
a brtivo und abk; man. The glories of Bunker
Hill, howcNcr, iMishrined tin! name of . Joseph Wur-
ren. I l(M\-as a physician, ('ongress elected him u
inujor-gencrul, but he wus nmrlally wounded in de-
fending the illustrious hill, und died while lighting in
k^
"^1^ I '^
lenco. A
'{\, consist.-
Ut'iij.'iiiiiii
Slion: iiii.
son, wliii iii
Uiiiily " tlie
1 signed it,
lANCIK'K.
IslillllfCS illKl
I ism of lociil
)st:iintjiilly as
■ the oniliry- I
iko Minerva, '
0118 fiu't tliat
lc(mil)k't('il on
ct to create
ition of a
r the U-rni.
u^ coinvc of
itirrowlh to
) slates and
There are
onjr t.o tliat
ic attention
ler.
s when the
Wanh He
Kit war tl\at
ciitnry later,
r served after
1,1. William
r at Hunker
ilil have heen
ks. He was
s of Banker
Joseph War-
li'etetl him a
\iiii1imI in ile-
iileliL'htin<rin
COLONIAI. (iROVVTH AM) (JUTCiROWTH.
5^'7
the ranks, "Tlio Sword of liunkor Hill " wiw a mus-
ket. James Otis was the lirst defemler of the rijjlit of
Ke[)aration and the duly of union hetwetMi Liio eoio-
nics. Ho was stricken down just heforo the
war hej^un. He was not ((uile fifty years of ai,'e at
that time. Saunu'l Adams, u secorul cousin of .loiiu,
was iiardly less useful in tiiose preliminary days tiiau
Otis, H(! was a man of j^n^it wisdom and iii;^ii cour-
age. Wluit iu! ,!j;randly he^^an his yoMui,'er cousiu
an author and a discoverer. Morn in Hoston in ITOU,
iu! survived until IT'.H). He was a [irinter iiy trade.
I lis career as a man l)eij;au in I'hiiadolphia, wiu're in
17;K! he nuirried and started tlie J'ciuLti/lriinid (itiirllc,
newspaper. He may lieealiecl the father of tiie press,
insurance, science and inveiilion in America. His
experiiiRMits in idectricity and discovery of the
|)rineipie on wliieli his i^reat. inveni ion, tiie lij^htninij;-
rod, rests, made him l'anu)us at Lome and ahroad.
worthily mainl-ained to the end. Tlie .Vdams family
is the most illustrious
in the political annals
of Anu'rica. Uut the
supreme name of the
jieriod was Henjamiu
Krankliu, He lived, it
is true, to reuiler im-
portant service t-o his
country at the French
(!ourt after the declar-
ation hail heen issueil,
Blind in franiinj,^ liiecou-
JAMES OTiH. stitution, luit his hest
days wore colonial. He early or!j;anized tiie postal
system of the country. Tranklin was a philosopiier,
Knj^land and I''rance (kdijjjlited to honor iiim. lie
wasj^iveii the title of \Ai. !)., I''. 1>. S., and otiierwiso
recoLfnized, As a writer his chief aim was to incul-
cate i^iiod haiiits, espcciallv fruL;alit,y. His '' I'oor
Uielijird's .\lnianac," puhlislie(l anniudly from \7-Vl
to K'lT, madi! him familiarly known in this country
an<l lari^ely iu Mui^dand to a class of pi-ople not ca-
pahle of followin;^ his scientilic treatises. He tilled
many positions of trust, the last liein;^ a nii'iulier of
the convi'iition wiiieli dr;ifted the Const il titioii of
the United States. He was then over ei^dity yiMirs
of ai,'e. In him were unitedsimplici,y,di;j;nity, pru-
dence, perseverance ami philanthropy. 'To him.
nioi'e than to any oik! els(% unless il, he Thomas Jef-
ferson, is this nation iiidehled for the complete seji-
aration of church and stale
When h(^ died the
-M
m
i' ■
W'
^i.i
508
COLONIAL GROWTH AND OUTGROWTH.
whole nation nionrneil. Washington was itulccil the
fatiier of liis country, but Franklin is no less deserv-
ing of deathless honor and gratitude. It was
not without good reason that the learned men of
France, a century ago,
were accustomed tosjwak
of the United States as
"Franklin's llepublic."
During the period thus
far traversed, this coun-
try was ahnost wholly
agricultural. Its com-
merce was very consid-
erable, but clandestine.
Under the restraints of
colonial suppression, law-
ful coni-
ni e r c e
was con-
fined en-
tirely to
E nglish
umiisii FLAG, bottoms,
and only the British
flag allowed in American
waters. The pioneers of
American shipping were
smugglers, and the mer-
chant princes of the day
were largely engaged in contraband trade. Sliip-
building.however, was tolerated, and throve greatly,
until the home government interfered, and checked
BENJAMIX FHANKUN.
it. Ordinary maimfacturea were few and insignifi-
cant. For a century and a half the English hi
America were under colonial restraints, and succeed-
ed only in laying the foundations of a great future.
Speaking of the Amer-
ican jxjople in this stage
of development, a recent
historian well observes,
" These peoj)le, whose
ancestors had been driven
into exile by the exac-
tions of Euro]X3au gov-
ernments and the bigot-
ry of ecclesiastical power,
had become the rightful
proprietors of the New
World. They had fairly
won it from savage man
and savage nature. They
had subdued it and built
states within it. They
owned it by the claims
of actual possession ; by
toil and trial ; by the or-
deal of suffering; by
peril, privation, and
hardship ; by the ba|>
tism of sorrow and the
shedding of blood." The
time had now fully come for the announcement
and establishment of the principles of Union and
IndeiKiudence.
Bdi-
^i
CHAPTER LXXVIII
Hessians— Battle op Long Island and tiik Disasteii Kesultinii— The Spbino of 1777—
Marquis iie La Fayette— Battle of- Bkaniiywine— Tub W'au in the Nouth— Valley
FoBGE— Conobessional Action— DisTiNnnsiiEi) Fohkkineus in the Ameiucan Aumy-- 1778—
1779— 1780— Mi-tiny and Finance in 1781— Ahnoi.d and New London— Loud Cornwallis
AND YouKTowN— Peace— Tub War Deiit and the Union— The C'onstitl-tion— The Obkat
Crisis and its Leadinu Features- Fuom July 4, 1776, to March 4, 1780.
■ LL disguise wus now thrown
off, all hesitation at an end.
Ilencefortii to tlio end of tlie
conflict it was treason in
Aiuerioa to sympathize with
^Great IJritain and in En-
;rrland to synii)athize with tiie
relielliou., colonies. Tiie
British government freely sfieut money
in hiring mercenary troops from petty
German states (known in onr history
j^ as Hessians) and in securing Indian
allies. Tlie number of Hessians were
seventeen thousand, many of wliom de-
serted and became American citizens.
Tiie only remaining military ojiera-
tions of that flrst year of the war were in Now York
and New Jersey. Eigiit days after the Declaration
of Independence Lord Ilowe sailed into Now York
Bay. Ilis brother General IIowc, was already on
Staten Island ~ith a force of oO,000 men. Tiie
Howes thought they were masters of the situation.
They offered pardon to all rebels who returned to
allegiance. They mistook public sentiment. On
the 3Gtli of August the battle of Long Island
was fought, General Clinton at the head of the
British forces. The Americans, under Gener-
als Sullivan and Sterling,
were routed. T^ho dead on
our side were several hundred,
the prisoners nearly one thou-
sand. The latter were sent
on board of " prison ships," as
Ethan Allen had been before
them. During the war no less
than 11,01)0 Americans perish-
ed on these floating bastiles. o^'"'^"*'' «^"^'™^-
The disaster of Long Island rendered necessarj-
the retreat of Washington.
He crossed East liiver and es-
talilished his headipiarters on
Harlem Heights first Howe
took possession of Nt r York
City. A great conllagration
consumed al)out Ave hundred
houses. The battle of White
Plahis followed, Octol)er 27,
in which Washington was de- oekeral sullivax
feated, but not routed. Ho retired in good order to
North Castle. He now began to be api)reheiisivo
for the safety of Philadelphia. He crossed to New
Jersey, intending to defend the city which was in
(5"9)
srr
■'■ -lii
w
lip. '1' '■. •
lAf i
fvT
■!r".- ■
;io
INIJICI'LCNDKNCK AND UNION.
oireut the iiiitional cai)itiil. Hut lie was Ido Iiitc. ll.
was takoii l)y tlio British, Novunilwr I'J, and witli
it 'i,(>i)0 iiri.soiiurs in arms, Coiiirress was olilii^'cil to
tako hasty luavo for MaU.iiiioro. " 'IMii'si' aro times
that try men's souls," wrote the l>ri!liMnt patriot,
'I'lionias Paine. Cornwaiiis rapidly followed Wash-
ington who orossed the Delaware, takini^ care, how-
over, todostroy tho hoats hehind him. < hi (Iiiristmas
night ho
look hy sur-
prise and
captured a
til on sand
Hessians at
Trenton. A
week later,
it lioiiigcvi-
di'iit that
Corn wallis
intendeil to
fail on till!
Continent-
als, Wash-
ington, not
waiting for
tlie attaek,
marched at
oiiee ujioii
Princetou
where there
was sonie-
thiiig over
three regi-
ments of
the enemy.
At day-
hreak, Jan-
nary 3, 1T7T, he fell upon tiie town, and in
twenty minutes he had routed and dispersed tlie
British -with a loss on tiiat side of ^00 killed and
wounded and 2150 ])risoners. The Amcriean loss
was slight. 'IMie moral elfect of t his victory was very
great. It revived the hopes of the country and led
to a series of operations which resulted in driving
the eiieniy out of the " the Jerseys." /hoiit this
time, however, lioth armies went into Winter quar-
ters, the British at New Brunswick, the Americans
at Morristowii.
Thus far Washinirton would seem to have been a
failure, yet Congress liad no thought of displacing
him. Oil the contrary, he hiul grown in their good
opinion. That winter he was clothed with supronio
authority in all military matters, invested with
almost dictatorial i>owers. Tho winter wa« employed
in recruiting his thinned ranks. By spring lie had
ail army of ten thousand men. There was consid-
erable skirmishing during the winter and spring,
Washington
oh t aining
some advan-
tage, but
the mam ar-
mies did not
resume op-
erations un-
til June,
then the two
armies were
slow in com-
ing togeth-
er.' The Brit-
ish General,
Burgoy lie,
was moving
southward
from C an-
oxia, re-tak-
ing Crown
Point and
Ticondero-
ga. Wash-
ington was
jicrplexed to
hud out if
llowo in-
tended to co-ojierate with Burgoyne and sweep all
I'eforo them from New York har-
bor to St. John's, or to swing
around and fall upon Philadel-
phia, lie had to bo on the alert
to meet either emersjfeiiev. July .J
2'-], Howe left General Clinton in u
command at New York, and
with eighteen thousand soldiers
sailed for the Delaware. Wash-
GESERAL LA FAYETTtt
main army to succor Philadelphia. Tho condition
ingtoii made all haste
tiL.
"Tu
'^&
isplacing
leir good
supiomo
ited with
employed
ig lie had
lis consid-
id spring,
iisliiugtou
btiiining
nieadviui-
ig.S but
le main ar-
lies did not
jsunie op-
rations un-
il June,
1 1 (. J-VCll
hen the two
ivniies were
;lo\v in com-
ing togeth-
3r. 'IMie Brit-
ish (ieueral,
BurgoN ne,
was moving
southward
from Oan-
a*hi, re-tak-
in'T Crown
Point and
Ticondero-
ca. Wash-
ington was
)cri)lexcd to
ind out if
Howe ill-
id sweep all
iVL LA FAYETTK
|he condition
t^
r
♦71
INDEPKNDKNCK AND UNION.
511
of the country was critical in the extreme. Just
then came tlie Manjuis do La Fayette. Tiiis young
Frencli nobleman, of whom we heard in connection
witli the subsuiiuent French IJcvoUitiun, met Wash-
ington July ;J1. He had Ikjcu mailo a Ma,jor-(reneral
bv Congress a few davs before. 'I'he reinforcemcnis
tlie enemy at (lermantown, but sullereil defeat.
Soon alter, Jlowe made I'liiladelpliia tlie winter
([Uartcrs of ills whole army, Washington going into
cam[) fourteen miles distant, at Wliite Marsh.
Turning now to the nortliern army, we find (Jen-
cral St. (Jhiir oliHi-'ed to al)andon the stromiiioldson
WASHINGTON CROS8TNO THE DELAWARE.
lie brought were of incalculable imi)ortance. Now,
for tlie first time, the Com-
mander-in-chief was ready for
a pitched battle. It came
September 11, and is known
a-; tlie Battle of the Brandy-
wine. It was fought .several
miles above Wilmington, Dela-
ware. It was a hard-fought
battle. La Fayette was wound-
ed. The Americans were
obliged to fall back toward
Philadelphia. Congress, wliicli
had returned from Baltimore,
now made haste to seek a safe
retreat, going first to Lancaster and tlieii to York.
In October Washinirton attacked the detachment of
64
the west shore of Champlain. The main body of
T his army retreated toward Fort
Edward, New York. A de-
tachment crossed the lake un-
der Colonel Setli Warner. An
engagement occurred at ITub-
b'U'dton, Vermont, July T,
1T7T, which resulted in the
defeat of the Americans.
About that time AVhitehall,
then Skcncsborough, was very
nearly destroycil by the British,
who weie having everything
their own way. But August IG
'lATTi-K AT THE HKANUYwiNK. tluTc was fouglit aiul won by
the patriots the battle of Bennington, the second
and last battle of the war on Vermont soil. Colonels
^PT
ilj*r If '
i^i...-
[i;
.;) •.
*■■. -'•'
*'-^:
A< -„
1 1
iHiilll,
i
Is '7'" «■ I •
lui
t !
lliiii" 'm
i:
! , i
r?
512
INniClMCNIJKNCE AND UNION.
Jolin Stark ami Setli Warner rallied there a bravo
forc'o of Yankees, and defeated
a detaeliinent of the Hrili.sh
army. Ahont tliat time the
enemy s^utTered defeat in the
Moiiawk valley, Oeneral Ar-
|j iiolil being at the head of the
Ameriean forces. Tiie Knsili.sh
general, Knrgoyne, fixed his
camp near .Saratoga, and (ion-
«KNt;aAL Bi. cLAn. ^,j.^i ^.^^^^ ^^ ^,,^, Americans
established Ins eamj) not far from that of tiie
enemy. Two indot:isivc engagements followed, when
Burgoyne, desj)airing of reinforcements and short
of provisions, surrendered. That was a most en-
couraging turn in the tide of fortune. That may bo
called tlie first really great victory of the war.
While tiio ojK'rations in Ihe
North were thus brilliant, Wash-
ington's movements farther
south were cloufled with gloom.
December 11 he took up jier-
nnment winter riuarters at Valley
Forge. That was a winter of
horrible sutToring. From AVhito
Marsh to Valley Forgo was nine-
teen miles, and the inarch was
stained witii tlio blood of bleeding feet. Tiie army
was almost naked and actually hungry. Tiie hero-
ism which sustained them was a match for the hero-
ism which had triumphed at Saratoga.
It was in 1TT7 tliat Congress wlopted the national
flag as we now have it, thirteen stripes of red
and white, and thirteen stars on a blue background,
the former rejiresenting the
states and tlie latter the
union. It also framed and
subnuttcd to the several states
the Articles of Confederation,
which were iu)t fully adopted,
liowevcr, until 1783.
The spring of 1778 oixjned
with revived hoije. France
became the avowed ally of
tlie United States, tlianks in
part to tlie diplomacy of Dr. Franklin and in part
to tiie F'reiicl' hostility to England. The recog-
nition of American independence by lihe govern-
ment at Paris was all-important. The surrender of
BAUON SltUbBN.
BAROy DE KALB.
Hurgoyno served as a powerful aid iu securing that
recognition. Other iMiroixjans
besides La F'ayetto canio to our
assistance. Baron Steuben, a
Prussian of thorough military
training, became Inspector-
General, lie did much iu the
way of discii)lining the raw
recruits and volunteer oHicers
of our army. Another Ger-
man, Baron Do Kalb, render-
ed excellent service. Two gallant Poles, Count Pu-
laski, who died in our cause, and Thaddeus Koscius-
ko, who survived to lead his own country iu unavail-
ing efforts at national restoration, also came to our
aid in the dark hour of our sorest need.
When General Clinton left Philadelphia to join
Howe iu Kew York, Wash-
ington dogged his retreating
steps. At ilonmouth an en-
gagement occurred. At first
tlie British were successful,
but General AVashingtou
going to the front in jwrson,
saved the day and turned de-
feat into victory.
rni 1 - 1 1 i! COUNT PULASKL
iliat summer a band of
Tories and Indians from "Western New York de-
scended upon the peaceful inhabitants of the lovely
Wyoming
valley in
Pennsyl-
vania, as
also Cher-
ry Valley,
in New battle at moniioutu.
York, committing every outrage. The massacre was
avenged the following year by
General Sullivan. Howe's llect
was held in check by the
F'rench ileet under D'Estaing.
On the whole, the British went
into winter quarters in New ■ i^S^^ fSKSS^k' 1
York and the Americans at
Middlebrook, with the war no
nearer its close, apparently,
than it was when tlie first gun count d'estaino.
was fired. For the patriots, 1779 was a gloomy year.
The two fleets, French and English, sailed south-
v/ (AMCRIMNS
-&R
that
ESTAINO.
loiny year,
led south-
r
^
INDKPENDENCIi AND UNION.
5M
wunl, tlio former to attack Hritisli posscHsions in tlio
Curihl)uaii soa, and tlio hit-
ter to defend tliein. The
war, so far a.s concerned
tliis country, was mostly in
the South tluit year, (ieori^ia
and the Carohnas. Tories
were numerous, and tiio pa-
triotic mihtia had to bear
tiie hnint of the war with-
GENKU.vL PICKENS. out deiMjudeuco U|H)n tiie
forces of the rei^ular army. General Pickens and
General Marion rendered most excellent service.
It was in fu-
tile endeavor
to regain Sa-
vannah tliat
Count Pu-
laski lost his
gallant life.
The British
Parliament
showed great
determina-
tion to curl)
the reltellious
colonies, and
the Freneii,
on the other
OSNERAL OATKa
WKST I'OINT.
hand, showed signs of weakening. In liiSUtiie Brit-
ish were still successful at the South. Charleston
fell, and witli it Lincoln and his three thousand
men. Tiie battle of Camden was fought between
the English under Cornwallis,
and the Americans under
Gates, the h'-ro of Saratoga.
Cornwallis won a comjileie
victory. In that battle fell
Baron Do Kalb.
In the Xortli, Benedict Ar-
nold forfeited his hitherto
honoralile name by basely
selling himself to the enemy.
Ilis betrayal of his country came very near proving
fatal. His treasonable design was to surremler the
stronghold of West Point to the British. Tiie de-
tails of the infamous business were arranged in an
interview between ifajor Andre, of Clinton's staff,
and Benedict Arnold, then in command at West
OENEnAL LINCOLN.
Point. Wliile letuniing from the interview Andro
was taken prisoner on sus-
liicion of lieing a spy, and
])ai)ers setting fortii the plot
were found on his jierson.
lie was tried, convicted and
hanged. Arnolil made goo. 1
hi;! escape, only to live dc-
siiised and uii.serablo, his name
a synonym for treachery. The
year 1781 ojiened witii a mu-
tiny at Morristown. The
sullerings of tlio soldiers had boconie unendurable.
Fifteen hun-
dred of tiio
Pcnnsylvani-
ans tiircaten-
cd to march
on I'hiladel-
phia and "in-
terview" Con-
gress at tiic
point of the
bayonet.
They were
only prevent-
ed from so
doing by Con-
gress meeting
them witli jtrovision for tiieir more pressing imme-
diate wants. For this mutiny bickerings in Con-
gress were more at fault tiian tlic soldiers them-
selves, but the cliief cause, it must lie conceded,
was the almost utter jiros-
tration of the public means
of supjiort. Every device
for raising revenue had
been exhausted and the
treasury was empty. Kobert
Morris, one of the mer-
chant princes of Philadel-
l)hia, rendered the great--
est service in raising funds
for Congress to employ in
the prosecution of the war. iiknkhk r ahnom).
The year which opened so inauspiciously jiroved
to be the last one of the war. La Fayette's inllu-
ence secured the co-oiwration of a second French
lleet. That fleet had 7,()(»0 men on board, under the
^r
^f
514
INDEPENDENCE AND UNION.
;i r !•'
1 1 1-
::
[^
!■•; I ■■
■ il'
^^
ffiF!';:
conimund of Count IIocIuiiiiImjiiu. Iu Soiilli Ciir-
iiliiiii ( leiic'i'iil ( Ireono wiw
ill ('(iiiiiimiul, iinil won
the victory of Cowpons.
1'iio enemy no lon;^er
ussuniod till) iiiigressivo.
Tim biittio of (iuiifonl
Coiirt-IIon.se, Xortli Ciir-
olinii, was one of tlie
BUUEIIT JIUUIim.
most severe of tlio war, but
it was aviutory for noitlier
side, Tliat battle was
fonglit in Marcii, Cow-
jwiis in January. Tlio
2»atriot army of tlic Soiitli
was under tiie fomnuind
of General Xatlianiel
(ireeiie, of lUiode Island,
one of the liravcst and
most strategic of Ameri-
can soldiers, lie was one
of tlie few generals of the
revolution who thoroughly
understood the science of
war, and lie was self-
tauglit. Ueneral Greene
was l)orn in IT-l'-J. After
tiie war he engaged in cot-
ton raising in Georgia.
lie died on his plantation
in 1T80.
'I'iie British general at
Cow|)ens was Bannastro Tarleton ; at Guilford,
Cornwallis himself was in com-
mand. Tiio last battle of the
war in the Carolhuis was fought
at Eutaw Springs on the 8th of
Sejitembor. Tiie Continentals
were repulsed. During the
summer Cornwallis committed
depredations in Virginia, now
for the first time during the
COUNT DE RocHAMBEAiT. y..^,. Income the Held of actual
operations. La Fayette was in command of the
Virginia district. Washhigton planned a blow for
tiie recovery of New York, whoro Clinton still lield
possession, but finding that
tlio French ileet would soon
enter the Ciiesaiioake, ho
cliaiiged liis plan, still keep-
ing up the ajipearaiice of
preparations for Xew York.
In the meanwiiile, Cornwallis
was fortifying himself at ^ /*"^^>~
COLO.VEL TARLETO^f.
Yorktown. When Clinton
discovered the design of
Wasliingtoii, lie attemjited
to divert him from his
purpose by .sending the
traitor Arnold against
New London, Coiinccti-
ciit. The town was burnt,
its fort, Griswold, taken
and its gallant defenders
rutiilessly massacred after
tiiey liad surrendered. The
fall of l"\>rt Griswold and
New London closed opera-
tions at tiie Xortii. Tiie
last move ujioii tiie chess-
board was al)out to bo
made in ^'irginia.
Tlie Frcncli ileet, under
Count Do Grasse, block-
aded tlie York and James
rivers, wliile tlie Frenoli
and American forces on
the land comjiletcd the in-
vestiture of Yorktown.
Hemmed in on every side,
Cornwallis could not escape, and on tlie 9th of
OctotxT connontiding com-
menced. Tlie British held out
until the lOth day of the
month, when Cornwallis sur-
rendered to Washington his
sword and his army, abcnit
10,000 men.
On botli sides it was felt that
the end had come. Neither
army had any heart for fur- ^^ cornwallis.
thcr Idoodslied. Both may be said to have rested on
tiieir arms for the negotiation of terms of peace. In
INUEPKNDENCIi AND UNION.
515
Novenilxir of the next your a jjrovisional treaty was
signed. Tlic cessation of iios-
tilities \7art forniaiiy announced
in April, I'Sii. On tiie third day
of tlio following September the
linal treaty was signed at Paris,
-^ nearly two years after the war
>|^ hiul virtually closed. In these
days of electricity and steam
COUNT DE 0RA88E. everything would have been ar-
rangcil in two niontiis.
It was ill l)oceinl)cr, ITTo, that the Continental
Congress jtassed a bill creating a navy, with Ezekiel
Hopkins in command of it. Thirteen vessels were
authorized. They were built,
but were of no service. All
were captured by the British or
destroyed, to keep them out of
British hands. But American
waters swarmed with privateers.
Hundreds of British ships
were captured. The Raphael
Senimes of the llev(duti;»nary
War was Paul Joros, who with
his ]}nii Ilnnime Hirhanl, car-
rying forty guns, cai)tured the
British Sci-api.i, carrying forty-
four guns. The engagement
occurred oif the coast of Scot-
land in the fall of 1779.
The ratification of the ar-
ticles of confederation was c()ni])letcd the same year
that Cornwallis surrendered. But even then the
states did not form a nation, ar.a it was a very grave
question whether the Union would be dissolved or
l)eri)etuated. In the very
act of disbanding the army
this issue was raised in a
])ractical, if somewhat in-
direct, way. The order for
its disbandment was given
by Congress after the rat-
ification of the final treaty,
and tliree weeks before the
British evacuated New
York. Washington took
leave of his comrades ' a
very aj)propriate address on tlie '-J.'id of Doeeirjor,
SIEGE OF YOUKTOWN,
tioii at Mount Vernon. All that was easy enough,
Imt what must 1)0 done to pay tiie arrearages of the
soldiers and defray the war debt ? Congress had no
power to levy the now'ssary taxes, and the ex|)eri-
mont of an irredeemable jjaptT money luul Ixvn car-
ried so far that tUe Continental currency was worth-
less. The individual states wore asked to meet tho
demand. This was found to bo a very unsatisfactory
reliance.
The inadequacy of the confederation to the de-
mands of tiio country led to the lioldingof a conven-
tion called, theoretically, to amend tho existing ar-
ticles of confederation, but practically, as it proved,
for the framing of a radically different organic law,
the constitution under which
f/ifse I^'^nited States became
f/w United States. George
Washington presided over that
])re-eniineiitly important de-
lil)erative body. It met at
Philiulelphia, and completed
its work Septemlter 17, 1787.
In several states there was con-
siderable opi)ositi()n to its rati-
ficaMon, but it was adopted
and went into oiHjration March
4, 178(1, witliout having re-
ceived the in('.orsement of
>('(»rth Carolina or llhodo
Island.
From July 4, 177t), to March
JOHN I'Airi. JONES.
resigned his commission and retired to his jilanta-
4, 178il, was the jTcriijil during which the founda-
tions of the groat rei)ublic were laid. During all
that time the stat(\smanship of the country was
severely tested, and the triumphs of i)cace were
greater than those of war Other armies have fought
as bravely but no land was ever blessed with such a
truly sub) no array of great statesmen ap{x,>aring
upon tho stage of action at the sai le jieriod. At its
head stood tho venerable Franklin with the august
Washington at his side, while the youthful Hamil-
ton and Madison not only helped as leaders to frame
tho Constitution, butby their jtens in its advocacy to
secure its ado])tion. In all the history of mankind
can be found no crisis more ctritical and important
than tho one through which tho United States
l)assod in developing frmn thirteen colonies into a
Confederation, and then into a Union solemnly
declared to be i)cr))etual.
t^
I f
,;ri':»
The Yoi'Tii or this IIkpiiu.u— Wakiiimiton and Hih iNAidmiATKiN— Tiik Capitai.— Indians
AND WiiirtKV— Tiik "MuNitoK Ductuink ' -Kinanck— TiiK National IIank -Kihkt Cknsis—
Nkw Statks AM) Si.AVKiiv— .Ions Adam-' AiuiiNisTitATioN— .Ikffknson -Ililui and Uamii-
TON— TlIK I.OIISIANA I'rilCMACK-WMl iK ISI'.'— ( JKNKltAI. DKAIUIOHN -NAVAI, HaTTI.KS—
I.AND HaTTI.KS — lA-NDV> I.ANK AND I'l.ATT-lir llO— .1 ACIisON AND NKW ( llll.EANK- lIlUNlNU OP
WASUlNdTON— TllK TUKATY— Al.llKlllNK I'lllArV — liKVlKW OK TIIK I'KlllOl).
ATIOKS, like iiulivithuils,
liiivu their infiiin'V, ciiikl-
liood, youtli, iiiiijority iiml
senility. AVo liiivo now
'^5/3 iviu'hed the adok'seont po-
'*>C7'i"^'""'^^^ ''"'^ "^ Aiiiericiiii history,
^^^ ^ty^ iiiid are to traeo in Uiis
(■hii])ter tiio progress of tiie United
States ill its teens, from March 4,
ITSO, to March -1, ISK.
George Washington was elected
liie first President of tiie ' United
States, practically witlioiit opposi-
tion, to take the oilice ilarch 4, 1T8'J,
the day apjiointed for the Constitu-
tion logo into elt'ect. John Adams
was elected Vice-President. Each
was re-elected fonr years later with-
out serious opposition.
Alihougli till' inauguration of Washington should
have oieurred on liie 4tli of March, it was not
until April 'M) tiiat a i|uoriim of the first Congress
under tlie Conslilution had convened at Ts'ew A'ork,
tiie temjiorury cajiital, and it was on the latter date
tiiat the oatii of otlice was ailniinisted.
One of the first tilings to be done by Congress was
to select a perniuneut capital. It was decided to
avoid all the cities, aiul even all the states, by a novel
jilan. A tract ten miles sipiare on the Potonuio
river, partly in Virginia and jiartly in Maryland, was
selected. It was ceded to the United States so far
as concerned jurisdiction, and became known as the
District of Columbia. Tlio selection of the site was
virtually left to President Washington, in whoso
honor the capital itself was named. To allow suit-
alile buildings to be erectt^l. Congress fixed the cap-
ital at Pliiladeliiliia for ten years.
During AVashington's administration occurred an
extensive Tiutian war lietween the Ohio and Wabash
rivers. The tribes in that region were somewhat
given to agriculture, but they were still savages and
bitterly hostile to t!ie westward e.xjjansion of
the area of civilization,
(^loncrals Harrison and St.
Clair were ilefeated by the
Indians, but (ieneral Wayne
finally won a complete victo-
ry. In 11 '.Id a treaty was g-
made which (piieted the In-
dian liiic to the Ohio valley.
About the same time occur-
red the AVhiskv Insurrection
in the Monongahela valley, """''^"^^ ^"'"^
AV'estern Pennsylvania. The distillation of whisky
(516)
by 11 novel
D I'otoiiuio
rylaiiil, wiis
iites so fiir
own as tho
ho sito was
ill wlioso
iillow suit-
ed tho cap-
)ce'uvroil an
ml Wabash
souicwliat
avagos and
)aiisioii of
H
i\©v
m
w
■WAYNE.
of
whisky
la »^
THh; YOUNli KKl'UUl.H".
517
was u proiuiiiuiit iiuhistry in tliat suutioii, and tlio tax
lovii'il upon it (hiriii;^' tliu adiiiinistrutiuii ul' Wasli-
iii''t()ii was
fooling;. Tlui Ki'derahsla, us tlio iHiily of WasliiuK-
tdii, Adams. Ilumiltun mid Jay was i-alli'd , woro
liillorlv do-
slri'iiiioiis-
Iv resisted.
Tiiomilita-
ry was eall-
oil out ami
tlie iusur-
I'l'iilsviuld-
I'd, Wash-
inj^toii ex-
iiiliiti'il ro-
ii>arlval>lo
f irmiiosa
and wis-
dom alsoiii
l)rovL'iiting
I lie Froncli
miiiistt'riii-
volviiigtiiis
country in
tlie inU'rmiiiahlc
INArdlltATInV <., WASIIINdTON.
Tlio
Bo-ca
liod
wars of KuiojK!,
" Afonroo JJootrino " siiould
ho Known ns '• Wasliinirton's
jiulicy."' Tiiofact tliat James
,Monroo was minister to
France at Die time eoiineeted
liis iiamo witii tho doctrine.
Tho facts are tlieso : Wiien
Franco, tho great national
friend of America, was in-
volved in war with other
Earoj)can powers, incident to
tho French Revolution, tiiero
was a very strong feeling in
this country in favor of help-
ing her. There was much
to bo said in support of the
policy. But it was decided
that then and always this
repuhlio would stand aloof
from coini)licatiou in tho
wars of other nations. No
ft)reign jjower must nicddlo
with our affairs, nor will wo
interfere with theirs. Tho
\Tisdom of this ])olicy was not apparent to all at the
time. On tho contrary, it occasioned intense party
nouni'odi)y
tho HepulH
lican party
of .lolt.'r-
soii, liiirr
and jMadi-
sou. ihit
tho sohor
8 ond-
thought of
tho people
a)ipr(i\edit.
Tiie I'Vdor-
alists sa(;ri-
ficod the
pol i tlcal
advantages
of their po-
sition by
tho jmssaao of alien and sedition laws, the former to
restrict personal liberty, the
hitter to restrain tho liber-
ties of tho ]iress. The first
great jirobleni, lu)wovt'r, was
llnancial. (iovernour Morris
and Alexander Hamilton
were tho great finanoiers of
their day. It was assumed
that the Continental money,
the greenbacks of the Kovo-
lution, could never bo re-
deemed. Tliat was an act of
rei)Utliation unjustiliablo, but
not inexi)licable. The ties
of tho Union were so frail
that it was feared that to
levy the tax necessary to tho
redemp on of the pajier
money would snap them
asunder. All other debts con-
traclod by tho Continental
Congress were faithfully
[laid, also all state debts con-
tracted iuBnj)port of t lie war.
The great measure of Hamilton was tlie creation
of a national bank ; not of a system of banks, such as
->• ^6
«r
%
;'>
mm.-
mx
m -.i
J
[\ hi-
^^
518
THE YOUNG REPUBLIC.
tlio t'oiiiilrv now lias. ImLuiio stiiiK>ml<)us institution,
nio(U'liHl after tiio Hank of Knjrlaiul. Tlio riiitod
Statos Hank was located at riiiladi'liiiiia. Tlio
Hank of England went into operation in KJ!)."), tlio
United States l?ank was chartered in 17!U, its char-
ter to hold for twenty years. It was not renewed at
its oxjuration, hut was in l.SH;, to go into elTei-t
January 1, 181 T, this renewal occiusioning but very
.ittle controversy coni|)ared with the subsecjucnt
Jacksonian agitation of the subject.
Ti>o iirst census was taken in ITiH). It was fouml
that the iHipulation of the nation was ;5,'.f3'.)/-^l-''
Of these 700,0l)0 were slaves. Tlio I'ensus is taken
every ten years. It was during Washington's ad-
ministration that .Tohn Jay negotiated a second
treaty with England, under whi;!\ some things left
iiidetinito by the treaty of I'aris were settled, but
others were still loft ojien, dest iiied to be settled at tlu'
ciinnon's month. It was also dining his administra-
tion that ^'ernlont. Kentucky and TiMinessee were
lulded to llie I'nioii, and tiie Nortliwcst territory or-
ganized uikUt an onliiiaiice forbidding the exten-
sion of slavery north of the Ohio Kivcr.
'I'lii' adiiiiiiir*''ation of John Adams can hiirdly
bo said to have had any individuality. His four
years were a i'oii:i"uation of Washington's eight-
The {"'ederalists avciied war with England by what
seemed to the lu'iiubiicaii-' iiigralituile and mean-
ness to France. Jeirersoii and I'urr were the lead-
ers of the lalti'r Marty, as Adiinis and ilamillon
were of the former, (seorge Wiusliiiigton strongly
loaned toward l-'cileralism, but he nevoi stoojK'd to
1)0 a jiarry leader.
In ISdO the peopK' decided in favor of a cnange.
The Federalists had been in jiowor all the twi'lve
years of constitutional gov-
orr.ineiit, and now the other
side had a chance. .lefTerson
w;!s elected I'residonI a. id
Burr vice-l'rcsident. .!c""cr-
son -as re-'-k'cted in 1S(I4
by ■: . overwhelniing major-
ity. 1 1 itherto the government
had been aristocratic, but
JetTerson was pcrlcctly sim-
ple aiidunostenta' loiis in his
habits. He was a man of the
AARON llUnil.
people. The duel between Hiirr .mi Hamilton, the
rival leaders in Mew York, was tlio . nlmination o.''
the party animosity of the time. Murr challonged
his rival, and according to the cihIo of honor then
recognized. Hamilton could not do otlierwise than
accept. The result was fatal to the life of Hamilton
ami the reimtation of Hurr, I'ublio imlignation
was arou;:ed much as it was by the assassination
of President (iartield by (iuiteaii.
The most notable feature of .letTerson's adminis-
tration was tl.e Louisiana Purchase. Wiien this
nation came intt nat ional existence Spain and France
were in possession of Florida and Louisiana, the
latter including the region between the Mississij)pi
Uiver and the l{oi:ky Mountains. 'I'he accpiisition
of all that area was secured by dijiloinacy and jiur-
ehase. To the Frenoli in their war with England
Mew Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico were a source
of weakness, and the emperor made the sale as a
stroke of military polit'y in ISu;{, It may be iwlded
that the direct purcliase money paid by the United
States for territorial ac(iuisitioiis foots ujias fidlows:
Florida, *,").()00,(H)0 ; iiouisiana. *ir).lt(U),(UU) ; (Jali-
fornia and othei possessions from Mexico, ^ IS,, "iliO,-
0(»(); total. *;iS..")00,(HH).
The JMiglisb claimed the right to search Ameri-
can vessels, and impress into her service in time of
war British snlijeets found on board. In retaliation
the French claimed tiie same right. Our govern-
ment protested, and at last declared war against
England in supinirt of the protest. 'I'hat war was
not aclmilly begun until .lune. ISl'i. near the close
of Madison's first term as Presidi'nt, but it had been
imminent, almost certain.ever since the Kepublicans
caim^ into power upon the overthrow of the Feder-
alists. When it linally came, the Federalists bitterly
resisted it. It never cease(l to be .somewhat of a
division line between tlie parties, although it is a
welU>stablislied political fact
that no party can alTord to
antagonize a war after it has
onoo been declared, and if it
does, cvt'ii to a limited extent,
tlio result will be fatal to it.
The l''ederal party Wius utterly
destroyed by the war of IST.'.
(ieiu'ral Dearborn of Mas-
sachusetts was the Iirst coni-
niand.'r-in-chief in tlnu. war, O'^'"'"'^'' i-kahkouk.
under the i'resident, who, by virtue of his oHice, held
Hint position. Mo I'nisident ever took the tield in
Al
cluiUcnficil
honor Uieii
lorwiso than
Df lliiiuilton
imligniUion
issassiuiitiou
n's iulmiuis-
Wheii this
11 luul Kraueo
ouisiiiuiu the
10 Mississiiipi
10 iU'iiuishiou
liicy and i>iiv-
ritli Kiighiml
were a source
tho sak' as a
niiiv ho iuliloil
DV tho I'liitoil
upas follows;
100,000 ; Cali-
.>xico, i^lS.riOO,-
soari'h Amori-
ico ill Um^ "f
In votaliatioii
Our oovoni-
d war aiiaiiist.
That war wiis
iioar tiio closo
but it hadhooii
li,. Uoimlilii'aus
of tht> Fi'ilor-
ralists hittorly
isoiiiowhat. of a
thoiiirh it is a
ff^i
|UAT. UKAlillOUN.
his olVico, hold
iiok tho hold in
'1"H!-: Y()UN(; Ki:i'UHLIC.
519
T^T-
}H.'rsoii. Doarhorn's polioy wiw to tako Canada, hiit
now, ;is in tho l{ovohitionary War. tiiiil plan failod.
In tluMTiir of indopondonoo tlio oolonios had no navy
of liny oonsocpioiico of tlioir own, hut in tlio socoiid
Hri( isli war tho navy took ai'onspii'uons part. A i;;roat
niiiiiy lMiij;lish vossols woro oaptnrod. 'J'lio important-
naval hattlo was ftnight (Mi I jako Erio, and tho viotory
woiihy tlio;j:allant. younijConiinodoro Porry, whosont
to (Joiioral Harrison tho inoniorahlo rojiort. "Wo liavo
inotthoononiy and thoy arooars." Coinniodoro Law-
ronco of friijato ( 'Iirsti/)r)ih'\vMlii\\ ciicoiintor witii tlic
En!,'lisli friy;ato Shannon otT
Most on which provod disas-
trous. Imt as llio hravo Coiii-
niodoro foil mortally woiind-
I'd. ho shouted, "Oon't givi> up
tho ship." Thoso two hriof
sontoiicos sorvod to stimulalo
tho ontliiisiasm of thowholo
nation. Tlioro woii' niiiotooii
naval hattlos. and in four-
toon of tlioin tho .Vmorioaiis
woro sii(!OOssfiil. ("oininodoro
Stowart, -laiidfalhor of tho
i^ri'at Irish land - i"af,'uor
I'arnoll, willi iho Amorii-m
frigali' Ciuisliliiliiin. sucooss-
fiiUy om;a:,'od iwo Uritish
ships olT M;yloira.
Tiioro woro t woi t v-two laml
hattlos. Tho most liumili,i-
liuL'foaturoof thowar was tho
siirrondor of IH'troit to tho
British liy (ioni'ral Hull,
Auj,nist lii. lSI-.>. By that
iinnooossary oowardioo tho Eiij;lisli gainod con-
trol of Mioliigan, and if IVrry liati Inru hoaton
on Lako J'lrio a year later,
thoy would liavoheen mastei.'
of ilio lakos and the cities
111)011 tlioir shores. Of tiiesi'
twoiity-two iiattlos tho .\nior-
icaiis won fourteen. I'm the
most pai't these iialtleswere
near lhi> lakes, oxtcndiiiL;'
from i'lattshur;^ on Lake
cAiTAiv i.AWKKNcio. ('huniplain and Sackett's
Uarhor on Ontario, to i)i'iioit, then tho cxiiemo
limit of western civili/.aiion. But l''orl Mdlonrv,
o.S
whioli liuards Haltiinoro, wtw snbjootod to a teirihlo
iioinhardmont from sixtoon British ships, Soplemlier
i;t, ISI4. Tiio I'ailuro of that assiuiit I'allod out tho
(lopular song, "Tiio Star Spanglotl Baniior." from
tho 1)011 of Francis S. Key, a .Marylaiidor. then do-
taiiiod a.s a prisoner on imo oi tlio English vi'ssols
of tho homiiarding Hoot. It is worthy of remark tiiat
tho two most spirited and hrilliant military .songs in
.Vmoricaii liioraturo woro written iiy Mar\ landers.
Iho second lioing "My Maryland" hy Mr. Uandall.
Tho only really oniinent land ongagomont of that
war wius tiio hattlo of Now Or-
li'aiis, .laimary S, ISl,'). somo
timi' after tho treaty of poaoo
had hoon signed, hut. hefiro
it had iiecomo known in this
country. That hattlo, with
its prelude of Docemher IM,
altuio shed luster upon tho
Amorican army, in disiinc-
tioii from I he navy. Had
it not heoii for New Orleans,
the second warwiih I'lngland
would have heeu accounted,
aiidjustls. as an Amorican
dofoat. Thorc^ were, howi>vor,
S(uue lirilliant feats of arms
hefon^that pos(.|reaty hattlo.
Two of tlioui descrvo special
iioiico — iiiindy's I.ano and
IMattshurg. The foniu'r was
foiigiit. on the shon .•)' !..ike
Ontario. .Inly ■.','>. ISM. (ien-
eral Brown was in coinniaiid,
with (ieneral Wiiilield Scott
ie.\t ill rank. 'I'lio latter KmI tiu' ailvaoce. He and
Brown wore both wounded, imt
the oiu'iny were defoatod, I'ai'li
side losing ahoul. SOO men.
"Thai l)attle"says IngersoU in
liis historical skeiches, "has
never lieeii appreciati'il as it.
ought, to lie. Tho victory was
the !■ .Mirrectiou, or liirth, of
.\i icricaii anus. The charm
(if British military invinciiiility
was as elToclually broken hy ii m.\(iaka rnoNrimu
single lu'igade or that of naval tuipromacv hy 11
single frigate, as much as if a largo army or Hoot
il
w^-
m- t
1
W '
1
?i'
U'i
■r I- . '^
'i','
m
5 I
Q »^
520
THE YOUNG REPUHLIC.
liad been tlio ii^xeiit."
GENEKAL liltOWN.
Another writer suvs of tlie
buttle of Pliittsburg, fouglit
Sei)tenil)er lltliof tlie same
year: "In Sc'iJtetnher, Sir
George I'revost, at tlie head
of fourteen thousand men,
marehed against Maeomh,
ffho had (jnly a few luuidred
men.and, at the same time, the
British fleet on F^ake Cham-
plain,
coni-
iminded by Commodore
Downie, .-mailed to attuek
the Ameriean fleet under
Commodore MacDonough.
While the British, from
their batteries, commenced
on the land, their fleet en-
gaged MaiDonough's ves-
sels which were at anchor
in the bay of IMattsburg.
In a little more than two
hours MacUonough gained
a (lomphjte victory. The
fire from the laud batteries
then slackened, and, at
nightfall, I'revost made a
Imst} retreat, having lost in
killed, wounded and deser-
tions, about twenty-live
liundred men."
Early in the war the En-
glish had secured the co-
ojjeration of disalfected In-
dians in Alabama and Florida, especially the Soini-
iiules, and (ieneral Andrevr Jackson had been sent
south to hold the savages and their instigators in
cheek. Pensacola was then a Si)anish port, but the
British had been alloweil to occupy it the same as if
it were a jiart of the British emjiire. Finally, Jack-
son, who was in command at Mobile, marehed upon
I'cnsacola with three thousand men, sei/.ed it* and
drove out the English. That was late in 1814. Soon
aftei', he learned that thcenemy jiroposed to take New
Orleans in retaliali(»n. lie lost no time in nuirchiug
to its defense. What- followed is well told by Amler-
son, and we ipiote from him : " Toward the middle
of December a British sciuudron entered Lake Borgiie,
carrying 13,000 troops, commanded by Sir Edward
Bakcnhain, the first object of the exi)edition being
i() capture Xew Orleans. On the 14th a flotilla of
American gunboats was compelled to surrender, and,
on the 'I'M Jackson made a spirited, though inef-
fectual, attack upon an encampment of the enemy's
vanguard. On the "^Stii, and again on the first day
of the new year, the Mritish were unsuctessful in
ciiunonading the intrenehinents which Jackson had
thrown up four miles from the city. On the 8th
of Jamiary, 181.5, the Brit-
ish made a general advance
against the enemy's in-
trenchments ; Ijut volley
after volley was poured up-
on them with such terrible
effect, that they were com-
pelled to flee. Pakenham
was slain, and two thousand
of liis men were killed,
wounded, or taken prison-
ers. The Americans lost
only seven killed and six
wounded." This was the
first and last time iu the
world's history that the su-
preme battle of a war was
fought after jieuee had becu
negotiated.
One more incident of this
war as wo pass on to the
treaty itself. The British,
under General lloss, took
the national cajjital, August
34, 1814, and fired the pub-
lic buildings. IIo ^ad the same day defeated au
American force o.. 3,500 at Blandensburg, his
own army
nundjoring
a.ooo. The
American
forces were
under the
command
of (teneral
Winder. In
his history
of this war
^^iwJ.rrM""^^-^CX^E SjV
^'l-^'"^ '
^•h**-
" " V ■>.<
BATTLE OP NEW ORLEANS.
Ingi.rsoll says of this vandalism, " At u snuill beor-
1^
"5- V
^
Edward
jii boing
otilla of
der, and,
igh iuef-
I enemy's
tirst ilay
■essful in
ikson had
n the 8th
, the Brit-
,1 advance
uniy's in-
lut volley
)oured ui>'
uh tevnlile
were eoni-
Pakenhani
o tliousand
3re killed.
Leu prison-
ricans lost
3d and six
is was the
inie iu the
ihat the su-
a war was
.ce had been
lideiit of this
un to the
The liritish,
l{oss, took
ital, August
■ed tlie pub-
.efeateil au
jsburg, liis
|aS3.
small l)ccr-
^I^
TIIK YOUNG RKFUHLIC.
521
liouso opiKJsito to tlio Treasury, lire was procured
witli wliicli the Treasury and tlion the President's
lunise were llred. Hefore setting tire to the iatler
building, it Wiis ransacked for Ijooly, es[)ecially for
objects of curiosity, to l)e carried otf as spoils. After
incendiaris:n iiad ilone its worst, both at tiie i'resi-
dent's house and tiio !Navy-Y'ard, indiscrimuuitc pil-
lage closed the scene."
The treaty of jioaco negotiated by Jolin (^uiuey
witii England, our country, then more tlian now
interested in the (;arrying trad(! upon the high seas,
turned ils attention to Algorine piracy. The gal-
lant Decatur was sent to the Mediterranean with a
naval force to demand of the Dey of Algiers tiie re-
lease of the Americans (^apture<l and held for ran-
som. He captured two large Algerine vessels and
then secured the object of his miss, n, also treaties
of a satisfactory nature from the iieighlioring Har-
JACKSON AT NEW OKLEANH.
Adams, Henry Clay and their associates, was abso-
lutely silent about the encroachments upon Ameri-
can commerce and the impressment of American
seamen, the two cardinal issues of the war. "Hut
the country was in sucii good humor over the liattle
of Xuw Orleans, and so eager for iieace, that ihe
bary States, Tunis and Tripoli. Eurojieau commer-
cial nations were enthusiastic
in praise of tlu^ Ameri(;an navy.
Earlier in the century Tripcdi
banl ilecliircd war against the
Eiiilcd States and captured
ami soil into slavrv the crew "
Ircaly was ratified. Everybody felt that IlieFnited
States had amply demonstrated its ]iro\rcss on bind ' of the fri'iiitc T'iiiladi'lphia.
and sea. tli;it henceforth its rights would be respect- j The evil of Mediterranean ])iracy
cd by forei-n governments, and this proved to be . was etfectually cured by the
the case. Substantially, then, the war if isl-i com- j dauntless Decatur. This gal-
l)let,ed what the IJevolutionary struggle iiad begun. I bint sailor fell, mortally wound- ^-'el-tknant utcATVit.
After the second, and we may hope the last war ' ed, in a duel with rommodore Ibirron, in 18i0.
■1>
•i
H''.
'1 I '
hi '
MM
1 If
h1|..,v
fif;!!-- \i
Vv
THE PERIOD OF COMPROMISE.
IIIIIIHIHIHIIIHHIIUMIIHHIIHilHIINIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIinUllllinimiinilNimHHIIIIimilinHIIIIII
v,v y^v.Trv.v.^.v.v w 'r
CHAPTER LXXX,
NoN-PABTt9AN AND NON-SECTIONAL SI-AVEHY — TlIE MlMSOUBl fciMMlOMISE — TllE CoTTON GiN — TUB
Tauipk Question— Clay, Web^teh and C'aliii)Ux— John Qiincv Adams— Oeneiiai. Jackson
ANo His Policy— Ills Photeoe and the Panic or 1837 — "TiprECANoE and Tyleh Too" —
Annexation op Texas— The Mexican Wab— Taylob and Fili.mobe— The Omnibus Bill-
Scott and Pierce— Repeal op the Missouui Comimiomise— Sewabd, Sumneb and Bodolas
—Buchanan and Fbemont— Fuom Compromise to Conflict.
: HE war of 181"^ went out in
such a perfect and unex-
pected blaze of glory tliat
when the excitement liiid
passed by, the Federal party
was . missed. It has never
been found since. Mr. Jlon-
roe, an amiable gentleman
of fair ability, a protege of Jeffer-
son, was elected to tiio i)rcsidency
two terj- : in succession. He was
indeed i 1 •i.iblican, but his elec-
tions v'!. party victories. Nei-
ther weiv. .iicy the result of a coni-
Hi promise. The two parties had come
to a final struggle over war with
England, and the one which luid
suffered defeat had the grace and
good sense to " step down and out," not witli any
hlare of horns or waving of banners, but so very
ijuietly that " no man knoweth of [its] grave to this
day." It slm])ly faded out.
The compromise did, indeed, begin during tiie
Monroe administration, hut it related to the future
rather tiian the past, the future being that great
(jucstion of slavery, hitlierto in no sense a political
issue. The Northwest Ordinance, a very important
anti-slavery measure, was neither jjartisan nor sec-
tional. The slaveholding state of Virginia volunta-
rily surrendered to the general government all claim
to the territory west of the O'no River, and there was
hardly any objection to tlio prohibition of slavery
tiierein. That prohibition fairly represented the
opinion prevailing at that time througiiout tiie coun-
try that tiie institution of involuntary labor wiis an
evil to be gradually removed by tlie voluntary action
of the states in which it existed. Originally tiie in-
stitution existed, to a limited extent, over nearly the
entire Nortli, as well as South.
The question of slavery first came l)efore Congress
in a wa,' t() jirovoke controversy in coimection with
the admission of Missouri into the Union, IS'ZO.
Tluit state and Maine, tiie latter an offshoot from
Massachusetts, Iwth ap[)lied for lulmission into the
I^nion the same year. Previous to that time terri-
tories iiad lieen admitted to the Union and raised to
tiie dignity of states whenever their jiopulation war-
ninteil it and admission was sought in due form.
Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Mississippi.
Indiana, Illinois and Alabama liad knocked and
been admitted witliout controversy. Maine was ad-
mitted March 15, twelve days after the passage of
(522)
^
i
y important
an nor sec-
liavolunta-
ut all rlaini
id there was
I of slavery
esented the
ut thecovm-
abor was an
utary action
nally the hi-
r nearly the
lore Congress
Ineetion witli
llnion, 1820.
[ishoot from
iion into the
lit time tcrri-
iind raised to
pulation war-
|ii due form.
L Mississiiiiii.
Icuocked and
[aino was ad-
lie passage of
1^
THE PERIOD OF COMPROMISE.
523
the Missouri Compromise Bill. Missouri itself came
into tiie Union in August of tiie year following, un-
der the operation of the compromise.
TliC raising of this issue was very largely due to
the cotton gin, a " Yankee notion," invented by Eli
Whitney. That great invention dates from 17953,
out its revolutionarj effect was the work of time.
By its aid one man could gin, or free from seeds, as
mucii cotton as five hundred men could without it.
Under its influence labor in tlie cotton states became
higlily profitable, and the institution of slavery
(without wiiich, it was thought cotton could not be
raised in America so as to
com^jcte witli British India)
acquired a liold which it
had not before possessed
upon the people of the cot-
ton states.
After a great deal of agi-
tation it was agreed that
Missouri sliould come in,
but tliat slavery should not
be alioweil in any territory
nortli of 3G" 30', except in
the case of Missouri, a very
small part of whicli was
above tliat line. Tliis com-
promise was supposnd to be
a final settlement of tlic
slavery question as a I'.ation-
al issue. The compromise
was not disturbed until tiie
Nebraska bill of 18o4 came
up. Sectionalism did not
die out, but was in aijeyance until 1828, when tlio
tariff (juestion revived it.
The North with its manufactures demanded pro-
tection ; the South with its great stajile of export, cot-
ton, demanded free trade. Webster, originally oj)-
posedto the tariff system, became a champion of it,
the inli-rest of his state, Massacimsetts, demanding it.
Henry Clay was tlie especial ciiamiiion of protection,
wliicii lie called "the American system." John ('.
Calhoun, of South Carolina, was the lemler of the
uncompromising Southern element. These three
names will be forever associated. They form the
great triumvirate of the compromise period.
Clay was born in Virginia in 1777. His early
education was meager. Natural eloquence drew him
into tlie legal profession, and as early as 180(5 the
legislature of Kentucky, to which state ho early
removed, sent him to the United States Senate. He
filled many places of honor, being in the ])ublic ser-
vice almost constantly until his death, 1852, for the
most part servuig in Congress. He was speaker of
the House several times, lie was a candidate for
President reiwatedly, beuig the father and favorite of
the Whig party. Webster was born in New Hamp-
shire ill 1782. He received a collegiate education.
His political career began in 1812, when he was
elected to Congress. That was in his native state.
From 18U! to 1822 he prac-
ticed his profession at Bos-
ton, acquiring the higliest
rank as a lawyer. From
tiiat time until his death,
1852, he was almost wholly
devoted to public affairs,
most of the time in the
senate. He aspired to the
presidency, but never re-
ceived the nomination of
his l)arty, the Whig. Cal-
houn was born in South
Carolina in 1782. He
graduated at Yale College.
In 1808 his public life be-
gun, by his election to the
legislature of his native
state. Ho then served six
years in the Natitmal House
of Representatives. His next
position was that of Secre-
tary of War, f(jllowed by that of Vice-President.
He aspired to the i)residency, but was not a
favorite with the autocrat of his party, Andrew
Jackson, and in the nulliUcation movement in
South Carolina ho remlered himself unpopular
to the country at large. He was the idol of hi> state,
and from that time until his death (1850) he was
content to represent that commonwealth in the sen-
ate of the United States. For aljout a yeai, how-
ever, he served as Secretary of State under Presi-
dent Tyler. Calhoun was not a compromiser. Ho
believed in slavery and the right of secession, never
hesitating to avow his sentiments and advocate
them. His private life was witliout a stain. Not
aa persuasive as Clay nor as sublime as Webster, he
U)
-^
w
m
i' V
14.
524
THE PERIOD OF COMPROMISE.
was ill many rusjKicts their iutolioctual jwor. Aiiiuri-
cai) politics roaolied its hij;iiost {K)iut of jiorsonal
al)iiity in tiiosc Titans.
In tlio year 18^4 oocurroil tiio j)rosi(loiitial elec-
tion which resulted in the choice of John Quiiicy
Adanis for rresident and John C. Calhoun for Vice-
i'rcsiiient, a conihinalion peculiarly iiicoiijjruoiis in
the light of suhscciucTit events. The electors did
not elect, an<l the niatl(!r was settled l)y Congress.
Adams had lor his Secretary of Slate Jlciiry Clay.
Ilia lulniinistration was a most excellent one. Air.
Adams was a very j^reat statesman, hut he was not.
a ])olitician, and he failed to hiiild np a political
party. The opportunity was peculiarly favorable
for so doing, hut he lacked tlio (lualiilcations of uu
organizer. It was during his term of oflice that the
Erie canal w;is built, and the construction of rail-
ways began. The country prospered and every in-
terest develo|)ed rapidly.
The seventh President of the United States, An-
drew Jackson, was one of the most strongly individ-
ual characters in American annals. The hero of
New Orleans, his hold upon the jjopular lieart was
jieculiarly tenacious. Ignorant, rough, and often
unreasonable, he never faltered in what he con-
ceived to he his duty, nor did ho hesitate to em])loy
freely the jiower of his ollice to build up a {lolitical
party witii himself as its center. A patriot, but not
a statesman, he was the chief of politicians.
The great features of Jackson's administration
were, first, his unyielding and fatal op{K)sition to a
renewal of the charter of Giio national banks; sec-
ond, the crushing of millilication or secession, in
Soutli Carolina ; third, tiie creation of Wie Demo-
cratic party ; fourth, the introduction into the civil
service of the [lernicious practice of distributing of-
fices in reward for partisan and personal services.
He did not originate the ])lirase, " to tlie victors be-
long the spoils," hut he did estaidish the system,
JOHN C. CALHOUN.
and that so firmly that it haa survived all the vicissi-
tudes of party.
Of all the many important events of Jackson's
memorable career, the most remarkable was the
liromptness with which he mot nullilicatiou iu the
Palmetto State. The additional duties on imports
which gave such grievous oifense were levied in
183"-i. A state convention hold at Charleston soon
after declared this ac;t null and void, and prepared
to resist its enforcement. The state legislature made
no secret of a determination to secede if tho law was
executed. A man-of-war, with General Scott and
a few soldiers on board, (picllod the storm without
the shedding of blood. Soon after, Mr. Clay, true
1=
^ 6
IT
— ''t.
THE PERIOD OF COMPROMISE.
525
Ut liis instincts us a pafilior, secured the jtiissagc of
ti bill providing for a scaling down of duties.
Tiie next president, Martin Van Buren, of New
York, was a wily politician, the convenient and
crafty lieutenant of Jackson in all his political
movements. In the first year of his administration,
18157, the country was whelmed in hankru))tcy. That
panic was largely due to llic refusal of .lackson to
sign the hill for renewiiigthechartcr of the national
banks. His pet schcni'! was tlicIiidcj)endciiL Treas-
ury, or Suii-Treasury system, by which tlie govern-
ment shuidd keep in its
own vaults tiie public
money. The hard times
had somewhat abated
when the next presiden-
tial election occurred
(1840), but the memory
of the ])anic was fresh,
and the donumd for a
change was imperious.
The campaign of 184U
was very exciting. The
"Whigs dropped their reg-
ular candidate, Clay, and
took \\\\ General Harri-
son. He had rendered
good service in the war
of ISr^, but better still
ill Indian warfare. lie
was the hero of the bril-
liant alTair at Tipixjca-
uoe, Indiana, near La-
fayette, which broke uj)
the confederacy of Tccumseh and unded the aii-
prehension of an Indian war. That was about
thirty years before ho was a candidate for President,
but it served the jjurposes of the camjiaign.
His death, one month after his inauguration,
brought to the presidency John Tyler, the first of
the Presidents elected by the Messenger of Death.
lie jH'oved unfaithful to the party which elei:tcd
him, and covered himself with reproach, Tlie tarill
question was a leading issue of the campaign,
and he repudiated the iM'otective policy which was
thodistinguishingdoctrineof the AVliigs. The only
redeeming feature of Tyler's administration wa.s the
retention of Daniel Wei)ster as Secretary of State,
and the negotiation by him of a treaty with England
OENEKAL SAM IIOUSTt)N.
which fixed amicably the boundaries between the
United States and British America, both in the
northeast and the northwest.
The bill annexing Texas to the Union was passed
three days l)efore the Tyler ailniini.stration closed,
hut it was none the loss the great issue in the i)rcsi-
dciiiial election of 1844, which resulted in the defeat
of Clay and tiie cleclion of James K. Polk, of Ten-
nessee. Texas was originally a i)art of Mexico. It
hud bfi'ii largely settled by citizens of tiic United
States. Tlie jicople rebelled and secedeil from Mex-
ico, (Jeneral Sam Hous-
ton being the leader in
the Texan war of inde-
peudciice. The battle
of San Jacinto, result-
ing in the capture of
Santa Anna, then Presi-
dent of Mexico, Houston
consented to release him
only on condition tiiat
tiie independence of
Texas should be recog-
nized. The condition
was complicil with. Not
long after Texas asked
t(f be annexed Lo tlie
United States. Nations
usuiilly covet territorial
aci|uisition, but in this
case tiio North ojiiiosed
it because the area of
slaver} Wv>'ild be extend-
ed thercbj' The elec-
tion of I'olk settled the matter allirmatively.
It was during
tlieadniinistration
of Polk that the
war between Mex-
ico and the Uni-
ted States was
waged, growing
out of the annex-
ation of Toxa.s, ,
largely, and the
desire of the South
fur an enlarged
area. There were wiwriELD bcott in 1866.
thirteen battles during that war, the first Ijcing fought
0*
SC
>'••
^f:-'
mm
]\
iiSlf^i^
^
5^'-^
THE IMCHIOD OF COMPKOMISIC.
at Piilo Alto, May 8, 1840, and tliclastatlluauiaiitla,
Octolier !», 1847. In all tlio United States troops
were victorious. General Taylor won the victories of
Palo Alto, Monterey, Palina and liiiena Vista ; Gen-
eral Scott
those of Ve-
raCriiz,Cer-
ro Gordo,
, Contreras,
ll;, Cherulmsco
KtUTE or lUE U. S. iKM» tUU» VtEA VUVl 10 JlLIltU. jjjj,| CliaDlll-
tepoc. Many of tlie names r ■! ierod famous in the
civil war tvppear among th o
suliordi.uate officers of
EtTlHCr V'UCANOC*
A
Vmong
-als of
tiiat cauipaign
the volui'i.. or gi
tiiat .'^',1 vnis
Pierce, afterwarns Presi-
dent O' the Un! jd States.
Tiie treaty of jicace was
signed I'obruarv ", 1848.
By i,.s terms all ^.iio terri-
tory north of tlie Rio
Grande, including New
^.Icxico and California,
should therealucr belong
.0 tlio United ^■tatos. In-
stead 'jf exactiii.':^, in ad-
dition lo this, a sum of
money, as Gerirany did
of I'"''ance a few years ago,
the victor agreed to pay the
vanijuished »«ir),000,0(n)
and assume dei)ts amountuig to aljout 8;5,()O0.000.
At a later i)eriod, tiiere having arisen some dispute
as to the houi.dary, the Ignited States paid Mexico
§1(),()()0,(JU0 more in final settlement; of the whole
matter.
Ti:e Whigs liad denounced tlio Mexican war in
seven st terms, bul no sooner was it over tlian they
took up G'.'ii'.Tal Taylor as their candidate for the
prcsiilency, to tnc great chagrin of Clav and his es-
pecial friends. "Old Hough and Iveady,"' iis Taylor
was called,, had for his opponent General Cass of
Michigan, and, on the Frce-iioil or Anti-slavery
ticket, ex- President Van Buren. ''"he latter hoped
to so weaken Cass, whom lie liated, that he would
be defeated. In this lie was successful, Taylor was
elected, and with him Milhird Fillmore of New
GENERAL StOTTS EXTUY INTO MEXICO
?.t
York. Tlie new, yet old, president died in the sum-
mer of 1850. llis administration is almost a blank.
Not so with that of Fillmore, during whoso term of
ollico the policy of compromise reached its cul-
mination.
The ill-feeling between the North and the South
on slavery and the (piestions growing out of it, was
such as to seriously threaten the Union. Henry
Clay, true to his life-work, came forward iu 1850
with what was known as his " Omnibus Bill," pro-
viding, first, tiiat California should be admitted as a
free state ; second, that if new states formed bj the
di\i»'on of Texas should
knock for lulmissiou they
should bo admitted ; third,
Utah and Mexico to be
organized as territories ;
fourth, the claim of Texas
to New -Mexico to bo pur-
cluised by the general gov-
ernment for 3*10,000,000;
fifth, the slave trade to be
forbidden iu the District
of Columbia ; sixth, slaves
escaping to free states to
be arrested and restored to
their nuisters. Tin- meas-
ure received the ., )port
of both of the two ,';reat
parties. But it failc of
the desireil elfect. At die
South the admission of
California was looked up-
on as the su2)remo feature of the bill, and the North
forgot everything else in fierce indigiULtiou over the
fugitive slave law. The two sections were thus all
the more unlriendly. Compromise had been the
ruling policy of the government lor thirty years,
and all to no conciliatory purpose.
The next presidential elot:tiou was ube la.-'t m
which the Whig party was ever to take part. Born
of compromise, it d'ied with it. In 1852 the Whiga
had for standard-bcann- General Winfieid Si.'ott, the
hero of two wars, but he was utterly routed by (Jen-
eral Pierce, who had notliing to recommend him
to the peojile. It WaS not in any sen^c a personal
cninpaigii. The country v/as dissatisfied with both
parties, but of the two evils the people chose the
one least conspicuous for compromise. That was
\fhr
^» olV
;■ > ■ r
—^y
■—A.
■V
110 suni-
i blank,
term of
its cul-
e South
' it, was
Henry
in 1850
11," pn)-
tted as a
id by the
i should
iion they
d ; third,
;;o to be
rritories ;
of Texas
J bo pur-
leral gov-
1,000,000 ;
ado to bo
3 District
Lth, slaves
states to
estored to
'hi- lueas-
ipii't
,\vo .■;veiit
fa lie. of
. At fclie
issiou of
)ciked up-
Itlio North
over the
le tliiis all
been the
Irty years,
le hut III
Irt. Born
\\<i Wliigs
cott, the
ll bv Geii-
leiid him
pergonal
ritli both
jliose tho
triiiit was
-« olV
THK PERIOD OF COMPROMISE.
527
the last national eloctio'; over iield at wiiicii both of
tiio leading parties attempted to win tlio favor of
both sections of tlio cuuntry
There had long been a distinctively anti-slavery
l)arty at tiio Nortli, with now and tlien a represeii-
tativo in congress ; but its strcngtli was inconsidera-
ble as compared witli tiie other two parties. In 1S40,
and again in 1844, the Aliohtionists had east tlioir
votes for electors pledged to supi)ort James (i. Mir-
noy for president. In 1S4S, under tiio lead of Van
Burcn, and again in 1853, under the lead of Jolin
P. Halo, the Free-Soil jiarty had secured the anti-
slavery vote, gaining a litilo cacii time, but not much.
WILLIAM H. SEWAUD.
The election of Pierce .seemed to bo the permanent
triiinii)ii of the pro-slavery party.
Early in 1854 Senator Douglas of Illinois, C'liair-
man of tlie Committee on Territories, introduced
the Kansas-X(>braska IMll wliicli was, in ell'ccc, the
repf'al of the Jlisroiiri Coini)romi.se. A lloree con-
flict arose. Tiie W liig p;irty, as if conscious that
its mission of coiK'iliatioii was over, went the way
of tiie Federal party, to wliieii it liad fallen heir.
It died of inanition, and witli tiio ]iassage of tlie
bill introduced by Mr, Douglas (for after a liotly
contested strii:;gle in Congress it l)et'ame a law) tiiere
was born tiie Kei)Ul)lican party of tiio present day.
It succeeciod to tlie ertate of the Wliig organi/ation
witliout assuming its liabilities.
A new set of great men came to the front al)out
this time to take the place of Clay, ^\ e!)ster and
Callionn. This triumvirato consistctl of Win. II,
Howard of Js'ew York, Charles Sumner of Massa-
chiist'tts and Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois,
Mr. Seward was a native of New York, born in
1801. He graduated at Union College liiid ,<ettIod
as a lawyer in .\iiburn, New York. His juiiilic ca-
reer began in is;i(), when lie was flucted to the Slato
Senate. Subsei|iiently he served as governor of the
state. He was elected to the United States Senate
as a representative of the anti-slavery wing of tho
Wiiig jiarty, entering that body in time to take part
against the compromise of 1850. He was the father.
^vK...^„
CUAKLES SLMNEU.
>-Si^«.«-^"
more than any other man, of the Uejmblican jiarty.
In 18(10 he was a jirominent candidate before the
national convention of his jtarty for tiie iiresideney,
but was defeated by Mr. Lincoln. I^poii the elec-
tion of tho latter Mr. Seward Ijecame Secretary of
Slate, a position he occupied eight years, when his
piil)lie career close<l. Mr. Seward was at once a
great statesman and a great politician. Mr. Sum-
ner was the former, but not the latter. Happily, his
native state, Massachusetts, reipiired no wire-work-
ing to place ill the Senate and keej) there her great-
est son. for such Mr. Sumner was for many years.
Born in lioston in 1811, he was eleeteil to tho Sen-
ate of the United States at tho ago of forty, his first
and only ollice. He remained in that liody until
,■/•'!'
i
'if
m
'At '» 31 Jt ' : •
ii'if 1'
A
IM
528
THK PERIOD OK COMPKOMISE.
liis death in 1874. Dunng tliono twcuty-tliruo yours
lio was tlio unfaltcriiif^ friend of tlio black man. He
was the most learned man ever identitied with
American politics. Ilis elociueneo was of a lofty
nature and his ciiaraeter singularly free from taint.
Douglas was a very
different nnm
from ('iLher of tiie
other two. Uned-
ucatt)d, coarse and
unscrupulous, he
was a nuister of
all the arts of jkjI-
itics. IJorn in
Vermont in 18i;i,
he entered Con-
gress at the age of
thirty as a Demo-
cratic reprt'senta-
sTKriiE.< A. ix.i.oLAs. ^Ivc froui tiie state
of Illinois. In 184 T lie ontereil the Senate, and
soon became the leader (d' ids ])arty in tluit body,
where he renniined until Ids death in 18(11. In the
fall of 1800 he was a candidate for the j)resideucy.
When tlie civil war began lie was appointed a Major-
General by President Lincoln, lie was a staunch
friend of the TTnion.
Although carried by the current of these three
lives (piite beyoml the period of compromise, there
is one nu)re adnunistration belonging to it, that of
Jatnos Buchanan, tlio fifteenth President of the
United States. His election in 1S5G over the Re-
publican nomuiee, Col. John C. Fremont, by a large
nnijority, showed that the old regime was still poten-
tial. At that election, for the tirst time mi the history
of the republic, a presidential candidate nonunated
on the anti-slavery issue received Electoral College
votes, and a goinl many of them, too, enough cer-
tainly to foreshadow plaiidy tiie result in 1800. Tiio
Buchanan lulmiiiistration was ciiaracterized by an-
tagonism between the Kxoculivo and Congress on
all ([uestions at issue between the two parties. Mr.
Buchanan was willing to carry the i)clicy of conces-
sion to the Soutli to almost any length, in the hope
of '^'^rreby averting civil war, while the Republicans
scofEed at the tiireats of secession and braved all
jioril rather than consent to any extension of the
area of slavery. Thus in that jxjriod, from 1857 to
1861, Compromise exhausted itself and develo^ied by
a natural process into Conflict.
-rte). ■^^*^^rg[@^^i^;(S^!ifaj^-'. A
I ^TgiXj^lll|l!lllll!BWM
1^'
r
r
-i:
^=^
CHAPTER LXXXI.
Pkutkai. Conflict— .TiiiiN lliiowv— IHiiO— Skckssidn— W'au llKdrs — Hi i.i. Kin— MtOi.Ei.LAN on
TlIK I'dfOMAI - MlSSOI'ltl— ('I-IISK OK IHIil— l^<li','— I'oItT DoNKl.sllS -I'KA KlIlOK— M KlilllM APK AM)
MoMTOIl^ I"lT1>liriill I.ANOIMi— NKW Olll.KANS— On TIIK roTOMAC AoAlN— YoHKTOWN —
ItKrol^K l{l(II.MOM>— Col.OltKI) TllOOl'M— (iKN. Pol'K— AnTIKTAM— rHKOKIlllKSIU'Il(l AMI ItlllN-
KIIIK~K.MAN( II'ATION— (iK-rTYBIUmi— Vl( KrtBI'lllJ— ClIATTANOdOA — NKW YoHK ItlllTS— A N IlKll-
HONVI1.I.';— (IllANT Srl'llKMK — I'ollT I'll.l.oW — IIaTTI.K OK TIIK Wll.llKllSKSH— SlMITTfYI.VA N lA —
Atlanta— Mauhi to tiik Ska— Tiiomak ani> llooii— I'hksidkntial Klkition— 1'all ok I!i( ii-
MONll, ANII SUIIUKNOKH OF I.KK— OTIIKU SrilKKNOKIlS AMI THH; ('ArTI'llK OF ])AV|!I— ASSASSIN-
ATION OF Lincoln— SiNKiNii oKTiiK Alabama, and Dtiieii Naval Kniiaokjiknt;'— I'khhonal
Skktciikh ok I'nion IIkkoks— Aniiiikw Joiisson—Hkionstui'ction Conflict— Imi'I aciimknt
OF JoIINMON — KlKCTION <IF CllAN I — Ki -KLrX-KLAN— ('LOSE OF THE UKKAT CONFLICT.
\ iiii im|Mirtiiiit Kunso tho
^ri'Ciit ])i)liticj;l eoiilliut in
Uio United States began
with the orjrai.iziition of
tho llei)iiblicani)ai'ty. Tlie
Abohtionists, sucli as Wil-
hani Lloyd Garrison, Wen-
dell rhilHps, ]5irncy, Wliit-
licr and Gerrit SndLh, merely formed
a skirnasli liiu'. 'i'lio iirst bloody field
was tho territory of Kansas. Beyond
tho ilissouri border wiis really fought
tiie first campaign of tlie terrible war.
Tliat Territory would have been
pen to the introduction of slavery un-
der tho ^lissouri Oompromise, but tlio
South demanded more tiian that. Slav-
ery must be allowed in Nebraska also.
In grasping for both, it lost botii. No sooner was
tlio old landnnirk of lS-30 removed than Northern
immigration ])oured into Kansas, well knowing tliat
if tlic soutiicrnof tho.«ie two territories wiis saved to
free labor the otlicr would follow as a matter of
courso. Tlio South was no match for tho North iu
supplying pioneers, and slave labor is illy ailai)led
to frontier life. IJiit tiio adjacent state of Missouri
was unfriendly to tlie" Nortliern liorde," and that
was quite an advantage. There were numerous en-
counters between tlie two fact ions, and the 'I'erritory
fully earned tho designation of " lileeding Kansas."
It was not until the general ap()cal to the sword in
liSGl that it ceased to be the especial victim of con-
flict, and even after that time it was subject to des-
olating raids.
Among those who flockeil to Kansas to take part
hi tho struggle there was "John lirown of Ossawat-
tomie," as lie was known in connection with that
Territory. lie was an Abolitionist of tho intensest
sort. Having remained iu the far West until satis-
fied how tho issue was to bo decided, he camo East
and undertook to organize a slave insurrection. It
was late in the fall of 18;")',! when he put his jdan iu
execution, llarjier's Ferry, Virginia, a wild gorge iu
t lie mountains, was selected as his rendezvous. With
him were associated a few kindred spirits. They
succede.l in causing a tremendous c.icitemont and
alarm, but cannot be said to have struck a respon-
sive chonl in the negro heart. The idea that the
TI-
CS -9)
Sv^
fl'
\',\ \ ;
5.^"
Till': PICUIOI) OK CON I'M, KT,
(a)liin'(l poopli! wcri) rijn! for iiisurivutioii was ii iniH-
tiikc. Mmwii liail ciiilnirkiMl in iiii I'litcriirisc wliicli
\v;is iitti'i'ly lioiK'li'ss. lie \riif( soon tiiki'ii [irisoiicr,
Iricil, coiiviotoil and liaiigcHl. .Many at, tlu' N'ortli
synipat lii '.t'll witli liini, and wlu'n tlio war IhUwhimi
till- stales lanii', lui was canoniztMl as a niaiiyr to
lilici'lv. 'I'lu! most. )iu|iular ami ins|iii'iiJi; of all tlio
war oolites of till! iK'i'iod was a wild fliant in liis
lioniH',
Tiic iiivsidiMilial uluctioiiof 18C0 was conducted on
both sides of Mason and Dixon's line upon the theo-
ry liiat the time
for conijironiiso
liail ^'ono l)y.
Mr. Doujjlas was
indi'ed the can-
didate of one
w ini,' of liie I>e-
inocraey, a u in;,'
that still clnii;;
tot judiopeofree-
oneilial ion, and
.Mr. I'.eil.ofKen-
tuelvy. was tlie
candidale of a
moNH'nient to
i,'al\ani/,e into
life the (lr\
hones of liu' oil!
W'iiii,' party; i)nt.
I he favoriti! cmi-
didate of tlie
Souih was Joiui ( '. Breei\enridL;e : of (iu^ .North,
.Miralnini Lincoln ; and thev represented, each in
his way, wiiat .Mr. Seward very jnstly (ailed "the
irrepressiiile eonlliet." The latter reeeive(l no votes
at I he Sonlli.tlie former carried no Wn'thern state,
and eonse(|nentlv .Mr. Lincoln was elected.
.Vt the North it. was sniiposed that, tiie threats of
secession wonid not ho CNccnted ; at the Sonth that
the threats of coersion wonld not lie carrie<l ont.
Neillier section really anticipat^'il what was impond-
inu': ^till the spirit of hostility was so fnlly aroused
tlial no considerations of prudence conld have had
weiijht, and forc(..
The tirstslate to pass an ordinance of secession was
Sonth Carolina. Other Sonthcrn States iidojited
tlie same nieasnre early in the year followiiii:, and
in Fi'bruarv the "Confederate States of America"
was formed, with .lelTerson Davis us I'resident,
and .Mexander M. Stcplums iia Vice-President. He-
fore .Mr. Lincidn hecanu^ {'resident the national
lroo[is iiad withdrawn from l''ort .MouJiric^ to i''ort
Sumter in l^'harleston hariior. Seven slates had se-
ci'ded and a L,'ovcrnment in opposition to the I'nited
States had lieen fully orj^aui/ed and fairly liiunuiiccl
at. the Sontii, President Buchanan doinir nothin;,' lo
arrest the progri'ss of the niovinni-nt. .Mr. Lincoln
WHS obliged to pa.sH through Haltinn)reon his wav to
the capital indisgui.se, Abraham Ijincoln was imm-
gurated .March
•Ith, and on the
twelfth of the
ne.xt month Fort
Sumter, Major
Unhurt Ander-
son comnnind-
ant, was lired
ui)on. That was
the lirst shot of
the war. The
Sonth C'ai'olini-
ans were impa-
tient of delav.
and wished to
lire lli(^ South-
ern heart. The
same result fol-
lowed in both
seclion.s. "To
arms I" was all
the cry. Lincoln called for '^."i.dOO volunteers three
days after the tirst shot had been tired, and two
days latei' Davis issued
U'ttcrs of nninpie and
reprisal, wliicli were
at oiu'C followed by
I he blockade of South-
ern ports by liie I'lii-
ted Statt's na\y. In
lesst iian a month l']n-
gland had madt' haste
to acknowledge the
Confederate States as
belligerents, and not
mere insurgents and uoiu-ht aniieuson.
n^bels, Fi'ance, ^j'iiiu iiud Portugal soon did the
same. The firstdirect iK'rsonal micounterof the war
JsJ<
^ f)
in
riii; iM'.uioi) (>i- i()M-i,ii-i;
S.i'
wiw 111 lIuirttrui^lMdt' Hiilliinorf. 'I'liiiLcily fiilKsym-
piillii/.cil willi llu> Souili, yt't. liiy Itt'twt'fii llio Nurlli
mill llu! iiiiliuii.il i'ii|iiliil. It Wii.s nil (III' iiiiirU'cnlli
(if April lliiil sonif Miissiicliiisi'tts nilinilcfrH with
tiri'il ii|Miii us ihcy |kissim1 ilii-iiii;^'li iln' slrci'tsuf lluil
rily. TliH t'tVccI, \Vii-< tn slimuhilc the iiiitrii)lisiii nf
till' Niirlli, iiirl rcinlci' still iimiv rciiiolc ;ill Ihhk* cif
n iit'ilialiiiii.
.liiiii? li ucciin-.'il II lri\ i;il Imltlc ;il I'liilippi, wliit'li
WilS 11 Cull-
rcdcnitcniut, t
Mini a wccU
hilcr tlic I'li-
imi triHP|is
were n'|iul.--
cil ill r.i.ir
liotliil. 'i'liiis
dill till' I'lir-
tiiiu's of wiir
iilUTiiiilo for
(iViTiimimlli,
tiie {JdiilVil-
iTiites rmiti'il
III IJuoat's-
vi lie, 11 10 Fc'il-
cnils !it Car-
tllULJI'. Ill tilt'
iiK'ii invli i li'
L'oii;;rrss hail
luft, .Inly 1.
in extra sfs-
siuii, anil liotli Mill's wi'i-u (.'jii,a'r f^r a hattli! ii|i(in ii
largo soiilo. l-iiicli soomoil to tliiiiU tlial one groat.
vii'lnry ami all
woiilil ho o\ir.
"Oil to Uich-
iiiiiinr' was tlio
fry of till' Niirlli ;
"Onto ^Vashiiig-
ti)ii''of llio South.
'I'lu' iiMpatii'iit
* |iuhlii! hail iiiit
I long to wail. .July
".'1 witnossoil tlio
tirst groafc hattle
of the war, Iho
mwiN M'lM.wKi.i.. jj,.f,t Hull ltmi,or
Manassas, as it is ralloil in tlio South. A i«liglit skir-
mish at I'lMitorvillo tliroo ilavs hoforo had ocourroil.
-n
'I'lio Uniiiii fiiroef* worn luulor the comnnuiil of (ion-
oral .MiDowi'll ; tlio Coiifi'doratos wcro K'd hydonoral
lloiiiiroganl. Hoth arinios fought dosiH'ralcly for
six hours, when roinforcoiiii'iils roniing to tho aid
of Moauri'gard, hi' won Iho day. Tho dofoat was a
ronl. Tho domorali/od vohmtoors, wlion oiioi' |iiit-
III lliglit, hoianio a frantic nmh. Miit tho \iitors
woro too niiii'h oxhanslod and oripitlod to nianh
upon Wiishington. and no siihsianlial and por-
— iiiaiu'iit ad-
\antago was
gainnl. (Jon-
oral Winliold
Siott, who
had 1)0011 tho
inastor spirit
in planning
Iho hatllo,
and Mi'Dow-
oll, who hud
oxoontod tho
jilaiis, holh
rotirod, and
(lonoral .Mr-
Clollan, who
had aoh 'vod
soiiio sniall
siii:oess in
\Vost \'irgiii-
ia, oanio to
tho fore as
lOICr si M'lKK IN INtHl.
ooimininder-in-ohief. Congress oalk'd for ."lOUjOOO
recruits, and
appropriated
•:<.")( t(i,()(i(»,(i(H)ti)
defray the cx-
ponsos of tho
war. 'J' he so-
rioiisnoss of
tho iiiidortak-
iiig now for
the tirst time
dawned upon
thepuhliemind
of the North./
At the Southl
the elTeot was
deeeptivo. Tt
was sniiposed that soeossion was an assured fiiot, and
(IKOltllE U. M'l'I.EI.I.AN.
!;>
i^
>■ .
H'
u^:^
\ t
^ S)
53-
TllK IMCKIOl) OF CONI'l.U r
liu' CiuiiluM'l.'iul IJivcr. oiUKisiic ( 'iiluinlms. Missouri,
\v;is I lie lu'iriu-
iiiiii,' of (ii'i;-
cral (iraiilV
\ ii'lofics. hilt.
il was a vif-
iiirv s(i
liinn'ii
far
iiitii
•I'fal thai, iu'
as linaliy
hul Id st'i'U
lliT of
llu' she
his Li'iiii-lx al.'
Tho li,
..r Wlls
. 1.
Ci
I'ck, when'
I'.MT. IIIA.III.K!< Wll.KK!'.
liu' i^allaiiL Lvoii fell, hail oi'i-urrt'd Aii{j;iist. 10,
ami was tlio most (loslriiclivi^ I'liLiiip'iiu'iil of llio
year, ('\i'o|)t Hull h'mi. It tcriiiinali'd favorahly to
llic South, a!thoiii;ii vorv iioarly an I'voii tiiiiii,'.
'riic year l.'^ill closed wit h Ihi' Sout'h in iiosscssiou
of .several points of ailvaiitam', gained iliiriiii;- tliii
season, (hi t hat side was an army of ;>."iO,(Ui(i ; on
the Nortiieiu, a i'tn-ee of .■lOO.UdO. Mis.soini and
Marvland were sa\ed from seivdiui;'. Moth eoiild
iiit 10 tioi>iiies. liut neitl
ler Inui oeeasion lor over
weeniiii;' eoe.iidenre ol alulitv to aeliie\e linal vielorv.
The Trent alVair
tlu' ea|iliin' hy ('a|itaii
Wilkes, of the I'liited Stales navy, of Mason and
Slidell, ie|iresentatives of liie Coiifederaey, while on
hoard the Kritish steamer the '/'rrii/. It oeetirfed
Novemher .*>. and oeeasioned tremendous exeilemeiil,
in thiseoi 'ilry and in l'ji;:land. War helween the
two iial ions seemed iinmineiit. Hut Seerelarv Sew-
ard ealmed tlii^ waters hy releasmii' the iirisoners.
Iiikiiii; care in so doiiiii; to seeiiie from Mnyh ml a
dislinel. re|iiidial ion of the riijht of seareli.ihe very
issue which the war of ISI'3 involved hut d'd not,
sellle. Amencau iliiihrniai'v won a hrilliaiil victory.
coni|ileiiii^- w I It the treaty of (ilieiit had left un-
sedletl.
"he lirsl iialtle id' iMlvl was iiel
weeii a small loree
under lliim|ihrev M;,,'.-hall and a iiriuade. or hardiv
that, under ('oloiiel .lames A. (iarlield. at I'reston- !
lull':.', Kentucky, (iarlield won the day. and was
|(r<tmoletl loilii' rank of hriiiadier-i^eneral on the
slreni.',tli of his gallantry ou I hut oeeasion.
With this year het;an formidalile naval ojieralions
in the Wi'sl. ('oinmodore l'"oote had a larire llotillii
^f
-. -«
\is, Missouri,
^
I' I
l.KKH.
I August. 10,
'IIU'Ul of llio
(1 fiivoralily to
.en tliiii.u:-
h in [lossi'ssioii
I'll iluviii,!;' tlio
f ;5.")(t.(i(Hi ; (Ml
Missouri ;iii(i
Holh I'oultl
ion lor oM'r-
linal viilory.
I)V Ciiplaiii
Mason autl
ai'V. wluic ou
It oi'iurrcd
IS fxi'ili'iui'ul.
lu'lWt'l'U till'
Si'orotary Si'w-
u' [irisoiiiTs.
Ill Imiu'I: u'l '^
arrii.tlif viM'v
hut (I'll not. I
liiaul victory,
hail k'ft uu-
u asiiiall forci'
;uli'. lU' hardly
il, at I'ri'stoii-
(lay. and was
yiu'ral (Ui the
isioii.
ival (iii('rati(Uis
a laru:o Hot ilia
tl
\
■fill'. IM'KlOt) Ot- lOM'-l.ll r.
s,u
under his coriiniand which had htm titled out at. St.
liOiiis for scr-
vici' on the
M ississ i i>|i i
and ils irilui-
larics l''ehru-
ary li. l''ort.
Henry «as
coiniiclled to
surreiider.aiiil
,. , ten (la\ < later
., "\ Fori Doncl-
< son was at
I lie iiicrey of
III Mi'iiiiKv MMi-iiAi.i,. I'oole and
( iraiil, iicliiiij; in concert, (J rant, heiii:; in coinniand of
the (ieiiartnieiil (if \\'est Tennessee. Huckner was
ill coniinand
of the fort.
llt> oiK'iied
iiejjjot iat ions
for caiiituia-
lioii, when
(Irani, iiiiido
the incinor-
alde reply,
" No lernis
c\ic|it. ini-
cond il iona
and iinniedi-
ate siirriMi-
der can lie
acci'pted. 1 |ir(i|iose lo iiiovi> iininediati'iv ou vour
works." The
lenns wt-'c ac-
ceptiMJ and
lifliHMi thousand
prismicrs ,'cll in-
fo the I'.ands of
^ tlieeaptors. That
"-^ capture, I lie re-
\ suit la u'cly of
l"'( tote's irrni-
lioats, was the
I'oundalion of
(i rani's pnpnlar-
il V. Il placed his
.vM.iii,» 11 , ..,i:. iiaineinlheliead
raiiK and occasioiicd nianv a iirediction lliat lie
*^-"^
would prove the supreme hero of the war. Fort
l>oiicls(>n sur-
reiidcrcd l;\'l)-
ruaiy li!.
'I'lie next iiii-
porlani. e\ent>
was th,' hat tie
of IVa i;iil--e,
iir Mlkhorn,
Missouri. Both
arinies coiicen-
tralcd. the ( 'oii-
federales under
\'an Dorn, tlie
Federals un-
der (^irt.is. The r.WU >AN IMillN.
Iiattlc iiei^iui Marcii T. and was not. terniiiiated um-
lil the next
niorniii;;. 'IMie
Confederates
were cniii-
pli'tely lieal-
cii. iiiilwilh-
slandiiiL;' iliev
foUi^dit. with
I ureal lirav-
; cry. Tlieshat-
tercd reiii-
iiaiits lied in-
to Tennesseo,
joininul^eau-
re^ard at
Meuiphis. Clurtis toidi up his heai|i|uarlers at Spriiij^-
lield. Mis-
souri. Tlio
next day oi^
curred liio
tierce duel
lielwceii I lie
Miniitor and
the Mi'rri-
iiiiic/,' in
1 1 a 111 p I o n
ivoads. The
fi inner was a
inaunilicenl,
inau-of-Wiir,
I'orineiiv tlie
Nri;iii(iu ov I'ciiir iikmiv
.luIlN KltllHUON.
priile
il till" .\niericau iiavv ; the hitler was a
"^r
-^
my
%^
534
Till': I'lCKlOIJ OF CONFLICT.
1 !'
-i i
(I
lunvly ll^3vi^sull iroii-oliul ami almost ball-proof gun-
boat, tilt! iinuiilion of tliat great j^'ciiiiis, Job ii Erics-
sou. It is not too much to say that tbc suocjss of
the little Miinilnr on that occusion revolutionized
naval arcjiitocture, lor
it signed tlie de.itb
warrant of modern
vessi Is of war. Jf the
MerriiiKuk had not
been arrested in its
ctnirse it would iiave
strewn the Xorth At-
lantic seaboard with
desolation and havoc.
The result of that
encounter was an infi-
nite relief to the na-
tional capital, which
had been in great a) pre tension from an assault
by water.
The battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg Jjanding, oc-
curred April t; and 7. (irant had over .'}(),(H)0 men,
and JJuell was advancing from Kasbville to bis su])-
port. The ('onl'cd;'ratcs were comniande<l bv the
l)rave and bril-
liant (<eu. A.
S. Johnston.
He decided to
attack <!rant
at Pittsburg
Landing be-
fore he could
be joined liv
Huell. Early
in \\w morn-
ing the light
began, and at
nightfall the
I'V'derals had been pushed very nearly into the river.
It 1, Hiked as if Grant was about to lie completely
used up. That night l?ui 11 arrived. It was anotiier
instance of " night or Hlllcher." There were no
corresponding recruits for the attacking army, and
the next morning tho Confederates were I'ompelled
to fall back on Oorinth. The losses on both sides
were very heavy. Those on the Federal siiU^ were
about I.'!,""". Among the Confcdcrales who fell was
(ien. \. S. .Idhnston liimself, Alexander II. Slc-
phena prouoimced the loss irreparable, ami tfclTer-on
TilK LKVCK AT MEW uKLIiA.NIl.
IMIN 0AH1.(1> 111 Kl.l..
Davis placed tho very highest ostinuito upon tho
grci.'tness of the calamity.
April 'ib New Orleans fell into the hands of the
Federals. It was well fortilicd, and thought to bo
almost impregnable.
The Hoot which suc-
ceeded in forcing tho
surrender consisted of
eight steamshi})s, six-
teen gunboats and
twenty - one mortar-
vessels. This largo
force had for co-oper-
ative supjjort General
Butler at Southwest
Pa.sswith !),00() troops.
The Confederate de-
fense consisted of sev-
eral strong fortifications and seventeen vessels, in-
cludin ;• several rams. The forts surrendered, the few
vessels of the defense were destroyed, and the city
was at the mercy of the a.ssailants. General Hutlef
took jiossession of tho city. Ilis administration
of alTairs in Xew Orleans gave great satisfaction
at the North
ami arou.sed still
greater indigna-
tion at the South.
He was aci'uscd
of robbing the
jieople even of
their spoons, and
of playing the
despotgenerally.
The real secret
of Butler's un-
jiopularity was
an onk'r issued hb-sjamin r. buti.ep..
to the eifect that any woman who should insult the
Hag, or show contempt for the Union, should be as-
sumeil to be a woman of the town plying her vocation.
It is now time to revisit the lui 1-boundarniy of the
Potomac. Tlu' pressure of Nonhern public opinion
was such that early in March President liincoln or-
dered McClellan to move on Uiclunond. An abor-
tive movement, was miuleoi\ the H)th of that month.
About that lime the Hiirnside expedition was sent
to capture Newberg, North Carolina, a jiort on the
.N'euse river. A fortnight later McClellen changed
Is of the
tjlit to bo
re<jmible.
lich suc-
H^iiig tho
iisisteil tjf
iliips, .six-
ats and
luortar-
'his largo
r c'o-opor-
rt Gcuoral
South wost
JOO troops.
Juratc ilc-
itcd of scv-
kossols, iii-
ed, the few
id tlio city
eral lUitlef
liuistration
(iitisfaution
insult tho
k)uld tio as-
I'l' voi:atiou.
jinny of tlic
l)li(; oiiinioH
[iincoln <ir-
An alior-
Imt month.
In was sent
iwTi on the
In changed
THK IMCKIOD Ol' C'ONKUICT.
5.^5
ills base of o(perat.ions iigiiinst Ilichnionil to Fortress
Monroe. Tiio J'eninsula ciunpiiign nuiy l)e said to
iiavo bemin with tiio ovaeiiulion of Vorktown,
torv was won, and McClellan was able to move into
Williamsburg. Insieiul of t';.llowingui)liis ailvanlage
with vigor, ho allowed J. 10. John.ston to retire in
T^
--• S
m '
m - i
?i'f^ !■!(■■
[llij^tA ii/'.
)'■
i" ill .' :'■
v'ti
'ft!
''ii-'
If
fi-
■■i!'-
^^
53^>
THE PERIOD OF CONFLICT,
vorii Ilill.s, July 1. That was a torriliu pei'HKl. Fair
Oaks oanio very
near beiii^ an
ovor\Theluiiii;f
Uiiittii ilefeat.
ArcClullaii's ar-
my was oil tioth
sides of t.lio
( 'liickalioiuiiiy,
iiiid tlie s\vaiii|is
wt're Hooded.
Jolinston's jilaii
was to destroy
llie jiortiou of
the army on the
NATIIANIKL 1' BANKS. J.'.ii,- Qaks SUle
of the river, and he woukl have done it if it iiad not
beenforGen-
eral Sumner
and the re-
cniits lie
brought to-
ward even-
ing from the
oi)l)ositesidc.
The loss on
either side
was about
7,000, and
J oil lit', to n ,
then the
leadin;' sol-
dier ot the Confodoracy, was seriously wounded.
That wound
brouiiiit (ien-
cral Lee to the
front, a posi-
tion wliieii he
kept to the
very last.
Both armies
were so badly
ciipiiled that
neither felt
hke takiiij.'
^i the initiative.
The North
l^n'catly een-
sured MeC'lellan for remaining (piietly in the malarial
swamps of the Chiekahominy, and the South re-
;iaiiieil eonlidenee. This uonlidence showed itself
in the gallant but uneventful dash of Confederate
eavalry under (Jeneral Stuart within the very
lines of the main Federal army. The battle of Oak
(irove was fougiit June 'iH, It was aeomiiaratively
small batlle. but it .ras a vietory for the Confeder-
ates, and MeClellen then gave up all aggrcssivo
plans. It was no longer " On to Kichmond," but
the problem was " How not v.: do it." The next day
Jaekson anil A. I'. Hill were directed by lieo to at-
tack tile Federal rigiit. All day the battle raged,
with indecisive results. The huaL day at tiio battle of
(iaiiies' Mills. Lee had hojws of capturing JfcClel-
lan, and the latter sought to fall back upon the
James river in good order and with his supplies.
During the 2Tth Porter held the enemy at bay. The
ne.xtdavlien.
lUWIN V. HUMNEIl.
Sumner ren-
dered sub-
stantiallytho
same service
at the battle
of Savage
Station. The
liiird day
the battle
of Frazier's
Farm served
liie same
negative pur-
liose, and
during that night the army of the I'otomac was
re-uniled for the first time since tiie (^hiekahom-
iny llowed liotwcen it. And now cam j the climax
of the campaign — the battle of Malvern Hil'i,
July 1. That conllict raged until nine o'clock
in the evening, when the Confederates aiian-
doiied tlie idea of capturing tiie Federals. McClel-
lan fell back upon the Jamos, Lee to the entrench-
ments at Ivichinond, both sides beaten, with losses
on cither side variously estimated at from 1 "),()00 to
•.'."i,()(i(i. The loss liy sickness during tiie heated terni
was terrii)ie. Of the splendid army of 100,000
wiiieJi hail witered the IVininsiila onlv a small jiro-
portion could be mustered as " present and tit fur
service." The public sentiment at the North was
so strongly against (lencrai McClellan that he was
relieved, practically, and (leneral I'ope called from
Savago
ion. The
1 liay
battle
razior's
served
same
ae was
kahoin-
uliiiiax
1 inii,
o'l-lock
aliaii-
Mc;(Jlel-
itrcuch-
th lusscrt
),()()0 to
iteil lon;i
1(;0,00()
nail prii-
l tit for
oi'tli was
t he was
led from
^k
THE I'KRIOD OK CONKl.ICT.
537
the West to take liis jdaec. The army of I lie I'ot.o-
mae was re-organized late in .Fitly, and I'arly in
August J'ope assumed the aggr(!ssive. "'On to
lliehniond " was once more tiio cry. 'I'lie hatile
of (JiMlar
Mountainwas
fought All-
gust 8, in
which Jack-
son jmnisiied
Manksunmer-
rifully. I-ee
iio\r prepanMl
lo attempt
to eapliire
I'oiw's whole
army, and
till! latter took
riiz .luiiN i-oKTKii ahirni. Tlie
swollen condition of tiie liappalianuock ballled
l)()tii retreat and attack. I'ojK) was gradually forced
hack toward W'asiiington. Tiie second jjattle of
JiuU Run, or Manassas, wius fougiit August 30. At
one time it looked as if
tiie Federals were about
to win tlie day, ))ut Fitz
.loiiii I'orti'r failing to
co-ojKirate witli tiie
iiKiiii army, tlie day was
lost and i'ope oldiged
to fall back upon ("I'U-
tcrville. l>y this time
I'lijie was ready to re-
turn West, a confesseil
failure in \'iiginia, a
failure! more due, how-
ever, to the jealousy of
leading suinpi-dinate of-
iii'ers than to any lack
of soldierly ipialities.
It was now liee's turn
111 a,ssume a still more
dei;idedly agganssivo attitude. Not content: with push-
ing the enemy to the wall, he movcil into Marvin iid,
intending to sti'ike Uallimorc and Wasliiriu'ton.
Several minor b;itt Ics \scrc l'nii:;lil, ami Scptcmiicr
11 came the great battle of Aiitictam. The Coti-
federtites under Lee mimliere(l ('lO.ddi) ; tJie l"'cilcrals.
under MeGK'llan, who was given on ■ more oppor-
AMIIItdsK E. HUUNHO)!!.
tunity tci fail, numbered iKi.ooi). Three days before.
Harper's I'"crry had falli'ii into tJie Ininils of the
Confedenites and the battles of South Mouiitiiin(in
which the gallant Kono fell), and of (.Jniptou's Gtip
were fnuglit.
Milt i)oth ar-
mies were
eager for ti
decisive vic-
torv. "Fight-
ing .ioe"
Hooker be-
gan the i.'iiig
at daybreak,
when Stoiie-
w;dl Jiiekson
swejit his
corps from
otr liie Held,
Hooker himself being wounded. All (hiy the firing
was ke[it up. Both sides claimeil ti vic-tory. Tl was
a suhstantial triumph for the Federals, for l^ee
iibandoned for a time his aggressive jiolicy tind retired
up \\w. Shenandoah
valley to Winchester.
One more gnsat bat-
tle was f(Miglit in ISii-j.
It, Wiis before the
heights of Frcderieks-
biirg, N'irginia, Murn-
side, who had now been
promoted to tin! com-
manil (jf the army of
the Potomac, iitt-enipleil
the capture of tliiit
stronghold. He sacri-
liced aixnit l."i,(iOO men
ill the unavailing as-
sault. Il(! t((ok coin-
mand November •">, and
the iiattht of I'^reder-
i(d\sbiirg was fought
Deccmher \'-\. \\ was a fearful, fruitle.-s ami un-
necessary slaughter.
Ill tiie South west the l''ederals ludd every strong-
li(d<l except \'irksl)urg and I'oft Hudson, l)iit those
were iiiiporlaiit exceptions. While we have been fid-
lowing the rortunrs of the army of the i'otomacsev-
eral important events were occurring in the Mis.-'issip-
•V
m
\¥mi
Mm.'
1 1 ■■'
"7
538
'IIIK IM:KI()1) Ol' CONFLICT.
])i Valley, lining iuvadud Kent iicUy in tiiu hope of
lidding tliiit stiito to the Conl'ederaey, and making
Tennessee solid for tiie same canse. lie had an
army of (>(t,000. ]?uell was in eommand of tiie op-
posing Federal forees, having an army of 1UU,()()0.
J?ragg did not suetteed in estahlisiiing Confederate
rule in that rogio's liut ho did numago to capture
and carry olf vast sLores of provisions wJiicii wore
greatly needed by tiio South.
(loneral (irantl)egan in 18(i"i iiis movement upon
Vickshurg, hut he accomplisheil notiiing. lie found
himself checkmated. Jlis supplies at Holly Springs
were captured by the enemy. Corinth, luka and
Murfrcesboro wore claimed as Federal vict<jries in
the West, but Bragg had much whereof to boast and
the South a
hapj)ier!New
Year tliau
the Xortii.
The year
18<i"i sawLlie
peace [larty
attiicXorth
calieil Cop-
pei'heads at
its strongest.
Manydoubt-
f ul Congres-
sional dis-
tricts weri!
carried by tiiem. and some states, notably Xew York.
The discon-
tent was gen-
eral. Some
wanted more
ligiiting, and
others less,
and uo one
seemed to be
satisiieil with
tlie conduct
if the war.
Tho proc-
annitiou of
i'lniancipation,
joBEPu uooKEB. the most not-
able American documt'ut since the Constitution, was
President Lincoln's New Year's greeting. It was
issued Sei)tember •^'i, lS(i'2, to take elTect the first
|pnp
p
^^^m^-^
-"r/^^^
'^'•mmF- '■■'"'
TU'INS OP rUANCEM.OIiSVII.I.K. |
(hiy of January following. That declaration of
freedom was eonlined in its immediato oixiration to
territory not tiien within tho actual jurisdiction of
tho United States, while careful not to disturb the
institution of slavery witiiiu tiio Federal lines. But
everyl)ody understood that henceforth tho real poli-
cy of the government would bo liberty to all. From
that time on, liotii sides were more determined than
over before to win tho day, feeling tho gravity of the
stake inv(jlved.
Ti>e llrst day of the year 1803 was a day of vic-
tory f^r the Confederates. Thoy captured tho im-
liortant city of (ralveston, the key to communica-
tion liy water with Texas. Tho next day the Fed-
erals gained a victory at Murfroesboro, and a few
days later
thoy captur-
eil Arkansas
Post. But
tlicse were
not nnit-
ters of very
much im-
jiortan cc.
On both
sides the Po-
tonuio was
tho center
of attrac-
tion. JJurn-
side asked to bo relieved, and was succeeded by
" Fighting .Joe Iloidvcr," of whom mucii was cx-
])ected. lEe crossed tiio Kappahannock and fought
Fjce at Chaiicollorsviiie early iii Jlay. The result
was a victory for the Confederates. Tiio Union loss
was over 1 l,0(lO. Hooker recrossed the river.
About a month later, Tx'O took his s[ilendid army
of 100,000 men northward into ^Maryland and Penn-
svlvania, boldly assuming the aggressive. >«ow for
tiio first time the war was actually transferred in
part to tiie Xorth. On the ^Stii of .Tune Hooker
was superseded liy (Jeneral Ooo. (i. Meade, of Penn-
sylvania. Presently the battle of Cettyslmrg was
fought. That was probaljly the sujireme battle of
the war. (Jettysliurg is just over the Maryland line
in Pennsylvania. Tho battle began .Inly 1, and did
not close until thotiiird day. The dei'isive moment
was when, in the afternoon of tho third day, IjOo
ojiened on Hancock's position Avith one hundred and
^
ration of
(ration to
Viction of
stui'b tho
ues. I3v\t
real poli-
ill. From
iucd tliau
,ity of the
ay of vic-
ud tlio iiu-
)inniunica-
y tho i'ed-
and a few
ays hiter
licy captur-
il Arkansas
'ost. But
heso wore
lot niiit-
;ers of very
uaich im-
portan oo.
Ou both
sides tlic To-
toiiuic was
tlie center
uf attrae-
tion. Buru-
iicceeded l)y
leh was ex-
uiid fouglit
The result
|c ITiiion loss
river,
ileudid army
,d and I'enn-
e. Now for
Iransferred in
line Hooker
Lie, of I'enn-
Ittyshurg was
lie battle of
laryland line
Illy 1, anil did
lisive moment
[inl day, l^c
I hundred and
THE PKKIOD OK CONFLICT.
i-i
539
m
m
I
t
m
Wl''- I
''^i'M:;
•
It-J;!^
''
iBm
■il;.;l' ■
:1
it, ■' ■ ■".
r'j;;t''
THIC IMCKKJT) OF CONI'^I.ICI'.
541
flfteon gu' • 'J'lui .■<lu)ck did nut Ijrnak t!"' line. It
is estimii* • iliiit alnmt fifty tliouMuiid men were lost
111 thiitdui-, "iiii 'iicoiiiitiu'. Ij<'0' a.s()l)liifi'il IdiiIiuii-
don tlui oirjiKsivd uiid reHro lo tlio I'otoiiiiK'. Tliu
field of (; ■ :ysbur[r is now a lUitional cemetery. It
iscstiii'.itcil
by Deny
tiiat ill tliu
Poniisylva-
ni:i ciini-
piii,i,ni tlid
Sou tiicru
loss WHS it-
hollt iS,0()()
kill('(l and
wo u iidod
and l(),(tO()
prisoners.
lie places
UEOROE a. MEADK. tllO Nortil-
em losses at about the same ajjproxiinate iigtires.
Anioijj? those who fell at (icttysbiirg was (icnoral
John V. Reynolds, of Pennsylvania. A ritle-l)all
struck liini during the first day of the battle, killing
him instantly, while in active command of the First
Corps. lie was- a very popular, brave and ellicient
officer. General Sickles, of New York, it nuiy bo
added, lost a leg at Gettysburg.
While Tjce and Meade were mowing down each
other's soldiers in winrows at Gettysburg, General
JL
OKNEIlAl, MKADK'rt MKA DlillAllTKHS AT OETTYSIllIl'll.
Grant was jHjrsistently pushing his way into A'icks-
burg. The sicgo began May 19 and ended almost
simultaneously with tlic retreat of T^ec. The two
events formed one piece of intelligence. fieneral
Pemberton was in command of the beleaguered
force. On the 3d of July he proposed to surrender,
and the next day the surrender was nnide — 31,000
itr.vN(ii,i)».
11 the mountain-
men, 17"^ cannon, and no less than 1<> generals.
I'Durdays later Port Hudson surrendered to IJanks,
and the Mississippi was restored to llie Union.
'J.I' summer of Federal [iros|HTity was uiidisturl)ed
by any serious counter-ilisastcrs. The desiKjrato
Morgan dashed
into Ohio and
Iniliana witii
four iliousiind
('onl\'(l('rateeav-
alry, hut no sub-
stantial advan-
tage was gained.
On t lie contrary,
tiie state militia
of Oiiici proved
an ovormatcli
for tiie raiders.
Ill the fall
there was iiii- j"
])ortant lighting fiu'tlier si,
oils region of northern Georgia, and southern
Tennessee. Upon 'he banks of the Tennessee stood
the little town of Chattanooga, almost at the very
foot of Lookout Mountain and near Missionary
Ridge. These are names coii.si)i(!uous in the military
annals of the country In the summer General
Rosecrans had won important victories in Tenne.s.soo,
but in September
he was defeated
with great loss
at Chiekaniaiiga
River. He was
hemmed in and
his forces near-
ly starved out by
Bragg. General
Thomas grandlv
came to his res-
cue and saved
his army from
overwhelming
disaster, from ir-
retrievable ruin. General (jrant was sent to super-
sede him, and given amiile resources. His first
care was to relieve the wants of the army. General
Thomas, who had prevented the defeat of Chieka-
niaiiga from being a rout, was in command of the
Army of the Cumberland. General Hooker came
DANIEL K. HICKLES,
^nt
%P"
'■ ■ •.,l»-,;.'.-'J
1-1
1' ).'^-
;[.-
r''ii''
','\'.i.
5-H
llli: l'i:i<IOU <il" CONFLICT.
iIdwii from \'iri:iiii:i \riili :i:),(H») iiiuii, iiiiil Sliuriiiiin
was lit tlio
liuml I if four
ilivisiuiiHof tliu
Army of (!h'
Toiiiiessci'. Ill
:i iiionlli I'l'Diii
tlu' liint' (irnii!
;irvivi'(l every
^1 rejia r:if in ii
had l)eeii iiiiiile
for ii (jeiienil
en ira jrt'iiie lit.
Xiiveiiilici' ■.'!.
JIiHiker cliui;^'-
eil up I^ddkoiit
mil \V(in a liriHiaiil
;il>'KI HANK.
ilic cKiuils,"'
\ li:\V (If I.diiKiUT MiilNTAIN AND VAI.I-EY FUOM CIIATTAXOIICJA.
Wll.l.lAM ti.
Motiiitaiii, •• ali()\(
vicldi'v. The
next (lay tlii'
-real hat tie
nf Chatta-
linnija Mas
t'imi;liL ami
Willi, mainly
li\' (ieneral
'i'liiimas ani]
the u'^illaiit
Army ul' tlie
Cumherlaiiil.
liiiriisideha.l
reiiileieil if-
feetive ser- •
viee liy (Irawim: Tjdiiirstreet a\ray from re-iiiforcimr
Hra::'^''. He ooiilil not meet him on the open iielil,
litit lie eoiilil jirevciit him imtrimr Jiis army ^rhere it
wouM do the most good for the Confederato cause.
When Brugir was coiiii)ellcd to hreak camp and llee
nortlnrard, liurnside, llien at Ivnoxville, was re-iii-
fon-ej and Loiigstroet marehed away.
Tlie fighting of the year isi;;! was now at an end,
lb onlv remains to speak of two features of the y(^ar.
tlie riot ill Xew York and Andersonville. 'i'iie gdv-
erniiu'iit fell ediiipelled to draft for more Sdldiers
during that summer. Xt'arly everywhere tlie people
suhmitted grai-idusly ; liiit the •• haser surt '" in X'ew
Vdrk City rehidled and raised u most disgraceful
riot. The moh wreaked its vengeance on all colored
persons found, and even destroyed an asylum for
colored orjihans, Tiie riot begun July 111 ami raged
three days. It i.s Ixilioved tliiit a tlioiwiind jiersoim
were killed or
wounded, 'I'ho
military were
ohlige(l to inter-
pose and put it
down.
TheCoiifeder-
ateprisoiipeiiat
Andersonville,
(ieorgia, dates
from X'ovem-
her •-':, lS(i:i,
'i'iiowholeniim-
lier ot' jirisoners (■
registered there
was ■l!>,|s.-.. '
WILLIAM T. ellERUAN.
--yki:$^i^:r^^i&:^S^
lie full iiumher of dcatlis roconled
were l"J,4ii"J,
The sujicriii-
teiident, one
Henry AVirz,
wastried. con-
victed and
lianged, after
the war. for
murderoim
cruelty,
Duringtlie
months of
January and
February no
event of im-
portance transpired. On tiie fourth of JIareh, lSi'i4,
(irant was niado Lieutenant-* Jeiieral, and iiiaced in
command of all the forces of the United States.
Then for the first time the army was so unilied that
't could bo handled to the best advantage, tirant was
given iiiiliniited scope, and leaving .Sherman, Thoniiis
and others of less note in tiio AVest, took conunand
ill jierson of the army of the Potomac, lie jdaced
(ieneral Sheridan, hitherto in obscurity, at the head
of the cavalry service, ami sent him to scour tiie
Sheiiaiidoaii Vallev, He rendered brilliant service,
notably in winning tiie liattle of Winchester, im-
mortalized bvT, Buchanan Read's ^loein, " Sheridan's
IJide."
The massacre at Fort Pillow occurred April i;3.
Tliat was the most cruel ejiisode of the war. There
were a great many colored troops at the fort aud the
-'l^^
[lorrtoim
rccoriled
; siilicriii-
k'lit, Olio
in-y "Wirz,
teil iiiul
ii.'cd, lifter
! war, fov
I rilcriius
L'lty.
liiriiijrtlie
ths o
f
unary ami
)ruary ii<>
flit of iin-
rrli,lSi'4,
acril ill
■il States.
ilk'.l that
Iraiitwas
.,'L'llOllKlS
111
1'
Icoiiiiiiai
III' placed
the lieail
scour
tlie
lit siTvice,
ester, ini-
iheridan's
April 13.
Tlierc
k aiul the
•:'ri ^If
Ki.^ih
rni', iMKKJij OK lOM'Mi r.
545
objuct Kcoiiirt to Imvu bouii to intiniidiiio tliu bliickd
unci ik'UT thoiu from onlUtiiij,'. (loiicriiln Forrest
ami (JliiiliiiorH wlmro tlio dislionor of that masMacro.
Tho batllo of llu' WildcriiOHS was I'oiigliL May "j
and G. It wiia n ])art of ( irant's coniiirulionMivo jduu
fortTiiMlung
tho I'uoniy.
llo ovidunt-
ly tli()ni,'ld.
tliat. the
tinu) liad
coino to jmL
an end ti»
iMiu prcat
^*^¥^14y^^^ ,V^i^ f In tliis ho
was niistak-
Fiiaii- u. 8UEmuAN. en. iShlT-
nuiu was ordered to advance on Athuita tho same
day that Grant crossed tho Ttapid Anna to engage
Lee. For two days the battle raged and the slaughter
-was terrible. Grant lost 30,000 men ; Leo 10,000.
Neither gained any advantage.
But Grant was not disiieartened or shaken in ids
piirjxjse. With dogged perseverance lie followed up
that battle
things, at Cold Ilarbtir, Petorsimrg, ami elsewhere.
His losses wore enormous and constant.. Heforo
July, Urant hiul lust, it is ostinnited, HO,UOO, and Ixjo
half that nundier.
Tho grout Buceess of the season wiw Shermans
lamiiaign in . ,
Georgia, lie
captured At-
lanta Septem-
ber L It was
in this battle
that (leneral
M'l'hersonfell
wounded mor-
tally. Includ-
ing tho several
engagements
which culmin- Spotlgylvunla Court House,
atod in the siege of Atlanta, Sherman lost ;tO,000
men; tho Confederates under Hood and J, E.John-
ston, 40,000. He next organized and executed his
famous March to tho Sea, which was intended to
cut /If tho supplies and sever the railway connections
of tho Confederacy. The jjIuu was successfully car-
ried out. Tho march from Atlanta to Savannah
was practically uniniiiedcd.
A presidential election occurred utthe North dur-
insr the vear
with another,
tho battle of
Spottsylvania
Court House,
fought May
10, 11 and 13.
In that great
battle fell
General John
Sedgwick of
New York,
coinmandcrof
the Sixth
Corps. On the
11th inst. General Grant sent to tho War Department
the famous dispatch, "I propose to fight it out on
this line if it takes all summer." In those words
wore revealed the character of the man and the secret
of his power. "All summer " stretched into and
through the next winter, and it was not " on this
line" that final victory was won. He kept jnishing
liOM ATL.VNT.V TO TUK SKA
1804. On the
Republica n
side President
Lincoln was
tho candidate,
with Andrew
Johnson on
the ticket as
Vice-Presi-
dent. Tho lat-
ter was put
forward as a
representative
of Soutliiviii
Unionists. On the Democratic side tho cuJiliuiita,
were General McClellan and Geo. II. Pendleton of
Ohio. At the time McOlcUan was noitiiuu'ied the
Union cause was under a thick cloud. 'I'iie fall of
Atlanta came just after that. The platfui in on ■.vhicli
tho Democratic candidates were placed ploiiged thivn
to secure peace at almost any cost. Ol' course t!i<^
m
w
m
■I' • 'i
546
rin: pkkiod ok confijct.
states wliich had secL'dt.'il and boljum'd to the (Jou-
fedcrucy cmikl not vote, and Jlr. I.iiu'ohi received
an uvorwIivlininLT majority of the votes east.
Sherman's JMareh to llie Sea Iu'ltum November 1"),
and on the morning ot' tlie •.'Isl. of Dei'emher he
entered Savannah, ll ^^■as diirinL' tliat period that
Oeneral '^iH)nias i.ii'Li'i'neraled Hood coniiiletcly in
Tennessi'e, and ahnel, I'ruslied his arni\. Hood as-
s.'metl tlie clni; ive al l^'rankliu N'oxeniher iio, and
was repnlsi'd. l?e plainied .nioilier assanU on
Tlminas at Nasii-
villo, hut liefore lie
eould ]iii1- it into exe-
cution iu' iiad ht'en
att;uked ( Dcceinher
1"') and ill a liattle
wliicli raued two
days, soerippled that
lie had to llee to Hie
niounlains of Ala-
,ima. 'I'liat virtn-
ady ended liie war
in ilie inicvior.
'I lie vav \i as iioi
]irojrcti'd far into
lM'..'>. ll was oh'i-
ous iliat liichi.ioiid
eould noi hold out
Ioiil:. 'I'lie only ijues-
li.iu was whether io
sunvnder or taiv. ti elinii;-!^ of \r.\<r. 'I'lie latter was
jiri'MMited liy the I'll' 1 iiiu' of i,ee's railway eouiinu-
nicatiou hy
Slier ida n"s
cavalrv, and
the gradual
elosin;:: in
njion the
Southern ar-
my of the
I-\'dei'al Tor-
ees. Causes
not known
a; the Xoriii,
and disclos-
ed in the
next chap-
ter, coiis}>ired to render resistance im])()ssiiile.
Grant carried I'etershurL' hy iissanlt, and there he-
M<l.i;\NS MiUM;, WIIKIIK 1.K1-: sriiiiKNUKKKl).
•A -
0> ' :rW^
y
tlKl'lUiK n. THttMAa,
iui; no Other alternative, Lee surniidered April it,
ISd"), at A})pomattox (Jourt House. The war was
over; the oec'.;['ancy of Kii'hmond had already oc-
curred. Davis and his eai>inet had left the capital a
week l)efore. Johnston surrendered llieCJinifederato
forces in North Carolina to Shernum, who had
moved northward from Savannah, April IS. (Jen-
eral 'J'aylor, c(>niniaiidinir iu Alahanni, surrendered
to (Icneral Terry May I, and isirhy Smith in iliss-
issippi the "Mill. The total nuniher of Confederates
who suiTcnderi'd was
ahout l,")(»,l)0().
The most tragic
event of the war was
yet to come, the one
which i-ansed the
profoundest grief.
That was the assas-
sination of President
laiicoln. He was
shot hy J. Wilkes
IJooth while attend-
ing a theatrical eii-
I tertaiiimcnt given
at. l''ord's theater,
Washington, on the
evening of April 11.
Hcfore jnoruiiig tin-
wound had proved
fatal. Sccrelary Sew-
ard narrow 1} (.•s<'apcil i)eiiig killed liv a conspirator.
The shock was terrilik^ and the loss ini'oniparalile.
\ great slatesman. one who I'ould have harmonized
the iiatiiui. and restcuvd the icigii of law at the
South satisfactorily to iioth sictions, ga\e jilaee to
a jiolitician singularly unsuited |o tln^ great, task in
iuind. The jiassious of the war had not had time to
t'ool when that assassimdion occurred, hut it was
evidcnl that the Soul h sincerely ileprecati'd the great
cM'inie. At llrst the impivssion nrevailed that the
assassin was the agent, of delTcrMHi l)a\ is and oHicr
Coiil'ederates, hut there was no good ground for the
suspicion, ami ii soon faded from the pulilic mind.
Nothing ill all the history of tin' liepuhlic was
nn>re creilitalde than the goo(l hehas ior (d' the sol-
diers aftiT dishandment. ^hue than a million men,
North and Soutli, were at onco released from mili-
tary duty and renninded to the Avalks of civil life.
.Many of tliom had long been aceiistonicd to camp
-^r=^K
lU
lio \v:ir NViis
iilroiuly oc!-
ihe iMpital ii
(Jout'edoriito
II, will) luul
ril IS. (ii'u-
surrciuU'n'il
uitli in Miss-
e'(iiilVilor:iti's
roiuK'vt'il was
most tragic
f the war wiu?
OHIO, the one
caused the
i.lest grief,
as the assas-
iiof President
11. lie was
,y J. Wilkes
wliile altenil-
ihealrieal eii-
1111. 'lit given
Iml's tlieater,
utoii. on liie
of April II.
morning ihe
hail proved
I'l'retarv Srw-
a cousiiirator.
ucomiiaralile.
har-noni/ed
law at tlie
ave jilaee to
Liveat task in
)t had lime to
'il, luit it was
■at I'd the great
iih'd that the
,1s and other
frouiid for the
|iiihlir mind,
lu'puhlie was
or of the sol-
million men,
H'd from niili-
s of civil life,
lined to cam])
THt: I'DKlOl) C)l'' lONKI.ICT,
54;
W'i\
f ■''
r'
i.'V.-
!!■■ - ^
If-: !
1 •
1^:.
y'f
^
THE PERIOD OF COXFJ^It
549
IIKNRY W. BELLOWM. D.l>.
FoiinikT U. S. Sanitary Commission.
and field, but they took up tlie duties of peace iu a
quiet, orderly maimer, resolved into tiie general
mass of the pojiulation witliout any of tlio horrors
usually cxiierieneed in such cases in other lands.
The immense increase in tiie productive power of the
iialiou was ab-
solutely piu'-
nonienal.
Tiio records
of the army
medical de-
partment gi\e
the number
treated as .'),-
S-35,0()0 includ-
ing lield and
liosjiital l>ot]i.
Of these tlie
fatal cases were
1GG,G;23. The
wounded were
:J7o,17o; deaths among tliem, 33,7T'('. Perhaps
the most creditable feature of the entire period
of conflict was the provision made during the war
for the comfort of the sick and wounded. The
Sanitary Commission and the Christian Commission,
distinct but kindred organizations, raised niany
millions of dollars which wore expended in amelior-
ating the condition of tlio sick and wounded soldiers.
The Sanitary
Commission dis-
bursed *."i,0OO,(.)(lU
and sujjplies
valued at about
Un-ee times that
ainouni, and the
Ciiristian Com-
mission is believt'd
to have cxiKMided
not les< tlian >=•;.-
0(10,(1(10 iu tiie
same way, llie
only dilTercnco
lieiiig that tiu'
lie religicuis and
as tlii'i' piiys-
VIMENT (DI.VKIl.
Cliiiirmiiii V. S. CliristiimC'iimmisi-iuii.
latter Commission looked after tl
literary m ints of ilie soldiers as we
iral reijuireineut:'.
Wlien the war Ijegan, thi' navy ol! the I'nited
States mimberetl less than S.OOU mini. :ind at the
close it immbered over 50,000. The idea of block-
ading the South Atlantic coast was ridiculed by the
Britisli, and it certainly was the most memorable
Idoclcade of historx.
During tlio war tiiere were twenty naval engage-
ments, counting
those sieges and
assaults in which
huul forces took
the chief jiart,
l)ut required for
success naval co-
operation.
Tiie indejiend-
ent mival battle
was tlie success-
lul attempt o
the Confederate
ram Merriinai:
to sink the Fed- admihal pakhaout.
oral frigates Cniiiberhiinl -awX C'onfjress [n Hampton
Roads. Tliat occurred ^larch 8, 1S02. It caused
great consternation at tlie Xorth and rejoicing at the
South. The very next day, I'S we have seen, the Fed-
eral "unboat Jfiiiifor enffaffed the iforrinuw and
disabled her. In January of the following year tlie
Confederate jirivateer, the Ahil)awa,s\\\\k the United
States steamer Hitttfras. .Tune 19, 18(ir>, tlie /vw/--
ww? sunk the Alahamd olt Cherbourg, France. It
may be added
that the most
I'rilliant tia-
\al operation
was the cap-
ture of .Mobile
bv a licet un
der Admiral
Farragut, on
August oth,
ISC-l, and the
most impor-
tant tlie cap-
ture of Fort
Fisher, .laiiii- roMMiii'iiii: imiiitku.
ary To, lS(i."),by the conii)i'ied bind forces under (lon-
eral 'iV'try and iiavil forces under ('oinmodore
i'ort:er. Confedi'f;to iirivateers eajitured no less
than two linndre'l and eigliiy-ll\e l''ei]eral vesse'-
and (lie niinibc. of bliickade-runners and privateei
-f-
■^'-
'.^
550
THIC I'KRIOD OF CONFLICT.
li-;: ;.'
ca])turod by thcFedonil iiuvy (luring tlio eiitiro war
■\Tus no less than tliirtoen hundrod and tifty.
Boforo leaving tlu' liatlli'liclds and following the
2)Ci'iod of c'onlliet, in its pidititral jjliases, it may 1)0
well to add a few Ijiographieal sketelies.
General Robert Anderson, tlie lirst ollieer on ibe
Union side to atiract general attention, was liorn
in Kentucky in ]60'>, and died in France in
1871. Hardly had he become [ironiineid by virtue
of tlie altaeli. on Sumti'r, before he sank out of
sight, owing to i)hysical inaliihty to take Llie Held.
Tieneral I?. V. ihitler was an eminent hiwycr an [ex-
treme IJemoerat wlieii tlie war began. He jiroi iptly
.aid aside his profession and liis pi^'juihces and went
to tiio front, lint ins strictly mihlary operai ions \\ 'ire
inglorious. It was as a radical lu'[iui(lican Con-
gressman during the jierioil of lioconstruetion that
he rendered the main service of his life. Of late
years he has l)een devoted to his profe.-sion, l)eing
out ui sympathy wit-heiilicr poliiical [larty. He
has been a candidale for Linvcrnnr of .Massachusetts
several times.
General H. W. Hallcck was atone time the su-
preme oHieer of the army, virtually commander-in
chief. He was a- nalivo of .New York. He was
burn in 1S1."(, and died in l^iVi, His opportunities
were good ami his [irospi'cts tlatteriug for being the
greatest liero of the uar, Imt he was a failure as a
practical soldier oil a truly national scale.
"■ Fiirhtins Joe Jlciker" was born at Hadlcv.
Mass., in 1815. He was a gallant soldier and ren-
dered truly great servii'e iu several important battles.
He was not (piite eipial to the demands of the lirst
rank, but as a corps commander he was brilliant.
Lo(d<out Mountain and the battle above the clouds
will aluayj lie associated with his name. He died in
iHli'i after .1 long ]K'riod of sulTering.
General (icorge B. .Meade lirst, attracted conspic-
uous attention at (iettysburg. He supeiseded
Hctokcr in time to be tlu' hero of that, memorable
battle. He held im|iortant commands aiMl ac(|uilted
himself creditably at South .\biunt". . \ntietam,
Fredericksburg, Uhaiicellorsville and elsjw'icrj.
General Meade was a native of Cadiz, S|)aiu, '.\l'r"e
lie was born in ISlo, but he was a I'enr ylvanian,
and died in Philadelphia in IS^'i.
General Pope was born at Kaskii,sl:i :,. lUii.'.i^. i-..
^S'i'^i. Ills career in the Western army v'-t.; .-j reiy
snceessiful that he was transferred lo t.«e Pi.S'n.v^
to succeed MeClellan, where, as we liave seen, he
was very unfortunate. (leneral Pope is still in the
service, (huieral W. S. lloseerans, wIkj was early
conspicuous in the Southwest, was born in Ohio in
LSI'.). H(. retired from the army in ISGG. In 1808
Presiden., .lohnson iippointed him Minister to Mex-
ico. He shortly afterwards retired to private life in
California. In isso lu' was elected to Congress as a
Democrat. He was a warm supporter in that pi^
liti(;al lampaign of General W. S. Hancock, as
against, bis former chii'f of stalf, General Garfield.
General Ilaiu'ock was born in Penn.-^ylvania in 18'.i4.
U'A I'ntire lilc, it might be saiil, has been spent in the
army. l''rom
the time lie
entereil We^t
Point as a
cadt't until
now he has
been dexoled
lo the mili-
taiy service,
liis ]iresidi'n-
li;il"andidac y
was thrust
ii[iou him,
and that
mainly for (.kxku.m. uancuck.
the eon.servatism of his (.'ourse as nalitary com-
nuinder at Mew Orleans during the period of recon-
struction, (iettysburg was his most important
battle.
General (ieo. II. Thomas, like (Jeneral Lee, was
a native of N'irginia, but, to him mitional loyalty
was paramount to state fealty. Horn in ISKi, he
had seen ser\ ice in the Seminole and Mexican wars,
andbeen a [ifol'essorat W'l'st Point. In the valley of
the Shenandoah, in Kentucky, ^Iississi|ipi,'rennessce
iind Georgia he showed him,.;cir lo be a grand genius
for war. llail be been pushed forward by inlliien-
lial friends, lie nught have proved the suprenu; hero
of the war; but his state was iii hostility t(j the
c:'use in which be was engaged, and that was a .seri-
ous hin<lrance to hi.- jiromotion. He died a major-
general ii\ tlu> regular arniv, at San Francisco, in
i8:o.
Ueaeal W. 'i'. Sherniiin was born in Lani aster,
•Hiio, in 18'>'0. He is a brotluv of John Shenmin.
We have already si)oken of his more notable ex-
^
e seen, ho
still in the
■\vas early
in Ohio in
,. In 18(>8
,er to Mcx-
vate life in
)ngresa as a
n that \vy-
ancuck, as
al GarficUl.
miain 1824.
spent in tlio
ilitarv coni-
0(1 oil rucou-
t important
•a
1 Leu, was
,1 loyallA
ISK'i, he
III
.!xu-an will's,
lllio valley of
Tennessee
luraiiil jfenius
liv inlluen-
luiiivnu; hero
St lilt V
to tl
le
lit was a sen-
l a niajor-
lUM
'raneiseo, iii
|i lian(iister,
111 Sliernian.
notahle ex-
^
'j'lii': im:ui()I) oi' c(jnm<-mct.
.ill?
k.
551
69
i&p-
mi i
'-if
h
" 1
H ■ ■ ,
r
1, i
THK I'lCKlOl) i>l' (.OM-LICT.
553
jiloits. AVIiuu (icneriil (Iniut wiis I'lecU'il to tlio
presidency (iuuural Slieniiiiii succt'uik'd him at tiio
heud of tlio iinuy, the position wiiirii iic! still niain-
tains. Ni'xt to liini, lioldinu; since ISil'.i tjie ranlv of
iioutenant-gc.H'ral, is Piiiiip II. Slu'ridan. (irant,
Sherman and Sheridan are the names most ilhistri-
ous in connection with tiie Union cause, and ail
three were horn in Ohio, (irant in IS'i'-l, Siierman in
IS'iO and Sheridan in l.SIU. Sheridan was an oii-
scure cavalry ofliccr until (irant was i)laoeil in com-
mand of all the armies, when he was made chief of
cavalry, and amply justilied the contidenco rejHised
in him. Kspecial mention should also 'le made of
(ieneral McPherson who was killed hefore Atlanta
in 18(14. lie too was a native of Ohit), born in IH'-IH.
His death was a great loss to the army. He had
proved himself a great soldier in many a hard-fought
battle, from Corinth to Kenesaw and Atlanta, (ien-
eral 0. 0. Howard, now at the head of the Mihtary
Academy at West J'oint, is a native of Maine. He
was e(|ually eminent as a soldier and a Christian.
Pious and brave, he bore a prominent i)art in the
battle of Fair Oaks where he lost an arm, also in the
battles of Chancellorsville, (iettysburg, Chattanooga
and Atlanta. He was at the head of the Freedman's
Bureau, after the war.
The administratit)n of Andrew Johnson belongs
to the period of eonlliet. It was during his term of
oHice, whicl- extentleil from April 15, 18(1."), to March
4, 18(1'.), that the work of restoring the Union was
all virtually performed, and it nniy be said that
when that task had been aeoomplished the ])reseut
period of the I'nited States began.
In a political way very little was done at the Xorih
after the war had closed until Deeend)er, l8(Io, when
Congress convened. The states which had forme<l
the Confederacy for the most |iart repealed their
several oruinances of secession, repudiated their
state war debts and formally ratitied the abolitiou
of slavery, ilississippi led the way. Auirust )i'i.
Alabanni followed her example September K);
South t'arolimi, Septend)er ]'■) ; Morth Carolina,
October ii ; Florida and (ieorgia, Oetuber ^o. The
position of \'irgiiua was auonuilous. As early as
18(lli a state government, loyal to the Union, was
formed in counties under Federal control, and Pres-
ident tlohnson recognized tluu govermnent as valid
for the whole state, and prohibited the meetiu'i of
the more general legislature of the state, called for
tlie purjiose of re[)ealing the ordinance of secession
and abolishing slavery. As early as February, istl4,
the legislature which Mr. Johnson recognized as
valid for the whole stale of Virginia luid abolished
slavery.
When Congress convened, the SouthiTn states
presented themselves for admission, but tlieir repre-
sentatives were denied admission, with the exception
of Teunessei!, which was re-admitted during ISdil.
I'lie position of the Ue|)ublican l)arty was that the
states wliii'h had gone out of the Union should re-
main out until the necessary safegiuirds against se-
cession in the future should have Ix'eu provided.
Thaddeus Stevens of I'ennsylvania was the virtual
leader of the party at that time. He was a member
of the House of Ue[)resentatives. President Johnson
insisted that the seceded states , lioiild lie restored iis
soon as they had re^iealed their ordinances of seces-
sion and duly elected r< ,.r"-'entatives to Congress. In
tliis jiosition he was ;■ s; nj •,! by a few Republicans
and all the Democrats, iv . he was utterly power-
less. The l{ei)ubliean majority was so largo that
any party measure could be passed over his veto by
a two-thirds majority. Instead of accepting the
situation uid yielding his personal views to the inev-
itable will of the nuijority, he persisted throughout
his entire term of olliee in keeping up the conllict.
In the meanwhile the states which had seceded were
under jirovisional government and their restoration
to })rosperity seriously impeded.
The Thirteenth Const itutiomil Amendment abol-
ishing .slavery, w.is the lirst important step toward
reconstruction. That was otlieially declared adopted
I)oceml)er 18, 181)"). An elaborate Kecionst ruction
Act iR'canu' a law March 'I, bSUT, and the same day
Congress passed over the President's veto the Ten-
ure-of-Olliee bill, which greatly restricteil the re-
moving p((wer of the Ivxceutive. The I-'ourteenth
Amendment to t lie Constitution, which was an elab-
orate t'mbodiment of the princii)les of the Hepubli-
caii ])artv on reconslnu'tioi:, became a part (»f the
organic law of the Republic, July -'8, 18ii8. It was
not until .March oU. ls;(),thatthe Fifteenth Amend-
ment, virtually conferring the right of suffrage upon
the negro, was adoi)te<l.
The longer the conllict between Congress and the
President was continued, the more radical and Ixdd
did the dominant party Ijeconie. During all this
period of j«)st-war contest, the Southern States were
■71"
"L^li^w..
mu
MB:
ill'
554
THK I'KKIOU Ol' l.ONFLICT,
ill !i coiuliliiiii of t;ii.s[Kjnduil jiuliticul iUiiiuiUioii. IJy
July, 1870, tlio rustoriitioii of nil the states hiul been
ofToctc'il, mill tlio jieriiMl of coiillict iiuiy bii said to
lia\(i c-oiiiu to a close.
Ill tlie iiieaiiwliilu liadouearri'il tiiu iiiipuaclinieiil,
trial and iie<|iiittal of Aiidivw Johtisoii, and the
election of his siieeessor, (Jciieral (irant. That ini-
IKiMclniient was the cuhniiuitinn of the feud between
Uic li'Lrislalive and cxt'cutive departiiieuts of tlie
general governnicni. It reijiiires a Lwo-thirds ma-
jority of liie Senate, sitting as a high court of ini-
iMaehment, to convict. One more vote against him,
and I'rcsidcnt .Tolmson would have been de[)osL'd.
'i'hat great stale trial occurred in the .springof isns.
.lust lifter its termiiuitioii the National Keiiublican
CJonvention met at Chicago and nonunated (icneral
Cirant for President by acchimalion, and Sciiuyler
Colf.ix for Viee-President. Their opfioncnts were
iloratio Seymour, of !Ne' York, who as (ToveruoroC
th.^t state b.iid op|v)Sf;d t' : tary draft, anil tJen-
eral Francis J . lUair. All the states took part in
the election except A''irginia, (Jeorgi.. lississippi
and Texas, which had not been reconstructed at that
time. (Irant and Colfax received 214 electoral
votes, and Seymour and Blair Tl. The pojmlar
iiuijoriiy of llie Rs'piiblii an jiarty was nearly
;L»)OU,(IUO. That election settled forever the
xalidity of the ameiiilinents to the Constitution
adopted subscipicnt to the war, including universal
sull'rage.
Early im 1^(18 there was organized at the South a
secret onlur known as the Kii-Klux-Klan, with Gen-
eral Forrest at its head. Its object was to thwart by
intimidation the enfranchisement of the colored jxjo-
ple and prevent the coin|ilete triumph at the South
of the Northern cause, or, as the members would ex-
press it, t JK! design was to " redeem tiie South."
That was the last llicker of tiie llames wiiich had
ri'ddeiicd tiie whole horizon of the nation. Many
of the members were brought to trial, convicted
and sentenced to the j)eiutem,iary for llieir acts of
violence. After the excitement had died away and
the i»ui>isluiient was supi)osed to have had its duo
etl'eet in breaking u[) the organization. President
(irant pardoned the prisoners, and now the last em-
ber of the war, kindled iu 1854, seems to be dead.
Before passing on, however, to the present United
States it will be well to devote a chapter to the dis-
tinctively Southern features of the i)eriod wliiehlias
been under eoiisideratioii in this chapter.
*y 1_
k^
I
OF THE CONFEDERACY. ^
^ wi
Ti^
^^^^V^
CHAPTER LXXXII
TlIK I'lIll'llsK UK TlIK ClIArTKIl— ('AIi<KS (IPTIIK CoNFKDKllAI V — 'I'lIF. Kl.KITIClN OP LlN'llI.S -TlIE
DiM.TUlNE IIP STATK SclVKIlKKINTV— TlIK UlllIlT (>P ItKVIII.rTKlN — I >ltl)INAN< BS OF SKI f>»II>N
—At >I()Nti:"MKi;v— TlIK Cdnkkhkuate Conmtitition— ViitiiiMA ami tiik I'ka( k C'knvkn-
TlllS— SUMTKll AM) TlIK KlllST CaI.I. Poll TllOOI's— (iKNKKA L I.EK — SKMMKS AM) TlIK '' Al.A-
liAMA "— l'(iri:i.ATI(lN, ltl.A<K AM) WlllTK, OP TlIK BoUTll -UksII.TS AT TlIK Cl.OSK OP KlIlST,
Hkcom) axi) Tiiiiii) Veai:» op tiik Wah— IlKimv ov tiik Two Aiimiks— Stki'iikns on 1''oiit
riWllKU — ANOTMKII CO.MI'AIIIXON OP TIIK Two AllMIKH— CaCSK^* OP TIIK KaIHIIK OP THE (()N-
PKDKP.AIV -TESTI.MONV OP DaVIS— DaVIS ON SolITIIEIlN KlNANIE -KXHArsTION OP TIIK SolTTIl
— TKSTIMONV op THE foNPKIlEllATE ( 'oMMIasAllV ( iESKHAl. — I'aI.SE IIoPE— TlIK CAI SK LoST—
TKNALTIKS — I'KKHONy AND STATKH-TIM; Km) op TIIK WaU— HlOlJUAI'llllAI. SKKTCIIK^.
T is customary in histories
nf the United States,
whether Iiriel: or h)n^, to
consider tlie Confederate
States only so far as tliey
rehite to the great contlict
wiiieli (ingaged our atten
tion in tiie chapter ini-
S^fc«f niodiatoly jird'CHling tliis one. It is
,<j{fe dilHcuIt to form a(listini;t conception of
3lj^ tiie subject from that merely side view
of it. Tiie purpose nf tlu^ chnpter now
in iiand is to set fortii tlie actual apart
from the argumentative in tiie rise and
fall of tiiat stujicndous ]iolitical organ-
i/.ation wliicli, witiioiit, gaining recogni-
tion as an independent government
from any of tiio nations, iierformed all
the functions of a confederale rejiuhlic for ahmit-
four years, and must ever stand in history as one of
tlie more memorable of national episodes.
It is no part of tlic present )iur|iose to ciliier dis-
cuss ])rinci])les, analyze motives, or even U> sift evi-
dence. Tlie lirst half of tlie sixlli decade nf tiiis
century is too near the present to be treated dispas-
sionately by tiie historians of tlie country. In this
connection those whoso sympathies wore with tiio
Southern cause will Iw allowed, as it wore, to tell
their own story without interruption or contradic-
tion, only wit! I such abbreviation as the general
scojie nf this volume may reipiire.
JelTer.'^on Davis in liis elaborate work, "The Kise
and Fall of the Confederare (Jovernnauit," begins
his lii'st chapter witli a discussion of "tiie institu-
tion of negro servitude." In his famous lirst siieech
in defense of tiie Confederacy, Alexander II. Ste-
jiliens declared slavery to lie llie corner-stone of the
new government. We thus liave tlie Iavo liigiicst
ollicers under tliat goverment, tlie I'resident and
\'i(e-l'resid('nt, uniting on this jioint, disiigiveing as
tlii'V did and do on many otliers. Heyoiid a doubt
secession was the culmination of the struggle over
slavery and the eloctioii of Jlr. Lincoln upon a
pliitform pledging him to oppose the furllier exten-
sion of the institution was the inunediato occasion
(if it. The ne\r ['resident took I'very ojiiiortunity
to allay appreliensions as to his jiolicy. but the
spirit wl:ich would not brook tlie 'J'arill Act of the
(555)
V
hi
m '■ ■■
W^i'i
m.
If
■.f Jl|..-i:
55^>
KISIC AND FALI. OF VllK CONKEUIJKACY.
.liicksoiiiiiii |)oi'i(i(l hfciiiiu.' itbsoliiit'ly irrcjjro.s.siblo
ill lilt! prusoiiuo of agruiU iiuliticul victory, wiiiuli was
lilt; tirst. ill tiiu iii.slory of tlio Union won liy a iiurty
iivo\ve(iiy lidstilo to siiivory, and Loicrant of it only
HO far Its coiiiiiclloil to 1k! liy tliu uoiisliliiiion.
Still aiiotiior cause, tiic one \rliicii was in ))oiiit of
fact tlic corner-stone of I lie niovenii'iil, was llio iloe-
triiio of state sovoroimity. 'That, i-sue was older tlian
tlie consul ntioii and entirely iiidc|ieiideiit of slavery
ill its orii,'iii, if not in its develo|pnient. " (roverii-
munts," says the Doclaration of Indeiieiuleiice, "de-
rive their just jiowers from tlie consent of the
1,'overiied," but tlic governinent of the Unirud States
deriveil its powers from
the consent of the
states which in the dele-
•.Mtioii of luitliority re-
served all rights not
specifically vested in
the general govcrn-
moiit. Even Ijefore its
adoption so true! a pa-
triot as Patrick Henry
denoiinced the consti-
tulion ;is an infringe-
ment upon the rights of
the states. The issue
thus raised was not sec-
tional. And in later
years there were not
wanting tliuso at the
North who denounced
the I'nion and the Constitution. The .systematic
inculcation of the doctrine that states were sov-
ereign and the Union a iiartnership liable to be
changed by the withdrawal of any partner, may
be fairly attributed to John C. Calhoun. But as
early as 17!t8 a convention was held in Kentucky
which a ''ipted the same theory of the Union.
That niaiiii -to was the formal ex}iressioii of the
fiindaiiicnlal political principle of tiie Confederate
States.
The rigiit of secession was also defendi'd iijion
tlie broad ground that when nearly ten millions of
people, occu|ning acorrcsi)ondingly large area, unite
in a political iiioveinent. however revolutionary, they
have a right to make the propo.sed change. In oth-
er words, the cause was based on the doctrine
of populii" sovereignty, or the right of revolution in
distinction from cunstitutiuiial limitations. This
positioii was maintained in the debutes of Congress
and in the various discussions of the day.
Such were the doctrines of the Southern cause.
The tirst act, however, of secession was the passage
bv tlie legislature of South Carolina of the ordi-
nance of separation, I)(H;enil)er 'M, IStiU. It was
passed without a dissenting vote. Five other states
followed the same course, but not with the same
unanimity, during the month following, namely,
Mississippi, January li, 18(J1 ; Florida, the lUtli ;
Alaltama, the 11th; Georgia, the I'.ttli, and Fiouisi-
ana, the •-'Uth. Texas delayed only until the first
day of February.
Iglgi^li^^
STATE IIOUSK. MONHioMKI'V
These f^aynn states
alone constituted the
original Confederacy.
They met in a rejire-
sentative and collective
body at Montgomery,
Alabama, February 4,
and organized a new
Union, framed a new
constitution and jiro-
clainieil a new federa-
tion, calling it "The
Confederate States of
America." From that
time on, such was the
olHcial name of the
Confederacy then and
thus formed. This con.
stitution was modeled closely after that of the
United States.
In the appendix to the tirst volume of his work,
Mr. Davis prints these two doiaiments in parallel
columns, italicizing the passages and parts jieculiar
to the later of the two. The new features of the
Confedcr;ite constitution worthy of any note are
these: First, the favor and guidance of Almighty
(iod Were invoked; second. Congress was s[iccilically
authorized to grant by law to tiic princi[i;il ollicer in
carh of the executive de[partmciits a scat upon the
tloor (jf either House, with the privilege of iliscussiiig-
any measure afipertaining to his dej)artnient ; third,
the I'rcsidciit might aiijirovo a ])art of an appropria-
tion bill and veto a jiart ; fourth. Congress was for-
bidden to grant any bounties from the treasury o''
levy a taritf exci'])t for revenue only; fifth, no up-
if**; '*' -
UISIC AXI) KAI.r. OK THK CONl'ICDRKACY.
557
propriiitioiis uoulil bo iiiiulo tor iniiiiiul iiiiiii'ovf-
moiits; sixth, ii Iniiikruptcy l;i\r coiilil Iw ptissed,
hut nut to apply to iiiiy (l(d)t coiitnictod prior
to its piisHiigo ; sovfiitli, tlio oxjioiises of tlu) jiostiil
service iiiii.st not excoud tiio ruvoiuio durivcd tliure-
froni ; ei^htii, (Joii<,TC.s.s coulil jiroiiihit tiiu introduc-
tion of hIuvl's froMi any stiito not- a nionilier of llio
Conft'doracy ; nintii, no ia\r could ho |)a.sscd denying
or impairing the right of propcrl',' in negro slaves ;
tenth, a tarilf could ho levied upon exports, hut: only
by a vote of two-tliirds of botli iioiises : eleventii,
" Congress shall appropriate no nioncv from tii(!
treasury, except by a vote of two-thirds of hoili
'louses, taken hy yeas and nays, unless it he asked
and estimated for h\ some one of tiie iieads of de-
pikrtmenls, and submitted to Congress ; or for the
purpose of paying its own expenses and contingen-
cies: or for the payment of claims against the (Jon-
federate states, the justice of whieh shall have been
judicially declared hy a tribunal for the investigation
of claims against the government, which it is hereby
the iluty of Congress to establish;" twelfth, "all
hills appropriating money shall specify in Federal
currency the exact amount of each appropriation,
and the purposes for wliich it is made ; and Congress
shall grant no extra compensation to any jjuhlie
contractor, oHicer, agent or servant after such con-
tract shall have been nnide or such serviee rendered ;"
thirteenth, "every law, or resolution having the force
of law, shall relate to but one subject, and that shall
be expressed in the title;" fourteenth, in the im-
provement of rivers and harbors the states might
singly or iu concert levy taxes for that purjiosc,
any surplus raised to be covered into the general
treasury; iifteenth, the term of olliee of the Presi-
dent and Vicc-1'resiilent to he six, instead of four
years, the President being ineligible to re-election:
sixteenth, civil otHcors, excciit cabinet otlicers and
the diphjmatic corjis, reinovable during their term
of olHce only for cause, the same to lie reported to
the senate in all cases of removal; seventeenth, tiie
right to carry slaves from one state to anotlier
without impairment of property therein fully
guaranteed; eighteenth, new states could he admit-
ted hy a two-thirds vote of Congress and new terri-
tory acquired,hut in all cases and evt'ry where t iu-oiigh-
out the Confederacy the right of [jroperty in slaves
should he preserved intact; nineteenth, ujion the
ratification of the constitution hv five states it
JEPPEHSO>( UAVI8.
should lie hinding, a presideii' iiil election should lie
held and the provisional government at Montgomery
,-lionld give [ilace to the |icrmanenl one chosi'n in
accordance with constitutional re(piirements.
The iMinstitutiori took elTcct February 'i'i, ISO'J.
Jelferson Davis continued as I'rcsident and Alex-
ander II. Ste-
jihens as Vice-
President.
Wemustnow
go back a lit-
tle. The state
of N'irginia was
reluctant to se-
cede, and made
spei'ial elTort
to bring about
a reconcilia-
tion. A Peace
Convention al
tlio instance of
that state, in which thirteen Northern and xevcn
Soutliern states were represented, ex- ['resident
Tyler presiding, accomplishcil nothing. Tiirec
commissioners were sent from .Montgomeiy to
Wasiiington to treat for an amicable division
of the Fnion and settlement of all claims in-
cident h) separation. That was during the presi-
dential term of Mr. Huehanau. He received them
as private citizens, refusing to entertain any proji-
osition for disunion. A week after Mr. i^incoln he-
came President the Confederate commissioners tried
to open negotiations through the Secretary of State,
.Mr. Seward. .Vll hope of success in that direction
was abandoned when it w.is known that a squadron
of seven ships had been tilted out to reinforce Fort
Sumter. It only remained then to i.'iandon the
Confederate movement or resort to arms. If there
was any hesitation as to which course to i)ursiie, the
firing on Sumter, April !'.', put an end to it, and
its fall the lu-xt day produced the wildest enthusiam
throughout the South. The call of Mr. Lincoln
for ^."i.ttOO volunteers, issued two davs after the fall
of Sumter, was met at MoutLroniei\ by a call for
Volunteers to rejiel oppression. Two days later,
.Vjiril IT. \'ii'gini;i lu'lil a convention and withdrew
from the Union. Arkansas followed May (1, Xorth
Carolina ^[ay ;20, and Tennessee .lime S. The
other slave-holding states on the border. .Nlarvlaml
r. V„
n5-
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
V
^
A
i/..
^
M
1.0
1.1
1.25
L^12.8
(jlO "^
|Z5
■ 2.2
2.0
1.8
UAUi
I
V]
vl
.-^
/
y
/^
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
.%>
\\
-r'h.
^<b
V
#>
-«
^?
ci^
€
^J^
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. MS»0
(716) S73-4S03
"<*
I'JI
i'r '■'.:
Pip i'l
■H'tl
MM •
iiSiiHisll.'. ,
!. i-
;s8
KISI, AND FALL ()V Till': CON'KKIIKRACY.
Kentucky, Jlissomi and Dclawan'. iicvor fnrniiilly
wit lulrow from the I'liidii. and \ri'ro saiil ti» liuvo
(■(tniril)nU'd tlu'ir (inula io butli armies.
All I'lcctiiin fur I'lvsidcnl and N'ici'-I'rcsidont, of
tlio Conft'dtTacy was ludd Novi'mlH-T 'i. ISii".', witli
tlieresnllstatrd.
Tliu I'lioii'U \vas
iinaninioiis. At
the same time
(Jeneral liohcrt.
1]. Lee, wiio at
iirst liesitatvd as
to Aviiieil side io
os[M)use, was a|i-
[loiiited to take
eoniinand of
tlie Confederate
' ■) forces on tiie
coast, of (ieoruia
iKPiiKHT K. LKK. aiid Soulli Car-
olina, lie \ras a native of Vir;:inia, liorn in
18(lT. lie was a colonel in the reirnlar army at.
the time Viririnia seceded, lie felt tiiat liie state
had a hiuiier claim njuni him tiian the I'nited
States, and resi<rned his commission, lie was a
man of sujK'rh jdiysiiiue. higii moral ciiaracler
iiuJ groat ability. He was early second in imi)or-
tance ann)nLr the Confederate army, and after (Jen-
eral .Iosi'i)h E.
Johnston was
wounded and
sueceedod by
iiini at Fair
Oaks (May IJl,
[S&>) lie was the
iirst. AVhen Ix'e
died, October 13,
ISTu, he was the
most jiopnlar
man in tiie
South.
.."SKni K. .,nMX»TON. 'I'll,, ,i,.^t y^,.„.
of the war was in its net results favorable to tlie
Confederacy, liotii on land and water. Tiie Con-
federate privateers cripiiled Northern conimerce
very seriously, and captured merchandise upon
tlie hiirli seas to the value of nniiiy millions of
dollars. In these o]H'raiions one name stands
out oons]iicuons. Ifaphiu'l Semines of Alabanni,
who began hi.s ]irivateering in command of the
Siinili r, but who became U'st known in connec-
tion with the famous .IA</«f/wf which ho commanded,
■intl which was built for jirivatecrini]: by ^flO English
merchants. The second year of the war was still
more favorable to
the. Confederate
causi' t ha ntlu' first.
There is wide di-
vt'rgt.'iu'O of opin-
ion between South-
ern and Northern
writers as to tiie
number of men on
either siilc and the
result of many of
t he engagements in I
which no very de-
cideii advantage
was gained by eith-
er army ; but there is agreement as to tiie general
fact that the tirst and second years of the war made
exhibits in their balanco sheets in favor of tlio
Confederacy.
It is stated that there were about ;5,(i»»0,()U0 slaves
within the limits of the Confederate states when
the I'roclainatioii of Emancipation was issued. The
white poiiulalion was about r>.(HM),ti(H), as against
•J-.',(t(H).ooo whites and l.OOO.OdO blacks within tho
Union, From tho beginning of 18t(3 the Confoder-
ItAIMIAEL M;MME9.
Till-: Al.VltAMA.
ate army dwindleil in size and the Union arniyang-
mented. It is agreed on all sides that ISii;} was a
year of great advantage to tiie Federal army. Not-
withstanding some defeats, the United States had
control of the Mississippi l{iver and tho state of
Tennessee, while the aggressive movement of IjOo
niMin I'eiinsylvania had bi-en repulsed, Derry sots
^k
r
laud of the
iu conncc-
eonimiiiuled,
,• 2<>0 English
wiir was still
.) the general
: tlie war made
favor i)f the
,()«)0,000 slaves
states when
IS issued. The
Kt, as against
ks within the
i the Confcder-
:%»
[lion army ang-
l\at lSti3 was a
ill ariuv.
Nol-
|o(l States had
the state i>f
■venient of IjCO
1(1. Derrv sots
RISE AND FALL OF THE CON'FEDKRACY.
55<>
tiie niimlier of tiie Federal arniios at lliat time at
l.ooo.iMiu; of t-lic ronrcilcrate army at -i.^o.ooo.
Tiie same mUhoriiy ciaiiiis tiiat a year later tiie
Federal army was siiil a iiiiiiinii strong wliilc tiio
CoiifiMli'vato forces iiad in'on ruduced to 1,"hi,()00
'Die caiitiire
of Fori i-'isiiiT
at I lie cut ranee
of Cape Fear
Kncr. Xortii
Caroliiiii. liy
(Jeiicral Terry,
.laiiiiary l."i,
l.S(),"), ilid not
altrai't very
nuieli atten-
tion at tiu'
Is'ortii, but
speaking of
itsiniiiortaiiee.
Alexander 11.
Stepliens says,
"liie closing (d"
the port of
Wilmington
[the resiiU. of
that cui)tnre]
was the coni-
plete sluitting
oiitofllie Con-
federate states
from all inter-
eonrse liy sea
witii foreign
countries. Tlie
respir ato ry
functions of
external trade,
so essential to
the vitality of
a\] comminii-
ties, had been
IKjrformeil for
tiie whole Confederacy mainly for nearly tliree
years tlirongh tlie small aperture of the little port,
eiioked to wheezing as it was l)y a cordon of
armed shi))s drawn around its neck."
Another Soutliern authority. Blacklmrn and Mc-
Donald's history of the United States, places the
;o
Ito.MIiAltDMKNT OF I'OUT I'lSIlKU,
luimlier of iiattics fonglit at 2'iO ; the nuniixir of the
('onfederate troops surrendered at tiie close of tiie
war at 1'4,"^"-2;J; and tlie (-'oiii'ederate, deljt at
*-J.(l(U),(i()().(MlO. Derry asserts that wlien Ix;e sur-
rendered he liad only 8,000 soldiers ciip;il)le of hear-
ing arms, con-
1 fronting an
army of IMO,-
(KM». Mr. Ste-
phens furnish-
es the ftdlow-
ing facts in
regard to tiio
depreciation of
the Confeder-
ate currency,
tlie gold dollar
being the unit
of measure-
ment and the
time lieing tiie
first of each
year: 1802,
«!l.tiO; 18ii;i,
*;J.(I0; 18t)4,
*-il.0O; lHi\i),
*:>().00. l$y the
tirst of Ajjril,
nine days be-
fore tlie sur-
render of Ijco,
*10U in Con-
federate cur-
rency was es-
timated to bo
e(|uivalent to
$1 in coin.
In discuss-
ing the cause
of the Con-
federate fail-
ures, Hlack-
burii and Mac-
Donald allege live reasons, first, lack of una-
nimity at tlio South; second, nuiiilierand wealtii
of the Federals; third, niismamiLrcment of tiie
finances; fourth, retention of iiic'tlicieiit olliccrs;
fifth, endeavor to protect too many [loiuts at t)nce
when the war began. As their liistorv soon
-a V
560
KISI'; AM) I-AKL OK THI-: COM-'ICDERACY.
m0
iviiclicd clfvt'ii ('(liiions, till' s;ilc aliinpst \rlicill\ cim-
tiiit'il t,<i lliij Soiiili, tliis vtTtlii;!. may 1m' iirrsmiii'il to
acford witli lliiil (tf lliu cniirt of iiMjuilar Sdullu'rn
(i))iiiiiiii. .IcH'crsoM Davis hriclly nliscrvcs that tlic
war sliowc'il tlio ri;j;\\l of sccussidu t^i lie iin|ifa(ii-
t'iiltle. U is iiiiivui'sally (•(Hitnlcil tliaL the ik'cisiou
was a liiialily, ami tni'ii Alf. Davis, tlic most pi'i'sist-
oiit. ami t'laltoratu ilcl' ■micf nf the riuiil to si'i'ciji'.
ul )si's liis iiwiit work witli tlic liojic that tiici-f ma\ lie
wiitti'ii upon tik' afitli ol' tlic I'liiori, />/'i I'lr/nhm.
Jofforsoii l)a\is (lefi'iids tin' liiiaiicial |Mp|iry of tlic
(M»iif('ilcfat(: ^-ovcrimiciit, as the hcst jios<ii(lc iimlcr
tin) (•ii'ciiiiistaiiccs. 'I'lic ifovcriiiiii'iil. licsays. entered
upon its second year witinmt, any floutinji debt, and
tlic total oxpenditiircs wero «! 'lo.Otui.ooo up to tlic
time tliattlie permanent jrovcrnmeiiteanic iiitoo|K'r-
ation, J'Y'hrnary 1, ISii-i, 'I'lio latostdllicial statement
of tlio piihlii; deht of tlu; Conrcileraey bears date of
October 1, ISOJ. Mr. Davis places the amount at
that time of the total debt at yl.r.'i'-.oSl.d'.i,"). Of this
ainoimt $.■)•! I,:i40,()(t() consisted of funded ijebt anil
the balance unfunded delit, of treasury notes. This
statement is exclusive of tiie foreiu'ii <iebl, which, be
adds, amounted t.t ,t\',".'(ilt,(iii(). provided for by about
•^r)(),(IO(l bales of cotton eoUecteil liy t lie Lrovcrnment.
To this statement .Mr. Davis adds in a foot-note,
"Thes" bales were the security forllie fcfeii^ii cotton
loan, and were .«ei/.eil by the I'nited States trovern-
nieiit. Was ii not liable to the bondhcdders!''" lie
also luiikes the folKtwinj^ stiitemont : " 'I'he earliest
projKisals on which this debt was contracted were
issued in liondon and Paris in March, ISiili, | as the
result, of thiMiiissioiis of .Mason ami Slidell.| The
bonds bore interest tit seven jier cent, per annum in
steriiii::'. payabli' half-yearly. They were exchantrc-
alde for cotton on application, at tiic option of the
holdi^r. or rcileeinable at ]iar in sterling', in twenty
\ears, by half-yearly drawings. comincncinL;' .March
1, ISCil. The special security of tiii'sc bonds w.is
the eiiLiaLrement of the jfo\crnmeiil todcliver cotton
to the lioidi'i's. Ivicii bond, at option of the holder,
was con\ertible at its iKuninal amount in cotton at
the rate of six-pi'iice stcrlini;' for each pound of cot-
ton, say ■1,0(10 poiiinls of cotton to each bmid of
I'loO, or "J,."!!!!) francs; ami this could be done at
any time not later than six months after the raiili-
calion of a treaty of pi'ace between the lK>llii(erents,
All annual sinkimr fund of live per cent, was pro-
vided fur, wherei)y two iind a half ]ier cent, of the
boinl-; uuredcciiie(l bv cotton should be drawn by lot
half-yearly, so as to linally e\t iiiiruisii the loan in
twenty years from the first drawiiiir. The bomls
were issued at ninety per cent., payable in install-
ments. The loan soon stood in the liondon market
at live percent, premium. Tlie amount asked for was
tliicc ni..lion pounds. The amount of ajiplicalions
in London and I'aris exceeded ti.".,( 100.000." Such
was tiie linancial systi'in of tiie Confederacy, as set
forth by the lii:.di(st Southern authoritv.
While the resources of the \orth were such that
production was far more rapid tlian consumption
all throimh the war. and the more the army used of
every necessary of life, tlio more the country seemed
to have, I 111- Soul hern su}ijiliesof food had tube kept
U[) by importation. The condition of the Confeder-
ivey was stated to the Confederate ("oiiiiress, Decem-
ber 14, lH<i4, by the ('onimissary-ujeiieral of subsist-
ence to be asfidlows: '• l-'irst, tliere was not nu'at
enoiiudi in the Southern Confederacy for tht! armies
it had in the tielil ; secoml. there was not in \'irjj;inia
meat or bread enou'ih for the armies within her lim-
its ; third, tiie bread su|iply from otlu'r jilaci's di'-
jieuded absolutely ui>on the keejiinu' o|icn of the rail-
road connections of the South; fourth, tiie meat
supply must, be obtaiiR'<l from aiiroai! tliroui;h a sea-
port and by a dilTeri'iit system from that which |)re-
vailed ; tiftli, the brciul could not be had by impress-
ment, but must be jiaid for in market rates; sixth,
..iie jiaymeiitmiist he paid in cash which, .so fur. had
not bi'en furnished, iind from present indication.s
coiiM not be. and. if possible, in abetter nicdium than
at present cireulatiiii,' ; .seventh, that the transporta-
tion was not adcijitate, from whatever cause, to meet
the demands of t, lie service; eiu;hth,the supply of fresh
meat to (Jeneral Lee's army was precarious, and if
tlie army fell back from IJichniond and I'etersimr!.'',
there was every probability that it would cease alto-
get her."'
Such beiiiif the condition of the Coiifodera<'y, the
.surrender of Lee, the departure of Davis with the
remnants of his ujoverumeiit from tiichniond. fol-
lowed as matters of cour.se. The only surprise is
tliat it was delayed so lon<^. Theeiifhth item in the
foreutiinu; resume explains the fact that no attempt
Wits made to prolon;,' the contliet by a chani^o of
base. .Mr. Davis had contemplateil resort to that
expedient.
.\t the very last nionient a deceptive ixleam of
iivrii liv lot
lir liiMII ill
riic iiciiiiis
ill in-tall-
iiii iiunki't
Isfd for wiis
ipjilicalioiif'
M)." Surli
racy, us sut
I' Sllfll tllilt
imsiimiitioii
riiiy used of
iitrysivimnl
1(1 III In- ki'pi
,(' Colll't'lltT-
ross. l)('(,'Cin-
1 of siilisi4,-
lis not iiii'iit
r tlii^ aniiii'rt
t ill Virfiinia
tliiii liiTliin-
■r jiliues (lo-
■11 of the niil-
Ith, tlio nioiifc
iroiii;'li a '^I'a-
it whicli ino-
l liy iiiiiirosH-
vati's; si \ til,
ll.StI
far. iuK
lulicatioiis
liioiliiiin lliaii
traiisiiorta-
liiisc. to iiieot
Ipiilv of fivsh
I if
Inoiis
am
I'l'tiTslnirLT,
id coase alto-
Ifodcraiy, tlie
witli tlio
1. fol-
liiiiiiiii
sur|i!'isc IS
III ilviii in the
no ;ittrini)fc
a cliaiiiJtc of
irt to that
Ive iili'ani of
Kisic AM) 1 \ij, oi' iiir: c(>M-i;i)i:i<ArY.
5<'i
iiii|ic iiliiiniiied liic ihirkiiL-s.s al Ikiiliinund. On tiiu
.")ih of April Mr. I)a\is, then al Danvillf, Uii-li-
inoiid licini;' in Federal possession, issiu'd an
adilress wliirli elused with the wonls, "Let,
us, then, my eoiiiilr\ men, not despmid, Iml relv
upon (iod, meet the foe with fresh deli.inee
ami with iiiu'Dnipiereil and uneom|Ueialile heail>."
The \ery next day eoninieiu-ed the idiie-jiuiiilenco
het wi'eii ( irantr and jjce wliich eiilnmiaied iiithesur-
render at Appomattox Court, House. April '.•, in ae-
eordaneo with «hieli ca<h ollleer and man was
allowed to return home, not, io hu disturbeil hy the
riiited States authorities so long as he observeil
his parole and the laws.
Thus the great war
(dosed with no one so
much as iniprisoued for
hearing arms against the
victor. I'resiileiit Davis
and \ice-l 'resident Ste-
phens were arrested. The
foriiKM' was kept in l'"or-
tress Monroe some two
years, the latter in I''oi I
Warren only ashort time.
I'raetically, the partici-
pants ill the Confeder-
acy were not punished,
except in so far as the for-
tunes of war and the abolition of slavery were
calamitous, 'i'he irreat mass of the people were
allowed to vote at
once, the same as
if the relations be-
tween the states
had always been
amicalilc and those
who wi'fc disfraii-
(•hi.<ed nearly all
regained the right
of suH'raue in a
few years. Mr.Sle-
plieiis ami many
others high in
authority under
llic Confedei'acv. were long ago admitleil to ('mi-
gress as meinbers. The attempt to re-eiifranchisi
Mr. Davis, however, was the occasion of inti'use
feidiiiL's of hostility, and he is still ilcprived of the
AI.KXAM>KU ir. STKl'IIKN-
highest privilei,'e of eitizensiiij). The states wliieh
seceded were kept, aS wc have seen in a jire-
\ious chapter, in a provisional condition for
.>e\eral years, all of them, (^'^cept Tennessee, whii'h
re-entered the I'liion the next suniiner. J)uiing
that piM'iod military governors were in coiiimanil.
.Vnd when the st.ilcs were restored, so many of tlu^
white |ieo[ile were under piditical disability that tlii!
eoliM'cd people and their few political allies, mostly
from the Noiili, had control of the otllces. 'I'hat
condition of things was a part of the results of the
att(uiipt to establish ail iiide|ieniUMit Southern ('oii-
federaey. but the war itself was carried to such an
extreme of exhaustion
that when once over, that
was the end of it, 'J'he
little battle, if siieh it
may in; called, of Hra/os,
Texas. .May KJ, lSi;.->, in
which the Confederates
were an overmatch for
tlui Federal troops op-
posed, was the last, shot,
as Sumter was the liiM,
of till' Coiifeileracy.
It, oidy ii'inaiiis now
to supplement tlii< cliap-
uicii.MoiNij. I tcr with a little further
binirvaphical ill format ion.
The first military comniamhT at the South to at-
tract attention was (ieiieral I'. <!. T. Beaiircirard.
lie was a native of
l/uiisiana, where
he was born in
IS IS. ill! was ed-
inateil at West
I'oint ami servecl
in the .Mexican
war. lie resigned
his I )mmissioii in
the ruited States
army to enter the
Confederate -^cr-'^j/
vice at the begin-
ning of the war. !■. 11. T. UKAIUBOAIIII.
He conimaiideil at the liring upon Sumter, also in
the baitle of .Manas-;as, or Hull l{un. He was less
prominent after that, owiii;f in part to poor IumIiIi.
lie ii'iuaiiied in the service until the war closed.
•V
m^^i
h- "t
■;?•,:
l-A
■■'"-.mV
562
KISI-: AND FALL OF THE CONFKDKRACY.
Wlii'ii (Jen. A. S. .IdlinsLuii was killuJ lie took tlio
('111111111111(1 and was at thu head of the army which
llalli'ck ilruve (iiitdf Cui'inlli in l>!iiv'. Ilis last, ser-
viee was thecuinnianil of tj km U vision i»f (ieorj,'iaanil
Soiiiii Carolina, lie was ainonir the otlietTS who
unrrendtTi'il to Sherman. Alter the war he heranie
a civil eniriiii'cf at the South.
(Ji'iieral .John C. Brcckenridire took a somewhat,
])rominent ]iiivt in the war. lie was a niajor-','eneraI.
lie was also Secretary
of War in the iastdays
of the Conl'cik'racy.
lint his prom ini'necwa.s
jirior to the war. I'mrii
in Kentncky in Is-.'l.
lie hecanie \'ice-l'resi-
dent of the I'nited
Stales in is.Jt. He
hail jirevioiisly .seen
service in the Mexican
war. lie was the reg-
,i..,iN . HRKCKKMiMMiE. ^i\.^j. IJcMnocratie can-
didate for the i)n'si(leiicy in l.SDO. He died at his
home in Kentucky in 1.S75.
General .1. 'P. .lackson, best known a.s " Stone-
wall " .Tackson, was
one of the most bril-
liant soldiers of the
w;ir. A native of
N'irLrinia, and edu-
cated at West Point,
he ivceived his jirac-
tical traininLcin .Mex-
ico. The war lie-
tween the .states
found him a jirot'cs-
sor in a military
school in his own
state. He entered
the service at the
be^rinniiiu' of the war, an 1 was in tiie held pre-
cisely two years, falling at Chancellorsville .Ma\ "•.'.
ISiiS. lie was shot by a party of !iis own sol-
diers, he and his staff bciiiL'' mistaken for the
advani'e-u'uaril of j-'edcral cavalry. Ho was the
idol of the army, and his loss was motirneil as a
great calamity. I le was lii'illiant and dasiiing. know-
ing neither fear nor fatigue. He was withal a very
devout Christian.
.1. T. iSlcillrWllll) JAIK!«IN.
(ieneral .lames Longstreet, buiMi in Sonth Caro-
lina in is-j(i,
a West Pointer
ami a soldier
in the Mexican
war, bore a
prominent part
in the Confed-
erate arm y,
from Uull Uun
to Appomat-
tox. He came
very near shar-
ing the fate of
Jackson, for
ho was severe- jamk?" i.nNcisTitEKT.
ly wonnded by the blundering of his own men in one
of the battles of the Wilderness. After the war,
Longstreet accepted the political situation and Ik'-
came a Ilepnblican. In IfSSO he was appointed
U. S. minister at the Tnrkish court.
There were two Johnstons in the war on the Con-
federate side who rivaled Leo and Jackson in pop-
nlarity, .\li)ert Sidney and Joseph E. The war
found the former iu oonunano of the Federal forces
at San Francis-
co. He was a
native of Ken-
tucky, born in
18(t;5, a gradu-
ate of West
Point, and a
Alex lean veteran.
When he resign-
ed to join the
Confederacy he
WHS a iirigadier-
general in the
regular army.
He was killed in aihkht -idskv .nm^^Tnu.
the battle of Sliiloh, early in ISD^i. .letlerson Davis
and .Vlexander 11. Stephens unite in pronouncing
his death a great calamity to the Southern cause,
(ieneral J. K. John.ston was a native of Virginia,
which state he now represents in Congress. He too
was a West Point graduate and Mexican veteran.
He was born in ISOT. At the battle of Manassas he
was the ranking ot^ieer, but waived liis right to
comnniiid in favor of Beauregard. He won more
^
South Caro-
THF.F.T.
own men in one
After the war,
tuiition iiiul 1h'-
I was ai>i)t)inti'il
war on tlic Con-
Jackson in pop-
h E. The war
le Foileral forces
1
,IiillN!'T<>N.
.Ii'tTersun Davis
ill iiroiioiinciug
Southoni cauf^e.
live of Vir-xiiiiii,
loii^iress. Ill' too
iMi'xican veteran.
L of Manassas he
Ivcil liis riijht to
He won more
KISK AM) 1 AM. 0|- Tin: i:()N I'lCDlCKAfY.
:;')?
(Tcilil, liuwever. hy liolilinir I'atli'i'soii in chi'ck than
lieanroirard did by wiiiniiii; tin' victorv thus made
possihio. In tlie I'eninsnia lanipaiirn lie was the
connnandcr of the Confcdcrale foni's. Ihit .Mr.
Davis conci'ivi'il a dislil<i' for iiiiii wiiirh cidniinatcd
in lli^ hoinir relii'vcd of iiis coiiiniand for several
nioiitlis. Tiie ]>oiiiiiar pressure for Lis restoration
to aetive serviee was so j,'reat tiiat iii' was ^'iven
anoiiier eomniaiid. Wiieii the war rlosed lie was in
coniniand of tiie army in the (Jaroiinas and practi-
cally second only to CJeneral Lee. To what has
already l)een saiil of the latter need only he added
that the last years of his life were >iient in the pres-
identjy of \Vashinj.'ton CoUeire, Virjiinia. One of tlie
latest, uttcranci's of Lee were these words addressed
to the widow of a Confederate soldier, ".Maihinie.
do not train up yourchiidivn in hostility to the gov-
erninent of tiie United States."
\\'a<le llainptou, now the most popular man in
Soutii Caroliiiii and a tncinlK'r of the Senate of tiie
UniU'd States, hold a
oominand in the hat-
tie of Mull h'un. He
was wounded durin,i(
that hat tie, also at
(iettyshurir and Seven
Pines. He remained
in the service to the
end of the war. He
las iieen more j)ronii-
neiit as a Democratic
jiolitician than he was as a soldier. His grand-
father, the first Wade Hampton, servetl under
Sumter and .Marion in the Hevidutioiiary War. He
wius a nnm of immense wealth, owning at one time
;j,00() slaves and a correspondingly large amount of
cotton lands.
(ieneral Hardee, atithor of Jftirrk'c'.t Titrfiix, a
(ieorgian, was commandant at West Point when his
state seceded. He resigned his commission ami
cast his fortimes with the Confeileracy. He rose to
the rank of lieutenant-general, h'.t in the held did
iu»t prove sjtecially l)rill"iant. ile was brave and
Fcientilic, hut not fertile in invention.
There were two Hills of some prominence, A. P.
and D. H. The former received the surrender of
WADK IIAMI'TIIN.
Harper's Firry, and then rendered his side most
timely aid at Antietam. lie ftdl just as |{ieiinioiid
was surrendered. D. H. Hill was horn in South Car-
olina in IS'.'-.', was educated at West Point, and ren-
<lered gooil service in the Mexicim war. For sonie-
tiiini.'over ten years tiiereafter lie was an educator and
autlior of con-
sideralilo note
at the South.
When ills state
secedeil lie ten-
dered his ser-
vices to the Con-
federacy, lie
held important
commands at
IJig Bet iiel. York-
town, Mechan-
icsville. Cold
Ha,-hor, .Mal-
vern Hill, Si-e- w. .1. iiAiiDKK.
Olid Mull Ihin, South Moiintai'i, .Vntietam and
l"'redericksliurg. Since the war he l;-is heen devoted
to literary jairsnits.
(ieneral Hood was a native of Kentucky. He
served cred
itahly. work-
ing up from
lirst lieuten-
ant to lieu
tenant-gen
cral in the
army of
Virginia.
'I'ho second
M anassas,
Antietam,
Ctettyslnirg,
and Chicka-
maugaforin
apart of his record. He lost a leg in the latter
battle. Apjiointed in 18(14 to sncceeil (tcneral John-
ston in the West, he failed to meet the demands
of the ]K)sition, and aiter the disasters of Franklin
and Xashvillo ho was su|)erseded hy General llich-
ard Taylor, a sou of President Taylor.
^\^
~v>
r.:ik
1
IL''''' ■
f
y^^:!.,-
H
3^i1^/. .
WtM'''''' ■
WmM ■ ''
mp.'JJt" ..
RM."-",
mr' '• '
fif''"i'.'> .,'
Ik:-!'. ■■
■ >••':;.■* :
Ri'''w''' ■ ■ ■ ■
fc'--"-' '■
p;,;r,-, '
s'"i' \ ■'• ' ■
■\
W.''
^■fii i:::
^
CilAI'TKR LXXXIII
f^
(iKM KM. (ilUNT ItEC c>MK» I'llK"! IlKNT ( lllA NT— I'AllFK I{ Ul. Ill n ll—" ALABAMA " < 'l.A fSIS— ( IIK .ICiO
I'lIlK— (.IIANT AND ( IIIKKI.KV — TllK VWW in' ISr'!— 'rilK rKNTKNNlAl.— II A Y K-" AMI 'I'lI.DKN —
S.IITMKIIN I'lPl.U V CIK I1aV1> — Ills AllMISl«TllArll)N— lillKAT KaII.WAV STHI KK— rUK-lllKN TI A1.
('A>irAI..\. lSSll-(i VIIKIKI.D'S AllMIMsrUATIClN AsSA-^ISATIIIN— AllTIIII! ~( '(IN> TITrTKlXA I.
AMKM1MKST>— AllKA AND I'rill.ll' DilMAIN — I'lllM I.ATIIIN— I^KOiillAI'IIIl Al. I'KI IMAUrrU^.
J-£— •
/®^
7^
III'l l:l>il linpr of II SiiutliLTIl
CciiitVilfraiv must have
llUOU (lis|H'llL'll l)V till' I'lco
tiiiii to t lit' |ir('siili'ii(V iif
(li'iicnil (iraiil, tlic clr.-C
ri'iircseiitiitivo of tliu f -rco
wliicll lii;lilit •■■.. ■' llu'
I'niou. llo was ai the licail of
till' irovtTiiiiiciii from ^farcii 4.
isii',1. to .Mai-fli -I, JSIT. 'I'lioso
ciiliit yt'ars \ritiiL'.ss(.'d irrt'iit jiros-
|ii'rify follo\ri'(l liy most ilistivss-
iii;: ili'))rossioii in ))iisiiit'ss.
'I'lu' first. t'Vi'iit, of noto WHS the
comjilct ion of t he I'aritic llailroail.
May. isiiii. Tlio work of con-
struct ion was ill |iroi.rri'ss six vcars.
'i'lit' C.'i'iitral I'aciliu cNti'inls from
San I''raiicisco to OixiK'n. in I'tah, a disianiL' of SS'i
iiiili's, wlu'iv it iiR'i'ts till.' Tnioii Pacitic, wliicii cx-
tciuis to Omaha. .W'liraska. a distancv of l.Uo'i
iiiik's.
Till' iii'xt yi'ar, as we have socii, tlio work of iv-
foiistriiii iiiii was coniiiii'tcil hy tlio rcaiimissioii to
( 'oiiLrri'ss of ail tlio Southern status, ami the adojit ion
of the l-'ifteeiitli Ainemlinent to the constitution.
I'iai'ly ill the next year a joint liiirh rommission met
^Ysa
at WasliiiiL'ton to settle the claim of the I'liiteil
States au'ainst (ireat Mritaiii, irrowiiii; out of the
ile;in'(lations of tlu' Aldlxiuiu ami other (^onfeilcrato
lirivateers tit ted out in Hnglaml. The result wa.4
the iiaynienl of an indemnity of islo.UOd.OOll to this
|,'o\eniment hy the Mritish (roverniiicnt.
Late in the same year. Oetoher '.', ISTi, occurred
the most memorahle conila^raiion of modern times,
the Chicairo I'ire. The entire ijusiness port ion of
the city was destroyed and a jxreat jiortioii of the
residenco part. 'I'h'e niiniiier of lives lost could
never he ascertaini'd and was variously cstiii.aied at
from .")(» to -.'Uii. Not less than Khi.ikm) | pic were
rendered homeless, and many who were in ailliu'iieo
were rendered penniless. Tiie loss of property was
not less than *-M(i.(i(ii).uou. The immediate wants
of the people were iiohly met hy ii charity as wide
as the civilized world and ahsoliitely ];ri)di<ial in its
irenerosity. The next yi'ar another tiro of vast, if
greatly less jiroportioiis, visited L'hicairo. In IST'^i
Moston, too, had its "hiirnt district." It may 1)0
addeil that hotli cities long .since ri'huilt fully and
upon a grand scale.
In the year IST"^ occurred another presidential
election. The lirst ticket in the held was headed hy
Horace (ireeley, who for thirty years had been a
leading journalist and anient opponent of the Dcm-
(564.)
^^
tiic riiiU'ii
out iif tlie
Jonfetloraio
' result was
UOU to this
occurred
oni tiiiii'H,
imrtiiiii uf
ion of the
lost <'(iulil
still. aU'il at
lU'o|iU' WlTO
ill allliu'iico
ipiTty was
Half wants
rity as wido
odijral ill its
of vast, if
III \s:-i
It may ho
It fully ami
|iivsi(l('iitial
ashoaiU'dl'v
hail hi'cu a
of the Dem-
mi:
*'r ■'■■ '
Ji'f ■ ',■
:iiiii!;i
IS k_
5^)6
rmc i'i<i:si:\r i \iii:i) statics.
% ..
11:11111' was iKil, prcsi'lili'il ill lln' cniiM'hl icili. 'I'ln'
>irnii:,'(>«l camliilali in ilic lidil \v;i< .laiiicH i i. Mlaiiic
III llial tiiiic S|i<'akrr ul' ilic llcnisc uf li('|ircs('iila-
livis. Il wa-i In (IcI'iMl liiiii llial till' friciuls uf tlu
rival caiidiilali'' iiiiil<'<i, a lar^'c
ma I'll iiy df tin in, ii|iiin Ml'.
Il:ac-, \rli() «a- iIm' lil-l rliuico
!■'' Olliii nlil\. Willi liilll lllicin
llic lirKii was a-siiciaicd Wil-
liam A. W lirclcr, uf \r\T Vnrk.
'I'lii' I )('im" ralic iKniiiiu'c. < inv -
('riKir Til'lcn. \ra-i I'rnm i lie lirst.
llic IraiiiiiL; (iiinliilalc lict'on'
tliat, (■(iiivciil inn, ami t lie \ iic-
I'n-iilciilia! lamliilalc.tlcpM'riini-
ili'iiili'ii'ks, III' Imliana, wa< liis
cliirl' (■(iiniH'iiiiir,
Till' (•ain|iaiL'ii was sn xcry
close tliul carii jiari y claiini'il i lie
vii'torv. Cliaru'i's ainl cniiiitcr-
(•iliUi,'i'S tif fraihl «('! "ivily all'l
lii'iTcly made. Tin' lIi'iniliiiraiH
(■(iiici'dcil iliat
Mr.'rild.'iiliad
lacked (Piily
one ek't'tiira!
vote of a ma-
jority, 'i'liere
was very seri-
ous daiiLTer of
civil war. Both
]iarties seemed
ripe for IiIocmI-
slied, hut llnal-
ly I lie patri'it-
ism and sa-
cacil V of a few
men in L'oii-
^^ress, iiolalily
Senators Kd-
iiiiiiids id' \'er-
riioiit (lle|iiih-
liuan) and 'I'liiiriiiuii of Oliio (Deiiiocrat), secured
111- passai^'o of a iawcreuliiiLr a I'niimiissioii of ar-
!)itrat.iou. That e.xtra-coiist.itutioiial and national
retiirniiig-hoar(l decided in favor of Hayes and
Wlieeler, wlio were duly declared elected and jieaee-
ahly installeil in ollice.
One of the lirst acts of President, Haves was to
Wn.l.l VM .\. WllEKl.KIl
wiilidr.iw I lie Federal troops from llie .Soiiih, wiiicli
wa«, ill elTci't, Iniiiiiiir out the liepulilican i.'o\eni-
ofy of l.iiiiisiana ai d South Carolina and liirniiiir
the entire South over, politically, to the Democratic
^ party. There was, thenceforth,
a " Solicl South."
.Mr. Hayes was neviT popular
with his party, nor ilid the op-
^ ' position cea.se to denounce him
^y as a fraudulent I'resident. He
siicctK'ded, however, in so cdn-
Q)*' / diicliiiL.' the civil service as to
iMw' ' comiiiaiid the conliclcnce of the
country and jrreatly streiit,'llieii
the Wepiildiean party. Hiirini.'
his Icrni of ollice pri)S|K'rity re-
turned to the couni ly.
In the summer (d' is*,^ occur-
red the tnt'iit railway strike.
What l)e'.,'aii as a prote.st against
an unjust reduction of waires on
one particular railroad s|pread
almost instan-
tiineously in
ever^' Uiroc-
tiun, far and
near. Trans-
purtation was
very nearly
su.spcnded and
the country
Jilled with the
Wildest, ainnv-
iiensiuu of ti
(jeneral cru-
sade of lahor
against capi-
tal. Some lives
were lost and
u a'cat deal of
property iK-
stroyed. Mut
soon all was quiet, and hu.siiicss of every kind re-
Kiimed its customary channels and ways.
The spring of ISSO inaugurated another jiresi-
dential cain])aigii. The first convention held was
the Kepuhlican gathering at Chicago. Mr. IMaino
was again a leading candidate, with General (irant
as his chief competitor. Day after day theconven-
TIKIHA!) A. IIKNDIMI Kri.
■|-
-^
til, wliuli
l lllI'MillL'
(Mlli'Cl'lltii!
I'lircfiirtll.
■ r |iii|inliif
111 tllO n|i-
miiii' liiiii
.l.'iii. II''
ill Sll (Clll-
•v'li'L' as to I
ucL' 111' the
strciiu'tlii'ii
I>uriiiL'
isiK'riiy n-
t,
IS", '( (Mjcur-
ray strike,
tostiiifiiiiist,
if wiiua's oil
oiul spivail
Hisl iiistaii-
icriusly ill
ir\' dirce-
1, far ami
ir. 'rniiis-
tutiou wa.s
y nearly
peiuled ami
eouiitry
.'il with the
(lest aiipre-
isioii of a
leral cru-
(.. of labor
dust eajii-
|. Some lives
e lost ami
•fat ile'il of
)j)erty de-
)ved. liut
rv kind re-
lotlier presi-
In held was
Mr. Blaine
Loral (Irani
theconven-
'■f
THK I'UKSKNT LNrn:U SIATES.
5^>7
71
m
^■k-i
■1 . ■' ■
m
!-.'>!;
i|l-l(ii|i
f
11',
:U.
Till". I'KICSKNT UMIIH N lA li:S.
5 ^'9
tiiiii \rii.s ill session, ami afU'r iniiM(.'i'iiiis bullnts it
Im'i'uimo cN iilciil that iicitlicr <>f ilic |in)iiiiiu'iit ciiii-
iliiliitoH ciiiilil l)f:ir iiiT ilic |iri/i'. 'I'Iutc ntci-i'scvituI
u(iiii|iriiiiiiso niiiili'laios in tlic liclil, in tiic Ii(i|h' of
liciii;,' wlmt \Tiis ciilli'tl '• tiu'ijark Ikusc"' in tiic rair.
Itiit till) cum t'litiDii went iiiiisiiic of tiicin :i 1 1 anil Imik
up oiiu of Its iiwn incnilH'i'^, .lames A. (iarlleld of
(Miio. (ienenil (iarlielil Inn! Ihm'ii the i-eei):;ni/,eil
leailer iif tlie iiiiti-(iruiit faetiun in tin cunventiun
witlioul Ihuii^ tliu uhiiinpion of Mr. lUaiiie. His
noininalioii creatiMl he wililes! enliiu«iasni. Asso-
eiiiti'il «it,li him npim i tiekei was Chester A. Ar-
thur of Nmr York, iiominaU'il as a representulivo
of the ( irant win;,' of tiie eonvi'iition.
'I'hi' Donioerats piaceil in liie lieitl (ieiiorul Win-
licld S. lliineock, of tlio re;.^ular iinuy, an ollicer of
lioiioriihk( roi'onl, who Inul reiiilere.l H|)t'eially nood
servieo at (luttyshuri;. Willi liiin was noiiiiiiate(l
for Viw-l'rosiiloiit, Wni. II. Kni-i <li, a capitalist of
Intliuua. For two or tliroo luoiitlis tliu indicalions
were tiiat the Democrats liiul at last come to the
turning; of tlio tiilo, hut the loii^'er the campaiun
progressed tlie nn.re evident did it lieconio tiiat a
majority of tlie |K'opk! were for coiilinuinij:. if not
jH'r|(et.ualin,LC. llie l{epuliliuan party in j>ower. 'Die
ek^etion was not duliious in its result, (Mi the con-
trary, the election of (larlield and Arthur was
promjilly and frankly conceded.
(k'ueral (Jartield entered upon his ollico under [Kf-
eiiliarly favuruhle auspices. All the simispomteil to
a liarmonious and pros|)i>rons administration. Ifiit
hardly had he hei^m the dischari,'e of the duties of
iiis great otlice itefore the spirit of faction siiowed
itself. .So trivial a matter as the appointment of a
collector of customs at the jiort of New York served
to kindle the Haines of a most .seiiselos.s war of fac-
tions. The jiress of the country entered upon it
with the utmost enthusiasm, as if the fate of the
nation depended uih)ii tlie /n'l-xnum! of that otliee.
The two Uniti'd States Senators from New York re-
siijned their seats and hei'anie candulates for re-elec-
tion. It was very soon apparent that the legislature
of the .state, tiien in session at Alhany, woukl not
re-elect them, and tiiat served as oil upon the tire.
While the country was heiiig inllanied hy such irra-
tional and causeless factiousness, came tlie report of
a pistol. It was tired July 'i, hy (Jharles J. (Juiteau,
in a railway depot at Washmtrton. Hardly had the
sound died awav before the terrible news was ilasheil
wliercMT in this land or any otiier electricity is a
ineiiiiiin of intclliireiice that i'resitlcnt (Jartield had
liceii shot liv an assassin, 'i'he shock waseven greater
tliaii wlicii l.incohi fell at tlieiiaiids of Itouiii, for
I lie pa^-ions of till war had died aw. ly ami lhe|H'opl"
weri' no', acciisiomed, as in ISil.'i, to the ilow of blood.
.Mr. (lailield lingered in great agony for many
days, jtay after day and week after week tliepnh-
lii' watclie(l with the agony of suspense at his bed-
side, and when at last death bri ..glit relief to the
heroic patient. September i'.i.all >"ctions and both
parties united in profound grief. If there were any
to sympathi/.e with the assassin, there were certainly
none ready to acknowledge such sympathy. In duo
time the assassin was brought to trial, when the (pies-
tion raised was whethei iie wa' sane or insane. The
verilict, T)f the jury was that he was sane, and pulilie
sentiment very generally eoinmended the jury. It
was felt that acc|iiiltal on the plea of insanity woukl
l)e contrary to public jKilicy. It may Ih) remarkeil
that the (inili-aii case added the wonl crank to the
Knglisli language, to designate a iier.son o' naturally
unsound mind, neither sane nor insaiK . strictly
S] leaking.
President .Vrthur entered upon the duties of his
ollice September 'i'i, with the proini.se to carry out
the policy of liis predecessor, and with the jiublic
hopeful as to his success. It is too early now to set
forth what has lieeii done by his lulministration. .No
bill of any importance has yet Ik'cii presenteil to him
for signature, cxci^pt the Chinese bill, which he
vetoed, and tlu! mere distribution of otlices Ix'longs
to the trade and handicraft of the ))olitician, and
not to the ])rofession anil lofty art of the statesman.
It is now time to dismi.ss from the niinil the po-
litical asiiects of the country and devote the remain-
der of this chapter to the actual condition of the
United States, reserving industry, literature and in-
vention for separate consideration.
The constitution of the rnited States has htrii
amended fiftei'u times, the last three amendments
being a part of reconstruction, as we have seen. The
lirst ten were atldeil as early as Docemljcr. IT'.tl, and
grew out of the di.scussion of the constitution as
originally submitted to the states. The eleventh
amendment, which in etlect exemj)ts a state from
being made a defendant in a court of justice, was the
result of a suitlironghtin the rnited States Court to
recover a debt due an individual from the .state of
1
¥m
W:'
^/
o
VHK I'UKSlCNT UNITICI) STATES,
(ii'cii'i,'ia. Tliiil jiiTiiicious iimi'inliiK'Ht lias Ijonic
fruiL ill i\n'. re[K'ate(l and ciKiriiKtiis iviuidiatidii of
stall' ili'lits. 'Plio t\rc'lftli aiiiLMidiia'tit. unividi'S SDiiio
cliaiiu't's ill Hio iiiclliiid of clccliiiL; |iiisidi'iits and
vii'i'-presidiMits, and ;:rt'\r out of the .K'lTersoii-Miirr
eli''''ioii. 'i'liis aiiioiidiiH'iiL was udojitetl Si'pleiiihi'r
•■i.'i, l-iol.
'I'lii'lolal area of tlii' I'liiifd Slates is aiioiil, l.ddti.-
(tOO sciiiaro iiiiIl's, iiiidusivi'of Alaska, wliicli is valiii'-
k'ss forall piirpost'sof airrifiiltiirc. Without, Alaska,
llioarea is, in round miiiiliers,;!,<MH).(Miu s(|iiaro iiiik's.
A writer ill a rocoiit iiuiiiin'r of tiie A«/7// Anirri'-'in
Jt'rrii'ir iiivo.s tin- followiiii,' analysis of tlu' |)iil)lic
lands of till' coiinli'v, I'xdusive of Alaska:
" The pulilic domain of the riiil*'(l States, ae-
(|uiri'd liy ccssioii from the several states and hy
treaty from France. Spain, and Mexico, Texas and
Russia, amounts to 2.S'.' I. •.':!.">. '.tl si|uare miles, or
aliout l.s.'i'i.old.tiod acres, and its cost was, in round
nuinhers, ¥:t".''.',0(i(i,(MK(, of which sum th ' (lovern-
nient, has reeeiveil hack atioiit >i->'(Mi.(ioo,(i()(i fur lands
sold. Down to .luly, ISSU, iho <iovcrniiient o'" ho
IJniti^d States hail disjHised by sale of ahoiit. llO,-
(1(10.(1(11) acres; liy act of donation, :i.()()(t,(l(l() acres;
ill houiilies for military and naval service, (1 1,0(10, -
000 acres; for internal improvements, 7,000,000
acri's ; liy irrants of saline lands to states, ■'iCpO.OOO
acres; for town sites and county seals, l.'iO.OOO; liy
patent, to I'ailwav comiianii's, -l.'i.ooo.ooo ; canal
;:-rant- l.ooo.ooo; for military reads, l.:>oo.O(io; hy
sale 111 r'oici'a! lands (since I.siiil), IIS.OOO; hoiiie-
slcads. ."i.'i.oo, M(i; scriji. -J, '.100.000 ; dial lauds, 10,-
^■>o ; stone ami tiiiilu'r lands (act of ISTS), -..M.OOO:
s\v;imp and overllowed lands i,M\t'u to slates, (IH.OOO,-
000; for eiliicaiioiial purposes, 'iS.ooo.ooo ; under
Timhcr-cuhuie Act, '.i.:i."iO.(ioo ; (Iradiiatioii .Vet of
1s."p1, '."..oi 10,000. Mineral and timber lauds are
now our most valuable assets. The pasturai;e lands
are of iKuiiinal \aliic apart from the niineral iiiider-
l\iiiLr them. Our remainiii;.' puldic lands, exclusive
of Alaska, were, in .lune, js.so, estimated as
folious: Tiiiihcr lauds, .s'l.ooo.ooo ; (.•ual laml.-,
detiiieil. ."(.."liio.iioo ; precious metal heariiii;' lands,
c 1.000.000; but this area will be increased as
the pasiiirau^e andtiniiier lands art' explored;
lauds ill Southern states, ai,'ricult iiral. timber and
niineral, '.J.'i.ooo.ooo ; lands irriijfahle from streams.
.A^
:io.O(H),llO() ; pa.sliiriige,desort, including cortain lands
in Indian reservations and barrens, .")."(t),(JO0,OUO."
There have lieen ten censuses of the United
Stati's, tlie lirst haviiiij: U'eii taken in 1"!'0. au<l all
at rei:ular intervals of ten years. Tluf population
when tirst ascertained was li.'.r.'H,;)'.'"^, and ninety
years later it was .'lO, 1. ")•.'..").">', i. .Nodther country
coulii ever make such an exhibit of growth. From
the time the War of the IJevolution began (1TT5)
until tlio close of the last war with Kngland (ISl.")),
a period of forty years, the increase by imniigratiou
wa.s very small. In ISUl and ISIT there was a fam-
ine in I'liirope, and a vast number of people ( rossed
the ocean to seek homes in this land of plenty. All
immigration canio from Kurojn' until si>me years
after the discovery of the goltl-tields of L'aliforniu,
since which time a few drops from tlio great ooeiiu of
L'hiiiese population havefallen upon the I'ucilii; coast.
'I'he Chinaiuan does not firing his family, and is sure
to return to his native land. Kven his boiie.s, if he
dies, are taken back there. The periminent popu-
ulatioii of the country is wholly P^nropean in its ori-
gin, with the exception of the African and th«! abo-
riginal .\nierioans. All other details of iiopulatiou
and area are givu ju tabular form later on.
The I'liited States is often divideil into North
and South, or Mast and West, but the really natural
divisions are three, the Atlantic st.'ites, extending
westward so as to include the .Vitpalachian, or ,VlIo-
ghany, .Mountain region; the Mississippi X'alley ;
i'acilic Highlands and slo|ie, the latter iiududiug the
U<i< ky .Mountains, the Pacitic plateau. Sierra Ne-
vaila and Cascade ranges and the I'acilii; slo[ie.
The .Vppalachian range extends from the (iulf of
St. i.awrence to .Mabama. Instciul of a system of
mountains for lis main feature the .Mississijipi Val-
ley has the great twin river, .Mississippi-Missouri,
•{.•^OO miles long, the grandest stream in all the
wor'd. not excepting the broader but shorter Aimi-
zoii. The Hocky Mountains are vast table-lands. A
little gold and silver may be found in the Atlantic
states, none in the Mississippi valley, but an abun-
dance ill the Kocky Mountains and tiie region
U'twei'ii that }ilateau and the Pacific ocean.
l'"urtlier details on these ]ioints will iqiiiear in
coniiection with the consideration of States and
Territories of the I'nited State.s.
. •^±iM^i:m. \.-^' ms^^i^. i'-?.
(rtain himls
it),O00,W)O,"
ho Uniteil
'.10, :iml nil
jmpulatiim
and iiini'ty
ler ctmiilry
vt.il. Kroiu
L'iJilU (I'^'-'J)
liui.l (1S15),
iiiiiii,i,'riitiou
[• \v:ifi a faiii-
)oi>lc n'osseil
plenty. All
soiiie years
f CaliftTiiiiv,
reat ticeaii of
Pueilii; I'oast.
v,aiiil is sure
hones, if he
ument popu-
2M\ in its ori-
and til'! iibo- |
of population
er on.
I into North
ii-ally natural
extenilinj;
Ihian, or Allo-
Isippi Valley ;
ineludiu".' the
I, Sierra Ne-
Iracilii! slope,
the (iulf of
f a system of
[ississippi Val-
ippi-Missouri,
u in all the
liorter Anni-
itile-lands. A
the Atlantic
Ibut an ahun-
l the n'i^ion
leitic oeean.
U api^'ar in
States and
X X X X X X X X X X X X
X X X X X X \
S^^^^^fe
S^J
r*^
?i
).L
i
GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES.
'^ X
I- X
r
CHAPTKR LXX.XIN'.
Fkukuai. Kklation;* — I'oNsrrrrTioNAi, Limitations -I. Kii[>i. a rivK UitAN4'ii itr thk iJovkhnmknt
— TlIK PllKslDKNT AMI THK SkN A I'K-I'ltKslltKNTl A I. t^C A LIFU'ATlnNM AMI l-'f NCTIIINS -'I'lIK
('AlllNKT AMI UKrAlirMKSTS -SKCUKTAIIV (IK StaTKAMI I'llllKlliV liKI.ATIIISS TllK TllKASlltV
nKrAHTMKNT AMI ITS Ill'llKAls — TlIK WaII DkI'A KTM KVT SKIllKTAItV AMITIIK \UMV- TllK
Navy; Kuk ssiin ami tiik Navai, Dki'autmkni Skciiktauv iif tiik Intkuiihi; I'liiLic
I.AMIS, I'KNSIClNs, I'aTKSTS, ('K\SI S, KDITATMN ANll AliUlCIl.TlUK — l'(lsT()Fh'll Ks AMI I'llST
UiHTKS — I'llANKl.lN AMI All.MKTllllNd- IlKl'AllTMKNT UK .llsTUK TlIK .IllmlAHV ciK TIIK
r.NiTEn Status— Tkkiiitiiiuai. ItnvKiiNMKNT -ArpniNTMKNr- ami ('unkikmatiiins — HmiiT ok
SiKKIlAlIK — MclllK UK Kl.KITIMI I'HKSIIIKNTS AMI V 1( K- I'UKM IIKM -.
•HE most curious fealur
and intricate proliU^m in
American <!;overnnu'nt is
the relation of the United
States to the several states.
It is complicated in a way
i|uite foreign to the usual
exp'-rii'iice of nations and luit of
it, no less than the institution of
sla\erv, grew the war hetwcen the
North and tiie Sontli. It is not
within llu' design of this volume
K. to discuss eonstitntioual law, Imi
1^ simplv to point t)iit the undisputed
1 practiwil facts in the case.
The liroad ground of tiie const i-
tuliou in restricting the general
odNfrnmcnl to functions spccilied
in the organic law itself covered a great deal of tcr-
rilorv. It follows ilial llic ordinary purposes of gov-
ernment, such as the prcvcniion and punislimciil nf
crimes, the enforcement of contracts and the gen-
eral relation of pulilic alTairs, hcjong. as a rule, to
the state. The I'niled States nniy lie said to he
sup.plemeutal to the state, designed to prevent all
clashing and injustice Ix'tweeu the jicople of diifer-
ont states and to obviate tlio vexiitious restrictions
upon liie lilxirty of person and traflic within the
country which would 1x3 ineviiai)le if each state were
alisolutcly indepeniU'iit. Tiie iu'iU'rai system has
tiie furtiier advantage of the removal of all danger
of interstate wars wiiicli, in view of Kurojican ex-
perience, was certainly a wise precaution on I iie part
of tiie constitutional fathers.
Tile general government is divided into tliree
liranciies, Icgisialivi.', execulive and judicial. The
legislalive has lluH'c sulidivisions, tiie Senate, the
House of {{epiesi'nlativcs ami the President, tlie
first two. constituting Uongri'ss, having tiie power hy
a two-tiiirds majority to pass a hill over I lie I'resi-
dent's \cto. Tiie tiiird lirancli is therefore not coe-
(|ual wilii tile oilier two, wliile liiey are co-ordinati'.
Tlie signature of tlie I'rcsidenI must he attached to
a liill liel'orcil can liccomc an act of Congress, or it
must receive, snliscipicnt, to tlie veto, liic two-thirds
majority spccilied. Tiie power to originate hills of
ta\;ilion lieloiiL''s to the House, which liody can elect
its own prcsidin'^Milliccr- speaker - wliilcllie Senate
I )
^; ••I';'.
Wh:
mm ■ '.
iic " ■
:'!■■: i-r
^^
57^
(;()vi:un.mi;n r oi' thic i'niti:!) srATKS.
is jirt'siili'il (iM'P \>\ tlio \'iii-I'ri;.si(lciil, iiiiK'ss ilial.
(illii'cr is ciilli'<l ii|i(iii to iii'L us PrcsiiU'iil, in Nriiicli
{■iisf till! St'iiaU! I'locis its own I'rcsiiii'iit,, pro tmi., iis
lie is caiii'il. Ot.lu-rwisi' tlii' imwtTS of tiic two
hnmijlu's of ('oiiixrt'ss arc ('i|iial.
Tin! Si'iialc iioiisisis of i«o iiu'iiiiK.M's rroiii cacii
stall', llu' term iti'iiii,' sis vcars. Tiu' si'iialdfs mv
t'li'ft.i'il liy llit'ir n'sjK'ftivi' stale ii'u'isialim's. Incase
(.f a vacaiii'V iIiiimmlc liic aiijoiiniinciil. of tiie ic:,qs-
latiirc tiie governor of I lie slate can till tiii^ vaciiney
niitil tlie lcL;islature I'onvcncs and elects a sneccssor
to till llie nnc.t|iircil term. A senator mnsL lie at,
least tiiirlv
tdr which |inr|)ose a census is taken once in ten years.
Mveiy slate lias at least, one incinher ol' the lower
Inmse. The territories ai'c i'e|nvsentc(l thcfcin liy
(lelciratcsoiniiowcfed to s|ioak Imi not, to vote. The
term of a nieniher of llu' llonsi! is two years. Macli
sonalor. rcpresentativo ami ilele^ratc receives ii salary
«)f !ji."),(MlO!i year, the speaker, like the \'ici'-l 'resident,
roet'ivin^ ^S.oiiO.
'I'he Kxi'cntive l)e|iartnieiit consists of the I'resi-
dont and the excentive ollices under him, and IIk'
Senate when in cxi'cutivo session. Such sessions are
held ill secret,. 'I'heir ohjccts are to ralifv or reject,
li'tiaiies with otluT nations and conliiin or rejeet,a|i-
pointmenls to fcilei'al otliees. In tlio exercise of a
veto power tho Senate is a |iart of the cr"eiilive.
Somo appoiiitnients are ri'ifanled as too trivial to
come U'fore the Senate, 'riicclassilication is ti.xed h)'
law and has novi^r occ;isioned ditlicnlty or contro-
versy. The exercise, however, of oxecntivo func-
tions by the Senate Inus often iriveii rise to l)itl,er
controversy. Sncii conllic^ts of ojiinion (for that is
all they areori'an he) ha\ealwa\s hcen temporary in
their ctToct. 'J'he Ki;,'islativo functions of tin? I'resi..
dent are trivial, comparatively. The ureal, linrdeii
of his duly is to adnunistcr the laws, lie is tho
chief i'xecnti\c, most, emphatically.
To he I'resident of the Tnitcd Stales or Vice-
J'residcnt, one mnst Immi native citizen. .Naturalized
citizens aro
harrod from
the presi-
dency, in-
idndin^' the
vice- presi-
dential con-
t i n u'l' n cy,
and fi'oni no
other politi-
I cal prel'cr-
menl. The
President
must lie
thirty -live
yi^arsof auc
orovcr. The
term is four
years, lic-
j^innini;' on
March U
There is no law aizainst rciK'ated ri'-clect ions, except,
t he nnw. iltcn law of custom, which has restricted
every President so far to two terms, at the nmst.
The salary of the President is !t;;(0,()()0 a year. It was
half that until IST:!. The proper title of the Presi-
dent in addressinji him is ".Mr. Prcsiilent." The
Kxecutivo Mansion, familiarly called tho " Whitxj
I louse," is both oHico and n^sidoni'O. It is located
one mile from the capitol at Washini,'ton. The
President is jirovided with a small corjts of ])rivale
.secretaries for subordinate routiiuMluties, at t he piili-
lic, expense, and tho nnmsion is furnishod by tli(!
!j;overnment.
The President has for his chief assistants in the
dischariT'.- of his duties a body of advisor.-; and
hiirh functionaries called a Cabinet. That biMly
J!"'
^
,ioii is tixi'tl li)'
tv or I'oiilro-
CClllivil flllK!-
risn lo bit tor
>ii (for tliiit. is
I U'liiptirary iu
1 of \\n' I'lvsi-
uiciit' liiinii'ii
s. 111! is tJio
lull's or \'iio-
1. NiiUiriiiizotl
citizi'MS iiro
Imrri'd from
till' [iri'si-
(lisiicy, iii-
oliuliiij,' tlio
vice- jirt'si-
ilciilial I'on-
I, ill uriH' y,
iiiiil from no
otlicr |ioli(i-
cal iircfcr-
mt'iii. 'IIhi
i'ri'siil.'iit.
must III'
tiiirty-tivc
yoiirsof a,<j;t',
orovcr. 'V\w
ti'rm is four
years, lii'-
j^imiiiii;' on
- Manli k
lections, i'-\ct'iif
lias rest rifled
at. tlu! most,
a year. It was
lis of llie l»re>i-
ident." Tiio
liie 'MViiito
It is located
liniiton. 'Tiie
()S of jirivate
ies, at liie imii-
nislied liy tlie
sistiiiits ill tlu'
advisor,-! and
t. That hody
k
(UniCKNMICNT or THK UNITKl) STAIKS.
S7.\
I
consists of tlie Secretaries of Slate. 'I'reasurv, War,
tlie Navy, and tiio Interior, toirctlicr vrilli llic I'ost-
mastci'-deneral and liie Allorney-deiieral. 'I'iie ile-
[lartnients over wliich tiicy res|H'clivoly presidi? are
indicali'd liy tlieir titles. ( »rii,'inally tlie idea was
lliat till! Secretary of Slate should he a iu'emier, in
I he I'ln^lisii sense, lint iiraelieally, he is simjily (he
head of forei;,'n af-
fairs, liav ini^sniH'r-
\ ision over all diii-
lomalie and con-
snlarinalters. Jvieli
caliinet olllcer re-
ceives a salary of
■^s.dOd a year, is
a|i|ioiiiled liv the
I'resid.'iil, the Sen-
aleeniiseiil in^'. The
caiiinci forms an
ollirial hoUschoM,
with the riv-:ileiit
as ils head. In
nianv of ihe delails
the dulies of iIk;
dill'eienl de|iarl-
iiirnl< vary with
I he eiiaetnienis of
each ( 'oiiure-< ; hut
in fiindamenlaldu-
lies and divisions
of rcs|iiMi>ihilily
the deiiarlnieiils
remain nncliain^cd.
The Cahinet has
jjrown in niimhers
with the li'rowlh of
the nation and the
lu'cessilies of the
ffcneral ,L,'ovi'rnment. ()rii,'inally there wore lint three
minislcrs — Secretary of Stale, of the Treusnry, and
of War. I
a>lded
n I I
US the iio
rtfolio of the >i'avv was
Dnri
Mi's administration th
I'ostmaster-deneral was made a niemlier of the
cahinet, and dnriiii' Tvler's the Atlornev-ticneral
was ai
into the \\
ilitical familv of llu^ I'resi-
e iiromoli(>ns tliev were mi'rc
lniitt(
dent. Before tliose |
heads of hnreaiis. In ISI'.i tlie l)e|iarlnicnt of the
Interior was creati'd. since whii'h lime there have
1 10011 no <'liani:es. e\ce|il that dnrin^'the ad m in isl ra-
tion of President (irant tho J'linctitins 4if liie Allor-
ney-(Jeneral were matorially onlari^od liy the crealion
of the l)e|iarlmcnt of Juslico. Prior to that time
till! Altoi-ney-(ieiieral wassimjily the le;;al aihiser of
\\n' President and the Caiiiiiot. The Constitution
does not ilislinctly ri'ooi,nii/.o tho Caliinei, e\cc|iliiij^
hy t!ie nominal dist inction of '• heads ofde|iartnien Is."
Tho Secretary of
Slate was desi;,'iiod
iiiiLdnally to ho tJio
head secretary of
the ^riivornment,
iiKdndin;^' hot h
('oiiijross ami the
President. To him
is intrnslcdl Ik'iIiiI v
of |iromiilL'al in^'
the laws. In his
ollicc are Ke|il llie
<iri^''iiial iiills and
joint rcsohil ion--,
the seal of (lie
I'liiled Stale-, and
all trealie^, p'lslal
c<iii\ciil inns and
other stale |ia|iers,
|iro|ieil\ so called.
Ihit I he c>|iecial
dcpai'l nicnl of ~lalc
is p'orciLin AITairs.
All cnmmunicM-
tions with foi'eijfii
u'ovcrnmcnts, di-
rect or indircct,an(l
all (li|il<inial ic and
consular matters,
are within tho jii-
risdiclion of this
socrctarv. Anv American citi/en LT'iini^' alimail is
entitled to a iiassjiort issued hy tho Secretary of
Slate, which doonmeiil, will servo as his cnMhnitial
if oil
l/elisliiii III cas(! ho
mav have occasion to w;inl
the |iroteclion of his j.r<>vcrnment. TIk^ Secretary
of Stale is suiiiiosed to he the ni<ist intimate ]iolit,-
ieal friend the President has — his most trusted
adviser on all |ioiiils. lie makes no departmental
reiiort to Coiiltcss, as the oilier secriitarios and the
Poslniastei--(tencrMl do. Ho is frei|nonlly called
upon to make special reports, and the vohimiiions
l^
m
P'S-'^
i'il '
lift
i^^V'ii';,
4
574
GO\'KK.\MKNT OK THIC UNITKP STATES.
ili}il<iiiiti.ti(; ('cM'ri'S]i<iiiil(
lJ('|iiiriiii(iiit also is-
siius iiiDiitlily I'oii-
suliir ri)i)(irt.s, giviii;;
coiiiiiit'rcial iiiiil iii-
(histvial iiiforiiiiiliuii
ii\ r("j:anl (i> tiio
c'Diiiilrics ami cllios
^vitli wliicli tliis j,''()v-
(Tiiiiiciit suslaiiis
consular rrlalimis.
Tlio icjire-ciila-
livos of Mil! riiiU'<l
States arc falU'<l en-
voys extraordinary
and niinisiers jili'n-
ijiotentiary ; min-
isters resident;
eliargo d' alTairs ;
consul geuenils, con-
suls and consular
agents, according to
tlieir several ranks
and duties. 'I'lie ini-
jMirtant minisfx'rs
have .secretaries of
legation. Treaties
may he ncgotiateil
hy ministers, hy
commissions ap-
jiointed especially
for tlu! })uri)ose of set
ail international
nature, or hy the
Secretary of
iStiito and the
ro|)resentativeat
A\'asiiington of
the otiier high
contracting par-
ty. lvxtra<litioii
treaties are the
ari'angcme nt s
made for the
surrender of
persons accused
of crime who
have lied from
ouooouutrv l<> the oihcr. N'carU ail
■nee is puiilisiied. The Slulo j hiivo such treaties \vil,h each oilier. Tiio Secretary
of the Treasury has
oharLre of i]n) tin;
i-ia
I alT;
urs o
m-
f the
gov(!rnnient
under
such laws as Con-
gress may enact.
He
receives
the
nioiioy of the gov-
omment uiid makes
its dishiirscments.
A'o money can ho
jiaid out unless there
is warrant for it in
an appropriation hy
Congress. In a
Treasury, or fiscal,
point of view, .Inly 1
is new year's (hiy.
All annual reports
auvl estimates ..i the
government receipts
or dishursements
arc for the year end-
ing
' thmoIU.
This Secretaiy has
nnder him several
heiuls of hureaus
I two associated
aiK
secretaries.
Tl
le
ling some si.ecilic matter of Ci
)mp
trollt
idt
eraiid live au(
Coniptroller.Second
litors have chargi'of dishurse-
ments; the Com-
missioner of In-
ternal Kevenue
and the Coin-
missioiier
Ciistoii
)f
h)ok
iillec-
aitlioiii'li
aftiT
tioiis,
one of the assist-
ant secretaries
is virtiiallychief
of customs. The
T
•iiin'r
has
ilizcd
nain>'>s i
the Currency
•iiinervises
the control of
the funds. The
Coiii|)trollcr of
he national hanks, the
K*-
liU-
4u
g()vi:knmk.\ r oi iHi-: iNiri;!) siaiics.
575
3 Socrotiiry
•ciisury hiW
■ Ihu iiiiiiii-
lirs of Iho
cut, under
:s ilS Goll-
iiiiy enact,
ji'ivcs the
){. tlio gov-
und makes
biirseniont:*.
it-y can 1)0
unless there
,nt fur it in
(ipriationhy
iss. In a
y, or iiseal,
;vie\v,.Iulyl ,
year's day.
nual reports
imates ul the
luent receipts
ishurseinents
tlioyearond-
;ke;{l.
secretary has
him several
of hiireaus
() iissociiiteil
iries. The
•oller.Seeond
h'ofdishurse-
iits; tlieCom-
Isioner of In-
lial Iti'venue
(lie (Joni-
<sioner of
koiiis look
J'r tlie collee-
lis, all.liou^'h
lof tlieussist-
sccH'taries
lirtually chief
lustoms. Tlie
-iurer has
control of
J funds. Tlie
In I >l roller of
ll l)anks, t!ic
1
Director of the Mint lias eliarj^e of tlie coining tjf
money. Tiie Indejientlent Treasury is tiio term aj)-
jiiied to tlie system of sub-treasuries or lirandi
otlices of the Treas;; j in the larger cities of the
country at which thi^ actual reeeipts and disburse-
ments of the governiiicnt ure larirely transactiMl.
The head of a siib-treiisury is ciilled AssisLuiit Treas-
urer. The Sub-Treasury at New York contains very
much more money
than t lui Treasury at
Washington. .Minute
daily reports must,
bo maile to the Sec-
retury of the Treas-
ury anil the Treas-
urer, and the varia-
tion of a penny in
the iiccount would
be detected at head-
(juarters iind call for
an (^Kplanation.
During the late
war nearly every
conceivable metluMl
of taxation was re-
sorted to. Before
that time the receipis
from custonis or tiie
tariil and from the
sale of ])iiblie land
amply sutliced to
meet, the deiuands of
the government. At
one perioil the rev-
enue was excessive
ami Congress was
sorely pii/zlcd to
know what to do with the surplus. The ("siu'cncics
of war rcnileri'd ncccssarv .lie creation of tlu^
ihireau of Inieniul Ucvciiuc Since the restor-
ation of peace the domestic taxation has been great-
ly reduced and simpliiied, iiiilil now it is almost
wholly coiilined in spirits, liisiilli'd and brewed, and
to toiiacco. The lax on lii;iliwiiie' \va< >="i |ier gal-
lon for several years and llie leiii|iiaiiiiii todeframl
llie govci'iiment was so LTcal. thai, the ciiiirmoiw
combination was rnrincd l<noun as ihe \\'hisk\
liing. It was a case of >p(iiilaiieiiU- product iou.
The evil spread and seeiiieil lo hi' iinnralile until il
/-
Tllli UAUINET ClIAJimilt.
was exposed, proseculeil and crushed during the iwo
last years of lirant's last term of ollico. Tlie most
'omplicated and idaborate feature of the Treasury
Department is the one having to do with the col-
lei'tion of duties on imports. Nearly every Congress
*• I inkers '' the tarilT, and it takes ii rare expert to Ihj
master <;f the siiiiject in its jirai'tical workings. The
ol)jects of tiiese levies are twofoM, the raising of
revenue and the fos-
tering of doiiieslic
inierests, proiiiiei ive
and manufacturing.
T'iio.se who insist
that il tarill should
Ite for cevenue only
are called free-trad-
ers. As a rule, the
protective jiolicy has
jircvailed in this
CO" 'dry. The Secre-
tary of the Treasury
has no voice in de-
terminiug the judicy
to be adojiled ; but
the rules and regu-
lations ]ironiiilgated
by him bear to the
statutes mucli tho
same relation that
the decisions of the
courts do to law in
general. This re-
mark apiilies. only
less consiiieuously,
to the other depart-
ments. There is a
lax on the tonnage,
or cairving capacity, of vessels, and out of the
relationsof the Treasury Department to transporta-
tion bv water Li'i'ow many coiiiplicatioiis. The con-
stitution coiiiem|ilales the regulation iiy the u'l'iieral
goveriiment of coinnierce between the states, but
that part, of the or^raiiic law has thus far reniaiiied
very nearly a deadleller. The cinislilutiun forbids
the iniposilioii of dill ies upon cxporls, also upon
tradi^ between lliesiale-, and iherein il, has ni'Ver
'leen violateij.
The Secretary of Ihe Treasury is forbidden by
law, as are his suboidiiiatcs, to be in any vray inter-
f.
576
GOVKRNMENT OF THK UNITED STATES.
ostud in any briimili of hu.sini'ss wliicli miglit coino
before tlioiii for ollioiiil aetioii.
Tlio Sucrotiiry of War iKicuiiie, undi^r K. M. Stan-
ton (luring tlio great Contlict, virtual conunander-
in-cliicl' of the army, a position assigned by tlio eou-
stitutioM to the President. In time of peace the
standing army is so small that this deiiartnient in
less imitortant than any one of the several bureaus
of tliu Treasury. Small as is the army, it might
I'ierce, and a son of {'resident Lincoln was apjioint-
cd to the position by President (Jarlield, but the one
great reputation made in the Department was that
(if Edwin il. Stanton, who sustained that great bur-
den from 180^ to 18(j8, doing as much to ])reservo
the I'nion as any one man. The ollico was con-
si)ifUously (lisgrac(!d by Secreliiry Ik'iknap, who held
it from ISO'.) to KSTU. ISesides strictly military mat-
ters, the War Dei)artuicnt luis charge of public works
Iffi''¥H;^ ,f'' ' i
;i ■ if!
*'V!- ^
■•'.. -A
TIIK NKW UKPAUTMENT OF STATE.
be nnioh smaller if it were not for tronblcs with
the Indians of the far west. The military officers
are : general, lieutenant-general, major-general, brig-
adier-general, coloiiel, lieutenant-oolonol, major,
captain, first lieutenant, second lieutenant. These
are regularly and formally commissioned, and for
the most part are graduates of the military acade-
my at AVest Point. Now York, tho only iiustitution
for instrut'tion in tho science of war maintained by
the government. Tho Secretary of War has a super-
visory charge of that academy, also of depots of
war material, ar.semils, military hospitals and lusy-
lums. Jeiforson Davis was Secretary of War under
involving civil engineering. The erection and care
of United States buildings belong to the Treasury
De])artment, but river and harbor improvements
are made through the Department of War.
The least of all the Departments is tho Navy.
The President sustains tho same relation to the navy
that he does to the army. There are, besides pay-
masters, nine grades of naval officers, correspond-
ing in rank with major-general and tho lower grades
in tho army. These are: rear-admirals, vice-iul-
mirals, coTumodores, ca])tains, commanders, lieuten-
ant conmianders, lieutenants, nnisters, ensigns. Tho
govenmient has one naval academy. It is located at
".^
iipjmint-
t llio Olio
,vus that
rent bur-
prcservo
WilS CDll-
wliD hold
tiiry iiiiit-
)lic works
U and euro
lo Treasury
In-ovenioiita
lir.
tho Navy.
to the navy
Icsidcs pay-
corrcspond-
l)wer praili'S
jls, vice-iul-
j;r8, licuton-
Insigns- Tho
Is located at
GOVRRNMKNT OK TUIC UMTKU STATliS.
I//
AnnuitohH, Maryland. I^iko liic iiiilitaiy aiadoiiiy
at West I'dint, this naval seiiool is c.xin'ctfil to liavo
one student from eacii eonjrressioiial distrirL and ten
appointed by the President, wilhuut reganl to loeai-
ity. The course of study in l)()i,h covers a jjeriod of
four years and has special reference to the profes-
sion in vJL'W. The students are educated at the c.\-
j)ense of tho j^overnnient, and must i;iveal least four
years to the service after ifraduation, unless specially
relieved or dismissed. There are several niivv-vards
and one naval ol)servatory, thclatter lieinj,' in \\':ish-
inirtiin. All coast surveys lieloui; to the Xavy De-
l)artmciit, but lij^htiiouses, buoys and beacons, de-
signed to protect the shippinir interest, and marine
hos|)ituls for sick or disa-
bled seamen, are attach-
ed to the Treasury I)c-
liartment. The j)r,'sent
navy of tiie I'niled States
is almost a non;;ntily.
In the event of war with
any foreii^n ))o\ver laviii;^
tiic sliixbti'st claims to
iia\al prcjiarations, it.
would lie iiceessarv to
make vast. e.xiH'nditures
for men-of-war.
No splendid reputation
was ever nuide iu tiie
ollioo of Secretary of the Navy, iiut besides the
brilliant achievitmenlsof i'aul .lones. Perry, Decatur,
Foole and Porter, this country can boast a citizen,
.Tohn Ericsson, whose frcnius for invention revolution-
izeil naval architecture, and rendered oiisoleie tiic
navies of tiie world.
Tho Interior l)e[iarlment, once tiie least of all the
portfolios, has steadily ri.<en in im[iortance until it
is iiardly inferior to that of the Treasury. It was
designed originally as a relief to tiie State Depart-
ment. It has several bureaus of great responsibil-
ity. Indian AITairs is the chief of tiiese. The
agents, inspectors and others eiii|iloyed in ibis
liranch of the service, as explained in the liiapter
on tiie .Vmerican Indian, are under the Commis-
sioner of Indian Affairs. The Pension Ibireaii is in
that department, and it is no exaggeration to sav
that tiie .Vnny and the Navy Departments (•om-
biiied are not in time of jieace as important and dif-
ficult of ailininistration as this one burean has lieen
since the war of IStil-r.o. Only sick or crippled
soldiers of the Pedt'ral army or their widowed still
nnmarried, or tiiose actually dependtuit for support
iipim tiie soldier whodied iu the service, are cut it leil
to [K'usions, iiiit tlie disbursements are so immense
and tiie liaiiilities to fraud so very great that tlie
higliest order of executive ability is recpiired, and
even tiien cnornioiis frauds are inevitable. No
other branch of the .service is so oik'Ii to abuse. The
actual payments are made by local pension agents,
who handle no money, liut have creilits from time
to time at a sni)-trcasury and check aLCainst it.
The public lands of the country, an clai>orale
statement in regard to wliicii will be found in tlit-
chapter on The Present
I'niied St ttc.-^, are
iiiii T tile care of a
bureau of the Interior
De[).U'tmynt. Pesides
the commissioner at
Washington tlicre an'
surveyors-general and
registers and rec(-ivcrs
of public money for
lands. The I'cirini.'r tli-
\ iilc liic land ami deliiic
boundaries, so that the
Lrovernmcut can con-
rKSNJVI.VAM.V WKMK, WA-lMM.niS.
— ' \ey a title, and tlicix'g-
isters and ri'cei\ers attend toiiie business incident lo
such convevauce. .V section is the unit of nicasnre-
nt. It (rontains ti|(» acres, or a mill' s([uare, ami
met
thirtv-six sections make a townsiiip. l'!vcn since the
organization of the first territory, llic Northwest 'ter-
ritory, tlu' government has set aside one section iu
each township for the support of public schools.
'i'lie original policy of the government was to sell
the )iublic, land, and that in large (|iiantilies only.
Later it ailopted the plan of encouraging jmr-
cliases by ncliial settlers. This ]iione< r policy was
supplemented iu l.'^'!"^ bv the homestead acl, under
which tiie actual settler can, by the p;iymenl of fees
liardlv adei|uate to |iay t be cost to ibe gdvernmeiit of
doiiiLT the iiusiness, seciii'c a farm, (uily be must re-
side on it long enoiiLrh to gixc assurance of good
faith. If the h csteader served in tlie Federal
army and wa.'! honorably discharged, the time sjient
in the service will reduce that much the time re-
ipiired to perfect a homestead title. Tho |K'riod re-
r
'T
''U ,
:.V,W,
''"!;■
I!' •.
mm '
IIP -^N-^'':'-
;;
■
i
■
\ •
i
(.,
i ■
• 1
1- ^ i
57«
GOVKRNMENT OK THE UNITKI) STATES.
<}iiirud is livo yuurs, mid tliu iiiiiuiiiit of liiiid tliut
ciui 1)0 tiikiiii up in that wiiy is KiO iiurus, or a iiuiu-
tor-soi;tion. i'ubiio land ran also Imj Hocurod by pro-
oniption, or puruliaso, tlio pritu varying from il.'io
to i'i.bu jK-r acre.
All letters patent designed In stirunlale invention
and soeiire to the in-
ventor liisriirl'.tof pro])-
criy therein, are issued
by the Patent ollice,
which is a bureau of
the Interior Dejtart-
nient. Patents are
granted for seventeen
years, and cannot Iw
renewed. It is often
dirticult to dotcnnine
whether an application
for a i»atent should he
granted or denied, and
much litisration crows '
I'ATKNT OFFlCK. (SoiiUi Fruiii.)
out of this bru.ich of the government. The census is
taken by the Interior Dei)artment. The original
idea of u census was simply the ascertamment once
in ten years of the actual population of the country,
with the details of locality, with a view to determin-
ing the apportionment of menil»ers of the House of
Kepresentatives. Each
new census has Ixjcn
more elaborate and
varied tiian its prede
cessor, and under Gen-
eral F. A. Walker, who
tooktheccnsusesof 1870
and ISSO, the range of
statistical information
afforded by the reports
of this bureau is most
exhaustive. It is a
marvel of complete-
ness and accuracy.
The bureau of railroa<ls has lieen created to ascer-
tain and i:onserve the interest of the government in
the railways of the country which received sid)sidies,
land or bonds, in aid of their construction. The
bureau of education is hardly more than a bureau
of edu(;ational information. The l)urcau of agricul-
ture is another branch of the Interior Doj)artment
which has a high-sounding name without liaving ac-
complished much real good. Congress maintains it
at considerable ex|)ense. Itsiiould i)e a department
on a plane of ecjuaiity with the other cainnet olllces.
The ol)iigation owed it, thus far, by the agricultural
interest of tiie country is inlinitesimally snuill.
'i'lie PttstolUce Department is devoted to one line
of duty, the transmis-
sion of mail nnitter
from one place and
person to another place
and i^rson. Distance
is not taken into ac-
count in determining
the charge for this ser-
vice, but there are sev-
eral classes of mails,
with rates according
to cliussilication. The
Pt)stmaster-(Jeneral has
a great army of assist-
ants, superintendents.
XTNITED STATES POSTOFFU'E.
l)ostnia8ters, jjostal-clerks, route agents and others
under him. The real paternity of the ])ostollice
of this country belongs to Benjamin Franklin, who
organized it nearly a generation before indeixiudence
was declared. It should i)e u strictly business in-
stitution, as much so as an exi)ress comjjany or a
railroad enterjjrise ; but
as a nuitter of fact it
hais longc()nd)ined jtoli-
tics with postal mat-
ters. The most notable
improvcnicnt made in
this branch of the ser-
vice was not due to any
postmaster-general, but
to a subordinate oilicer,
George B. Armstrong
of Chicago, the father
of the railway mail
service, which was es-
tablished during the civil war. Other improve-
ments have been made within a comparatively
short time, such as the registration of inijjor-
tant letters, tiie issuance of jjostal money onlers,
and the distribution of mail in large cities by
carriers. The dead-letter otHce is located at Wash-
ington, and is designed to return to the writer
letters which have for any reason failed to reach
'k
GnVKHSMRyr OK THK LMTKD STATES.
579
tlicir dustiiiutioii. In due timo all audi wiiifs rt.'iu:li
tlio morjrno of tlio iiiiiil and tlio sender is no-
tilied. It is oxceudiiifily ditlicuU, in nuiny ciisos to
iirrivo ut tlio jiroiicr iillowiuii't' to lio iinido for currv-
m<f till' iiiiiil, espooiiiily liy routes oil the lino of I'iiil-
roiids. All sueli routes are ealled " star routes." For
tlio most part tlieso lines of mail, aro on tlio frontier
and in out-of-tlio-way jilaees wlu-re tliey are imlis-
ponsahlc aids to sottloi" Mit. Tliey aro often the
veritable Imrbini^ors of ci> ilization and development.
The Attorney-General is till" liead of the Depart-
ment of Justieo, and as sueli, has ajfoneralsuitervis-
ion over the attorneys and marshals of the United
States in the several judicial ilistricts. He is often
ealled upon to render an opinion uiion the interpre-
tation of a statute of the United States. The •gov-
ernment has in him its " senior eounsel."
Besides these two branehes of the government,
the legislative and the executive, is one more, the
judiciary. The constitution provides for one Su-
preme Court, and such inferior courts as Congress
might create. In addition to the Supreme Court
with one chief justice at a salary of !?l(t,.j()(), and
eight associate justices with a salary of 4^10,000,
there aro nine circuits, presided over son-etinios by
a member of the su})renie bench and sometimes by
the judge of that particular circuit. The salary of
the circuit judge is i!t),000 a year. The number of
the district judges varies from timo to time, and
their conijiensation is not uniform. There arc now
GO districts. All these judges are appointed for life
or good behavior. The judges appoint their own
clerks, and. generally for life. The United States
marshals are appointed by the President and con-
firmed by the Senate, for terms of four years. The
same is true of district attorneys.
It remains to sjieak of the territories, from a gov-
ernmental jioint of view. The governor, secretary,
and judge, or judges, as the case may bo, aro aji-
poinled by the President, the people being allowi I
to elect their own legislatures. A territorial gover-
nor or jutlge receives a salary of i!<"^,ii()(t, the secre-
tary !jl,800. Besides the regular territories, which
aro pros|ieetivc states, is the District of Columiiia.
Its alTairs are under the control, in the main, of
three eoimnissionors, appointed by the President,
and entitled to a .salary of iJ.^.OOO [ht annum.
It may be added in this connection that in
almost all cases appointments are for four yours in
the Presidential otlices, as tho.se aro called which
ro(iuire the President to submit the name to the Son-
ate, while subordinate positimis aro subject to the
caprices of politics, the mutations of friendship or
the freaks of personal whim. As a matter of fact
the groat bulk of the civil service is |terformed by
oilieors, clerks and employes who aro retained on
their merits by their respective chiefs. Since ISiil
women have been freely and satisfactorily employed
in the pulilic service of the United States.
In coiududing this chapter it may be well todefine
the rights of sulTrage and mule of election in this
country. No one can bo debarred from this right
on account of race, color, or previous condition of
servitude. The details on this subject aro given in
tabular form, the conditions of eloctivo franchise
Iniiiig ditfcreiit in ditferent states.
In choosing a I'residont and \' ice- President the
mode re((Uirod is for each state to elect by thepeoiilo
or appoint by the legislature (the latter is now no-
where done) as many i^lec'tors as the state has mem-
bers of both houses of Congress. Those electors are
all chosen on the same day, the lirst AMuiiday in the
November preceding tiic exjiirationof a presidential
term. The I'leclors of each state meet on the lirst
Wednesday of December at the stat^> capital, form-
ing iiii Klectoral College, and casting their ballots
for President and Vice-President, and send the re-
turns to the I'residont of the Senate the lirst Wednes-
day in, ranuary. The second Wednesday in February
both houses of Congress meet as one bixly and the
President of tlu) Senate o[k,mis and declares the vote.
If no candidate has received a majority of all the votes
east, the House proceeds to elect a President, the
Senate a \'ice-Presideiit. In the House the voting
must bo by states, and only the candidates having
the three highest Electoral College votes are eligible.
Such is tiie governiiieiit of the United States in
the more important of its many ramilications.
(.1
^\<r
miA
t;
':?lii;\f:Vi','?!Ji !»■
li:'
^4ib<uiilfii^
i^^i^B>«lidlilMa>atfiaidil
'•t!#fll|'¥t?*,f!}H|IMf*'''--'*'!lM'llitl.lf!ISJl'fA!lll!'!*.''lll'^^
CHAPTER LXXXV.
TlIK. I'ltKSlDKSTS lir TIIK fSITKll StATKH— IlllMlllAI'IIHAI, SKKTCII or EaCII III* TIIK TWKNTV-dNB
I'llKSIIlKNT!*, IN TIIK llllllKIl 111" TllKlll HksI-KiTIVK TKIIMH UK ( IKKICK — lllKTiiIlK Al, SkKTIII IIF
KacII or THE 'IVENTV-POI'II I'IIKKIIIKNTIAI. Kl.KrriONH IS (,'IIRO.NOLOUICAL OlIUKII.
f^^^^^£->-H
'1' is ]iro{)i)se(l in tliis cliii|i-
liTtii ^ivolirief i>ii>^i'a|iliii's
(if tiio I'ri'sidiMits (if till'
T'^iiiti'd Siutis and pri'sunt.
s|iu(iiically I lie several jirus-
idential elections. As some
(if our Presidents wereelect-
ed twice and otiiers ai^ain
^^tf were only elected to t.lievice-|iresiileni'y.it
is tlumjilit liest to keep tlio two brandies
of the subject distinct. In bothcases the
clironoloi^ical order will bo followed, be-
jrinninij with the Presidents themselves
and closini: with the elections. (Jaro
will bo observed not to repeat what has
been broujiht out in |)revious ciiapters.
so far as possible.
Georiro Washington was born in \'ir-
<:inia. l'"oi)rniiry 'J'J, \','.i'L His death occurred Decem-
ber ll,lT'.ilt. He wasaiilanter with some knowledi,'e
of surveying; and ex|>oricncc in the Viri^inia House of
IJurgesscs, or iieixislature. His military career and
presidential service belon<^ to history rather than to
biography. Wiien the war closed lie retired to his
plantation at Mount Vernon until called to servo as
president of tl'o c(m8titutional convention, and
later, of the rnited States. He refused a third
term. His private life was without reproach. The
management of his estate was moro to his taste
than the cares and peritlexitios of ollice In man-
ner he wius (•()(".. tly. Ho never fully idontitied him-
self witii any political party, but loaned strongly to-
ward Kcderalism.
•lohn Adams was bom in .Massachusotl^s, Octoiier
I'.i. 1 T:5"i. and died .luly 4. IS'^li. Ho was a gradu-
ate of Harvard College, u lawyer by profession, and
liy temperament an imperious ]iartisau. His public
career may lie saiil to date from tlio jiassago of the
Stamp .Vet by I'arliament. He early and eliKi'iently
advocated the union and independence of tiie colo-
nies. From 17T8 until KSS ho represented tlio
rnited States at either the French or Knglish court.
He syniiiathized witii the aristocrat ii^ tastes of
Washington rather than tbo democratic ideas of
Jellerson. He attributed his defeat for re-cdection
to the ]iresidency (|uito as much to HamiltoiiV, luko-
warmness us to rejiublican opposition, and retired to
jirivate life embittered and unhapiiy. He lived to
witness the election of bis son to tiie i)residoncy.
Tli()ina.s .loiTorson was born in Virginia, April K!,
1743, and died July 4, 18-.J(). The family was of
Welsh extraction. Kdncated at William and Mary's
('(dlogo, he adopted the profession of law. His ser-
vice ill tiie Continental Congress wa.s brief. The
Uevohition fairly inaugurated, ho returned to Vir-
!::inia and devoted himself to the establishment of
(5S0)
l^
lore to his tiisU)
olVice Ii» inii"-
y i.loiititiuil liim-
iiiR'tl stnniirly to-
liusetts, Oi'tohor
lo WHS a <;rmlii-
i)rt)fi'>*!iii)n, iinil
all. Ilix imlilio
10 passiigo 1)1" tlio
ly aiul el.Miuently
nco of the f"!*'-
reiiR'seiiti'il tlio
or Eiii^lisli iMiurt.
KTatii: tastes of
uooratio ideas of
3at for re<di'c'tion
llaniillouVluke-
loii, ami rctimlto
. IK' lived to
,lie pvosidoiH'y.
ii-jriuia, April V-U
i'\w family was of
iUiain ami Mary's
of law. Hisser-
s was brief. 'I'l'i-'
returned to Vir-
cstalilishnieiit of
V
OUK PKESIDENTS.
■| ; lU.;!' i;
%h
.v'aMi
">fi>
mi
m
il^
I'UKSIDKN rs AND I'UKSIDKNTIAI. KLKCTIONS.
5«.?
r('|iiil)lii:aii iiistitution.s in tliat ulnU'. lie rc|iri'SLMiU-<l
tliin cimiilry iit tlic I'Vcmliroiirl fmin 11H4 in ITHlt.
Diiriii;; \\'ii.xliiiigli)ii'.s luliiiiiiistriiliiHi lio was Siu-if-
tiiry of Stiiti!. AfUT lio ivtiivil from |iiililic life, at
lliK flor^o of liin M'coriil |prt'siili'iitiiil term, .IclTcr.-ion
tU'Voti'd liiiii.'<t'lf t(» till' ailviuii'c'iiii'ht uf tli(< (•iiiisi' nf
udiicittioii uiul tho interest of a},M'iuiiltiuv. lie \tiis
II VdluininouH writer, luul liis wurivs conntitiite ii
Htoreiioiise of jiolitieal wisilmn.
James Mail ison, also <if \'irj,'inia, was Imumi Marcli
Ki, K.")l, ami ilieil .Tune'^'S, ls;tt;. He was a i,'ra(lii-
ale of I'rineeton (Jolle^'c, ami remarkalilc for his
Btmliou", lial)its. lie had no ;.'ifts df oratory. He
first ilistinj;iiishe(l iiimself as an advocate of relii;-
ious lilKirty in \'ir<jinia. He served a short time in
• he Coniiuental Congress, Imt not consiiiciiouslv.
His supreme service was in the eonv<Mition wliieii
framed the Constitution of tiie United States, wiure
Ids jirofound learidng and tliorougii reDuhlicanism
made Inm greatly useful. He was a mondier of liie
lirst four Congresses. Ho miglit have heon aformid-
alilo rival of .leiTerson's, but jireferred to liide ids
time. Jetlerson made him his Secretary of State
and secured his acceptance hy the Hepuldicaii party
as heir to tlie j)residcncy. In jprivato life lie was
hardly less useful to education and agriculture than
JelTcrson. His life was serene and faultless.
James Monroe was horn in N'irginia, April ','S,
17r)8, and died in New York, July 4, 1H;{1. He was
tho first jHior man in the iiresidcntiiil oflice. He in-
herited no estate, and was too loiitiniioiisly in jiulilic
life to iieijuiro wealth. He served in tlie Continen-
tal Congress from 1T.S;{ to lTf<0 ; in the I'nited States
Senate from I'itOto Klt4 ; as governor from llHii to
18U'i, and again in 1811; as minister to France,
Spain and England from lH()"i tol808;ii8 Secretary
of State from ISll to 1817, and as President froni
181 T to 18'J.J. He wius a justice of tlie ])eiice in Vir-
{jinia for 'srmio time after the expiration of his pres-
idential term. His last years '.vcre clouded with the
IKjrplexities of iioverty. His ability was hardly above
mediocrity. The "machine" set up by JelTerson
nnide him President.
John Quiney Adams was jjorn in Massachusetts,
July 11, 1707, and died at the national c pital Feb-
ruary 23, 1848. Altliougli a graduate of Harvard
Collesrc, the second Adams was mainlv educated
abroad. He was a ripe scholar, a tireless worker,
and a great orator. He had none of the tact of
tho politician. His l)e. t services liefore the jirosi-
deiicy were diplomatic. In the Senate from isti,")
to Isms he failed to give satisfaction to iiis constitu-
ents. His state was strongly Federal, but he joined
the ltcpul)lican party. .Monroe madt iiiin his Sec-
retary of Slati', and he was on the "slate" for
President. He won the prize, but it was a •. .jlory
which leftliim without the sii|iporlcif any party. His
great life-work was wrought in the House of Wepie-
Hontativch xrom 18;j(» to 1848, wiiero ids advocacy of
freedom won him the ap|K'liiition of *' The Old Man
Klo(|ueiit." He was stricken ilown by paraly-is in
his seat in Congress and died two days tliereaftcr,
Andrew Jackson was a native of North Carolina,
of Scotch-Irish descent, born .Marcii l.">, 17t(7, and
died in Tenness«!o .June 8, 1S4."). .laekson was tiio
liist President chosen from the iiumblest ranks in
life. His father was a poor farm-laixirer, and his
etlucation was sadly neglected. A lawyer by pro-
fession, his Lil'o was mainly spent in war and poli-
tics. In both he was a lirilliant success. No man
ever exerted a deeper and more enduring intUuMU'o
upon the politjcs of this country than he. As Jef-
ft'rson was the fatiier of the first Hepubiican party,
so .liH'ksoii was of tlie Democracy. He was rough,
"pnirrelsome, lieadstrong and outspoken. His elec-
tion to the presidency was the triumph of tiie com-
mon people, and formed an era in politics. To him
belongs the bad pre-eminence of having inaugu-
rated the jtolicy of paicchng out the ofbci'S as the
reward of jinlitieal service. He fouglit several duels,
but finally died in tho odor of Presliyterianism.
Martin Van lUiien, a representative of the I)utch
of New ^'ork, was born December ."), IIS',', and died
.July :.'4, 18(i'j, He was a jiolitician of tlii^ most })ar-
tisiin character and a remarkable adept in tiio arts
of politics. He began the study of law at the age of
fourteen ami entered the legislature of his state in
18Pv'. In 18-^>1 he was elected to the United States
Senate. He served later as Governor of New York,
Secretary of State under Jackson, and during the
second term of the latter ho was Vice-President.
Tho favor of Jackson and his own adroitness made
him President. He did not abandon the hope of a
second term when beaten by Harrison in 1840, and
was the choice of a majority of the delegates to tho
National Convention of 1844, but failing to secure
a two-thirds majority, he was defeated. That closed
his public career, except the inglorious episode of
^
73
;^
It
m:
If ! '
^ '■'■mm:-
>' '■':
nitiiM
^
-«i^
5H4
I'KICSIDKNTS AND I'RKSID'.CNTIAI. KI.liCTIONS.
ISIS. Ill rc'tireiiu'iit lu> wrote a liistun' of polilifiil
jiiirtit's ill i,lio riiiU'd Sliitos.
Wiiliiiin lU'iirv Harrison was a fitizoii of Oliio
wiu'ii olt'itiMJ to tlio iiri'siili'iii'v, hut a native of V'ir-
triiiia. Hi^ was lioni I'Vliniarv '.'. ITTJJ, anu died
Ajiril I, IMl. llo was tiio tirst i'ri'siiloiit lo die in
(illii'c. IlisfatlR'r was (iovoriior IkMijaiuin Harri-
son, and liis :,Maiidson of tiu' saiiio nai'io is now a
sonalor from Indiana. Ho cnlorod tin army in IT'JI
and was stalioiu'd at Fort WasliiiiLrinn, now Cii'vin-
nali. He was secretary of tiic \(>.t Invest Territory,
a deleirale to CongresSjand later i,'overnor of Indi-
ana. He was in tlio (Jliio State St'iiate; liotii
houses of L'oiiLTress; n inister to Coloniliia, Soutii
Aineriea. :'nd a rounty clerl; duriiiu' tlie twelve years
iiiiniedialely preeediiiLT ids I'leetion to t lie presidency.
His success at tlie Indian l)atlleof TipiietiuUH' really
made iiim Presidents, ilarrison was changed hy the
Peiiiocrats with livinix in a loij; cahin and drinkiiijj:
hard eider. His jioli.ieal friends turned the accusa-
tion into an clement of enthusiastic popularity.
John Tyler was ',iorn in Virginia .March '^'.i, IT'.K).
and died in Kichniond .January 1", lS(i"2. He was
educated at Wil'iam and Mary's ColU':_'e and early
entered jnihlic ul'e. His lareer was sucii as to make
him siiiLruiar'y unj)opulai. He was a member of
tiie United States S^'uate when South Carolina
jiassed the nullitieatiou act, and approved its pas-
saire. H.' was an intense anti-.lackson man. and
tiiat en learcd him to the Wiiiu's. who nominated
him f( r \'ice-l'resident because he had resiifued his
seat 'n tl'^ Senate rather tiian ob"y llie behests of
tiie Uemocratic le,i;islat\ire of Virginia. He was
ni t- in accord, throughout, with any party, ami lie
i.ent out of otlice the most uiijiopular man whoever
tilled that position, not cxt'epting the other vice-
presidential {'residents of a later date. His last ap-
|»earaiu'e in public' was as President of the Peace
Convention of 18111. He aspireil to the ))rcsideiicy
in ISIl.tiiit found himself a candidate without a
parly or a following.
Jaiiu's K. Polk, like the two other Presidents of
the I'liitcd States fui'nislied by Tennessee. Jackson
and Johnson, was a native of Morth t'aioliiia. He
was born Xovember "v', 17'.ir>. and died iTiiiie !!•. ISI'.l.
He was eUucated at the I'liiversity of Mashville.
His Congressional life began in lS-34. He served as
Speaker of the House two terms, and governor of
his state one term. lV)lk was a staunch supporter
of Jaiks(Mi and all his measures. Like Abraham
iiincoln, he had aspired to the vice-presideiu'v four
years U'fore his election to the presidi'iicy. He was
not a candidate for re-election in 1S|S. The issue
on which ho was eleetod. the annexation of Texas,
was settled by Tyler before he came into tlie jn'osi-
dency, but the Mexican war whii-h followed was tiio
natural se([uence of that annexation. Polk was 11
Presbyterian in religion, and his life was consistent
with his jyrofessions.
Zachaiy Taylor was born in Virgiida Sejjtember
'l\, 1TS4. His family residence when elected to tho
presidency was in Louisiana. He died in the Exec-
utive .Mansi(Mi. Washington, tJuly !•, 1S.")U. (Jeiicral
Taylor remained upon his father's plantation until
18tiS, when he was appointed an oilicer in the reg-
ular army, and ho remained in the service until his
elevation to the ])residency on tho strength of his
roi'ord in Mexico. He was a slaveholder, but not in
sympathy with the prevailing Southern eagerness
for more slave territory. Some suspicion of foul
jilay and poison lingers about his death which
was attributed to an attack of bilious fever. He
was fathor-in-law to Jelfersoii Davis and father of
(ieneral Hichard Tayloi' of the Confederate army.
Millard Fillmore, who came to the presidency in
conse(iuence of the death of (Jeneral Taylor, was a
native of New ^'ork, born .Taiuniry 7, 180t), and died
at HulTalo March 8, 18M. His early education was
meager, but being of a studious disposition, he be-
came a well-informed man. He was a lawyer bv
profession. Fillmore entereu Congress as a Whig
in ISli;!, and gradually rose in iniluenee until he be-
came chairman of the t'oinmittee of Ways and
Means in ISPl Ho was the Whig candidate for gov-
ernor of New York in 1814, but was defeated. When
nominated and elected lor the vii'o-presidency he
was comptroller of tho state. He aspired to the
presidency by election, but the Whig party may be
said to have died upon his luuids. His last years
were spent in the practice of law in PutTali). He
was an elegant gentlennin and an honest man.
Franklin i'ierce was a native of Kew Hampshire,
i.e was born Movcmber 'l'.\, 1804, and died Octoiier
8. 1 Still. His father, Benjamin Pierce, had been
governor of \\w state. Hov.doiu College was his
alma mater, where Nathaniel Hawthorne was his
classmate. They becaino and remained warm
friends. Pierce was in the lower house of Congress
a> Abviiluim
-ideiu'y four
I y. Ho was
;. Tlu' i!':^uo
ill) the prosi-
owoil wiis tlio
Tolk ^vus a
rat! consistent
>ia Sopteiulu'V
I'U'i'teil to the
1 in the E\ec-
S,")0. (ienrral
iintation nntil
icer in the rej?-
■rvifO until liis
tren,L;tli of his
Ulor, but nut in
hern casiornesa
spieion of foul
,s iloatli which
ons fever. He
s and fatlier of
Infeclerato army.
presiilency in
I Tavlor, \viu» a
1800. anil ilied
Iv eilucatiou was
ijio;
iition, he he-
a lawyer hy
kress iis a
Whi-'
ncc
until he he-
„f Ways and
didaleforgov-
Idefeiiled. When
•o-presii
iisiiirei
lency he
1 to the
party may
bo
ini
Loi
His hist years
lUilTalo. He
lost num.
o\v Hampshire.
d died October
ru'rce. had been
("ollcLT was
his
|w
thorno was his
„cd warm
f Cjonjiress
Iremai
l)use o
I- J- '
k^
;S6
rKi:sii)i:NTS a:i) puicsidicniial ki.ix'I'ion.s.
I lie iiiiliiarv service. Ill' rose Id tlie rank of Miijor-
(iciieral. Ill ISfivJ lie was elected lo ( 'oiiLiress. He
reiiiaiiuMl in tliatliuily uiilil elected totlu' iiresidency
ill ISSd, In liie pri'viutis winter lie had licen chosen
I'niicd Slates Senator for t he term lieuinniiiL;' March
1, I SSI. 11 is elect ion was the truuiipli of jjfeniiis and
iToodiicss ovi'r I'ahiii.ny, and lie entered upon the
ollice of chief iiiaLdstrate with I'vcry iirospeet of a
irreat future.
C'liester A. Arthur, the third N'ice-I'rcsidcnt to
reach the presidencv, was horn in Nt'rinont. lie is
a irradiKite of T'liioii L'olleije. Choosiiiii; the law as
his |irofcssion. he made New ^'ork LMty his home.
His tlrst iniiilic I'tl'orl, was the defense of a fuLi;ifivt'
slave, iind lie iici|uitted himselt' with great, credit.
DuriiiL;' the iiuhernatoiial term of (ioveriior Morpin
he was Adjutaiit-t ieneral of the stale of ^'ew ^'ork.
rciiderinu- ini|iiirlanl. ser\ ice diiriiiu' the lirsfc year
and a half of the war in that capacity. Late in the
second term of I'rcsident (!rant. (u'lieral Arthur was
appointt'd (.,'ollcctor of tin' port of \ew York. He
was removed liv I'lX'sidcnt Hayi's. Imt not upon any
I'liariz'e of malfeasance. His removal was due to a
diircrcnce of ojiinioii upon I lie political fcaliircsof
the civil service. He was a memlierof the National
I>e|iulilicaii Convention of Issii. in which hody lie
supported tu'Uci'al (iraiil for a thin! term.
Ha\inu: iinishcd what may lie called a key to tin'
]iresideiitial liroup iiiirodiietory to this chapter, we
liirii to the I'lcclioiis which have hceii held. The
rniled SiMlcs has had twenty-one Presidents and
twenty-four p''esident ial elections.
DuriiiLT the Kevolutinnary War this country was
without ail e\e<'Utive head in disi iuction from a ivj:-
islai i\i' liodv, the Coiitiiienlal Congress excrcisiui;'
all r.ie political functions of a natioiial nature. The
I'ri'sident of that liody was its presidiuiT ollicer and
iiolliinLT more.
The tirsi presidential election occurred the lirst
Wednesday in .January. I'sn. Ji was held liy order
of the (Joutinental (Jiuiuress. 'J'he electors were
chosen that ilay in accordance with the (Jonslitutioii
which had heen duly ralilicd iliirin^; the previous
sunimer. taking;' the place of the .Vrticlcs of Conl'ed-
eration. On the W'edinsday next followiiiif, Hie
electors met, llio.-e of each slate hy iheniselves, in
their respective sliUe eapilols. to voh' for Pri'sideiit
and \'ice-l'residenl. So |K'rl'eclly harnuuiimis ami
well iiiiderslooil was the whole matter that the elec-
tions of (ieor<j;e \Vasliiiii,Mon to the presidency and
.lohn .\dams to the vice-prcsidenev w^'re uiianimous.
The saine law of the t'ontinental CoiiLrress which
pro\iil(>d for the presideiiiial election al>o provided
that a new L'on;:ress should he elected when llii^
electors were <'liosen, and that hody is known as the
l''irsi Coim-ress. It was furl her provided t hat liotli
Coiiirri'ss alio I lie I'residen! should enti'r upon their
ollicial duties the lirst Wednesday in tin' followiu<r
March (which fell upon the fourth day of the
mouth) in the I'ily of New ^'ork. WashiiiLjton and
Adaius were on hand in lime, hut it was Ajiril 'M) ho-
fore a i|Uoruniof Conuress convened and the new oxj-
culive actually cauie into jiowi'r. North Carolina and
Uiiodi' Island had not ratilied the eoiistituliiui and
took no part in the lirst election of a Pri'sident. The
si'coiid presidential election was also unanimous, the
I'residenl aiid\'iced'rt'sidentliein^ re-elected without
oppositi(Ui. l-'ifti'en state- look part in it, X'eriuont
and Kentucky, as well as ilii' orii,dmil thirtt'on.
WashiiiLiton refused a third tt'rin. The candidates
lialloted fill', with their electoral voti's, were these:
.lohii Adams. .Massachusetts, 'A ; Tlioinas .lelTerson,
\'ii-:;inia. liU; Thomas I'iuekney, South Carolina,
">'.': Aaron Hurr, .New York. liS. As the constitu-
tion then stood, the seeoiid I'hoico of the people for
I'i'esident, lu'i'iinic Nice-President. Tennessee was
aildi'd to the list of states hy that time. \','M\, and
the existence of two wt'll-di'lined jiolitical parties
was manifest. Washinirtoii was not. a partisan, hut
leaiH'd toward l'\'deralisiii. or a stroiiij: t'cntral <xn\-
crument. .lohn Adams, Piiickncy and .Mexander
llaniihoii were Hie leaders of the l''ederalists ;
Thomas .letVerson and .Varon Burr wiTe the leaders
of the lJc|iuhlicans. or State-riuhts part v.
In ISdi the .-ame candidates were in the iield as
ill \'i'M>. and the election resulted, .relTersou and
Hurr *;i votes each, .\dams Ol and I'inekney (i;!.
There was thus a tie and a tanjrle which tlireilteuetl
very serious conseiiueiices. The olei'tion was thrown
into the House. After hallotinu: seven days that
hody cliosi' .letl'ersoii Presidi'ut and Burr \'ice- Presi-
dent. Before aiiotlu'r eleclion was held, the eou-
stituiion was so amended that the electors have since
voted directly for presidents and vice-presidents.
With that ilcfeat Adams ami his party went out of
power forever. It continued to exist and vainly
strivi'for the ascendancy until after the war of IM'J,
when, with the election of Monroe, it ceased to e.xist.
Ji_=:^
vsiiloncv iiiiil
ro iiuiiniiiioiis.
iiijiress whiuli
iilsci |ir(i\i(loil
•U'll \vl\l'll tlio
known as I ho
ik'd tlial. luith
tor iiiiuii tlu'ii'
tin- I'. )1 lowing
li (lay of llie
asliinLTtoii and
as April :5i> l)e-
id till' ni'W oxj-
h Carolina and
nst.it ul ion and
I'rosidont. 'I'lio
iinaninious. the
Ldi'ctod without
ill it, X'onnout
d thirtft-Mi.
Tho candidatL'S
t's, were t lu'so :
)nias .li'lTcrsiin,
;outh Carolina,
•< the const itu-
tlu' \ro\)h I'or
Tonni'ssw was
ini', \\'M'>, and
ilitital parties
1 partisan, hut
•^ central <j.i>\-
tiid AK'Nander
Federalists ;
re the leaders
irty.
in the Held us
Ifll'ersou and
I'inekney (i;).
U'h thre;Uened
on was thrown
veil days that
5urr Viie-Presi-
lield, the con-
tors hiivc since
vice-presidents,
riv went out of
ist and vainly
he war of \f^\'i,
ceased to exist.
c —
% ?.
E i'
is:
i-m, >
iiiilr
'!:'■
I''.' .^
.ft. ■ .
' i.' ■;).'
'•T^iiiii
■....■■ ,',•'
t
(
■k
PRESIDENTS AND PUESIOKN'l lAI. lU.KCIlONS.
5-^9
Tlio fiflli eluctioii Iji-oiiylit iiiiotlior iiiomlKTof tlic
PiuL'kiicy fuiiiily, (Jliarlus (J., to tlu^ front iis tlio caii-
diiliito of the Federalists, willi Hiifiis Kiuj^ of New
York as candidate for Vino- President. Tlie duel
between liurr and Hamilton, resultin^'in the latter's
death, hiul made the name of Burr second in odium
oidy to Arnold, and in his place New York furnished,
as second to Jefferson, (Jeorjije Cliidon. It may
1)0 remarked that if Viririnia is the Mother of Pres-
idents, ><ew York is of Vice-Presidents. JelTerson
and Clinton received lO'-i votes ; tiieir opponents oidv
14. Ohio had been lulmitted to the I'nion in Iso-J.
t'ollowiug the example of Washington, JetTei-son
retired to j)rivate life at the close of his second term.
James ifadison of Virginia came to the front as the
leader of the llepnblicaii forces, with Clinton still
second. Pinckney and King were again the candi-
dates of the Federalists. They received 47 each, to
1215 for .Madison and 1113 for Clinton.
Four years later Madison was re-elected, but Creorge
Clinton had died in oflice, and Eibridge Gerry of
Massachusetts took his place as ^'iee-President. The
Federal candidates wore DeWitt Clinton (nephew of
•George) of New York ai.d .Tared Ingersoll of Penn-
sylvania. 15y that time Louisiana had been admitted
to the Union. The Ke[>ublican candidates received
128 electoral votes each, Clinton S'.) and Ingersoll '>','.
The second war with Kngland was fougiit during
that seventh mlministration.
The election in ISlfi stood, James Monroe of ^'ir-
ginia for President and Daniel D.Tompkins of New
York for Vice-President. 18;{ voteseach; an<lllufus
King of New York and .John F. Howard of Marv-
land, 154 votes each. Indiana took part in that elec-
tion. The Federalists who hail carried the second
presidential election, and struggled vainly for the
mastery in the third, fourth, lifth, sixth, seventh and
eighth, now at last gave up the c(jntest, accepting tiie
inevitable.
The condition of the country was one of measure-
less content. Moiu'oe and Tompkins wen- re-elected
ill IH'-iO without opposition. Four new slates had
been added to the T'nioii, Illinois, Alaiiania. Maine,
and Jlississippi. T'he Heiiuidicans had been in
IX)wer twenty-four years, and selected tiie Presideid,
all the time from Virginia.
Hefore 1S'J4 the contest over Missouii had \)wn
waged, resulting in the comijromise which was in
reality the first battle of the war between the states.
In that, the tentii eliuition, there were four candi-
dates for President, iK)ne of them representing a
jiarty. The |H3rsistence of the Federalists in bidd-
ing together had biien, as it proved, the <!ohesive
power of Uopui)licanism. The four candidales in
IS'i4, and their respective votes, were as follows:
Andrew .Jackson, 'M : .lohn Quincy Adams. S4;
Wm. 11. Crawford, 41 ; Henry Clay, !!l. The num-
ber necessary to a choice was 11! 1, conseipiently the
election of a President devolved upon the House.
The result was the sideetiou of Adam.i for the presi-
deney. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina Inul
received |s> electoral votes for the vice-p. sidency.
Adams and Clay combineil tiieir forces agai.ist the
hereof the liattle of New Orleans. B-'ii:; a great
statesman but no politician, Adams f;'. i to rally
ti) bis support a i)arty organization, and the time
came for another presidential election. Hitiierto no
national conventions had been held. The candi-
dates for President and A'ice-President hiid always
been selected by congressional caucuses. The year
1S".'4 saw the last of " King Caucus" as i)residential
dictator.
■ ' The- eleventh election, 1S->,S, was a clear-cut, bit-
ter and exciting contest lietween President Adams
and liichard Rust of Pennsylvania on one side and
.lackson and Calhoun on liie other. It was culture
and the Northeast against uncouth vigor and the
South and West. Tiie result was tiiat out of ^lil
electoral votes .Taeksoii reei'ived IIS, Calhoun ITl,
and Adams ami IJusli S-'! eacJi. .lackson was not
particularly skilled in tiie arts of the politician, but
lie was the material out of which to construct
an ideal leader in those times, and served as the
nucleus of a new l>arty, the Democracy. This or-
gaiH/ation really dates from Jackson's accession to
]iower. During that tirst term of Jackson the abor-
tive nullification iuo\enient in South Carolina oc-
curred. It was countenanced by (!alhoun and
crushed liv Jacl<soii, and thus was tlie former ren-
dered luuivailalile as a national candidate for any
ofliic, while tlie hitter was immensely strengthened
by It.
In is:;-.' .larkson was re-elected, receiving •Jl'linit
of 'iSS electoral votes. With him was elected to the
\ iee-presidi'ncy Martin \'au Uuren of New York.
There were several opposing candidates. Clay, Wil-
liam Wirt and John Floyd, but "Old Hickory," as
his friends delighted to call him, was invincible.
ll
T^
t\
iiii
■ill,:'-
■jjj5> vili; :•>:;■, ;
..y. . ;:'
5'>"
i'ki;sii)i;n rs and i'uiosidi-.nti.m. i.i.ix'noNs.
Ill ls:'i(; \';m I'.iircii was the ciunliilali' of llic
iK'iiKMi'alic |i:iri\, uilli liiclianl M. .loliiisnn df
Ki'iiliifky oil llii! liikcl. wiili liiiii fur Nicc-l'i-csiilfiit.
'I'lic ci|i|iosiii()ii \va-' st ill rraLriiiciitary. William II.
llarrisDii (pf Oliid, |);;!iicl Wi'hslcr i<( .Massiicliiiscl Is.
W. I'. .Maiiuimi <il' NDflli (Carolina, ami llnuli L.
\\ hill' 111' 'I'finirssci', wiTt^ all in I lie iiclil, Iml \'aii liii-
rt'ii rrri'iv I'll I^Odiil III' ".".i-l clccliiral Miles, .luliiisoii
w as ch'cli'il N'ici'-i'i'i'si.loiil hy llir Si'iiali'. no rliuiri!
I'lir llial. ulliri' liavini,' lici'ii iiiaili' liy I he I'U'clurs.
'I'lu^ iiii|iiirlaiii'iMir [iiilii iral 111 iraiii/al inn was now
so well csialilislii'il llial. in |s|n llio o|i[)nsiuoii,
Avhiili hail 1,'railiially (•dint' In lie kimwii as Wlii^s,
licM ii iial iiiiial I'lmvi'Mliiin. In liw niraiiwliili' tin'
paiiir ami lianl tinirs of \s:',', had uriiirrr I. \ an
iJurcii anil .lohnsoii wcri' llio noininci's of the Dc-
iiiocracv. Tlir W hi^^s elms;' as I heir caniliilali's (ien-
eral Harrison ami .lolm 'I'yler of N'ii'Ljinia. 'i'lie
(!aiii[iaiL,Mi was very exialini:;. It' resiilteil in u hri!
lianl, W'lii^' victory. Out of ".".il voles east. Harrison
ami Tvler reeei\ I'll ".'■,' I. Harrison ilieil almost iin-
iiieilialely, ami April •'■ .lolin Tylei' lieeanie aetiiii;'
Presiileiil. That was llie tirsi, lime in the liislory
of till' couiilry that, llie .\iigel of Death eleeleil the
rresiilenl.
Ill JSII the Di'iiioirats noiniiiatcil .lames K.
I'olU of 'reiinessee. ami (ieoruv .M. Dallas of iVnii-
.svlvania. as their slamlanl-liearers ; Ihe W'lii^s
seleeii'il Henry (M.ay ami Theoilore P'reliiiLilmyseii of
.New Jersev. (Mil of 'Jl.'i votes east, I'olk ami Dallas
i'eri'i\eil Ko. The .Vliolii ionisis hail hy this time
lieriimi' something' of a [HiWer in the .North, just
eiioULzh to draw from the \\ hi^fs siitlieient voles In
L'iw llie \ielory to ilie J)einoeraey.
jlefiire the ne\l. or sixteeiitli eleelinn. llie .Mexican
war liad lieeii foiiuhl: and iiold discovered in (Jali-
fornia. The WIults chose as their presidential eaii-
I diilaU' (ieneral Z;ieliary Taylor, nnminally of liouis-
iana. Imt- really a soldier with no ci\ il life. He had
never Noted in his life. On the ticket, with him was
.Millard l''illiiiore of New York, 'i'lie Demoeratic
eandidales were Lewis Cuss id' .Michii;an and Win.
(>. Hiitlerof Ki'iitiiekv. "Olil U'oiiirli ami Keady ''
was the |>o|iiilar name for Taylor, and lie swept the
<'oiintrv, aided liy the fact, that Martin \ an Biireii,
out. of hatiHMl for (Jass, rai. as l''ree-soil c.nidid.ite,
I (li'iiwinir oil votes enouj^li to j;ivo Taylor the state of
I New York. 'I'lie vote stood : Taylor and Fillniore.
I l(i:i; Cass and Hiitler, l'J7.
The sevenleeiilh pi'i'sident ial election (l,'^."ei)
found hotli parties eap'riy disavowin^j aiiti-sl,i\ery
sentimeiils and vyiii;^ in siiliservieney to the South.
The Demoeratic candidates were I''rankliii I'ieree of
New llanipshire and William 11. Kin:.'' of .Mahaina.
Till' Wliiu' eandidales were ( Ieneral Winlield Scott,
of iiiiliiary renown, and William \. (irahaiii of
^ .North Carolina. The disparity in the ]iopuIar vote
was mil, very ijreat, Iml. in the eleelnral vote the
Denioeralie ticket stood V'.VI, (he Wliiir ■••-'. There
were, hy that time, lU. slates, I, ho latest, lieiiiL,^ Cali-
fornia.
In ls."i('i the slavery iiuesiioii heeame more promi-
nent, tiian ever, owiiiLT to the repeal of \\\r. .Missouri
Comproini>e. 'i'lie Whiij parly died wit h the defeat
of Scott. The imiderii IJepiihlican party came into
I'xisteiice, as a national orj^auizalioii,,luiie I i, l.s."i('i,
at riiiladelphia, at which tiiiii' .loliii C. P'renion', of
California, and William M. Dayton of New .h'rsey,
were iiominaled for I'resideiit and N'iee-i'resideiit.
Fifteen days hefore. the Democrats had put, in llii^
Held .lames Huehanan of I'enn.sylvania. and .John
(J. IJreekenridLro of Kentucky. The " Know-Not h-
iiii;." or .\ini'ricaii, jiarty had a ticket in the tield,
headed hy ex-I'resident Fillmore. The latter had
S electoral voles ; I''reinonl., Ill; Uuclniiian, 1 1-1.
l''illiiiori''s voles came from .Maryland, Fremont's
from the North, he heiiiir the lirst candidate of any
prominence to furnish the occasion of sharply de-
lined sect ionalism.
In iSi'iO trhere were four caiididates, if we incliide
the insiixnilicant candidacy of Hell and J'lverett
{American party). Tlii^ Democrats were divided in
their support helweeii Stephen .V. Douu'las and
.liiliii C. HreckeiiridLie. 'The liepulilicaiis put in the
tield .Miraham liincolii of Illinois, and ilannilial
Il.imliii of .Maine. The coiilest waslierceand close.
'J'he popular vote id' the two wiiius of the Deinoc-
racv were several hundred thousand in excess of
the Uepuhlican vole, hut heiiii; divided, the result
was that r>iiicolii had ISO votes; J)i)U,tflas, J'3;
HreekeiiridL;o, T'-i and IJell 'M. Douirlas had siih-
.stanl tally the sami^ popular vote as Bruekenriili:e
and ik'il eomhined.
The twentieth election occurred during; the civil
war, and was the triiunpli of tlio war jiarty at the
North. The Hepuhlieaiis ro-nominateil Ahraham
liiiicolii. and placed Andrew .Tohnson of Tonnosseo
upon the ticket, with him. 'I'lie Democrats ran
>M.
-n
-^^
r.Uon (IS.V:)
r iiiili-.-ilavi-'ry
to llic Soutli.
kliii I'iiTci' tit'
; (if Alilllillllil.
'iiilii'lil Si'Dtl,
i. (iriili;uii <>r
' |Mi|iulMr viih'
|nr;ll ViilU tilt'
li^. [-t. 'I'lii'if
•si, lic'm;-' Ciili-
i(. iiiiivc iirdiiii-
if tli(! Missouri
,vilh till' ili'l'i'iit
i;irlv iMiiic ill!"
.Ill Ml! li. lS.">tl.
('. l'"n'llliill' nf
111' New .liTM'y,
Vici'-l'rosiiK'iil.
|i;ul put. ill tlu'
iiiiiii. and .Iulm
> " Know-Not li-
st't, in tiio lii'lil,
Tlu' latter liail
iuclianan, 114.
nil. Frcinonl's
indiilati- of any
of sliarply di'-
s, if we iiiclinlf
11 and Kvcivll
Wi'I'O dividi'd ill
Ooiiulas and
lii:ans put in tlin
and Uannilial
licrci! and close.
of t.lic Denioe-
nd in excess id'
ided. the result
; l)ou,L;lits, l"i:
(ouirhw Imd sul)-
as Urcckenrid'jc
diirinjj: the civil
jwur party at the
liniitod Ahraham
|,M of 'reniiossee
Doiiiocrats ran
'V
I'KICSIDICNTS AM) I'KIOSII )i:N'lI Al . i: I ,i:t TIONS
591
(ieiieral ()eMri;e K. .McClidlan on his niililarv record
with (ieori^c II. I'eiidlelon of ()hio second upon liie
{'w.U'l. 'Pile vote stooil, i,inccdn. -.'I-,'; Met 'lellaii,
■.'1. in lillle over a inonlh after his sccniirl inaiiLiii-
ralion Mr. Lincoln was as>assiiialed. and .\ndrcw
.1.
n came lo tiie presiijency in his p
.Inl
Ill-
sou hecaiiu! so very unpopular that he was liuallv
iiiipeaciie(i. ami only liy one vote escapeil con\ jci ion.
Hal lie liecn coiivicled, K. !•'. Wade of (Hiio would
have tilled oiil Ihe lialaiicenf the second Liurolu lerin.
in ISOS oe(Mirre(| ihe I weiil v-lirsi nal ioiial ejec-
eleclioii and llu'ineelin^ of the (dcctoral colle^'es.
\' ice- 1 'resident \\ ilsoii died diiiiiiii his Icrni of ollice.
The i.ilieial iiio\cnieiil, was aliaiidoiied ;iiid the
I )eiiiiici'aev returned to its trenclies and :reiieral line
of liaillc.
The ceiileiiuial, or t went v-l liird. presiileni lal cam-
paii:n was pec
iiliar ill the fact that, it was coiilinuei
alinosi, to the verv dav of inaii^uralioii. The \i
puhlican candiilatcs were
liiithcrford |{. Haves of
tioii. 'i'lie candidates were I'
Ivsses S. (Iran
II
iKtis and Sclmyler Colfax of Indiana, on the Itepnh-
licaii side; Horatio Scsiuonr of \ew \ nvk and
l''raiik I'. Mlairof .Missouri, on ilie Heniocral ic siih
Tlirei' .slates, X'iri^iiiia, Tex.i
not- lieen restored tot he I'
lid Mississippi, liai
nioii. a MM tooU no pari in
the election. ( JraiiL recei\e(| -j II vohs ; Seviiiour..'Sii.
(Jrant's popular majority was alioiil half a million.
\>\ IS'.'i a ureal deal of disall'cci ion had di'\elopcd
it hill I he licniihlic.iii jiarl
parly, om 111:,' to Ioiil;' contin-
Ohio, and William .\. Wheeler of New ^■ork•, t-li<
I teinoi rat ic, caudiilales were Saniiud .1. Tildcii o
New V
all, cxci'pi
ti\i' stale.-
toral Null
iiid Thomas .\. Hendricks of Imliami
I. W hi
licint;' uoveriiors of their resjioc-
ther caiitlidates received aiiv (
loc-
It was couccdeil that Tildeii had IS]
\otes out. of a total of ;!i'i'.i. The votes of South
Carolina, l'"lorida ami Louisiana, especially the lat-
ter, were stoutly claimcij hy holli parties. I''iiially,
lecessarv for I he coiiserv at ive (deiiieut in
.\
liecame I
>ll
1 pari ies lo aL't'ec upon a plan of arhiii'at.iiui.
lull was 11:
issed which created an I-'.leclofal ('oiiimi,-
iiaucc in power. This discontent, foumi c\pre<~ioii I sioii to decide ihe mailer in dispute. Tin' result,
in t he assemhliiiL;' of Ihe National lahera! Coinen- was that I laves recei\ed |,s."p \iites and was duly de-
lion in Cincinnati which noininaleil Ilor.ti'c * Iretdev dared eli'iteil.
of New \'ork for the presidency, and ]>. (iral/, j The la-l elect ion hclil was I he t weiily-foiirl ii, ill
Hrown of .Missouri for llie \ ice-pri'<ideiic\. The Issd. .laims .\. (iarlicld and Chester .\. .\rlliur
itemocials in their national convention put the j were t lie nominees of t lie Iicpiihlican party ;( Iciu'ral
same li(d\et. in the Held. The licpiihlicans re-uom- W intieM S, Hancoek. of the rcLrnlar .iriny, and
iiialed (Jeneral (iraiit. pultinu^ Henry Wilson 1
.M;i.s,sacliii,setts upon the ticket with him. The li
liiihlicans (larricil •iSC, electoral voles, the opposition
oil
ly -IT, Mr. (iruuley died helween the popular
W
II. K
>f I ml
laiia. were the nominees
the hemoiracv. The vote slood, (iaiTield, "ill;
uicock. I.'i.">, and the validity of the eltrtion was
II
not ((iiustioiied
' •:
^.fM'
mm-
' I'-: :
:-;'
■.::v<\
■7
i
i-f % 4^ ft^ ^ 7:^- ?^^^ f^H- f^H A ^~ r ■ r? V
THE STATES AND TERRITORIES
J'.
OF THE
UNITED STATES.
±tA»:\_52:
CHAPTER LXXXVI.
Till. Sicil'i: UK TMIH I'lMPTKIi 'I'lIK ST.MK-" AMI 'rKIIIIITDlil KS IN TIIKIll A I I'll AllKTK Al. l)ltl>KIl—
TllK IIUKMNM. 'rimiTi:i:S SrAlH>. FIKIM TIIK DmK up TIIKIll KmKKI.KM K KllilM (DI.CIMKS
INTO INIIKI'KNIIKNT CdM.MON W KAI.ni- -I'lldIM criC)N:<, l{K?i(>lIIICES ANU IITIIEII t'EATUUES UF
BACH State, and 'Ikiihituiiv. Actiai, and 1'iiii»i'K( iivk.
UK Uiiitc'il States consists
(if tliirty-L'iglil .sti.tos.eij;lit
.if.
tL'rritorios uiu' two dis-
tricts, tiic latter beiiiii
Alaska and tlio District of
Ciilmiiliia. It is proposed
in tiiis connection to iiive
the more important an<l inlerest-
n)l facts, historical and tictual,
about each state and territory,
takinir them \\\> in their aliihahet-
ical order, omitting sucii informa-
tion as may be found cither in
^^^^il't"^ preceding ciiaptors or in subse-
,C4s,^^l>V'l ([uent statistical tables. In giving
X^lc^** '"' longitudes and latitudes it will be
Qif aVS' unnecessary to add "north" to one
and "west from (Jreenwicii " to
the other, this being understood as a nuitter of course.
The seal of each state will be given. The states are
older than the United States. There is no lindt
fixed to the numlierof states whicii maybe admitted
by Congress, ^<o provision is made for dividing a
state, except in the case of Texas, which, it is con-
templated, nuiy eventually be .several states; but
any instance occurring of an attempt of that kind
could be decided upon its merits.
ALABAMA.
Alabama was the twenty-tifth state, in the order
of its admission to tiie Union. The name is Creek
(Indian) for "Here we rest." It is situated between
latitudes ;JU'^ 15' and 35, and longitudes 84°
5(1' and 88'^ 48'. It is 33G miles long and from 148
to '-iOO miles wide. The soil is easily tilled and (piite
productive. Its jtrincijial rivers are, the Tenne.sseo,
the Mobile, Tombiglieo, Alabanui, Coosa, Black
Warrior IVrdido and Chattahoociiee. The north-
ern jio; ..on of the state. is somewhat mountainous,
and the fartiier soutii you go the lower is the aver,
age level. It is a great cotton-growing state. It
has one good seaport, and only one, Mobile. The
bay of that name is about oO miles long and from
three to four miles wide. The nuiin nnmufaoturing
industry carried on tlnrc has iron for its base; but
some cotton cloth 1. ..ladc. For a long time it
raised more cotton than any other state in the
Union. AVith the exception of Mobile, the state can
(592)
rr
^5
k
STATRS AN'I) TICKKITOUIKS OV THE UNITICI) STATES.
593
Iwinlly he said to Imvo iv city, iiml its ]in)si)crily is
iilinost wiiolly iiiihistriii! nilluT tiiuii iMiiiiinercial.
Ill ISld tlio territory (if Aliiliiiiiiii \v;is (iriraiiizeil,
and two years later tiie state, iiiivini; a popiiiatioii »(
r^Tjliol, was atlinitteil into the riiion. It, was at
Moiitjr(>niery, tlic capital of Alabama, tliat tlie
Suiitlu'rii Coiitederaey was oru'aiiized. It reiiiaiiii'd
the (.'oiifederate capital until tiie .July t'oilowini,',
about six niontlis. Several battles were fouiilit
within the borders of that state durini,' the civil
war. tlu^ naval action in Mobile Hay, Auirust, iS(i4,
heiuL;' t lie chief. The land eiiL;ai:eineiits were coiu-
paralively trivial. After the close of the war, .luiio,
ISii,"), President .lohnson appointed a provisional
^jjovernor. The state rescindi'd the ordinance of
secession in September following; and sought re-
admission ti) representation in (Jonirress. It was not
reconstructed until ISUS. It was Uepubliean in poli-
ties for several years, but with nearly all political
disabilities removt'd. it reverted to the Democracy.
It sutlercd less probably from the ravages of war
than any other (Jonfederato state.
ALASKA.
Alaska was known as Uussian-America until the
United States purchased it from Russia in 18<5(.
The price paid was i!!T,--iOO,()00. Win. 11. Seward
was Secretary of State at that time, and was very
eager for the ac(|uisition. Some very absurd reports
were widely circulated representing the country to
have some agricultural value. It may possibly have
some valuable mines, but the soil is frostbound and
sterile. It extends north as far as tne Arctic Ocean,
between latitudes M" 4U' and 71" -i'-V. Mehring
Strait separates it from Asia. Its only intrinsic
value lies in its seal fisheries. From these the gov-
ernment derives some revenue and the world some
furs. The peninsula, sometimes known as Sitka,
is about H.5() miUis long and 'ib miles wide on an
average. It is a strip of land between Hritish Colum-
bia and the main body of Alaska, having Mt. Saint
Elias on the north. \cw Archangel, the capital
of Alaska, if cai)ital it may be said to have, is
on an island which virtually forms a part of
this peninsula. T'lie United States does not main-
tain a regular territorial government there. The
pojjulation consists mostly of Es([uimaux. It forms
a collection district for the [irotection of the gov-
ernment interest in the seals. Alaska has a vol-
eaiio of grand proportions. .Mount Saint Klias. It
has otheis of less altitude. St. Klias is about 18,UU0
feel in hciiriit.
ARKANSAS.
Arkansas was organized as a territory in isl'.t.
It had onc'C formed a part of Louisiana. Its lirst
settlement was by the French in lH'o, ut or near
the jioint where the St, Francis liivcr empties into
the .Mississippi. In ISl-,', when lj.)iiisiaiia bct'amc a
state, -Vrkansas was made a i)art of Missouri. It
hail a long territorial existence, not having be Jii ad-
mitted to the T^nion until Is:!!!. Its growth was
slow until IS.")0, when Southern planters began to
go there in large numbers, attracted by its rich soil
and adaptability to cotton raising. It was in full
sympathy with secession and [lassed the ordinance.
taking itself out of the Union on the very day
that Lincoln was inaugurated. .Vs early as.Fanuary,
lS('i4, steps were taken in the direction of restoration
to the Union, but it was not until the summer of
18(J8 that Congress passed the bill for its restoration
to representation, and it was not until 1814 that
the state luul rest from reconstruction.
.Vrkansas has several kinds of mineral wealth.
Its zinc ore is .said to he e(iual to that of Silesia.
Co[)per, niangauese, iron ami coal are abundant, es-
pecially the lacter. The most remarkable feature
of the state is its cluster of hot si)rings, widely
famed for healing properties. Rheumatism yic^lds
more readily to those waters than to drugs. Hot
Springs, the town, is about GO miles southwest of
Little Rock, the cajjital. The state is admirably
adai)ted to grazing. Its hay cro^i is important. Its
area of arable land is very large. It is a liin' country
for fruit. The navigable waters of the state exceed
;5,0U0 miles in length. Its principal rivers are the
Arkansas, the St. Francis, the White and the Oua-
chita (pronounced Washitaw). In the order of its
admission .\rkansa.s is the twenty-lifth state in the
Union. The climate is tine. The mean tempera-
ture for the year is about O'^", and except in the
malarial marshes the state is reniarkablv healthful.
it^
SRT
m
m
^
11
!!':• :
P'l"
Ed;.'' . 1'
i^:. 'V:
U-t^ ' .
1*
• 1 i;!'.,
5"
siAri:s AM) ri'.KUir()uii;s oi' iiii: rMii:i) srAri;s.
ARIZONA.
Ari/.nii;i 'I'crriiiirs w ,i- ni^.iiii/.fil frnni Now Mcn -
irii i'ali\ ill isr.:'.. 'rur-nn i-: ihr ;':i|iil;ll. Thai ril \
i> I lif rciiU r 111' i|uili'aii iiii|iiirl aiil iiiiiiiiiL;' njimi.
'\'\\\- Irifil.MA i^- a I iiliri' nM a 11' I lirw . Iiav ihi:' a tnin-
[lafa! i\i'l\ ri'iiiiilr pa-i.aihl \ri in ii - ad iial ilr\rl-
(iiniicnl aii'l aiiiliiilr Idwadl cin ili/.ai imi il i^aliimsl
i'iiiir('l\ |ii'>i-|ircli\(' rallicr iliaii i'i'irii<|irci ivc. Il
i- iuLrlily iirolialili' llial NC" Sjiaiii, as i-ialilisln'(l hy
I'lirli'.', Idiils ill. (Ifliniirls , lln' iiMi-l, 111' Ai'i/.iiiia. 'I'lir 1 nilnl Sialr- uauvil a warvvilii Mr\ii-ii w liirli
( 'ci'laiii il i- I liat lIuTi' «('i'i' .Icsiiil inissidiiai'ii'S ainl i liaW in il. iin ri'i|r<MiiiiiL; I'lMliiiv. Il \\a< a -irmiL'
nllnT S|iaMiaril> ill I lial. \ ifiiiily. as |ii'riiiaiii'iil. sri- | iiiiliiiii, lakiii,:; nicaii aihaiila^c nj" ii weak iirivlilmr
CALIFORNIA.
(.'aiil'oiiiia mas lir callrd llir rr»ai'il hI' ilciiirril.
VIKW (IK SAN 1-H.\NC1S(1». CM. I I'l IliMA.
IKts. as oarly as liidO. IniposjiiiX ami inU'i'i'-i ii,,' I in a laii-i' wiiirli wa- Kail in ilsi'lf. i'>ul liic rrsiilt,
niiiis alU'sl the zealot' tliosc |)rii|ia'j:anilis|s nl' ilic ; was an aciiuisiiinii nf incalcnlaMv L^rcatcr value ti>
I'ailli. There are many mines lliere wliieh were I he ennnl rv I han aii\' mie emiM ha\e am ieijialeil.
wnrkeil two iiniiili'eil years au'o. Mml alianihnieil I I 'aiirnrnia was llie cliiel', Iml liv im means ihe snle.
i'rdin llii' laeU dl' inaehiiierv rei|iiisile In ijeep min- ' lerrihirial aei|nisilidn df I he I'nileil Slales from
inuT. Thei'e is iinl nineh liiiaue. nur hai'iiiv an\ i Mevii-n.
iidssihle. exeepl li\- iriaLTal idii. (Mher mineraUhe- \ As earls' as the sixleeiilli I'enlnry. thai u'real
siiles u'dM anil >iher are funnil lliere in L;reat
ahnnilanue. Ili;^h mnunlains ;inil ileep eannns
MiiLiii^h nasiijaliir. Sir l''raneis I Irake, enasleil alunLT
ihe I'aeille Sliiiie. In {"nS ju' lamled in Calirdrnia
[iresail. It has immense t raets nf ixhimI LTni/inur land ami Imik |ids-e<sidn in ihenamedf liie I'.ril ish suser-
whieh are largely oeeniiied hy s ast herds uf eallle. eiLrn. ealliiiL;- ihe land New Alhinn. lint, Ihe l''aii,dish
The lldiirishiiiL,' ndninir losvii el' Tdnihstdiie. sn | nescr atlem|ite(M(i estahlish llieir claim. ThiM)ay nf
named mi aeenniit of ihe nalnral aspeel nf ihe [ San l''raiu'i>ed was disens cred in llt'i'.i. A desnil niis-
imniediale cdunlry. is in this terrilnry. That, pur- i simi sras I'linnded llu're in 1 llti. For lil'ty yearsi|iiite
tioii dl' the mineral lielt is larirely penjiled, and I'xlensis'e missions svere maintained in that vicinity
de\ eld|ied hy enterjirise rrom the I'aeitie Slujie. liytho Fraiieisean monks. When Mexico heeanie
[
^- "1^,
^-
(if ili'llirlil.
csii'ip « llllll
;lL lli'i'ililiiir
•,ul llir ivsillt
iltiM- v;lllU' t"
:llitu-il):lti"il.
;nis llu' >"!''.
V, ll;al Lrn':il
coiislcil nloliu'
in (';ilil'onii;i
l'.rili~li >o\('i'-
1. 'I'liolmy tif
A .li'siiitr inis-
i'(y yours c [into
1 tliiit viciiiiiy
lo\'u'i> lnH'iimo
It
STATI.S AM) IIKKiroKII^ ni lUi.; l'Mr|..i) MAll.s.
5">.^
illilcjicllili'lll l.lir lllissiipt;s (li'cllliril, ;l 11(1 ill I > I .'i lllr uf il - < li'\ i 'l> >| iiiir III, Wiis ■■si.llKl.r.l M ),| Mil I. '|'|||. imi-l
-iiNi'lllllirlil, culllisriltrcl llif l''l:iliiis(ail j;rn|icrl\. | |ifnlilic \ I'lIT Wil-i | >.i;>. Xl.i.lHKI.iKM I,
\\ lien the (■niiiili'\ I'i'll liilci llii' liaiicN nf iIh' I'liilcil l San |''iMiiii-i'ii i-, atnl aluav-; lia- linn. iIh' rliirl
li'l' hlarll-
Siaii's il. \\a.- aliiiii-i a vir^jin uiMcrm
cal |iiir)Hi~i's.
l''.\rr|il ihat
Siinir I IMrl « 111'
lainl all' lirlil
mnlrrnM .Mi'\-
iraii* il li'-,( 'al-
il'iiriiia liai'illv
has a \ilal
I rare III' S|i.iii-
i-li iMTii|iain'\ .
Itr can liarill\
III: saiil III lia\r
hail a Irrrilori-
al r\i«l('ii(i' al
all. 'I'liiTcuci-i'
inililary l;ii' rr-
imrs, inal'lial
law. lyiu'li law
anil III) law al
all ill lliiisc!
rarK ila\ <. Iiiil
liarill\ hail llu'
liilc >l'l III
u lirii ('alil'iir-
iiia I'liiimi il-
srll'u it II a |iii|i-
iilaliiiii a:n|ily
t'nlillin^■ il 111
ailini-siiiii iiilii
Ihcrninii. Il
was aiiinitli'il
III 1,S,">(I.
Calirnrnia is
'inn iiiilfs liiiiy:,
ami lias uii
a\t'i'aL;i' wiillli
of -im mill's.
Hdsidi) i(>' i^nld,
it is 11 very rich
state aiiriciilliirallv. 'I'lu' corn ami wheal, ll
•il v 111' ( 'ahriiriiia.
I here ai'c, lunu'vcr. ^I'Vical
nlhcr clllc- 111'
\cr\ iiiii-iili'i -
,'ili|i' ini|iiii'l
aiiic, ><,iii'a-
iiiciil 1 1. 1 he I a|i-
Hal. SliiiKliiii,
I. II- All'.'i'lrs,
OaKlainl. San
Ihi-ii. ,\|ar\--
\ illc ami Sa n-
la ( I'll/.. 'I'hi'
LTcal nii-l'iiri-
iinc III' ill''
slalc i< thai lis
irrcal )irii|icr-
lii'S arc lar'jclv
hcM li\ a
ll'U ll|ii||ii|iii-
lisIS W llii -|li'l|i|
ihiir iiiiiiic\
i\-r\\ hiic. A n-
iiihcr iiii-i'iiii-
uiic i- I hcrla-s
111' iiii'iiial 1,1-
Im ivr-.i \\r I hi-
lii'-i'. i'liiinlhc
-laml|iiiiiil III'
cciiniiiii\ . Muii-
;:iiliaii laliur is
hclii'tici'lll , lull
ll
II' \cr\ :_'cii-
lal iijiiniiiii 111'
Ih
'I
liciijllc is
ihal. I he slali
wiiiiM ha\i
hccll lii'llrr nil
if iiii .\-ialit
hail c\cr iTiis-
I'll llic I'acilic
('ahl'iifiiia h.is mam naiiiral riinu.-ii ir,-.
wtxil and fruit, till) wine ami call Ic, yii'ld inure real : 'I'dseiniie N'alley is I he iiinsl ri'in.arl'i.-ilile \al
le\' 111
weullli than the niiiies. inan\- 1 lines nvi
rill fur Lrr:iiideiir. Lake 'I'al
Cal
ihiriiiii IS especially lavuralile ini^ra
r. Smilherii i lu' wn
|ie.-iiid iii'ani;e |iiirily and I raiis|)aremv. Nowii
ere eNe iliies I In
raisiiii,'. The eliniatc is deliLihl fill. 'I'he linld |iriid- | |iiiie reach siu'h siii|iemhin- |iiM|iiirl inn-. I'liere iin
net of the slate diiriii'' llie first i|iiarler-eeiiliirv i several L'roves in which iiia\ lie fmiml in iii\- Iree:
7,5
|0
,;w*'';;
■l : .■ ■■! ■ I
?«((!■
59^>
siAiics AND 'i'i;Ki<ir()Kii:s ()i- 'nil-, uNrn;i) statics.
uviM' 100 I'L-i't ill fircimiroi'i'iici'. Tlio most iiniulilc
wild hfiist of that. n'i,'ioii is I lit: lioiir -;,'rizzlv, hrowii
1111(1 Ijiilciv.
C'oloi'ado vcccivi's its iiainc rrcmi iIh' Win Coiuracio
river ami ils (Jrainl ('aniin liciwccn InnuM iiiiiics ll.'^
aini 1 1.">"', wlicrt' till' .
river Hows fur tlirfo I __-- — ■
iiiihilri'd tiiilcs Ih'-
lufcii ii('r|ii'iKlii'iiiar
wails of rocli, soiiio-
liiiii'sC.ooofccliiiLzli,
foriiiiiij^f one of ilu-
^^rcalt'st natural cii-
riosilius. 'rim slalo
itself, tliu lliirty-
('i,i,'li(li nioiidior of
tliu Union, lius lio-
twoen liititudes .i',?
iuid 41" iind lon,i,d
tudcs lO-^^aml lolt".
Like Arizona, it is
one niij^lily treasuro-
hoiiso of ifold and
silver, witli no a-
daittatioii to ugriunl-
turo, except as tlio
land is irrii^Mted. 'I'lie
valleys and plateaus
yield nutritive grass
spareely, but abund-
antly for tlicencour-
agenunit of grazing
as au industry. Tlie
state has tbese two
industries — mining
and herding— wliieli
furnish its exports.
It is comparatively
easy to irrigate the
land anil secure bountiful harvests, but the state
is too far from the seaboard to raise i^rain for
THK (JUAN'D CANON OF THK COI.OIJ ADO.
the general nnirket. Mesides. the home prices are
hiirli, making the prolits of agriculture salisfaclory.
'I'lie discoverv of gold in pa\ ingijuanlilies wasmado
in r^."i.S, iiiid I he iie\l \eai' the reports (d' rich mines
of free ij-iild near I'ike'ij peak i lealed a|K'rl'eel fiirnr.
'I'liousaiids of jjeople rushed ihil her. e\peeliii_' In
Iind a second llalil'drhia. A LMvai deal of sull'eiing
ensued and dis.ippniiiimenl. Slill the report had a
suhslaiilial basis. |ty I Sill , when I he territory was
formeil. the population \\ as ;i.'(,(i(»(l. It was admitled
as a stale in I^IU. I >en\er is thi' capital and chief
eilv. Colorailo is a Lrreat resort, for iinaliils,
e«ipeciallv those alTecii'd with [iiilmonary disease.^
and throat troubles.
Leadvilk' spraiiLT up
about the lime the
territory became a
stall'. It was horn
of a new-mining dis-
covery of very great
richness. It is far-
ther soiilh and liigh-
I'r ihan I *eu\er. 'The
air is rarilied and
light. The area of
mineral development
is sti'adily enlarging,
and the business now
rests upon a legiti-
mate basis. Thetiun-
nisoii country ami
the San .Tuan coun-
try are terms used
to designat{! distinct
and imp.irlant min-
eral regions in the
southern portion of
the state. In its
yield of goLl and
silver, ('(dorado is
the leading state in
the union. It has
three colleges, all
small, but fraught
with hapi)y omen
for the future of the
state. The mere min-
ing camp of territorial days is fast giving plaeo to
villaires and cities lilled with families.
-k
1
STATKS AND TICUKITOKIICS Ol' I'lll': UNiriCI) S'lATKS.
5')7
jivici'H 111'"
iiisi'mloiy.
i \\a;< lllllild
rifli iniiii'^
rtVrt I'mMV.
(|H'itilr_' In
I' siilTciiu'j;
.|ioft li;i'l ii
iTituiy \v:h
:!-; inlinitH'il
I mill iliii'l"
ir iiiMili'l'^,
irv ili-t'iist'^
at, trmilili's.
.( siiniiiL' up
Im liini' lli*^
lll'CilllK' 11
It \Vll^^ li'iVIl
-iiiiirm.t,' •li"'-
,1' vfi'v ;;n'iil.
;. It 'is f ar-
il h ami iii'ili-
IK'IIM'I'. 'I'llO
Till! aiva of I
IdcM'lolUIU'llfc I,
ily I'lilai-fiin},', I
)iisiiiussin)\V
Kill a U'jiiti-
is. TlieOuu-
c'duiitry and
,Juan ctiuti-
tiTiiis used
iiato distiiu't
i.ivtaiifc niin-
.r'ams in tlio
11 jiiirliiiii i)t
it,.. In its
,r iiold and
Ciilorado is
liiiij; state in
inn. It has
colk'iros, nil
liut fraught
lainiy onion
future of the
riieniercniin-
injf place to
*. > ■-■.
CONNECTICUT.
(Jolim i'liclll is till' liist of llio "M thirlrcii (•(iju-
iiics til rciiiir iicl'iirf us iu this ciiunccl inii. It had
won siiinc I'l'P'wii as a (^ulmiv, liy its |iii'scrviiiiiii ul'
its myal charier and the siri(liiess<irils rehijiiiusuh-
servaiiees. In the liuvolui imiary Wants iiio.-L illus-
trious soldier
was (Jenerul Is-
rael i'utiiaiii.
lie was liorii in
I i IS, and was
rather oM lur
the service when
the war liei,'an,
hilt he entcreil
ii|ioii it with
fireateuthusiasui.
UoLcer Sherniaii
was the most
conspicuousrep-
veseutative of
that colony in
the (y'ont incut al
Congress. (Jov-
ernor Jonathan
'rninihuU was a
trusted uounselor mid devoted friend of (ieneral
Washington, who was iioeustoiued to address him
us " Uuele .lonathan," since then the typical name
for the American peoi)lc.
The war of 181",i found Connecticut largely en-
gaged in commerce, much more so than it is at the
present time. That war wius a great calamity to its
comiiiercc, and although the state did its part lully
iu the way of supplying mi'ii and meaus, the pul-
ley of peace-at-aiiy-price had a great many anient
advocates tliiTc. A eonveulioti was held at Hart-
ford for the purpose of denouncing the war just, he-
fore the news of the liattle of New Orleans was \v-
ceived, which hecaiue historic from its uupoiiularity,
as soon as the good news came. 'I'he especial pride
of Comiccticut is Yale College, one of the truly
V.M.K C'()I,I.K(.K, NKW n AVI^N, CONXKCTK 1 T.
gnat iiiiiversities of the world. It was fnunded as
early as r,(»l. It is located at New Haven. Orig-
inally a college only in the restricted sense of the
term, it, i.> imw an i.i^tuutinu fulK ei|uip|ii'i| fni' all
higher educatiiinal pur|Ki-c. There are ntherctil-
Icgcs nf Slime impiiitaiicc in the stale, hut they are
nut to lie eiini)iaici| in \ :\\i\
iiisiniiiice, lire and life, is a vei'y prominent feat-
ure nf ( 'oniiecticul liiisiiicss. ill no othir .»lat(! i<
iheri' ,-11 mueli .-urplu- capital il •\iiii d In uiidei'wi'ii-
iiig. New Haven and Ilarifiud are the i hief (ilies
of the state, and insurance their ciiief linsine>-i.
'I'liere are, however, a great many liranches nf man.
iifaeinniiL' car-
ried nU e\len-
si\ely in llie
slate. il, is the
native soil iif-
" ^ ankee nn.
linns."' l)e«ii|e-;
rai,«in;f the farm
products cnui-
ninnlnl lii'iinri li-
ern pari I'f the
count ry. il rai-es
large i|Uanl ilies
nf e\e"l|ent tn-
liacin. The |n«-
er \allev nf tJuj
Coiineclicul h'iv-
er is admiralily
adapted to this
plant. The state
had two capitals, >.ew Haven and Harlfnid, for
a long time, hut imw Hartford almie has that
lionnr. Connecticut laid claim under its colnuial
charter to a tract of land nearly liO miles wide and
extending to the Pacific Ocean. After the h'cvnhi-
tioii that claim was((uieted and disposed of hv grant-
ing to the state the fee simple as projierty (hut not
the political cniitml) of a large tract of laud in the
vicinity nf Lake Krie. It was called " The Western
Weserve." AI<ist of it is now in the State of Ohio.
The proceeds of that land form the liasis nf the
j.iililic schnnl fund nf ('(inneclicut. Il it due tn the
good name nf this stale to add that its reputation
for except inual austerity is unjust, resting upon a lit-
erary fraud iierjietrated hy a clergyman named Peters,
who piililished a hogus volume of " Rliu! Laws."
5-
)f;ir-'-
I I''
•;.;:'...
It,
-? i^
5c)S
sTAi'ics AM) ricuurroKiics of 'I'mk i!Nrn:i) statics.
DAKOTA TERRITORY.
I):ik()lii 'IcniiorN is till' iini>l |hi|iuI(his of allllu'
tcrriliii'ics, :mil ilic larursi in area: li was (ii'i,'aiiizoil
ill l^i'il. 'I'lu' (•i'iisii> 111' ISSO sliinvt'il a iiii|iulal iiMi
(if (iMT rUi.UdO, ami laltT (Miiiiiu'raliniis and osti-
lualr- placi' lilt' iiii|iuialioii ill ISS;! :ii V".M.04S. 'I'lio
riiifsi.f ^'allkl(lll ai'i! sioux l-'ails. tiic lai-LTi'st in
ilu' ii'iriltirv. liavc cai'li a iMijiulaiimi n( o.oiio. Tlio
.uiinlicr 111' llir caiiio has iiicrcasiMl, it iscsiiniatctl.
Slid |nM-criii iliiriiiu llu' 1:1^1 Ivvi) scars, 'i'lic \ irlil
111' ,i:-(il(l liiillioii for IsS'.' was >i."i..")(i(i,()00 : of silver,
N,"i.ii(i(i,(MHi. laUiMi rn-ia I lie raiiioiis Uladv. Hills
mini's. Till' U'niiciry is aNn rich in cii|i|icr, K'ad,
mica, cnal and i;v|i>iini. jiiii wlu'.ii is ihc siiiiioino
siiiircc III' wcalili in l)akiila. li ina\ liccallcd a con-
tinualidii. in this rcLrard, nf Miniicsciia. The iiopii-
lali.iii i- lai'u'cly made n|iiir Swiesand N<ir\Ti'i::iaiis.
\\ ii h a very eonsidcralile iMimlal inn drawn from t he
native iiii|)nlali(in 111' t he Nurih. It is expected thai
1 he Icijritnrv u ill lie di\ idcd. and the soiilheni )i(ir-
I : in ad mi tied iinc 1 he rniuii 'as the State of I'aku-
ta. and tlie northern iinrliun or^jaiiized as ii .sejiarate
icii'iiorv.
DELAWARE.
I''nim ihejireal 'rerrilnry ol' Dakota to the little
Stale of Delaware tliei'c is a loni;' stride. 'I'liis least,
imiiortanl ol' all the states is one of the orii^inal
thirteen. It was lioiny; Lidverned as a part of I'enn-
s\l\aniaat the time the war for indept'iidence was
declared, lint p''oiiiptly demanded n'co:^iiition as a
•• sovcrciL;!! " slate.' I'emisvlvania consenti'd. and the
" I lire.' lower countries on the Dt'laware " lu'canie an
iiidc|n'ndenl political unity. In the war then in pro;,'-
re.-s for national fn'cdum the citizens of Delaware
won distinction for liravery. and on aei'onnt of the
peculiar llay- of the .stale were known as "The Uhie
lien's ('hickcns." \\ hen the wai' was o\cr and in
(he proirivss <if political events there was a tie vote
lielwet'ii .FelTersoii and Miirr, it was Delaware (a
stronu'ly I''ederal state) which decidod thematter. its
leadiiii:- senator, .laincs .\, Uayard. preferriiiu'.Ieirer-
son as tlu>- less of two evils. The jircsent. Senator
Hayanl is a <:;randson of the elei'lur of .lelVerson.
The seuatorsliip seems to he an heirloom in that
family. .lames .V Hayard, .ir., was for many year.s
a senaldr. When it is added that Delaware is
famous for its peachi's niid its jxarden iirodiiets, in-
cluding' herries, the tml ire record of interest is dis-
(dosi'd. It is siiiunilarly lackinn' in enterprise. The
people do not push westward nor estahli.-h skilK'd
industries to any considerahle exienl. Dover,
IIk' capital, is a . lecpy inland vilkn^e, and W'ilmin!^-
ton. ils chief seaport, has oiilv a verv small coin-
uierce. The st:,:e is divided into three counties,
Kent, New Castle and Susse.K. IW'fore the war there
were a few slaves thert'. .\ majorilv of the pi'opk-
were friendly to the riiion. Del'ware fui'uished
1(1, (KM) \olunleers to the I'nion ariiiv.
The chief interest of l-dorida lielonu's to its I'olo-
nial history, .\par1 from that, it pre.-ents very few
poiiils of attraction. It was ceded to the rniled
Stales liy Spain in IS-.M. Tlui lirst census taken was
in tS.'tt). and at thai lime llu' |iopulaiion was only
1)1. ;:>(•. Ilyiiicc nsus of I Slid | he populal ion was
lid. I'M, alioiii oiiedialf of llie numlier liein.;' slaves.
The lirst territorial unvernor was (ieneral .lackson.
lie aciiuired niiu'h of his popnlaril v, esp'cially in
the South, liy his successful warfare upon iheidood-
thirsty Seminole Indians, who were finally eradicated
from the territory, with a il'w exceptions, and trans-
planled in Indian Territorv. Those still remainini;-
ai\' pcacealile. I'Morida was admitted as a stale in
in lS|,"i. It, seei'iled in.lanuarv, ISdl.and was read-
milled in .liine. ISi;,'^. The peninsula portion is
nearly IdO miles Ioul;. The soil is very largely either
sandy or swampy. Its rivers and lakes are many
and well siip|ilicd with a ureal varietv of lislies and
reptiles. 'Phe forests ahouud in timher which would
lie of i;reat v.alue if it could he marketed. The
chief atlraclionof I'Morida, and its <:;reat source of
wealth, is ils vast extent of oraiiLre orchards. It iilso
flit SoiiiilDr
if .IclTcrsiiii.
iioiii ill tluiL
• iiiiiny yi';irs
l)i'l;i\v:ire i3
l>r(i(liuts, iii-
icri'sl is (lis-
M'liriso. 'I'lio
ihii.-h skillod
•111. Dovor,
ml W'iiiiiini:;-
•V sniiiU I'oiii-
n'c coiiiil ios,
tlu' war llioro
1)1' ilu' IU'liplt"
ire fiii-iiislioil
lijs to ii> folo-
-i'!\ls vi'VV few
1,1 liu' I'lUll'il
IIS i:iki'ii «:ts
lidii was only
imliilii'ii was
l)i'i'i,j;slavi's.
"val Jacl^soii.
csii'fially in
lion tlu' iilooil-
Iv t'railiialt'il
IMS, ami tvans-
lill ivniainini;-
as a state in
aiul was riMil-
ila jioiMion is
lai'ut'ly fitluM-
aki'S aiv many
o!" lislios ami
whii'li would
arki'lcil. Tlu'
ri'al soiirci' "•"
hanls. It also
r
^
srAi'ics AM) ■n:uuiT()Kii':s oi' 'nil'; rMri'.i) srA'ri'.s.
=^01)
|Hd(luct's riiv and a liiu' (|iialilv of Iciliacco. It is
a favorite irsort in winltT for invalids and ol hers
from I lie Norlii. .lacksoiivilli' is tl.i.' lariTi'sl ciiy.
'I'allaliassi'o is llu' caiiilal. Key W'l'st. on llic island
of till- s;nno nanu', is sroiiirlv fortilicd. and is a
I'liilcd Stales naval slalioii. St. Aiiuiistine. the
oldest eily in the I'liiled Siati's. was founded liv
llie Spanish freebooter Menende/. in lotia.
GEORGIA.
(ieor^'ia is well called the Kni|iire State of the
South. It was one of the -iriu^iiiai ihirleen slates.
Its eidonial history is indeed brief, but it is, as lias
iieon seer, exeeplionally erediiable. Itsexlenl north
and south is liv';> miles, and ils est reme breadi li east
andwest, •.>,"i.| miles. l''roiii its colonial bii'th to the
present time it has U'cii except ionally prosperous. It
did sulTer. and that, severelv, it is I rue, from Urilish
ISCiit. 'rhc next year there was i|uite a lar^^' inPii\
of miners from both the I'lasi and the West. The
plaei'r-dii;iriii.i,'s. i.r free pdd.y ielded richly. The ter-
ritory was orj,'ani,,ed in IStli! and re-or!j:ani/,ed in
lS(il. In a few years the rich i^tdd-bearini^ sand had
been washed and the population ftdl oil'. The ililli-
eiiltvof n'acbiiiL;' the i|iiarl/. mines with adei|ii,ile
machinery has delaved t he developmenl of those re-
sources. The couniry is well ada|iled to i.:ra/.iiiu,
and vast herds of cattle and llocks of sheep ro;im
over the plains and valleys of the lerritorv. Il lies
U'tweeii the I'J^' and the !',•'' of latitudes, laying-
mainly in the basin of the l' pper ('ohimbia Kivcr.
The climate is delii;ht.fiil, and evenliially Idaho will
be a [irosporou.s slate.
ILLINOIS.
'I'he lirsl while selilcmcnl in illinoisdales back |i
soldiers diiriiiii the lu'voliilion, and from Northern the sevenleeiill; ceiiliirv. The lirsl seillcmeiil in
soldiers, especial''' those under (ieiieral Sherman, in I distinction from .lesuil missions, was niadi' by the
tlio late war between the stales, bill il has shown | l-'reiicli at. Kaskaskia in I Iini. i?iit in the pn-eni
<j;reat roeiiperalive powers, li coiiibiiies in its soil ' developmenl of lUiiinisihc P'rench can hardly be
and climate the ad\ aiitaues of I he Ninth anc >outli.
producing wilheiiiial |iroiliualilv cereals and cotton.
It
lar
is also rich in iriui. which is bcinu' mined on a
xe ami
prolilalile scale
(ieorLTia has .several lloiirishim;' eitic.'
.■'lavaiinaii
was lonu' tl
chu
f town in tlu' stale, .\llanl
1 IS
now the most lloiirishuiL
It
IS the c.ipilal. it h;i
been calletl. and with reason, tiic CI
iicaLro o
f till
said lo have taken an appreciable part. Il reipiires
i-lie skill ;i:i.| paliciicc of the am icpiary to ili^covcr
even the lamlesl 1 1 a,
llie lir.-l V,. II Id's. The li
South. Aiiiitista. Milleili;eville, .Macon, Columbus
imd Athoiis are an.oiiL;' ils more important centers
of population and capital. IL has .several fairly
good iustiditious of learniiiir-
IDAHO TERRITORY.
Idaho Terrilory is the least thrifty of all the ter-
ritories of the I'nileil Stales. It has Wyomiiiu and
Montana on the east : Hrilish (loliimbia on ibc
norlh ; Washimzlon Territory and OrcLron on ilie
west, and Nevada ami 1 lab mi the soiilli. (lold was
riiors' of illinoe , is oruani/.ed in ISii'.i. when a ter-
ritory of that name was cut oil' from Indiana. The
soul hern pari <■'! the slate was sell led lirsl, i be coiir-e
oi pioneer eiilerpivse heinu' aloii;^' rixers, especially
down tbedhioand up llie .Mississippi, 'i'bcn. Ion,
the Indians of the norlh were parliculaiK Ironblc-
^^llm'. A military post uas e.irly esiablisheil at I he
mouti; of the ('hicaL;'o Itivcrmi the sile of ihe pres-
ent cil\ of thai name
it
was callc
d i''ori Dearborn
in \>'-\''. the fort was taken bv the Indians and il
«hil
cs eriicllv mas-aerci
lii< massacre led
to ih
expulsion of llie Indians from I he \ iciiiil y , and
prepared lliewa\ for llie peniianeni selllcmeiii of
the noi ihei'u porl ion ol I he . 'i'
ihu-
II
I mils «j
admitlcil iiilo the rnioli in l^b'
he iioiiiilal ion at 1 lial I line was li.
.'-.'It. N
carlv
first found I iiere in any considerable (|uaiilili
es 111 , o
It IS le\el aim arable,
il IS the " i'rairie Siah
■I ■ i 1 ',
mm
►it- ii ' ' f > ■ '
iMijf >■'■■;!■■•;'■ '-'■
i,S!ii/-''i'-;r;';'-''i;|t;,i
.:■' :-:y^\'-'i'
i: ■ I.
.1'
-- e
6oo
STATES AND TKRRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
must empliiitic'iilly. The soil is ricli iiiid easily tilled.
I'lie coal area is estiniiitcd iit 4."»,(KI0 s(|Uiirc miles.
This iiiexiiiuistuble supply "f fuel is bituminous.
Illinois can boast more miles of railroad than any
other state in the Union, and the eoal-tields have
had nuuh to do with the tlevelopnient of this in-
terest. Illinois has several lar^e cities, the chief
beinu (?hieau;o, with a jiopuhition of over .")(il),()U(i,
aceordiuL;' to the census ol 1880. It is the com-
mercial cajiital of the West, or Interior, more proi)er-
Iv sneakiuiT. It became a eitv in 18)!T. Karlv in
A. Douglaswas tlictirst Illinoisan to reach eminenee,
and Abraham Lincoln, (leneral tirant and Kobert
(i. ln<;;ersoll followed, each in his way the foremost
man of the nation — one as statesman, one as soldier,
and one as orator. 'I'lie state adoi)t,ed in J8T0 a
new constitution containini;; many radical chanijfes,
and which proved to be a landmark in the constitu-
tional history of the country, many states, sineo
then, haviui^ adopted its more im[iortant features,
the chief beingthe restriction of the power of muni-
cipalities to incur tlebts, and of railways to make un-
njiN ri^^ht.
STATK sriiEET, CHICAGO.
!!>■ I 'rinissitui ^'hit-jiifu Kii^. '
the evening of October 8, 18T1, a fire broke out in
the southwestern jiart of the city, and raged with
increasing and ungovernahle fury that night and
the next day, sweeping over 'i.l'H s((naro acres, in-
cluding the heart of the city, and leaving only shape-
less ruins in its track. It is more particularly refer-
red to in the chapter on The Present I'nited Slates.
Siiringlii'ld is the capital. It is a thrifty inland
city.raid<iiig next toQuiney on the .Mississi|)pi Kivcr,
and I'eoi'ia on the Illinois Uiver. in size, 'i'lie latter
has long been famous for its liighwines, being in the
\ery heart of the corn belt. Cairo iK'came somewhat
famous during the war. 'I'he state has more occa-
sion to be jiroud of its men than its cities. Stephen
just transportation charges. It was a test case from
Illimiis which secured from the supri'me court of
the l^'nited States a decision to the ell'ect that a
railway is a highway, and that railroad companies
are subject to all the limitations, as to inuformity of
charges, of other comnn)n carriers.
Illinois contains about tliree hundred rivers and
creeks, not counting the mere st-reams. Drouths
are almost unknown, of late years, in nearly the
entire state. It is the foremost commonwealth in
the Union in the iiroduction of corn, wheat, rye
ami oats, also in tiie number of its horses, the nnin-
ufacture of liighwines and agricultural machinery
and utensils.
r
^r
li iMiimoiic'O,
iiiul Udhort
lio foremost
10 iis soldier,
I ill \S',0 a
cal changes,
ho ooiistitu-
states, siiioo
ant features,
,Tor of iiiuiii-
to make iiii-
r
est case from
me court of
elTect that a
companies
uniformity of
d rivers ami
ins. Droutlis
n nearly tlie
nonwealtli in
n, wheat, rve
•ses, tiie man-
•al machinery
\
V
■» '5J
'r
STATICS AND TKURITOKIKS OF THK UNITICD STATKS.
()()I
' I innal scale. The stale was :,'rcally (li'jires.-eij liyilu'
reaction, and cainiot he saiil to ha\i' recovereil from
it until the iirosiierily of the war period liri)Ut,dit re-
lief. Tlu' ca|)ital, Indianapolis. i< llu' principal city
ill the state, and s(i-oiid only to Ciiican'o as a Wfsl-
erri railway center. M\aiisvilli', Terre iraute, l^'ort
\\';iviie. South Bend, New .Mh.inv, .lelTi'rsonviili' and
Niiucnnes are all [irosperons (owns. Tlu^ state
Indiana is surrounded hy Illinois, Kentucky, Ohio furnished the third Uepuhlican Vice-1 'resident,
and Michigan. Like all the prairie states, it has no Schuyler ('olfa.\, and, in the person of Senator Mor-
INOIANA.
I
^ ^=^^
tm
^M^^'^xu
i f
602
STATES AND TICRKITOKIKS Ol' THIC U.MTICI) STATES.
IOWA.
Iowa lies hohrouii tlu' luo nivat rivers, tlio Miss-
issippi iiiiil tiio -Missouri, witii Miiiiit'Sdtii on tiic
iiovtli and Missouri on tlio soutii, I'xtonijing norlii
and soutli about ".'(Id mill's, and casl and west, :!U()
miles. 'I'liere is liardly a I'mit nf waste land witiiin
its border. Its ai,n'ii'ullural eajiaeity is almost mcai-
culahle. It lias no imiiorlanl river or lake. Its
cities are eonijiaratively siiimU, Cliieago lieiuif the
irreat center for the entire state. 'Die ea[iital, Des
Moine.s, i.s a thrii'tv inland city, and so is Iowa Cily
Several river towns of some importanei' are found
along the Jlississi|iiii, Duliucjue, Museatiue, Daven-
I'ort, Burlinjiton and Kcidaik, also Sioux City on
the Missouri. Iowa was erealcd a territory in 18:5S,
and admitted into tlie ruioii as a state in ISIO. Its
growtli has been iinmterru[it,ed and prodigious, hut
almost exclusively agrii'ultural. It has very litlk'
tindier. a great deal of eoal. and sonu' lead in tlie
vicinity of Dubuijue, as Illinois lias across the Miss-
issipjii near (Jalena. It, also has some gypsum, and |
is beginning to manifest manufarturing enterprist'
to a verv considerable degree.
KANSAS.
Kansas is a striking e\ani|ile of the advantages of
advertising. The politics of tlic eoimtry. as has lieen
seen, served to nnike the public familiar with llu'
name and interested in the set I lenient of Kansas.
This tcniiory ami Nebraska were organized in is">l.
Almost immediately the Ndrlh and South started
oil a rai:e for the ascendancy in Kansas. It was not
long before there were |)eople enough to justify its
admission as a stale. A majoriiy came from the
North and were ullei'ly apposed lo slavi'ry, and re-
l)eatedly framed and adopted constilutions jiroliilii-
tory of it. 'I'lio Soutliern iniluence in Ct)iigress pre-
vented its admission, \ constitution framed by a
minority convention held in Lecom[)ton in IS.")' pro-
tected slavery. It received only ;i,(»(i() votes. -Mr.
Douglas favored the admissic n of Kansas as a free
stale, that being tlu' practical oiilcome of his favorite
doctrineof " S([iiatler sovereiijnly," and that position
made him obnoxious to a large party of the Democra-
cy, and caused the schism in favor nf Hreckenridge
for tin' Presidency in ISiU). It was in January, bS(;i,
that Kansas was admitted. In the period from IS'M
to IStil the territory had amply earned the title of
'• Hleediiig Kansas." During the four years of war
itwasthe scene of much bloodshed and destruction.
Lawrence was twice burned, and several oilier towns
partially destroyed by border ruHians, or guerillas.
.Vfter the war the iiillux of population was withoiU
jiarallel in pioneer history, and that notwithstand-
ing drouth iiiid grassliop[iers conspired to discourage
immigration. The soil is rich, and the people pros-
perous. Topeka is the capital, and the chief city of
the state. Leavenworth and Ijawreiico have not
fullilled tlu' promise of their infancy. -Veross the
state line in .Missouri is the conimercial capital of
the state, Kansas City, which is almost wholly in-
debted to the Si ate of Kansas for its great pros[ier-
itv. At the [iresenl tiino Kansas has the most
sinngeiit prohiliitor, U(pior law of any state in the
riii(Ui. The ( oal lield <pf the state is supposeil to
have an area of over '.'■.'.OOO sijuare niilos. It is tin'
most central state of the Union, having Jlissoiiri
on the east, Indian Territory on the south, ('(dorado
on the west and Nebraska on the north. It has no
lakes of any niagnitude nor any considerable rivers.
Its railway system is extensive, secured at the cost
of enorimnis niiiiiici|ial iiidehledness. The jirinci-
}ial institutiiHi of learning is the rnivcrsilyof ]\au-
sas, at Lawrence, bill ihechief educational facilities
atforiled are an admiralile system of piil)lic schools
for elementary instruction. The western jiortiouof
the .state has suffered much from drouth, but evei\
year is lulding to the volume of rainfall, and grad-
ually the " desert," as it was mice supiiosed to bi'.
is being brought into subjugation to the ]ilo\v.
Herding is carried on upon a large scale, both
cattle and sheep. The state has a great variety of
vegetation, not less than twelve hundred s[tecies of
plants beinu indiLn'iious to its soil.
f
^w
STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITICD STATES.
603
Diis |iriiliiiii-
ioiigi'i'ss iirc-
fniiiiod liy ii
ill ISoTprn-
votes. yiv.
isus iis 11 I'l'i't' j
1' lii.~ ruvoriii.'
l,li:it jiDsiliuu
lie Jk'iiioiTa-
Ikockoiiriiliie
imiiirv, 181)1,
)>l I'roiii 18-2-i
I tlio title of
YOiir^ of will-
1 ik'struulioii.
il dtlu'i' towns
or iiucrillas.
WHS willuiul
notwitiistaml-
lodiscoiiraLrt'
L> peoiilo [iros-
chief (.'ity ol'
1100 liave not,
Across tho
iai eapitiil of
sr. wliolly iu-
ivat prospLT-
jas tlic most
\- state ill the
1 SUpjIOSL'll lO
lies. It is the
iii;^ Missouri
Utll, ("iilolMilo
1. It has no
rahle rivers,
at the cost
The jiriiici-
■rsity of Kaii-
onal facilities
lulilic school-^
rii jiorl ion of
ith. Imt every
, ami fi'rail-
l|i[iose(l lo he,
lo the Jilow.
■ scale, holh
'(■at variety of
Ired s[tecies of
KENTUCKY.
Kentucky truces its ori.Lriii to Daniel Boone, 11
fiunous hnnter who estiiblishcd himself at what is
now Hoonesboro' in ITOi). It was then a, part of
Virginia, and so remained until IT'JO, wlien it was
created into a sci»arate territory. For fourteen years
it had been the County of Kentucky. In lT!f2 it
was admitted as a state, having a jiojiulation of
To.OOO. It was the "out west " of Virginia for
many years. It formed for a long time the extreme
southwest of the United States, boundaries between
French and Spanish America and the United States
being vague. It was supjiosed that Aaron 15urr
contemplated seizing the region in disi>ute and erect-
ing there a Southwest Eiiijiire. That was the " trea-
son " for which Hurr and Hlennerhasset were tried.
The evidence of guilt was strong lint insuilicient
for conviction. Kentucky sullered seriously from
hostile Indians in the early day. and the jieople have
always been noted for their martial spirit. From
1801 to LSCi.") it furnished, as has iieeii ajitly said,
its (piota for both armies. Politically it was a
stronghold of the Whig party during the period of
tliat organization. Since then it has been ovcr-
wliehningly Democratic. It is noted for tlie chivalry
of its men. the beauty of its women, the excellence
and abundance of its whisky and horses. It
has only one city of any considerable inagnituilc —
Louisville.
Frankfort is the capital. 'I'lie eastern portion of
the state is mountainous, the western a rich table-
hiud, Tlut soil is adajitcd to grain and tobac o. Its
famous blue-grass is the linest of iiastiirage. There
is some iron and a great- deal of coal in Kentucky.
DE its mineral \veallli, mostly undeveloped as yet,
Professor Slialer says; '* The coal resources of Ken-
tucky are only exceeded by those of IViinsylvania.
and the quantity of iron ore is probably not exceeded
by any American state." The slate contains twelve
colleges and universities, none of which are heavily
endowed. Thci'hief of these is Kentucky I'nivcrsity,
located at LcTiiiiXton.
LOUISIANA.
Louisiana originally included not only the present
state of that name, but Arkansas, ^lissoiiri, Iowa,
Minnesota, Dakota, Xebraska, the greater jiart of
Kansas, Indian Territory, a small part of Colorado,
all of Montana, Oregon and Idaho, and the greater
l)art of Wyoming. T'luit \ast region was lirst
|)enetrated by European adventure in l.'i-J 1. wiieii
De Soto, a Spaniard, discovered the Mississippi
Uiver, The tlrst actual settleinent was made by
the French in Kiii'.l. For over a century it was,
in effect, a part of Xew France. In ISO;], the
United Stales, through President .Telfersoi., ' .nglit
that imperial area of Xa[)oleoii Bonaparte, while
he was First Consul of France, for %<ir),()(iU,()UO,
including what are known as '' French S|ioliation
Claims." 'I'he next year the southern portion w;is
organized as the Territory of Orleans, Original
liouisiaiia did not include, however, that- portion of
the state lietween the Mississippi, .Vniife and Pear)
{{ivers. That was ceded to the Ignited States in ISU)
by Spain in exchange for uudispiirt'd title to Florida.
In 181'^ Orleans was admitted to the I'nioii as a
state under the name of Ijouisiana. The local customs
and state laws have never ceased to bear the marks
of France, and the Code Xajioleon may almost be
saiil to form the common law of the cominonwealth.
Tins state si'ceded in December, 18(!(), but the ordi-
naacj was ailoiited l)y the close vote of 117 to 1 1:{.
Louisiana was restored to the Union in the summer
of 18(;s. The great stajile of Louisiana is -^ugar.
Cotton is also raised to good ailvantage. About
one-tifth of the state is bcni'atli the higii-watcr level
of the Mississi|)pi River, and has to be protected from
inundation by levees, maintained at great cost by
tlu> stale government. There n\v about l,.")0(i miles
of levees within its border. It would rei|iiire an
annual exin'iiditure upon them of sii.otio.ood to
alford thorough protection. Xew Orleans, with
a jiopulation of over '-iU<»,<JttU, is the one city of
any magnitude in the state. It is also the ])olitical
capital.
75
a 'r
l'[ (■:
ft-
m'rJ^^
: I.' I ■
■<"
ik
604
STATUS AM) rKRKITORlKS Ol' TUK UMTKO S'lATICS.
MAINE.
Hoforo iiml iliiriii;,' tlio Hovolutiniiiirv AViir tlif
iioi'tlii'iii l)nuiMlary ipf MiissiicliusiMls was mu'crtiiiii.
My till' Irc'jity "t" ]k'Ucii witli Kiij^liiinl it was IIximI so
its t(( incliidi' the SlatcM)!' Maiiit', Ihiilt known as "llii^
Disliici of Maine." l-'roni llic first .Maine deinaniU'ii
inilc|)i'niit'nce, l)nl itrcniaincij a"(iislriit" nntil is-io.
DnritiLT llial |KTio(l a ;,n'cat deal of ill t'cclini; (!.\ist,iMl
between .Massaclniselts ]iro|i»'r and Maine. The
treaty "f IT^l'i liad not, as it jiroved, sell led tiie
Ijonndarv (|iu'stion witii jireeision, and it reniaineil
an ueuasion of dipioniatie controversy until IS-1-.',
wiien, by tlie t,erins of tlio Aslibui'tou tri'at.y, tiiu St.
Joiins and St. Franeis liivers were ii;i;rood upon as
tlic uortlii'm and northeastern boundaries between
the I'roviiu-e ol' (Quebec ami th(^ Si ate of Maine. 'I'lie
state is lari:;ely covered willi jiine-trees, and most of
the soil is almost worthless for cultivation. A very
cousideralile revenue is derived from jrranitc (|uar-
ries on liie seai)oard. There are a i,njod many (huia-
dian l-'ieneh in the State, and acoloiiy of Seandi-
iiavians occupy a tract by themselvois. The Indian
]io|iulalion has not wiiollv disa|i|ieare(l. 'I'he woods
still aliound in LTame, and many of the striMius are
still well-stocked with fish. 1 'ort land, tlio eliiof city,
is an ini port ant seapcu't. Augusta, the ca])ital, is
little nioro than a viiiaLre. The state has reason to bo
])roud of oiies.'1'i'at statesnuiu lo whiun it iravo birth,
Pitt l-'essenden, and a still jfreater, \rho is a native
of i'enusylvania, but for nuuiy years a citizen of
Maint'. .lanu'sii. Hlaine, tiie fourth i^reat parliamen-
tary leader tlie l'nile(l States has produced, ('lay,
Douirlas and Thaddeus Stevens beintr the other
inend)t'rs of tli<( ipiartet. It u'ave Ijirth and e(iuoa-
tiou to .\nierica's laurei'te, Henry Wadswoi'tii l,onir-
fellow. Howdoin Coile,i(e, from wliieii he ^raduateil,
was founded .1 l'!!l4,aud has loui^ ranked aniouj^
the more illustrious hi,i,dier institutions of learnini^
in the (!ouiitry. It is in tlio forests of .Maine tiuit
the moose must be souujht. That state beciimo fa-
mous in 1S.")1 for its strin^'cut prohibitory li([uor law,
to wiii(;ii it has tenaciouslv hold ev(!r since.
MARYLAND.
'I'lic early hi.story of .Maryland i)elon^s to the colo-
nial period. The boundary lino between that colo-
ny !ind I'oiiusjivania, run in 1T")U by the two com-
missi. )ners, iliison and Di.xon, settled a lonj^ and
iroid)les(uiu' dispute. 'I'iie term " Mason and Dix-
on's line" came afterwards to Ik- used to desij^'uate
the boundary between the free and slave terri-
tory throu^iiout the I'm teil Slates. In the war for
inde|K'ndence the ".Marvland line" bore conspicih)US
and elTeeti\e part. In the lati^ war the state would
doubtless have cast in its lot with the South ha<l not its
chief city, Maltimore, been jilaced umler military su-
pervision. .Many of its sons joined the (!onfederati'
army. The LNcat battle of .\ntietani was fou;fht on
the soil of .Maryland. Slavery was abolished by
constitutional law in isiit. Maltimore is a very im-
|iortant .•seaport, not, only for this state, but for the
South and West. The Maltimore & Ohio railroad,
(Uie of liie^reat trunk lines of the country, has that
city for its fastcru terminus. \ little more than
one-half the slate is under cultivation, <^rain and
tobacco i)ein:( the chief productions. Mitumiuous
coal is found in the northwest em portion of tho
state, and in small (|uantities i^old and silver. The
(ditnato is (Udightfully mild. The oysters of the
('hesapeake May form an important source of reve-
nue. Annapolis is the capital.
MASSACHUSETTS.
Of all the states in the riiion none has had c;reater
prominence in American history than ^la-ssacliu-
setts. The early American chapters were largcdy
occupied with its establi'sliuiout ami growth. Froiu
its first .settlement to date its importance has hoeii
maiiitaiuc(l. MetriimitiL: this record with the enu'r-
■ t.l ■
.k
totlio colo-
1 tliiit colo-
K- two coni-
;l lon^' illlll
til iiiitl l)i.\-
Lo (lesi^^'iuito
sliivo Irrri-
tliu war for
stiito woultl
.liliiul not its
iiiilitiiry sii-
CollI'lMllTiltl'
lis ft)iij,flit on
iliolislied by
is ii viTV iiii-
, hut for tlio
liio railroiid,
trv. liiis tliiit
Miori) tiiiiii
o;raiii aiul
iVituiiiiiious
tioii of tho
silver. 'Y\\e
tt'VS of tlio
lu'co of rovo-
s iiad greater
11 Massaehu-
wcre largely
DWth. From
uv lias heoa
th the eiiier-
STATKS AN'I) 'I'lCRKri'OUIKS Ol" TIIH UXITICI) STATICS.
605
[
•fciire of llio slate from its ooiuiiiai ilc|teii(li'iiei! we
tiiid tiiat its lirst governor was .Idiin IlancooU, I'lect-
ed in list). From 1 ".!.") to ITsu tju! executive dc-
parlnifnt of tlie slate was in the liauds of 'I'iie
Couueil.
That small yet great ei,miuoiiweailli lias several
im|iorlaut rivers, tlui ( '(umeei ieul, Meniuiaek, llou-
satoi.',' and Iloosie being I he eliief. Along its
streams of suHieii'iit nnignitude to furiu waler-pow-
UM'r('(! and w(!altli, hut in tlu? liigher ranges of aeliv-
ity there has been no falling back. Anu)ng tlio
other eities uf the stat.e may \h- naiueil Worei'slcr,
liowell, Cambridge, Ijiiwreuee, Lynn. Sjiriiiu'lieM
and !''all h'iver. Harvard College dales back lo
\t\:U\- Williams College to ll'.i:!; .\mherst to hS-JT;
Andover 'rheol(PL;ieal Seminary to isos, and 'i'nft'.s
College to is,".-.'. It has a highly creditable list of
insliiulioiis fur sjKJeial e<lu(;atioii, such as schools for
•i'l
I
!■+'
'■ *:!:(;•
r,:
w
.,^ ,«.':■(
'!:■"■ '■•'■l\: ■
1 1 '
•li'.-
•J-
f
I'
■ i
J
': , 1,
1
6o6
STATICS AND TICKKiroKIlCS OF THIC UNITICn STATICS.
MICHIGAN.
TIk' name ol' Micliii;iin was (IcriviMl rrom tJic Indian
words na'aniii^j; l^aki! IJc^niui. 'I'lii! lirsL soil lenient
was ii .Icsiiit mis-
sion at llio falls P
of tlio St. .Mary,
11141. Dclroit was
foiiiuU'd liy tlio
l-'roncli in KtH.
Tlio silver and
co|i|ier mines were
diseovereil and
worked lus early as
177-^. Jlieliijj;an
was ro_:j;ar(led as a
part (iT Canada inivkksity
durinirtlie Kevoliitionary \Var. Its sfa/ns aftoriioaec
liail hoeii di'i'lared was uncertain niilil 1 'IMi, wIumi
England cedi'd it to tlio United States, and it
lield that [Misiiion and was also military eomniand-
er when, eaily in tliu war of ISl-J, tlio Urilisli
demanded the surrender of Detroit, to which he
yieldeil, for which he was severely eensiire(l, and
from which the city was rescneil hy the victory of
Lake Mrie (Commodore l'err\), in lSi;j. (leneral
Lewis C^ass was soon afti'r apjiointed ;,'ovornor of the
territory. Micliij:;aii was ailniitled into tlio Union in
1m;!T. jjake .Michi^'an and the Straits of Mackinaw
divide the state into two iioiiiusulas, the lower ami
the upper. The
latter eomiirisos
ahout one-third of
tile stale, and is
rich ill oopjK'r,
lead, iron and
timlier; the for-
inor is devoted
to iigiiculturo.
.Michiiran is not
a pniirio .^tate. 1 1,
was ma '<! .iralile
111'- MUiiiii.vN. Iiy the same hard
process as the Kastorn States. Forests had tobefelleil
androolsof trees ifruhlied out. Tliofarmsare usual-
ly small and carol'iilly tilleil. 'I'lie farmers raise a
VIi;\V 01' (iI!.\NI> KAl'IIIS.
formcil a part of the Xorlliwest Territ-ory from
that time until isou, when it was included in In-
diana. Michiuaii Territory was oru;aniv.'d in ISd."),
and (ieiicral Hull appointed lirst irnveruor. He
great variety of products, and in the aggnsgate real-
ize handsome rotiirns for tlioir industry. Ijaising
is the capital, and Detroit and (irand Wapids are its
chief citit'S. The State Universitv, at Ann Arhor,
I'OIIMIIUIIil-
liu Urilisli
wliiuh lio
■iiiri'tl, mill
virliil'V of
. (it'lllTill
riior ()( llio
Union in
Mackiniiw
iowor iinil
)l.or. Tlio
comjirisus
jiic-tliirdol'
ilk', iinil is
in copiHjr,
iron iinil
r; Uio t'or-
is (leviili'il
iigricnlturo.
.'iin is not
ric 3tiitt'. i t.
Ill '<) iU'illilO
siinio iiiinl
1 to bo foiled
IS iiro usiiid-
loi's riiitui ;i
tCTtWft^
H
iri'iTiilo ival-
V. Linsing
a 1 lids aiv iis
i
Ann Arlior,
1
*
-• i
'r
STAi'ivs AM) 'ncKui r()i<ii:s oi- iiii'; iNrrici) sta'I'ics.
607
ranks with Y.do, Harvard, and Cnrncli. as a roally
i^TCat seat of ioarnini,'. It iuw sovoral llunrisliing
di'niiininational coHi'lics also. It has furnisiiod ono
poot of vory considoralilc ri'iniialiiin. Will M. (Jarlo-
toll.
MINNESOTA.
Minnesota is very lari^i'ly iicnplod hy Scandina-
vians, and ill view of its ,i,'roat staplo nni^ht woU
in is-i;(. A Swiss sottloniont was elTooted noar liiorc
a short tinio after. 'I'ho territory was ori^anizi'd liy
(Joiii^'rcss in ISIO, wilh Alexander Hanisey, who was
Suen'lary of War under President Hayes, as lirsl,
i;o\erniir. It was adndlted to tlie Union as a slain
in ls.")S.
In ISiVl oeeurred the iiorrilde Sioux massa-
cre, in whieii not less tlian ].()(«) whiles, mostly
Women and ehildren, were kiiie.l. The Sioux were
rt'mo^i'd from the stati', and no troulile has sineo
U'on oxpi'iii'iiced from the alpori,i,dnes. Tiiero aro
many friemlly Chipjiewas still in Miinu'sota. SI.
Paul and Mimieapolis, oidy a few nnles apart, are
both largo and ra[iidly growing cities, tho former
being more ooinmoreial, and the latter more devoted
VIKW OF ST. I'AUL.
have boon called Wheatland. Its name was bor-
rowed from that of one of the rivers which drain
the southwest jiort ion of it. Minnesota lias a navi-
galilo wafer-line of ;diout iri.ooo nules. It abounds
in beantifiil lakes. TIk' slate has a length from
north to south of lisd mili's. and a width of '-VM
nules. extending from Iowa to Canada one w;iy. and
from the Mississi|)|)i loth" Missouri iheollicr. The
l'"alls of St. Anthonv. to uhich Minneapolis wilh its
llouring mills and saw nulls is indebted for its
growth, were di^covernl liv Hennepin, a l''rench
.lesuit, in liisii. A fur-trading post w;is c-Lililishcd
to mamifaeturcs. Diilatli has great expectations.
St. Paul is the capital.
MISSISSIPPI.
Tliat]tart of Mississippi now known as the<ii'eat
^^•|/,no I'loltomS was visited bv l)e Solo in [it'.VX
there, but the traders gradualh' lapsei] jiuo Ihr lie is sup]iose(l to have remainoil ihere about a year,
surrounding liarbarism. The lirsl sti'aniboat asceml- That rci/ion is still lai'LTclv inidevclnpcd. A lerritory
ed the Mississippi a~ f.u' a- the r'allsof St. Aullioiiy lu'aring thi' name of Mississippi was organized in
■
ft
i';
Ww'^- '
ImW ■'■'
il^*- *■'•'■
K 1 5>' '
(I?*t!iV-i ■' "
,
llv^'''.
*1
r^'^^f /:■■■
kWf-^-.; ■'.
1. C' V ■ ■■
;.-:;;' *1
%1't 1 * .; >
L**'- ■ "' ■ . ■ '.
r. ''-"■),■■
. 1
^'■■■:
B^
Mi"
Mj-
6o8
STATKS AND TICKKITORIKS OK THK UNITICD STATICS.
17'J8, but it was by iiu means tlie j)re8eiil slate hear-
ing that name. Its hoiuidaxies were lixed as now in
1817, when it was ailniitteil as a state. It was i)no
of the first states to seeede, and did not regain state
riglits until 18T0. Nearly all of its urea is eaj)ahle
of cultivation, but only a small part is actually im-
proved. It is densely wooded. Cotton is the great
staple. The state is well iulapted to general farm
pHKlucts, including livestock. Jackson is the caj)-
ital and Vicksburg the chief city. It has produced
south, stretches the great State of Missouri. Its
chief city, St. Louis, grew out of a fur-trading post,
and as early as 17*."» had a(i|uiredconsiilcral)lo prom-
inence. After tiie jjouisiana purciiase and the or-
j'ani/.ation of the Territorv of Orleans the unorgan-
ized jwrtion of the j)urcliased possession was known
as tlio District of Louisiana, and in 1S(».5 as the Ter-
ritory of Louisiana, with St. Louis as its capital.
T'iie name was changed to Missouri in 181'^. Ita{>-
plied for udmissiou to the Union as early as 1817.
VIF.W OF
only one man of great note, Jeilerson Davis, tiie first
and oidy President of the Southern Confederacy.
MISSOURI.
AVith Illinois on the cast, Kansas and Nebraska
on the west, Towa on tlie nortii. and Arkansas on tiie
ST. i.oris.
The contest over slavery to which that a[iplicatioii
led is already known to the reader. Like Kansas, it
occasioned controversy and coufiict, but unlike its
liordcr state, it was not tlie actual field of contlii't.
Immigration came in accordance witii tlie nat-
ural progress of events, and there was no clasiiing
between tiie rejiresentatives of dilTcreiit sections.
The Scnitiiern eienient jircdominated and Missouri
became a slave state, witlioiit, however, being wholly
dependent upon shivc-iubor. On tiie contrary, the
static was always indeiited to free wiiite labor for its
developnieiit. \\ lien tin' civil war came, tiie people
were very nearly evenly ijividt'd in synipatiiy. It
.Jk
4ouri. It3
uling i)ost,
iihlo i)i(>ni-
lud tlio or-
3 viii()r;^;in-
WiW known
lis tlio Tor-
its capital.
Wi. Itai>-
ly ua 1817.
*■. i.''",-JC5r
Si-^.^
?«^'-
S*i *'i^!*-i;
aiiplieutioii
<e Kansas, il
lit uiiliko its
(if conilict.
itli tl>o nat-
iio cliishin^
viiL sections.
nil ^[iss(lul■i
lieing \vlH)lly
•(pulrary, tlio
lalior for its
10. tho ]icoiile
mpathy. It
^
Q »»
STATES .\Nn TICUUITOKIKS OK THIC UNITKI) .S'lATKS.
6<)y
never seceded, hnt many of its citizens were to lie
found in botii arndes. For the nu)sl part Missouri
ia very rich soil, 'riie iron deposits are of incalcula-
ble value. tJoiUK'r is found, liut not in (piantities to
coinpeto with the Lake Su])erior Kej^ion, The coal
su^tply is abundant. Lead is mined in immense
quantities. Tho tindjer of the state is excellent and
uhundant. The iiroducts of the state endiraco the
Msual coroal.s, also to()acco and ;;rapes. The latter are
raised in large cpuuititios and tho wine nuunifactured
by Wyoming and Idaho, and on the west by Idaho.
It is well named, but its mountains abound in nutri-
tious grasses and rich bedsof gold and silver. The cli-
mate is nnldcr than that in the states further east
and on tiie same lines of lalitude. The placer-dig-
gings have yii^dcil rii-hly, and the <|mirt/. ndnes are
now being developed to great prolit. Tho territory
was .irganizod in liSi)4. Virginia City is tho capital,
but Helena is the chief city. Fort Menton,tiie bead
uf navigation uu tho Missouri Uiver, is in Montana.
■ •• - -' ■ ■ ■ -; ..r
7F=^
pr
1 -w
mf-^ I
r'Vl 1
■'!>■;■•
■'. ' V
f
ili-
6io
STATICS AM) rKKKII'OKIICS (Jl" llll': lIMriCI) STATl'-S.
Nol)riiHkii. Tlio hittor wuh tluTcfoiv tlio bone (if
citiitoiitiiiii iipiiii tlio ()rij,'iiiiil ri'iiiK'uiiig of tlii' i|ucs-
tioii nf "HciiiiitU'r S()vercii,'iily.'' In tlic |ircii.'iv.-.-i uf
I'VL'iitM, liKWOvar, it wius iihnost lost siyhl of, ami iiiiH
Mt'VtT slmivil in tlio hoiu'litH (k'rivcd liy Kiinsas fioni
|ioliti(itl notoriety. In tlii' fur W'vM. tlic liiinfiill is
iniMlo(|Hii.ti3, liiit the (|iiiintity is^TiuliKilly im rciisiiii^.
Tni' niiijestiu i'liiltc iind Niiihniiii iiro iis i-liief
rivors, tind tliori' iiro nnniuroiis strciinis. Tlio livu-
stock of Noliniskii is tlie iniiiii iviianco of tlio fiir-
iiiiTs foriiu'oiiR'. 'I'liooost (if niiirki'liii;; Ltruin in its
iiiitiinil fonii is sucli us to rundor it iniiinictiuulilo to
rely upon ijiniin-raisini,' alone. Tlio territory was
created at I lie same time that Kansas was, IS.'i-t,
liiit it was not admitted into tlio Union until ISii?.
Lincoln is the oa|iital, and Omaha Its ])rinci|»al city.
'I'liero are several Indian reservations in the State.
There is some coal in tiie State, Init the strata for
tiio most (lart are too thin to he worked with prolit.
NEVADA.
Nevada is an olfshot from Califoriiia. It is a
nijineil miiiini^ reirion with ()rei,'on and Idaho on
the north, Utah and Arizona on tiie oast, and (Jali-
foriiia on tiie west. The State is \vedi;e-slia]ied
running to u ^)eak in the soiitii. Of ail the states in
the Union Nevada is most dependiMit u|ion its gold
and silver resources for wealth. There is a little good
agricultural land within its lionlcr, liut not much.
The silver and gold are found tdgether, the former
in great abundance. The famous Coinstock lode, or
vein, is in Nevada. From it was taken in one year as
high as *v*-.»,U(»U.()OU. The Sutro Tunnel iienetrates
that vein. Virginia City and (Joid Hill are mining
caiiiiis grown hito cities aliove the Comstock, and
in coiiseiiuence of it. Nevada was oiiiaiiixed us a
territory in ISdl, and admitted as a state in isiM.
Ill [lopiilation it is the least of all the states. Carson
City is the cajiital. From the standpoints of church
and school, Nevada cannot he saiil to make a favor-
able exhibit. From tlii' standpoint of crime, how-
ever, the exliiiiit is hiudilv favorable to the miners.
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
The tlrst Hcttleincnt witliin New Hampshire was
made at Portsmouth in U'ri'.i. Its growth was slow.
In lUl it only had eight towns, and they were very
small. Colonially it had u varied jiolitical o.x|)0-
rience. .Much of the time it was a part of Massa-
lOiusetts; later it belonged to New York, and Dual-
ly it was a sejiarate colony. When it separated from
New York the region now compiising Vermont was
in dispute and Wiw known as the " New llampshiro
(J rants." Concord was made the capital in 1807,
and so remains. Manchester is the largest city iu
the state; Portsniouth its only seaboard. Its most
notable features are Mount Washington, or the White
.Mountains, and Dartmouth College. The grand
and suiilime scenery of its mountains attract sum-
mer tourists from all parts of the country, and
Dartmouth, established in ITTo, is in reality a uiii-
versity,ample in all its educational provisions. The
land of the state is poor, much of it absolutely worth-
less. .\lioiit three-lifths of the state is included in
farm lands. The climate is very cold. Some iron
is found in jiayiiig (piantities; also mica, isinglass
and graphite. Building granite is an important
source of revenue. There are .several thrifty manu-
facturing towns ill New llampshiro. The state has
given birth to several great men, the most famous
of hor sons being Daniel Webster.
NEW JERSEY.
Now .Jersey has the Atlantic Ocean on the oa.st and
the States of New York, Pennsylvania and Delaware
on its north, west and south. In the southeast are
large marshes, and so there are on the .lersey side
of the Hudson River. Three mountain ranges traverse
the state. But there is a verv considerable area of e.\-
li^*,*
ipsliiro wtw
;li WHS slow.
'V wuro very
liticiil (JXiH)-
t of Miissa-
L, and liiitil-
niriik'd from
■iTiiioiit was
■ lIiiiui>sliiro
iUl ill l«t'7,
rgest I'ity in
(I. Its most
ortliu White
I'lie i;riiM(l
iittniet sum-
nmutry, and
reality ii "id-
isions. The
hitely wortli-
< included in
Homo iron
ica, isingl;iss
II imiiorlant
ii'ifty manu-
rUe state lias
most famous
iaiSf"-
II the cast ami
uid Delaware
southeast are
le Jersey side
in<j;es traverse
i)le area of ox-
^ ^
S'lATlCS AN'U TKKKir(JKIKS OK THIC INII'i;!) SIATKS.
6ii
ctdlent asjricultural land. It is under a hi:,di state
of cultivation. There are several important manii-
facturiii;; towns, Newark. .Fersey (Jity, and Taler-
son heiuji; the ehief. Trenton is the capital. The
state is lar;;ely a sulntrh of New York City. Its
early history as New Sweden heloii;^s to the eolonial
jioriod. New .Jersey, as a distinct colony hearini^
that name, dates from llOtS. Its iirst royal ^'ov-
ornor was Isolds Morris, and its last, William Frank-
lin, natural son of Menjamin Franklin, and a pro-
nounced Tory. He was appointed in lT'i:t. A
state uonstitntion was adopted July 'l, I'Tti, under
which the state was
Uoverncd until 1S44.
• lov. Franklin was
deposed and scut with-
in the British lines.
During the Uevolu-
tionary war New .h'r-
si^y suiTcred severely,
iiut its patriotism nev-
er faltered. Female
sulTrau'e |)revi'iled
there until ISiiT. The
stale lias iiuinerous
hiuiier schools of
learning, tuoof whii'h
were founded in the
ei^lilecnth century,
namely, the (Jtdlege of
New.Iersey. at Prince-
ton, 1 Mo, and l!i, timers
-rVr^^
protected in 1H.'»!), hut in iHiil it was alxdished, and
with it [leonage, a iniMlitied system of slavery wliicli
had existi'd there for two and a half centuries. 'I'he
population is still maiidy Indian and .Mexican.
The lan;,'uai,'e emplou'd in ici^jslative dehalc is the
Spaidsh. (iradually the iiillux of miners and eat-
lle-men I'roin the North ami Fast is .\mei'icani/.ing
the territory. The hciiliiii,' business is carried on
upon a lar;.'e scale, and very rich mines iiave heeii
So far develiijH'.l as lo estahli^h their hi;,di i;rade.
Tlu! climate varies widely. In the vicinity of Santa
Fe the great altitmle renders the winters .severe.
\'ery little rain falls
in that region. Tlie
.\paclie Indians hin-
der developnicnt hy
their cruel hostilities ;
hut the I'uehlos are ii
jieaceahle and some-
what civilized people.
Theymaintain s(.'hools
and have hcen de-
eidetl hy the courts to
lie citi/i'iis of the
United Stales. They
are not disposed to
^■=» ^•"- ''
College, .New Bruns-
wick, ITTO, Both are now uidver.sities, and the
former is very richly endowed.
NEW MEXICO.
New Mexico was visited hy the devastating Span-
iards Ix'fore the middle of the sixtconth century. It
had (piito an advanced native civilization, Aztec or
Toltec. The destroying visitors eared only for irold
and silver, and that region abounds in both. Aban-
doned nnnes attest the operations of long ago.
When the republic of ^lexico ceded a large part of
its territory to the Vnited States. New .>h'\ico was
included. It had been coiKpiered iiy (u'u. Kearney
in 18-18. lie raised the American llag over Santa
Fe, then as now its chief town. The territory was
orgaiuzed in 18j(). Slavery wiis recognized anil
76
avail themselves of
the I'iglits of citizens,
prererriiig to adhere
closely to their tradi-
tional triiial or village
form of government.
The Puelilos are less
in the way of civilization, in that remote region,
than are the .Mexicans, called "(ireasers."
NEW YORK.
Kcw York is the F-mpiri' State of tlie rnioii, first
in [lopulation and wealth, but it is not much ovt'r
one-third the size of \ew Mexico. It has a small
strij) of Canada on the north, but for the most part
its north and wt'st boundaries are the St. Lawrence!
Kiver and Finlce Ontario with Lake Champlain, and
fm..
^;i';)V..'
tJ'.- : i '■ ■'■■
i^|i'''*i: '
m
')■'
i|!'-
■'■'■.■ V.
v.
'■:.<■'
■\f :■ t:^."-
■m'^-
■i-rV '■
^
« a>
1
A-
6l2
STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
the Stiitos of Verniout, Miussacluisetts, ami Con-
necticut along tlie '-iist, and New Jersey ami
Pennsylvania along the south. With the excep-
tion of tiie John {{rovvn tract of tlic Ailiromlacks tiio
greater part of the state is capable oi and actually
under a high state of cultivation. In the nortiietist
iron ore is found in i)ayiug (piantities, and lumber-
ing is conducted ujion a large scale.
It is a great dairying state. It has two coir
leges dating back to the eighteenth century,
Columbia, formerly King's College, New York
City, 1754, and Union College, Schenectady, K'.to ;
but it was not until ConieU University was estab-
lished, 1808, that the state could boast a really great
from 1014. Its first name was New Amsterdam.
Originally a sleepy Dutch town, it hiul only about
00,()t)() inhabitants when this century l)egan. It now
had more Irish than Dublin and more Yankees than
Boston. It has a history which is. in tlie nmin,
highly creditable. Hut in IHT'J there was disclosed
a condition of corruption in its government uni)ar-
alleled in municipal politics anywhere or at any
time. That was known as the " Tweed Hing." After
years of jiersistent effort reform was effected, the
leader of the ring brought to justice, and a reign of
comparative integrity established.
Hrooklyn is the second city in size. It is just
across the river from New York, of which it is a
VIEW OK NKW YORK riTY AXP nARIWR.
university. Tln' :.r'-oat name in the history of New
York is Clinton. It ajipcars among the list of roy-
al governors (IT-lli-l m'i;!) and twii'c among the state
governors. The great Clinton was De Witt, the
father of the Krie ('anal, lie was governor of the
state sixtei'n years. His juvscience and energy
secured for New ^'ork City a connection with the
Northw.'st, by a ca'-.al from Lake Mric to the Hud-
'■n l\'''.\r, 'vhich gave it a jirc-eniincncc over Bos-
ton, l'hiladel|ihia, and all other possible rivals.
Among its statesnuMi of renown were also llainillon.
Jay, \'an Huicn, Many and Scwaid. the least of
them all, \' in Huren, iieing the only one to reali/e
the great goul of American ambition.
This .rreat state is noted for its prosperous citii's.
Its gieaiist city bearing the same name as the .tat*',
is the commercial and linancial capital of the New
World, suri' y destined to rival Lomlon. It datt's
suburb. It is ahnost entirely composed of resi-
dences, the men of Brooklyn l)eing occnj)ied in New
York during tlu^ day. It is sometimes called The
City of Churches. Its most poj)ular preai'her is
Henry Ward Beecher. but. it, nas many great preach-
ers and large aiul well-tilled houses of worship. Buff-
alo, the lieail of lake navigation, has been i.n inp )rt-
ant city evt'r since the Mrii^ Canal wascon.-l "ucted. It
is o[iuli'nt and beautiful. Uochester owes itf e.xistenee
to inexhaustible water-power, the rii'hnes. i)f thetien-
esee Valley, and the Krie Canal. Of late '.ears it has
been famous for the excellence of its adjacent, seeil
farms and nurseries. The soil and cliinatc of that
portion of Ni'w ^'ork are admirably ailapted to liotli
vegelableraising;ind fruit growing. Syracuse owes its
existence and pros|H'rity to its salt-works wliicli
yield at least :,(i(Hi,(HH) bushels yearly. The other
inanufaclnres of that, city are numerous and prosp'er-
r
^s
STATES AND TEUKITORIKS OK THE UNITED STATES.
613
istcrduiu.
ily uboufc
. It now
ikeestliiui
he niuin,
(lisclo^etl
lit uiipur-
)!• at any
ig." After
ectcd, the
a reigu of
It is just
cli it is a
il (if resi-
led ill ^ll'\v
ciilK'd 'i'lie
jireju'lu'r is
i'lit inviu'li-
rsiiil.. HulT-
n iirji )rt-
•iieted. It
it,- exislenee
of tliedvii-
lOiivs it iiiis
arciit seeil
lie of tliiil
itotl t(i hotii
I'lise owes its
ovks wliieli
Tlie oilier
iiid prosfier-
ous. Albar.y, tiio capital of tiie state, is an old and
populous city, the head of navigation on tlie Hud-
son River. 1^'ive miles above it is Troy, which is a
great center for stove manufactures and lumber.
Utiea, Lockport, Hingliamtoii, Elmira, Aul)urn,
Poughkeepsie, Oswego, Saratoga Springs, Ogdeiis-
burg, Yonkers, Newburg. Scheiiectiuly, Home, East
New York, Kingston, Cohoos aud Flushing are
thrifty minor cities. But with all its urban snlendor,
the State of New York is greatest aud best lus
the home of a vast and highly intelligent agricult-
ural population.
NORTH CAROLINA.
Nortli Carolina claims to hav>^ sounded the key-
note of Ameriean Independence, and the claim luu-,
foundation. The MecUcniiurg Deeiiiration of Inde-
penlence dates had. more than a yeai-i)rior to the
declaration adopted liy the (Jontiuental Congress.
It was ill eirect a jietition to Coiigre.>Js in favor of
nationality. The action of Coiii^ress was ratilied
by North Carolina in le.-js tiian a iiioiiMi. A staU;
organization was cUccted in Deceiiiiier folio ■■."li,'.
The constitution of the United States was rejected
by .\ortii Carolina once, bill later it roiunirred in its
ratilicaticn. The seirssion Mioveinent found the
"Old N irlli" much divided in sympalliy, and it re-
ipiired si'veral cllorts to secure a vote in favor (d'
secession. The ordinance was i)a.-ised in May. ItSiil.
The state was restored to the Union in the summer
of ISCiS. Its principal city is Wiliiiiiigton on tlio
seaboard. Raleigh is the capital. Mefore the war
t!-.T Jniversity of North Cjiroliii.i, founded at Cliapid
Hill, in lT',i;i, was a lloiirisliing inslilution, Imt- it
has been feeble ever since. It v.as closed from the
outbreak ot the war until 187r>. The state produces
rice, tobacco, cotton, jieanuts. '..u- and turpen-
tine. IVfore the discovery < . I he California nikiies
its gold-mines were worked to a eoiisideralile ex-
tent. Coal and iron ari' abundant in sonic por-
tions of llie stai.e, al-in nuea of Llie best tpialily ;mii1
wliiih is in great demand.
OREGON.
Oregon ia the most remote state of the Union, and
the least frecpientetl. It is between the parallels of
4-^<' and4()" 18' of latitude, and longitudes llti" Xi'
and I'J-l" a.")'. The voyage from San Francisco to
Portland, its commercial capital, as Salem is its po-
liticsd, is long and dangerous. 'I'he state has thr<K)
well-ilelined divisions, the western, middle and east-
ern. The western 01 coast division is well watered
and arable ; the middle division is arid and uninvit-
ing, and the eiustern abounds in high mountains and
fertile valley.s. The best part of the state is the de-
lightful Willamette Valley. Considerable gold has
been washed from the sands of Oregon and some
(inariz-miniiig carried on. It is an excellent coun-
try for wheal and livestock. It has .several colleges,
the I'acitic being the oldest and the Willamette tlio
largest. The Territory of Oregon was organized in
IS-lii. inchuling then the present Territory of Wash-
iugt-on. Ten years later it was admitted as a state.
The war with the Modoc Iiuliaiis in IST'.! was fought
within the limits of Oregon.
OHIO.
Ohio was oueo pco|iled by Indians possessing some
civilization. They lived by bread, rather than game,
and cultivated the .soil in preference to following tlio
trail. They built mounds which still attest their
.skill in eugine"rinLr and the largeness of their con-
ceptions. Hut by the li"ie the region began to bo
settled by while pioneers the iniialiitants were .sav-
ages, with only faint traces of civilization. The first
scltleinent was iiiade at .Marietta in 11SS by a colony
from New Kiigland. Cincinnati was fmnded later in
tl'.(^sanie year. \'irtriiiia. Massachusetts, New York
and Connecticut all laid claim to the countrv,tlie for-
, oil -
5)TV*
i I Si's;'
l|. ■■■.J ,-;;.,
(■'■ ..
.a S>
r
614
STA'i"i:s AND 'i'i:RRri"(;Kii:s oi' the UNirici) srATi:s.
iiicr hiivinir tlui husL claim, Llio l;ilt,i!r t.hi^ least.. 'I'licy
ullsiirrciidorcil tliuiruliiinis, ex(c|)t ( 'oiiiit'ctiuiil.whicli
liulil (111, [)iuliiilly, to Uw iiortliwusi, coi-iiur of Oliio,
known iis tilt' W't'sliwii UtiscTvo. 'I'lu! Norl,li\vi's(. 'I'cr-
rilon WHS orLCiiiiizud in IT.SS, willi 'iciicu'iil Si. ('hiir
who liiui liccii I'rt'.sidont. of tlic Coiit.inont.al
( 'oniTcss, us tirst irovcrnor. 'I'lio onlinancu es-
taMisliini,' tilt) 'IViTit, iry forever prohihitoil slavery,
and set apart for eilii<'atioi;al j)iir|)osi's a jiortioii of
Llie [)iil)lie domain, on a policy wliicli lias always hei 11
dependence of tlu; [leople. In some portions of the
state irrapes are raised in ininiense ipiantities, espe-
cially in the virinity of lake Miie. There is a L(reat
ileal of inanufactuiing industry. 'I'he larjro cities,
( 'iiicinnati and (Meveland os|)ecially, are extunsiveiy
t'n;;a:fed in all. sorts of inuniifac.'liires using iron ami
wood. 'I'he state has a very htrije number of col-
leges, most (<f' them merely academies, ( )herlin and
.Vntioeli heing k'st known, 'i'lio state has produced
some eminent men, Thoinas Corwin, the groat ora-
V UF CIXCINNATI.
adhereil to in the orgaiii/.;itioii of tcrriloru's. The
stale, umler the name of Ohio, wis admitted to the
rnioii in iMDi. i''roin a geographical point of view
Kansas is the central slate of the rnion. hut 1 1
practical matters Ohio is really the cc, iir.al state.
Ii is I'iith and prosjicrous in a prc-cmincntr degree.
It li;is no mountains, neither is it a prairie state It
is a fulling lalilclaiid, admiriihly adapted, j'oi' t he
iiiosl part, to agi'indturc. It ahoiinds in coal, and
in the southern part are fiiiind immense deposits of
iron, i'ciridcuni has also heci' fnund in lar.;'ci|uaii-
tities. Wheat, corn and livstock are the main
tor, Salmon 1'. (Jhase, statesman and jurist, .losliua
li. (iiddings, stati'sman, and .lames A. (iaitirld. sol-
dier and statesman. It, is also the home of i'lx-l'resi-
dent Hayes and the hirthplace of the three great
soldiers of the rnion, (Jraiit, Sherman and Sheridan.
(Niluinhns is the capital. i'olilically it is almost
evenly dividcil. hut generally goes llepuhlican. The
native American (demenl is largidy composed nf
New l'!iiglanders, nr descc'idants of the I'liritaiis.
i^etween this part of the population and the large
(ierman elenn'iil there i^ a sharp antagonisin 011
sumptuary and Sahhatic legislation.
ions i)f lliii
.itios, cs|iii-
u is ii '^Wiil
■M'<io citic'S,
oxtuiisivuiy
icr irnii ilinl
ilior of c'ol-
)lH'rliM iiiiil
IS prodiHT'il
l; jTroiit orii-
irist, .lusliuii
ilaitit'lii. siil-
ol' Kx-i'n'si-
llirer •J.vva\
ml SlicriiiiUi.
il, is iiiiiiiisl
Mii;;in. 'I'lir
•(IlllllllSCli 111'
iir I'lirilans.
11(1 llic larirc
,iilfniiisin nil
4^|o
siAiics AM) 'ii:rki'I(jriics ok tiiic UNrrici) statics.
^>i5
PENNSYLVANIA.
Ill iiiiportiini^e. liisloriciiliiiid iictiiiil.tiici^reiitStiilc
of I'eiiiisyivaniii is tlio |icur of Virgiiiia, .Massaciiu-
setts and New York. It lias a lari^c aroaaiid tlio ro-
gions not adajitod to a.i,'ricuiltiiro ahouiul in t;oal,[)liiti-
is till! (;a[iital. 'I'lio Wyoniiiii; N'alloy is iiictiircsiiiic,
furlili' and })oimloiis. i'liiladidpliia was, for tlio
most jiart, the I'ajiital of tlie counlry during the
jieriod of slrii^Lrlc with iMi^flaiid. 'I'he ^real hat lie
of (iettyshiirg was foiii,dil, on the soil of I'ennsyl-
vaiiia. The slate is i.iore famous for its jtroinineiico
ill imlilie alTairs and I'or its wealth than for its inllu-
eiiceiii'')!! the intellectual (levelopiiient of the nation.
In the domain, however, of iirofessioiial treatises,
lei^al and med-ieal, es^ieeially the latter, it, hasexoellrd.
(iirard C()llei,'e, the niimitleent j^ift of Stephen (li-
rard, is the most notable of its institutions. It has
niiin or iron, which irreatly enli;ince the value of thi^
surroiiiidiiiir araide land. Nearly ^ll per cent, of the
entii'i! land area of the state is under cull isalioii,
including; the fenced woodland. Anthracite coal is
a I'ennsylvania monopoly. l''rom tweiilv-tive to
thirty millions of tons are .■onsu;iied e\ery year, all
from a few eastern eoiiiilies. in \\'e>lcrii I'emisyl-
vaiiia hitumiiioiis coal is found and mined. I'eiro-
leimi is found in a few places in Ohio, am! a lit lie
in Now ^'ork, hut t,he supply nearly all eou,-'^ from
Western I'eiiusylvania. I'hiladelphia, once the most,
important city on the continent, is now second onlv
to New 'ork. It is larireiv <le\(iled to manufactnr-
an endowment, includmi!; tlu! cost, of the Iniildinu's.
of >!-i.(lll(t.UUO. The oldest c
e::e in the state is
iIk! Ciiiversity of l'eim.~ylvania. wliich dales from
IM'.t. Like (lirard (JoUeLic. it is lociiird at, I'hila-
delphia. When the iicvolut ioiiary War lieu'an, t hat,
I'ity \va~ an iiiiportaiil cciilei' of scieiilitic rcseai'cli,
l>a\id liitteiiliouse heinif hardly less famous at, that
tiiiK! for his astronomi(.'al oh.^ervalinns and ealeula-
t ions than l^'raiiklin for his ex tier i men ts in cli'ctricii v.
1"
I'oliiical and iiiilitarv cxiL^'cncies arresie(l seicniil
IC
I in iirn
There are si'clions of the count rv wheri!
the inhaliitants speak only (iermaii, all hoiiLdi their
ancestors came to i hi- louiiiry .~e\eral Lreiierat ions
injf now. I'itlsliurudi ill l he western portion of iIk! : aijo. They are called Dunkers. They are simple in
state is ttie iron capital of the country, llarrislmi':^' | hahits and siiiLTularly free from vice and indigeiiee.
'^
S"
I!»K'* , ..IV... '
ISli^^V^-l
llj'i
i
6i6
STATKS AND TEKKITORIES OK THK UNITED STATES.
&>
JH^
RHODE ISLAND.
Hhodu Island is the amiillost state in tlio Union,
but Narrai^ansett Hay extenil.s in sueh a way as to
give tlie state a water frontage of .'5r)0 miles. The
soil is not very good. About ouo-fourth of it is still
covered with forests. The state is largely devoted
to nianufaetures, more especially cotton, woolen
and worsted goods, also jewelry. Providence is its
leading city. Newport isfanu)usas a summer resort
for the wealthy of New York, Boston and other parts
of the country. Its villas are noted for their elegance
and lu.Tury. Newport aspireil, a century ago, to rivalry
i" commercial importance with Hoston and New
York. The commodore api)ointed by tiie Continental
Congress to take eliarge of the American navy was
Hopkins of Rhode Island. Paul Jones was a Uhoile
Islander. So too was (ieneral (ireeue, one of the
bravest and ablest of the IJevolutionary generals.
Tlie stale was the last of the thirteen to accept tiie
national constitution, not coming into liie I'nion
until May -.".I, IV.IU. In tlie war of .USl-> a Rhode
Isiamler won renown, Commodore I'ei'ry, and most
of his men were from tiie same state. In both wars
with Kngland Rhode Island jirivatcers rendered im-
portant service. The constitution of the state re-
stricts sulTrage to jiroperty holders and tax payers or
'''()se who may have iK'rformcd military service dnr-
i.'it; the year. The legislature joeets twice a year.
''iMwn T'niversity is the only coik'ge in the state.
It dates from 1 Tiio. It is under tiic auspices of the
Baptist denomination, and is liberally endowed luul
largely i»atronized.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Soutii Carolina is triangu]:ir in shape, lying be-
tween North Carolina, (ieorgia, Tennessee and the
Atlantic (►cean. It has an area of ;{4,()00 sfjuaro
miles. It is well adapted to grain-raising and cot-
ton-planting. The islands along the coast are nu-
merous and produce jieeuliarly good cotton. Kice
is raised on a very large scale in tiie lowlamls of the
state. Thi^ palmetto, a spticies of tiic palm, is the
distinguishing tree of the state. There are tiiree
])orts of entry in South Carolina, CiiarlcsiiMi, Hcau-
fort and (ieorgetown. The former was once a more
important city than I'hiladeiphia or New York,
but it lost its pre-eminence long ago. Columl)ia
is the capital, and it is tlicre that the State
University, the only pr()S|terous higher institution of
learning in the state, is located. South (!arolina
was elTective in support of the patriot cause in the
Revolutionary War, jirompt to ratify tiie constitu-
tion and join in cementing tiie Union, but it was the
lirst state to secede. In ISlKJ it attempted to break
uj) theUnionandon the very day that {'resident Lin-
coln was elected the governor of the state issued a
call for a meeting of the legislature for the purpose
of .seceding. The ordinance of secession was passeil
December 20, ISdo, and in June, IS(18, the state was
restored to the Union.
TENNESSEE.
Tenne.ssee first comes to view as Washington
County, North Carolina, in the Revolutionary period.
In nSo tiie settlers concluded to organize as a state
under the name of I'Vanklin. North Carolina re-
fused to sanction this movement, but in 1181) it
ceded the region to the United States, and the next
year the Territory of Tennes.see was organized. In
ITlKJ it was admitted into the Union as a state.
Kno.xville was the lirst capital. The state seceded
in May, IStil. It was restored to the Union in
ISOd. The stale is well supplied with coal, iron
and marble. The latter is iilack, gray, red and
variegated, very beautiful and abundant, but dilli-
ciilt of access. The country is uneven, often mount-
ainous, but tiie soil is usually good and tiie crops
liberal. Memphis, on the Missi.ssi})i)i River, is the
lO siiuiiro
iiiid cot-
t are mi-
)u. l{ii;o
uils ut tho
111, is tlio
iiro tliroo
Lou, IW'iiu-
icc ii more
low York,
(Joluiiihiii
t,lic State
titiition of
1 Caroliiiii
iiise ill tlio
10 oonstitu-
, it was tlio
3(1 to break
sideiit Liii-
iite issuc'd a
tlie piirposo
was passed
lie state was
IVashingtou
liiary iierioii,
]o as a. state
aroiina re-
in ITS'.) it
jid tiie next
laiii/.od. In
as a state.
|ale seceded
riiioii in
coal, iron
LV, red and
it, but dilli-
'teii luount-
d the crops
liver, is the
^ Jq -»-
STATES AND TKRUITOUIKS OK THi: UNITKD STATES.
617
largest city in tlie state, and Xashvillo, the ca|)ital,
ranks next. The principal seat of learning is Van-
derhilt Universilv at Nashville, founded bv Coni-
tricd to prevent the secession of the state, but failed.
It went out of the Union in ISC! and did not
get back a'Min until nine vears later. During the
L
•m ^I'v
i;
m
m
Mii.
:;';f;r;
'm§
i
<* »^
6iS
STATKS AM) rKKKITOKIlCS oK THIC UXITKD STA'l'ICS.
who ('(nislitutu tliu iiiiiiii lnxly nf the! iiiliiibitunts.
'I'hcy aro .Mormons, oi' '• FjiilLor-tluy Saints," be-
Hoviu;^ ill |iolyi:;aiiiy uh u diviuo itistitutiou and
.FosL'|ili Smith, a mitivo of ^'^'llllollt, as an inspirod
ijiiiili', Thuy liavu a hihlc wliicli liii'y rucoived
tliroiiv''ii him. He atli'mjiti'd to cslahlish a comiiui-
iiity in Nauvoo, liHnoi-;, wiiicli shniiid Ini a tiieocracy
\'-itiiin astute. He was UiliiMl in 1S4-1, and his fol-
lowers drivtMi ojit of the state. Tliey crossed tlie
Mississippi and imsiu'd westward to (Jonncil Blntl's,
oppositu Omalia. intendini; to estahlisli tlicmselves
tliere. remote from wiiite settlements. But after de-
liberation and iiive.«li::alioii it was deeidi'd to leave
the United States and found a theoeraey in the
wilds of Northern Mexieo. 'I'lie valley about Salt
Lake was chosen as their retival. and in 1.S47 t hi'y
took up tiieir residence there. Hardly bad they
done so before the region became a part of the
United States, and (joiiLrress oru-anized the Terri-
tory of Utah. That ,
was in lsr)U. J^riif-
hani ^'oiinj^, the suc-
cessor of Smith, was
made Ltovernor. lie
held the otlii'C four
years. Since then the
trnvci'nment has ap-
poihli'd ••u'eiitile"i;'ov-
eniors. Conjjfress has
l)assed several laws
against polygamy, the
latest, known as the
Edmund's l)ill, being
now before the Su-
preme Court of the
United States with a
view to testing its
constitutionality. An
election lias been held
nndcr it. Tiie enemies
of the Mormons pre-
dietetl that the poojile would resi,-t the law, iiut on
tlie contrary it is being faithfully oI)servcil pending
the trial uf its validity. The Territory derives its
name from the Ute tribe of Indians. Salt iiakc
City, the capital, is a tlirifty city. It contains the
great tabernacle of the .Mornums, with a seating
capacity of 7,000 or 8 000. Utah is very rich in
precious minerals, liut the Mormons contine their
great tabernacle of the Mormons, with a seating
capacity of 7,1)00 or S,(IU((. Utah is very rich in
precious minerals, but the .Mormons conliiu! their
industry to agrionlture. i'lie bind has to be irriga-
ted. The Mormons are very anxious to be admitted
as a state, and (crtainly Utah has ample popula-
tion. It has applied for admission as Deserett.
Women are allowed to vote in that territorv.
VERMONT.
Verinont deserved to be one of the original thir-
teen states, but was not admitted to the Union until
March, IT'.)!. It be-
SAI.T I.AKT-; CITY— Monnon Tcniplo on tlio Ri-^tit.
gau to be settled im-
mediately after the
i''rench war of IT'").")
-oS, by 2)ioneers from
New Ilanipshire. In
a few years there were
scttlemc-its from Xew
^'ol■k, also fniMi Mas-
saclnisetls. l'"rom ITI ',
until ndmilted to the
I'nion, \ erinont mav
be said to have iii'en
entirely iiide[)endent.
The people were de-
voted patriots. I'll ban
Allen and Set h War-
ner with their ■•( Ireen
Mountain l>ii\s.'' dis-
tinguished lliemsehes
at Tico;idcripga. The
itat-lle of ISennington
also atti!sls tlie bravi'ry of the N'erinonters. The
state is almost wholly given to aLn'icnlture ; maii-
iifacturing being 111 lie eullivated. The (u'cen
.Mountains constitute its b:n'kbone. The stale
has two c<dleges of some standing among the highei'
institutions of learning, tlie University of N'ermont
at Hiirlington, ami .Middleliury College, Middlebiiry.
Rutland, St. .Vlbaiis and St. Johnslmrv are the
•y rii'li ill
iliiu! the'ir
he irriga-
• luliiiitteil
lo p()j)iila-
1 Deseit'tt.
jrv.
*^
rigiiuil tliir-
UuiiHi until
<.ll. It be-
RCl'lod iui-
iifter tlio
Viir of IT')'>
ii incurs from
mi^liiru. In
rs tliere wore
s from Xow
from Mas-
I'nnu i'l I I
Iti'il to tho
vniont may
liavu lii'on
idopeniK'nt.
If Wi'W ilc-
iots. Kllian
Si'th War-
heir "(iri'iMi
r.dvs."" dis-
l ihcmsi'lvrs
lcrni;:i. The
l)ennin,i:'ton
mlrrs. 'riie
Iture; mau-
The (ireen
Tlie state
no- the lii.Lilier
(if Vernioni
, Miilillehury.
)iirv arc the
i
STATKS AND TICUUrroKII'-S Ol' THIC UNiri;i) STATICS,
(>\ij
prini'lpal towns of the stale, ami Mont jieHer the eap-
itiil. It luis tlie li(ini)V of liein^ repi'esenteil in the
Senate of tlie riiileil Slates hy (Jeo. 1-'. Ivhnnmls.
U was llie ijirlhjiiace of the jpotit Saxe.
VIRGINIA.
If no si)Oeilie mention were made in tills connec-
tion of N'iri^inia. or the "Ojil DMminioii," it would
of lireakin^jlho jiulitic.d solidity of the South. When
llichmoiid ceased to Ik^ the (ii|iital of t'le Confed-
eracy, and iiCe irave \\\> his swonl, \ iririnia suh-
sided. On the I'lth of A|)ril, IStil, it seceded, and
it ilid not. re^MJii its fooiliolil in ihi' liiion as an in-
dt'licndciit, self-u'overnin:,' stale mil il .laimary, IS III.
Iiiclimoiid is the slate capital and tlie chief city of
t.lie state, wilh Norfolk and rclersliiirLf nc\t. As
early as Itl'.i:!, the collej^c of William and Mary was
founded; \\ ashinLjlon and Lee I'liivcrsily in IMH;
llamiidca Sidney in K1."i, and I'liiversiiy of \'ir-
Ll'inia in is-.'."). The stati; has always laUcn com-
mimdalile inlercsl, iii education. The jilantations
were so lar^je and the iiojuilatioii so scattered as to
render imiiracticalile tlui conimon sclio(d svslcm
■;t ill till a lariie place in tin- American de|iartment of j of the .North, hut as the land is lieiiiL? divided, and
this volume, so jirominent was it in (Joloiii;
ii
evohitioiia
It anil
rv davs, and duriiiif the lirsi centurv of
the ncirroes are now a |>arl of •• 1 1
III' iieojiii
lieo|ilc. Jill
ilic
schoids are liCLrinnin'j; lo llourish. The stale coiilaiii-
some coal am
'I'lic soil is i.reneriiUv Ljood,
am
llie cliniaic uiild. Toliacco has al
wavs iM'cn llie
llie licjiulilic. l''roiii HiOi, when the lirst perma-
nent i'lnnlish selllemeiit was made on American
soil upon the hanks of llie .lames Kixer, until tlio i It adiiiLr staple of ihe slate, (ieueral fariniiii,'-
close of the war between the .North and I he South, ' he carried on to advantaLrc as nearly all grains and
nearly two hiindred and sixlv years later, N'irjfinia , ,:fras.-es thrive there, (iold has hceii discovered in
was almost constiuitly at llic front. Siiiceihat time , ri('li (piartz within the limits of the slate: but, ihii
it h.is not been specially proiii inenl , except as made j far. I he mines have never lieen worked lo advaiilaLie
conspicuous in poiiu
lies liv the "lieaii
jiisler,-
led hy V
irLTinia is vcrv iirmul o
f its recori
<5"
Senatt)r Mahone, who is ur;^ed forward in the liou! It is familiarlv known as "The Old I)
77
ami justly su.
oininion."
ffi
If
";■ '.if:':.
Llv' i !' ■'
VBmiaiiaLmi'-'' .f m
ilH-
*'!(
.^a
620
STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
WASHINGTON TERRITORY.
Wiisliinj^tou Territory is tiio oxtroiiie norllnro.st
(oxuopt Aliisku) of tiic Uiiitud Status, liaviiii^ Brit-
ish Cdliitnltiii on tlio iiortli, Idiiiio on the oast, Ore-
gon on tiie soiitii and tiio I'acilic Ocean on the west.
It was once known as liie I'uj^ot Scnind liufrion. It
was visited l)y Lewis and Clark in USir>. The Hud-
son Hay Company tried to seize and ajjprofiriate it
in 1^28, Tiie territory was orijani/.ed in IS.JIJ. Its
jin^'-jni boi'.iiduries were fixed ten years hiter. It
contains some yold an<l a great deal of coal, hut its
chief attractions are its fertile wJieat-lands and broad
pastures. 'I'lie climate on tiie ^■■kiM, is si fleiied hy
warm sea breezes. Olyinpia i> llie ei\|)ital. Willi
the Ncrthern i'acifu; railroad (.■omplelcd, it is ex-
pected that Wa.-liingtou Territor}', thus far slow to
develop, will rapidly lill up with agriculturists.
peojilo in the mountainous northwest portion of the
state remained loyal to the Union. Tiiey had long
wanted to oseaiie from \'irginia and form a separate
state, uud the opportunity was then afforded for do-
ing so. In .Iiiiie, LStil, stei)S were taken for effect-
ing a state organization, and two years later West
A'irginia came into the Union. >iearly two-thirda
of the state is covereil with the original forest.
Wheeling, the capital and chief city, is a great cen-
ter for iron works. The state is largely indebted to
its ir'iM and coal for its ^)rosperity. The state of ^'ir-
ginia insists tiiat West \'irgiiiia -should assume its
pro[)ortioii of the old state debt, but West S'irginia
is notdisi)osed to entertain the proposition, and there
is 110 way to compel the state to pay any part of that
oliligalioii, nor is there the slightest jirospect of any
change .)f opinion on the subject.
VIEW OF MILWA'TKEE. V. ISilON'SiN'
WEST VIRGINIA.
West\'irginia is an olfshoot from N'irgiiiia. Wiien
j the hitter joined the Confederacy a majority of tiie
WISCONSIN.
As early as li;:)i) a wiiilo setiiemen! was made at
(ireen Hay. That was the beginning of civilization !
-i)\\
■: ■ ■ r:
^
n of the
liiid lonj:f
, so[)iiriito
(I for do-
or efEcct-
tur West
wo-thirds
111 forest.
;ruiit ceii-
lebtud to
,to of Vir-
ssiiiuo its
, Vir^'iiiia
and tlicro
[irt of tliiit
cct of any
^
ip»J,;
US luiide at
civilization
STATES AND TKKKITOKIKS OK THE UNITKD S 1' ATKS.
621
in Wiscoiiwiu. But no prcHcnt ooiinoctioii can bo
traced Iwtwcen the French missions of tiio 17tli
ctintiiry and tlic modern state. 'J'lic territory was
orj^anized in IHIIO, and included the extreme iiortli-
Mi'st, in a somewiiat vaj^iio way. Two years later
AVisionsin was admitted to the Union with ifs pres-
ent l)oundaries. It has Illinois on tlie soutii, JjaUe
Micliif^an and tlie State of Michiifan on tiie east,
Lake Sujterior on the north, and Minnesota and
Iowa on tlie west. The state is very uneven in tiie
ciiara(tter of its soil, iiaving much ^^lod farminj^
land and some barren sand-lields. The lumlicr
tracts are extensive and very valuable. .Milwaukee,
once a rival of Chicago and still an imiH)rtant city, is
tlie principal center of business in the state. Madi-
son is tiie eajtital. The poi)ulatioii, ori^nnjiHy^ ^^as
composed of jiioneers from Mew Knj^land and New
York. Of late years a great many Scandinavians
and (iermans have settled in the slate. I^akes of
great lieauty aliound. 'i'he country is rolling. The
state has at its capital a university uinler state con-
trol which ranks among the great institutions of
learning. Wisconsin has .several imiwrtant rivers,
which have been and are still of great advantage
for milling and commercial imrposes. The chief of
these are the Wisconsin, the (Jliipjiewa, and the
Fox. The former and latter are connected by a
canal. Immense (piantities of pine logs are lloated
down these rivers and niauufactured into lumber
upon their banks.
WYOMING TERRITORY.
Wyoming Territory is at the foot of the list of
states and territories in every resiHJct. With an urea
of nearly lOO.OlM) scpiare miles, it has almost no land
at all adapted to agriculture. The sparse biinch-
gra.ss of its plains affords jjasturage for cattle. Chey-
enne, its capital, is the only town witliin its limits of
any considerable magnitude. It is a great (;etitcr
for the cattle trade and shipment of the plains.
The territory wiis organized in 18<i8. There is some
coal along and near the Union I'acilic railroad. The
JS'ational I'ark forms the extreme northwest corner
of Wyiiming. That is the region of geysers so
wonderful tiiat Congress by specific legislation
reserved the tract as a publi lomain forever. It
comprises an area of ,'J,.")7o s(|uare miles. >Io
other equal area contains so many natural phenom-
ena of interest. " There are more hot springs and
geysers in this area," says Ilayden, "than iii all the
remainder of the world besides."
Having now considered ali)habeticaliy the several
states and territories of the United States, it only
remains to add tiiat the combining of so many es-
sentially independent commonwealths in one nation
is no longer an experiment, and every vestige of hos-
tility to the union of the states luis disappeared, be-
longing exclusively to historical, in distinction from
actual America.
* ' '(At'
i^
|':pr-i'*;; ;■'
fA.
H-i-
■ ''V »''■
■l-.r
■i;^'' ti . ' '
r'-
';';:;|!:,:,,
Iv,
'I, ■ ,!j!:j
r:
.::;;;i-|..:;
:'» ■
jfc_-
]
T—r
*
+<■
+♦■
+f
-ff
■n-
+*•
+♦■
+>
■♦*•
■»«■
+♦•
++
-n-
-K-
•v + f •i-i- -»i''»-*'fi-i-i'i-i'i'-1''»i'1'i- 1 -i-
-<;?^>- ■*'^>/^Ak\-''^'^- ''>^i- /jI2N •S^''- •"•>^'^-
.1. 1. .(. X J. .(. ■!• f + ■»• •' I • <■ ■•• •' ■'• I I ■>■ ■>■ -I- -I- I- .). + * k- -^ 4-
,>^ : ^^^^B^SmnSS^I II II I lltlllKIMPil , •>■;
•'.V, -^ ^ — ] TllK KIllST AMKIIK AN l.(K UMI >TI V K, " V^
■</j\v •<f^y xxy ■<fji^y ■^/t>v x^^y "^^v -^r/isy
-• «-
-t (-
*.*; + «#**♦"
AMERICAN
■* y^t^-* Y -^r -y -Y ■* *
. ii!:
^INVENTIONS AND
INVENTORS.
^
^M" ♦♦♦#*• ♦ ♦«♦♦»«** »♦»♦»»»»» •♦*/
/^//^^^A
4>
4+
4+
•M-
-H-
+ 4- •)■ + + + 4. + + + .4. 4 .4. •)• .4. + I- -4. .4- .4. .4- -1. ^4. .4. .1 .4- .1. .(. .4. 4. 4 .4- + .4. + ^ -l -4. A .4. 4. .4. + 4. .4- -^ ■4- -i + .4- + 4. + + 4. ;i:
CHAPTER L XXXV 1 1
TlIK Cl)S9TITlTTII)S ANI> I'ATKNT I{4cl4l T-» — I'll K r^TKNI' SVTKM IN KXllT.ASI)— t '.H.IINI AI. I'aTKN.M
— STKAMSIIII'S ami U>>IIKItT I'll.TDN — Till-: I'aTENT OKniK -WlllTNKV AM) TllK (.'DTTUN (ilN —
" .VssEMIlI.INIl" AND TllK .VMKUICAN WaTI'II — .1 KTIIU1> Wllllll ANI> TUB Pl.llW — TlIB ^'lIl^'T
LiMclMnTIVE AM) I'KTKIl (,'lllll'KU -'I'llK LaTHK— < ilNrt AND KKVDI.VKUS — KllIK KNCIINK^ AND
Al.AltM Am llllAKK -AmKHIivS I'ltKstES— ScaI.KS AND SaFKS —Kl.Kl TllK ITV —TllK SKHINO
.Mai IIINK — MdWKIlS and UkaPKUS— UddDYKAU and iNDlA-lilllllKIt— An.kstiiktii> — .IlllIN
Emiss'is— ICads and the St. l.uiiis Hiiii)(.K-rnK Hddt C'iii.mi'EI'.— I'iib Steam Hammeh—
The liiiAss c'un k— liuisuN anu tlis Isvemiuni-.
!^*^-3^f>^
HE Ldiistitutioii of tlio Uni-
ted Stiites provides that "the
CV)iiifn'.''s sliiiU liavo power
to promote the progress of
seieiice iiiici u.-^efiil arts, by
securing, for limited times,
to authors and inventors
tiie e.xchisivi"'i'.'-lit to tiieirrespeet-
ive writings anil diseoverie.^." To
that recognition of tlie right of
property in ideas is tiie United
State.-' very largely indelited for its
])resent jire-eminencu among the
nations of the earth.
G^i^^^^y^S "' Mr. Charles lieode was not ro-
V^^NS^V' nnmeing, i)Ut stating moderately a
great fact, when he said, " Europe
teems with the nnitcrial products
of American genius. American patents print En-
glish newspapers and sew Englishmen's shirts. A
Briton goes to his work by American clocks and is
warmed by American stoves. In a word, America
is the leading nation in all nnitters of material in-
vention and construction, and no other nation rivals
or approaciies it." The reference here is solely to
the United States, and the same, it Tuay be added,
#^
will be true throughout the current chapters.
The patent system is very old. Faint traces of
it are to be found in ancient history, but so very
faint as to be almost indistingnisiuiiile. In modern
times it is first found in England. Tne common
law grants to the sovereign the right to issue letters
jiatent for mon ipolies in inventions and otlier
things. What is called in the written law of En-
gland the " Statute of Monopolies," designed to
ciieck abuses of a grievous nature in the exercise of
the royal prerogative lierein, is regarded as tiie basis
of ])atent law in this country also. The earliest
recorded jiatent in the world goes back to the times
of Edwanl III. That king granted a patent to
'■ two friars and two aldermen " for a piiilosopher's
stone. 'I'liiis curiously blended are the absurd con-
ceits of the past with the soliil acquisitions of the
present.
TMie earliest [latent in Americn was issued in 1G41
by tiie (Jeneral Courtof the (Jolony of Massachusetts.
It granted to Samuel Winslow the exclusive right
for ten years to ii.sc a certain specitied jirocess
in making salt. The next patent was eleven years
later. One John Clark was allowed a royalty of ten
shillings from every family which should uso his
niethotl of " saving wood and warming houses at
(622)
m-i^
r
+ 4- + + ^ :\:
•*• ■^ •*• •* -^ 'Hi
t chapters.
it tnu'L's of
jut so very
In iiioilerii
10 (■iiunuon
ssiie letters
ill 111 ( it her
hiw of Kii-
desijiiiod to
exercise of
as the hiisis
The earUest
to the times
a i)ateiit to
lilosopher's
ahsunl eoii-
tioiis of tlic
sued in I'J'il
assaehusetts.
;hisive riglit
itied process
eleven yeara
oyalty of ten
)uld use his
11 ij houses at
AMKRICAN INVICNTIONS AM) I W KNTOKS.
623
little cost." (iovernor Wintliro|t's son, .loiin, took
out in 1050 u iiatunt for a proceH.s for inakinj^ sail.
Connoutieiit has a very creilitable ])at*.'nt record.
In U'lT'i that colony passed a law that, " Iheio shall
he no monopolies uranli'd aiiion;^ us hut of such
now inventions as shall he judged j)rofilahle and for
the henetit of tho country, and for such time as the
(ienoral Ut)urt shall jud;,'e meet." Under this law
a monopoly in steel-inakin^ was;_q'anie(l to two per-
sons in IT'iS. Very little attenliim was paid to pat-
ents, however, during tho colonial perioil, und the
only groat American inventor of
that jieriod, I'Vauklin, never
sought any monopoly on his light-
ning rod.
The lirst jiatont of the I'nited
States, under the lirst law hased
on tho constitutional provision
([uoted, ln'ars date of duly :il,
IT'.iu, the same year in which tlie
law itself was enacted. It ran to
Samuel Hopkins, and related to
making pot and pearl ashes.
'I'liert! were two other patents, also
of trivial importance, granti'd
that year. At the present lime
tho issue is at the rate of more
than •^(),()(»(l per annum. It is
in I'm, that we an^ alTorded a
glimpse of the great future in
store for Anieri(;an ingenuity.
The niimher of patents granted
VOLNG I'HANKLIN.
which steam acts on holli sides of the )iiston. llu
also nnulo the steam -condenser, tho governor, tlio
walking-l)oam, applied tho lly-wlieel, and nearly all
tho jiarts »)f the imMlern engine, lie waslmrn IT^hi,
died ISl'.t. lie made a rotary sleam-engine in ITS'.',
and patented a locomotive engine in lls-l. In lS(i|.
Trevitiiick and N'ivian o|K'rated a locomotive which
traveled live miles an lioiir. with a loatl of ten tons.
Cook, in ls(i>', used tixed <iiginos with rojios to draw
railway-cars. Ulachettand iledley, in I >i Pi, discov-
ered that smooth locomotive wheels mi^dit- hi! used
, on railways, instead of toothed
wheels and toothcil rails hefore
ro(piire(l. (ieorge Stevenson, js-i,"),
nnide railway locoinoiion success-
ful hy adapting the locomotive to
varialilc speeds ami loads, hy
mean- of hi< hlast-piiio, and hy
introihicing tiie liii)iilar hoiler,
which latter was siigge.-led to him
iind iiiNciiled hy Mootli, ls-,".i,
Octoher i>. is-.",i, I III' famous coni-
(letilive trial of jocomoiiMs on
the Liverpool and .Manchester
I'ailwav took plan , which c-tah-
iislu'd the superiority of Steven-
son's jocomolives, and inaugu-
rated tlu' art of railway commu-
nieatiou. The JirsJ steamhoat
actually emjiloyed in husiness was
a small vi'ssol hiult hy .lolin Kitch
of I'ennsvlvania, IV.io, worked
rose to thirty-one, and ineludeil six patents to
dames liumsay and one to John Fitch of Philadel-
phia, relative to steam-engines and steamships.
From that jioint dates, properly, .\meriea's entry
u[>on the Held of steam utilization. We Iind in a
reference hook issueil hy the Srini/ilir Amrrlcdii a
hrief statement of the history of the sti'am-engine
which may well Iind plai'C hero. It is as follows:
'* I'apin, of France, was the first (in lOiiO) toojwr-
ate a piston hy steam, which acted only on one side
of tho piston. He also invented tho safety-valve.
He was horn l(l,-)0, died KIO. Savory, IGitT, ilrst
emjiloyed steam power in doing useful w(U'k. Hi.s
piston, like I'ajiin's. took steam on one side only,
the pressure of tiie atmospli'.;-e heing admitted to
tho other side. James Watt Wiis the lirst to make
tho comi)lote steam-engine, or the existing forms in
4-
(Ml the Delaware; speed, TJ miles i)er hour. IJohort
Fulton's .steamhoat, tho Ckninint, made her first
trip from New York to Albany, August, ls()7;
speed, live miles [tor liotir."
The lirst steam-vessel to cross
the Atlantic was the Stintn- '0*
iiiih/m IM'.i, from Savannah''
to Liverpool, -iii days. Hohert
Fulton was tho first to dem-
onstrate tho i.racticahility FeLr.,Ns bikamhuat.
of the idea. He was the introducer rather llian the
inventor of steam navigation. Fulton was horn at
Little Uritain, Pennsylvania in l'Ii')."i,and died in IS;!.").
His early life was spent at the easel and the hrush.
His last achievement was the construction of tho
lirst steam war-vessel.
In those primitive days of the repuhlic the peti-
•f\^
^r
v >
tm-
■'■'i;
.1 '■. ,:"
I'..!
.1 ',
624
AMKUICAN IWI-.NTIONS AM) INVKNTOKS.
lion fi)r ii imtoiit wan iinulo to l\w Socn'tary of
Slate, tlio Sucrt'tiiry (if Wai, ur tliu Atloni(.'}-(i(.'ii-
cral, iiiiil tlio imtoiit could Ijo issuoil by tliu I'rcsi-
lU'iit u])oii tliu rccoiiiriiuiidalion of two of tliu tiiri'u
otlicfiH iiaiiiud. Tlio Statu Dupartriiuiit {amo to Im
tliu jiatuiit olli{'(! of lliu govcriiiiu'iil, iii ulluct, until
lifter till* eruutioM of tliu Interior Dejiartnient, wliun,
ill IHl'.i, Coiii,'rus.s (ransf rrcd tlie I'atciit Hureau to
tlio new di'iiaitnu'iit, wlieru it lias develojuMl from a
Iteijinniii;^ so small as to he aliilost heiiuatli notiee
into onu of the most impor-
tant hranelies of the nal ion-
al pfoveniment emidoyiii;,'
many hundred clerks, who
are, or must heeome, ex-
lierts in mecliauism and
i-hcmistry, fiu' iiateiits ex-
Lend to medicines and other
iiij^redients which involve
ehcmical seionee no less
than to niechanism. The
moilclson lile in the Patent
olliee form u very interest-
ing collection, and adord
an amiile Held for study.
The first great American
invculion in meehanism was
Eli Whitney's cotton gin,
which dates from 1T'J4.
Whilney was a Yankee
sehoidmaster at tho South.
]?y a simple process, the use
of teeth and slats, lie con-
trived to separate tho seeds
from the cotton, which
before his day had to be
done by hand. IIo trebled the value of all cotton
lands, yet realized nothing from this invention, so
easily and generally was his right infringed, lie
afterwards acfjuired a fortune in the manufacture
of improved liiearms. Whitney was born in West-
borough, Massachusetts, December 8, 1T05, and died
in New Haven, L'onnueticut, Deeemijer S, IS'iJ.
Sir {{ichard Arkwriglit, an English barber, orig-
iiiallv, is justly regarded as the founder of the fac-
tory system, if not the inventor of tho spinning-
jenny. Others had invented machinery for weaving,
but he utilized the mule spinner and the various ap-
pliances for converting raw cotton into (doth. It
was not, however, until the cotton mills of Walthani,
.Massacliusotts, were set vip(lHi;j) that inachiiies for
all the processes which convert tho raw cotton into
cloth weru combined in onu establishment. Tiie
mechanism for weaviiig.dyeinp.and tl.>j like, received
I a great many improvonioiits from time to time from
I .\nierican artisans.
' What is called tho system of "assembling" is a
coiis|iicuous feature of America 11 ingenuity. Knight
detines it as " tho systoiii of making tho component
parts of a machine or imple-
ment in distinct pieces of
fixed shape and dimensions,
so that corresponding jiarts
are interchangeable." The
tirst watch made in this
country was the "American"
of Walthani, Massachusetts,
and in regard to it Knight
observes, "The American
system of watch-making, by
gathering all the ojierat ions
under one roof, making the
j)arts as largely as possible
by machines, each j)art
being nnide iufpiantities by
gauge and pattern, and
pieces afterwards ' assem-
bled,' dates back to ISi)-^."
A. L. Denisoii is the name
associated with the pioneer
oj)erations in this lino.
The plow early engaged
the attention of American
talent. President JelTerson
' voted u great deal of
thought to its construction, and so did Timothy
Pickering, another leading statesman of the re-
puljlic in its infancy. Hut the inventor of the
modern plow was .Tethro Wood, of Scipio. New
York, of whom Win. II. Seward once wrote, "Xo
citizen of the United States has conferred greater
economical beneiits on his co ntry than .Tethro
Wood — none of her benefat^tors have been more
inade([uately rewarded." Mr. Wood's great in-
vention da.tes from ISl!). It was the beginning of
a new era in husbandry. This great lienefactor not
only realized no profit from his invention, but lost a
fortune in trvinir to secure his rights. His onlv tc-
iillliuin.
lines I'd I'
toll iiiti)
it. Tlic
ri'ceived
iiiu from
ijf" Ik ii
Kiii;;lit
inpoiieiit
(•r iiiiplt'-
Jlil'CL'S (if
iiLMisions,
in;,' liiirts
u." Tliu
; ill tliis
iiioriciUi"
iciiiisi'tts,
t Kiii;.'lit
Aiiii'i'ii'aii
lakiii;:. liy
)jH.^rali(iiis
tikiiig tlio
s piissihlo
Lifli iiart
.ntities hy
,'rn, ami
' assL'iii-
to ISo-i."
tilt; iiaiiic!
11' jiioiieur
line.
y eiij,'iige(l
Aineriuaii
Jefferson
ileal of
Tiiiiotliy
)f tlie re-
)V of the
jiio. New
role, "\o
0(1 greater
an .Tetliro
jeen more
great in-
;iniiing of
faetor not
but lost a
is onlv re-
'^
AMI.KIl AN IWKNTIONS AND INVIC.NTORS.
62$
-7t
l-i"'.'. Mr. Cooper tlms
ward WHS liio eonscioiisness of iiaviiig ligii(eiieil llic
toil of tile fiiriiier ami iiicreaseil liie jiroiliietivt'iiess
of tlie soil lilK'ij. WoihI, like Whitney, wum u mitivo
of .Mtissiieliiisutts. lie was iiorii at Dartmoiitli,
Miireli K;, km. He (lieil in |s;t4.
Tlie lirsi locomotive used outside of Kngliiml was
niaiiiifactiireil in tliat eoiiniry for use in this coun-
try in IS-.",i. It was not suited tollie |pnr|M>se, mid
Mr. I'uter (^lojicr. the veiieralile |iliilaiiilii'n|iist of
.New York (.'ity, then a \oiiiii: man, dc. i-cd iind
eonstriieted an engine which met the rei|uiren,ciits
of till' case. That was in
hcloiigs in llu^ list, of ;,'rciit,
inventors. He was horn
in ll'.tl. This noldc phil-
luitliropist must rank
ttinoiig the liest, [irnducts
of .Vmerican civilization.
In ISIH he was tlu'lirecMi-
tniek candidate for Presi-
dent, and as late as Isso
took an active inicre>t in
jpolities. ( 'oo|H'r I nstitute,
\ew ^'ork. with its niunif-
ieeiit I'ndowmeiit.isa inoii-
uineiit of his j^Dodness.
One of the grand and
fundamental improve-
ments of modern tiiiu's is
the lathe, the inveiilion nf
Thoiiiiis Blanch, ird. He
was horn at Sutton. Mas-
siichusetts, in 1 TSS. He
survived until 18t;4. His inventions were somewhat
uumeroiis, the first being a tack machine in ISOO.
It was in 184U that lie patented the lathe, now in
almost universal use the world over for turning
every sort of wooden device, from aii axe-helvo to
a gunstoek.
Although this coiinfry has been engaged init little
ill war (luring the century since independence avus
acliieved, and its standing army is trivial in the ex-
treme, it has excelleil in tircarms. from jMicket-
picees to siege guns. The [iist(d is oM, Imt the revol-
ver is American and modern. Its inventor was Sam-
uel Colt, born at Hartford. Connecticut. .Inly l!i,
1814. The principle its(df was imt wholly unknown,
but its iipiilicatimi .■iml introduction are aliriliuralilc
to Colt. lie made an immense fortune out of the
JKTIIIU) WU(H).
maniifaetiire of these arms. e.\|K'ii(liiigon his works,
im.'luding eottiii;es for the workmen, not, less than
*;;.(Hi(i.(HHi. H(! died .Iiiiiuary In, 18H:;.
Speaking iif lirearms in general, an eminent
autlKuity remarks. "Willi a sinu'le exception, the
main features of all the pnuiiineiit military riiles
ori_niiatcd ill the I'nilcd Siiitcs." That exception is
the needle-gun. I''ire eiiLdncs, both water and eheini-
cal, attest the superior iiiirennily of the American
mind. The svstein id' lire-alarms is also .\mcriiaii.
The atniosphei'ic hiakc for railroad 1 ars is mie of
tlie great American in\ci.tioiis. 'i'lic most impor-
tant id' the liiimerous dc-
\ ices in that line istlii^
Wcstiu'.dioiise air-brake,
wliicli has priiM'd im-
mensely prolitableand of
incalculable beiiclit in
lesseniiii: the perils (d'
trav(d by I'ail. Air is
'.ised in iiperaling the
brake. Kni'iht attempts
to make t he brake intidli-
gible to th(^ i^i'iieral reail-
I'r bv the following dc-
seri|it ion : ".Mr is cmi-
deiised to the reipiired
extent into a reservoir by
a stcain-puiii|i upon the
locomotive. I'rom the
reservoir it is eondneted
hack benoatli tin' cars of
the train by pipes eoli-
iieeted beneath the tram by Ilex ible til lies and valve-
couplings. I'nder each car is a cylinder to which
the compressed air is admitted forward of a pision,
the stem of which is eomieeted with a bell-crank
attached to the brake levers bv rods, so that when
air is admitte(l by the engineer to the [)i[K's coimect-
ed to the cylinders under each car. the brakes of
eaeli are siinultane()uslv applied." This explana-
1 ion has been u'iven because the mere observer of
this brake can n^illy see nothing, while an inspection
in the (;ase of ordinary inventions is to some extent
instriieiive.
In the art of printing, esjiecially press-work, this
countrv can also claim pre-eminence. I-'ranklin
maile sipiuc improvements in presses, but the Hoe,
.\danis. I'otter, ( 'amplK'll, and several other recent
i'^
ijjl '
i
Mr' .V
M
ifc' '•■■';*' '
■»rs::;
1 '
i
M
W
i 626
AMliRRAN IN\!.NTIONS AND INVENTORS.
Ijrc.ssos ill ii.-io, wlieri'oii jinutiiig is iloiio, tosul'y most | st'lis, April '30, ll'.tl. JIo wiis iiii artist, iiixl a loc-
ilKUU'lllh lo tiic siv
ill (if
\
llt'.'K'
II ill dovisiiiLj
anil oxociitiii.i^ iiiecliaii-
ii'ai jilaiis.
'riic siilistitiilidii of
suak's- l't)r stct'lyanls was
llio ii'vt'iiticin c>f Tliail-
(K'lis i-'air!'-iiiks. l-'roiii
till' saiiio rural lowii .)!'
I}riiiiti('!il..Massa(iiiisetts.
I'iiiiu' twii liiLrlily iiujxiv-
taiit fi)iiir'liiilii)i:s tn
iiiodorn civilizaliou. i-'air-
haiii<<' scalf< ami llur-
liiii.'s safes. 'I'lk' l''air-
liaiiks liiciiJK'rs, Tliad-
(li'us ami l-j'asius, ostali-
lislicii I iit'ir fariiiry, imw-
i'wv. ai Si. .Inliiisliiirv. ((
\'('riiicinl. iM'asriis was
u'ciMTiKir iif I 111' siale
at two wiiii'ly iiill'(.'n>nl.
tiiiics. Tlir Aiiu'rican
salV lias ill) i.'i|iial aiiy-
wlii'i-i'. aiiii t 111' AimM'ican
scales lui riiiii|iotif(irs.
tiiror (111 the literature
of art. Ill l.s:j'J ho de-
vised and iiiuiiitiniriiu-
itivo use the .s\.-teiii
of telo<j:rai)liy. l'!K'veii
yciir.s later (Jc.ii^ress
made an appro] trial ion
for an exiH'riiiiental
line from \Vasliii!i,ion
to Halliiiiore. TlM'saiiie
year he siiirgested a
marine cable. He re-
alized a fortune fniiii
lii.s invention, and sur-
vived to see a bronze
statue of hiiii.self erect-
ed in L'eiilral Park,
New York. lie died
in \s:-i.
W'r turn now lo the
sewing- iiiaeliim . That
was the iuvenlioii of
Elias liowe. Sonic ap-
proaches were 1111 dc to
the discover}- i<{ the
principle of tlii.» won-
derful and rcvoluliiMi-
Iii I'lcciriciiy this
country >iamls uiiri\.iloil. I-'ranklin tamed the | ary jiicce of inechanisni by Thomas Saint of 1-ln
liLrhi iiiiii:' : M.irsi' inadc il
our crranil-lioy : ( iray. Hell
ami Ivlisdii may be said to
luive imparled lo il I be pow-
er of speech. I he liu'blniui;-
rod roblied the ihunderholi
of ils tirrvirs : ihe tele^rrajih
almost, annihilates dislance
as a bai'i'icr ;> ci.nimr!iica-
tion. and t he ti leplione Irans-
mit< ihe Miice ilself. Willi
l''ranklin. .Mur-c. Kilismi,
(ira\", and l>cll ranks also
I'ynb- W. l''icld. whr, if he
did nut iiiveiil submarine
U'leu'riiiiliN . achicNi'd ibat
marxci of all aLi'i's. ; ';'" suc-
cessful laviiiLT of a i.ible
acros> the Allinlii' ocean.
S.Wll'KI, COT.T.
uland in 11'.)ti, and Theinou-
uier of I'aris in ls:;ii, .\dams
and Doilu'i' of ^('rm()llt in
ISliS, (ireeiiouLrh of New
York in 1S.|-.'. and Waller
Jliint in JSI)-.* -;!."). conlriiiuled
to t he invent ion. Howe does
not apjicar to have h;'.i any
ac(iuainlaiic(' with these ex-
periments whicli hovji'i'd
iijion the vcrp' of success,
lie was born in Spencer.
.Massachusells, in ISj'.i. The
use of Iwo ilircails. a sluillle
and a cur\cd needle w il h I lie
eye near I he point , especiallv
Ihe laller. were Ihe solnlion
of the problem oNcr which he
jiondered foi' Ncai's. I le look
S. I'". I; .Morse v.is born in Charlesioxi 11. Massachu- 1 oiil his paleni in ISIil. T'or ciirlil vears he su tiered
(
7\T^=^
sV^
Lli^
AMKKKAN INVENTIONS AND INVI.NTOKS.
627
the most extroiiie j)()Vorly, being engiigeil in Irving i I'lv t'ur sciPiiniling sinl I'roni siraw, and Ainorii'im
ingiMiiiity fully sMii|ilit'il llu'
TllADDKIS I.'AIHIIANKS.
' (k'niiUids ol' I ill' raso, iiu'liid-
ing I'lt'valois for st()rii;i'.
Tlio t'lcvator system is iiidis-
jiensalili' to tlie jiroiicr liand-
ling uf grain, and I'or it- Liie
world is indfltted lo t'lo Uni-
ted Slates.
]n ISOO was horn at, Mew
lliiveii, (Joiuieelieut, L'iiarlcs
(ioodyear to wlioin mankind
owes the \ iileani/.al imi (d'
India ruiiiier and llie con-
versidn cd' that- material inlu
nuniherless iiraetical ii.-es.
Itwa.;a discovery hy aecident-
rather than an invention,
jiroiierlv speak iiii;', Ijiil. (lie
detail-; (i( I lie iilea wi'fe
worked ntit, (ihlv hy long and
patient tuil. l'"or si\ years
lo introduce Ins niaidiines or
dofond Ills patent rights. A
dei'ision of the court in 1S.")4
estaldislied Howe's claim to
jiriority, and from that timo
until his death. iSt^.hewas
in the enjoyment of a prineo-
ly reveiuie from the royalty
on his patent. Not mneli if
any less than ;).00(i sewing
macliine patents have l)een
taken out in this I'ountry, hut
until the expiration id' his
monopoly Howo received a
fciyalty on every machine
made, his patent heing funda-
mi'ntal. He was an ardent-
patriot, and in IS.'il I'idistt'd
as a comieon soldier in de-
fense of the I'nion.
The use of Idinc jiower
ami mechanism in induiiiL;'. ' ( i(io(lvear exiiermicnti'd nnid
harvcstingan 1 husUandry giiierally may 1)1^ set. down I at- last he ascert;tiiied tlie rii:ht- way to \ iilcani/.e
as an America;, Mca. 'I'iie ruhher. namely hy mixing
~ I with it- sulphur, and treat-
ing them |iroiK'rly. The
usi's (if this material are
constantly widening. .Mr.
(loudvear died in ISiio.
The use of ether as an
:ina'sthetic was int reduced
l)y two jloston phvsicians,
Dr.s. Jackson and Mortun,
in Is.H'i. ( 'hl>>riifiii-m was
di>(!overed liy Hr. Simp-
sciii the \car fidlou iiiu'.
The use id' ana'sthel ics in
surgical andilental opera-
tions and in ohstetrics
has lessened the \(ihinie
id' human a^idny incalcu-
hdilv. .Mccliaincal dcnlis-
tr\. il may he added, is
one of t he pftiininent glo-
ries i\\' American skill.
One of the Lli'catcsl- uf
nn)«ing machine exhiliit-
e,l hy tlyrus II. .McUor-
mick of Chicago at the
World's |'"air. I .nndon, in
1S,">1 . was one cf the more
attracti\(^ features cf that
exposition. It hfought to
till' atti'iition of mankinil
a stdistitttte for the scythe
and sinUh. and tuarked a
new era in farning. Mr.
McCJormick was horn in
X'irginia in 1S(),1. His tirst
machine was constriu'ted
as early as 1S;!1. Of a
kindred nature arc the
harvesters of the country,
almost endless in variety
and inestimahle in vahii'.
The plow id' .lethro \\ dod
neodeil to he siiiiplement-
ed l)y machinery i'or put-
ting in ami taking oil' the
s. V. iiCTRiNc; iuvcnti.is is.lohn Kricsson.
crnii. There was iilso need of horse ])ower nnichin- ^ a Swed<' hv hirth, an .\incficau hv citizenship and
.I'i
76
liK-i ■ I
iWk ■:"::■■
Wit* ?■ ?■. f ... L,
P^--
fil'ituV'..'-''
[,''•,,
Si-!->.'':(
sii ■'■''''■ Vi ■
IS:
Mi'':
(■■■:■:
'I'V ■ ■ '
'!,! i
'11 V
^ a
^
"71
628
AMi:UICAN INVKN'TIONS AND INVICNTOKS.
S. F,
loiii: rosiiluiu'O. He wiis horn in 18U;i. llo iiuulu
jiiiuiv iiiiprovoiiiciits ill stua .lers ;iml railway loco-
iiiotivos, but lii.s greatest
auiiievunieiito were naval.
I lo may be said to have rev-
olutionized the navies of
the world. The ironclads
whieli he invented and built
for the United States navy
in the late war i)rovcd the
l)eginning of a radical
4 change in naval architeet-
ui'o. He is said to have
recently invented a new and
almost invulnerable war slii[t which is likely to elfect
still anotherrev-
olution in the
navies of the
world.
The bridge
w.iich spans the
Mississippi river
at St. IjDuis is
l)r<)nouiK'od by
competent judg-
es the grandest
structure in tiie
world of a strict-
ly 2'ractical na-
ture. It was
planned and
built by James
B. Eada, who was born in 18^0, and who had
been second only to Ericsson in usefulness to tlie
ELIA8 UOWB.
United States in mival construction from 1861 to
1865. Tlio St. Louis bridge has three spans, one is
515, and tlra other two 497 feet, each. Its middle
arch has only one companion pieceof work, the uno
of Kuilingburg, Holland. The i)oot crinijier, in-
vented by .^[oore in 1812, proved a great help in the
mainifai^tnre of boots, as did the pegging machine
invented by Cral-
lahue in 1858.
The steam ham-
mer dates from
18158, ten years
after the planing
machine invent-
ed by Wood-
worth. The
first brass clock
was invented in
A m erica 1) y
Chauncey Je-
rome, and prov-
ed a benefit to
the entire civi-
lized world.
The inventive
Edison lias expended a great deal of time in solv-
ing tlie lOleetric Light problem. Success has at last
been achieved. The great ditlieulties in the way
were threefold : first, division of the electi'ic cur-
rent ; second, safeguards against injury in tlio use of
electricity for illumination ; and third, clieapness
It now remains only to introduce and perfect in do-
tail wliat inventive genius has placed within com-
mercial reiich of the public.
crnuu u. mUoiimick.
KAIL.KO.\n nitlilUE ACROSS THE MISSl.SSII'I'I KIVEll AT 8T. LOUIS.
^
m
^
1^
=^^;m
CHAPTER LXXXVIII.
Oenkbai. Facts— Ar.uicri,TiiiiE—FisiiEKiE!*—Sii.K Cultdiie— Cotton, Infant awi> Kinii — Iitox
AND Steel— Wool ami Woolens— Mani-paotuiies, 18S()— Ameiucax Ckiieals— Minekai. I'lio-
ntrcTIONS — HEEF, LlVICSTilCK ano IMiovisions — Uailkoaps ano Siiipi'ino — Inhuhanck — Ameiii-
CAN Money; Uistoiiual and Ai tial-Amehk an Aiit and Autists.
4^-^*^
J
NVHN'TIOX iind iiidiistry,
if not iibsolutuly iuscparii-
blo, are certiiiuly greatly
liell)ful to eacli other. It
would 1)0 iiii|)o>!si1)le to pro-
isc'iit, wliL'lUiT ill dutail or
iu ageni'val way, Amoricau
iiivciitioiis without throw-
ing nniuii ligiit upon the industrial dc-
voU)i)nicnt of the country: hut sucii
inciilental information servos ratlior to
sliari)on than to satisfy the appetite,
and it is proposed in tliis ehaptci to
set forth the i)eginniiigs of tiio lead-
ing skilled industries of Aineriea, and
the i)resent condition of tlio country
from the standpoint of industry, as
shown by tiie census of ISSO. It woulil
be tedious to follow tiie development itself step by
stop, for each footprint is a column of st;itistics, and
at liest this ebaptor will be burdened witii ligures.
Agriculture is riie greai industry of the world,
more espi'ciaiiy of America. It is tlu^ foundation of
all prosperity, and it is tlieemploymeni of tiiegreat i
bulk of the population. Lord Ueaconslield was ac:-
cnstomed to insist that land owning was the oidy
basis of a genuine aristocracv. and he migiit have j
binetl the higiiest idoal of aggregate life wa,s roal-
i/!e<l. Heroin the United States leads the world.
This country has no peasant class, unless it be the
negroes wiio work the plantations at tiie South
'i'iio .Vmerican farmer is at once a lal)o;'or and in its
liest sense an aristocrat. In the area of cereal cul-
tivation Russia alone can equal tlie United States,
and in agricultuie as a whole America has no rival.
It may he said that lishing was the lirst industrv
of this country. Our English ancestors made a
business of catching cod Ijoforo they oven attempted
to settle upon the continent. The cod is unknown
in the .Mediterranean sea, and sevt-ral choice variiUies
are peculiar to the American coast. The Knglish
and the I)utci\ found the coil-lisherios near Ilollaml.
Scotland, Xorway and Iceland profitable as early as
the fourteenth century, but the lisherics off Xow-
foiindland and Now England yielded more bounti-
fully. Althouudi this industry has greatly declined,
there are several thousand vessels engagt'd in the
business at the present time, and to Maine and
Massachiisotts this is still a [iroinineut and jirolita-
bU' iiidustr>- Tin; .American population sufiported
by lishini: is .aid to be alxint l.iido.odO. Wiialiiig.
which was once a llouiisliing business, has almost
disap|K'arcd,
The lirst land industry contemplated, I'ot eouiit-
dded that when tillage and owiiorslii[) wore com- j ing tobacco-raising, (the iirominenoo of which was
.fv^
Ri'!'
m.:-
no
i;:P;iiri!i
*.
630
AMKKKAN INDUSTRY AM) ART,
linmglil, out. ill foiiiioutioii wiili I'olitiiial liisinrv)
was silk (jiilliirc. 'i'liu I'oundi'rs uf \'irgiiiia
thouglit tiiui. the imilhoi'i'v ami thu siik-wonu
would lloiinsli :)ii this coiiliin'iit, and that ilu'
yrciit stajik' of lu.Mirinus clniliin;^-, iIrmi foiilinod as
a jirodiictidii ii> the far ivu ', and to tlie iiorlliurii
(; list of llu) .Mt'diluiTuiK'ai! as a 7ii:iniifactuiX', could
!ic jirodiictod in .Vnieiici. Jii lii'.*;) tin' li'^'i'^liitiirL'
of \'ir<finia jiassed ii statiitu dirociinif all sottlers to
]ilaiii. inullicTry trees. At oiieliiiio a mania for silk
Tiiu mania rofurrcd to dates from l.s-^',' to Jslo.
During tiiat period tlie feasilnlity (jf silk-ruisiag uii
tills continent was tlioroiiglily tested, and received
fatal disuoiiragement. Some revival of the interest
in this industry was shown in l.sr.', Imt in its inami
faetiirc rather than its cultivation. Tlie domestic
fabric, at iirst (I'.ito inferior, is now an excellent
artiole, and the numufaoture is thrifty. I'atersoii,
New Jersey, is the great center of this indiistrv.
Ti'.'s Indians discovered hv Columbus were clothed
COTTON- riCKlNG.
hurt' t(i<dv jiiisscssiipii ol' llic jicoiilc. It may be • sparsely witii ci-ltun i-lni ! j[ is claimed, but tlu' col-
irace(l asfar sutitli as Loiiisiana.asfar west. as Illinois,
and as far north as \'crmoiit. HcpcaliMl failures at-
tiin industry may he traced to tin; tirst seed sown on
the soil of N'irginia ill I'i'U, although the first ex-
test perseverance. The tirst ex)iort of raw silk to Mu- ' |iort was in 1 Msi, and as late as I .S4 eight liiilcs ex-
rope was a small consignment of cocoims raised in jiorted to MiiLrland were cimliscatcd on the groiinil
I ieor!.'ia and tak'ii to I''nglaiid bs- (lo\cruor Oii'le-
t hat "so mucii cot ion could not be |iroduced in the
ihorpt'in llo-l. Thiriccn vcars later < ioveriioi' Law I'liiied Siaie-." The coiion-giii of ilu' prr\ ions
ol" Connecticut liad a suii of cloihc^ made from silk I diaiiter may be said to have given this indiisirv its
laiseil. spun and woven in thai colony. That was a real st:irt. The Iirst coltoii-mill of , lie count rv «as
sear bi'fori' tin' Iirst bale of coiton was exporteil ci'cclcd at Beverley, .Ma--^aciiusei Is, in I Iss. The
t'rom this eount.'v. In 1 1 'J-.' dress silk ua- tirst pro-
duced in this country. It was a strict ly domestic
industry for several vears. lu Isjii niachine-niade cade coiion was the trxiilc iudu-trv \vliicli developed
silk wa-; prodiicril in ( ■oiinoi't ii'iii on a small -cali'. iheiiio^i rapidly in I hi-: con m r\ .
consumjition of raw cotton in the I'liiiiMl States in
issu was ',i| 1.(1011.(10(1 i.ounds. DiirJiiL;- t he last de-
3
4^^
")'^^
i
::t:-i
' 'MM:
*' ■■•■
I,* !
.* &
AMKRICAX INDUSTRY AND ART.
63.^
Iron is an industry wliiciidatos, sofiir as coiiccnis
Aniorifa, from Ki'iO. liog iruii-oru, found iioar
Jainostown, was usod. In 1043 bog-ii'on wsia util-
ized in Massaciuisctts. Tlie nianii'"'Vcturo of iron
received quite an impetus in Ki.V^, and now tiiis
country nniives one-fourtli of tiic steel and onc-
fourtli of tlio iron of the whole worh'. The iron
production of 1880 in tliis country was ;i,-i'M,Wi)
tons, and the steel 800,000 tons. Tlie United States
is second only to Circat Mritain in tliis great ImuK'h
of industry. Our ore beds are so ricii that l)og iron
is almost as obsolete as hand-made cloth.
Sheep were introduced into New York in lii'io,
and into Massachusetts in UY.l'.i. In ITTT tiio mak-
ing of wool-card teetli by macliinery instead of by
hand, was invented by Oliver Evans. These three
beginnings may 1x3 called the foundation of the
woolen interest in America. The cl'ipof 1ST'.) in tlio
United States amounted to 105,000,000 iwunds, and
the textile i)roduetion of 1880 was ^58,000,000
pounds.
The foregoing are the great stajiles of numufac-
ture. In a discussion of llio balance-siieet of this
country, Mulhall says, '•' It would Ije impossible to
find in history a parallel to tlie progress of tlie Uni-
ted Slates in the last ten years," referring to tlie de-
cade from 1810 to ISSO. The aggregate of indus-
tries was in round numliers ^lo,o-.'(),(H)(i.()0() during
tiie year 1880. Of this amount •*4,440,()oo,00() must
be set down to the credit of manuractures, while
agriculture can claim 8'.'.ii"i5,OOO,0()(), leaving tlie
remainder to be divided between commerce, mining,
trans|)ortation, banking and sundries.
or agriculture Mulliall ()l)serves that it has not
kept pace with [)opulation. as regards value, but in
amount of production it has increased mme rapidly
than |)opulation. The grain of ISSo was -.'.It'.io.odo,-
000 bushels; the hay, •^4,l.'>0,00O,00O.iK»o tons : tlie
cotton, '^.;7;5,00(),0()O pounds. The census of that
year gaVe the number of farming stock thus:
imrses, 1-^,550,000 ; cows, ;j;i,(;0O,0O0 ; sheep. :58,00(i.-
000; hogs, ;{.5,000,O0O, making a grand total of
ir,),l 50,000 head, or ••i.;iO l-.ead per inliai)itant. This
is surely a very sati-f.ietory showing.
The mineral production makes a very favorabU^
showing for the same \ear, namels • iron ore,
II, 500,000 tons; copper, ■H):Mn) tons; ccal, 55,iMi().-
000 tons; petroleum, 8(10,0(t(».oo(i gallons. .\s for
gold and silver, one-half of the world's supply came
from this country. Of all the mining industries of
tlie world, this country represents thirty-six jiercent.
Great Britain comes next and represents thirty-three
})er cent. During the ten years ending with 1880
the United States coined nearly one-fourth of the
golil and one-sixth of the silver turned out by all
the mints of the world.
The shipment of American fresh beef to Hnglaiid
began in 18T5, ami has become a great iiranch of
commerce; but for the most part, Ameri(;an meats
are exjiorted cured or cooked. I'ork is sailed and
the hams smoked, but the l>t?ef is cookcMl and then
canned. This industry has its chief center in Chi-
cago, the central point for cattle shipments from
the wiiole West. In iSSO the meat supply of the
country was re[)orteil thus: cattle slaughtered,
5,i;o(),0()0; siieep slaughtered. l-2,(;iiti,00(l ; hogs,
I4,IS(),(|()0, making the following tons df meat:
beef, -i, 100,000; mutton, -I'M, 100 ; pork, l.-.",il,5(;o.
It is estiiii;d('(l that the .Vmerican people, who are
the best fed of all the peoples of the earth, consume
on an average \'i'i pounds of meat per iniiabilant
a yt^ar. The total [irodiU'tiou is :),S15,i;(iO ; t.he total
home consumption is ■i,T-lO,000 tons, leaving 1,()T(!,-
000 tons for export.
Turning now to railroa<1s, it may beoi)served, upon
the threshold, that the lirst railroad charter was
given in this country to the .MuJiawk and Hudson
Kiver Company, the parent of the New ^drk Cen-
tral trunk lini' of liic N'andcrliilt combination and
monopoly. Tiie lirst railroad in the land was
liiiilt to transport from (^uincv the granilc usimJ in
tl:e erection of Ibmkcr Hill monument. 'i'hat
was ill \><'t't. It was a horse railroad, oriuMiiallv.
The lii'st spadeful of dirt in the grailing of the Bal-
timore and Ohio railroad was thrown up, with great
ceremony. ,Iuly 4, IS'M, by Charles (Jarroll of Car-
rollton, who proved lo be the last survivor of the
sigiuM's of tlu! l)eclarali(ni of lnde[)endeiice. The
mileage of railroads in the country is constantlv in-
creasing, and is now about 1 10,000 miles. The increase
during the last decade was 41.S.s;i miles, or more
than that of all Europe combined, and an average of
twelve miles a day. It is a moderate estimate to
say that during the lirst two ye:irs of the current
decade the increase was 10,000, During the last
decades many railroads became bankrupt, the total
nnniher being l"iS, and their aggregate mileaire, b!,-
I'iO, representing a cost of about !j< 1,150,000, 000.
p ■"
fS
k ■■t-
h':! :'■
(\^-\
a.mi;ku'an ixdusikv and ak r
Siiici' lilt' iinnv III
(i.-lirriiUS 111
|in,.-l
iii'> wliirh rnlloui'il I III' i ii|i(iii a siilid t'nuii(l;ili(iii. ami im ('(iiiiitry ran liuu.-
rt',-iiiii|ii mil (il s|iiTii' |iayiiii'iils (I^I'.') llic slock
ainl lidiiil-cil' I lii'sc ruaiU liavc LiTtMl ly iiicrt'ascil iii
\aliii'. 'I'Ih' iiiial rcisi, of I he raih'oails liiiili, u|i lo
Issd wcrr x:,,(i(iii,(Miii,(i(Hi. Many of I lie roa(l< hiiili
lia\i' |K'nri raifil I. la; prairii's in aiKanri'of lioiin'-
I
so coiivciiii'iil, ami coiiiiilrlc a niciliuiii of csclia iiu'c
as iliis ciHiiiiry. Tlit.' liistury ami |irt'sciit. comlil ion
of Anii'i'icaii nioiiry u ill SCI vo to coiichidc tliis iii-
ili;«li'ial siir\('y of Anii'rica.
Al('\aiii|('r liainilloii lias many claims |o ihc (icr-
si'cl<iii^' •iilcrjiii>cs, ami 'Aw loconioli\c lias liccn pcliial i;ral il.inlc of iliu American in'o|ilc, Iml hi-
■■ flic \ oicc of one cryiiiL'' in Ihc wililci iicss." 'I'hc
sliiii|iiiiL;' i' I'T.'s' lias sicailily ilcclinc'l it sii
l>in.i, c\ci',., as re: arils -liiiiiiic , ci il, ,.i.,.'s :., u i
c'licf claim is till) service hi^ rcmlcr"i| iu oi'uani/".'j
in naiioiial Ircasiiry and est.iliiishiiiu' American
.'', jiccs iiiioii it siil).«,iaiilial basis. 'I'Ik' |ircscnj,
VI
L;rcal rivers, and even there, espeuiiilly oil ''/ vivi'!-', mmietary system of this country is, in its fnnda-
iiieiilal iiriiieiplc. \dialcM'r
may he said of iis deiails,
llamilloiiiaii.
The year lii'.io uii nesscd
Lhe estiililislinicnl. of I he lirsl
American iicwsiiaiicr, the
first, |ia[icr-mill and I he issue
of the lirst, |ia|icr money.
The colony of .Massaehiisetts
issued hills (d' i I'cdil, to the
aiiioiml of I'id. (1(1(1 ill |iay-
iiiciit fiH' an exiiediiioii lo
(^lichee. I'ennsylx aiiia i-.-iied
L'l .").(iiii» of |ia|ici' money in
I :•.'■.', and Maryland followed
t he same e\ani|ile in I 1 '•'■'>.
ii'fealU to il< ilisadvaiilaL:e
{'ajicr inoiicy is so easiK
made that II is vei'y ilillicnli
to |)re\eiii an over-issue. In
the lli'volutioiiary War the
Colli iiR'iilal ConuTcss |)iii so
miicli [laper money in circii-
iatioii iJiat, il de|in'ciatiMl ami
rmally heciime worthless. During' the latter |iai1.
of tlie iievoliitiomuy War the system of hanks
and hank notes was inauijurated. 'I'lu' lir-^t ex-
lierimeiit was tried in l'hilad(d|ihia under Coii-
L;ressional aus|iices. 'I'he iiaiik id' I'emisylvaniii
was chartered early in I Isii, i he liaiik of .\oiili
America, also a 1 'I liladtdphia instil ui ion, was starteil
eaiiv in i;s-i, and jirovcd of yreat usefulness.
it, is still in cxist.uneo, diaiiLrcd into a national
hank. Olhers followed and u'l'iidiiallv lilled the
rail com|ieiii imi has lueii de-
|iressiiic.j, ami often ahsidute-
Iv desiriictivi'. The total
irallicof I hecouniry for h^.so
was ;; I (».( II 1(1.(1(1(1 Ions. I A'
which •.'1(1.(1(1(1.(1(1(1 wen! hy
railwavs. Sd.diio.diio hy in-
land water: :! l.iHid.iHio i,,ns
h\ coa>l I ratlic, ,'ind I he re-
mainder. ir,.(i(id,iidii. i< set
down a< •'eiilir(d\ h\ sea."
.\ii im|iorlant, hraiich of
lin>iiie. ■-. one iiilei-wo\ en w il !i
ever\ imlil^li'y and ;ill .-ee-
t ions of I 111' .■oiiiii i'\ . i- in>iir-
anee. 'i'he lir.-i, .\iiieric,iii
in^iiranci' was niarine. Il
was inaiiunraled at i'hiladcl-
|iliia li\ dohn ( 'o|isoii ill I 1".M.
i''ire insurance dales from
I ', ."cj. lien janiin P'ranklin
was 1 he I'resideiiL of the .l>t
coiii|iaiiv. lis liead'|iiari"rs
wei'c i'hiladel|iliia. Tiial cor-
|ioiaiion was or:jani/ed on the mutual plan and is
still ill cMsienee. Marine insiii'ance did not, really
lloiirish until t lie latter half of the ei'.dileenl h ei'u-
liirv. I'hiladel|iliia also look the lead in life insur-
ance, franklin was |iroiiiinent in iis |ii'omoi ion.
It heeali hiisiness in \',''i'.K That, was coiilined to
episcopal elcrii'MiK'ii. The lirst ;;'eiieral life insur-
ance companv was the i'hiladel|i|iia cd' Isil".'. l''or
a Icni'.:' lime there was a su persi it ioiis prejudice
au'aiiisi all in-uraiicc. as I'esislaiice lo the will of
in-iirancc auMin>l aeeidciib dai.es from
!'ro\ Kleiice.
I,-;!'!-!, and was
started al Hartford, (Jonneetieut,
then and now s|iei'ially devoted to insuraiu
he hail kinir system of i\[i' rnitc
^rares rest>
land with hank-notes. K
,d it.
insiderahlt.' lo\wi
lad Its hank wilh its hills reilcemahle in com on d
niaiKl
l'"or the Lrreat,or iiart of its existence this
repuhlie has ilone hiisiness upon a hank-note
liasis
-\^
i
^i
:^
AMi:i<KAN' INDUSTRY AM) ART.
63 s
o
;^K^'
V^
I.
ji;.;
h;;i
Si.,
ill;
ft' j>\ > ' t
II • ■
mm'' ■
f:w
W'M •
•MIT
■ipH^-,'.
fj ».
4.,
AMICKKAN I.NDUSTKY AND AUT.
".i7
I
no (ttluT mudiiiiii of oxcliiiiii(n Ikmii;,' iiiiiih om-
plovuil. 'I'liu sv.sU'in WHS vt'i'v oliji'clioiiiililo, for tin;
rouHon Unit iiiiiny b\\[n were iiovor rodwiiiod at, nil,
uiid ciitiiiltMl loss n|)oh tlu' holder. Mill, no siii)sli-
tiilo wiis di'viscd iiiiiil iiiiliiiiry iiOL'ussity, during' tlio
liitecivil wiir, i'oin|n'lli'd llio jjovorimiuiit to issiio
notes uf its o«n, ii k';,Ml lender for all payments
oxcopt diitios on iini)orls and interest on tlie piililio
debt. These i,'reen hacks, as tiiey came to ho ealled,
were suiiplenienled hy a system of national hanks,
nnder wliieh tlic holder of hank-iioles is ahsohitely
proteeled from Iohs, even if the hank ilself should
fail, and so for about twenty years the industries of
this cuiintry have had as a meilium of exehan^'o the
best system of paper
money the world has
overseen. Since IS"]'.)
nil this pap'r money
has heeneipial in |>ur-
chasiiii; power to its
face in coin. Industri-
al stability and jiros-
perity demands mon-
etary .=!tahilily and a
convenient medium of
oxchan^o.
The outlook for the
material thrift of
America, from what-
ever point viewed, i>
most eni'ouraniiiijf.
The record of American art is brief. In ihe lonii;
list of famous painters tlu; tirst .Vmerican name is
.lohn S. Copley, a hisloriciil painter, horn in Uoston
in 171)7. His work attracted attention in Kngland
as early as 17ti(i. Tlu' urcatt'r part of his life was
spent in London, where he died at the age of seven-
ty-eight. Benjamin Wesi, a Pennsylvania Qmiker.
is better known. He was born in KJiS, and studied
:>lo 45T'7/
^#
! K^W'l^'V 1 aR,..iu,„„ of COV
\. ■ ^Viuvi.nam;/ i/CfRE.VV,ul.l„IJj» rhi.
srx noLUARH
A UlIiL Of CKKIlU', OU CONllNKN I'AL MONKV.
and the standard portraits of many of the eminent
men of that perioil have came down to ns from his
easel. Stuart died in Uoston in IS-.'S.
.lohn Trumi)ullof (Joiine('ticnl. was born in \' '<>').
He was the son of (iovernor Trnnd)nll, " rnele
.lonatnan." Many of his paintings are commemo-
rative of .Vinei'ican indi'pendence and llu' strug-
gle through whiidi it was achieved. Trumbull did
much for art in eonneclion with bis ulnitiDiii/fr, Yale
College. He died in 1^•4;J. In W,', KdwanMi.
Malbone tirst saw the light of <lay. This famous
miniature painter was a mttive of .Newport, Whode
Island. As a colorist he was especially <'\cellenl.
He died at the early age of thirty. .Vnotber mime
is conspicuous in the
annals of .Nmeriiuin
art, Washington .Ml-
st(in, a native of South
Carolina, where he
was horn in W'U.
.Vllslon Wiis a charii. ■
ing poel and a bril-
liant arlist. lie was
nn)stat home in delin-
eating biblical scenes.
Allston died in I si:;
He deserves special
cuiisideration as a
happy iilending of art-
and lilerature. His
manhood home was
a conspicunii* illuslra-
Among modern painl-
of the Atlantic niav
Six ^^oaM'IiS- al
riiisBiu,nt«icMK,hg-
jIX SPANISH MIl-LtD -2
j«>p,\ \ Vtfluf lK,r«of in Col I)
^710 <\ ?JX''».PAN1SH MILLLD
\\\ (!amhridge, and Im wa^
tion of " Moston culture."
ers of fame i.ii both sides
be mentioned Church, Heard, Jlart, llealy, Hier-
stadt, Shirlaw, Dyer, Hojie.
I
n sculptui't
Hiram I'owers and \\". W. Sior'
hi
s iirot'ession in Uomi
th
Irst American painter
enrolled as a student in the Italian school. In 17ii"i
both New Kuiilandcrs long resident, in Kome, are
unsurpaf!se(
tl
le use of the chisel. I'owers was
born in \'ermont in 1805. His '"Creek Slave." lin-
ished at Uome in 1S4IJ, secured for th
•ulpior
he was eleeteil to succeed Sir .losiuia lioynolds as i rank among the master workers in marble. Storey,
presu
time
lent of the Koval Aca:
West
was ranked amoni: ihe foremost artists of
all timn, but his posthumous reputation is somewhat
less conspicuous, (iilbert C. Stuart, a native of
Rhode Island, born in 17.")(!, was a great ])ortrait
painter, lie jjainted three portraits of Washington,
k'my.lioudon. Inhislife- | a sou of the great American jurist,. I ustice Stoi-y of
the Suiireme Heiu'h, was born in Ho>lon in bsl'.i.
He early took up his residence in Uome, where he
did not fail to aci|uire recognition not only as a
poet, but as ail artist uf rare uccumplishments
and power.
.-' 1
WM:i
,i'-i'.
^
L^
M
1 X
[ m i ! I ih l I I i1 I ii M iii T I fil l I - 11 1 I m l 1 - n * r - i r^ - --^ ri * - • ^ rl f^ "-^ - -r*- " V n * - mi ! f iii l r ii T i w i l i hi I i m l ii i ml i ml i
CIIAl'TKR LXXXIX.
Ksi.i.i-ii I.riKiiATnih AMI Amkuii \ -I'lit-r Vmkiikan Aiimihi— Ki.iot ash IIh Iniiias Hiiii.k—
l''lll-l' Arill.lJlO" IS" AMKIilc A -.('Ills Wllill.MAN -.liiSAIIIAN KllW AIlll«— CllT TUN MaTHKU —
ItKNrA^IIN I'ltAMil.lN AMI I'nnll l(l( II A 1111— ItKVIll.l Tlll\ A II V 1.1 IKIIATrilK— CllMMdN SKNSK AMI
Till: Ciii^i!- -I'liKTiiY iir Tin; riMiiiin— Tiik l•'KllKUAl.l^T— .Mahi^'iin Statu I'ai'Kii"— A Stkiui k
AllK-.MlMlll I'dKM?" -I'llK AMI 1>A NA— ( IMII'KH AMI Ills NllVKl.* — X. 1", Wll.I.lS AMI (I. 1'.
Mlllllll^ ■■ I'ANNV I'llKltK.nTKIt, " Mill. SlIilllllNKY AMI .Mil". Wll.l.A llll— Wasiiiniitcin I|1\1M; —
■ IaIIKII Sl'MlK'*— MaIIIIAIIKT [•'I'l.l.KU ANII li. \V. Kw KII-IIN - K KNT ANI> StiIKV - WkIISTKII
AMI Wlllll KSTKIl — TllKlll.dllllAI. t OSTIHIVKIIK V — (illKAT .\MKI1I1'AN IIlST'lltlA NS— TiIK Si IKNTHT-*
— 'I'lIK .Im IINAI.IST" — 'llIK (illKAl' I'ciKTS— .\ .MKIIIC A N II IMOll— II A WTIIIHIS K AMI dTllKII 'I'lIK
NilTKll WltlTKIlK NOW AT TIlKIll Ok^K- — I'l'l.l'IT I.ITKIlATtHK.
.^*r^^^f-=5-"^
N(rL]SlI literutiiro, in tlio
hroiul st'ii.^e (if tlio ttTin, is
sdiiiotliiiiu' iimre tliiiii tliu
lilfniture (if Kii;.fliiii(l, iiiid
iiicliuk'.-! tliu lilcriiry jiro-
(lilctidii (if all the i'liiLrlish-
s|K'iikinn' [iLMiiik'.-i ; hut llio
uriiiiids of AiiuTi(juii iiutliors form so
iinjiortuiit a hriiiicli of this ixivatest of
all literature's that it may well ho hoii-
ori'il with a (listiiK^t "lassilifatiou.
'I'lic llrst lit(.'rary t'iTort in the En-
PiiS^ -''■"'' ''"'.-""-'' '" ^'"^' 1"^^^ world, apart
ST) '* '/f'^^ from iiH'iv rc'iKirts, was a translation of
^^i<ii^ ihiiV^i .]/i'/(iiiiiir/)/iiisi.'' hv (u'or::u San-
ilys. ill H'r.M. Urydcii was greatly
|ili'as('(l with the vcrsilu'alioii. Sandys was I rcasurer
of the N'irginia eolony. Several juililications de-
sid'iied to stiniiilate emigration from MiiLiland to
Anicriea apiieared ahoiit that time, ]ieiiiied hy eolo-
iiists. hut they had no s[)0(ial merits. The lirst,
priiitiiiL;' l)ress in the e(donies was setup in the house
of the president of Harvard Collej^o in ItDV.l, and the
lirst hook printed iu this cuiuitry was the " IJay
I'salm Mook" (l('i4(t) i)rcpared for use in Puritan
eliurehes liy .John Eliot and others.
The lirst really grout literary work in AimTica
was perfornu'd hy Kliot in redueing the language
s|ioken hy the Indians of ^[assaehiisetts to writing,
lie not only made a translation of the Hihle in tlio
language of the Mohegans, hut a grammar, hesidcs
translating ,<everu religious liooks of high re[)Ute in
that day. Eliot's Hi'ile was printed on the Har-
vard press in l(J.')M-<'i:). and was the lirst, HihN; jirinted
in Aiiieriea.
The lirst strietly Ameriean authoress was .Mr.s.
Anne Hradstreet, wife of (iovernor Jiradstreet,
of Massachusett.s. She was horn in ItJl'^ and died in
U'lT'i. ''The Tenth .Mu.<e" was an aiipellation he-
stowed iijion her. l''rom her the Daiias, to he men-
tioned later, were descended. The most illustrious
nanii' in the literary annals of .Vmeriea in the sev-
eiiteentli century was M.ither, father, son, grandson
and great grandson, the third, Cotton .\Iathor, heiiig
the chief. lie was a man of many wonderful gifts.
\[[a M(ii/U(tli(i ('/iris/i. AimricitHit. was a historical and
hiographieal memorial of primitive Xew England,
a book showing line powers uf ehuraeterization. Rut
((,3s)
Is
-^!
AMICUICAN LITKUATIUK.
^'39
■9
ill I'uvitiin
AllltTU'll
liUiiruaLTo
<) writiiii^.
>lii ill tlio
iir, ln'sidi's
repute in
the Ihir-
ili! |)riiit('il
was yh>>.
^riulstrui'i,
11(1 dii'd in
l!atii)ii lii'-
o be iiien-
ilhislriiius
ill tlie sev-
frandsou
itlier, heiii.ir
lerful jrifls.
torieal and
,v Kiiirlaiid,
atioii, Hvit
lio WiiH j:;rciitcr us a iiitui and iv proiiclicr tliuii ho \niH
ua an uutlior. His uceoiint of witclicnift in Salem
imd HoHton hiis proved a nioimiiiciit to his own dis*
lionor, i,nvin;: him more pnnuineiico in tliiit disrep-
ulahie episoilo of colonial history tlian ho ucl.iially
doHorves.
The lirst Anicriean Im.ik of real ^cnluft caiiie from
the jK'n of a native of New Jersey ami a meiiiiier of
tho Society of Friends, to whom Chuilos liaiiib paid
this higli tribute, " (}ct the writiii;,'s of John Adol-
man by heart, and learn to lovo the early 'Quaker."
Tho best of his writing's is his Journal. Wdid-
iiian was liorn
^^"^x '" '*'"'huj,'ton
County, New
Jersey. K'.'O,
and died of
the siiiall-|io.\,
in ^'urk. Mn-
iTJaiid. wiiiliier
he iiad j,'one to
atli'iiil a i|Uar-
teriy meeting.',
in i::-i. Con-
temporaneous
« iiii W'ooJman,
iialh
rell;;--
JONATHAN K1>\VA11I>».
lous, lull, oliier-
wise widely dif-
ferent from
him. was .bma-
tlian Kdwards,
who was born in East Windsor, Connecticut, lTo:i,
and died, also of small-pox, at I'rineeton, New
Jersey, IToS. Edwards was at tiio time of his
death iiresidenf; of I'rineeton College. lie was
a Jiietaphysician of wondrous powers of loijie.
Aecep'iui^ tho dogmas of Calviiiisni. he carrieil
them !■ their loirical eonclufions with a clear-
ness and i 'loroughness batlling refutation, if only
his premises are conceded. His treatise on tiie
Will and the Ilif^larji <•/ Hi'dfuipH'in are still standanl
text-books of ortiiodoxy. ''The Hnglisii Cah iiiists."
wrote Sir James ^lackintosh, " have written iiotJi-
ing to lie put in eoinpetition witli it"' [the treatise
on tho Will] Jonathan Kdwards is tiie only coId-
nial author to aciiiovo and maintain a ])laee among
the great authors of tho worlil.
The next nauio of note in American literature is
Henjamin Krinklin. Ho too attracted attention
upon thu otiier side of the Atlantic, and was ac-
corded rank among tho best iiitellocts of tho (loriod.
Hut his fame rl^stod upon his discoveries in scieneo
rather than upon his merits as a writer. His |h!Ii
was plinMing and commonplace. I[o wrote much
aii'l widely, with good iast«;, but not brilliantly.
Morn at Itoston in lT(l*i, his nninhiKxl home was in
I'hiladelphia, wiieri^ he died in IT'.K). He was a man
of science and piditics, writing with a view t'> pr;vcti-
cal results. With tiieology ho never tiieddled.
Without any polemical disposition, ho was piindy
and uniformly s(!ciilar. .Many of his wi..(^ sayings
have passed into provcilis. I''ni' many years
ho imblish-
ed " Poor
Kichard's
Almanac,"
an annual
so full of
homely wis-
dmn as tu
ai'i|uire a
great hold
u|ion the
jiublie. For
a long time
he ])ublish-
ed aii<l edit-
cdtlielVnii-
sylvania^/fN
-fill', the TIIOMA-. I'AINE.
most iiillueutial journal in all the colonics. He ilid
niort' by his pen for the promotion of colonial union
anil resistance to I'iUglish dosji^tism tiian any other
man. His Autobiogra|ihy is the iK'st of his literary
remains, and will always be valued as a storehouse of
history and sage observatic ns. Mirabeau paid this
deserved triinite to l''r;iiiklin : "■ Antiijuity would
have raiseil altars to this inigldy genius, who, to the
ailvantuge of mankind, compassing in his mind the
heavens and tho earth, was aide to restrain alike
Ihunderbolls ami lyr.iut • "
l"'rankl!irs <::\:i\, reput.ii'ion vsade him especially
available as v. representative of ilio C(donies afc the
liritish cotuv. If the authoriti > ''To contemptuous
of the colowie.- as sucIk tho\' viu. ivl surely listen to
the great i>r, Franklin <?n an^ subject. For this
reason he ^fas much abroad, both in EuLrlamllx^fore
. a -
04
o
AMICKKAN LITKRATUKK.
tlu' (.'(iiilliM actiiallv ln';:uii, ami in Kraiirt' iluriiii,' | iho dehiiti's in llio ctinveiiliDii wiiii'h I'niinoil llie
U\<*>
ir
il
tlu' proLM't'S'^ of tilt' war. \\ liile in Hujiland Im
fornii'il ilio a((|uaiiitaiic(' of 'riioiiias I'aino. I lie son
111' a (^ualxi'i', a idrsot-iiiai^iT. a sailor ami a ivvo-
iiiu otliiialin a small way. TlKMiiiiok t'vo ul '/rank-
liii saw the uviiiiis of the man. and advised him to
east his fortunes witii liie Ameriean eoloiiies. He
emiL''raied to this rouiitry in KM, in the forty-
fourth year of his ■.f^c. He had shown faeility with
th'' pen in a iiamphler eritieisiiij^ the -^erviee with
whi'h !., V IS eoniieeli'd. That paiuphlet eost him
his cilHro and served to inrroduee him to Fi'aiiklin.
Ill this country he wrote several pulilic'ations of some
iiu'i'lt. Ilis flaiv. to reeoLinitioii in this eoiinee-
tioii rests upon the series of short jiapers issued
at irreuulur intervals duriiiir the Kevdlutiouary
War. tiiiitled ( nniiiiui/ S,/i.^i' and the ''/■/'>/>. The
a[iprals of ilie fdrnier series for union and repui)li-
eanisni produeei' a LTreal ell'eet upon tlie lh,)U;dil'
and purpose of the jieople. Tiie ^ '/■/>/>• sirved to
stimulate i he patriotism nf the eomitry. and was
almost univi'rsallv read, hoth hy the lireside and in
the camp. Thcv were issued as the cau-e of iiide-
peiideiice re(|uireil. Two suliseiiuenl wmks from
the same pen. '/In IH'iliIrt nf Man. and the .I'/r af
/I'liisdii, can liardl'' liechissed as a jiart of Ameriean
literature. Paine died at lioclielle. .New York, in
Thotnas detl'ersc :; wrote much, as the posthu:i cus
piililication of his writings attest, aud .vrote ailmir-
ahly well. i)Ut his life was one <if activity, and ajiart
from state papers (including the Peidaration of In-
dependence) he never eoutrilMited much to the vuv-
reiit thought of his day. The lu'xdlutiouary [n'riod
may lie said to have had its laurt'atc. I'hilip i''reneau,
a thorough l-'reiichniaii in style and temperament,
li,i\iiig that hmior. lie was horn in N'.'W ^'ork.
1 "."i'.'. and jn'rished in a New dct'sey snowstorm at
tile aiic of eighty-twd. doel Harlow, of ('(Uinecticut.
attempted to he a poet, and for a time passed for
■ inc. liut he wa< lonu' since pronounced a failure
The Fi'lrrd'IsL whieli 'vas fiu- the most part, the
jiiint product of .Mcxaiioer Hamilton, , I. liii .lay and
dames . Madison, CI insists (if a sciie- of essays in advn-
cai'V (if the Coii-tiiulion of t he riiitcd States. It
(lid much to .-ecure its a(loptiiin. and will always he
of value in its interpretat ion to statesmen and jurists.
.Madison al-o rendered the country liiLrhly impor-
tant litcrarv -er\ ice liv niakitiuT exteiidc'l report-^ of
constitution. Those reports, known as the " Madi-
son State Papers," were not made luihlie until after
the distinguishod reporter's death.
There was a long period of harrenness in Ameri-
ean literature. A few theologians rose to emin uico
as writers on suhjeets I'onnected with their profes-
sion, notahly .Samuel Hopkins, Dr. I'liiiinons, Dr.
Hellamy anil Moses Stuart, hut none of them could
at all compare with ,K)natlian Kdwards, or he said to
have eontriiinted anv reallv new eleini'iil to theoloy;-
ieal tlunigiit. Theirpuhlished works are ineridy (dah-
orately drawn out doctrinal sermons. They nevt;/
passed hcvoiid theraiigi' of proft'ssional text-hooks.
Ivlgar .V. I'oe was really the pioneiT poet of
.\iiierica, and Washington Irving the ])i(moer of
.\nieriean prose, as a recogni/,ed feature of the In'llv
Ivllrcs literature of thei'higlish language. HefiU'elheir
ilay were coni|Kised a few stray hits of poeti'y which
are jns'ly treasured and widely read, 'i'hese are
" The Star Spangled Hanner," hy i'"rancis S. Key :
" The Old Oaken Hiicki't," hv Sanuud WDodworth;
and •• The Culprit Kay," iiy ,Iose|ih Hodman Drake.
The •• Thanatopsis "of Bryant helonged to thatjieri-
od, imt the snhsei[ueiit jioetry of the same writer gives
him rank with the later j)oets. During this period
of coinpaiative sterility, one hranch of knowled;re
rei'eived except ioii-
al attention, orni
thology. .Vlexauder
Wilson, a native of
Scotland, and John
.Tames Aiidnhon, a
Louisiainan ( fiSii-
1S,")1) made a thor-
ot; "h study of A-
nuricaii liirds,and
duly recorded their
ohservations. I'oe
was Ikh n in isi 1 ,
and died in h'sl'.
His was ;ui unhap-
pv lot. a iife-striiu'-
gle againsi poverty and all the ills attendant upon in-
temperance. The less said of his private life the
lietter for him. His •■ lUdls," '• l!a\ en." and oilier
poetiis aro familiar, lie is one of the household
poet-, open to criticism, hut attractive to the greal
liodv of reailer.-.
^
— h
fruiiioil llie
tlio " .^ludi-
c until tii'ter
<s ill Aiut'ri-
to t'liiiii '1100
llioif profos-
luiuoiis, Dr.
tlioiii ouuld
or be said to
I to tllOdlug-
' iiiorcly t'iah-
Tiioy novo/
il toxt-lii)oks.
loor puot (if
pioiiooi" (if
of tho M/r
Koforollioir
[iiioiry wliioli
Tiioso an.'
I! 10 is S. Koy :
Woddworth ;
liuaii Drako.
1 to that ]ioi-i-
owritor gives
g tliis ])eri()d
if kuowloduo
idaiit updu 111-
ivato life tlio
il." am! Ill hor
lie liiuisolidld
to tlio great
AMERICAN LITERATURE.
641
Oonteiniioraiioous Nviih I'oo may 1k^ ( lassod Fit/,
Grooiio Ilallook, wlio was horn in ( luiifurd, Coniioct-
ioiit in IT'.*."), and died tliofo in ISiJu His life was
il ploasant episode. 1 lo was admired and courted for
liis jiorsdii-
al oliariMs
iKt loss Ilia 11
for his ex-
Ijuisito ge-
nius, lie
was not a
viilmiiiiious
writer. An-
other coii-
teniporarv
was U. li.
Dana, the
elder, horn
in 1 iSi and
living until
1S71I. Mr.
Dana he-
longed totlio aristoeracy of i>ost(in,aiid wrote with el-
cganoo not only jioetry hut short stories and eritii|iies.
lie, even more than I'oe. niiixlit he ealled tho sluulow
Fl'tV, liltKKNi: HAI,l.i;rK,
UK llAlvll II. DAN.i.
cast hofore hv coining .\iiicrioan liicraliirc. His
/'nil! Fi'llmi is a p-iucvfnl roinant;o, and his lectures
(in Shaksu'arc arc in refreshing ooiifrast with the
mane leetiires nn llu
ainc siibjet't li\ dohii (.)niiic\
^^j
.Vdanis, delivered when that- grout statesman was u
college professor. Dana lived to see the hud of his
own promi.se hlo.ssom in others.
James Fenimuro Coojht was tho lirst great nov-
elist of .\nieriea and tho lirst American writer uft<!r
l'"ranklinand
I'ldwards, to
gain Kuro-
pean recog-
nition, lie
was a truly
national nov
elist, for he
wrote of life
on the fron-
tier, of In-
dians, lra[i-
jiers and the
sea. He east
a halo ahout
the Indian
(^haraotorand ■'*'"=- ff^M.M.iKK MM.rcu.
AiiK'rican scenery. (Joo|K'r lived in Cooperstown,
New ^'ork. Ho was liorii in Ks'.t and survived
niilil 1S.")1. On much the same plane slands Miss
Sodgwiek ( 1 TS'J-liStlT), a novelist whoenjoyi'd a wide
po|iularity in her day. NeiHior are much read at
the present timo.
In his day N.
1'. Willis was a
iioti'd nienilier of
the literary guild.
He was a journal-
ist and [met of
(he more esthet-
ic characlcr. He
wa.- horn in IMHI,
and (lied in istl'.
During his early
niaiili 1 he was
a great pel with!
a laru'c class of
readers. 11 is host n. r. wiluh.
work was done on the Xnc I'or/i' Mirmr and the
Uniiii' Jo/irii'il, two lireside UHcklics of large ein^ula-
tion. He wroh' nothinir vvliicli deserves to ho nieii-
lioiied speciiically. His friend, (ieoige {'..Morris,
vrroto lcs< and generally not as 'veil : hut. his "^\'(M)d-
iiian. Spare that, Tree." is a <.'ein of rare heautv.
r
if
m
m
■'■''J-W'N''
\l' ■
■• ■■■■■H'-'
>^
642
AMKKICAN MTICKATIKK.
Mrs. Si;,'uunu'y also st-ooil very liiu'li as a jidl'Ioss iu
Irt tiiuo. Slu' was a prc'itic wriUT ut' vtTse, being
often called ujxiii to grace si)ecial occasions. ISlie
was l)orii in (^onncctirnt in ITlU and died in lS(i."i.
Wasliington Irving is tlie snprenie landmark in
American jirosr. lie was born in New York in KiSli
and died in 1S,")'.I. lie begnn his literary f.ireer as
tlie anonymous writt'r of a comic iiistory of -New
YtH'k undtr the |)ritniti\e Uiitch. It was a very
brilliant success. That was in ISO'.I, when he was
young and rich, lie wrote simply as a recrcatiDn.
U \SHINi,T«tN IHVINO.
lUit about ten veai's later his t'oriune tlisapjicari'd,
and he look ujt literature as his lite-work. Others
h:id made it a trade: ho took it u]) as a iirol'cssion.
He was not a literary artisan. liiU an artist. His
sketches and tales attracted the attention of Sir
^\'altcr Scott and others in the old wcu'id. It. was
then admitted bv the British critics that ju'rhaps
some good thing c<iuld come out of republican
Ami'rici. He wrote several elaborate histories, his
('olttmliu< lieiiiL,' iht' tirst and his Washington the
last. His line style could invest any suhject with
interest. Irving was a verv fortunate man in his
temjieranienl. h'nr inaiiv vcars he was the most
popitlar man in the cottniry, always praised and
nevi'r dazeil by adulation.
As a historian Irviii::' laekcd the critical faculty
which is nccessarv to the \erv hiijfncst merit in that
department of literature. Jbit America can justly
boast of her contributions to historical literature.
Several niimes present themselves in this connection,
.lared Sparks (IT'.I4-I8(i(l) did a great work in bring-
ing out twenty-live V(dumesof AmeriiMn biograjdiy.
Several of the volumes were from liis own })en and
all were tinder his (.ditorial supervision. Sparks
was followed l)y doiu. (!. Palfrey and .several minor
historians. Hut it was not until a later i)eriod that
the great galaxy of American historians ujuKHired
in the heavens.
Two other names come to the front at this point
of our sketch,
Margaret Ful-
ler and Uali)li
Waldo Emer-
son, The f(n'-
nier was jiorn
in b^lu and
was lost ai se.-i
in 1S,")II, while
the latter, luirn
in ISo;!. died
in ISS-.'. In life
they were warm
fr'ends. Mar-
garet Fuller
(for the ^[ar-
chioness IJ'Os-
soli is best
known by her
maitlen mime) was a brilliant critic. Her young
life had in it the promise of a great future. She
is remembered more for what she was than for
what she had already aeeom|ilislied. I'hnersoii
combines tlie philosopher, [uiet and critic. Ivlu-
cateil for iho ministry, lu' was adapted rather to
the life id' a student uiitramiiuled by any [U'o-
fcssional obliijations. He did a very great work iu
elevating the general tone of American literature.
Writers and readers were iilike lifted by his genius
into higher ranges of thought. Without riiliciilinu'
or condemning the vapid productions which held
the lield in his younger ilays, he set alioufc the culti-
vation of better ideals and tastes. Therein was his
chief work. l-]merson imiy be said to have not only
introduced Thomas t'arlyle to .Vmerii'a. but to hi.s
owti conn'rynii 11. He lonu' ago won recognition the
World over as ime. ol' the great thinkers of our age.
llAl.l'll WAI.1)1> KMMXIS.
?d.
—a
^ »
111 justly
iteriiUire.
iiiL'utidii.
ill briiij,'-
'".^Tiipliy.
pen and
Sjiiirks
ill iiiiuor
Tiod that
aj)i)earoil
his point
^
or youiiiC
art'. Sill.'
tliau fur
iMiicrsoii
ic. ivlii-
ralhrr to
any pro-
I worlv ill
literal uro.
lis LTl'llius
riiliiiilinu'
hirh hfl.i
Iho culti-
'iii was iiis
I' iidt only
liut to his
viiitiiin tho
>1' iiiir a:;v-
^ a
V
■f
AMERICAN LITKKATURE.
^H3
C'hiincollor Kent of, Now York (ir ),(!(>
siTvi's ]irominont inonlioii for his grc gal work
on American hiw. He is the Ulackstoni' of the
United States. His eoiiiiiieiitaries have hei'ii a text,
iiook with law students for fifty years aiid have lost
none of tlu'ir
value. .Iiidm'
Story, of the
Su[)rcinel)enih
of the T'niteil
Stales (!T;!I-
lS4ri),pro(hieeil
a work oil
le constitu-
tion wiiicii is
ail iiidispcnsa-
lilc iiiaimal fur
every states-
man in t his rc-
puliiic. iVuiMid
uany valuable
leiral treatises
have been prodi;ced in this country, imt Kiiit ami
Story are the (udy reidly jireat and inmiortal names
ill ihc annals of ^\iiierican law literature. The
N'o.-Ml Wllt-TKK.
name nf Abbott desi'rves honorahlo iniintion.
Th
were nvo hroilu'rsof note, Jacob, the author of the
" KoUo liooks" and a Ioiil^ list of works (lesiLTiiiMl to
instruct ami enlerlain the uiuiiir. and .bihn S. ('.
.Mibott, two years youiiLTer,
whosi) histories uf Napoleon
ami oi her famous chanu ters
were receivi'il wit li fa\ or.
In le\icou'ra[
as tuo Lrrcai naiiu
ili\' Amcrtca
s, N.
\\'.
lister
|-;."is-is.t:)) a,i,
il
■loseph !•:. Worcester (ITSI-
isc,-.). !•:
iiiier is ii'ood au
I'.oril v on hot h s|ielliiiL:' ami
iroiiiineial ion, and t liai mil
oiilv in Anierica,
liul
wlier-
tlirou^h nuiuorous editions, ami been improved
and enlarged many times. America has lirought
tlie art- of jirepariiig text-books fer the sehool-roum
to a degree of jierfection unknown in the old world,
and ill that line Nuah Webster was the pioneer.
I It^ may he called
tliefatlu'r of Amer-
ican School books,
in I he tirst half
of this century
there arose a teni-
jiestuous contro-
versy in Massachu-
setls over the doc-
trine of the tfinitv.
On one side were
I'rof. Closes Stuart
and his comiieers
of .\ml()ver The-
ological Seminary,
ai.d the ortliodux
ministers uf the
Congregational church generally, ami on \\w other
side were Dr. Chaniiing ( IsTo-lS-Ci) and the Ware>,
lenry and William, with their rnitarian syinpa-
UKOUI.K HAM Knl'T.
.1. v.. WliKI'I^TKll
the !•
ni^'listi taicjuanc is
W>
isier iieiran as Ihc iiicri^ i
iiakcr of
llinL;-lio(ik for the sch<iol-rooiii. lie was a
iiati
Vale Colleije,
and so. too, w c
\V>
iree>ter.
hey were imlepem
lent
worker'^ 111 the irreat
lie
d
vii
io
ed
n
if lexicoiiraphv. luit not rivals in anv in-
iiis sense,
\\'ell^t^'r's great, wurk I
irst a'.ii'i'ar-
]s-.'s, \\-,
U'rc-ler S in
ISl'il). \\-M-\\ 1
ir.s li'isseii
if:-^-;.
'i. ^.
^\>
044
AMERICAN LITERATURE.
was horn in lTi)0 and died in 1S,")(). jlo wrote tliu
liistory (/f l'"iM-dinuiid iind Isnhelhi, also (if t\n: tou-
((iiesls of Mexico and I'eru. Tlu'v wore at once rei-
oj^iuzod us tlie jiroduetions of a iiciiins. Richard
Hiidrelli ( ISoT-ISii.")) was tlieauiiior of an elaliorate
iii>iory of tlic I'nitod States, wiiicii has itnly one
rival, aTid that is tlie i,'reat work of (ieorLTe iJancroft.
Mr. iiancroiL was horn ni 18tl(l ajid still survives.
lie was ^ecretary of llie Navy in LS-lo, and lie lield
several ither hii.'h ]Misitions nndcr tlie Lroverninent.
Fifty years ago he hegaii his history of tlio United
Stales, and a new volume has been hailed from time
to time as an event, lli.s style, 'lowover, is heavy
and his vidiimes dull. ,Tohn LoilTop .Mot lev was
horn in 1S14 and died
ill islT. He devoted
li:s life to the Ji'i I' iiinl
Full uf Ihe Ihih'h Ji'r-
pnlilir, and in that tield
nevi'r had a \wy. His
style is elegant and
fascinating. ]\[r. 3Iot-
ley wrote several dis-
tinct yet kindred vol-
umes. Ue represented
the I'nited States at tl;e
Austi'ian co irt under
.Mr. Lincoln, ami at the
l-'.iiglish court under a
part of (ieiieral (irant"-:
tirsi icrm. 1 ii diplomacy he was not a success, hut
ill historv he vvoii the admiration of Miirop.e and
America. I'"rancis Parkn'iin was horn \X'l'.\. The
held which he has eultivali'd with a success wliitdi
gives him rank with I'rcseott and ^[otley, is New
l'"rance and the early scitleiiuiit of tlu' West.
In scientiiie literature this country can hoast sev-
eral names of note, Silliman, Hiiehcock, Agassi/,
J)aiia, \\ includl. (ii'ay. liaclie, Maury and Drapci-,
hc^iilcs I ho<i' early lights of America, Dr. I''ranklin
and ('oiihi liiimford ( 1 T.-io-JSl-t ). The latter was a
great naliii'al phi'- -opii.'r who diil much good work
ill hi< dcpai'i 111 '.' '!' thouidit. hut h"ii:g a Tor\' in
till' lic\ iilutionary p'-i 1 !. !ii' ha.. '■ leave the coun-
trv and was almost losi ^i^i t, ni. i»f these hitlcr-
dav sciciiti-ls, Hi'MJamhi Silliman ' 1 ^ ^'.'-l m'. I ! is
hi'st known a,-- .iw ioc!, ic of >',i'i'i,,ii. .; JorriKii of
I.OIIS AUArSlZ.
S'ii'itfi' (iinl A-i.
niiiicralo'_fv and ;
^•;de *
f chemi.-i ;\ ,
■c froii, l-'M
to l,S,"),'). Edward Ililcheuck was horn in II'.KJ anil
died in 180-1. llo was professor of geology in Am-
herst College for many years, and later President of
that institution. He was among the greatest geol-
ogists of his day, Louis Agassi/, was a native of
Swit/erland, horn in ISO','. lie uame to this eoiin-
Iry in his early manhood and hecame eonuecled with
Harvard College, Zoology was the hrancli of sci-
ence to which his life was devoted. He died in
18'o. .lames 1). Dana, horn in ISi:;, ranks very
high as a geologist and mineraiogist, Jlis writings
gave him a high reputation among scientists. Prof.
Alexander Winchell, born in l.Sv'4, may bo said tu
have brought geol-
ogy down to date.
The venerable Pro-
fessor Asa Cray, of
Harvard College,
has long ranked as
llu! foremost botan-
ist in America, lie
has written much
u^ioii the ilora of
this country. ]le
was born in l8ln, ^
Alexander] ). Baclie, |
who was horn in
lS()<i and died in
ISiit, was a grand-
son of Ik'iiiamin
lilt, J. ^^■. l)lcAl'f-:K.
Franklin. Jlis great achievement was tlie su[icr-
intendence of the T'^uitod Stares Coast Surve\,
which position he held for nearly a ipiartcr of
a century. His annual re[iorts on the Coast Sur-
vey constitute a treasury of scientiiie information.
Commodore Maiir\, who was h<irn in N'irginia in
isoti, was an eminent iihysicist. He is known the
world ovi'r li\ his " W'inil and < 'urreiit Charts," and
his " Physical (ieography of the Sea." Dr. .1. \\ .
Draper (l.Sll-ls.s] ) is eipuilly famous as a scientist
and a historian. He was master of a remarkably ele-
gant style of composition and )irofoundlv learned in
natural histor\'. lie was a native of Liil;I and. hut
was ciliicatcd in this count rv. l'"oi' many years
i)r. Draper was jirofessor of chcmistrv in the I'lii-
versity of New \ .<vk.
In the department of journalism America can
hoastsome great names ''c-ides l'"raiikliii. The high-
est rank is now gciicralh- '_n\eii to Horace (Irecley,
r
±k^
AMERICAN LITKKATURK.
645
L^
tlio I'oiiMilur of till} \o\r Vdi'k Triliiiin'. Mr. (ireuloy
was ii iiiitivo of Mew
i[iiiiij).sliire, hirii in
ISU. Ills uleiii of 11
iio\rs[)i4)L'r was (jiiu
wliich should exert a
groat uiul wliolc'somc
inlhii'iico. Tlie iikivl'
tyjii(;al journalist, of
his tiiiii! was Janii's
(ionl(.iiHuHMel,t(lS()l»-
IST'.') whose only am-
liilion was to furuish
lilt! hilust, ami fuilusi
Hi'ws. iloroiu liis jour-
nal, the New '^'ork
lliTiilil, hecanie tiie
moilel of journalistic
enterprise. TlieAiner-
iean press, us a wiiole,
is more enterprising
anil versatile tiiantlnit
of any otlier ciiuntry,
and tlie Anu'rican
people devote more
attention to newsjia-
jier reading tlian do
any otlier p'.'oj)li'. 'I'he
aiisohite frci'dojii of llie Anieriean press ha
tlie enlargement, of i'>s s^jlu're.
Closely allied to the news[)aper
press, yt not, hy any means
condned to it, was IJayard Tay-
lor. 'I'his /('j^iarkahle man l»e-
gau his ciirct'//;^ //(lioonce as a
triiveler. He fnid tf/f/iio \iiuA to
land, eonirihnli»ig li'i>' (/l;)4t'/>.t-
tiotis to the New York 'tril///fif
and dill'using kiioukMlgi' among
the peo[ile, heroniing one of the
best known of our eountryme'i.
Later he aehieveil sueeess as a
novelist, and latest as a poet.
At the time of his death ho
was the repri'seiit at ive of the
T'nited State< at the (ierman
capital, i'lorn in \^'l'\ he died
in |s;s. liis traiwlalion of
l-'diisl is the most eniliiriiiu'' monument of his 'genius.
TioiiACK v,vs.y^ "v.
favored I
Amorieuu litoruturo has a galaxy of jioots wortliy
to ho classed among
the classics of the
world, Longfellow,
]}ryant,"\Vhittier, Low-
ell and Holmes. 'I'he
first and second liavo
ceaseil from their lu-
hors, and the three
others cannot, long
survive. ^Ir. Ii",.g-
fellow, horn in ISO',
dieil early in jss-.',
ami was iiKuirnod hy
tiie nation as the lau-
reate' of the people.
Desccndt'd from tin
old New I'lngland
family, nurtured in
lu.sury, and cultured
to the last degree, he
.seemed the very ini per-
sonation of all which
is tender, heautiful
and pure. 'I'liere was
ill h:s genius no sug-
gestion 01 I hi' organ,
hut rather of the
merest loiieli lir.,' /ght a meloilious rc-
spoiLse, M/. Kryitii't, \T,h(j was
\HtTnih J'H-land ./Med ii, IS's.
retained his mental t'
the last, and did some 07' |iy,is
lj<;st work in the winter //
Ifi/ /lityit, ){iil his ma,-tcrpieee,
/'/////////////A/x, was written vihcn
he V)!!/ OiAy fiiglit^'j'ii years of
ago. Willi.m. /'iilleii jjvyant
■I';ltK(Ui1 njo'.llll'.''. ,4i)\ltl h,
horn in ff^/,, .-^ifi
his '.II a faffWv <*il'''i'l'
■ iker iK/Uso
/emeni/
i-*y.''t ry.
'[ Im'V l^'h')./ .',\ 1 MM
il)(! saim; ifi:h'i 1' ■>' /
ex(|ui.«itely ft>t'hni
• \t'v\ touch* and totit. W'liillwf Vfiiv u> > ii in
r
MS''
m = '^^
lU.
{^
Vd
w*
^ iS?
^ ,
(■•
i
I nH'try !
,
^ •)
'y
AM-.KICAN LITERATURE.
647
Wliile L(iiiji;fellu\v iiiid Wliitliur iicmt veuluru uut-
siile of vur.se, iiiul Lowell only entered the siiiuUer
field (if criticism, Dr. Holmes boldly hiuncliod out
upon the l)roiid oceiiii ul'
romimce imd the cxieed-
in<rly jK'rilous gulf of jiro-
fcssionul wit. His Khw
I'l-niKir i.s iiu iidminihlc
story, iind his Aii/firm! if
///>' Jirndfilxl 'I'dlilr is a
well of wit uiitiiinlfil by
any coiirseiiess. Ibilmes
has the greatest versutil-
ityof genius (jf iin\ Anier-
iciin iiuthor. This juinee
of uiagiizinists wiis lioin
in ISO'.i. What (ioetho
and Schiller and their
e()ni})i.'ers were l<i tlie court
of \\ einiar, are Longfel-
low. Whiltier, Lowell and
llolnies to the lilcrarv
capital of .\inerica, Bos-
ton, and its immediate
vicinity. There are bril-
liant and sonu what illustrious represenliitives of
the younger and mori' aelive school, or set of nuig-
azinists, but their glory fades and pales in compar-
ison with the
poet-i who have
lifted American
literature li-om
the ilust of coli-
Icmpt and iiiikU'
this country the
companion in
liici'arv renown
of ( i recce, I'.n-
gland, (icrn.any
and France.
On a recent
ori-asioii an Lii-
glish lecturer in
this (M)untry iii-
(|uireil, " \\ hydo
all American jouru'ilisis try to be humorists!'" .\s
c(unpared with anv olhcr country American writers
uilh reputations to make arc especially given to
humor. Some attempts in this line have met with
iiiAiii.iis V. r.iiiiwNi-:.
signal success. The .Mrs. Partington and her son Ike,
of Benjamin P. Shillaber, dates from I.s I'.. \ow
and then a new joke would come out and gain wide
circulation until at length
•■ Mrs. Partington " has
come to have a distinct
place in the thought of
tliejeading |Pid)lic. .John
(i. Saxe, a poet of rare
gifts, was so\cry hunior-
oiisly ini'lined that his
verse sparkles with laugh-
Ici-provoking wit. (J. F.
Browne, as '■ Artcnui.i
Ward," may lie set down
as the lirst of our nativi'
lumorists who aimed ~ole-
y at the ludicrous. Ho
las no underlying pur-
pose. His preposterous
spelling and grote.s<[iio con-
ceits were mme highly ap-
[ireeiated after his death
(18i'm) than during his
life. ".Mark Twain." Mr.
Clemens, Iiclmu as a journalist upon tlu! Pacilio
Coast. But ever since his "Innocents .\broad "
(ISCS) he has been a resident of the East, and
has lieen
rec(jgnized
as the
uMvatcst, of
American
humorists.
I'ndcr his
cap and
bells may
begciuM'al-
Iv discern-
ed an ear-
nest and-^
commend-
able piir-
1 II ise. 1 1 e
L HOLMES,
has l)een
CAMCEI. 1.. ( l.KMK.VS.
sharply criticised l)y English critics, but others
auain do not scruple to place him at the head
of contemporaneous humor not only, but to claim
for him raid< anioiiii'the innnortal wits.
648
AMKRICAN LITKKATURE.
NATIIAMBI. IIAWTIIOIINK.
If ('o(iiH.T was llio lirst Amuricim i. neli.st to at-
tract iitt<'iiti()ii al)nmil, Xutliii.iii-'l lliiwllioriio was
tlio tir»t to piiii
rccdfjiiition us u
^^rcai L;('iiiiis. Horn
ill iSiM, he wa?i nut
Rwil't Id make liin
mark ujmiii lilcni-
tiui'L". His Tinrv-
t<ilil '/filrs were well
rL'ueivL'd. Init it, was
Ix'twecn ihu yi'ars
of lS4i; and l.s.'cj
that lit' achiovud
ifrorttiu'ss. 1 1 [tiSc((r-
I'l Lc'f/cr und other
long ptories iiro
among tlie lew novels destined to be reail and ad-
mired by future ijeiieratioiis. Mr. Ilawthurtio dieil
ill lSf'4. His son, .luiiaii. lias written some good
Itl't ■.. it liiivels.
Of a Neiy ditTerent ty|K' is ,1. T. Ileadiey. who wivs
born in 1S14. Hi. 'ducated for the ministry, but
his taste took hini to lueratiire as a jirofession. In
word-iiainiiiig he has a most admiralile facility. ^\W-
pdlriiii iiiiil Ills Miirslidls. pulihshed in 1S-1(I, was an
e.xcw'dingiy popularbook, and so too, was Wttshiniiliiii
ami Ills liiDi'i'ti/s. Both continue to b- 11 consideraliie
demand, especially the former. Mr. : eadley met a
popular demand very creditably. 'lis younger
lirothc'r, P. G. Ileadiey, is tho author of several
hardly less well received publications.
(icorge William Curtis (lS-i4) is a rare combina-
tion cf high talent. During the lirst half of the
fifth decade of this century, he published several
books which excited high hopes of a brilliant future.
'I'lie best of these was his Potiphar J'n/n'rs. liut he
abandoned the Held of book-making and devoted
himself to the writing o! brief essays on ('urrenl
subjects and to lecturing. He is a fascinating
speaker and a charming writer. 'riiroiii^li the
Ivisy Chair of /Itir/irr's Miml/i/i/ and the Mditorial
dc[)artment of llnrju'i's Wn-i-l// he has wrought a
great work in educating the public, miml on jiolit-
ieal, social and other subjects. Mr. Curtis has been
and is a great lever for the elevation of jmblie sen-
timent.
J. G. llollaml, wiiose sudden dea'n in the fall of
issl was felt to be a national c ibunity, was one of
tho few writers who steadily grew in jiower and favor.
IWninl81'.»,
he first won
renown as
the author of
the immense-
ly ]io|iular
Tiiiiof/ii/ I'll-
raiil/i Li'llvra,
A few years
latei'themor-
alizor devcl-
o|ieil into a '
poet (lill/ir
Siiw/). Still
a few years
later, and Dr. 1. ■.. moi.j.anh.
Holland entered the list as a novelist, and won dis-
tinction. lUs Art/uir liiin>tir,its/k vrim vriW received
by the most critical readers and very ]iopular with
the many.
Walt Whitman is one of America's most remark-
able men of letters. T/ic A\/iiih)tri/h Ji'i'rieii' and
a vcrv considerable class of British critics, jiro-
nouiMi' him our greatest poet. Many fail to see any
])oetry and much indecency in his Leans nf 'Irass.
He is as detiant of rules as Carlyle. Many of his
leaves should have been left out, while some of them
are verv tender and will always be green. AVhitiiian
was born in ]81'.>.
The most widely read book ever jiroiluced in
America is rnclc Tom's dithlii, by Mrs. Harriet
Beecher Stowe. It was aceeptLd as a faithful i)en
jiicture of African slavery in America, and as such,
read with the utmost avidity. It was published in
\.>^'yi, and had a success absolutely unparalleled in
all the annals of literature. Millions of coj)ies were
s<dd in .Viuerica and England alone, and translations
s-]jeedily made of it into every language of the world
which might be said to possess a jiopular liti'raiiire.
.Mrs. Stowe is the daughter of the great pivailier,
Lyman Beecher, and sister of the still greater pulpit
orator, Henry Ward Beecher. She has written sev-
eral other stories of considerable merit, but her first
stands upon an elevation of its own.
There are several American authors of great
promise now in the midst of their career, Bret Ilarto
and .Toa((uin Miller in poetry, .(. I). Ilowells and
llenrv . lames,. Ir., in romanet,', who have done iiiucli
G
HIM
ri'eat
;i:i(3
ami
t
iiH/h
_ i
'«■
^»- a
'r
AMERICAN LITER ATUKU.
649
;iiiil liiivo in tilt' 1 tliL' proiiiisu (if iiiiiiiy jeai'rf of
usuCnlnoss.
Mr. Ilartt' (•(iiiiliiiii's liiiiiior .'111(1 piitlids. He ciiii
strike will) (Iflt, liii;L,a'rs tlai uliords (if .seiitiiiiuiit, or
ho cull iiiiiUc tlio wiitiTsdiiiice witli ripple.sof liiiisl'-
tor. His trihuU; to Dickens and his '■ Heathen Chi-
nee " are conspicuous cxanipics of his splendid pow-
ers. .loa(|iiin Miller is nearly always the same,
whether ho writes prose or poetry, cuts an intaj^'lio
or rears a nionunient, his mood and atliiiide is over
that of a pre-l\apliaelite. nmre plaintive than joy-
ous. Miller was never popular m America, hut
altaiiied an envialiK^ rcpiUaiiiui in luiL'land. Mr.
IIow('lls has written several stories of !,n'eat fascina-
tion, and lu! is still in the midst of his labors, lie
shares with Henry .lames, .Jr., the honor of hein^
the most conspicuous representative of the latest
mode in romance. They are exfjuisitoly esthetic
and are doinif much to cultivate in the puiilic^ mind
a taste for the purely artistic in literature.
In no other part of Uliristcndom is the pulpit so
important a factor and [lotent an inllueiice us in
America, for hero .«ermons, rather than rites, are the
main reliance of the clor^^y for the accomplishment
of relij^ious imrposes. The success of a discourse
cannot he measure(l hy a distinctivelv literary stand-
ard, and without implyinij; any comparative dispar-
a£;oment of others, it is proper in this couneetion to
refer specilically to the thrt'c .\merii!an preachers
whose (.'Very sermon, as soon as [ircached, hecomes a
part of current literature. Tliese three iiulpiteers
are — Henry Ward Hoochcr, 'P. l)e Witt Tuhuago,
and David Suin;;'.
Mr. Beecher was horn in IS 115, and is one of stv-
eri'l hrotliers who have attained eminence in the
clc/'ical profession. His colleiriate career uavo no
promise of a frrcat future. His first pastorate was
in a rural town in Indiana. He soon removed to
the capital of that stale, where he huilt up a llour-
isliiuu: church and delivered a course of lectures to
the youui^ whit'h were puhlished ami attaiiii'd a
wide circulation. Over thirty years aiiO a small
church of anti-slavery jirot livities was orji'ani/.ed in
IU'()(dvlyn as an olfshoot fnniithe (Jliuieh of the
I'iliiTims, Kev. Dr. Storrs |iastor, and to that new
church, called I'lymouth, .Mr. Heecher was called-
Ho accepted the call, iuid soon found himself the
most jiopuhir preacher on the continent. The his-
tory of I'lymouth Church is a prominent chapter in
the history of this country, more esi»ccially of the
anti-slavery movement. For many years his sei-
nioiis have been reportt'd in full and [luhlished regu-
larly. He has written several hooks, ineludinj; a
novel of some small merit, hut his fame rests upon
his pul[)it otforts. He is still in full vi;,'or, his dis-
courses hetrayinj^ no senility.
Mr. Talmaue was horn in ls;}-.>. His first settle-
ment was in Melleville, New .lersey, thence to .Syr.i-
cuse, N'ew York, I'hiladelphia, and linally to Hnxdi-
lyn, where ho hecame and remains pastor of tlm
lirooklyn Taliernacle. He has immense audiences
always, and his sermons are at once puhli'^'ied in no
less than twenty-three iiewsiia|iers, exclusive of the
daily press. These jiapers may he said to <rird the
;.;lohe, issuijd as they uro in Now ^'ork, London,
Melhourne, Sun Francisco, and other groat cities of
the Mn!.disli-speakiii<f world.
The last name to he mentioned in this list is David
Swiiiu', a native of Ohio, hut for many years a resi-
dent of Chica^ii. For ten years and more all of his
sermons have heen puhlished in full, and his rei,ni-
lar audience upon the Sabbath, lari^e as it always
is, is yet a mere handful as c(unpare(l with the mul-
titudes to whom he jireaches throULdi the .Monday
mornini; press. He is a poet who very rarely writes
poetry, but whose every prose effort is melodious.
The profound ^'rief of tiie American people o\er the
loss of President (iarlield found its best, expression
in a dirii'c fr.iui the pen of this eminent preacher,
and this chapter could have no more titting chjse
than these tender lines :
Now all ye llowers make room ;
Hither we come in gloom
To make a niiglity tomb,
Sighing ami weeping.
Grand was tlie life he led;
Wise was each word he said ,
But witli tlie nol)le dead
We leave him sleeping.
Soft may liis body rest
Aa on liis motlier's l)reast,
Wliose love stands all confessed
'Mid blinding tears;
But may liis soul so white
Rise in triumphant llight,
And in God's land of light
Spend endless years.
^
-* " 'jFr
^
'?^^:
m
f .^-^^
B ■ ■ i ^
\l:.. ':
^i,l'!i'!i
REFERENCE TABLES,
Embracing Miscellaneous Tables, Showing Contemporaneous History and Literature from B. C. 1500 to A< D. 1880;
The Industries, Manufactures, Railroads, Food Supply, Gold and Silver Production, Capital, Wealth, Earnings and
Legislatures, of the Countries of the World; The Financial, Political, Military and Naval History of the United Stntes,
from 1789 to the Present Time, inclusive. Also other Tables, forming an inexhaustible mine of Important Facts.
^-'^-^^^— ^
/rATISTICS present facts i.i
their most uoiulcased, exuct
iiiiil coiivouieut form.
It, is lu'illior exajigonitioii
nor Imiisi iiii^ to siiy that in f.iio
liot'eronce 'I'liblos jriveu horo-
will. may bo found llio very
'|uint.esst3nco of knowlediji!.
SiiL'li is tiie natures of all taimlar
matter. Tiie aim in Liiis comieetion
lias been to j^roup toiretlier such sta-
tistics as tlio broad title of tlio book
itself called for, gleaned from many
sonrees. .Some good tables are as
eoiiimoii aswi.-H- proverbs, while others
again are covered by copyright. There
are both classes in the following
pages. Without going into ust'less
iletails it is sntlicient to say on this point that
for its statistics Tin; Woki.d, ilisToiiicAL axd
Aci'fA!,, is nndi'r great obligation to "(laskelTs
Compendium of Forms" and the three great statis-
ticians. .Michael (1. .Mulhall. F. S. S.. John Nichol,,
liFj.!)., and General Francis A. Walker.
It will be ol)served that the historical and the ac-
tual are accorded about equal space, including in
the latter the tables of events so recent as to be-
long really to the present. The several tables are a
panoramic view of the past. Beginning with Fgy(it
when i:, emerges from the sands of oliscuritv, the
Hebrews wlicn they were transformed from slaves
to citizens of a nation having .lehovah for its king,
and tireece with the founding of Thebes bv Cad-
mus, all in the lifteenih cemury before the Christian
era. (he jtanorama moves on until the year 1880 is
reaclu'd. In this broad lield of nearly twenty-four
bundreil years, einbracing all lands, it is believed
lliat no great historical event, ])erson or work has
escaped attention. Each may be found, and be held
in correlation to other events, persons or works.
Ijiterature has been given more prominence than
war or any other feature for tlii^ riiason ifiat it alone
is jjoth historical and actual. .V good book is in-
stinct with ;i life which takes no note of time. Lit-
erature deserves the jirominence given it, and so
does America deserve the prominence given it in the
series of nnidern tables, for, although not so much
as kiu>wn until the evening of the lifteenth century
it is the heir of al' Europe, rich in the inheritaiict!
of its best estate, divested, for the nu)st part, of the
incundieraiices of ancient wrong.s and inimeniorial
blunders.
Having taken a historical .survey of the globe its
present condition is presented in tables which are
distinct and each complete in itself, but which form
a gi'and unity. The whole world as it is passes be-
fore us, and of each country we may note its
population, area, religion, government, capital,
debt, staniling army and navy, railways, commerce,
manufacture;:!, nuning, agriculture, banking and
money. Then follows a survey of the w.'rld from a
somewhat dillereut standpoint, with a view to ascer-
taining the industries, productions, nninufactures,
commerce, etc., of the world, each by itself. In one
set of tables the country isforcnn)st; in the other,the
toj)ie is given the iirefevence. It is only by shifting
the camera and taking .several views thata complete
photograph of an object can be obtained.
In the later i)art of tht; tables nuudi sjiace is de-
voted to American statistics, for which, certainly,
no apology is needed, Tiie recent completion of
the tenth census renders the present a favoral)le
time for the issuiince of taliular intormalioii relat-
ing to the United States. The nnire important
features of the census are herewith presenti'd to the
public. It will be nearly ten years before these ta-
bles will be superseded aod moved from the ground
Hour of the actual to tlie attic oi the historical.
(650)
V
880;
!: and
ttitea,
■acts.
rol'krt,
tluill
iilonc
is ill-
Li l-
,11(1 8<»
in tlie
iiiuuli
jutury
ilaiH'o
(if llu!
inoriiil
ol)(^ its
li t'oi'iii
SOS hv-
oto ils
iiililtiil,
iiicTce,
ami
from a
iiscor-
iv'tiires,
In one I
RT, flie I
luftiny
iiiipleto
is (le-
taiiily,
ion (jf
V(ii'al)lo
1 rclat-
lortant
1 toUic
lese ta-
<;nmu(l
:|i)rical.
TAHl.KS oi- ANCIKNT M riOKAITKIC AND llisrouv.
''S'
TABLES OF ANCIENT LITERATURE AND HISTORY.
Table I. B. C. 1500 to B. C. 750. The World Before Rome. By Centuries.
NiiTi:.— VVi.' ./'.///«,/< ,,.;/ il.il.a hiir.. >»,(i iisshji,,,! In
>,/.< 4ir f/ui'/ifii'nj^ i>i-i iKKi-i u> u, c. 1500: —
I. Iillll.li \I. Till' Ihlii.'i'. aj48 11. I'. Illrlli iif Aliriini, 1^96; iil' Ki-:m iiinl .IucmIi. i:*);. ,l<i-i ph in Knypt, 172^-1(1)5. Ilirtli of
II. A^nVKIA AM) l';(;Yl''l'...ll:ilii'l. Ninnml, A-^liur, sjio. Itiili.vlnii, jjiio. NumviIi. Nihil-, Sriiilr.iiiil:*, aitto. Mi'luf, llr»t !•.„•> j. mill
Kill J. ajio. KLrypliiiu Tlii'l"'^ l'>iiii'li-il. jjHo. lIvk-iiH 111 K.'ypt. i-n.-roo.
Ill i.i;l'.i;i'l'; KimhhIiI.imi iif Sicvcii'i, ioSb; (if .Vru'iH iliincliuK), 11156; iif .Mhnis (CiTniiis), iss^! "f ."ilmrM d.clrx,, 151'.,
ll'IIClliiill. 15,,),
I\. l'll(i;.\H'IA Kuiiiiililiiiii iif Tyir unci Siiloii, jjjo.
H. I'.
EiiYi'T AND Many I.aniw.
I'M 1 -Tl.NK.
LlTKUATIIlK.
(iltKKi K.
1500
Iljiiii -1 - 111., Sk-"-tiii«, (ir
Aiuiiiuii, i^tli Ku'ypliiui
Dynasly 1485
I'liAiiAiiiH powerful,
I5t)0-9<'0
Tin* 1)\im|m- ......1491
l''niltiil:ilii>ii uf 'I'lnlt' > (1 ';iilini[H)
Iti'atli!<ipl' .Mci.*t>,.\aniiuiiifl Miriaiii,
1453-51
flo.'iirA lUvidcM C'aiiaaii.... ..........1445
1 I M
IMu'iIjiihh - ,. ..... t i.-o
l)!iii;ui?s ill AiL'«)-i t4('.o
First JuiIl.'!' ill Isratl i,(itluiicl) 1403
14DO
Ki.'Iiiii, Kliigdf Muiib.
TlH' Vrflafl.
Siitii'lHiiiiiitliDn,
Wars Willi .\iiialckit('», .Iibiioltcs,
Moabitcs.
Ilutli .. ...........................1330
KU-iisiuiMM My.stcrit'H i irfj
War nf KrirtluMis a, I Kiui 'IpiiH,
Fouiuiutioii of Mycfna;.-..--..! 34-'
IVrseas, Cyrlopcs.
1300
A^sy^ill 1111(1 llabyloniil
uniti'd 1350-772
Cmiqiu'st of Iliibylon by llic
Assyriuiis 1350
Lutiiiiis ill Italy 134s
Wars with Pliilisiiiica.
Itariik mill Di'borab -.---....•--.1396-1356
Mylliiciil IlyniiKilD^'y
(Litiii!:) 1380
Karly Minstrt'Isy tOrplR'U?'),
1360
Pcloprt ,....ia8j
(';ilytli)iiiati I'liii.-c lAtalniilii).
.Tiu'l mill Sisrra 129S
\\'ar with ^liiliaiiitc3.
GiiU'oii .. . ..----...--....•....B949-1309
Minos iu C'rcti- 1256
Aryonaiilic Kxpi-ditioii, 1260-1240
TiiEsEirs IN Athens 1^34
Abimi-li'i'h ......1309-1206
Si'vt'M iiL'aiiist TIu'Im'S la^o-iaio
Ai-'ani'inimn. Mi'ii.'laus,
1200
Protuiis ill Eu-ypt.
yEnunsiii Italy.
Alba Lonf,'aFouiide(l....ii5a
Eli, lliL-i. Priest ii7i-ii'>5
Dawn of Ri-lij;ioua Epic
(MUSU3Uti) IlSo
TilK TkojAN Wau iig«-ii83
Itt'tiinid uf tlio Chiefs ii8j-i 170
Sliibbolelhof Gileiid.
Orti^tcs in Art;of* 1176
War- with Philistines.
Sa.mson ,,1140-1130
.S-V MITEL •---. . 1141-irij
'I'lit'syiulv Hi'ltlrd.... . iiai
Dorian Mi]L,'nuii'n. Uktuun op
IIeuacmd.k 1104
81
— Si
«*,
^*>.^,
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
1.0
L4 12.8
150 "^
|25
Uii 12.2
Sf Bfi 1
I.I
lis
2.0
1.25
i4
U 1111,6
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
//
^o
<V
•>?
N>
-^"i^
*>
^<b
V
6^
^
^
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 873-4503
^\^
I
^*.
rs
^ ...
.»
a
i 652 TAULrCS OF ANCIKNT
MTERATURK AND
HISTORY.
TABLES OF ANCIENT LITERATURE AND HISTORY.— Continued.
Table 1. B. C. 1500 to B. C. 750.
The World Before Rome.
By Centuries.
B.f.
IIOO
1000
,00
KiiYPT AND Many I.aniih,
Palkstink.
LiTKIlATIIIf
Odkrck. !
Miiloii ami Tyro 1095
l'li('i)|w ((it I'yranii(li...io8j
MvccriiniM iKiiypti.
Siflon t(iilMlu<>(l ))y the
I'liilicliiU'H 1050
.SAUL (iHt Klnif) 1095-1055
DAVID (l<in),'(lom greatly enlarged).
1055-101 5
SOLOMON (greatest extent of tlie.luwi8h
kingdom) 1015-975
I'salme of David.
Pelasgi on the sea 1077
Aletes in Corinth 1074
Colony from Cbalris to Cuii.i.:, 1050
Coniii-s in Athens 1045
loNio MlonATloN 1044
Settlement of Poloponiiesus,
War between Chalcls and Ereiria.
(^iiuon of Slicba.
TvBB great 1000-586
ShiKtink (EKypU liivadiH
Jiidt'a .... .... 97a
lliiildini! of TKMi'i.fc
.ioia-1005
975
\EL.
!■- 975-V54
— 954-953
■••953-930
...930-939
--939
....939-918
niR-8nt
Proverbs of Solomon.
Song of Solomon.
HOMER 11. 963-937
Iliad and Odyssey ...940-937
Crcopliylus (Samos).
Thracians on the sea .
..993
..913
1
Uevolt of Ten Tribes
Alexas In Thcssaly.
Ilhodians on tlie sea......
1
TarlcssiiM ftiiiiidcd by Tyre.
Itenhadad I. (I)aiiuiHCUH) al-
lied with Ai<a.
liurliadadll.
" beaiejjeH Samaria,
901-893
JexalK'l of Sidoii marries
Aliab.
JlUAIl,
liEiiunoAM, 975-958
Abijah 958-955
Asa 95S-9M
Jvhosaphat. 914-889
ISKj
jKKOnOAM
Nadab
Haaslia
Elah
Zimri
Omri
AllAH ....
i;AI{TII.\(:E foiimleil by the
Tyriann 878
Sardaiia|ialiiH 875?
Heviill of Ar! ■ es (lie Mede.
I1m/.:ii'1 altieks Israel ....8'o
IMiii'iiieia iiiidir llniliailed
III 840
Juhoram ...889-885
Abaziab 885-884
Allialiah ...884-878
Jirlioash 878-831/
El.l.lAll ..
Ahaziah .
ilelioram .
Klisiia ..
910-896
. .897-896
...896-884
. — .896-838
...C. P63
Phrygians on the sea 890
OLY.MIMC CiAMES 884
Lyxukgus In Sparta 884
Settlement of I.acediEmon.. 884-776
(-■yprlans on the sea 865
Pha'niciaim on the sea 833
Foundation of Khegium 813
IlEsiou (Ascra)
850
tlEinr ....
...884-856
Jehoahaz
...Si; 6-8 -10
800
Syria Iribiilary In Israel.
Amaziali ...839-810
.Toash 839-826
•iKKoiioAM II, 835-784
Joel (J.)
800
.'Eolian colonies
..800
--794
K^yptiaiis i>ii the ilea, 787-751
I'lilof As.syria invades Israel,
Uzaiali(or AzarialO
810-758
Inlerreijnnm.
Zechurlah 773
Amos (I.)
Ilosea (I.)
- c. 787
...C, 785
Vutohy or CoiuEnrs
.Vrf.'ds heads a Confederacy...
..776
--774
77"
EtruHCUiis 111 Campania.. 760
Jotimm 758-745
Shallum..
Menahem
77>
...773-761
Agias of Troezen ...
Stasinns (Cyprus),
Arctinus (.Miletus)..
776
-775-740
Piuidosia and Melapontum
fiiunded
■-774
j-740
Phcidon (if Argns 78
1
750
FuiinilallDii (if noMK...7S3
EI hiiipia independent 750
I'ekahiah .
Pekah ...
...761-759
Clna;tlion (Lacedn'mon),
11. 765
EnmuhiB (Corinth)... 760-730
MlI.ETIs powerful. Colonies
Deeennial AmiioNs at Athens
.750
■753
i
c
t
V
r
-"• S
V*"
."-99»
9'3
893
884
884
.884-776
, 865
833
, 8»a
800
794
4^
- ^>
.. a
^
5
TABLKS OF AN'CIKNT HISTOKY AND MTERATURE. 653
>
TABLES OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND LITERATURE.-Conlinued.
Table II. B. C. 750 to B. C. 500. From Foundation of Rome to Beginning nf Roman Republic. Ry Periods of Twenty-
Five Years.
n.r.
750
i
Pai.kstink. Asia asi> Kiiyit.
(illEKI K.
Itai.v ANI> Slril.V.
I.ITKIIATIHK ASH AliT.
Nal)iiiiii»«nr (Iluliylon iiiilcpviiil-
"■111) - 747
INtsiiiiis }M*Hi«*i;i! Nineveh 747
IVkitniiil Ki/.Dii <if byriii bcsiij,'!'
•Icnimileiii 74a
Ahiiz, ofjiidnli 74'-7»6
Tilt'iith I'iliscr cii'ulrciys Syria,
1111(1 carries 2'A Irilui* ciiplivi',
74"
Interrffjiiuin in /unttl.
lloNhi-a, of If»nii'i ...730-721
Slialmaiiimr (Asuvria) invade."
Israel 72S
llEZKKIAIi, of Jlldall 726-"9<
Itise of ( iiluxTll 745
I'lrst Messeiiian '\'ar 743-723
' lialeis founds Naxos 7(s
< 'ori nt h ian Colonies— Corey ra. .734
rilll.ol.Als cif Tlll'lPes 738
Mieah i.l.t.... e. 750-710
ISAIAH n. 747-«98
Iiiioii ■* 747
UoinuliiH aiiil A(t:ii), ist Spnlin
opiina.
S\ nA( t -K fuiiinlfd 7J4
I.riiiitiiuii and r.-itaiia fninxlril,
730
1
7>5
< AITIVITY <)|- ISKAKI 7"
<iyi;eM ill Kydia 716-679
SeiinaelKrili iiivaden .Tiidali 713
Aeha'sns found Syharis 731
War between Spurta and Aryos,
7,8
NiMA I'oMiMi.irs 716-673
UrIiL'ioUS I.HWS.
700
flestroyed 710
l>eiueeH in Meilia 709-657
MaNAsxeh 6q7-'i42
AcliH'iiiiM found C'roton ..710
Taukntim foiUKUa (PhalanthuB),
7"8
T.esehes 1 1.eshos) ....710
.\ri liiloi hus il'aros) 708
Siinonides i.\niori;nsi.. 693-662
Ilahyloii Hiibjiit 10 Assyria 680
Aniiiml AHCHONS nt Athens. .683
Tynans (Sparta) 085
Idolatry in .liidali
Sreond Mrssctiitin Wiir ess-^tes
Callinus 678
l->ar)iaddnii enjuni/eH Sninaria.
I77
TiTpander i Leshost erowned
at Miisii al Coniest 67'.
''75
650
IViiinmetiriiM 1 Kirypi* 671-' 17
U'\sr (if Mi'L'Jim (70
Sra-dL'lit. Curintli mihI I'nrcyra, 665
Ityznntiiiin fniiniU-il 657
I irtliiiLMiniH ill Sicviiti 657
(■y|is»'liis nt Curinlli 65^
IttUChilHllL* cxitrllnl 635
Tri.1.1 s llosTii.ns 6;3-''4i>
Deslruelion of Alliii 605
Mes-.iiia foiindeil 660
.Me man (Sparl.ii 670
Tl'.aleta.s (pylirrio son^sj.,.67.)
Kiieliiir ami KuirraminuB ..6'kj
Ti-inple of /eus at Kill} (>bo
i
III I)I)IIAT
I'liranrtesi Media) -65'-635
Warof lloloferiies (I'alestinei (.56 j
.Indilli?
I'lTsian Monarcliy fminiied 650
Anion 643-140
I'YIIKSK fiilllldiil .641
.lost AH f.40-609
(■ya.tarer ^34 5^5
Seyrhiaiis In Asia. 634-t'C7
Nineveli 1 ikeii liy the Modes.. 635
Assyrian Kinpire ends 625
Kelilisi- in reij,'ii of Alyatti's
1 l.vilia) *'as
Voyu'ji-* of 1 ulii'ii-* mill Cfirolcus.
Cnlnny of UnHus to ryri'iu' 641
Sinci|M' fmiiHli'il yi4o
I'FItlANDKIt ilt Curinill 6^5-58^
Amis Maiithi C^r>^t •
Outia founded .,..- 640
1
1
ZkPIOMAII n. 640-(^«39
.n:i!i;MiAii 11.628-586
riiAi.K- ''44-548
Mnnnernius i Smyrna) .'129
i
to
^ c
.Tdsiaii repairs llie Temple 634
■»^
w
-^ i)
V*"
•
654
IWHLES Ol' ANCIKNT IIISTOKY ANH I.ITKKATUUIC.
TABLES OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND LITERATURE.— Continued.
Table II. B. C. 750 to B. C.500. From Foundation of Rome to Beginning of Roman Republic. By Periods of Twenty-
Five Years.
Ill
6j5
6m>
5»S
l'M.K:«TINI.. A^IA ASH KliVl'T.
(illKKl K.
iTAl.V AMI SlIllV.
LiTKiCATiiiK AMI Anr.
Illlki.'ili llrLil> Ihi' iMiokiir IIk' I.iiw.
ft.- 4
I';i;*s(i\i I. Ark rt'stori'il (>.. ^
I'luiniDh Ni'chi) rir(-iitnn.-i\ i
L'iiii'» Afriin 015V
I'liariioli .N«'< hn iiivaiirs .Iiiilali. 6iu
War iM'iwriii ilif M(a1c8 ami
LvdiaiiM 610
.Irlioaha/. fto.»
• l|:i|iM\MM 6.H1 5y7
(An 1 VI IV 1(1' ,11 DAM.
st'M'iir V \rar** r^rf. 5 jft
I'liaraiilMlilialiil liv Nrluirliail-
iii'Z/.ar rv5
Hum 11 L'ivis la\v« lo Alluiis...6t4
ryliiii at Allli'lis 6jo
I'lrrAc r< at Milylcnr 611
• li'iwllH'UiM al siiyoii 600-560
TAin^liiMfn rill!>i'U9......6i6-57S
Kra of Seviii Sai;i'M—
I'riiales. Ilias. PitlaeUH, So-
1 ('lioliiilii>, rcriamliT
(■liil.in.J
Arioii 625-610
Stei-iclionis (lliiiiera) fiia
SAI'IMKi (I.islawi 610
IIahakkik ll. riij-5ij3
•Irrliniiiah 597
Skhvuw Tii.i.IiK 578-534
( iiisus. Comitia Ccnturiuin at
Koiiu'.
MpiineiiiileH in Alhriis 5.^7
NiMiirliailih/zar Kiiks 'ryri'...58i>
lak<-< .I(rii«ali'iii. .60-598
Sarilttnapaltih?
Soi.oN at Atliriis .594
Al.c.Ktu (I.eslioHl (184
Aiiaeliar>is in .\Iheiis 592
/KiiKKiAii J97-5S"
J'liaratph llophra mr .VpricHi,
595-570
A>iya::i'f* or AhaMHTUs 5g5-5(>o
Sii'L'C nf Sitluli.
( ypsflul ilyha.-'tv rmU 581
ItAMKI 11. 6o(^5j4
OlIAIIIAII tl. 588-583
Sii«arioii 11. 578
Later INalnis.
Civil War in Ku'.vpl.
riialariH of A^ri{;entum....57o-554
EZKKIKI fl. 5q5-536
IN'ripiiiH i>f llaimo 570?
I'KisisTiiATis at .\Ilii'iii<.,.;i6o-5«7
Nile oprllnl to (.rt'ikw
The Da'ilalida' 570
Chersipliniii ll. 560
(■ONKCCirs. ZOlKU.STKIi?
.ICsop ll. 560
Kii^'iiinon (Cyrene) 5f>o
.\NAl IIKON lTeos> 560
I'liireiydes and I'hocylides.
.Vnaxiiiiem's II. 548
\cpyaL:i' of llimilcci 570?
CltiKM s ill L.vilia 5c>8 54''
riirvu'ia riiiiipiiriil liy llii' l.yiliaiis.
(*^■ IM'S KJiiL' "if l'i'rf>ia 539-539
tlfffals Aslya^'r.s 558
Mtili'K uiid INT>iaii* iiiiiird 55S
Cynw rdiiiimTK l.yilia 5^4
Aiiui8i8iKi.'ypli ■- 171) jjft
Itrlnliiiz/.nriir Laliyiicliis. Ilaliy-
liiii takrii liy i'yriis sjS
KrHtoriitiou of !lu' iIi'WK liv t 'vnis.
53"
Xi-rnliiialii'l. (iovcmor . I mica 536
Mat'o. Carlliau'iiiiaii ('iil< niis.
S( ml 'I'l-inplr Imilt 534-5»*i
( 'ainliyHi'.« 1 AliaMicrut*) 529-539
< 'aiiiliyscH' t 'omiiicNt of K^ypt . - 535
I'olyiTalc's at Sanio." 53a-532
ryUiapmw lit Croton .540-51U
TAIlvillMlS SUI EnBUB4...534-509
Koiniiii Kingdom extended over
I.alliiiii.
Tlieocii in ( Me^-ara) 541
Xenophaiie.x (.Colophon) 53S
lliyeiin (,Hhes;iuin) 540
I'VTII.\(iOKAS fl. 531
TheBpiH (Attica) 535
IIaooai fl. 52t>-5i8
ZK( IIAIIIAII fl. 520-518
SniiTilis, I'lTHia, 11 UKiirprr 533
l>AHirs 1, tll'poHl'S SlulTllis 52a
ll>slasprri 532-4S6
I'rripiiis of Scylax.
IiiMirrcclioiiat.Mlu'iis; Ilippnr-
cliiis hlaiii - 514
llippias riilr.t 514
K.MMISIllS OF I'KlSISTllATIll.K,
510
IlippiiiH I'xpclli'il from .\llii'iin.5io
('I.KIKTMKSKM at AllllllK 510
I'U'oiiiim'H al Sparta 519-49'"
KmliaBsy of .VriHtau'dnis 500
WarH of Syracuse and Oelii.
(•rot<iii destroyH Sylmris 510
Tarqiiiniis expelled; Era of the
Hepulilic ..............509
I'hrynielniH... fl. 412
I'AHMKNIDKS fl. 505
rartha^'i' a Ucpiililic.
llEIiACLITi'S (EplieeiiB)..fl. 505
Sni-lliflil with riiocii'ii.
ISii'Hi' of Naxcm liy .\ri«l««oni8. 501
Comimriial Treaty wltli
CoHiNNA (Taim^ra) 500
iKt Valerian Lawp 508
Iiiiiiuii Ki'Viilt ill AHia Minor.. .501
A
-^
TAHLKS (Jl-^ ANCIKNT HISTOKV AM) LlTICUATUUiC.
655
IS sn
684
...fiii-547
« 59>
11. 6u6-534
11. 588-58J
11. 57S
fl- 5')5-53f'
570
11. 560
iO.VSTKU?
II. jfto
5bo
)cyllilc8.
n. 548
-•-54'
ilum) — 538
540
n. 53'
535
-.11. 530-518
..II. 520-518
n. 4tj
fl- 505
CBI18)..fl. 505
>) 500
500
TABLES OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND LITERATURE.-Continued.
Table III. B.C. 500 to B.C. 325. From Foundation of Roman Republic to Death of Alexander. By Periods of
Twenty-Five Years.
475
Sn■ll.^ . .V-i \. Akiui
War iH'twt'cii .VlliciiM iiiiil .Iv
llrrMlil?< ficMii l):ii!u^'
; siw of .Nil
ri'rsia.n-cci
ci-s ( \\irn-. I'.
V....4.,,
l'iT>iaii l''lri'. wri'ckril nil' .Mho
•4')
.Mll.TI,M>f>, '.
Il- 515 48;)
at .Vthi'ii-- 4>J 4^"}
li.ilUc "f M.\ii.\Tiiiis. i-r 410
.\iiisTiiiK«. i,'r..l'. 4S(-4M .•aid 47i)-4(iS
TMKMISTOCI.KS, (,r. imi (i7>.
11. 4S0 471
Alliiniaii KliTl iMiilt. 481; Walls. .478
l.Kci.NiinKal TnKicMiirvi,.K. >i.lir. 480
lli.''lia'iii> Niil III lilt' ('i»i!il 4146 I
I.ITKIIM'I 111: ANII Aki.
.ESCHYLUS....
.Viri'Iailiis (.Vn.-ici, .v. .1., 11.
I'(i\-'ri..\ii (iiivcriiiiirtit al
1 Hnriii', Uiiiii 5".'i
il.ltli.' iif l.akr lii-llln'<....
Iiiiiiaii KrV'ill Hiiliilui'il.
.41)5 ' Ucratans
..11.
1^1 Sri-i'SSlon
I.. .M.
llaltliMif Laili'. Milling lakin.
/V
.Vrli'iiiisiiim. S.\i..\>ii>, lir..
.480
I'l.AT.KA.N. (tC.aml MVIAI.K, M'..47.J
Pavsanias, s. (ir 11.471, 47'
Manliiiiiiis Hiiluliiiw Mai'i'iloiiia.
j /•'/• 4.W
('.irllia^'inimis in Sicily, /'. ('.
I Xeii.m.* I. ii'iLMiK, /'(/• 485-4"5
I Ki;.V|iliaii licviill. 43t. 4,'(4
(iKi.iiN al Syranisi', .V. f.';'.. 485-477
liATTI.KMF lll>IKH.\. .>'. ',;• 43,1
'riHTnll al .XL'rii^rlltUIU J.S.I. 472
Kpiiharmns (Sinlyl ll. .n,
^IMilMlIK- (Icilfl.
l'lll■r■•l■Vll.■^< iliis|(.riani..l1.
(irimlli of .\tmknian Kmimkk. '.).
lliKliiiI.al Svrac
IS.'. ,V.r,-;'.,47.:-475
47S 445 raiisaiiias al Ity/aiilium 477
Oslr.acisiii of Tlii'iiiislorlfs.
DiMlliiif rausaiiiiis
47' ; Viclorii's cif ciuinii. 1,'.
.Vrtiivrs lakt'.< Mycciui' 468
.Vtlu'iiian.'* al Naxos...
Na\ Al. Vi. imy (ll lli.ro. .s. (ir.
TiiiiirM > (if Ihi' I'll liH, I,':
sriiiir.! Ta^-m's..
l.M IN I.Kli.lK
\ol-ri;iii War (1 oriolaiiiis),
I'lNDAli
Iliaaiiraii l.rML'JH'
..48S
lli'i;r>ia> am! l|i;;ias, .^■. .1.
l.rnii|ii.ii. \ioinii- 'I'lirory.
.\L'r:iriaii Law o! raisiii:<..4.^6
W.ars Willi Vrii.
-4i!>-475
Kxpi'ililioii of till' Kiilui, /,'()/«.,
Ili'll.aiiiiu>- .Milyli'iiio..,, ,,6-411 ! Kaliii ill cirovi'il al crniiir
a. 475
.\NA.\All01tAS.
-428 ]
|)ii)i;rin> iif .V|iolliMiia..ll.4i3 ■
1*1 IM'llMllvN I.AWs 47
/.KM) of 1:1
...ll.
.\iiliiMii l.'iki'
4'« , SviiAii -1: Ir V. .V. i.r 4'.'> 405 SOPHOCLES 1-15 4"
Ilattlenf Kuryimiloii 466
Ucvolt of Tliasos .
465.4(3
Ifl'Volt of till' lll'lOtS 41.4
■riiiiiii AIkssknian Wak, .s'. Hr.,
464-455
Illioiiu' takt'ii 455
t'lJION, (.'/' ll. 46fi-46l anil 454 44)
L.'iwK of IV'rii'li'f* ami Kpliialli's.. .4111
1,1111^' Wull.i Imill 4S7-45'i
Atlu'iiliiii Victory at (Knopliyta 456
Toliniilcs sails round Miilca 455
Kivi' Years' Truci
.450
.\u"rA.\i;ii.\K-* !., /*!/'. i.Mia-iii'nisi.
4' .^ 4-'5
'rrairic Viriorv..^! s
''Uiiali' ot .\ppiii'^i laiiilii
Storvof 1-Ntiikii ..
4'! 4.i
roiy'_-iiolns (Stoa
Ion of Chios.
I'll,., /v 'rcri'iililiaii liill
li.4'u
tl. 4si .l'"'|iii'iii \V;ir >riii<-iiiiiatilH),
.46a
TIU'inistocli'H ill I'l rsi
I 4f'S-447
Hacrlivliilfs.
...tl.
/,'n/n
.458
Kiryplian War wiili Pi'r>:a, /'t
.\lhciiiaiis ill Mi^ypt
.\1111II1KNTIM |io\virfiil. .s. lir.
.Vrihi'laiisilMiysiciis).... 11.4,0 Icilian Law 454
riiorniio.
.46J
■ 4'^" i I
oinmissioni'rs to lircii'i
rriuis, ('rntiniis, Kuiiolii
ll. 450 j 'I'llK DKIKMVIHATK, /iVh/!.,
riirviiis. .\f
K/.ua. IJoviTiior ill .Itiili
..11.456
a..45S 449 Dkmoi iiiTrii(Aliili'ra).. ll. 450
PERICLES, dr.
->4')9 4=')' I Athenian Viclorv al Sala
" 111 luiwcr.
Scronil Saorcil War
-461)
421
Cyprus, (;r.
448 Syrai'U.si' siilnliii's .\i;rii;cntilin, 446 |
I'lmiiAs (rarllunoii , .S. ,1.,
ll- 448-440
rolvcli'ilusanil Mvr.ni, .S'. .1..
45'-449
TlIK TWKl.VK Taiilks.
■450
.\rrits ciAiiin's ^Vir);inill),
Utiin. \ Ili-iilaliisi.
-449
.Vlliinian ilifcal at Coroiica 447
Thirl V Years' Truce 44 i
ll.
Itevoll of Kiiliiea anil McL-ara 145 .Mhenian Colony lo Tlmrii 444 '
Decline of .Vlhenian Kinpire ...443 404 .. I
ilefeals l-'.trnsians....446 HKKODOTIS 484-408
Krifll'lDKS 4S0 406
War of I'orinlh anil Corey ra 435
Coni;ri.vsof Laeeila'tiion 433
43'-405
I'Kl.ol'ONNKSIAN WaH..
Invasion of ,-\iiica liy .\rcliiilainiis..43i
I'la^'iie al .Mlieiis 4)0-421}
Death of I'l
Sicfje of ri
Naval Victories of riiorniio.
Corcyra'an Massacre
Deinoslhenes ill .I'llolia
Spliacleria taken
CAHTIIAlilMAN VoVAOKs.
Xkiifmiaii, (lovernor in ,liiilea.
MelissnsiSanuw) ll. 444
KMri:iiiHi.Ksi.\i.'rii.'entiiiiii.444
.Mcanienes, .v. .1 ll. 440
^.^o Mkton (aslroiioiner) ll. 433 [
all Secession to Mons Sacer, 448
i
Valerian iiiiil lloralian Lawn,
A'"/" 443
31! Secession lo Mons Sneer. 44s
Caiinleian Laws ,
-445
CoNsti.Ai, TitiiiiNKs, /.',i;;i.,
The Saniiaii War. tir 440-43,) I p
l-;ra of tile Sopliisis
IIOTAOOIIAS ll. 444
CKSMiiis .ll Koine.
-4«
CarlliaL'iniaiis in Sicily. /'. ('...43
i'riiiliciis ll.
i IIOKIilAS.
ll.
l-'ainine at Kiinic 440
Death of Spurins Ma'liiis...439
l.'i'voll of I.eslios
Kail of Milvle
fl Ship" from .\Ilieiis to S'eily.4;i
Mai. Aim. .liiilaa . 11.436-420
]-:rechtlieiwni rcliiiilt, S. A.. ' <''>r"elins Cossus ami Larn
Diau'ora.s (ii"(o";)...
Cinesias. .1/
.11
roiiiinniiis, all Spoliii
Ojiinia
■437
ll. 425 ' Di'slniclion of I-'iilena* 436
11
,5'..v
I^:i
.iL^
6^Cy
TABLES OK AXCIIiNT HISTOKY AND LITERATURE.
TABLES OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND LITERATURE.— Continued.
Table ill. B. C. 500 to B. C. 325. From Foundation of Roman Republic to Death of Alexander. By Periods of
Twenty-Five Years.
4*S
400
3»5
Cl.Kiis. fir 11. 4>s-4»
Airriii.\i>K'<, dr. 11.434-4131111(1411-404
NiiiiiH lakl•^ t'.vllurii mill Tliynii 414
Iti'viiliiiioii III .Miyarii 4^4
ll:illli' of Di.iillil 424
Hu\»iins, .s'. ^'/.,tit Amplii|i(iliii.. 423
I'cai'i'of S'lt iaK 421-415
Hall r 111' .Mantincii 418
Ali'iliiaili'.'. at .\ru'i)» 416
Ailair iif Milips 416
.\uis «MTii|ijrH Ili'i'cica 413
l-'lii't ili-Iicivcil at ."^yrai'iiHC 413
*rin' 4UO at .Xtht'iiH -411
('allicniliila^. .'V. dr.. (liTratrd at
ArL'itiiiMi' fff. (icuiTaNrxfi'iiti'il. 40^)
Ilalllr (if .KciilsI'dTAMI. 'rr ... 40s
I.H.WDKIl. .V. ',/.. cntlTS .\tlieill'..404
t'ritiuH iiiiil Thirty TyraiiU 404
Si( ii.v, Aan, Akiuca.
I).Ulll» II.. /'«/■.. XllUlUH ..^J4 405
t'i>lii;li>» III' .SiciliatlH lit Ui'la 434
.Xllii'iiiaiiH III lli'lii« 433
Ali'iliiaili'H ami .NiciiiMiilI .Sii'ilv,
,„''■'■ ..415
MiTl Hiiitir« at Na';(iH anil
• '.'liana 415
SVIiAl I >.AN K.\I'K1IITIIPN'..4I5 413
livi.ii'i'is arri\i'H at Svra<in>r.
•V. fir.... : 4, J
.Mliriiiaii Allii's rcviill 412 411
I'KIIKIAN TllKATIKS WITH I'KI.H-
I'ONNKsrs 412 411
Ki'viilt at Saniiis. ...Iciliiiiili'^.
412 111
IIIiiAKVBri.in Willi Athenian
Kli'il, fir 411
Ilaltli' iif Cyiuissi'ma. fir 411
.\iiTAXKii.\h> II.. I'tr 405-359
Kx]iiiliiiiiii of C'viiin llir
^ oiniL'cr 401
Litkhatiuk a.mi.Viit.
Diniiitnii'y ri'Mlnnil iTIiriiHybulug), 403
Socralr.-* ('iiiKlrniniil 399
I'lmlition iiL'aiii.'-t Sparta 3.^5
I.ysaiiili r .■il.iiii 395
<'<>riiiiliian War 394-3')-'
-il llallli' (if Ciirnnca, H. fii 394
l.iiiiu'Walls rolorcil by C'ONON,Or..394
llaltlc (if l.ccliaiini 383
.Vnisiiani' in .\(Mriiiiiiin, .>'. Gr 3^1
• li.vxTiiiAN W.it 383-379
IlKlllllT 111-' Sl'AllTAN I'OWhll, iS'. fir.
Viil'iric." dl' I'Ki.di'iiiAs 378-364
Allicni.uis allicil Willi TliolK;g 378
KI'A MINI I.N DAS. fir 371-362
-37<
llaltic of I.KllTltA. fir
Sri'llKMACY (IF TllKBES, Ur.
.\i;isilau» in .\nmlia 370
.McxaniliT iif I'liirii' in TlH'B(ialy...37o
'I'licliaii Invasidii.'i iif l.aconia,
369, 368, 363
I'l'ldpida!' ill Tlicsnaly 3fi8
Tlic Tcarli^s Victur;' 367
Ilatlli'df .Manti.nka, Gr 362
I'illl.ll' II. iif Macwlon, J/ac. .359-336
Sdiial War 357-355
■ St Sacriil (ir I'ikician WAii...355-34('
.■ fu'c i»f Mctlidiit'. 353
3SO
3»5
•yiilliU!' taki'ii liy Philip. .Vui' 348
Philip df Maccildii in Thraci; 341
2(1 SaiTiil (ir l.iMiiiAN Waii 339
Itatlhdf fll.KHdNKA, ^f(l|• 338
ALEXANDER III.. .l/(ic...336^-,2,
DcHlniclidn df Tlii'lii's 335
Ma( KDOMAN ICmI'IIIK, .l/rtC 334143
llaltic df (iraniciiN 334
I"""-' 3J1
" .\iiiiKi.A. .Mar 331
Kxili' df Ilcnidj'tiii'nrs 324
Kialli df .Mi'xandiT 323
lii'tiirn (if Ihi; lo.ooo (ti'ci'kK,
•V '■/• 400
|ii'i\v.<n-s I. df Syrariii"!', .V
'"■ '■ 405-3'ii
.\:i'.<il.'iUf< ill Asia. X. ^V... 396 -39s
CoNir- at ('iiiilu>. (,(• J,,.,
Viildrydf Dionysiiisat IIi'li)riis,33v
I'i'aic df .\iital(iilaii, /V;- 3S7
• 'yprinn War 3^5-37,1
hcfcal df EvaL'dr.'iH. /V/* 385
WaI:* dPSvilAirsK AMlC'AIl-
'I'llAliK. /'. (' 410-340
ll.'iinilcar anil Mat'd, J', f.
HiTiiVM v\ Ki\(,iiii.M 378-75
<'arlliaL'iniaii.'< in Italy. /'. ('..-371
TiiiidlhcUK ill .\>ia. (ir 372
Antiphiiii 480-411
EMiildl:iiis«
THUiJYDIDBS 471-40"
Zkixh, /V 45t>-4oo
SIM HATES 4«>-399
l.VHAs 4V; 3S0
.\H1ST0P1IANKS .... 444-3S0
•'Tlic I'ldUil!'" 423
.\iiildri(K*s 440-390
Au'.itlidii II. 415
Kd.UK.
Twenty Yearn Triiee with
Veii, itain 435
t'Ai'UA takt'n by the Samnilea.
4»3
Four (jCKsTiins in Home. .421
.lupiian Wars 419-409
Ciildiiii s— Itdla. Lavici, Ki'-
rentinuin. .\nxnr.
VietoricH dvir VdlMciuni*.
409-406
IIIPPorliATKS 4'''" 3S7 ' ,„ , .
,, ... , ^. , „ I'lelieian (innKtiirH 409
ralliniaeliiis. ^. .-1 II. 413 ' '^
XKNIiPIIilN 444-363
I'MiiiiiA-ir-'. /V II. 400
.Melaiiippiilei'. .1/.
.11. 400
Euclid df Mellaril II. 400
.\nlislheller( .--.-. 436-371
.Vriflippus 400-365
PLATO 429 347
I-'iiciiATEM 43'i-338
Tiiiiaiilhes. /'/ II. 3S5
Tinidl hells, .1/ 446-357
Scopaii, .s'. .1 *'• 395-350
I sii'iis 420-350
DioncncB the Cynic 419-324
XeniK'rati'd 396-314
Spciisippiis d-319
I'liy in Army 406
SicKc (if Veil (C'aniillnsi, Kfmi.,
405-396
Plaid in Sicily 370
Kniliassy of I'elnpiila», Gr., to
I'crsiii 367
Dionysus II., s.Gr.,o! Svranisc,
" .(68-343
.loshua slain liy Ilifli Priest. .366
Plato's id \isil Id Sicily. 361
SaimiritaiiH liiiild Temple at
(icri/.ini 360
Kin;.'ildm df PdNTls 360 6ft
.\11TA.\K11.\KS III., J'er., Ooliiis.
359-338
HcVdlt of .Vrlahaziis 354
DidN at Syracuse. .V. '>'/■. .-357-354
Siddii desti-dyed, /'fr 351
I'lMoi.KdN at Syraciise, .V fir..
345-337
llAN.Ndin Carthage, P. V 340
IlAliIls III., "'/■ 33"-33o
I'Al.l. OK TvilK. .I/(it' 332
Kdiiiidationdf Ai.k.\ani>iua, .)f<ii.,
33»
Haiiyi.on taken liy Alexander,
.!/(((• '. 33"
Pcrscpolis burnt liy Alcxamhr.. 331
.liidaa siilijcct Id ,\l('xandcr--.33o
llariiis sjaiii by Hcssiis 330
.Uexander at llic llyphasiB, .Ifm:.
3»7
.Mexander at Siisa 325
\"dyai,'c df .N care has 324-313
ArchyljisiTiireiiliim) .. d. 370
KuddXiiH (niatlu'iiialiciaii).
11. 360
Phdeidll 402-317
" l.ndi Seeiiici" at Home. .365
PllA.\lTII.E», .S'..l II. 360
I'aniphiliis, I't II. 360
.KsciiiNKs 389-314
DBMOSTHBNBS.. 383-323
.Knciis TaeticuH II. 360
ARISTOTLE 384- 3'-'
KniliaHsy Id Delphi 39B
llaltic df the Allia 390
UUMK lUUNTbythetiauls
iIlrciiiiiiKi 390
.M. V. I'AMiLLl's, Dictalor,
/lOm 390
KOMK liEuni.T, Himi 389
lOxeciitidii df M. .Maiilius. ..3S4
HcciHcry (if Revolted Towns
Tii.sciiliini. Pncncstc.Aii-
liiini. cic 383-377
l.niMAN l.^ws. /,'om .. 377-367
('h'dineiu's. .s'. .1 11.350
PhrotoKent's iKIkkIcsi, /'/.,
360-31x1
I.yciir(;iis (.\tliciis) 11. 340
l.ysippiis. ,S. A 11. 335
-Vl'tM.I.ES (C'osi, I't 330-308
I'viiltiio II. 350
llypcreidcs 11. 34"
DcmadcH II. 330
Deinari'IniH 11. 334
Theopompns ( hisioriani,
37S-305
Dipliiliis and Philemon .11. 330
MKNANDKH .142-39'
I'll. KToiis and (urule -Kilik'H
at Kdiiie 366
1st Plelician CONSUI .366
l'lai.'iie at Komc. Death of
rami II lis 365
I.c^endof M. Curlins 365
Wars with (iaiils. Ktniscans
and Ilcriiicaiis 363-346
I.cL'enils of M.'inliusTdnpia-
liis and Valerius Cdrvus,
Laws df Ddil 357. 353, 347
('. Marciiis lintilns, ist I'le-
beiaii Dictator 356
('. M.ircins Itiililiis, 1st Ple-
lician ('ensor 351
Treaty with Cartha^-c 348
isi Sammtk Waii 343-341
Itallle of Mt. (;aiirii». /i'(«;(..343
Mutiny at l.aiitiila' -,42
(ienuciaii Laws 34a
Latin Wau 340-338
Itaillc of Mt.Vi'Biivius. /.Von.
(Devotion of 1'. Decins
Mils. I.) 340
2(1 Ptiii.ii.iAN Laws 339
isi Plebeian Prietor 337
Settlement of Latum, floiii.,
338-328
Servitude for Debt iibuliDlicd,
326
|'\'i,
1 .
39*^
390
i
390
390
.389
.384
366
366
365
365
-
J-
"0^
1
lOf
ith
----4»5 ;
■^
TABLES OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND LITERATURE.
657
TABLES OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND LITERATURE.- Continued.
Tabia IV. B. C. 323 to B. C. 146. From Death of Alexander to End of Third Punio War. By Periods of
Twenty-Five Years.
B.C., lioMK AM) (AllTIIAIiK.
LlTEHATIinK ANI> AllT.
(illEECE.
8ICILV, -VslA, EllVI'T. KT<'.
1«5
3(1 Samnitk Waii 336-304
Ciiiiiliiiu Forks 3^1
C. I'ONTIIJS of Trlcciii 11. 33i-3<;3
Itiittli! of Lautulir 315
El'CLII) (Alexandria).. 11. 325
.Ma.nktiiu, Egyptian Uisto-
rian 11. 3aoy
I'ytbeas, navigator?
rllili|)pides 11. 330
( liares iLindus). .s". ,l...ll. 320
lOuliemenis 11. 30.1
I'olinio, Crates. Crantor, 11. 315
TiM.KUs (Tauroineniuini, .)/.,
a5»-3'i7
Diocles, Ronnin Uistoriau
il'epuretliiisiy
Ai'i'iAN Way and Ay|-E-
DfCT, .S. .1 312
Demetrius Plialereus. 345 283
Eudiinus... 11. 300
fiS Perdiccas Regc'nt ..333-321
;;; .Vnlipater, -t/dc, in Mace-
r; donia 323-3'8
Lysimaehus, Hac, in
•y^ Tlu-ace 323 381
■X Cassandir, .!/(/<•., In Ureece,
^ 317-296
;i Ptoliiny, .l/(/<-., in Egvpl,
« 3-.' "85
•7 Antigonus, ,)/(ii'., in Syria,
A J' J 30'
^ Eunieiies, .Vrtc, (Cappa
C docia J2J 315
w SeJi'iK-us, .l/(ic..at Hahyloii.
'/- ._ 331 .1 {l2-3)ln
Tlie Lnmian War (LeoBtlienci ,,
333-333
Death of Demosthenes 32a
Cas^ander lak s .\tljens 317
I'liiliii HI. (.Vrrhiiheiis)
killed 3,7
Ktuuxcan V.'ah 3ii-3o<)
I.. I'apiriuH Cursor Dictator 310
(J. Kaliiiis crosses rimiiiiaii Hills; de-
feats Tuscans at Vadimoii, Jiom.
Iloniilear at Carthage, /'. C 308
Ai'i'irs (.'LAlima Censor, T^ow... ji3-jg8
Ptolemies in Egypt, Jfitc,
333-30
Ptolemy I. (Sotcr) takes
.liTusalcm 320
War of .\iitigonu8 and En-
menes 330-315
AoATiioci.KS, a. Gr.. at
Syr.iiuse }"7 389
.\gatho<'l<s defeated at lli-
mera 310
Olympias killed by Cassander.
316
Roxann and Son killed 311
DE.METiins Polioreetes. at
.\lhells. ^V. .308-304 .V 395-390
Dk.wktiius Polioreelis at
'i'i>r\,vH 393-3')'
OkuIiiIuu Law 300
Naval War at Cyprus anil
Itllodes . - 307-3" 5
Hattle of Il'sl s 301
300
3cl Samnitk Wak (Saninitcs, Etrus-
cans. rml)rians, (Jauls) 398-390
(icliius i;i;nuliUH, Saninilc LcaiUr.
Iltttllu of Sentinum, Jiom. (D. Mus. II.).
295
TiiEoiMiuA»Tt;s 374-387
(apitoliiio Wolf, <S'. .1 296
y.KSO, till) Stoic (Clttiuni),
366-2' '4
El'KTRUS 341-370
Philip IV. of JIacedon, .V<tc.
397-396
Denietriiis Polioreetes in
.M a( edoii 2 )4 -287
PYBHUfs, Or., of Epirus,
318-373
" reigned 306-^72
" in Macedon, 387-286
" in Italy and sicilv.
281-375
Death of Demetrius Polinr-
celes 383
(iauls in (!reoce..28o, 379, 378
Rrennus at Di>lphi 378
.Etolian Leaoie, .s'. Trr.,
384-167
Sei.eicii)-e in Syria, Mae..
313-64
Sandriicottus' Indian Empire,
31J-160
RlKKles jiowerful, S. Gr.,
I.asl SccusHioiKJaniculiim) 33'i
IlollTKNSIAN Law 286
Kcncwcd Ktruscanand (iallicWar j8j
3d liattlc or Lake Vadimon 381
War with Tarcntuin a.'i
I'viiHiiirs, dr., invades Italy 281-273
llaltliiof Hcraclca 380
Itallli! of AscuuM, dr. CD. Mus. III.), i: )
Home and Carthage allied, /'. C 379
.Vppius ClaudiuH Ca'cus, i>t
Homan Orator 11. 380
Zoilusand ZenodotUB...ll. 38J
Ilegesias (Cyrene) 11. 280
TIIEOCRITIS 11.380
Dion and Mosclius II. 370
.VnisTAitcHi's (.\stronoiner).
11. 280-264
SEPTfACIXT 377
300-300
Kingdom of Pergamns. 283-133
Lysimaehus d<reatecl and
.dain bySelcucus at Corn-
penion 381
Ptolemy II. (Philadeli))ius),
■Mac 385-347
(ianls ki f.tled in Galatia 377
(ueat Wau. op China?
275
Itattleof IlE.SEVENTUM, Iloin 375
Tarcntuni taken 372
SOITH ITAI.V SIIlUtlED, Rom 370-36fi
ist I'l'MC WAU 364-341
Ilicro of Syracuse joins Rome, 5. G> .. 3t j
Af.'rii;inlum taken, .s'. Gr 362
Uonians build a Fleet 361
Victory of Duilius at Myhe. Itom 360
Roman Naval Victory at Ecncmius 256
Regnlus, I{om., invades Africa 356
'• defeated by Xantliippus. P. C 255
Cartlialo. P. C, ri'covers At'rigentum..354
Roman Victory at PanormuB 250
Lycopliron c. 2S5-347
Aratus i Astronomer) 11. 270
Ilieronymus (Cardia) ...11. 370
AiicEsiLAfs (New Acndemy),
300-341
Callimacbus (.\lc.\andrin)
Columna Uostrata, S. A...26o
Xionumenta Scipionum, S.A.,
360
ClEANTIIES -- . . 300-330
iVcu.ijAN League, 6r.. 280-146
Antigonus (ionatus, .IAk-.,
recovers Maciilon 373
Antigonus Gonatas takes
Athens 368
Aratus, Or (371-113)
" at Sicyon 251
E.vtension of Alexandrian
Conimerce.
Egyptian Embassy to Rome,
»73
IIiERo II., S. Gr.,ot Syracuse.
31J9-319
Rise of Pahtiiia.
The AnsAcii)^,..356 to A.D.336
Kingdom of Bactria.. 354-13"
aso
Carthaginian Victory at l)repana 349
Sieges of Lilyba-nm an<l Drepana.. 250-346
IlA.MtLCAB Bahcas, /*. r.,in Sicily 348-34 1
Victory of tlicEAoTESU'utulus), Ilom.-m
War of Cartliiiginians and Merccnariis.
P. C 341-33S
Sardinia and Corsica seized 338
Temple of Janus closed 235
Agrarian Law of Flaininius 332
Illyrian War (Queen Tcuta) 329
IlASDiirnAi., P. v.. foumls Cartlmu'cnn .329
Gallic invasion (Doii and Insubres).
Hattle of Telamon, 1/om- 2^5-223
Clastidiuni. Viridoniarusand Marcellus.
3d Spolia Opiniu. .. ...........232
ARC1II.MEDES, *■. .1. 387-212
EnATOSTIlENES 376-19'i
ClIRTSIIMTS 280-307
LlVIUB Andronicus, ll. 340-314
ist Tragedies at Rome. .340-335
CH N.SVIUB 11. 33S-30»
Sosilus and Silanus
Aratus, General of Acluean
League 245
at Corinth and Megara.
Agis IV. killed at Sparta .241
Antigonus Doson in Xlaceilon.
333-221
Athens joins ^ichican League.
Dynasty of Tsin in China,
350-306
Ptolemy in. (Euergctes),
Mac 347-333
Attains I. (Pegamus).. .341-197
Roman Embassy to Greece, 328
War between Cleomenes
of Sparta and Achaaii
League 337-322
Reforms of Cleomenes. .n'.
Gr 336-335
" defeats Galatian8..34i
Sicily ist Roman I'rovince..34i
Gallia Cisalpina a Roman
:l^
658
lAIUJCS OK .\.M:ii;.\r HlSi'lOKY AM) LITKRATUKE.
TABLES OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND LITERATURE.- Continued.
Table IV. B. C. 323 to B. C. 146- From Death nf Alexander to End of Third Punic War. By Periods of
Twei.»y-FJve Years.
KoUK AMI CaIITIIAI^K.
l.ilKiiAn 111: ASH Aiir.
(illKKI'K.
II ANNHIAI.. /'. (■ (a47-i3il I
Q. Kiil)lii» I'Icliir.. I
""' I - ...II. ajo
CillflllM AlltllrlltlHi. \
Sil'.'f llf SuL'lllltUIll
all lllyri'M' Wmt vkj
jil IMNIC \V.\1( 31 S A..!
Il;'iinilml ('rn*>rs tin- .Mpi* ai8
I'M iiiiH uimI Tiilii.i 3iS ', l'l-\l Tt S a53-'»<
llnllli. (.r TiiA-niKNK 2,7 I ,;r,.,.|j \v,.rk» of Art. .s'. .1.,
Iliitlli' cif Cann.k, /'. (' ji6 j liniiiL'lil 111 Id Mill' aij
KiviilKif ra|ma ai' 211
i-'aliilis mill M.'irn-lllis. Unnl. Nnl.'l 315
S('l|iiiis il.l'ivilc'il In II \-iii;riiAi.. /'.r.jia
llaniiiliiil liiliiii' KiMni' 311
Itillliuf MKTAriir«. XiiM. /.'"HI 3tjK
r. CiiiiNKi.irK Siinn ill .Vfiica, lliiiii..-nn |
A|"i.li mills HhinliU!' 338-188
KNNirS 33V ■'!
t'.Krii.ifs Statins il. 108
Kisi' of I'liAiiisEE.s ami
Sviimi i:ks.
^ Iliriiii|i|iii« iSniyrii.'i
11?
Sy|ilia\ .'Hill Massiiiissa
Iliiiiiiilial l.'avis Italy ao, ' |>|iiliiiiis m Ai:riu'riitiliii..ll. 3co
Itallli' llf Zama. Hull) 2ci
1st Maiiilimiaii War 300 1 n
T. <iiiintlii» Flaminiiis. i;oiii il. 157
Hannibal with Anliiiclius. /', C 191,
l.iL:iiriaii Wars 300. nji. 181. 1'tr.
WaH with .\NTIOCllf» 191-I1JO
.Ktiiliaii War igi-190
Ucarlis (if Hannibal and Scipio 183
Encroacliini'utH of Maesinis.-a 183-174
Vlllian Law 181
M. I'oiuits Cato, Horn (334-149)
T. Si'iniironius Gracclius in Spain, Horn.,
'79
'75 I
Eumcncs II. comes to liomc 17a
31I Maccilonian War 171-1^8
1,000 Acluraiis in jirison at Home .167-151
L. ••Emilius I'anliis, Horn 11. 168
Uomans Intorvcnr in Kizypt iCi
Emliassy of Carnumli's, Dioyencs and
t'rildlaus 155
War in Spain «53->53
War witli .'Vnilrisens 148
3<l ITNIC WAR 149-146
.\ril.KAN Wau 147-146
r. ('iiriicliiis Sripio Minor, Horn 11. 146
DKSTIUCTION' OK CAUTHAtiE,
Itom.. P. C 146
lliitlli' of Sillasia. .!/(/(' 331
Aratiis mill Aiitii:iiniis takii
Sparta 331
I'mi.li' v.. M;niiliiii. .!/(«•. .
i.'i-i?,)
I'liilip.'iiiil Ai liii'iinsa.'aiiisl
.I'llninlll^ 331-317
|'liilipiilliiil»illi Hannibal,
.l/.(i- ai6
III Mill' alliril»itli .I'^tiiliaiis.sii
l'iiii.iii'ii:>iK\. f.'i'.. (Jriicnil
llf .Vi'liaaii l.riiL'iii'... 308-183
Priii'i' ivilli .Ktoliaiis anil
lliiiiii' J05
I'hilip's War with Hmiii'.
300-197
HiisKTTA Stone. .S'. .1 197
I'Aifvifs 320-130
-Xpua.nius ......11. 175
Titinius. Traboa. Atilius.
Cato fl. 170
Cauneades (Cyrr 0) ..313-139
PO'^lBIUS 307-133
TERENTIUS Afcr (CartlinRe),
195-159
Zono (Historian) tl. 160
HIPPAKCHUS n. 160
I'alpurnius Piso fl. 160
Sompronius Tiiililaiius..ll, 160
Cussiiis Homina fl. 160
Cn. Ck'llius fl. 160
.■Vrlstarchus (Grammarian), 156
.\pollodorus (Urammarian), 146
r.Miili' (if ('v.Nosri:niAL.i;
llnlll 1 j7
Flaniiniiis proclaims fnc-
iloiii of (iri'i'co at tliii
Istliinian (iiinics 196
Pliilopiinicn dcft'iits Nabis
111 Sparta 193
Sparta jiiini) Acliii'un Lea);iu'.
193
.Vntiocliufi in firi'crc 193
Pliilopirmpii iibroi;ntui< Laws
(if I.yrnrniis, llr 188
I,Y( oiiTAsticniTalof .\clia'-
aii Ii"at,'in' 183
Knibassy of Callicratcs 179
I'KiiBKis (if Maccdon, .l/(?c..
179-168
Sl( ll.V, .\SIA, EllVI'T, ETr.
.\NTiorllUB till) Great (Syria),
.lAii' 334-187
Ptoliiiiy IV. il'liiliipalen.
.l/'/»' 333 305
llaMlrnbal issiissiimtt'd in
Spain. /', (' 310
Kir-t riiiiiini'rriiil War—
Ity/mitiiini and Illiiidi'i<..3i4
Sii'LT (if Syraiiisi'. Jtuiit.,
314-313
llaltle of .XiiitorL'is. /'. f,'...3i3
" Eliiiu'ii. Horn 308
I'toli'iny V. , .1'i/c 305 : 81
.MtaliiH and liliodians war
with Philip loj
.Vntiiielins con'pii'rs I'alrstiiie,
War of Pcrscns and Homo,
171-168
Battle of PvDNA, Jiom., ifof..
I' 8
Athenians attack Oropiis.
lined by Uoine..i55
AndriscusinMace<lonia 149
.\cliiean War with Home,
147-146
Diicus defeated at Leucopetrii.
140
HKSTKI'CTION op roilINTII,
Ji'o/ii. iMiiiiiinins). (ir — 146
(ireeeecdiislitiitedn Itoinan
Province lAchaiu) Jtarn.,
146-145
Priisiasof llitliynia 300-nio
EnmeuesII,, PcrL'omtis, 197-158
Dynasty of Ilan ir. China.
Ilattleof Mao.nesia Hom-.tgo
Hannibal at Court of Prn-
Bias, J'. (J 183
Ptolemy VI., Mac 181-146
I'liarnaces nf Pciiitiis cedes
Ptiplilai;oiiiii to Home ....179
.Vntiochus Epiphantj, J/at!.,
170-165
War of Antiochus and Ecypt,
173-168
Kevolt of Jews under >iat
tathias 168
.VsMoN.GANs In Judiea... 168-37
Cyrene and Ubya oeparato
from Euyiit 164
.Indus Maccab.bus 166-161
■• allies with Rome, Bom.,
161
Kactrians in India ...,160
•lonalh''.n Maccailei's, i'ii-i43
Uenietriiis Soter and Alex-
ander lialas.
,IiidH>a free with tribute to
Syria.
J--^
^^
•rAllUICS (Jr ANCIIC.NI' IllNlOKY AM) M ll'.K A ITKi;.
6;«)
TABLES OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND LITERATURE. -Continued.
Table V. B. C. 146 to b. C. 0. From Destruction of Carthage to Christian Era. By Periods of Twenty-Five years.
>50
ItilMK.
l,\ri\ Lr riKATi'iiK.
I,
ilTIIKll Natiiim-. Oiirn: LiiMi i I'lUVK \M>
Ajix.
l.ii»il;iiiiMii War 5" ij-i (;. I.riliii:' i|ihil.t ibfi ' tiilyliln* li'/i»riii-< f.ir lli< ' inii|iiit.I nf 'I'arKii" iSloic)
1 Al'lliriMI < ttlfr* I.|s
A. l'..-tiin,iM- All.ini.H(lil»t.), | |,,.„„lrii.« \,n,U,r ,SvrLn. m .. tii
II. 1 5"
I Sum HI \l vc 1 vr. I I - 4 J 1 I'l
I'.Sciiiprcmii|..A«lli"ilLi-t.\ ,1, ,,,.^ i,„i,.,„.,„|,,|,,
ll. fjo , '
i \l\ih:i»iN f..rin:llly llliKiirlx'cl l>y
Allium* "Irahiiiti-li i7f>-7'> UiMiii-,
Hyrraimii ummtiim .lu<la>it.,iX<-i* '.*
'I'lic (iraci'hi (iirnliirj*).
Ilcalli "f VIriiilliiia 140
Scipiii Arrii'aniiti (Mlimri ( 'I'U-or.. i.(j
Niliiia.'liiii' War 41 ill
.sripiu lakt s atnl di-^iriivH Niiniaiuia.
'rillKllllH (illM I III* (164-I31I I
I
I.. CaOiu" AiilipaliT (jiiriHtl,
STvili' War ill Siiily 'H-ij' I "' "'
Skmi'Iionian Laws.... iij-1/3 1 M. .ICiiiillimSciiurnH (oratnr)
i63-9i>
ill I'artliia .....1 jr
IiiTiictriiis Viiatiir ni-tiiMiV ijo-i^iS
I'ANACTii!' '1. i;i
OJj'unM i."ciilpuir).
(iAitm anACTiiuii (ij4 1.111
I.c ('M.ir<
MialiiH ItT. Iiivis I'cTyiitiJiH In
IfiM.ll' 13.)
lUllHXillH of C'uiiia' (pIlilOHO-
Ilynaiiim hiiIiiIiii'H MnTm^k aiil | pliiri,
Samaria, ainl (li-^trny?* T<'iu-
Mf-'uj : pli; at (iitrizim U.) lil-K ..»• TlIK K->l.M.^.
Fiilviiis I'lai IMS ami I,. liruMis,
)>opnlar Iradcrs 125
D.alli iif <'. (iraiilniM 131
^^. Mc'P'lluK. li-aili-r uf Si'imti'.
Suiiipliiary l.av\ «.
Cimhriaii War 13-iui
Jii^'iirlliinc War 111-106
.IniiitTM.v raptiiri'il 106
211(1 SiTvilc War 103-101
Marine ('iiiii|iii'rH TriiKiiis, Aiiua'
Si xtim loa
MariiiK coiiiiiutn Ciiiiliri, Vcroolliii. . :oi
(^ MAUU'S 1157-861, 6tli Cimmilstiip,
100
AiitiMiiuH (iinilor) '43-7"
CriiHsus iiii'iiiiin 140-91
I^. App. SatiiriiiiiUM Triliiiiii' 100
(ilanciii I'ra'tor icxj
Liiwmif l)rii!<ii8. llimli'uth >i
SotlAi. or M.Misir W.vu 90-88
I.. COUNKI.irssri.I.A ■138-7S1
" rxpcls Mariii." 88
Kirst Civil War 88 S'l
I'Mrxt .Milliriiluiic. War 8S-84
CiNNA at RoiiH> S7-84
TiL'liini of Marina, 87; hie ilriith. . in
SiiUa 83
Second Civil War. llailli'of Colliiii.
Gall! 32
Sciouil Mitliriilatic, War 83 ii
SiiTIik Dii'lnlor. lYoncriptioiis... 81-79
('ollNKfilAN I.AWS,
War Willi Skutokhs 78-71
P. liiitilliix [tiifiia I historian),
11. i<
IJ. t'iaiiiliii8 Quiiilrii;arius
(hist.), II too
Itiniiaii l'ro\Jiirr bl Tkavs.u*.
I'lNh li.M 1..
< 'oloiiy siiit til ( 'arf.lia','f',
H3
l''inhiaiiri siiliiliiu llartrtji 170
I'lolraiy I.alhjTua olul iUexiuiilcr,
117-81
I'msT .NollTllhniS MlOBATIOSH.
I'hariscrs anil SaiMnrcis poUti-
lal factions, civU contiist^ in
•liiila'iu
M ITI1KU)ATKS O'linhui)-. . "-^^j
" coniiurstD on illai.k
Si'a 113-110
" laki'S (iaiatia 103
.\rl('niiiloru» (Kjilnsiisl, 11. 100
('. I.ieiiiiua Maci^r (lUMturtan)
11. 80
Valrrius Anliaa iliistorliiTi).
II. 80-70
I,. Ciirnuliiis Siscniia (liisl.)
li8-<7
(^. UoscnM (actor) d. 62
M.'rKllKNTll.lf« VAimi>.ll5 38
llorli'iisina (iiritorl. .. .111-50
UUIJKairs 99-55
I'tolcniy .\pion li'avisl'YiiEXK to
ItlHlK' 96
SuUa im the Knplimtiw 9a
Krvolt and Sit'jju of Kt;yptian
Thubra 8')
Slilln, 111 course of i.«t Mitliri-
ilaUio 'W'ar, takes Alliens 80
'niiiiAJni» ( Vnnenia) 95-'>o
at War with Uome, 85-66
Vninpi.y in .Urie.ik 81
.VrehijiH (j)Oftt) -...fl. 10a
tTleroclo (fabnllHt) II. ma
.\nflpater of Sidou (Bjiiftrum-
iiiatist).
Asc.lepladCB (J>hrf>ician 1.
Library of Aiiclllcnii to Romo.
Dioiiyslim Thra.x ((^amnia-
rlan ll. 80
lliotiniiiH Uie Stoic fl. 80
CiccrubtAtlicns
79
82
mg-
V ».
660
T.MU.KS UV AMIICNT HISTOKY AM) MTKKATUHK
TABLES OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND LITERATURE.-Continued.
Table V. B. C. 156 to B. C. 0. From Destruotion of Carthage to Christian Era. By Periods of Twenty-Five Years.
75
JO
ItllMK.
I'ltMI'KV (106-4'j)
\\'iir with S|iMrtjt<'UM 7J-7'
Tliiril .Mllhiiiliilii' War 74 ''J
!►! <'"Ii-'iiIkIi1|i «t I'liinpry iiiid
*'rnH'*iiH 70
riini|My ilirrals I In' "imlrs 67
('Ml line's ('iin^iiiruc'IcH 65-''3
Clc KCIO ('(Ill-Ill 6j
M. I"cil.rir» ('.\Ti> (95-4^"
runi|ii'.v M (Jrriit Trliiinpli 61
CiiHiir 111 Spain lo
C'liiililiiin of I'dinpiy, Cimnr, Cras-
MIS iKlll-T 'I'llUMVlHATK) «o
tfl Ciinpiilrliip iif t'liwir ^9
('n'Hur in (iaiil 58 5'
" ill Ilrifaiii 55-5(
3cl CoiiHiiMiip (if I'onipry ami
('raHmi!* - 55
O.JULIUS C^SAR (100-44.
MAHCrS ANTdN'MS (83-30
I.ATIN I.ITKUATrilK.
ATTK IH 109-3'
l.alKTillH lllllllll'H) 07-41
I'ICKUO loC. 4J
MKulnxt Vcrri'H 70
Lt ri'i.i.L'H fiiiiiiilH l.iliniry
at Hmmi 6)
Mi'ti'lliiKKirator), ConHiil 60
CATri.I.IS 87 (or 841 54
I'. 'IVr. VarriiipiK'li li. 8j
('III VII- (|H«I| 8j 47
C.KSAIt 100-44
SA1.I.I--T 86-).(
\itriiviiin larcliiti'cti 80-11
Civil. Waii ......49-48
,, .,, ,,, „i''. AxiniiiH I'ollio (orator
Ilattluofl'lIAllSAI.IA 4f ;
anil purl) 76-4
" TliapsiiM 4». I
^''""'■' ■15 (ialliisCpiicI) 66 jr.
Ai'Hiii'i'inatioii (if Cn'car 44
Otiikii Nations.
OTIIKIt I.ITKIIATI'IIK ANII AllT.
Nii'iillli'ili'a Ml. II'IIVI'K IIITIIVNIA I I'OHKIIHlMt'il (pllil 86-63
to Hoini' 75
\'i( lorli'K of LiiculliiH in .Vxiii. . .KiiihiilcniiiH (plill.) 11. 80-50
74-- 6
Sryiliiaiis |.\p(.|l('il rriiin liiilia. Thi'nilMon (pliyHii'lan) ..113-43
llviiiiiiii!! II. mill .Vrli-toliiiliiK
lit War.
ill. till, iiiti.rrt.rctf ill I'liIcHlinc
at War.
Iloinc iiilcrriri'i' In I'alcHiini'
■ri ... .69
ilctliruiiiil DioBCuriUvs (Mowlc8).
iAiili|.
.Aniiocliii- .\-ialli'iin
liy I'oiiipcv
oy |■OIllI^(■^ .
s^ itiA a [{oiinin Province 65
roiiipi \ -iil.dii's I'lKKMi'iAaiiil
tak.^ .liiii-MJiin '.3
.lint A trilinlriry lo Itoiii" 6j
I'viMiisa KoiiiMii I'rovincf 57
Kllil of the .Sell lie iilit 57
oNylKsT or (lAII.—
lleUclil anil Ariovlntiis lie.
fealeil 58
'riieltelL'ieiinil Nervii ilefealeil 57
'i're\ iri (li-Ceatcd 54
('ie»ar cro-sc- Hie liliiiic. .. ;is 33
Vkiii iS(iKToiii.>. and Alexia
taken 53
(iAii. a Hoiiian I'riivlnee 50
Ski oMi 'riiiiMviiiATE — Lepidiin,
Anioiiy. OetavianiiM 43
War with IlrnliiM and CiiHsiuH.
Itnllle of riMi.ii-pi ^l
War of reruslii 41-40
Lepidus expollwl from Triiinivirnle.sr,
War of OetavianiiH and Antony. 33-31
llaltle of .\l TIIM , 31
(ialevvay of JaiiiiM eloHeil 29-25
OCTAVIA.N'L'S lAl'(irSTrs),
(63-A. II. 14)
'• Emperor. .. a7-A. I>. 14
Caiilalirian Wars 25, 19, 13
.\iil.'iisliis invested with Trihiiiiicia
polestas 33
Death of .Mareellus 23
Embassy from India 20
I'lirthiaiis restore tiliinilarilH 20
fierman War. Itoman defeat under
I.olliiis 16
Tiliiriiis and Dnisns defeat the
Illiieli and Viiideliei 15
Deaths of Aj.Tippa and Lepidiis 13
Aiitrustus I'ontifc.K Maximus 12
Driisiis in (Jerm'.iiy ia-9
Death of Drnsus g
TilioriuB defeats Germans 8-6
First Vearof Jidiuii Calendar.
45
VIKlMI. ro-K;
(OIINELII'S NkTO.S d. 14
Critieisni of the hest Atlie
Literature at Home 3..
M.Kl'K.NAS (1). 74-64) d. 8
IIOUACE 65 P
llaltle of Carrhii", In rartlUa;
Crassus kiHisl 53
I'li'Mir ill I'oiilus i'oiii|uers
I'harnaees 47
< a sar in Africa 47
('I.EOrATIlA Ux) 301
End of the I.apdii' 43
.\ntouy and Cleopatra on Cyilnns,
IIkiioo Hie (Ireat in •Iiidiea..37 4
-VL'rippa irosM's the Ithinu .....37
Antony fails in I'arthia 36
" InvadeH .\rmenia 34
EdVPT a Honian I'rovince 30
Indian Drama flourisbe*.
TImaKi'iieH the Syrian (hist.)
({iilntUB Scxtlus (stoic).
CratlppuH (|ilill.)
Library of I'lTuamus to
Alexandria 40
I'iiiilli(.on dedlcat(.(i hy
Ajiriiipa 17
'riridales seeks Itoman Court .25
Mkssala 64-A. 11. 1) ijomans fail in .\raliitt 24
Spain llnally siibdui^d,
TiBfLLCB 54-18
I'KorKHTIfS 51 1'
.\>:rippa in .Vsia 17
M. A. Seneca (rhetorician). | '"PPml'K'ia U.inmn 17
6u-A. i>. 30 Hriti»h Commerce with Italy
Laheo (jurist) 11. 18
l.IVY 59-A. i>. 17
OVID ;3-A. 11.17
and Ciaul.
AM r/r/T'l'-.lEsfs 4
DioNTBitTs of llalicariiassus,
d. 18
liabrius (poet).
DiODORL'S 8ICULV8 (hist.)
11. B.C.
1 ■•"'■■'" ■
..-40
-»7
TAHLK.S OK ANl.MCNT HISTORY AM) l.ITICKAlLKi;.
6()r
KoMK.
♦o
TiliiriiH iiiiiiiiiiiiiilx iiri tlii' Khliic ...4
DrKtriictluii {>< Army iiiulrr ViiriiK by lh<*(ii'niiiiiiii....j
Di'Btli of AuuimtiH 4
TiUKiiiim c.Kx'.ii 14 37
(It'rmaiiiiMiH in (irrinnny 14-ifi
" III III!' Kiict 17
" Dl'Utll H)
M. .Kl.lUH Skjanci iliiiiiiiiiiiit ao-]i
I'ni'liirliiii ('aiii|i iit Itniniv aj
TihiTliiH rctiri's to C'liiirnii »6-37
Kiill of ScjiiniiH 31
MiiiTo I'ri'fiTt of I'rictoriiiiiK 3'-37
A|;ri|i|iiim I. ImiiiHliol, 30; iliud 33
('ALIUULA 37-4'
" ExpciUtlon loCJttiil jcj
•* AHHiisHiimti'il 41
C'LAiniit;!!, Em|HTor 41-54
f'omiiicst of Miiiiri'laniii 41
CliiiKliiiH iiivnduH llriliiiii, 43, War 43 s<
Exovutioii of Mesimliiitt 48
('luudiiiHiniirricH AKrippiiia II. iiivl adopts Ni'ro....so
'* pniHoiu'd )iy " . ........... 54
N'Eiio, Einppror 54-''l*
llritaiinU'im ]>i>iMoiu'd. I'nrlhian and Anmiiian
Wars. Ai.'rippiiia iniirdi'iril 59
(ITIIKH NaTIo\!<.
.Imlaaa Idiiniiii I'mvimi' iilidir Syria.
I'aiiiioiila, lialiiialia, ;i(lia'tla ami Noriciiin
Hiaiiaii.
('Iirriii>i'l mull r Aiimimi 4 drfiat Uomaiin •/
ArlHliaiiiiniPiirtliiai 14 44
(irrinaiiiniH In I'iirlliia. 17
War iM'twi'i'h AniiiiiiiiM and MarlMHl r^
I'liiitiuH I'llalr ill JuiLfa as
cni'flFlXlOX, acoordlii({ to KiiBcliiiirt
Laclantiiiii 30
80
liisiirri-ctioii 111 Ilritalu xiilidiicd fii
Uo.MK llciiNT. CliristiaiiK pcrsrciitod 64
Connpiracy of Piso. DoatliB of I.ucaii and Si'iii'ta..ii5
Nero at Olympic (iaiiioH, 67; Death 63
CiAi.HA, C8; miirdtTfd '11 tlio Fornin '9
Otiio. ViTKi.i.irs 6y
Civil War. Utlio killx liiiUHclf. Yitcllius killed.
Vesi'asias 7»-78
Halaviaii, 119-70; llritish, 61-84; .TewiHli Warn 65-70
(iatiH of JaniiK eliwed; PliiloHopliea (xpelled 71
Uiforin of Treatiury.
Tirrs, Kinperor 79^81
lleri'uiaiuMiiuand Pompeii destroyed n
l.yclu a Itomaii IVoviiue 43
.Indira and Samaria dinctly liimiaii 44
'I'liraie " " 47
London foumli'd l>y the Konians 47
Frlsiaim Kiilnliied 47
Colonla Aurippina 50
C'AUACTAits Prisoner 5.1
Sontii Itrilaiii a Uoinan Provinee 51
('orl)iilo in Partliia 5^1 64
I.ITKIIATIIIK AM) .\|IT.
(i\ ill lianiHiied 9
I'li.KiiiirH II. 14
('Ki.iirR (phyKii'lan) 17
\'i'lli'iiiH PalerenliiK iliinliirian),
Ml. 19-JI
Stihiiii n,'ioi;rapliiri 11. r. 6«-m
Cii'iiiUM ItiifiHii.H ipoet) d. 79
I'liiio •Irii.Ki'S V. III. ao' 1
Valerius Ma.xiiniiH iliisil.)!'
I'KTitDNirs AniiiTKii d i*
.VpoiioniiiH of 'I'yaiia li. n.r. 4-
iIoMKl'lIlM 37-97
Pliilii, Si'iiiur .VmliasHador to
lioine 40
llOMlTl.lN 81-96
War ajjaiiiBt the ("liatti 8a
Ajn'ieoia recalled to Koine 85
rnsiiccessful War-iwitliCieta', (Juadi and Marcomanni.
Iii»nrriclioii of Aiitonins repressed 91
Persecution of .lewH and C'liristiaUB .95
Domitiaii killed 96
Neiiva, Kinpiiror 96-98
Kelief of Taxes. Distriliulioii of Lands.
St. Pa i: I. at .Malta 60?
ItoAi)icE.v In Ilritaiii i.i
Kevolt of the Jews 65
■losephus governor of (lalileu 66
TiTUs destroys Jerusalem 70
Civilis leads Hatavian revolt 70
.Viinicoi.A siilidiies Ilritaiii 78-85
SKNKCA 3-6,
Lli AN 39-^15
Pi.lNV .Major 33-79
.Viiniens ('orniiliis 11. 55
.\. I'KKsirs Ki.AK IS 34 6a
('oiiinu'lla(linslmiidry) '■ jo
Painpliila (female historian).." 55
Silins Italieiis ipoil) 35-100
('01.0SSEU.M liiiilt 70-80
Paiiinius Statins (poet) 61-96
Sah'iiis llassiis (poet) 11. 75
Stoics lianislieil hy Vespasian.
Till' Laociion.
(iAi.oAcus at Mons Urampiua.... 84
Dcrccbal, King otOctic, defeats Ronuins.. 86-90
.\nipliitiieatro of Verona.
lieiiioiia.x tile Cynic 11. 80
Paris I Pantomime), killed 83
Valerius Klacins (poet) ll. 8S
Jl'VKNAL 47-1 JO?
Maiitial 43 1>'4
(juintilian 42 118
TA( Tll'S ? 55-117
Plinv .Minor 61-105
k.
TABLES OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND LITERATURE.-Contlnued.
Table VI. A. D. t to A. D. 200. By Periods of Twenty Year*.
663
TAMI.KS or ANCirCNT HISTOUY AND LITKUATUKIC.
TABLES OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND LITERATURE— Continued.
Table VI. A D. I to A. 0. 200. By Periods of Twenty Years.
A. II.
II.. MK.
HI III II .Sa THINS.
l.irl.ll 1 1 I'lll'. A.MI .\|LT,
In<>
ri( A.IA.S, l.ni|Mriir yS-nh
I'ri'i' ('oii.-tidilliiii. .Iiiiliclii JIiiJchIiiiIh iiliiiliHhi'il,
Klccllvr I'lmir io tDiiiiliii. Knu Spi'icli In (SriiiiU..
Trajan ciiiiciiuth llic. Il.n 1 loi-ioj, i...,
I'nrtliluii War 114-iifi
Ar nia, Misnpolamin, Syria, Koiiian
I'roi iiu'iH 114
• illKATKsr KXTKXT of llo.MAN KjirinK.
l-'oriiiii ''tplaiiuin; ('(iliiinii of
Hi. in Chrysiistom (rhetorician),
Trajan lakt-n Ctoiphnii and nalU down Ti;irlH n'',
;,i| l*rr>i-('lllliili (if ChriHtltUlH.
II.MiltlAN H7-I3S
I'l.l TAKl II, 11. 98 40-190
I'iel.- Invade Ilrilain 117
I'olycarp, llishnp of Sniyrna.9'i-i6fl
4tli INTMccuiinn of riiri!.iiunM uB
Kuphrates eastern lioundary of the Kmplre.117
13.1
llMilriiiii vi^ilH (iaiil niicl lirlUiiii no, las, 13(1
Kxtviwinn of CommiTce tliron^hout tlu' Kiii|iiri^
(iuadratiiK nml Ari"llilc» nt AtliciiH pnsrnt i»t
Auuluifv for tho L'hriHtiuiiH .. * lac
Hadrian's Walls— Newcastle to C'.irlisle 121
*• " Ittiine tu Danube .. lai
siiitni'H of Autluous (Uadrlun'H
l'a«e).
lliiilrhin rchiilldBJorusaloii. ... iio
Ei'KTKTi's fl. 117-138
Moles lladrlani (Ht. Anui'lo).
Ufvolt itf till- Ji!WH under Uarcoctiab 13a
niHiHTKion of tho Jews ...... 135
Kdletuiu I'erpetunin of Hadrian,
132
.Elian (the rhetorieian).
Aulas (ielliuM C-Attie Ni-hts"),
11. 143
Prftsperily In Britiiin under Ilmlrian.
Wall of AiitoiiiiiUH .. .•..,,....•••...138
140
ANToN'irs PUTS, Kmpcriir 138-160
KuUKtiiia I fl. 138-141
Duvcliipnicnt nf tlii' f'ivll Law.
K»tabll»liiiiiiit <if ScIkkiIh in rrovlncos.
Innurri'ilionH in Provlnci's quelled.
C'liri.«tianity (oleratccl.
.ItrsTlN Maiitvii 103-166
Uomonpplied to as an Arbiter by vartoua
natioiiH,
lleriides Atliciis (anlii|uarian,
I'ronto (anti(puirian)..fl, 153, d. 166
Ai'i'iAN (hist.) fl. 147
Gaius (jurist) fl, 160
160
MAUI IS ArUKI.ItTS hdlr Kniperor 169 180
h. Vitus associated In the Government 161-161J
Faustina 11 fl, 145-175
Cflsufl (])hil<)Hophi'r) 11. i6o
ScU'Ucla dt-moHsht'd 165
Doath of Vpros.. .......................... i6a
I'l'slilcnce and Famines at Komo 161-166
Advance of the Goths. Attacks on Dacla.
Irenieiis (RIshnp of Lyons). lao-aoo
I'ausanias ((.'cojjrapher) fl. 174
I'olycarp suffers martyrdom i6ii
I'. .lEliuB .iVristides (rhetorician),
fl. 170
Hermoyenes (rhetorician) fl. 170
War with Marconianjil. (jimdi, etc 167-1741 178-180
(ireck I'liilosoplicrs iiatrouizi'd.
i8a
Successes of Murccllus In Britain 183
nyzantlum taken by Sevenis 196
Parthlans defeated by Romans 198
End of Ar.sacida- )
} 226
Iiei.'iiinliif.' of Sassanidiu (Persians).. )
C'omniodnc takes (he name of liritannicns 184
IVrennis I'refeetof I'ratorians 180-1.S6
CleandiT " " i86-i8g
OoiunioduH as <iladiator. Killed. 19a
Dio.N Cassius (hist.) 155-
Clement of Alexandria d. 2n
OllIDKN >85-1»53
.liilius Paulus (jurists?
l)ioi.'i.ne8 LaertlUB (liin!;rapher).
Temple of Sun at Itaalbec 197
.\TiiKN,Krs..................fl. 200
Hll'POI.YTUS d, 230
TKIlTtn.I.IAN 190-240
Se.\tus Empirlcus (phil) 11, 325
I'KnriNAx killed 193
I)ii>i/;S .Ifi.iANi's buys Empire, Killed 193
SkPTIMIS SK\ KHIS 194-310
Defeat anil Death of NiL'er 194
300
Severus invades Uritjiin. 208-20.;; dies at York 211
- -4-^
lAHLKS ()!• AM. Kll AN AND IvLUOI'ICAN illSTOHY AND MTKKA Tl X!..
0(),^
TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.
Table VII. From A. D. 200 to the Norman Conqueit. By Centurlea.
A. 11.
IIIOTOHY or KlIMK AND OTIIKII
rilL'.NTIIIK«
KMii.iail ANliHciiTril lli>Tiiiiv. Kniii.I'II I.itkiiati iik.
I.ITKIIATI IIK UN TIIK riiSTISf.NT.
too
( AliAiAl.i.A, limn ii\ iiy
llrimiiri clII/i'iiHlilp oxti'iiili'il t» IIm'
whole Kiiiplru •!!
Wall I'f Sl'MTIIK no
faplriiiii at York.
Itoiiiati aiilhurH read.
DHxIunrr
I)iilrin<hi«
('iiniiii'iuH ri'VciliK fB6
Hex lilt Kiii|iiiM 0" (plill.l II. >*\
tiiiUit'huri iiiiil till' 'ryruiilH, liinn.,
Aiinlliui, lit/in a;o-'?|
DliKJctluii, IliHii a84-3"S
OON8TANTINE, Itmn., (.-74-337>
306-337
I'liitillllN Ipllil ) ...304 >74
'Vireii (tht'o. 1 d. tw
/iiiiilila al Palmyra ic|uieiii — 170
300
I'riirlitiiiiH Clirinli. ily 311
.Ml. IAN, limn.... 36i-3«J
rii^iiiiihin r»'Htor('(l 361
IJrial iMiiiiiinr iTii:,'riitiiiii»< Imu'Iii 375
TliKiiDiinii:^ 1. 1'u({uiiIhiii (iro-
Kcrilii'd. litun 391
Tlir Kiii|>ir<-<livi(li'(l 3.^4
AI.'ARIO (VlHlismli).
llriliilriKiiliiluicI ji J
f'olllirl] 111 Nli-ii'll 1J5
I'lpllilail. Mii^ii'liiillllr lio«|Ml>i,
1)7
(iri-uory Nazi .it/'-ii iilim.) \^*t
.Ainlinii-r "f Milan ill .1 oi
Karly Christiim Mart)i .
liinirHioiiK iif I'iclK anil Sc-cit.-.
I'elaKlai.
ST. Al'ornTINK llllio.) 354-4JO
400
.\t Uiniic 405 4 'o
Allilu lit tMiuloiiH, t'r 451
ItoniaiiH li-ave llritaiii 4o<>
IIinttiKl anil IlwrKa.449 Kcni.
Klla, SaxiHiH 477 Sukw-n.
Crnlic. " 4g5 WcKHCX.
St. I'alrii k.
Till' 'I'mvili r'n !Siin({.
St. David,
IlKllWfl,!".
TIh' CiiliU'eM?
iirofduH.
St. Martin of Toum.
Siuccmlon of WchIitu Kiniicrors
cniln 476
CI.OVIS (MiTovliiuliiii), /';• 4»>
IkToiiii'S ClirlHtlim 49fi
Tlu'0(U)rlc{Oi>troi;(>tlH, nt llnvciiim.4cM
I'roclus (jdill.) ....411-485
noothluH 470-5'''
500
.lUSTINIAN, A'owi 5a7-565
nt'lisuriiiH ......... 535^360
SaxoiiH .... . . .530 KpHex
Aneiirin.
Mirliii?
'I'alirHiii,
Kiiiir Ma»t<'r»? (pub. 1634).
History of (iildiiH 564?
St. Colnmtm sai-lij
St. AuHiin In England. .597-Ciio
SI. Ili'iii'iliet 480-543
'rrilionian 534
KiiiK Arthur?
\ .\ni.'lia.
Ain;len 550- Dcira.
1 Mercia.
FEmirs MoiiK 11.? Hml.
Ethclbcrt (Kent) Christian. 51,8
g
Iii-liliiti'H and I'andecta of
.histiniaii 534
l)iiri-H riiryuiuK.
s
i
CiiiLPCnic. Briinclmult, t'r 580
Lomlmrds In Italy 570-770
MAHOMET (57<>-63>)
2
('llNt^ioilnrilH.
(in'nury I., Pope , -.590
600
The Ilt'Kim 6ji
No Komnns after Ilcracliiis, Uom.,
6io-«4l
Pepin of Ileristnl In Oaul 687
MOORS In Spain -M**
Edwin (Northuinbria), Uex
An(,'lorum 617
Devon subdued.... 647
Ina of Wcascx 689-716
Fragment uf Judith.
CiEDHO.Nf
.\dnmnnn 634-704
LawH of Ina.
Aldhelm . 6^0-710
Laws of liotharis.
The Koran published 634
Omar at Alexa:idria 640
•n^
I
■L
66.1
I'AHLKS OI' AMKKICAN AND KUKOI'UAN HISTORY AND IJTKKATUKIC.
i
TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.— Continued.
Table VII. From A. D 200 to the Norman Conquest. By Centuries.
lllMTDKY or KlIMK AM) (ITIIKII
t'cirNTIllKS.
y.^
Dciilliiir HoilcTick, .S'/' -7"
ClmrliH Miirli'l hI 'I'mirH, h'r 713
!''|iiii ll[i' Sliiirl, Fr j',j -phU
DiHlli of SI. Ildiiirmo 7S5
HiiIiiihI llL HnlHM'HVilIlrH 77«
In'iH* ((' TiHtanliiiiipli') 7811 Ho^
lliiroiiii-iil-KjiHcltJM 7K() H08
(?HARLEMAQNE,(74'jKi'i 771-814
.SdriKMMiH ill Sicily.
Trialy of Vcnliiii (iliviHinii iif
l')iniiiri'l S4 4
liiiir (Juiiu'iT ill .Ni'iisiriH, .v.ii/i.i^i-S?'!
Ndli.M.WS ill Kniiic...
KSCII.ISII AMiSroTllI lllHTOIIV
('(iriuvnll wiiluliir'il.
iKi l.tiiMliiiL; i>r MaiicH 78'!
mrn of Men-ill 7,^,
Kmii.ixii l.irKllATrllK.
Hkiik 671-735
ryiiwiiir ,
-7>S-7«"
.\iniiii. 7t5-So
KlillKIlT iWlVSi'X) 8-J7 H)(.
Kknm-.tii II . Sriit. I'irls
mill SrnlM II 'iti'il.
•ill Diiiir.s. KiiLTiiar I,» I. . »i;.
.M.riiKI) 871 v'l
Miitryiir iiixiiHiuiiH.
llKNiiv I. (Tlif l*'iiwl«'i->. t.tr.
OTIIii TIIK (iltKAT. tit /"
tli: llfdii ('ArKT, /■■;■..
M.WKS ill l;iii;lalMl,
.S'lllKI SI-ANK ,j ,
Itadlr of ItniiitinhiirL' i>i7
Kdwv (riiiili>l Willi iliiii-ilp.
'I'-.'i
Mali 111,11 I., s,;,/. sir.illi-
'm i)VJ
'rill- ('ill I Uiiy Diaz. I In .'^piiiii.
(1040-1. «).)!
clyili'
|il DanrH. Swryii.
<-.\MTI'"„ s,;iii...
lllHlory of Nt'iiiiiiiHr
.lonimrs SrolliM l';iiliiKNA..H7ij
llri'linii l.nw in Inlunil.
.Mfri'il'M 'rraiislatioiiH,
I.ITKIlATrilK ON TIIK < 'llNTlN KNT.
SrlioolH Hi Kiilila uiiil St. (iall,
Iri^laiiil.
lli'iH'ilirl il'Aiiiaim 7S0-8J1
.\»>^it's l.ifi' of Airriil )•
War I'oniis; llrillialilnir;-h,
Maliloii.
SI. liiiiiKliin.
.Mirrir'H lloiiiilii'N ),,
Thr (;nivr!i
KL'iiiliaril 840
niri-ii'ilV Kri"! r. 870
Krlianil 870
.Vn-liliiHliop lliiii'iiiar 8Sa
Dili llj.jli iJiriiian .Mlilrrnllvr
I'orli-v.
Malcolm |I., .v,-,i/... u»,,- mij
|-:inVAin> TIIK I'oNKL-'^oll.ioji
Mai'lii'tliili'ri-alril aii<li<laiii.
■•<r(il .,,58
.Malioim 111. Caniiiori'.
■'^'■iil ,„^H
IIMdH.n i.rf.s
" (Icri'iilM NorwririaiiM.io'ifi
AiiiuiIh oT IiiiiL-^rallrii:
Aiiiials of Tij,'lirniai-lif
.\iii;lo-Siivoii I'liroiiirlii,
875-1154
liKllllKIIT. Silvi'Hlir II.. I'opi'.
1)1)9 iii„(
llroHwilliil I'. ijSu
SilioolM of Cimliiva anil Scvillr,
Spain.
.\virKNNA 980-1017
'rraiiHlatioii of PhiiIiiih iil SI.
<;all.
Ii rlaiiillc Siiuau.
I.iiiiiliirl of llrr/.fi'lil .....lofni
^
V •>
.^ A.
s
TAHUKS OK AMKKICAN ANO KLTKOI'KAX HISTORY AND I.IPICKATUUi:. 661:,
p
(
>
TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.-Contlnued.
iable VIII. From Conquest to Middle of Fourteenth Century. By Periods of Fifty Years. {
A.I).
CllNTINKNTAI. lllxTcmV.
Kniii.ikii ANiiHroTrii IIihtoiiy.
Kniii.ikii I.itkiiatuuk.
I.ITKIlATt'lIK AND .\il1 (IN TIIR
t'llNTINKNT.
1050
IIll.I>Klllt.\NII, <ir (irccory
VII.. I'p 107J
\VII,I,I.\M 1 ,TliiC..ii.iiiir..r,
u6()-lo87
I'liaiinoii ill' Holanil.
i
Nortniiti Kiiiixiloin of tin' Two
llllllli'of 1In>.|ill);H irf«
l'',ilpir .Vllirliiii: to Sriitlanil lo'.H
Ijiiifranc 11. 1070-1089
Ilriiiio foiiiiil»('<irtliiiHiaiiii 1084
Srilol.AsTIclBM.
<'otiiniMil III CniiHtantiiiopli', /ioin.
IliTrwuril in till' I»lr of l':iy...i„7i
IlKNIlV IV I. .(6-11.1'.
('oiii)iii'^t of Kiiclatiil ('oMiplft''il,
11. 71
Kom.'liii.
rilllAN 11., I'JI I"«S
DonirMiliiy Hook _ mKf.
.SiiBi'lin n. io8.)-iii..)
I'rlrr I.oinliaril.
Fii\s/ i'l-nmtii logs ""*')
Wll.l.lAM II.. I(ufll^^ 1087 11,.,.
I'ciir till' Ilcniiil.
■rilK CKIS.VIIKS i.»,5 117.1
IIKNIIV I 1100 nil
ViTHi- I'jiiln compiliil.
IIIMI
(inlcrrt of KiiiulitH -
Of SI. .Iiihii. or lIlioili'M. .ii.^R
<'oni|iirH( of Noriniiiiily..iini-»i,.7
1 irilrriniH \'itaIiH .. 1075 1141
William of (;iiiiiiiii'. ml Troii.
I.ailoiir. .
TIh' 'rrlllpllirH IilK
.Vlt'.xaniliT I., .s'.vi/ 11.17 11.-4
William of Maliii.Kl.iiry, [ Iniv..:i,.itik».
Sliipwrrrk of rriiu.' Williaiii 11.1..
Davmi 1 , s,„f 11-J4 nil
S'l-KI'MKN I Idoiwl lilltl •' ATM ;.*.
llHiS 1 143 I
rrrs.Tlltion of .lews.
lioli) iiHliiiiri'ii DyniiHly, ^V/^,
llj8 \2Si
KiH'liil InitiHlntcd . . 1 1 1"
riji> i.r su Ciilhcrinf at
liuMTsiiy of Ilo|oi;iiA III'.
Siii.lv of Civil l.MVV.
1
riUHhft." at Ariialll 1117
(;uiir« mill (Jliilirlliiii'H. // . 114.1
Si'imiil Cniyiiili- 11.17 1 1 !■)
■I.)5 I'M
Hnllli' of 111!' .><laiiilarcl iij."*
Miltiriii'^ . .. 1 1 u> t I'l)
.\HK1,AUI> I(.77-M4i
Anna 1 oiiini'iiu .. toS) ri4S
(irulTnv <i<iinmr.
Ki'imkr FnrliM?
S.M..\I>IN (1IJ7 ii.jii
IlKNiiv II. lI'laiiHi|,'iiii'l).ii54 iiH.)
Whii-'m Uriil" il'AimhTrrri*.
St. ItiriiKiit.
115c
KKI'IDKUII'K 1. (llMiii.Mio^'^M.
\itTin III AN l.i't.rNn-*,
Stinl_\ nf 4 'illinil I,H\V. i
M.llioliii IV.. .Srii/ US) 11".
AvKuuoK>« iiao-
AimiAS IV., /'/) HM
roiiMtiliilion-^ of 1 'la It'll. loll . 1 m.|
riiiviTHily oC ( >\tiiril i i<)i>
Nim:i.i N),KN I.iKi). 1
\\m I.HM Tin: l.ioN, snit.,
i :i milium' < iiiiilin'ii'-i^'.i i.|; ivi''
Arnolil of llri'M'ifi nw 11 '.s
11. .5 1J14
MiinliT of HrckrI . 1 17.)
I.AV AMilS'- Itnit.
.Inni him i>r l-'inrf 1 1 tf> -mw
Ml.-iilior Mini llo-^iililllliil.
l.nr lie (iMHl ii.,4 I iKi,
TllOl llAMOI IIM mill ,MlNM>
|)iltlilii1(i Ml Ti'lliri' .. . . 1 .'o 1
As^izis of clari'ticloTi niul
N'orihiiiiiploii ....ii'6 1176
.lohimf SiillHltiny 113.. 1 iKo
^t^ll^.l(^*.
Viiijil. ll.-rtian.l.ir Horn.
I'liM.ii' II., ,\ii;;iiHtiiM. /■'/•. iiHii
(iliiiuil, riiii-f .luRllcc llSu
Wfllirr Mji|hm iMt '■""
WiUtttr vtiu (IiT Vu^rlwrhlc.
Ttiirti i'riisiiift 11.^1 ii't.-
ItlillAllll* I Il8y lUH
,IiiHr|iIiiiM iHrniiiiH .r. m<j<>
IVh'IH of TlIK ('ID,
MiisHiirrr of .lewH.
liiiflrriii,
i
INNIK rsT III., I'/l llyS
Aiiu'ln Niirnmii IliiliailH.
1
u
„
V
1 ~^
—- ■?
) '»
m^'
■>. .■
666 TABLES or AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.
TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE— Continued.
Table VIII. From Conquest to Middle of Fourteentli Century. By Periods of Fifty Years.
A.I>.
('(INTINKSTAI. HlsTllltY.
EnciI.ISII ami SlIlTlII IIlSTOIIV.
Exiil.lsll LlTEHATl HE.
I.ITKHATIIIE AMI ART OS THE
COXTISKST.
laco
Fmirlh Criimilt 13&0-1J04
AtUick nn CnnHtantiiiople 1204
Stejilum Lant.'t(>n and Barons
Hobert Grostete ... .1175-1253
l'niversity of Sa' ananca 1300
Gottfried c! Strasbiirg's Tristran,
Latin Empire 1304-1361
Interdict removed 1213
Raymond in Langiic<loc,
Story of Genesis and Exodus.
Albert of Stade's Troilus.
Allii!;('n»inn rnimide 1207-1221)
The Ini|uisition begun 1339
-?
lluttleof novincs, /';• 1214
TUK ORMlTLUMr
S
St I^rancis of Assisi 1183-1330
*•
" confirmed and ronewe<l
y.
KUKDKUICK 11.. r,Vr. (1194-1230)
tliiny times .1216-1608
"Owl and Nightingale."
.Mendicant Orders.
[<
Fifth ('ruit(i(le ...1216-1220
Alexander II., Scot 1214-1349
L'niversity of Cambridge. 1331
Sordello 11. 1260
^
KrrdiTicli Kiiinof .IiTlimilcm 1229
Chretien de Troyes 1140-1337
.\i.i-noN»<) TUB Wise in Spain,
IlEsiiY III 1216-1272
"Aneren Riwie."
Snorro Sturlasson 1 178-1241
1226-64
Albertiis Magnus 1193-1380
■*
(Jrepory IX., I'p 1227
Kail of Ilnbertde Unroll 12.32
Matthew Paris 1333-1375
Tiojumanna Saga.
Hctroat of Moors to (iriinada 1240
I'lisucccssful Wars in France.
Sixth CriisaUe 1240-1250
KOMANCES.
William of Lorris.
1J50 I.ons IX.. Fr .iii'')-i27o
Provisions of Oxford - 1259
Tliomas of Erceldonne, the
Roman de la Robb.
Hirliard of Cornwall, f'lif/..
.\LEXANI)EIl III., .Srt)^. .1249-1286
Kmpcror 01 (icrinaiiv.. 1256-1271
Michael Scot d. 1293
Earliest Plays in Spain and
End nf Calipliatcat IlaKdad...i2s3
Hatlleof Lares 1263
Itarons' War i262-i2''6
KOGEH BACON.... 1315-1393
National Lyrics.
Serentli Cruxaite 1270
Benoit de St. Jlorc.
I)e Monlfort's Parliament 1264
TelcscopcGunpowder, "Opus
1
Kiidolfof Ilai)al)nri:, ';(T.ii.'73-i2q2
Itattle of Lewes 1264
MaJHs."
Thomas Aquinas 1337-1374
•f.
(Jcnoa pimiTfiil inidcr Doria,
1270-1283
Hattie iif Evesham ..1265
Henry Bracton c. 1360
CiMAIlfE, It 1340-1308
Kra IJolcino 1275-1304
Snrtees' Psalter,
Peter Langtolt.
Tableau of Marie of France.
X
e
Sicilian Vespers 1282
Statnle of Mortmain 1279
Raymond Lully "SS-'.'JiS
War lielweeu Uunou and Pisa. 1384
Wales sulidneil 1383
Robert of Gloucester... c. 1280
Marco Polo i255-'335
Uj^olino .... _- ...1388
Marjjaret and Balioi, .sV•o^.
1286-1292
Duns Scotus 1365-1308
UJ
tiESTA RoHANORUM, Bcrchorlus,
C'oloniias and Orsinis at Uoine.
Wii.UAM Wallace ..II. 1296-1298
" Land of Cockayne."
Guido de Columna 1287
HUNIl ACK YIII , />..i294->303
E.Npul^iiin ol .Tews.
Swiss I.cau'ne 1295
Itallle of Falkirk 1398
Robert (Mannin!;) of Urunne.
Nicholas r\'., Pope 1388
1300
Cliarli's of Valciis in Italy 1301
Edward 11.... ...... i3<^7-*327
K. lligdin, ''Polychronicon,"
1328
iiioTTO, /Y. ---..--- 1376-1337
I'liii.U' IV., Tlie F lir, Fr..
1285-1314
Clenuiit V. at Avi::iion, /*yK..i305
Tlie Lords Ordainers 1310
DANTB 1365-1331
KOHEHT I. (BIU'CE). Scot..
llnmpole's " Prick of Con-
Meister Eckhard d, 1339
Fall of the Templars 1305-1310
1306-132,,
science."
IIenuv VII. I.uxcmlmry, Get:.
Ilatlle of Hannocklmrn, .SV'o/..i3i4
Ji'an de Mean.
1308-1313
William Occam.. d. 1347
.1. Tavleu 1390-1361
Hutli (William Telly) 1307
EDWAIiO III >327->377
Chester Plays.
Theoliii;ia (;ermanica.
David II., Scot.. 1329-1371
Battle of Ilalidon Hill 1333
Kleeliiin to Empire declared in-
Fordun's " Scotlchronlcon,"
OriiiL'na, I'l 13J0-1389
dcpeiuleiitof I'apacy 1338
•330
PETRARCH i304-'374
!• Ills the liaviirian, CrV;M3i4-i347
Battle nf CuEssT 1346
Laurence Minot 1300-1352
l'niversity of I'ragne 1348
Philip VI. Valois, .?>.. 1328-1350
Battle nf .Neville's Cross 1346
Sir .Tohn Mandevlllc. 1300-1370
(ionsalez dc Berclo.
"35°
l)U),'Uesrlin (1314-1380)
Calais taken 1347
TAHLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.
667 1
TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.— Continued.
Table iX. From Middle of Fourteentli to End of Fifteentli Century. By Periods of Twenty-Five years.
•350
1375
Co.NTlNKNTAI. HlSTHKY.
ItlKNZl l343-'354
Marino Kalirro lit ViMiicc, 135J
.IlllIN II., /■> 1350-1364
Aiirrii Iliilla 1356
Till' Jacqurrio in I'Yiinre 1358
IIiiiiHi'atic League 1140-17 J3
Till! Vrn- Coinpaiiii's.
I Vixcoiili. Milan
TyrantB in Italy... - Scala. Verona
( Kstc. Fcrrara
CiiAiiLKH v., fr 1364-1380
(iiiKiioitv XI. at Home. /'/' 1370
TiiK Schism 1378-1439
('iiAiti.KH VI., Fr 1380-1422
Joan of Xapli's cvccutod 1382
IhTlino of Cloiioa.
Philip Van Artcvelde, J)tc/i 1382
.Vutittro-SwiHH War 1385-1470
Winkolrii'd at St'iiipach 1386
Mahuaiikt of Norway 1389
rnion of Caliiiar 1397
Flori'ncc iiowcrfiil.
t'ouiicil of l'i»a 140.)
Suiis.Mii.M), KnipiTor, (!er 1410
Council of Constanci! 1414-1418
Pol'K .loIt.N XXIII, (ll'pOHl'll, /'/<,.I4I5
K.XlH'UtiollH of IIllHH aixl ,UTonu' ..1415
Krcilcrick of Ilolu'iizollcrii, Mar-
j;ravc of Itranilcnlnirtr, J'lun 1417
IIuhhIic War, Ziwka I4aj-i436
CiiAiiLEs VII., Fr 1121-1402
KniIMSII and SroT<ll IIistouv.
l''N(iI ISII I lTKlt\TI UK ' I'lTKllATIItK AM) .\HT ON THK
i CoNTlNKNT.
War Willi Spain, ScoLlaiid anil
Franci'.
Tho Black Death ..1349, 1361, 1369
Hattli! of I'oitiuffl '.356
IVarc of Hrelitjny 1360
Law rk'a(lin)p4 in Kuglish 1362
UoBKKT II. (Stuart), Scot.,
1371-1390
Death of the DIaek I'rinco 1376
UiciiAitu II 1377-1399
Wat Tyler's InBurrectiou 1381
.lolin of (ittuiit in Spain 1386
Kaid of Otterburne 1388
HoiiEiiT III., A'a)< 1390-1406
Prjnnunire Statute 131^3
IlKNitv IV, (Iti>lini.'lirokei,
1399-1413
Perry Keheilion. Shrewslmry.
1403
Prince .laineK of Scotlaml cap-
tured 1405
.\lliany, Ue;;enl, Smt 14C6-1423
liallii'of llarlaw 1411
IlK.NliY V 1388-1422
Peif^eeution of the Lollards.
liatlle of .\iiiNcoriiT 1415
Coliliani liurnt 1417
Treaty of Troycs 1420
llKNllY VI 1422-1461
JAMKS I. reitrns, .bVyi^.. 1423-1437
La NO LA no's " PierH Plow-
man" 13I19
t'haucer'H " Honiaunt of
Kose."
Wyclipfe 1334-1384
liAIIUOUR 1316-1396
(jower 1325-1408
CHAUCER.
.d. 1400
" Legend of < io'il Women."
after 1382
Trevisa II, 1387
.\ndre\v Wyntoun... 1350-1420
'TlIK C'ANTEIIBUBY TaI.Es."
'390-' 398
Wakefield and Towncley
.Mysteries.
lUICCACCIt) l3"3-'375
CicrliBrd (iroot .......1340-1380
Hretliren of Common Lot,
at Deventer.
Pedro Lopez ^Vyola..i33a-i407
I'"liol»9ABT i337-r40l
Po);f;ia and LaurenthiB Valla.
KliA AsriELIco, /I!. ..1387-1448
Aniadis de Qaul 1390
(liiiRKiiTi. .1. and S,
1381-145.S
I'liiversityof St. Andrews. 141
Jamks I., " KIiib'b Qtiair."
Occlcvc 1370-1454
Jean < Jerson 1 363-1 425
Kniliassy of Kuy (ionzalez
to Tamerlane.
II. Van Kyck, Pt i36'>-i426
.1. Van Kyck, PI 1390-1441
Masaccio, If 1402-1428
TliomaH il Kenipi8...J38o-i47i
Donutello, .1. «;«/ .S'.-i383-i46»
83
W:
mii
itj-j
■s,
Q
i
.. C"
^
668 TAHl.KS OF AMKRICAN AND EUROPKAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.
D
1
TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.-Continued.
Table IX. From Middle of Fourteenth to End of Fifteenth Century. By Periods of Twenty-Five Years.
A.ll
«4»5
1450
'475
1500
t'ONTINKNTAI. IllSTOIlV.
E.NuLisii A.Nii Scotch IIistoiiv.
ENCiLISlI LiTEllATlRE.
LiTERATUKE AND AllT ON THE
Continent.
Joan of Aiic, Fr 429-1431
Fruiiili rccoviT I'liris 1416
t'oiinril of UaMr 1433-1449
War ln'twcfn Scotland and
Kiigluiid 1436
.Ia.<E8 11., Scot 1437-1460
Uuko of Gloucester murdered. 1447
.Tack Cade's Insurrection 1450
Civil Wars of the R09ES,
14^2-1485
Humphrey, Duke of Olou-
University Of Florence 1438
Fra Filii.po Lippi, Jt.,
1412-1469
Culture in Arugon and the
Sicilies.
Dei.la Koi-bia, a. and S.,
1400-1483
I.WE.NTIOX OF PRINTING,
M4S
Oozzoli, It 1408-1478
.John of Cioch 1451
Memling. Pt 1425-1495
Giovanni Bellini, 11.,
1426-1516
.John Wessel . ......1420-1459
Lydijale i375-i4''iy
I'lievy Chase, and
Early En;;lisli Ballads.
Thomas of WaI.«ingIiam..i44o
Mysteries and Moralities.
University of Olaspow 1451
PeiteiK'k's " Uepres8or,^'..i449
AlplioiiHo V. nt Aniiion. ■?/) 1449
Hapiiliurf; Empurors, Gtr-.t^ji tl eei/.
The Medici iit Florence. 1430 <7 wr/.
Niciioi.aj< V. biUKlu I'opu 1447-1454
Maikimkt II.
Constantinople taken 1453
Helnraile rewists llie Turks.
Huiii;iir.v i>o\vcrfnl.
The Koscari at Venice.
I'lis 11. uKiii'aH SylviiiK). Pp 1458
Lulls XI.. Fr 1461-1483
Wars with CharlcB the Hold.
l'oi..\Nii powerful.
Hattleof .Murti'ii 1476
IliK-h.v of Iliirrunily nieru'ed in
Krance.
Death of charle.- the Hold 1477
Ma.xiniilian's Marriage with Mary. 1477
Eiifilish expelled from France. 1453
Littleton 1481
Sir John Fortesenc. 1475-1 480
Sir Tliomaa lIiilory..i433-i475
TitB M0BT£ U'AMTBDB.
The Coventry Mysteries . 1468
Ca.vton's Press in Knizland.
■474
The Mazarin Bible 1453
Francois Villon 1431-
JA.MES III., Scot 1460-1488
Edwaku IV 1461-1483
Warwick, King-maker 1471
Hattleof Tewkeslmry 1471
Hoiardo 1434-1494
Philip de Coininee — 1445-150)
University of I'psala 147'!
Pico della Mirandola. 1463-1494
Mahuse. I'l 1499-1562
Francia, Jt 1450-1518
(;hirlanda,io. P/ 1449-1 49S
LORE.NZO DE MKDICL
11. 1470-1492
Sodoma, Jt 1479-1554
I-KIJDINANI) AM) ISAMKM.A, .s^ .
'479-'5'>
Prince Henry of I'ortu;.'al.
(iiAiii.Ks VIII.. Fr 1483-1498
Provence ioined to France 1487
Charli's marries Anne of briltany.1491
" invades Italy 1494
It. I>ia/ rounds ('. of (iood lIope..i4&6
The Moor^i ilri\en from Spain i4(ji
(III. I'M HI S (1436-1505) 1497
.Vle.\ander VI.. /*yi 149)
Ma.MMII.I.X.N I., 'r,,- 1493
Swiss Confederacy Independent.. 1499
Jioris XII.. /'/• M')3"»S<5
VASCO IIA (.iAMA, I^rl 1497
(ineiii Margaret at the Court of
The Paston Letters. 1425-1506
Uliiid Uuny'a Wai.i.ac e.
Hevival of Letters. Classical
Studies and Theology,
(irocvn, Colet, Warliam,
More, eta
Erasmus in England 1457
U. Hoyce 1470-1536
DlNItAH !45'>-"5Jo
Douglas 1474-1532
llenrvson fl. 1490-1500
Piiici fl. I4S0
Ficinns, Politian. !
Pehioino, Jt 1446-1521
.\rabian N'iohts.
Leiuiardo da Vinci. 7V..I1. 1490
Sebastian Brandt. "Nar-
renschiff " ...... 1494
Duke of Clarence murdered. . 1478
EllWAKI) V 1483
lUCIIARDIir 1483-1485
Uattle of Hosworth Field 1485
llEXHY VII. l,Tiiilor)...i485-i509
James IV., Scot 14S8-1513
Poyiiin:;s' Ait in lieland 1495
Sebastian Cabot 1497
i
Savonorola 11. 1494-1508
(ilOIUilONE. It I477-1511
.Vl.nUKI IIT DlREIl./V. 1471-1528
UAPIIAEL, Jt i4<52-i5J0 1
1
MICHAEL AXGELO. A. \
i
('
1
1
's
V "
" -■
"T*'
k
>
ued.
1.
IT ON THE
(■(■ ....1438
I4H-M69
lul the
1400-1482
KINTINU,
■445
..1408-1478
>45>
..I435-'495
Pt.,
I426-1516
. .1480-1459
'453
-•143'-
>47>
-- I434-M94
. .1445-150)
> 147''
a. 1 463- 1 494
-.1*99-1562
--145C-1518
-.•449-M98
hDICI.
II. 1470-149J
...1479-1554
11. 14S0
. .1446-1521
/'/..ll. 14,0
'• Niir-
1494
11. 1494-150S
..l477-'5"
rV. 1471. 1528 1
...i4'52-l5ao 1
1
l.n. A.
..-1473-1456
1
i
T»|V
t--
■7^
TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE— Continued. 669
Table X. The Sixteenth Century In Decades.
AD. <'IPNTIXKXT.\I. llHTllltV
ISOol.lll.irSII., I'JI..
KNliLlsll A.NDScoTdl 1||>T1.I1V. EniII.!!-!! LlTKIlATlIlE. I I-lTKltATlIlK AN1> .\I1T OS THE
I t ilNTlNENT.
..1503 I IVikiii Wiirlpick ( xiciitcd i^q,, stcplnii Ilawis 1483-1512 El{.\S.Ml'S 1467-1536
HiTiii t^>)o- 1 536
BemlK) 1470-1547
LiiiK'iU'ofCaiiilira.v Pope. Kruiuc. •■I'Hstinu- (if IMwiKurc".. i5o<)
and Enipir.' iiu'ainst Vc"icc. ' •'»'»'" '^ • "f SioHaml inarrics
.Mariiarrt. daii^'lilir i)f llciirv
i VU "
I'ortu;;al ]Hi«>rfnl in East.
Spain coniiuors C'nlia.
1 )iin MainuO of Portiiyttl, 11469- 1 52 1
1502
"Nut Brown*' Maid."
.\riliiir. I'rinci' of \Valc.<. niar-
SKEl.TON 1460-1528
SriloLAKsiili'.
rics Catherine of .Arau'oii i5e!i ]
Kinaere. Sinitli. and I'lieke.
i I
LEO X., /'/) 1513 j IIenhv VllI 1509-1547 Kau.ads aniiMohai.itiK!'.
1510
1520
Vaxeo Nunez at Ilarien. M(/V. . .513 Italtli- of Klodden 1513 ! .Mohe's -Kieliard III.'
Hayard 1524
FitANcis, I., A'r 1515
Magellan (navigator) 1470-1 521
.VdrianVL.TV' ...1522
\V:ir witli Kranee 131 j
Battle of Spnr< 1513
.Marirarel, UiKentof Seollaiid.
WOI.SEY 11471-1530)
( arilinal 1515
CHARLES V. j HZ S'i-. '""""" *''"'""' ""''' '"°
I
1530 Italy. I
Kiitile Scotcli invasion of Knj.'
(iuslavus \asa. /•iiif 1523 land 1522
peasants' War, ^V;' 1525
HEFOUMATION in fiernian.v.
1519-30
Confession of .Vugsliuri; 1530
Cortez in Me.\ieo 1520
Clement VII , Pp 1523
Battle of Pavia, Sp 1525
Constalile Bourbon at Rome.. 1528
Turks before Vienna 1529
First UiiL'lisli Prose Ilis'ory.
" iTOI'IA 1516
First (iriL'inul lioinanee.
Barclay iSliipof Fools. Satire
Henclilin 14^5-1522
ABI08T0 14 4 "513
.Xndrc'a del Sarto. /'t 1488-1530
Voyagesof .\nierigo Vispueei, 151.7
TlTl.W, Jt 1477 M7fi
.Macluavelll 1469-1527
C()HHKU(;I(),/'/ i493->534
Mantiian 1-5' 3
Pakac Ei-sis 1493-1541
"Epistolu Oliscuro.uin Vir<>-
ruin " 1516
C. .\grip|ia and C.irdan.
I'lrieli von Iliitten '488 1523
li. .VL'ricola M94-'s65
and Kelognesi 1493-1535 l.l'THKU 1483-1346
Pizarro in Peru, .SJ) 1531
Sill Thomas Moue 11480-1535)
Chancellor 1529
Bcrner's Froissart 1523 , ,{^„k,.^„ i49'->553
TvNDAi.E's New Testa- !z„in!;'.^ 14S4 1531
.mest . 1526 I
; Melanethon M97-'5' 8
Ilolliein. It ■498-1559
^^'^■*TT i5^3-'542 cul'EHXR'US •473-1543
I Palissy, A. anil •■>' I4i)<)-i5e9
Bosean (Spain) '|
James V. reigns, Sno^ 1328-1542 SiiiriEY i5'7-«547
.Vkciibishop CiiASMER pro. , SikDavih LvNiisAV. 1490-1556
' nonnees divoree '.^31'
Brittany anne.sed to France. .15 2 I HEF<)HM.\TION in Endand. ] Klliofs ••(iovernor" 1531
IlaiiH Sachs (Cierniany). '
tl. 1530
.\et of Supremacy 1534 <
Ivan 1.. Kiissian Czar 1533 cuo.vwei.i.. Vicar (u'lieral... 1535
Suiipression of Monasteries.
.\nabaptist at .Monster 1534' '53S-'i3''
Kxeciition of More 1535
Calvin at Geneva 153' ■.■;35 ''ili;'"imaL'e of (irace 1537
The Six .\rlicles 1531
Foundation of .lESl'ITOrder, 1534 Execution of Cromwell '540 ' CiiAXSiEii. Anglican Liturgy
Jardin des Plantes.
Vittoria OoUmna 1490-1547
Margueret of Navarre .. .1492-1558
t'ovEKi.Ai.E's Biiii.E 15,5 : CALVIN ■509-.564
Latimfh r472-i555| •'■ Everts (.Joannes Secundus),
1511-1536
, , , i VcNilius. Ilrst Scientllle .\naIo-
I-clnnd —1552 uiiHt.
I l(iNATiis Loyola 1491-155'i
Francis Xavier 1506-1552
St. <'. Borromeo 1538-1576
Solway .Moss i'42
Council of Trent 1543-1563; | "»" ^ ' lir""i''l's ...1548
.Mary nomiimlly succeeds 1542 '.
SinalcaldicWar
Ilenry n..Fr
■ 547
Dealli of Beaton, Si'oI 1546
Kdward VI i547-'553
SoTuersel, Protector 1547-1549
I ley wood".- Interludes.
.\siiiA.M, '■Tiixiiphilus" 15J5
Eeononiie distress
"Schoolniiister".. .1563
li. Crowie
.d. 1588
.1547 I Battle of Pi
- 1547 I (iaseoignii ...
...1540-1577
Mendoza (Hist, of Moorsi,
■j03-"575
Helivenilto Cellini, .1 (lliil S.
i5(X3-l 572
V AS A HI, /'/ 151 2-1571
P.illadio, A. and .S' 1518-1580
Sicilian .
.1509-1588
.1506-1556
TINTOHETTO, /V 1512-1594
%
m
m.
■;i{,v
mlM
mm}-
^\
ra
_.. a
J-
'
670 TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.— Continued.
Table X. The Sixteenth Century. In Decades.
1
A.l>
'55'
CONTINENTAr. IllSTUIlV.
KnoLIMI and StOTtll HlSTOKY.
ENOI.ISII LiTEIIATl'IIE.
LiTEHATrnE AMI AllT ON THE
Continent.
Mill/, tiiki'ii l>y Friiiici! 1553
Servetiis buriit by Ciilvin 1553
RcliKioiiH IVnci'of Ailfc'9bur(;..i555
Philip 11., Sp 1556
t'nthnrino ilc Mwiici, and tliu
Francis II., /'/• 1559
Charles IX., Fr ijrw
Idal. Earliest Comedy. ..1550
Wilson's .\rt of Rhetoric. .1551
Mirror for Magistrates.
Bale's King John.
Saikvili.e (1S27-1608) Ear-
liest Tragnly
Fox's "Martyrs" 1553
Tottel's Miscellany 1557
Joii.N Knox <5"5-'S7»
Sannazaro and Montniajor
1 Diana).
Soeinus 1539- 1604
Stephens and theScaligers,
1484-16C9
(iesiier's Mithridates 1555
Peterliamus — 1572
Paleslriim, M. 1534-1544
P. VERONESE, /•/ 1528-.533
C.VMOENS •5»7-'579
Lady Jane (irey beheaded 1533
Maiiv Oh' (JfisK in .Scotland. .1554
Keconclliation with Homo 1554
Laliuier, l<i<lhy, and t'ranmer
(iardliur and Pole in power.
Calais lost 1558
ELIZABETH 1558-1603
S560
1570
Civil Wars in Krmice 1562-1595
Soliman II. in Hungary 1566
Pius v., Pp i5r,6
Alva In the Nethorlands 1567
Cosnin do Xfedici, Duko of
Tuscany.
Tton John of Au.'<tTia.. 1569
Ilunijary annexwl to Austria .1570
William Cecil, Secretary 1559
llEFOKMATION in Scotland,
MARY STUART, Scot., rei-ns
1562-1568
Mnrder of Kiz/.io 1566
JIunler of 1 )aruley 1 567
Northern Rebellion 1569
Murray, Regent, Scdt 1570
BlllIANAN 150(^1-1582
The (Jeneva Bible 1560
The Book of Common Prayer.
1560
Tusser's Bucolics
Bisiioi's' Bible. 1568
XXXIX. Articles 1571
St, Tere.»a 1515-1583
Beza .... ... .1519-1605
SllvestOT's Uu Bartas.
Kochanowski 1530-1584
MONTAIGNE i533-'592 '
Battle of Li'panto. Sp 1571
Poland an EU'ctivo Monarchy, 1572
Massacre of St. Bartholomew, 1572
Revolt of Netherlands 1572
Henry III. /> 1574
The League ■576-'5')3
Morton, Regent, Scot 1572
Burghley , Lord Treasurer 1572
Walsingham, Secretary 1573
Elizabeth declines the Nether-
lands 1575
Drake sails round the World. .1577
Jamks VI , Smt 1578-1625
Puttenham and Coxe.
Sill PllILII'SlI>NEY.. 1554-1586
Southwell 1560-159'i
Chrnniclcs of Ilolllnshed
and Stove,
Isaac Casaubon 1559-1614
L'niversity of Leyden 157;
Boclin 1530-1596
Cynthio and Bandcllo's Tales.
Mariana 1536-1623
TAS80 .....1544-1595
WILLIAM TMK .SILKNT^Or-
an!,'e). Dulch.
1580
i
<!
n
1590
i
1600
Indepeidi'uce of Netherlands
Declared 1581
William of Orange assassi-
nated 1584
Sexlus \., I'p 1585
The Duke of Guise assassi-
nated 1588
Alexander of Parma 1571-1592
HENRY IV , Fr 1589-1610
Battle of Arques 15S9
Battle of Ivry, Fr 1590
Risings in Ireland 1580
Raleigh in Virginia 1584
Leicester in the Netherlands: 1584
Buttle of Zutphen 1560
Babington's Plot J586
Execution of Mary 1587
Drake at Cadiz 1587
THE ARMADA 1388
University of Edinburgh. .1581
IlooKKU 1553-1600
Raleioh .......... 1553-1018
Francis de Sales 1567-1622
-Mberieus Gentiiis at Oxford.. 1582
tiregorian Caleiular 1583
Guarini's Pastor Fido 1585
Tvciio BitAIIE 1546-1601
The Carncci, It 1560-1609
SPBNSBR '5".3-'599
Warner i558-i'o9
Peele ? — 1598
Nash 1558-1601
(iiordano Bruno — 1600
Henry IV., Catholic 1593
Sigismund of Poland In Sweden.
1592-1600
The Edict of Nantes 1598
War with Spain and Portugal,
1589-1600
Tyone'e Rebellion In Ireland,
1595-1601
Capture of Cadiz by Essex i59''i
(iowrie Consi)iracy 1600
Marlowk 1564-159-,
charrou and Vaniui.
Fliidd and Bohem,
CERVANTES i547-'6i6
Ini versify of Barcelona 1596
Lope de Vega i56j-i"35
P. Hooft 1583-1652
KEPLER 1571-1630
llakluyt 1513-1616
Camden . .-.1557-1623
<
Lyiy (Euphues) and Come-
lica 1554-1603
Shakspeare's Poems,
Bacim's Essays 1597
(ilobe opened after 1594
Bodleian founded 1598
fJilbert (Magnelisini- 1540-1603
■f-
D ^
-* ?)
'r
^ .<?
«*
1
Id.
N Tilt;
ji>r
539-1604
---•■555
5»4-"5')4
538-1585
5»7-"57';
515-1582
519-1605
5a4-i586
■530->584
'5.13-"592
I55q-"fil4
'575
1530-1596
ales.
1536-16J3
•544-1595
1567-16J2
ml.. 1582
-533
'585
I546-I601
I560-I609
1552-1623
^ 1600
I547-I616
1596
1562-11.35
1583-1652
I57I-I630 (
1
-» s
'r
TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.-Contlnued. 671
Table XI. The Seventeenth Century. In Decades.
160Q
i6to
i6ao
1630
1640
('l)NTINKNTAl, lIlsTilllv.
IllllTIKII lllMTllllY.
KNULI-II LlTEIlATl-IlE.
HAUNEVEI.Ii. />//^•/(... 15,^1618
I'lliLIl" III.. Sji i598-i6»i
Uiriiii'H L'uiiNpinicy 1603
Dutch puwi'rful ill tlic Imlu'H.i6n7
MaI'IIII K. Dlltc^ 1584-1625
SlMNOI.A lfio4-l"25
Trurn liptwecii Spain iiiiil
Nutlu'rliinilM .' 1609
.Moor« cxpclli'd from !<pniii...i6o9
Henry IV. asHausinatiMl 1610
LOUIS XIII., .^V' i6io-r.4j
Mary dc Meilici. Ui'ccnt.
KomanofTs in Husiiia 1613
Execution of Barnevclil 1619
Frederick. KinK of Uolieniia .1619
Ferdinand II., Sp 1619-1637
Battle (if I'rajjue ir>jo
THIRTY YEAKS- WAK.
1618-1648
I'atent to East India Company 1600
E.vernlion of Essex ifioi
.Ia.mks 1 1603 1625
(Jiiiipowiler Plot i(Ki5
llainpton Court Conference 1604
Emijjratioiis to Virginia i6c8
I'lster Settlenienta. Ji'' 1608
Hawkins at .M"s.'iil Court 1609
Carr lafterwards Somerset), favorite.
161 1
Death of I'riiice Henry i6ia
Marriaije of I'rincess hIizalH'th to
Frederic. Elector Palatine 1613
Villiers, Duke of Buckini'lmm,
favorite 1615
SHAKSPBARE 15641616
Hall ami .Marstoii's Salires.
Ili'itiiAiiK. .1'/ r -1619
Dekkar 1 1639
( hapmaii '557-1' 34
Daniel 1563-1619
1 >ray ton r 5^.3- 113 1
llavies 1570-1626
Donne. '57.1- '631
Wotlon 1 568-1639
BACON 1561-1636
I.ITKIlATruK AMI AitT ON TMK
''ONTI.SKNT.
, GALILEO 1564 1640
'•Don t^iii.xote," 1605
Malherlie 1555 if2!J
litiilio liKNl, Jt 1575-1642
(^iieviHlo 1 580-1645
Ui »K\s. Jt 1577-1636
Doiiay Ililile i6u9
Honori' d'l rfe (.Xslr.eai.
15' 7 1635
Execution of Iialei);h.
1618
GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS,
ifiii-1632
Wallenstein, Gar is83-'634i
New Y'ork founded hy the Dutch.
1634
Husnienot Rising 1625
Boston founded 1637
Rochelle tjikcn 1638
PlIILIi- IV., tip i63'-i665
Edict of Restitution 1629
BIOHELIEU,/'V -..(i585-'"42i
" supreme., i624-l"42
Fall of Magdeburi; 1631
Battle of Lutxen, Sam 1632
CiinisTiNA, Scan... 1633-1654
Oxenstiern (1583-16241
Death of Wallenstein 1634
Peace of Pru^-ue 1635
France and Spain at War. 1635-1659
Independence of Portujxal 1640
Cii»i Mars and De Thou 1642
War between Portut,'al and
Holland.
The Pil(,'riin Fathers 1630
Bacon's overthrow, Virginia 162 1
Seldon nml Pym imprisoned 1622
Spanish Marriage broken 1623
War with Spain declared 1624
( IIAHLES I 1625-1645
Eliiit sent to the Tower 1628
Massachusetts Bay settle<i '628
Buckingham assassinated 1638
PETITIO.N (IF RKJHT 1628
EuL'lish Bible 1611
.Napier's I,<wiritliiiis 1614
Harvey. Circulation of lllciod.
1616
I1kai:mont 1586-1616
Fletcheii 1576-1625
Ford 1586-1639
Wi'bster 1583-1652
Massinyer 1 584-1640
I.MOO .Jo.SES, C 1573-1652
T. Hey wood .'570-1650
IIE.N' JO.NSUX 1574-1637
<i. and Ph. I*'leteher.. 1585-1650
I
.\rr<st of Five Members 1639
Ship Money levied 1634
Laud and Wentworth in power.
Trial of Hampden 1637-1638
Prynne lined by Stiir Chumher 1637
Nathaniel Ward, American .\uthor
1570-1653
Covenant in Scotland 1638
First Printiiii.' Press in America.. 1639
LdNii PAULI.VMENT 1640-165,
John Cotton. Am 1638-1652
First KditioiL of Shakspeare.
1633
Iturtoii 1 576- 1640
Chilliiij.'W'rrh 1603-1644
Ilerb'Tt .....1593-1633
Herrick -..,....1591-1674
(Quark's i593-i"44
Crawshaw 1615-1*150
-Vlexunder. E., of Sterling',
1580-1640
.1. Florio 1545-1625
.M iddleton 1 570-11 36
I'shiT 1581-1656
OpilZ •5'ti-'6i7
.Vndreiiii 1 1578-1633
and - (Sacred Pliiy.-)
.Marini, ) >569-i635
Van llelmont '577-1644
Teiiiers, /'1 1583-1641
Kepler's Laws initi
Vanini burnt 1619
Shirli'y (End of old Drama).
1594-1666
The Cava. ier Poets—
Drumniond 15S5-1649
Carew 1589-1639
Kandolph 1605-1634
Suckliii.i,' 16C9-1641
Daviiiant 1605-1668
Cartwrinht i6ii-if'43
Lovelace 1618-1658
Di'iihiim 1615- t6''3
Clevelaiai 1613-1 "59
Montrose i6i2-i''5o
Louis XIV. accedes 1643
Anne of Austria, Regent 1643
Turcnilo on the Rhine 164J 1
Conduat Rocroy 1643
Maganicllo... 1647
Peace of Wksti'Hai.ia 1048
Frederick William the Great.
Klector, /'; 1640-1688
MAZARIN, Minister, /"r. 1643-1661
First .Vmeriean Book 1640
PvM, Leader of the House.
Kxeculionof StralTord '841
.Massacreof English in Ireland 1641
CIVIL WAR. 1642-51; Ed!,'ehill..i642
Self-denying Ordinance 1644
Marston Moor. 1644. Naseby '645
Execution of Laud 1645
Pride's Purge 1648
Execution of the King ...'649
ExiTutiou of Montrose. Srol 1650
Dunbar, Sivl.. and Worcester.
1650 and 1651
CoWLKY 1618-11 67
Waller. 1605-1687
llobbs' •• Leviathan " 1643
Leighton .-1611-1684
Wither 1588-1667
Marvell i63o-i'78
Royal Society founded 1645
(i. Fox. (iuaker'sm 1647
Confession of Faith 1649
Icon IJasilikt? 1^:49
MILTON 1608-1674
'.^'ampanella 1568-1639
Hriio CJiioTii'a 1583-1645
(i ASSES DI 1593-1655
Dnviln i57'-i63i
Va.miyck, Jt 1599-1641
VKI.ASyl'EZ, iV 1599-1660
(iuercino, Jt 1590-1666
The Elzevirs 1582-1653
\'auL:elas,. 1586-1650
.1. Dal/ac 1594-1654
\'oiInre' and Hotel Ram-
bouillet.
French .\cadeniy 1635
CoriieiUe's "fid" i''36
DESCARTES.. . 15.A-1650
.Viidreas (iryphius ...1616-1664
Harvard Colli'L'e ii>i7
Iniversity of I'Ireeht 1636
Claiiis' Pliiy of Creation.
Vondel 1587-1679
CORNEILLE i(«6-i684
•lesuits and Jansi'nists at
War.
Bollandus 1 596-1665
■■.Vela Sanctorum" i')43
Sulmasius 11. 1643
Torrii elli's Barometer 1643
Ci.AiDK LoitiiAINE, /v.,
1600-1682
Rkmhuandt. Jt 1600-16S9
The Poussins and Salvntor
Rosa. /V i'<xj-i67o
Mtuii.1.0, /V 1618-1682
/aluxianski c. 1650
St. Simon and .Mme. de
Sevigne.
|0
m
•ti !f"ii;i
&-\
'? l!
■m
m
6j2 TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.— Continued.
Table XI. The Seventeenth Century. In Decades.
1650
Ckntink.ntai. lllHTnllY
('urilimil ill' Iletl (i'iM-ift7.)l
Wiir of tliu Kromlu i6^8 I'sj
Kimt PrimHiii frci- fmin Hdlaiiil.
1656
I.oriS \IV. rciL'iiH. AV ,(,55
I'l'iicr of till' I'.vri'iii'is 1' 5 ,
C'oilxTl, MiniHter 11.61 n.Sj
VcrHiiilli's liiiilt i"6i
Krciiili IiiiliiiCoiiiimnii's 1664
• iiAiii.i::* II of .Spain ...1665-1700
SpaniMli Xcthcrlaiiili' invaded ift6()
I'raci' of lircda 1667
'I'liL' Tripli' .Mlianci'- Knyland.
Holland and Swcilfii 1668
I'l'act' of LlHlion 1668
IlllITI'OI lllKTORY.
' '■ TrnKNSK and C'o.ndk invade
Holland !■ 7a
Tlie I)e Witts •■■«a»s:nati'il 1(173
WiLLI.VM Sta lUloLUKIl, DIc/l ,
1672-1702
Battle of Felirliellin, Pr 1675
First Riisso-Tnrkisli War 1678
Peaee of NimeL'tien 1678
"UeiinionB" in Klxass 1680-1681
I'So
Navittalion Act i(,5(
Harulioni'H Parliament irsi
VanTioinp in tlii' TliaineK 165a
niOMWKI.L, Protecioi ....if.5, .658
.loliii Kliot, .!«( ,f„,^ ifiyo
l)nt<li defealeil liy Hlake and Monk.
'laniaica eniiiiiicii'd ift^6
Dentil (if llliiki' iOj7
ItK II.MCl) ClloMH l-:l.l ifikS Ibiq
(ilAlfl.KS II., KKSTOIt.Vno.N.
Hot;er Williams, .Im leoo-iMj
• orpoiation .\ct 1661
First Staniliiii; .\rmy.
All of rniformity 1662
Si'iession (if Puritans.
ad Dutch War. Van Hil.vter in the
Thames '. 1666
(ireat Plamie of London 1665
(;reat Kire of London if,f,C
The Ciliiil ifi(i8
South Carolina settled 1669
KnoI.1'11 LiTKIIATI'IIK.
LiT.IHATIItK ANIl .\llTON TUB
CoNTINKNT.
I'llllcr 1608-1661 I C'ALUKIION lfioo-l6t3
IIDllBES 1588-1679 I'iBcAi ira, i66a
Seidell 1584-1654
ilarriiiL'ton's '•()ceanu"..i656
1660
.I.Tavi.oh 1613-1667
I. Walton 1593- '''83
Sir T. Itrowiie 1605-1682
Sir M. Hale i6o<)-i(^76
ItovLK i6a7-i'«)i
Wallis i6i6 1703
Srarron 1611
Arnanld and Port Koyal.
Dclpliin Kditions.
.M. de Sciidery 1607-1701
lloi.'lii'foncaiild 1613-1680
MOLIBRB
. 1632-1673
l6i2-l6do
S. IllTI.Kll
IlKsTonATIOS DnAMA,
I .63-1700
(I.AIIKMION 1608-1674
■ London Uazellc" i'i65
Master 1615-161^1
j lllNYAN i6a8-i688
I ilarrosv 1630-16771
' Paih DISK Lost 1677
Tiliotson 1630-1694 i>uffeiidorf 1633-1694
South 1633-1715 I
Algernon Sidney 1617-1683 8PJNOZ \ 1032-1677
Sir Peti'r Lely. Jt ...1617-1680
BossUET 1627-1704
Bonrdulone 1632-1704
"JonrnaldesSavans" 1665
Lit Fontaine i^iai-1695
llolLEAU 1636-1711
Stnisburg seized in time of peace.
1681
Sobieski repels the Turks at
Vienna 1083
Lauderdale in .Scotlai ' 1671
The Test .\ct 1673
Charles pensioiu'd liy Louis. 1674
Dates I'Idt. Murder of Godfrey.. 11.73
Habeas C'oiii'L'9 .\it 1679
Sharpe murdered. DriimcUjj; and
Itollnvell. Scot 1679
K.tilnsion Bill. Origin of Whii;
and Torv i'.8o
Hevocation of Edict of Nantes,
168s
French in the Palatinate 16S8
PETKH THK (JliKAT. /liix..
If 891735
1090 France and Kntdand at War.
1689-1697
Battle of Steinkirk 1693
Battleof Laiidcn 1692
Namur taken ifj^
Treaty of Kyswick 1697
The Czar in England 1697
I
:;-<#V :'.;-:-■
Stafford executed. t68o; Shaftes-
liiiry ac(|Uitted i63i
Penn.sylvauia s(.ttled 1683
Hye-Hoiise Plot. Russell and Sid-
ney executed 1683
.IAME.S II 1635-1689
Ari;yle executed. Scot 1685
Monmouth Uehellioii. Sedu'cnioor.
.Moll mi 111 til executed 1685
Trial of Seven Bishops 1' 88
BILL OK HIOHTS 16^9
Cotton Mather 1663- 1738
WILLIAM III 1689 17C3
Toleration .Vet 1689
Sie'.'e of Londonderry 1190
Kiiliecrankie, .svof., and the Boyne,
//■*■ 1690
Niitiiinal Debt liegun 169a
Olelicoe .M.'lssacre. .^Vr>f 11.92
Death (if (^iieeii .Mary 1694
.\hnlitiou of Censorship of Press. .1695
Treaty of Carlowitz 1699 ' Darien Exjiedition 1698-1700
End of II(ni.«e of Austria in j Secimil East India Company 1698
Spain 1700 Partition 1'reaties 1698-1700
Cudworth 1617-1688
II. .More .1614-1(187
Sy(h'nham 1634-1689
Kay 1628-1705
Evelyn 1620-1701.
Pepys 1632-1703
I M lu'r i Ill's Progress 1673
OrwAV 1651-1685
Staiu 1619-1695
DKVDEX 1631-1700
.\plira Behn 1643-1689
Buckingham i'.n8-i'i84
William Penn 1644-1718
Hociiester 1647-1680
Etheridge 1670
Dorset , 1637-1706
Sedley 1639-1701
Itoscominon 1634-1' 84
LOCKE 1632-17.4
PriicEl.i., .V i658-i6>j5
Sir W. Temple 1628-1698
•Icremy Collier 1650-1726
NEWTON 1642-1727
Ltt Brnyere 1644-1696
KACIXE 1639-1^.99
Paris -Vcadcniy of Music. 1673
Kilicaya 1642-17-37
Speller .1^135-1705
C. Marattu. ft 1635-1713
Mai.ebuani HE 1(138-1715
.Vlilie Kleury 1640-1723
Miiic. Dai ier — 1654-1730
Fenei.o.n
11.51-1715
Sill C. When, .1 1632-1723
Wyclierley 1640-1715
Biiriiet 1643-1715
Conoheve 11.69-1728
Bestley 1661-1742
Hali.ev 1656-1743
Vanhriigh 1666-1736
Farqnlmr 11.78-1707
Madame Onyon and the
v^riETisTs persecuted... 1687
LEIBNITZ 1646-1716
Bossiiefs " Variations "... 1688
Massillon 1663-1742
■I. F. Kcgnard 1665-17C9
SlU (iODPKEY KnEI.LEII. I'f..
1648-1723
University of Halle 11.94
Dictionary of French .V'ademy.
1694
Bavle's Dictionary 1695
Fontenelle 1656-175(1
Fenelon's " Telemaqnc'*. . . 1699
Uoilin 1661- 1 74 1
Rapin 1661-1725
■^
♦<
'1
>
1.
IN TIIK
roo-l6b3
(31 r6ftj
610-1660
1.
607-1701
613-1680
633-1673
617-1680
663-1743
665-17C9
11. /v..
648-1723
----■"<)4 1
"hiUmiiv.
1 6.)4
....1695
65'i-t75''
"...1699
661-1741
>
661-1735
Q
■" t
V
A^
TAHI.F.S OK AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND MTKRA'IUKi:.
^'73
TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERAIURE.— Continued.
Table XII. The Eigiiteenth Century, to the American Revolution. In Decade*.
KoiiKliiN lllnTonv.
llllITIl'll lllATIIIIY.
Kniii.ikh I.itkhatiiik.
I.ITKIIATI'IIK ANIl Ant ON TIIK
CllNTINKST.
1700 rll.Mtl.KS XIl, .sV(i« .197 1718 Halifax ami ScinicrH iiiiiMiiilHil. Iikkiik
1 70 1
...11161-1731 .1.11 Himcwaii. AV 1670 1741
Itallli' of Narva 1700J Art of Sctllirii.iit 1701 : ■MaiiilcvilU' 1670-1733
ilisiiili" ill China 17
llirliii .\(ailiiiiy 1703
'"° Di'atli iif .luiiiiK I 1701 llainiltiin'H " I>i- (iraiii-
Wiir of Spanish Sumwiiin. I.vvp „ i '"""V" "°^
•70. .7.3 •'^^'^' '"[Prior .664, 73, l"»"f"i'>"f >""«"»• -7^5
rhiMiraiiil .\lli»iic<! 1701 Iri"!! I'nrlhinii'iit |)ctitioiiB for |
I "I"" -• 'r>3^ ShiifU'Bbury 1671-1713 i)i„.„vcTy <.f Il.rculaiiiuin. /I .1708
MAULHDKunill 1703-1713 sWIKT .667-1745
Haltlr..fHl,.„luin. ■7c4 ; Ai.msoN ,67,-1719 I '""'''"■'"' 1667 .729
Sir li. Uooku lakfH (iil)raltJir..i7C4 I
1 StKKLK !67I-17'9 I ViH' 1668 1744
Uattli' of Uaniiiii'H 706' ..'p|„, 'I'aticr"
FlIKllKKKK 1., of I'riiKKia 1701
St. IVtcrshurK foiinilcil 1703
Dcfvalof .VlUuitat Almanza. . ..
"707
Death of Aurunzobe 1707
Itiitlle of I'li'itowft, Hut 1709 I TIIK INloN Willi Scothiii(l..i7o7 .\rlmtlinot...
.\rch(liiko Charles, EmpiTor,
Ilatlli' of Mal|ila<|urt 1709
lirr
-'7" . ilarli'V anil Iliiliiiulirokt'. Tory
'T° ■
.1675-1735 j MalTii 1675 >755
Thii Spcctatiir 1711
Cilihcr ■"71-1757
.MinisiiTs 1710 ,.
(iay 1688-1733
I'anicU 1679-1718
I'cacfof I'trwht 1713 j SathoviTfll Trial 1710
Kri'dcrick William (if I'mssia 1713 ' OEORGE 1 1714-1737
I
Oxford. Ormniid, and Bolinj;-
broke inipi'aehed 1715
LouiM XV. KiieeeiilH, Fr 171s
1 Duke of Orleans, ItK^'ent, Fr.. 171s
\ Cardinal DiibolK, Minister.
' (jiindruple Alliance against
i Spain 1718
licbellioii of iMt pret4!uder.
1715-1716
Slieriffrnnir 715
Septennial Hill 1716
\Vai.P(ii.k 1731-174^
Staiil 1660-1734
Doerhaave 1668-17!^
I.K Sauk's "(ill Hlas" 1715
Walteaii, /'1 1684-1731
The Ilernoiiillis.
Ilolberi; 1084-1754
.1. C. Wolf 1679-1754
I'eter. Emperor of all the Uiis-
f^ias — . 1733
l,.)Uis XV. reigns, Fr — 1733-1774 |
Cardinal Klenry, Minister 1736
Catharine I.. Czarina, /^(«.,
1735-1737
Peace (if Vienna 1735
Victor Amadeus of Savoy re-
sinns to Ills son, King of Sar-
dinia.
Sonth Sea Hnbblc 1730-1731
.\tterbury banished 1733
WixmI's Halfpence 1733
Period of Peace and Prosperity,
and Kise of (ireat Tow n«.
(Juy's Hospital founded 1734
War with Spain 1736
(JEOlidE II 1737-1760
POPE 1688-1744
Pope's Homer 1714
llolingbroke 1678-1751
Tolaiid. Collins, Etc 1718
I.ady.M. W. .MonUigiie.
1690-1763
.Vl.l.AN HaMS.W l68'i-1757
" Hobinson Crnsoe" 1719 Mura'ori 1673-1750
'730.
War of Polish Succession.
>733-«735
Peace of Versailles 1735
Peace of Vienna 1738
Peoce of Belgrade... 1739
FREDERICK II., Priis..
1713-1740-1786
(ineen Caroline 1737-1741
(ieorgia colonized. Am 1733
Portemis Mob 1736
"Jenkins' Ear" 1738
Publication of debates pro-
hibited 1739
Whitefield (1714-1770)
Wesley (1703-1791)
M KTHoDi.s.M begins 1 739
Tindal '657->733
Cl.AllKE 1675-1739
Voi-No 1686-1765
"(inlliver" 1736
IIKIIKKI.KV 1684-1753
.Modern H istnry at Oxford . 1 734
Iliileliesoii 1694-1747 \
Win. Cnllen 1713-1790
"Dunciod" 172,;
Maclaurin 1698-174 MoNTEsgriEu 1689-1755
Tirabosehl uiid Deiiiiia.
.\eaiUiiiy of Science. St. Peters-
burg 1735
Muupertnis 1698-1759
l.aiin nt 1715-1773
Hai II, .)/ 1685-1750
IIaniiki., .V 1(185-1759
i'ergole.-^i. .\f 1707-1739
••EssayonMan" ■73i [ ,.,^s.t:i-, ll. .7.15
Jniiathan Kdwnnls, Am..
savage ,^,,8-1743 •''■""■■'■'"■"""«'pb..iues- burnt
C. Middleton 1683-1750
Hlair 1699-1746
Hartley i705-'757
Bradley 1693-17' 3
Bishop Butler 1694-1752 Bodmer (Zurich) 1698-1783
Warburton 1698-1779
Thomson 1700-1748
I>. Mallet 1700-1765 I VOLTAIRE 1694-1778
bv the hangman.
»iiiesnay 1694-1774
(iottsched 1 700-1766
Metastasio i6(j8-i733
'"■','t*lli. ■■■'
lijmM
mi
mm
l']:'^ ■■
('■
-■ L
'■'■ ■-.
1
'■T-
its
♦•P
™
i\.\
i?r'* '
Ha
. i.
:,.l< ■■'
■rf:'-'
y
i ».
1 !;■.•■ ■
ii
m
h-
■7
674 TAItMCS Ol' AMICKICAN AM) ICUUOIMCAN HISTOUY AND I.ITKHATl'UK.
TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.-Continucd.
Table XII. The Eighteenth Century to the American Revolution. In Decades.
I
l''»ll>:iilN IllKTilHY.
1740
(.'iiry, lirr 1 74" 1 7«o
CliiirliH or llnvtirlii, itir 174a
\^'iiritr AtiMtriaii KMi-ccHHiuii,
1741-174^
KiiANi i< I.. '..;• 174J
i'vavr lit Aixlii-ClmiHllc.
l,i>llir<X\. iTiviiili'n lI(iMailil...t744
Diipliix Ht I'timlkhiTry 1748
1760
I'aoli'H ('(irNican |{('V<ilt 1754
Kiirtli(|imki' at l.islHiii 1755
SKVK.N YKAIwWaU I75I»-1t6)
KiikIuiiiI :illiiil wllli rruKxia.
DaiiiiriiH ixi'i'iilcil
ltt{iTi*<M Ili^i'Mtn,
Walpiili' rrjii;;ii» 174a
I'llliam 1741
Hal III' iif |)i iiiiit.-1'ii 174 1
AiiMdn'H N'oyiiL't' 1740-1744
llallli'iif I'ciiili'iKiv. /iv 1745
l(t'l>rllii)i) (/r Cluirlutf KilwanI,
'*■»'< 1745-1746
I'rr^ld iiiaii?*, 1745. CuUiHlni. . 174')
<'l.iVK ill lllllill 17J0-1760
.\t ir Sft/fi' 0/ IhlliK ill tinaf
llritiiiiiA
Diikc'iir NrwiiiKllc'V .Mliiiiilry.1754
ItnuliliK-kV (li'fi'iit. Am 17S5
I'lTT (Clialliaiiii 1756 lyfii
I Ailiiiiral llyiii; clint 175C1
'7-'-7 llalll.M.r I'laswy 1757
Hatll.H nf K.wlmcli anil IauUi- '•"-''"'' ^""'' Vi't<'rl.'s..i758-i75y
(11. lYiix 1757
Hallli'cir /(inicliirr, /Vim 1758
Kri'iic li ili'fcutiil at JlimUii 1759
CtilhariiM' II., i'/.arina, I/un.,
I7(>j-I7yl.
The PliilippiiK's III Kni;ltiiiil. . .i7('.3
Trraty nf Ihibrrt.^lmrir i7''j
'I'ri'aly of l'arin 171'j
Ciirfii'a 111 Krani'i', J^r i76<j
Napiili'oii ami Wi'lliiititoii Iinrii.
Km,ii>ii I.itkiiati iik.
I.ITKIIMI IlK AMI AllT ON TIIK
(IINTIVKNT.
Kil IIAIIlmoN lAB^-IT"!
FlKI.IIIMI .1717-1754
STKUNK I7IJ 17IH
.\IINK , 1710-17711
llllliAUTlI, Jt 1697 17l'4
(iarrii'k, Aft 1710-177,)
Lord MiiiiliiHldii 1 14 171//
SliniHtoiH' 1714-1763
AkciiHiilr I7ai-i77u
('liivtiTlU'ld 1 694- 1773
IIIMK 1711-1776
Cliiiri'liill 1731-1764
(iaiii!<lioriiiitr|i, It 1717-1788
Ukynoi .)!». li 1713-17,;^
Wouliiian. . I HI 1 7ao-i 77a
SiiiiHuii 1 700- 1 76 1
SllKllIt't 1721-1771
iIOIlNSON 1701)1784
Kiiolf, .1(7 — 1731-1777
Wdifc'H Viclory and Dcalli al
(/iU'Im'c, .I«i 175.
I'ompu'i'l (if Canada ((iiiiplci- II. WaliMilc 1717-1787
till -1"! 1760 .1. Mai'iilicrHon i.-jo 171J6
(;KoI{(;K III I7IK) 1730
Lord Uiilc.i7(i3. ti.(ir('nvill('.i763
Wilko" AL'ilalioiiM 1763-1772
l^u-kint:tlaInaIl(li•^afl(lIl.l7(>5-l76^
.Viiicricaii Stamp Act 1765
Kioln al llOKloii. Am 1768-1773
Iii'ltiTs (if .liiniuH 1769-1773
.Vrkwriflil'" •Icnny. Watt
KiiL'ini' i76(^
Lord Ndrtli'H Ministry.. 1770-1783
ADAM SMITH 1733 i7i;o
Hkiu 1710-1796
HolicrlKoii 1731-1793
Ill'TTOS I72'>-I797
Wni. lliinlcr i7i3-i78<;
.1. Watt 1730-1811)
•illlHON i737-'7y4
I'crcy's lt('liipii>H 1765
Collins 1731-1756
(Jray 1716-1771
licatlic , 1735-1803
Ulack 1 738- 1 71J9
Urine's Travels 17^8 .Vradeiny of .\rts 1768
I'arlinmeiit of I'aris al.i.lisli.il-1771 Knulish DebateH reported 1771
First Partition of I'oland 177a
ITyder-All in India 1767-1780
LOUIS XVI., Fr I774-'793
Wauiikn IIastinuh inlmlia,
1772-1785
Siiieide of Lord Clive 1774
Cook's Voyatxes 1770-1779
V,AK t)I'AMEUICjVN INDK-
I'KNUKNC'K.
Cavendisli 173 1-1810
tioi.DS.MlTII 1728-1774
Itlackstone 1723-1780
Cliattcrton 1753-1770
CowrKii 1731-1800
T. Wartoii 1729-1790
S» KIlKNHOHil H. 174a
lollert 1715-17' )
Condillae 1715 1780
III! vet inn 1715-1771
VaiiM natune '715-1747
KlopstiH'k's Memtliili 1747
.Mali-HlierlK's 1731-1791
l.onionosHotT 171 1-1765
Kol'SSEAU I7«i-i77ij
llirroN 1707-1788
lliKCiivery uf I'oinpei i 1 750
Marnioiitel and l.aharpe,
II. lie St. I'ierrc 1737-1814
lioldoni ,......-.i7o7-i79j
DlllKItoT j „ , ...
'. Kneydopedie.
II'.\|.KMIIK11T I '751
M Metiilelssotin 1739-1780
I.KSSIMi 1739-1781
KlI.KIl 1707 I 78 J
I.AVolslElt i743-iri4
.MTairof t'ldas 67 u
CoMlOllCKT 1743- 17,14
Wimkelniann II. 1764
SelKH'le 1743-1786
Heauinarcliais 11. 17(4
Lavaler - 1740-1 Sue
LielitenberK 1741 1799
Kwald (Dane) 1743-1781
A I.I'M Kill 1749-1803
TlItooT 1737-1781
(ililcU, ^f. ..1714-1787
Heccarla..
.«7.35-/94
^ :
J-
r
d.
N TIIR
17l',-17' 1
-•735-/94
•». '.
TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.-Coniinurd. 075
Table XIII. From the War of the Revolution to 1880. In Periods of Five Yean.
Cdl.llNIAI. AMI I'MTKI" MT.XTr.H
IIIXTIIIIV.
■ 77< .ruiH'K iifTi'it SlilpK, I iinlnii, llirnwii
liilii IIm' liiirlicir liy iiiiiKki'il liH'll.i77j
lliwIiMi I'lirl. Hill 1/74
Klr»l t'liiiliiu'iilal Ciiiiu'ri'iiB 1774
I)K( I.AIIATllIN l>K llli.HTH I774
I'liiiin iif CiiliiiiiiH riiriiicil 1775
Wakiiincitiin, rDiiiiimiiili'riii'i'lili'r,
'775
<'<>iilliii'iiliil KiiKt 1775
Kiilinoiilli Iniriil 1775
Nnrfcilk (li'Btriiyrit 177(1
Itrllirili i^vMciiali' Itiwtdii i77'i
DKILAHATIIPN iif ISllKI'KN'llKM'K. 177(1
Krrtii'li ('nminiHMioiuTM hciit 177(1
ruiii;rt>HH ailjnuriiH to lliiltiiiiorc .I77r'
l'lilliiili'l|ililii III IimiiiIh iif liritiKli..i777
Alliaiiir witli Kniiiic 177'
'rriMly ullli Kriincii Kili. 6, 177
riillMilrlpliiii I'Viii'iiiili'il 1778
Siiviiiiiuili laki'ii by IlriiiKli 177*1
Ni-w Mavcii pliiniliTii) 1778
178a
1785
OTIIKII I III NTIIIKD.
CliarliHliiii lakrii liy llnllHli 1780
New Lomlim liiirnt liy Ariinlil 1781
Liinl CiirnwalliM Hiirrt^iiilrrH 1781
ImlppondoiKi' iickiHiwIi'ilHi'il liy
Ilulluud 1783
In(lrp<'iicli'iic« iickiiowlrdKi'il liy
Swcilcii, Dfiiiiiurk, Spain and
I'riixHln 17H1
Imli'piiiuluncc rwiognizi'd 178 1
IV'ttii' Willi (ireat Itrituiii 17BJ
'I'nialy of ; .'are ratilk'd by C'liiiKri'HK,
1784
.loiiN A HAMS, I''irti( AiiibaHHiidiir In
Kiik'land 1785
Cdtldii iiitrodnccd intii <ii(ir(,'ia..i78i)
Cdiictihitiim of tlu' Vliiti'd Slates
adopii'd 1787
Cdnxtiliitlon ratifli'd by all tlii'
Slali'H, i-xcciil KIkhIc lelaiid and
Ndftli (,'ardliiia 178R
EinaiK'lpalidn df Slavrn by tlir
IJiiakirM df I'liiliidcipliia 1788
(iovcriiniriit organized iinUtT the
Cdimlilutioii 1681;
Ten Aiiirndniciils added to tlii'
l'(>n»Iitiitidu 1789
Geuiuik Wasiiinhton, President. 1789
Dopnrtniontx of State, War and
Trramiry iriati'd 1 789
.Idlin Carnill, First t'atliolic Hislnip
in V. S... 1789
Hdyiil Marniiu'i' Alt, A'117 1777
Di'atli df cliailitini, /;'iiij 177II
Nirkar, f'r.. Milliliter ...1776 1 ■ 1
"Nil I'dpery" ItidiK 1781
llmllll'y'H Victlirirx 1779- 1 7s J
nil at (Jilirultar 1779-178J
Tipi Saib ill India 177.,
I.drd (li'orKelidrildii Kidls 178a
Si'lllenniit df t'ppcr t'anadii..i7«4
l.tird Kill kiii^litini'H ad Miiiii-
try, A'»;/ 178J
l.did Sliclburiie 178J
(Iniltnn'H Irish ('diiHtitulidii..i78i
KNIII I'll AMI AMKnU'AK
I.ITKIMTt UK. {
I.ITmiATI'HIl AMI AllTiir
llTIIIIHi'<ir>TIIIKi>.
II. Kranklln itoA 171)0 IIciidkii. tier .. ... 1744-1801
•'■ Adaii* 171, i8i(. |,ii,||„.,|„H I7"7 ii7f
"Wraith iif NatldiiH " Di-
ll.yi
. tyrt 181 J
clineaiid Fall 177(1
II. Wkst. /V 17,18 l8jii Mii/.AIir, l/'O., '.Vr. 1756 I7gj
I'lllK-TI.KV I7J4-1804 Ka.NT, („r I7»4 18114
^'f •'•"»"''" I741-l8i,i ,„„|„^, ,.,^ ,^,j ,,^,
I'll I'r iiraiii 175a- IS )>
(.all, i„r i7.8-i8i8
.1 rriiinliiill 1757 1804
IliliNs 1759 17/1 '"'• ""' inanii. '•"■•i755-i'<4J
Sir A. FiTunsdii 17^3 isk, .villrri, // iTi'i-»i"i
II. .Miii'kin/.ii' 174s 18 14
I'l'Ktald/./.! I74v-i8a7
Meluntaul I, /» 16^8-1782
• The Crisis" and "(din-
liidii Sense,"
Ititsdii 175^-18.1 1 t'liatiaubriaiiil 17(18-1848
II. Illair 1718-iHoii l.avaler 1741-1801
Sir Will. .IdiiiH i74()-i7.;4 iiirsicr ■777-"l5'
K. Darwin i7ja-i8o
Si IIII.I.KIl, (.(;• i7V)-l8u;
Cdallliiin Ministry 178.)
Wm. I'itt (175 J 180(11
• '. .1. F".\ (1749 180(1
K. HiiiKK 11710 '717'
Wilberfdree, Anti-Slavery,
('759 'Sjji
liiissia lakes ( 'riniea 1 78 )
Knixlaiiil wars with Tippiwi Saib,
'7"* J '7W
Krskine, Kiiij 075018231
.\lleiiipteil assassinalldu of the
KiiiK'. Kiiij 1786
HnsHd-'l'iirkish Warn 1787-171^0
Assembly (if N'litab'es, /V 1787
Trial df Warren I lasliiiKS .1788- 1 795
AsHeinbly iif Slates (leiieral, Ft..
17«'<
Natidiial AHsenibly, /'/• 1789
HuBtllo gtorminl 1789
SlIKIllllAN 17S'-l8l7 j
Nieliieewic/. e. 1780
Ilibdin 1745-1814
Mallei .
II A V lis, .UllK.
.I7,|.>-l8ci7
■ 7.IJ-18.1.)
I'aley 1741-1815
Unpaid Stewart 175J-182S
llavlev
WlKI.AMl 1713-1813
llnri,'er 1748-171,4
I
745-'«"' .1,1, .,,1,1 1740-1813
.Iiiel HarldW 1755-1812 1
S. Hopkins 1721-1803 (jiiKTiiK, ^V/' i74(>-i83J
.1. Itellniny '7'9- '790
It. T. I'uine 1773 1 81 1
IIiillNK TdilKK 1736-1812
llaniiali Mure ■745-'833
.I.tlelTersdii 1743-1826
.1. Madisdii 17S1-1H36
.v. llaiiiiltdu 1757-1804
Iteekfiird 1760-1844
•Idbii flay 1745-1829
T. Dwi^'lil 1752-1817
S. IVter^i 1735-1826
It. It <ll i745-'8'3
I.iinddn "Tlmi's" founded,
1788
llerthlillet 748-1829
I.Ai'i.Ai K 1749-1827
Daviii, Pt 1748-18J5
I.KdKNDUB 75'-'833
Tarny i753-'8'5
■k.
•The memorable Imttles, military and iiavttl, are omitted from this tabli', and will be fnimd in Tables of MiliUiry and Naval History of the U. S.
iiK*
M •'Tv-'.',
W.
w4
f ) ,*
?i-
1 i I
, . 1 '
* t
_J>
^>7^> TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.-Centlnued.
Table Xili. From the War of the Revolution to 1800. In Perloda of Five Year*.
COLONUI ANII UniTIU HTATM
lllKTIIMV.*
171J0 Tlri-inlii Hiiil Miiryliind cviW I)l»-
Irlit of ('"liiiulpiii 171^
I'dijiiiiilii Kniiikllii il. lygci
Kiri-t (c n»iirt I'.H. Iiikrii ..171^0
Urn Piilrnt fur Thrculilni; M icliiiii'B.
179,1
tlank c>r Ihi' 1. S. ('•'tiihllKlii'il ...1741
I'lipillll of tin' I<l'|llll>lic I7<ja
KKNTrcKY llilllliltl'il I7i;a
I (uil .Mini'B (lidcoviri'd In I'li 17m
Strum tirft iipplU'd t(i Saw Millo in I'a.,
liivi'iitloiiijf ilicColtiin (iin.WliitMtj.
'7'Ji
(ifor>.'t'Wa8hiiii;l<)n'M ad ili'ilkni..i79j
Mad Anthony Wayne defcala Indl-
anH In Ohio 1794
KIrcl Sewing Tlircad ever made of
Otiikh ClII-NTIIICa.
Snwarrow laki » Ismail 1790
l>i*ath of MiralH-an 1791
( 'anada U|;lvc'n a ( dnHtitiitlon. 1791
l.i'ir^latlvi! A'wnilily. /•';' .i7qi-t,>
'I'hr HrMiliiiion. I'arl". .. 1791 91
KM'api'ahd arri'i-l of Ihr Klnt,'.i79i
llirinini.'lmin ( AVir/ I Itlolx. ...1791
I'ainr and " I'mplfV Frii-nd,"
I7ql-I79a
( 'onfiTcnco at I'llnilz 1793
Halllr of .Icinappcs 179a
VKiiMoNTailnillii'diiiiotlH' t'nl"ii.i79i '■ 'I'iik KnKNi 11 (usvkntion — 179a
i Kiri't Coalilion ijq7-fi:)7
\Vaf>liint.'ton City ihoncn ax llir , Kxicnllon of I,iiiii» XIV. and
Maiii' Anloimilc 1791
Kali of (ilroiidc. I,a Vclidi'i'.. 179)
Itcinii of Terror, I'urin 1791
Death <if Marat 1793
Inlled Stales Mi .-Iahlished....,79a I':"-'!""'' '"'Ki"" ^^''T with Fraiire,
Dnnniiirlex Joinb the AllieH 1793
ad Partition of Poland 179J
Toulon taken hy the Kreindi..i793
Toronto inadi' thi^ (apitid of
Cpper Canada 1794
SiiH pension HaheasCorpUH Aet,
A"f/ "794
Defi'at of the P<deH under Kos-
eiuHku 1794
Corsiea eoiupiereil 1794
Kiil/llsh Kxpi'ditioii to Dunkirk,
Kxeentioii of Daiiton. Kail of
KNOURII AMI) AMRIIICAN
I.ITKIIATfliK.
Cotton produced 1794 HcdicHpierre 1
794
1705: •'">■'" Treaty with Oreut Uritain 31I Partition of I'nlaud 1795
< ■•"""'■'' '"5 Tub DiUECTOBV, /V .795
First (ijass Factory built, at Pitts- capo of (iood Hope doubled. .1795
'""'*'''' ''95 Disaster of Quiberon 1795
j Tksnksskk admitted 1796 Carnot (1753-10331
Moreau (i 763-1813)
Hoiiaparte In Itjdy 1796
Itattle of Loui, Arcolo 1796
Spice Islands taken by Knf,'iish. 1796
Jenner'H Vaccination 179^
Cash Payments suspended, f'lig.,
1797
Hoclie falls III Ireland 1797
Battle of St. Vincent 1797
Sia Fiyht of Caiuperdown 1797
Peace of Cainjio Fermio 1797
Knd of Uepiiblicof Venice 1797
]toTia|jarteiii Ki;ypt. Ahoukir.i7i,S
It.VTTI.K OF THE N'lI.K I79S
(illEAT llilSIl UKHKI.I.ION I798
Habeas Corpu.s A< t aixain sus-
pended 1798
Pope Pius V!. deposed by Na-
poleon i7,,8
Parthenopean Republic 1799
Second Coalition. 1799-1803
XAPOl.EO.V (1768-182^1
Tiii;CoNsri,.vTE 1799- 1804
S.diiey Sinilli at Acre 1799
Nelson (1758-1805)
! Washinijtoirs F'arewell Address ..179')
First (Uitlery Works established In
'• ** "797
.N. Y. Commercial Advertiser estab-
lished 1797
, .Tidin .\dams. President 1797
Dilllculties arise with France. Con-
gress convened preparatory to
war 1797
Cieo Washinf.Mon appointed Coni-
mandiT-in-cliief of the American
Armies, with the rank of Lieut.-
Oeneral 179S
Alien and Sedition Laws passed
Ciuiijress 1798
Death of Washington -•799
U. S. Frigate Constitution cap-
tures the F'rench Friijate I'lnsiir-
gente. 1799
! Three Commissioners sent to France.
1800 1799
noswell's JolinMili I7i;u
IlKNTIIAM 1748 iHjj
Wkiinkh 1750- 1817
Pormin 1758-1808
Parr 1747-1835
LlTKRAtl'NI ANn AHT >IP
IITItKII COI'NTIIIKS,
(tahanisni discovered i7i>i
F. A. W'.if i7S»-iSm
(toETUE ..1749-1831
Canov.\,.I anil .s'... 17J7-183J
Sin Wm. IIkiisi iiEi...i738-t8>a
(dITord 1756-1836 ><<:"i"-i-E» 1759-1803
lllotunlleld i7«'.-iB3( Kolz.'bue 1761-18.9
Fi.A.\MAN,.l. ami .V..1755-183.1 'I'alma. Act 1763-1836
J. P. Kkmhi.e, .Irt... 1757-1833
Mrs. Siudons, .It^.. 1755-1831
Mme. (PArblay 1753-1840
W. Humboldt 1767-1835
.\. Iliiinboldt 1769-1859
IlKKTlloVEN, .!/«» 1770-1817
OiAhvin 1756-1836 Webkh, Mm .786-1836
.Mrs. Inehbald 1753-1831 ■'• ''*"■ Hkhtku.... 1763-1835
Crabbe >754-i8ja ' """j' 1743-1833
i
HIake, pt 1779-1837
TannahlU 1 774-1816
It. Hall 1704-1831
The "Anti-Jacobin "' 1797
Dii. T. Dhown.. 1778-1830
PLAYPAin... 1749-1819
Siu H. Dav-i 1778-1839
Dalton 1767-1844
LawkencS, Z** 1769-18)0
Howies 1763-1853
Sill Walter Scott.. 1771-1833
Voss 1751-1836
Deruhavln 1743-1810
Karam/.ln 1765-1836
ScllLEinMACIIEIi 1768-1834
Werner 1768-1833
BiiKKCBen 1764-1836
Novalls 1773-1801
.Malte Brun 1775-1836
IlotTnutii ....177' '-1 833
.\. W. Schlegel 1767-1845
F, Schleuel 1773-1819
Lamarck 1744-1839
Jussien 1748-1836
CUVIER 1769-1839
*The memorahle battles, military and naval, are omitted from this table, and '
V. M. .\mi)ere 1775-1836
11 lie found in Tables of Military anil Naval History of the l'. S.
-J
r
■
.a J>
>,
-
r*"'
led.
1
ANTnr
II K>.
1 '7>f
.i7Jc^i8j4
.I74i;-i8ji
. I757-I8aa
.1718-1893
.l7S9->8o3
.I7'')i-l8ic^
. 1763-1826
.1767-18J5
.1769-1859
.1770-1837
. 1786-1816
.1763-1835
.I743-I8aj
.1751-1826
.i743-'«"i
.1765-1826
1768-1834
.1768-1823
1
.1764-1826
.1772-1801
.1775-1826
.I77'^i822
.1767-1845
.177a- 1819
.1744-1829
t
.1748-1836
.1769-1839
.1775-1836
1
f the V. S.
1
-* !;
■v
'
1
*r
TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.-Contlnued. ^>77
Table XIV. From A. n. 1800 to A. D. 1825. In Periods of Five Yeere.
„ I
A.I' I NITKII STATU" lllKTOHV.
tBoi.! N. Y. /W I'ntnlillKliwI iloo
liii|>i>rt<Mil Tri'iit; cimcliiiluil
wllh KrHiHiv iSou
\ (ii'iicriil llrinkriipk'y Law
plIMKill ;8iNJ
Ki'inoviil of liiivt'rnmt'iit to
WiixiiiiiL'Icin ig<Ki
DTMRH I'm •<T.:lK>.
Kniii.ihii anii .Vmkhhan
i.itkhati'iir.
lllllUl'lil lllt<'lll|it/i 111 llmalllUillllltl' till'
Kini;. A'/if/ i8ua
IIatti.k cir .Maiikvchi iloe
lliilili' iif llohi'uliiiili'n 1800
MllllH lllkrtl 1800
'riiii", .(KrKKiiKciN. 31I I'ri'HliU'nt.
i74j-i8a6 I
, . , ,, , , , .Vriiiid iiiMilrBlllyipf Nnrtlurii I'liw-
1801 '•'» '>a>|
Til.' •Wlil'.ky U'luHhm" In ! |-ni„n or (Ihkat Hbitain ami
I'll 1801 ,
lllKI.ANIl i8al
TrtjHili ili'clari'H Wnt utiuixu>t i
I' "^ '*•" X(l«(iii'» \ iciiiry lit r(i|n'riliai;i 11 .1801
Klrxt I'nti'iit fur iniikiiii; I'litiitii
mill I'lii'ii Sliiri'li 1802 I'i'iiri' iif I.Miii'villi' 1801
(till" ailmltlfil 80J '
.\1.K..\AN11KU I., Ii'iikkIu 1801
Thr Itiiliaii l(i'|iiililli' 1802
St. |i.ii'<iiii;i> <i'.ii|ui'ri'il 1803
I'l'iH f .\iiilrnM Idea
Wi'i-l I'liiiit Mllluiry .\ca(U'niy
fmillllrll 1802
LiiuiHiaimimrciiiiHi'il <>r France,
1 80 J
Com. I'relile sent In .VIijiiTK anil
Tripoli 1803
Alexander Ilnnilltim killeil In
H Duel liy .\ariin Hurr 1804 Malirutia War llatllinf .Vsmuv. 1803
.Vmenilineiil In tlie CiiiiHtltii-
tlmi ailiipleil 1804 Kmmktt'k iiiyurrectioii. /re i8oj
Tlie Lew is and Clark e.'cploriiii;
KxpeilitiiMi 1804 I Camp al HiiiiIiil'Ih-. Vnliiiileers. . .iSoj
I
■ KilinliiirK UrvleM enliili-
llnlieil i8Mt
MAi.Tiii'Hon l>iipiilnt|im..i8oj
Allsiin ■757'i>l4
CiiLKIIIlMIK 1779-1834
I WimtinwoRTII ijTO-lDjo
Siirriit.y 1774-1843
I. A Mien 1775-1H14
] s. IliiKirs ■'/'.9-18J''
Inaae Dixraeli 17) 6-1848
C. I.AVii 1775- '835
.1. It. Drake, .Ihi 171)5-1820
LlTKIIATIHr. or TIIK
CllXTI»IKMr.
Vnltaii llallery iSoi
.1. H. Hay iTij-idao
MaIiAMK DESTAItL...17'.7-l8i7
MllKIKWIlK I7.)8 l!t43
llelileiuielilHUi'r 1777 >8('<
V'lllITK 17' 2 1S14
I'l-Blali'/./.l 1746-18.7
K.-lrolT i7f!V-i-44
("haleaiiliriiinil 17' 7- 1848
Till' Cmle Napiilei'll. .1804
Tliek I 7)-l8i,.";
.1754-n^i
Slavery aiMiliKlieil ml aiiaila. ,, .■ 1 .
Do .Malstru.
i8o| I
W .Vllstim, Am .. .I77./-1.'J43 T'^i'ii'li'^ i777-"*4t
1805^ Peace ileelareil lietween Tripoli
and U. S iSo;
Italian and Neapolitan KiiiLiloiiis,
iSo'i-'. ' Cdlilielt I7'vj-l8j5 dlHininHIl I78i-nij!i
Tliinl Coalitiim 1805 |
Riirr cliari,'(Hl HitliTreai-iin, ac- Mallle of Thakaliiah 1805, Hi'^Utt 1778-1830]
'1"""''' '*°*1 HiiKiila Kxtends KaM and Simtli.. 1805
Hiihk 1787-1814
Knt'land persists in the riu'hl of , f"l'iml«'i f CI"' -305
searehim,' Anierieai. Vessels. 1806 j AVKI.I.INtiTdN. i7(.8-ifl52
Coalition Mitiistrv,
Uoh't Kiiltiin. 1st Sleamlioat en
the Iliiilson 1S07
Miss .\nsten 1775-1K18
I
MisH Edu'eworth 1767- 184^
\V M. Wltford I74*->1»7
liattle of AllslerhtZ 1805
Deaths of Pitt iiiid l''(i.\ 1800
Dutch and Wesiphalian Kingdoms. 1 _, , ,.„,. „
Ciinu'ress declares an Knihariri' | 1806-7 ^ ^ •' *"""■■'''' '777-'844
on aU Vessels in .\merican ' Vonrth Coalition i3&6 1
I'lirts 1H07 I iiaiilc (it'.lKNA 1806 : '•(inarterlr Id'view" lijoy
liKllMAN Klll'llll'; Disslll.VKIl ... .l8u6
First Wooden Clocks made hy
Miichinery 1S07
Arndt ...i 769-1 1>'>4
Kdrner 1 7(^-1813
.\rnim 1781-1831
Confcderatiiaiof Khiiie i8o6-i.Si3 , (^i,, j_ Mu,.ki„tosh ...1765-1835
FuANcis I., AiiflrUl,
Kylan Frieiiland 18071
Tronhle with KiiLdand ri'specl- ' peace of Tilsit lui 7
ini; the rights of Neutrals. ..,»o7 j ],,,|,|ji, l-Mi'itcai'lured 1807
i .Miolition of slave Trade, f.'nij 1807
First I'rinlini; umce wept of Madeira taken 1S07
the Mississippi Uiver, at St. .Joseph, Kini; of Spain 1808
I.ouis 180S ' xcw Nohilityof France created... 1808
Coruna and Walclierin 1809
.M'olition of the slave Trade.. iS .s Ionian Islands. Collin!.'Hdod 1809
Wellesley pass 8 the Duro 18 9
Repeal of F;ml)ari,'o Act 18^9 | Uatlle of Talavera 180.;
' Finla'"' taken fromSweden i8oy
JaincB Madison, 4th President, "■""•= "' \\''>f-'nm' '809
■75"-'83'''l I'ius VII. imprisimed 1809
SismoniU .
•773-«84i
.I;imes .Mfll 1773-1836 I
Hattina Hn-ntano 1777-1842
IJVHON 1788 1824 !
Washington h-vinj,', .l;;i.,
1783-1859
.1. Feiiinmre Cooper, Jm.. I IIe(.'el
1789-1851
VarhuBen Von Eiise.. 1785-1858
..........1 770-1 83 1
T. S. Key, ..tHi 1779-1843 ! Neander 1789-1850
1 I! J"*-:
.'1^ lei::
67.S TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.— Continued.
Tab'e XIV. From A. D. 1800 to A. 0. 1825. In Periods of Five Years.
Initki) Statks lIlSTIlUV.
Am. Ik>':iril l''oit-t;;it MisHJoiiM
('rL'iiMi/.i'il 18
Maiiiifttcturij of HUt'X PiiiMcoin-
(1.
l*'ir--t Au'rii'iilliiral I-'air in I'. S.,
Mt (ii-
iri.'t'rii\x 11, It. 4 '
l'i|>|M., .•inc.
Ilcfiill
111' liiili:inHli,v(irii. IIiirriMiii.iSM
Kciin nil ion 111:11 Ii' I >y Ml ii: land Titr
tli(>atln<'k<MiIh<'rhi .^apcakt'. iSii
A<lilili;ili:i! rtilcrof ;,s.«k>j liii i
Miitliori/.cil - iSij
Dc'iachnic'iitnrMilili mill ■
CTIIKII <'oI NTIIIKI.
liiMiiiily iiT llit> Kiiii;, Km/ 1810
Tynil siiliiliiril lliifir i?io
Aiiiiixatiuii iif lliillaihl iSiii
Wi'lliii^'luiL al Tiiri's Vi'ilras
TllF. liKliKN(\. Ki
Siiiill anil Muss
Stkin
.. -iSi.i
iSii
■na in Spain i3ii
VS?-""-?"
IIIL^ lOO.LKJ
inrll niitliiiri/ril.
■il-
Invasiiiiiuf Hiissii
iiw Imriil.
(Ji'ii Ili'iiry Itrarliorii appiiint-
III Ciiininanihr in Cliii'l'.
W'nr ili'i-lart'il ni^'.'iinst liroHt
Itiilaiii .. 18
I.tMiisiaiia ailinilti'tl .
(•rn. Mull in\a(lr^« <'anaila
j Sa lama lira 1
' Kni.-lisli Sliirni Ciiiilail, I{iKlri;ii.
anil llailajiis 1
iSia
Mirri'iiili'i-MloUrn. llrurk 1812
ilanifs Mailisiin's ail rrrsiilcii-
181J I'liii'val sli.ii liv Itrllini'liam iSia
I.oni I.iviTpiiiil, rrrmicr
lialtli'i.r 1.1
ttat 'ri-rni
Miissarri- of AniiTiranM liy t"
Imliaiwal Ki'vix liaisiii' . iS
Tlir I'lUMT l.iiimi ii)1roilur>-il
inlii r
ipsir.
1811-1S17 l.oril IMiliin.clian. lliir, A'h;/. 1807- 18^7
Ilalllriif \iii
I'irsI I'raci'iir 1':
oria
iaki'ii l)V ItritisI)
-181 1 I Aliilii'aliiin at I'muainrlilran 1S14
Tri'Ml) of I'l .'ircsiirnrilal<ilii-nt,i8i4
Wasliinu'timCiiyltiirnnl liy tliii
Urilisll 1814 I CiMluTl^
llartt'iiril runviMilii
l.mis XVIIl., /•>
Tai.i.kvuasii, /■'/■ .
if Vi
1815
.IrtliniWoiiil palriilHlriin I'l(m'.i8i4
Trraly iif (ilii'nl ratifleil liy
I 'oni^rcsH ,, ,18
('oni:rrss (li'i-lari's War iiixainsl.
'„'■• Sill S liimii.i.v.
1S14
1.1754 ■''iS'
iS..!
11757 ISI8)
Nai'oi.kon ri'tnriH fnmi Klliil anil
KO ilavM 18
AIl'Iits
r. s. I! ink ri' I'liarlcri'il fur an
Iniliana ailiuilli'il 1S16
'I'lif I'.rir Canal 1S17 1825
.lainrs .MoiiriH', 5th rrrsiilnil.
HaTTLK III-* W'atkki.ihi 181s
Nurwiiy nnili'il willi Swrdni 1815
Holy Alliani-t'. i8m
Srriind rrari* iif I'aris 1815
rnili'il Ntllirrlani's iSis
.... (1773 iSjo
(iiivrrniir
Mis
-ippi nilinittril .
1758-1831
MKI'TKUMIII
sir (ii'iiri.'!' Slii-rlirukr
LiiwiT I 'anaila 1
.\u'rii'iillnral iiinl WraviT lliuls,
A'/(f/
.1817 ''rill' Kaniily iif Napuli-nii f
lUinniH inhiiillril I
(it'll. .larkson ili'fi'alH tlio.Si'in-
i III ill's in l-'liiriila :
V. S. l-'l
II i»i
siliiili'il friiin I'laini
'rrial anil ai'i|iiittal
Ui'alli Ml' I'linii'ss I harliilli'
r ailiiplr.1 liy Law
Koiinilaiiim (if Nrw Cnpital
laiil It
Alaliani.i ailniilli'il iS
Lilliiitrrapliy iiiUniliici'il inliillir
1'
'I'lii
Savannah, llrst Sli'iitn
l'aikil('iiw»r»tln' .Mlaiilie i8iu
Spi'llc p:i\ Mli-llls
slllni'll
Ui-ptilili(s lu Siiiiih .ViniTii'i'
l''r.iliria ill Pai-auiiay
lliiinar in Itiilivia . .
Diiki' iif Kii'liiniinil, (invirnnr nf
Liiwrr ( 'anaila
I'l'i'l's Ciirri'iH'y Act .
I*;irr\ "s X'liyaL'i's
• JKuiii.K IV., /■.'»;/
\'ii rniu-v Itiirii ,".
.18,7 l8j,;
. 18 II.- 1 8411
I8I7-I8JI;
18IS
17(12-1810
.l8ly
.laiiH's Mi>iitiu''K jil I'ri'siili'ii-
lial I'.li iliiiii 1S20
rassaL'i' 111' llii' Missiiiirl Cmn-
priiniiM' i&2n
Kliiriil.i Ci'ili'il 111 riiili'il Stall's
liy Spain 1820
IN'i'rnssiiiii Caps fur (inns ilrst
llsl-ll 1S2 1
Maiiii' ailinilli'il i8ao
strplii'ii lii'i-.'itnrkilli'il in ailiicl
tiy Ciini. Itarrun iSjo
Missiiiiri ailmilli'il i8ai
' li.-is lirst iisi'il fur illiiniiiiiiliiii;
I piirposi's ... 1822
' Itusiuii iiii'iirpiinliil as a Ciiy.i82j
liupiisitioii aliiilislu'il in Spain ...i82t<
Cain Stri'i'l Cmispiniry, /■'m/ iSan
Trial of (,Mlirli I'.iniliin' iSao
Dralliiir Napiiiriin 1.S21
.\iislria niaiiil.'iiii^ lii'spnlisms in
Italy.
.Viilai^iMitsiii liolwi'i'ii till' V'ri'iirli
iinil I'Inirlisli Inhahilaiits l.uwrr
(anaila 183a
' Casili-ri'iiuli's Siiiriili' 1822
iSaj
rt'plai'iil liy Canning
liiikp.
if Siiiiili .\iiiiri.
I''irsl Mrrlianiis' Inslilnli'
.\L'ilali.iii aliuiil 'I'lsl anil Cm'
■an Ki'pnlilirs arkiiiMV ii'iiizril
linn .\rls. A
";/
liv llll' I'. S
ill llll
iirliTsii|ipri'Hi*i'rt
pirarii'
. i8aa
^/(f/ 182J
piira-
1 8a J
iS'.!.!
si Inilii's 1821
'I'lii' Miinriii' Kui'lrliii'.
(iiii. I..'i Kav llll ri'vlHil8 tli
182.1
LI
1821
IMii
I llrsi inailii by Macliiiiory.t824
l'.m;lisli linrnirsi' War
('II Mil i:s \ . if 24
W'l'llanil Caii.il. Caiiaila Cliarlcr .1S24
llia/il Inilrpi'iiilriil -iSa?
Crirk W'liriif liiilrpi'iiili'iii'i'..i822-iS2.)
Nil Mill. AH I . A'l
.1825-1855
Knui.isii ami Amkuican
t.i'rKiuri'iiK.
SIIKI.I.KV..
171)2- 1022
William UiisciM' 175 J 1831
Kkats 1795-1821
^IllOliK - 1779-1852
.IrlTri'y 1773 i^-S"
Sir C. Hill 1774 iS,..
.1. Miinlpimi'ry 1771 - 1854
H. llilirr 1783 1S21.
SiiivKY Smith 1772 1R4S
I.i'i;;h limit 1784 1851)
'r. iiiiiik 178S 1841
.\. WIIhihi, .I//1 i7(Vi-i8i3
WaviTli'y I'nliliKlii'il 18 m
Kimi'Mi Kkan. .Ii'rf7f)0-i83j
ll"W '7ii2-i8.v5
I'riifrssiir WilKiin 1785-1854
Wll.KIK, I'/ I7.'l5-i84l
llayiliiii. /'/ 178(1-184(1
.Inanna Haillir 1763-1851
Miilliirwi'll i;.jS.i835
K. I'llliiilt 1781-1841)
l». Kll AlCDI) 1772 1823
.1. c. (AiiniiN. .I»i.i78a 1S511
Damki. Wkhstkh, Am..
178a iSsa
I.lTKIlATrilK (If OTIIKIt
Cdl'NTllIKK.
I'liiviTHily iif Itcrlin iSio
C. Uilirr I77i)-l859
IlKUZKl.ll s -i77.)-i848
liAV I.lSSAl' 1778-185^'
'riioiiHAi.iisKN, .1. ami S.,
1770-1844
SriiKi.i.iMi .. 1775-1854
Tiii) l''iiN"iilii 1778-1827
SAviiiNV i77.)-i8m
NIEBUHH 177^1-1831
Si inil'KMIArKK 1788 l8(«l
1 kliiirt , 1794-1854
l^lllt 177<»-''''3'I
Wm. I'lrrv, It 1787-1798
Mils. IlKMANs '7113-1835
I 'ill Ink 17911-1827
llarliani 1 1 n;.'iililsliy 1.1788-1845
(Miiru'i' Siipliiiisiin .17S1-1848
I.IMiAIIII 1771-1851
TllllMAs llilllll 1799-184^
ClIAI'TilKX. t.illl<tS 1781-1841
I ivillsilll Sisll'rs,.lw, 1808.18)8
W. Win. .I;» 1773-1834
.\iiiriiiiN," 1780-1841
.1. Ki'iil. " 17(13 1847
llci'ri'll 1760-1843
I'linsckin, Ji'uti i79.;-i837
I.ariinlairi* 1803-1861
I.AmiiU'iiaiH 1783-1854
'rciiiicr 1782-1846
.\. DkTohjIKVii.i.k 1805-1859
IMalrii 1796-1835
I'llLAMI 1787-1862
I'UL'aniiii (.Mils.) 1784-184.1
IlKIIAMIKIt .. 1780-1857
Nka; iiKii i78i;-i85o
HEINE 181,0-1856
IW'inic I hniiicrmaniil -1791^1840
.InulTray 179(^-1842
I I nisi 11 1 792-1 S67
(il l/.OT 1787-1. '(74
Maii/.oni 1784.1873
l.irniiinliilT 1S14-18411
lliiyli', II. (Slinilhal).. 1783-1842
'rnr^'i'iiirlT 1784- 1 845
Silvill I'l'llil'll.. 1789-1854
UiwsiM. .Uh.< 1792-1868
Malil"..ii ((iarci'O .li'^,
1808-1836
i
J-
ed.
F"*"
1
' (iTIIKIl
in 1810
>77')-'8S9
1
..I77i)~l848 1
1
...77«-l«5f'
llltil .v.,
: 770-1844
..17751854
...1778-1837
...177.) i8t.i
. 1771W18J1 1
.. 1788 l8(Kl
.. 1760-1842
...179.^-1837
...I803-I861
...1783-1854
.. 1782-1846
!■: - 1805-1854
.. l7./>-l8)S
... 1787-1862
. ..17S4-1840
... 178(1- 1857
---178.^-1850
...181.0-1856
11 .l7./>-l840
.. I7qti-l84a
...1792-1867
... 1787-1,^74
...1784.187,
- -1S14-18411
).. 1783-1842
I
..-1784-1845
--.1781) 1854
...i7i;2-i86S
Ait.,
180B l8j6
1
^ - fj
'v
,
4
•*.
(? ^
^ ^
^
(
TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.— Continued. 679
>
Table XV. From A. 0. 1825 to A. D. 1845. In Periods of Kive Years.
.\.ii
t'NITKI) StATKH IIIDTOIIY.
OTIIKII CoINTItlKS.
Kmh.isii ANn Ambuicas
LlTKIIATI'HK AMI
AiiT or
iSis
l.lTKIiATUUK.
OTIIEII COI'NTHIKH. |
.1. (;. .\11AMS. 6II1 I'n'sicll'lll .17.7 lS(S
.''irst lOiilwav in Kn^land. 1825
Sill Wii i.iAM Hamilton,
Donizetti, Mils
.1798-1848
('(iriiiT Sliiiic Iliinkir Mill Mdim-
1788-1856
I>U C1IAI..MKII8 1786-1847
1
Thames Tunnel, 1825
!
llaticdck iiiiik.'s llrHl I'iann 18^5
.1797-1828
t'onvcntiim with (ircat. Britain cun-
I'ANNINO, Minister, f.'ni/ 1827
L. 1:. Laiidon 1802-1838
(•crnini; liuk>niiiiti<'M 1826
Hclliiii, Mm
l8o«-i835
.Icilin AilainH ilii.! 18^.
llalth' of Navarino 1827
Miss Milforil 1787-185.^
\
'riminan .Ii'lTiTmm dii'il i8.-6
KiiWAitn luviNo 17.) J- 18 ,4
Mkndklssoiin, Mils
1809-1847
1
Din-l iM'twwn lli'nry I'lny ami John
ralmerston. Korcitjn Seeroliiry.
;
Kittj 1827
Sheridan Knowles . .1784-186J
Mkvkiuikkii, Mils .
.1794-1864
1
liiti'nsc.\iiti-Mai<i)nic-i'.'iciti'im'nt..i826
D't'oiincll's Au'it.iioiis in Ireland,
i'roctiT (Harry Cornwall*,
Kirct Kailriiiiil in the I'. S., fnini
l^niiu y to lloBliiii 1S37
i7c>8-i86a
A. SchefTer. It
. 1795-1858
>''iuni and Kiiu'ry INiptT llrst madr i8jS
WclliniJlon, rriiiie Minister.. . 182S
Dk tiriNCKV 1785-180
I'aKsap' of TarilT Hill. WooliMi
Peace of .Vdrianople i8;-.>
Macailay i8oo-i8v)
Dki.auoi IIK, /'/
.1797-1852 •■
Mannfiii'tiinrK protirti'il iSaS
TarilT Hill a law. OlipimctI by Cot-
Contest hetween Doiii Pedro
11. llAl.L.kM 1778-1859
.Xuu'iistiii Thierry..
.1795-1856
ton Stnti'H . 1828
and Prince Minuol in Portn-
CAULYLK...*. I795-1.'*8"
.\m>uk«' .lAfKHON, 7tli I'n'siili'nt,
pil 1826 1834
1767 1845
Hai.iac
1799-1850
** opposi'H till' proji'ct t.i rr-
cliarltr HanU of I'. S.. 182.1
Catholic I-'.niancipation, A'«7..i 29
Story, Am. law 1779-1845
Dnnk'l WVIwIit's crciit opiTi h
Kirst aijitation f.ir responsible
.Marshall, " ■755-'8l5
CtlMTK
.1793-18=7
anaiiiKlnullillcalion i8j.)
Hovernmeni in l'pper(.'aiiada.
Snimii'l Colt mado his llr«t UcvoliiT,
l8j.;
1S2.,
Kmmons, Am. theol .■l^^l-li^n
Leiian
.l8o2-l8so
1830
'I'rialv Willi 'I'lirki'V 1830
.Iii.v KKVdi.i'Tmx in Kium k 18 jo
Tho Mormon Ciinrch foundrd hv
Lord AvImcr.Covemorof Lower
Whatcly 17S7 ■»' .1
Arai;()
-1786-18M
■los.Smilh 18,10
Canaila 1830
Drath of ix-1'rcsidrnt Monroe iSji
Charles \. ahdieales in favor of
P. 1''. 'I'vller 1791-1849
Thiers
•■>7Q7
Kstalilij-lnnt'iit of tin' /.ih ntfor... iSji
Duke of Horiieanx 1830
Chlorotorm dlHfovi'rod hv(inf.tiin).iSji
liiBiirrection in Poland i8!o-i8ii
Dr, .\rnol.l 1795-1842
Lainartine
.17.)0-|S69
Steam KnilliiiK Machinery llrst
Lofis PlIlI.llTK, /■>. 1830 1S48
n»ed iSji
I'reH. .lackMOD vetoea the itrnik
Wii.i.nM IV.. Kmj 1830-1837
.Macready, Ait 17.11-1^73
Michelet
.17)8-1874
Hdl 1832
I'.arl Crey's Ministry, A/*;/ 1831
New TarilT Measures jiiissed 1S32
HnliluT Shoes lU>t made 1832
Leopolil, Kini: of H.'l^'ians . 1831
The If.fonn Hill, Kmi. 1830 1832
Sir K. Pali;ravi' 1788-1861
\ i.Mor llu;;o
.1802
South Carolina NnlliHeatloii Move-
Dutch thrown hack on Holland,
mini 1832
Imnerial Duties surreiidi-red to
l.eopanli
.l7')8-i8l7
Kirst appearaiiee ol .\sialic Cliolerii,
18 12
The HIaek Hawk War 18 (j
till' C.'inuduin ,\sremlily 1832
Hussia takes rem.ain^ of Pidaiid,
18 12
tttho of Havaria, Kin^; of (Jrcece.
Char It-. Napi.T 1781WKS61
(iiusti
.1809 i.«^,.
Stale's Ifi^hls lloetrinedalesfrom i8|2
I'residi'nl .huksoii's Nullilleation
183J
William Napier . .i785-i.'<6i
Hciker ..
.1816 1«45
I'roelamMtion 1832
Neu'ro Slavery aliolished in
I'rof. Morse invents the Miiciiellc
Hritish t'olonii's 1833
T'li'L-raph 1832
'!'iii: Zol.i.VKiiKiN, '.I.- 1834
Turner, I't 1775-1851
V. Hreiner
.l8ni 1815
Uemmal ..f the I'nl.li.' Deposits
Traih-^ lidonanil liepenl Hiots,
l'ri>m Ih.' llMiik ol' Ih.' f. S 1S13
A';i;/ - 1834
Daviil Cox, /'/ 1793-iS ,)
tiersted
..1777-1851
Andrew .liiekson's ad Presidential
Lonl Melhournc's Ministry, Kiuj.,
Term 1833
•83.1
Tarilt Contrnversv Heltleil iSji
Don CiirUis in Sp.iin 1833 184..
llallcck. Am 17.(5 'Si 7
II. c. .\nderseii
..180.-1875
The N. Y. Sun, tlrst piniiv paper
IJuailruple .Vlliam .■ . . 1834
t'8t«hlished 1031
l.oiiii .Ions Hi ssKi.i., Willi;
l.iader, A'h;; 1834
K. II. l>aua, .t//i 1787 18-11
l.ipsins
..1818 1851
Kirst Donhle-Cylin.ler Press mad.-. \>^ \ \
I'alorie eiiuine mvenl.'il . 18 n
Maria Chriitlna, .s'/i., Hepnl,
lien. Thompson kill.'d in Si'tmnole
1831 1840
.?. PiiTpont 17S, 1866
Kwald
. >8i.3-i875
War i8j.i
L.ir.l Hrouudiam, Whit; Orator,
I.neifer Matches tlr^.l mail.' in I!. S . iH ;.,
■834
\
(
Cyrus AkCunnick's Hcupur putented.
Tractariau Movement, A'/tf/.,
Peniviil, " .. .1795-1856
.). H. Duniae, Fr...
..1800
«-^
1834
1833-1841
1
lo
•*'
s- "»"
- — !
V*
♦
w
mkm
->..!• I,-. «;j- : ■■,}•'
^
680 TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.-Continued.
Table XV. From A. 0. 1825 to A. D. 1845. In Periods of Five Years.
'835
T'SITKII Statks IIisTimv.
OTHUn C'orNTUlEH.
l84>
final Kiri' in New York; (74 hiiilil-
iims biiriU'd 1835
Scminiilf Iiidiuii War, under Ooci'oln,
1835
(reck IiidianM in (it'orttiii rumoved
iM'Vond tilt' MiHwififiippi 1831
NY. Ill raid founded by JameiiCi
lU'nnitt 1835
The National Debt paid 1835
Post and Patent Otlicea, Wusliinf;-
toii, l>urne<t 836
Alpaca t\ri<t made 1836
AnKASSA« admitted 1836
Klcclric Telenrapli 1837
Maktin Van lit7HEN,8tli President,
1782-1862
Independence of Texas acknowledniil.
1837
(Jreat Financial C'ri-sis 1837
Extra BcBsion of Congress called to
devise relief 1837
Uiot at Alton, III. Rev. E, P, Love-
jiiy killeil 1837
The Mormons driven from Missouri,
1838
The Hanks suspend specie payments.
183,)
(ioodvear invents \ uleaniited Hubber.
■839
The .Jnpineau parly advocate
Canadian separation from
(ireat Ilritiiin 1835
. 1833-1848
Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign.
184U
.lercmie manufactures Itrass clocks.
1840
Wii.i.iAM IIenky IIakiiiso.S'. gill
president 1773-1841
President Harrison died in otlice .. 1841
N. Y' THIiiiiie founded by Horace
(ireeley 184!
U. S. Itaiik failed, followed by
banks generally 1841
Websler's Dictionary ap|)eared. ..1841
Troubles with Canada 1841
All I' e members of Cabinet resign
but .Mr. Webster ..1841
John Tvi.kk. Vice-President, bi'-
eomes President .1841
The Websler-.Vsliburlou Treaty. 1842 I Krederick William IV 1840
.Seminole War terminated 1842 I
War in Seinde 1843
Mehemet .\li (
Ibrahim Pasha \
Eeclesiasticul Commission, /Cnf/..
1836
Louis Napoleon at iStra8burg.i8:l6
VICTOUIA 1837 Isaac Taylor 1787-1865
Ernest Augnstus of Ham)ver..i837 „ .j,.„„i,i 1803-.8S7
Milman 1791-1868
Enolish and A.MKmrAN
LiTEKATfUE.
II. Taylor 1800
J. H. Newman 1801
E. B. Pusey 1800
Keble .1792-1866
.\. W. Pugin, .1. and S..
1811-1852
Coersive measures of the British
Parliament 1837
House of Assembly. Lower
Canada, refuses to transact
business 1837
Thirlwull '797-1875
LiTEnATlIlE AM> .\ltT OF
OTllEKCofNTniKS.
tlrole 1794-1871
Insurrection in Canada.. 1837-1838 i ^ ^ ^uu i8oe-i873
.\ntiC'orn-Law Leagir . AViy. 1838
Lord Durham in Canada 1838
I'liion of I'pper and Lower
Canada. Lord (>ydeidiam,
(iovernor 1839
J, F. Cooper, Am. iiottlh/,
1789-1851
.Mrs. Sedgwick, •' 1789-1867
Paulding, " 1778-1860
clergy Keserve's question set-
tled, Canada 1840
Dea h of Lord Sydenham 1840
(^ueen \ictoria's Marriage 1840
Penny Postage. A'«f7.,estaltlished,
1S40
Sir William Peel in power,
1841-1846
Opium War in China 1839-1842
I.
T. M. Kcmble 1807-18S7
Moxon tried for "(iueen
Mab" 1841
Stanlleld. It 1798-1S67
Chan SI NO ......1780-1842
Miss Martinean 1801-1376
Sir A. Alison 1790-1867
.J W. Donaldson 181 1-1861
Sir E. L. Hnlwer 1305-1873
E. It. Browning 1805-1S61
Montalembert 1810-1870
.V. Dumas (Pere) 1803 871
Zschokke 1771-1848
Mnic. Dudevant (George Sandi,
1804-1876
Eugene .Sue 1804-1857
Lenancourt (Obermann)?
.\zeglio 1800-1866
(^uinet 1803-1875
Chopin, Mus 1810-1849
I L. Grimm 1785-1863
W. K. Grimm 1786-1859
The --norr Hebi'llion," Hliode
Island 184a
.\rglian War in Cnbiil-.. 1838-1842
Louis Napo.eon at HonlOL'ne.. 1840
Esparlero in Spain 1840-1843
\bd-el-Ka.bT .835-1847 "■ "i-"-"''''--- i8o5-i3S
W. E. Gladstone 1809
Sir I). Brewster, .sVi.. 1781-1868
Faraday. " .. 1791-1867
Free-Cl.lirch Secession 1843
XoAii Wei!stku,.1w 1758-1843
■845
Sellli'Tiieiil of the N. B. BiMMulary
'''"'•-""" '^*'' Nahklla 11. of Spain.. .1843-1868 [ N. P.Willis. •• .1806-1867
r. p. Cpsber. Sec. of Si:ite. and 1
T, W (;iliner killed by bursting ! (i. P. .Morris, •• .1502-1864
of a L'ini on steamer Princeton.. 1843 ' Canadian (iovermneiit removed I
to Montreal 1844 "'"■"•"• •''''■• " ■■''°4-'8fc
I Woodworth, " .1812-1859
Charles .VIbert. Sardinia. i83i-i84i) ! ,, ,, „., ,,
1 D. P. Ihompeon, " .1795-1868
Fremont Explores the Hocky
.Mountains 1843
First Patent for Fireproof Safe... 1843
First Telegraph — Washington to
Baltimore 1844
Trial of U'Connell, /;•« 1844 | .Mrs. Sigonrii' y, " ,1791-1865
Dahlmann 1785
liervimis 1805-1871
Verili, Mus 1814
.MDLK. Gmsi, .•Ic<....i8i2
Hai IIKL, Act 1821-1858
Jenny Lind, Sinrjtr. i&2\
Strauss, Mus 180S-1S74
J, Bun.sen 1791-18(0
l.appenberg 1795-18(13
F, C, Schlosser -i3' 1
Uanke 1795
DOIIinger 1799
M, d'Aubigne 1794
sfv*
■..t::x-.
^ <f
^
r^
Id.
>
AiiT or
IKA.
-1810-1870
. 1803 871
.i77-->843 1
rgeSandi.
1804-1876
1
.1804-1857
nn)?
.1800-1866
.1803-1873
.1810-1849
.1785-1863
.1786-1S59
.1785
.1805-1671
..1814
.1812
..1821-1858
■.1S21
.1803-1874
.1791-13(0
.1795-1865
-iS' I
-«7<)3
.1799
->794
Is
-"■ -s
•r*"
'
'
^
TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.— Continued. ()^i
Table XVI. From A. D. 1845 to A. D. 1865. In Periods of Five Years.
1845
1850
I'siTKi) States Histdhy.
Othkk CorNTllIKS.
En<ii.I!>ii and Amkiiican
i.itkiiatihk.
.Iamks K. I'oi.k. Mill rrcsiiltnl,
1791-1839
Mexico (lucliires war iiuain^t llic
I'- « 1845
Tkxas ndmittcil 1845
Thornton anil party faplnrccl liy
MexiianH .1846
t'on^resH (Icclarcft " War existed by
thu act of Mexico" ....1846
(jim Cotton invented 1846
Ether llri't iisiil as an anii'Kllietic..i846
Iowa aill]|it;eil 1R46
Elias llowe Sewinf,' Machine imtented.
1846
()rei,'on Dispute 1845-1846
Smitlisonian Institute founded... 1847
American Army enters CMty iif
Mexico 1847
Treaty of Peace willi Mexico 1848
Wisconsin admitted 1848
(ioLi) first discovered in California. 1848
Zaciiauy Taylou, 12th President.
1784-1850
President Taylor forbidHtlic' lliiiri!,'
out of fllilmsting expeditions
against Cul)a 1S49
U. S.tJold Doll,:; i first coined 1849
The French Ainliassador dismissed
from \Vashinf;roii 1849
Death of Presich'nt Taylor 1850
N. Y. Times esialilished 1850
VlCE-PllKSlDKNT Klt.I.MOIiK l)e-
coines Pre ident 1800-1874
Califiihma admitted i8';o
FuLtitivo Slave Act i)asse{l 1850
Treaty with England for a transit-
way across Panama 1850
Kossuth, a lliinu'arian patriot,
arrives in New York 1851
CoiiL'ressional Library destroyed by
fire 1851
Dispute with Enaland about the
fisheries 1852
Death of Daniel Websternnd Henry
clay 1852
Expedition to Japan 1852
F.rst Street Railroad in New York
City 1852
First Steam Fire Engine used 1853
Exploration for a Pacific Railroad. 1853
FiiANKi.iN PiKiiiE, 14th President.
18)4-1869
(Jreytown. Central .Vinerica. bom-
barileil for Spanii ' insult to L". S.
Consul 1853
World's Fair, or Crystal Palace.
opened 111 New Vorli 1853
Dr. Kane sails for the .Vrctic Sea. .1853
" 'lansas-Nebraska Hill" passed.. 1854
Treaty with .lapan 1854
Ueciprocitv Treaty with EnL'land.i8s4
liepeal of llie I luiijiroinise of 1 S20. . 1854
.Miis.sacbiisetts .\iil .Societj' hind out
Settlers to Kansas 1854
A. H. Keedi'r appiuiited Uovernor
of Kansas 1854
(ireat Fire at (Quebec
1845 .Mrs. .Sonierville
Sir .lohii Franklin's last vovage. ,
■ 84s I
CoiiiiKNand liminiT fiourisli..i845
Irish Famine 1840
.\iistriaiis seize Cracow 1846
Pius IX., /'/) 1846
Corn Laws abolished 1846
Lord Eli;in, Governor of Canada.
1847
Financial Panic in England.. 1847
Sikli Wars 1845-46, 1S48-49
CalTre Wars with EiiL'land
Whe
- 1780-1872
.1794-18' 6
K. Miirchison 1792-1871
''• i-yeii 1797-1875
Hugh .Miller 1802-1856
S;niiuel llrown 1817-1856
Sir -I. Ilersrlu-U 1792-1871
U. ((well 1804
J. P. Nichol 1804
847-1848 I ^if^^'- H- Ilaniillon.. 1805-1865
Itajali Urooke in Horni^) 1847 '
.losKPii Stokv -1847
3d French Hevolution 1848
2d French liepublic 1848
Louis Napoleon. President 1848
Mazzisi at Home 1848
Chartist Hiots. Kng 1848
Ko.ssuth ill Hungary 184S
Smith, O'ISrien and Mitchell.. 1848
liattleof Novara 1849
Canadian Annexation agitated. 1849
Great Riots in Montreal 1849
W.M. C 11.1. EN Hkvant, .!;«..
1784-1878
Edward Everett, .Im.i794-i8"5
Win. II. Prescott, " .1796-1854
'k'orge liaiKTofl, " .1800
It. W. Emers(Mi, " .1803-1882
N. Hawtiiokne, " .1804-1S64
II. Poweus, .V 1805-1873
L. M. Chillis, Am 1802
Mrs. .Indson, " 1817-1854
WaSIIINOTON IllVlNli. ,1)«.,
1783-1859
I'Ai.MEnsToN, Prime Minister,
KiKj 1850-1865
Death of Peel 1850
Coup d'Etat and .Massacre at
Paris 1851
(iold discovered in Australia. .1851
Lord Derby. Ciuiservativi^
Leader, Kng 1851-1S60
LiTEIlATIItK ANIl .\ltT OK
OTIIEU Col'NTHIKS.
Lichig 1803-1873
Helinlioltz ...i8ai
Discovery of Neptune 1846
A. Ilerzen 1812-1870
Sehwanthaler, ,1. and ■'?.,
1802-1848
Rauch, A. and S 1777-1857
Moramscn,' Oer 18:7
Curtius, Ger 1814
Death of Wellington 1852
(ieobertio in Italy (18^1-1852!
.Mierdeen .Ministry. /,'»;/. 1852-1855
tireat Fireat Montreal 1852
ManteutTel in Russia.. .(1805-18581
Hiirniese War with England. .1852
Napoleon III 1852-1870
C'lllMKAN Wah ■853-i8.,6 ,. ,, ,
-*■' ^ I Mrs. (rtiski
Russians cross the I'rutli 1853
Turkish Fleet at Sinope 1853
I-^OUAU .\, PoE, .D/t., 1811-1849
■M. .Stuart. " ...1780-1852
W. W. Story, " ..1819
II. D. Thoreau, " ..1817-18(2
.1. R. Lowell, " ..1819
F. ]"..Cilui«ii, I't 1826
C. Dauwin 1809-1882
Sir C. Eastlake, /V.. 1793-1865
Harriet Ileecher Slowe. .IHI,.
l3l2
.\. Tennyson 1809
I
T. iirahani 1805-1869
CllAItl.ES Dl( KKNS ..1S12-1870
W.M, M.TllAl KEllAV.iail-lSl,3
llronte 1816-1855
1811-1865
.1. F. Fi'Tier i8o8-i8"4
I.ANDSEEIl. I'l 1802-1873
r. Merivale 1808
Siege of Sebastopol 1854-1855 I David Seolt. I't 1806-1849
Rattles of Alma, Ualaklava,
Inkennann 1854
Overbcck, Pt i7S9-i8''9
Kaulhach, Pt 1805-1874
.lules Janin, Fr 1804-1874
■f '5-
r
■■■'■uv
I
6S2 TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.— Continued.
Table XVI. From A. D. 1845 to A. D. 1865. In Periods of Five Years.
ISITKI) SlATKS IIlsTollV.
OTIIKK CilCMIlIK-.
KniH.i-ii ami Amimmi an
i.itkfmtiuk.
ISS5
'rirriliiriiil l.c:.'isliiliirc of Kmiimis
iiii'clM Mt ^hawiH'i' 1855
Kni' Stiirc iniTi line I at Tnjn-kM. . 1855
.Vnli-SItivc?*y cxcitrmriit iti Isiiitsns,
1S55
Sidiix Iii<litinsili*f<'airi! li\- < M'li. Hiiuc.
■ 85s
Sii-iicii^inn Hri(li,'n DMT Niji^^jirji
i"iM|il(ii'il 1855
rrr~i> It'll t I*irrct'Vi'riii^iiiz( still' Kili-
liii>lii- (iiii. Walker lis l'n>i(lfiu
iif NicaiauL'iia 1850
Mr. Ciainiiloii, llritisli Minislcr nt
N\*a!-liiiiL;toii, (liMiii>s(-il 1856
Suvcri' I-'iL'liliiii; in Kansas 185'!
Ja.mks Hi riiAXAN, 15II1 ricsiclint,
17.^1-1868
Till! Dml-ISciilt (UTisiiiii ri'iidrii'd
liy ( liirl' .lustidi' Tiiiuy 1857
Triiiililis Willi Iho Miirmoiis 1S57
(•ri'al l-'iiiaiK'iitl I*aiiio 1857
(J rent ri'liunoiis rrvivals 1857
Dispiil'.' Willi Kiil'IiiikI rcs|ii(liiiu'
Hie liL'lii ill' ciiiiiplctiim uf the
Allaiitii' 'I'l'IcKraiih, li^S; Si'iiirli,
1S38
MlXNKSOTA lllllllittt'll 1858
.Mount ViTiioii iiiircliuscil liy tli«
lailii's 1858
OiiFiiox ailinitted 1859
Dil llrslilisuDVi-riKl iit Titusvillf, I'a., |
.Mi'.\iiiicliT A. Stepliiii.s mlvocaU'S 11
Scmllnrn (.'oiifeilurauy 1859
Prince of Wales visits tlic I'. S 1859
Deiilli of Meholas..
W. K. .\yInMii
. iRi (-1865
.MeNllllilir ll.,Kllipernrof Kussia. II. Mi< ulloeli. /•/ i8o''v-l867
1S5S
liussia L,Tanls .\iiiiie.-lv l.i Toles. I K. M. '.Vanl. /'/ 1816
Aiiiie.vaiionofoiiile ,85^. j "'''"'l' "•''''•> '^"^
' Svilllev lloliell lij4-lS74
ranaliia li. I(. 1.1 .Vspinwiill 1 '
"|i''"i'il 1S56 Alexander Sniitli i83o-i8fi7
Teisian Wa
1856-1857
]86j
AniiAiiA.H Lincoln, :fitli I'residc'iit.
1809-1865
SoiitiiCiiroliiin passes Ordiiiaineof
Secession i860
Caliinei (iillcers, V. S. Senators,
anil .Meinliers of I'oiii^ress from
Southern States resign i860
New York lianks siispi'iid Specie
I'ayiiieut 1861
Mississ!|ipi. Klorida, Alaliaina,
(ieiirijia. Ti'iinesS' i', Arkansas,
Norlli Carolina, Louisiana, ami
Texas seeude 1861
Provisional (ioverninent of C'oii-
federati; Stales adii|itud at Mont-
Koniery 1861
.rKf-FKiisoN Davis, President 1861
lioinliardineiit of Kort Siimtur 1861
Vir^'inia divided into two Status. .1861
I'allfor 75.000 Volunteers 1861
Non-intereoiirse Proclamation 1861
(ieneral SeoU res.f,'iis L'oniinand of
.\riiiy 1861
lien. (ieori;e 1*. McClelliin appoint-
ed ( '0111 mander-in-Cli iff iSrtr
Tile Trent alTair 1861
President Lincoln calls for 300,000
more men . 1862
Con federatofoiiLTesii meets i II JJicli-
inoiiil iSfij
Kansas admitted .i86j
I'rocliimalioiiiif Kniancipation iSfn
Wkst V'iniiiNiA admitted 1862
isi I'. S. Colored IJefiiineiit enrolled.
i-f.j
.\nii-draft liiols in New York City. iS 3
I'roclaiiiatioii of .Vmnesty i86j
liraftof 500.000 men ordered 18 4
Nkvaiia admitted i8"4
tteii. r. .s. (;raiit appointed Coin-
iiiaiidir-in-iliief 1864
Pl'i'sideiit Lilieolii calls for 300,000
men 1864
KiiL'it ivu Slave Law of 1B50 repealed,
1864
Cliamliersljurv;, Pa., Ijuriied i8t>4
Iniiian Mitinv, Kit.-./ Inilies,
1857-1858
(ioviTiimenl of India traiLsfer-
red to Crown 185S
Second ChineseWar. TlieCon-
clia Arrow 1856-1860
Conspiracy ISill. Volunteers, Enq..
1S58
Cavoiu in Italy (1810-1861)
Kraneo-Aiistrian War 1859
Soi.kkhixo. Savoy and Nice to
France 1859
Lord Pttlmerston resigns and
returns .1B59
Stam.ky, Secretary for India. 1859
Commercial Treaty Kiij;liiiid
ami France ._ i860
liarilialdi in Sicily i860
Wii.i.nM I., Kinirof Prussia. .18111
Victor Kmaniiel. Kiiigof lialy.1861
Otlio expelled from <ireece 1861
(iiieeii Victoria proclaims iieii-
tnility 1861
Najioleon III. ]iriiclaiins neu-
trality i8ii
Confedratc Alabama sails from
England ._ 1862
Cotton Famine in Kngland.
1862-1863
(iKoKiiK. Kim; of <;reece 1S63
Insurrection in Poland i86j
l-Veiieli in Mexico 18' 4
Selileswiij-IIolsleinWar 1864
lilSMAIll K 1814
Ionian Islaml.s surrender 1864
If IS KIN 1819
A. II. ClouLdi 1819-1861
Nornian Macleod 1811-1873
Sir li. C. Lewis 1806-1863
I. D. Maurice. 1805-1871
.1. llill Burton 1809
Dr. J. Hrowii 1810
liobert lirowniiig 1812
.1 Sparks. Am 1794-1866
Palfriy, " 1796
(ioodricli, " . 1790-1862
K. K. Kane, " 1820-1857
Sir A. Helps 1817-1875
FUOUDK 1818
Kingsley 1819-1875
I.ayard 1817
Kinglake 1811
<i. II. Lewes 1817-1878
.1. W. Colenso 1814
II. Jowett 1817
\. P. Stanley 1815-1882
M. Arnold 1822
II. Huckle 1822-1862
M. Fii.i.Kli, Am 1810-1850
II. Heed, " 1808-1854
P. Ilen.iamin. " 1809-1864
.1. ^l. .\dams. •■ 1767-1848
T. II. Denton," 1782-1858
Wl'. atoll. " 1785-1848
silliman, " 1779-1864
i;, Hitchcock," 1793-1864
LiTKiiA rriii: ami .Viitok
oTiiKi; CinxriiiKs.
Sainte-Iteuve 1804-18^19
De .Musset.. 1310-1857
.1. .1. .\mpere 1800-1S64
Littr6 .
1801
P. Mer'm^e 1803-1870
Waonkii, Mus 1813-1883
R. Schumann, .!/««. ..1810-1S56
RisToni, Act 1821
Rosa DoNnEun, Pt ..1822
Millet, />< 1815-1E75
Spectrum Aualysis...i86i
Geibel 1815
Freiligrath .
1810-1876
liutzkow. 1811-1878
Freytag, Oer 1788-1861
Reuan, Fr 1823
* «■
-l6o4-l8''i9
.1310-1857
1801
1803-1870
-..1815-1S7S
.1815
1810-1876
.1811-1878
.1788-1861
.1833
-& rv
■7
--\J-
TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.— Continued. <>^.3
Table XVII. From A. D. 1865 to A. D. 1880. In Periods of Five Years.
1865
UnITKI) STATEt IIisTonv.
OTIIEI! ('I11STI11E«.
.VMEKICAN LlTEUATfUK.
I r.
E.VIII.ISII AM> OTIlKIl ImiKKIIIN
Lrn:iiATi]iK.
*it'n. Lt'f piirroiidcrrt i8''5
rrcsiili'iit Lincoln assassiniital
by Wilki's HdciIIi iSi's
A'ico-i'rcH. Andkkw Jdiinson
lii'coini'a President 1808- 1S75
Booth, (lie nssasiiiii, niortiilly
woniiilerl an'l captured rfij
15th Aineiuliiient HUhinitted., .iSf's
Atlantic Oalilo successfully laid.
The Frei^dinen's Bureau Bill,
mid Civil I{if,'lits Bill passtd
over President Johnson's
veto 1866
Nebraska admitted 1867
Horace Greeley and others sij,'n
JelTorsou Davis' bail bond.. 1867
Alaska purchased from Russia. i8''7
President Johnson impeached
by the IIouso and acquitted.. i863
Ulysses S. Guant, i8th Presi-
dent 1869
Deith of Geo. Peabo<ly (Phil-
anthropist) 1869
.1. 1;. \\"rn>Ier 17S4-I8'.5
(;. 1'. .alkvIi 1801-1883
1806 1 -Albert Barnes i7i;8-iS7.j
! II. W. I,ONOKKI.I.OW. 1807-1882
.1 (1. WiirrriKii 1807
\V. 1). Wliiluey 1827
T. B. Kead 1825 1.S72
J. C. SaNe 1816
I-'. W'aylaud ..iyg(>-iatj^
Jt)urn;ili.*ts: —
I (;. I), rreutiee 1802-1870
Lord liussell-s Keforni Bill, /;«^..i8-.6 | j[,„.^,.,,. (luEEi.KV.iSw-itys
' II. J. Itayniond 1820-1869
Fenianism in Ireland and L'liiteil 'I'linrlow Weed 1797.188
S67
Gladstone in pnu-er .1865-1374
,Si.veii-\Ve.ks War
Battleof Saduwa 1866
XoIlTIt <;Klt.MA.V ('uNKKI»KU.\TION,
Venice falls to Italy
l866
1870 Death of Gen. Robert K. Lee.. 1870
Congress repeals the Income Tax,
1871
Great Riot (Chinamen's) in San
Frincisco 187;
Orange Riot (attacked by Catho-
lics) in New York 1871
The Gheat CiiicAiiO FiitE...i87i
Great Forest Fires in Wiscon-
sin and .MichiL-an .1871
W. M. Tweed niid oth(!rs ar-
rested for fraud in New York
City 1871
Great earthquake and loss of
life in California 1873
The World's Peace Jubilee,
Boston 1873
The Cireat Boston Fire 1873
Barnum's Museum destroyed
by lire in New Y'ork 1872
Settlement of the .Vhibania
Claims 1S73
L". S. Troo[)8 defeated by ^lo-
doc Indians 1873
Gen. Canby and Rev. Dr.
Thrunas nuirderi'd by Motloc
Indians 1873
Failure of .lay Cooke & Co.
and others 1873
Capt Jack and other Modoc
Indians executed — 1S7J
Payment of the Geneva .\ward. 1 S73
Death of Charles Sumner 1874
Mill River (.Mass.) Reservoir
disaster 1874
Kalakaua, Kim; of Hawaiian
Islands, visits the U. S 1874
States
Mr. Disraeli's Reform Bill 1867
^laximilian shot in Mexico 1867
The Dominionof Canada formed. .1867
Fbancis Joseph crowned at Pesth.
1867
Gladstone Ministry, En// i868
.Vbyssiniau Kxpedition 1868
Isabella II. of Siiain deposed 1868
Dis-establishmentof Irish ('hnreh.iS'>9
^lanitoba joins the Dominion of
Canada 1870
Laud Bill of Ireland 1870
FUANCO-I'ULSSIAN WaK 1870-1871
Brilish Columbia joins Dominion
of Canada 1871
Napoleon surrenders Sedan 1870
Fnj,dish Educational Bill 1870
Paris, Metz, and Strasbur^ surren-
der 1871
Meetini; of the .\labama Claims
Commission at (ieueva 1871
WiHiam I., Emperor of Germany ..1871
Rome llie Capital of Italy 1871
;il French Republic 1871
rniversity Tests abolished, Kng..iByi
.\riny Purchase abolished, linij -1871
War in Cuba 1871
The Ballot passed, h'lirj 1871
Lord Dullcrin (iovernor General of
Canada 1872
Princi' Edward Island joins Canada,
1872
Tlu; Jesuits expelled from Germanv,
1873
Russia (piarrels with Khiva 1872
Scciteli Edueational Bill 1873
Marshal McMalion, President of
France 1872
France i>ays the ^\'ar ademnity to
(iermaiiy 1873
The (ierman Stamp Tax 1S73
Irish Educational Billfails 1874
DisKAKi.i, Prime .Minister 1874
.Vmadens. Spanish Republic, Don
Caik's, Alphonso, Hji 1370-1873
J. P. Joule, Scientist. iSiS
J (i. Stokes, ■■ .1830
W. Tyudall, ' .1830
Sir Will. Thompson.
T. II. Huxley. " .'825
M. Taine. /'/• 1828
10. Ani.'ier, " .- 1830
T. (iautier," 1811-1873
G. Dor6, " .\rt 1813-1883
(). Feuillet, " 182
J. W. Forney 1817-1I
J. (;. Bennett 1795-1873 ' Duma., ^im, ./.> ,82.;
.1 G. HoLI.A.Nl) .1S19-IJ81
C. Anthon 1797-1867 A. Tro': le, nwe/W-.iSi;
Haliburton (Sum. SI
llildreth
liev. Dr, .MeClintock
ck;,
1802-
1807-
.1814-
865
86s
870
C. Reado
W. Coli'ns,
18M
1824
Mrs. Parton (Fanny
Fern )
iSii-
870
M'- il s((iEOR0EE
. o.ilixl
.lOT)
1833-
1S81
J. T. Field 1830-
D. G. Mitchell (Ik Marvel)
1881
Mrs. Gliphaiit, itovelht,
1820-1857
J. S. C. -Vbbott
1833
1805-
1877
Mrs.L Linton,noirfi/i^
1833
.1. .; Motley
1814-
1877
IlEKBEIlT SPENCEB...
1830
C. F. Brown(!(Artemu8 Ward),
1834-1867
Geo. MacDonald
18211
Cary Sisters died
1871
Cousin, /•>., PMl
1793-
1867
1822
1837
1827-
S. .\. .Mlibone
.1816
Holmau Hunt, 7V.. ..
■88.
1). W. Holmes
.1809
E, P. Whijiple
.i8r,
1). G. Rossetti
1833-
1882
R.H.Stoddard
-1823
Millais. /V
1839
W. Whitman
.1819
E. A. Freeman
1823
T, W. Hifiginson
.1823
J, Foster
1813-
1876
J. T. Trowbridge...
.1827
G. W.Curtis
.1824
Flaubert, !>
l33I
W.C.Tyler
.1835
Laboulayfi
i3it
R. C;. White
.1822
Castelar, .S^j
1833
J R. LoWKLI
.1819
R. H. Daua,Jr
.1815-
-1883
H. V. ,Sybel, Ij'fr
1817
Bayard Taylor
.1833-
1878
Ilartmanu, "
.1831-
1873
W. L. (larrison 1805-1876 |
Rev. Dr. Busliurll 1802-1876
J, W. Dhai'ek 1811-1883
Dr. .\ustiu Flint 1812
Son, 1836
(i. S. Ilillard 1808-1879
M. Thierry, f'r., //i».. 1797-1873
Tulloch, Gtr., T/iml .1831
M. GrizoT, Fr 1787-1874
Hans Christian Andersen,
Rev. Dr. Hodge 1797-1878 Van 1805-1875
85
^i^^^
;.^-.
!■..:■;>
II ■
KH
:-ir
m
"flBia-'sii'.'l'i.'
!.■; C
ik.
684 TABLES OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE.— Concluded.
Table XVII. From A. D. 1865 to A. D. 1880. In Periods of Five Years.
187,
I'NiTKu Status IIixtoiiy.
Km»I Kivir s|miiiii'(l \iy an Ice liriil^-c,
1K75
lootli An?ii\frsjir>' iif llic hnltU-H oT
Ciincoril 1111(1 I.rxiimldii i«75
(I'ljii'iiiilal ('{'li'lirnliiiii nr iliinkcr
Hill .875
I)i'm!| of Vici -Pri sidi'iil Ilriiry
NV'ilKiin 1875
William M. Antiir dii'il 1875
A. 'I'. Stewart (lii'd 1K76
Dnin Pcdrit. Kin|)rr<ir of llra/i),
vi.>ilK I'. H 1876
Whisky Iliii^' linikcn up 1875-187(1
(lliriiint; iif Ci'iitciiiiial Kxliiliilicui,
l'liilailc'l|iliia 187(^1
<ii-ii. CustcT and 311 !'. S. Trnops
slain liy Simix' liidiiinM, led liy
Siliiiii; Km 1 1 187C)
('nlfirado adiiiiltcd 1876
First Wire of Ka«l Uivir Ilridi;i>..i87rt
HiMiiklyn 'riicalir liiirmil 1876
Ashtaliiila lOliiu) Kailroad disaslcr,
.S7f,
Dfatli nf Coriiuliiis \'and(-rl)i]l 1^77
Till' Klrctdral CoinniiHsion Kill passi'il,
■ 877
Mlrrlnral ( 'otninis.sjoiiCniiiit drrlarc
llicclcciiiMi of l(. K. Ilayi's 1877
Hi TiiKiirimi) K. IIayks. iqIIi I'rrsi-
drill T877
(•TiiKii ('iii;ntuikh.
(ircat liailroal Slriki'sanil HiiilH..i877
(icM. Miles wliipM Ni'Z I'lTccH IndiaMK,
1877
Kxlrndilion 'I'realy with Sjiain ..-1877
Will. .M. Tw I dieil
Will. Cullin Kryaiil died
Yfllinv I'eviT niL'i's at VickxImrK,
.Mi'iii|iliis. i-lr 187B
<iiii,i) al Par fur tlir (Irst tiiiic
siiirc 1862 1878
Siiccir I'ayniciit rvsiiiiicd 1871)
.ViiM-CliliH'sc Kill vi'tncd 1871;
Kxlra Scssiun of ('on;,'rcss culled.. 1879
J*roelaniati(Hi warning selllers frnin
(lie Indian 'rerritiiry 1871^
Yellow Keverat Melllpllls 1879
Kelief ordered liy l'. S. (ioveminent
in aid nl stllTelers 1875
Sleani Viielit .feannelte Hent out
liy rianies (Mirdoii Kennett to dis-
cover tile N. W. passa^'e. 1871^
.\rrival at San I'raneiseo of (ieii.
<irant. lioniew.'ird linuiid on his
2 '4 years" lour an HI 111 i 1 lie W'lir 111. 1879
'I'lie French 'rraiisallaiilie Cahle
landed 1879
Ke-openhiK'if the KaHtern (jiicH-
lion .. 1875
I'riiire of Wales visils India. . . 1875
Freiieh !,ei;isliiii\e Kody re iir-
Uanized 1875
Kniflish Channel 'I'm 1 Kill
jiassed, J<'r 1875
.Japan Cedes Territorv to Hnssiii.
i«75
Knssia Conquers Klii\a 1870
Meeting of New l''rnieli Cliaiii-
IllTH 1876
Kn^laiid pnndiases the Sue/
Canal i87'i
\'i(ToKiA proelainied ICnipress
of India i8;rt
Disraeli elevated to the I't'cra(,'e,
1876
New .Marriai;e I,aw. .liz-sV/va.. 1871)
The (iernian the (illleial l.an-
j^iiam' in I'nis.vian I'ohiiid. .. 1876
Deposition of Calholie llishops
ill *«erinany... 1K76
.\llKltllAN I.lTKItATlHK.
Kill llarte iBi7
.loaipiin .Miller iS^i
W. I). lloWKI.I.S 1837
Kdward Kimlesliin i8j7
.Miss llodi^e ii;ail Ilaniiltoiii.
i8.)8
\V. 'r. .\damH (Oliver » ijitiest,
18.13
.lii(l;,'e 'I'lmrHee, "Fool's Kr-
raiid"
KmII.ISII ami OTIIKIl FollKIIIN
I.ITKIIATL'IIE,
Vlrihow, (ier i8>i
MiHSdiiier, fy., Ji iSia
Zelhr, /■>., inn 1810
.Snerlmidi, (,ir 1813-1889
Finnier, />■ 1819
(tsiar Wilde, Ktthete 1857
Dii KiiIh Ituymoml, (Jer i8i8
S. I,. cleii.eii.siMark'rwain),
'''J5 I Fwald, (ler i8oa-i875
D. If. Locked (I'etroleiim V.
Nil shy ; iHj J
Hnsso-Tiirkish War 1S77 1878
KiiL'land nenlial in Kiisso-'riirk-
isli War 1877
'"7'' Death of M. 'I'liiers. 1877
1878
1818
8aa
1844
Maripiis of I.iirne, \'ieeroy of H. W- Keeel
Ciinaila 1878
Treat V of San Stefaiio and Kerlin.
1878
(ireat (.'oininendal deprewsioii
in Kntrland 1878
II. W. Shaw(.Iosh Killin«si
K. K. Male
.Miss riielps, "(JatesAjar
T. It. Aldrieh i8j..
W.(;reeni; 181 1
'813
*.ii.\ol 1807
Flaiiliert, Kr 1821
Cassa^nae, Fr ,. --.. 1806
Diidevant ((ieorticSandi, />>■..
1804-1876
Dn cliailln, />■ 1835
IIakckkl, '.vr 1834
Ilolse, IhiH jcii
N'ktok IIuoo, /V ....1803
Kritish-.vrnhaiiistan War 187S
[iiternalional lOxpositional Pans.
il-i?" Thus. .Naut, C((ric«<i/ris< . 1840
.Marriat;e of Kini; Alfonso. ,s^;.i878
Death of Victor Eniainnl 1878
Death of I'ope I'iusIX 1878
I.KO XIII. elected I'oiui 1878
.\nstria oeeiipies jtosnia 1K78
''■'"• ^"'" ^^''"" '«7'j| A, Winelieil .834
M. .Iiiliiis (irevy, President of
Krance 178.) | |,. M. Alcolt 1831
Clara [.oiiise Kellocj;, .S'(«f/(-;-. |
184-2 .Iiieoby, Vev . .i8o5-i"/7
i
Charles March 1835
K. C. Stedmaii 1833
C. D. Warner 1839
Henry .James, .Ir 1847
.lananschek, Aiit 1830
I'aHteiir, Vr., C/temint iSaa
I'atti, Shir/ir, Spain 1843
l{ecliis, Fr .-.-...1830
Keniiisat, Fr 1797-1875
Lord I.vtti'ii (Owen .Meredithl,
1831
KEY to Serial Tables from B.C. I500 to A, D. 1880. As several of the ahlirevialions used in the two xcrien of talile»
indicated are the same, one key will apply to both. These ahbreviations are as follows: — //?'., <ireek: S. <»'/•.. Spartan or Sicilian; I'tr., Persian;
.I///C., .Macedonian; /' (' . I'lueiiieiaii and Cai ilniLiinian; //mii.. Hoiu.iii; (ii r.. (Jennaii; Fr . French; .S/i.. SpaiLsh; /lii».. Ilnssiaii; /'run.. Prussian;
Sen II . Sciindiii.iviaii; A'/if/ . ICiiLdish; .nVyV.. Scotch; fn . Irish; Dlifi . Diiteli; I'lirl.. I'cirliiL'iiese; //. Iialian; .1;//.. .\iiierican; /'/)., I'ope; //.,
Painter: .!/'(, .Musician; . I. «;ii/ .s'., .\rcliitect and Sculptor; .IrV,. Actor; 77/rt)/., Theoloi.'iaii; /'//(/., I'hilosoplier; //(.v., 'listorian.
Where mole than one date is i^iven. the meaning intended is. in tlie c:ise of L'eiii'nil fads, coinnieneenient and lerinination; in Ihu ctisi- of
rulers, date of liet.'i III! iii;^ and end in IX of rule; in the case of einiiient persons, hirtli and death. The I liter rot;at ion- point suj^'eesis iloiihi as to the date;
,//. stands for tloiirished. and one date appended to a name has the same import. In the ease of livitnr men, one date indicatcH the liirtli. Jii the ease
'of llehrew iirophets, the dates iiidieale the supposed period of pro|)hesyin^'. With these remarks it in heliuved that the lubk'b will be intellit;ihle.
iL
. i8ai
1831
.■810
"835
■■834
> "843
1830
.1797-1875
^
1803 I
I
.1805-1 "/7 i
*
THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD.
Showing their Population, Area, Religion, Government, Capital, Debt, Standing Army, Navy, Miles o( Railroad, and Trade
with the United States.
OS 5
CtJLNTHY.
( liiiirsc lunpiri'. . .
Itritish Miiiinri*
Itiissiiin Minpirc. . . .
I'nitiil StiiUs
(k'nn;in Iuni)irc
Austria lIunKJiry . .
I'Vancu
Jip:"»
(iruat Britain tt Iru-
laml
Turkey
Il.Uy
Spiiin
Ilrazil
Mexico
iVrsia
Morocco
Siam
Uotimania
iU'l^ium
H^'vpt
r •rtii>;al
Norway & Sweden.
Canada
Holland or Nether-
lands
Abyssinia
Columbia
Madajfascar
Switzerland
Peru
Chili
Detiniark
Norway
Venezuela
Bnltvia
Arjjentine Kepuhlic
Servia
CJreece
Cniatetnala
IC(ua<lor
Ilayti
Liberia
San Salvador
llrii(j;'uay
Nicarag'ua
Parairuay
Honmiras
Costa Uica
San Domipjjo
Hawaii
I'OIMI.A-
ri'i.N.
J(^,00O,O<K»
■^•.'<5*',.u:
(-■.7^7. •
.17.7""-'
'S7.7"'At7.'^
yw.-i7'*
(),i7'vi79
5,7i»i,cirri
5. ,(;"."""
5,2^o,or)ri
4.H'.".i7
4.l-"'.7'.i
3,f)HO,('«
2,051,211
2,cx>fvr)o
2,77"/'V^i
2,375.97'!
1,012, LfJ;
i,7''b"i7
'.7lA3,=;-i
i,7i5/>Si
1,720,^70
M57>Jt
»."/>.7.S4
1,100,000
1 ,000, OtX)
1,000,(«0
fKX),rit)0
300,000
221,000
35».7"o
185,000
150.000
"
- .
—
.5 ~ "^
.i?.
y -■ i:
:'B
r: zi u
ti ._
, {•
£ = "
i.3
5 -' c
7. z —
> ^
7.~:
•/.
r Ml
^^
/ -
.?.')-• I/'.!?
J70.1100
l'^
10
7.7^^..U7
to
iv,,,|;,i
511
26,1 (SS
'<.l"|.7"7
10
7'>M27
J^.^
i2,c)i;
3.'"".?M
10
2^,(J(XI
<V
M.ii;;
•!0\7I1
201
tlK.7.1"^
71
i.),OJIl
2(",.||"
l^"'
2<fj,iri'i
11
11,1'.^
2..(,(|.K.
INJ
S"2.'.)7
402
l.(,IOO
■5''.'«M
21t
7^512
'7
"7
I i 1.2,1"
2''.S
M5.t52
222
17,002
S-Oo'iJ
17
IVl..!'"
170
1,200
114.1"'
211
"'.'i557
Si
5.000
"Av775
02
:5i,iK.^
M'i
4,112
^.!'<~^,iiii
.1
11. ,05;
6.1
l..l"l
761,(1.(1)
12
21,11"
4
4"3
^v(S,(j()i)
10
.10,000
noni-
nnnu
jrm.noo
2;
20,(XX1
none
none
3 10,000
2;
none
iionf
none
4c),2'ii
i"5
I"*."™!
7')i
•i-37.t
l'«)
\":\\\
10
2.,V'0
21,i,'ioO
21
M,!).*!
It
'.163
.15.'' 12
1^1
'■12,920
.It
700
I70,c>So
25
.1".I95
42
.1,051
1
3,0<¥)
7
1,929
u,r>so
2S2
11,803
i"5
1,262
i;S,ooo
.1.12.100
Ci
3, 'loo
none
42
22\57o
10
■5.'/"
iSl
i0'),lO2
none
1,500;
S'>2,7'-o
,f,
13,200
iS
711
',W^7
.1..50O
12
977
M.SSl
'1'
15.7'M
31
S19;
122, 2Sa
•>
iS.ooo
.U
5'o
.•!f''<.2.vi;
s
S.l')l
none
,19
5(X),S7o
S7 1 ,0f lO
4
4.02 <;
17
none
2
>*.3S,1
^S
■ ,.466
''<.7'^7
S?
11,15"
none
'<).'n'
71
12,107
21
1
40.77'*
20
.1.200
none
none
2lS,vSt
.1
l,2flO
3
75
29,000
20
f.,82S
2
none
a5,rxx)
25
y,i;oo
7^
1,000
none
none
70,000
fi
4,0/0
3
340
4iy,oiX)
5
6,000
none
none
57.221
4
2,W).l
none
47
47.'"2
7
1,500
none
56
2i,.t<(5
s
rjoo
none
29
30,000
s
4,ocx>
5
none
7."»'
s
none
none
none
N.\TIOV.\I,
1)1.111.
I'rikni
1.^
iwn
,<^»7,.,so
C.VPITAL.
ekin .
.^Mi..507.'Mi >'. I"' I
i,9|2,i7j,j.,r W.ishi
f,(HM),no(>,'iijO' 111 rliii
l,''Jv"'''NO|2 \'iennil
1.513.721."
I i5,(xji>,ii
stiurLf.
•Ion . .
i,sss,oo7,9S,,
1,212, 772, 2. »l
^15
1.077.1
2.1nl,o
P.iris
fokii
•.151.
i del'
3.*x'o,
No del
232,6'<1,
450.000,
12S,c;77,
.V'.211,
I12,2.lS,
1.10
r«io
t
.OTK,
11
551
,611
142
.17'<
,191.242,322
'5.,l')o,,3oi
6,225,Of<.
213,lS2,OSo
00.711.1..)
(;2. 0110,000
13,^26,12S
62,659,f,S7
l7,<;oo,(MX)
6S,4 16,01 j
5,0(X),<X)0
9S,ol j,oiMi
.1.'<77.I'<I
i7,5(xi.iKjo
S.lS,022
IJ.OOO.OIX)
43.6ii;,noo
9,rx)o,oo()
I2,t»>S, 117
37,fxin,,x.,
f2,noo,(x)ii
3,7So,i),ii,
.150,lX)ri
London
t'onsUintinople
Koine
Mudriil
Ulode Jiinerio.
Mexico
'relleruil
) Moroeeo
I Ke/ Meipiine/
IViiii^kok
Uihliiirest
llriissels
C.iiro
I.isli.m
Stockholm
(JILlwil
Amsterdam ....
M;li;.i;lhl
Iloijotll
AlU;iii:in:irivo
Heme
I.iilM
Simtiatfo
C'openhaijen . . .
C'hristiaiKi
Cilraceus
Chllquis^c-l . .
Itiienos Ayre.s. .
Ileli^rade
Alliens
tiu.ilumala
(iuito
I*ort au I'rince.
Monrovia
San Salvador .
Montevidio ....
.Vicarai^ua ....
As..iumptioii,, . .
Coiiiavatfii.l. . . .
San Jose
San Domin^fo.
Ilonoliilii
Phfvmi.in'.
Kl-.I.K.lo.N.
Iliiil.lllic
I'roteslant
(Jreek Cliiireh. ,
I'roleslant
I'rol.-slaiit
Catli.ili,-
Catholic
liiiddhie
l*rotestant
Mahoinedan . .
f.ilholic
I'.illiolii-
Cilholir
I'atholii:
Mahomed. tn . . .
.Mahomedan . . .
Ituddhic
(iretk (■Iitireh. .
Calliohc
.M.ilioiiieila'i . . .
Catholic
Protestant ....
Protestant
Protestant
Coplir Chris'ns.
Calllolic
Protestant
C.ithoiic
C.itholie
Protestant
Protestant
Catholic
Catliolic
Catholic
Catholic
tlreek Church. .
Catholic
'..'.itholic
Catlioiic
ProtesLmt
Cathoi;.:
Catholi,:
Catholic
Catholic
Catholic
Catholic
St. Catholic
l*rotestaiit
IJoVKK.MMKNT.
Monarchy ,
Monarchy
Mnnari liy .
Itcpolili.: ..
laiipirc*...
.Monar, liy .
It.'puhlic ..
.M.uiarchy .
Monarchy . . . .
Monarchy . ...
Monar. hy
Mon.irihv ....
M<.ii.irchv . . .
Ucpnl.li,-
Monarchy . . . .
Monarcliy . . , .
.Monarchy . . . .
Mon.irchy . . . ,
Monarchy . . . .
.Mon.irchy
Cont'ederation.
t-'olony
Monarchy . . . .
Monarchy . . . .
Itcpohlic
Monarchy . . . .
Hepuhlic
lte[ml)ic
ItcpuMic
Monart hy . . . .
Contu.lcration.
Kepuhlic
Kepiih'ic
Kepuhlic
.Monarcliy . . . .
Monar.Iiy . . . .
Kepuhlic
Kepuhlic
Kepuhlic
Kepuhlic
KepoMie
Kepuhlic
Kepuhlic
Kepuhlic ..
Kepulilic
Hepuhlic
Ki'piihlic
Monarchy . . . ,
U. S. COMMEKCB
WITH
l'"oKI-.l(iN CorNTHIK.4
1S7''.
IMI'IIKTS,
i6,.5o5.o7o
See note
""2.7.50
.15..5"5.217
.V5.''i.l
55.""5.7o^
9,'<'>l,'vSl
1 11.971.7'*'
'■so,,.,.,
7.''^4..127
7S,,,,s,S)j
.V'..l'*5.63'<l
l|...|7.Sl9
Done
none
none
none
I'lXl'OMT.S.
l."'ii.957
See note
16,725,463
57 ('2.277
2.611.707
92,.i;5s,7.ir>
2,676,924
.l''.l.n"1.'4''
4,719.102
'<."5''.2 13
27,91",i).(2
2s. i;22, (Ol
0,701.284
none
none
none
none
4,21<A23J 2'<,i;.j2,.joI
Sit
454..1'^5
213.921
27,''S",9I 1
10,037,059
7,1^7." 1
none
a..17".557
"12.71^
K„,,s>;o
See .\ ' vv ' \
5.219.717
,1.519,105
none
4"9.12'i
See note
See note
3.577.'*21
"3,1"'
Se<: note
l,7So,i.,c
See note
See note
.See note
See note
"57.5"',
1,261,56.
'I'urkev.
4,1)27,161
2,1.17,25a
32,<v('i,3i4
i6,4/ii,26a
5.77 >. 454
none
1,305,362
1,25'. ,02,3
3.'o4.57'»
\' Sweden.
2.052,43s
3,t2S,nia
none
2^5,019
See note
See note
3, 262 ,',.(2
130,1)29
Sec note
919,.162
See note
See note
See note
See note
Soi,.v5
2,501J,S9S
NoTK. — Trade with the Ilritish Possessions, Great Britain and Ireland excluded, was — Imports, 20,128,49.1; Kxports, 29,173,r^9. \Vitli South
American Ports not ^jiven ahove- lixports, 92,717. \Vith the Central American Slates — consistini^ of San Salvador, Nicaraiifua, Honduras, (iuateiualilp
and c:osta Ulca— Iiuiiorts, 2,197,131; I'.xports, i,i83,3S.j. » The liiujiire forms a Customs League named "ZoUvgrein." t 'I'ne greater part of this trade
is with Cuba. % A Proviace of Turkey, yet practically independent.
THE COMMERCE OF THE WORLD.
The following table shows a comparison of the Commerce, Population, Annual Imports and Exports of the several geographical
divisions of the world for 1876 — the latest published statistics.
Europe .,,
ATiierica ..
Asia
A.istralasii
Afriea ....
Total .
Prim.A-
rio.N.
2S<>,()f)0,01K
S.|,S.jo,oo<
S(*p,7(>r),(»«
Ko.ooo.ooo
CoMMI-.K(.h.
$'>.<>7''.»>"o.o'
2,i.)o,<x)rj,(ii)i)
1,1 jt,(IOO,{KM
40^,llf),IH]l)
2()l,<IIXt,<HJI
(2' i2,;f4o,(jij() Si 4i<)o>< "''>('"'■
iMl'OHTS.
$5,'.5f)„l.»
(/72,S0<),0<X)
4S<>,0(X),0l)r
2.i7,''00,(¥»)
1,1), .|00 CKK)
$7.47t.4«'.'*»n
KXI''>HTS.
The foUowin^^ shows the varialinns in the total imports and
lexports of all the countries of the world from 1V17 to 1S76;
iji'^iioffiorji
64[,fioo,o(H
22.t,.fOO,OI>i
mfi.foo.oor
$'t,5,[0,ooo,fKin
'^^71-75
iS7r.
AWTAI.
I.Mi'oK rs.
$5,S2S/)00,OOti
fi,oSi,.|oo,r)oo
7.772,ooft,fxio
7,25l,.(00,tXX)
7,l7Mo<Mrx)
AnNI AL
M.XI'OM TS.
$5,225,orx),ooo
5.t;fM,'«o,oor)
^),"«),2(r),ooo
6,.(.(S,.(oo,ooO
6,^2'',CJ»)0.000
-a\ These fi^yures curry with them their own im pur lance.
'7U ^
m
pii
6S6
LEGISLATURES OF THE WORLD.
I'l'i'iit Ilm
SK.
LoUKIl Hoi-
K.
ColSTIClK'*.
HOW ( IIIISES.
I.KNOTll
TKII.M.
N".
now CIIOSKN.
i.KN(.rii
TKini.
.No,
Iil:>l AIIKS.
Aru'iiiliiie Uepiililii-
State Li"_'iMlaIiires, ...
triiwii and liinditary .
I'iti/.enx. |ir(j|ierty test.
1 Crnwii mid indireet i
i.ife
8 yrs.
Life
Life
9
l.ifeor
y yrs.
l.ifeor
9 ys.
Life
Life
6
9
Life
Life
6
3
6
Life
Life
Life
11
loor
life
9
lO
6
104
a
77
53
20
27
;. „6
:-3oo
59
537
188
705
270
54
39
39
45
10
2!)
44
133
30
^e
18
'37
44
16
36
7
7"
Popular snITrau'e
Priiperty-holdiiii.' citizens
Property-holdini,' citizens
Indiri'Ct election
3 y".
4
4
5
3
3
4
lllMl
dissolu-
tiou
J
2
4
5
4
3
2
4
3
5
3
5
3
3
3
2
50
253
'3"
122
206
Tie
102
3°
538
397
'-658
445
508
33"
86
la>
88
86
sio
99
433
55
157
46
333
204
"35
32
86
•4
325
Coiupeiisatioii, J3.500 per annum.
lUlniiiiu
llnizil
may order.
Only natives eliyible. One Uepreseiitative
to 40,000 inhahitants,
Senators must be 40 years oli.; DeputliH
t'UUUlltt
Chili
(iiwerniir Cieiieral
Popular sullrane
Popular siilTraue
Popular suirrane
Citizens 30 years old
Popular sutTrai^e
Popular sutfraL'c
I'opular suffrage
IIouHcliold sullragc — ^.
I'alliolies; liolh natives.
Slight property (pialillcation retpiired <if
\cilers.
One Uepreseiitative for 2n, 000 inhabitants
CulombimU.S.)---
Ufnmurk ...
KciiU(li)r
State Legislatures
Ileruditaryaiideleet'v -J
I'lipular sullraKe
Iiidiieet election -j
.VpiK/iiited liy Stall's..
1 Hereditary, crown
'( and eliurcli )
Kleeted by the people..
Hereditary and churcli.
Hereditary and erowii.
State Leitislatures
Stales, from rich
liritish Crown
Itritisl. Crown
K.ich State has 43 Seiinlnrs. Hepreseuta.
lives accordim; lo population.
.Mi-Milters ofi'ither house must la; at least 25
years old.
I'oUL'ress meets annually, September 15.
Senators must be 40 years old; Deputies 25.
Prussia has 17 members Upper House; 236
of the Lower Hoiisi',
The election is by ballot. .\ member of the
House tnust be 21 years of age. No con;-
pensatioit is allowed.
Onlv one body, called Htnile.
Geriiutiiy.. .........
Greut liriluiii
(ireceo
llun^iiry
The citizens of full ai;e may vote. If they
pay taxes amounting.' to ^4 a year.
.\ voter must l)e 25 years of ai,'e, and ta.x-
jiayer to the extent of l58 a year.
Senators imiat be 30 years of age; Ilepre-
sentatives 25.
ProiMrly test for voters exceptionally high.
Clergy mea disfranchised.
No properly test for voters, and the elec-
Ituly
Slcxici)
PoDular vote
Netlicrlamls
New Soiitli Walec.
IVople, property test —
New Zeiiliiiul .. .
PoDulur vote
tion is l>y ballot.
.•V iinalerale property test retiulrcd of voters
and legislators.
No property test is required.
Slii:nt propertv test for voter8,who muBt be
Norvvuv ..
Popular vote
Peru
Districts
Indirect electiim
People, projierty test
25 yeais of aue.
The ratio of representation is one member
for 20,000 inhabitants.
Besides a jiroperty test, there are several
persiuial tests ap|)lied.
Kleclors must be at li'ast 25 years of age.
Voters may vote where they have property
and wliere Ih«y residi'
Tile iM'ople elect the Klectors and they
choose the Legislators.
Memliers of the Upper Iloii.se must be 30
years of age; of tlie Lower, 21.
'I'lie Senate has no lixed number of mem-
liers. nor nniform method of designatitm.
Senators receive no ]iay; Kepresehtatives,
small salaries.
.\iiy voter, except n clergyman, is eligible
In either house.
Hesides idected Legislators, are ex-offlcio
meiiibers holding other important olllces,
and resident subjects possessing degrees
Clergymen and felons are ineligible as
legislators.
Slight jiroperty test for voters. A legislator
must hold real estate to the value of 85.000.
.\ Senator inust be 30 years of age; a Hep-
resentativt! 25. Each house sole judge
of the election and (lualitlcation of its
memliers.
.Mostly iK'reditary
Uritish crown
Indirect election
Popular election
\ Ueredilary. elective (
■( and crown j
Popular election
(.'antons
yuceiislund
Kuuiuiiniu
Indirect election.
Soutli Australia
.Sj)aiii
Sweden
Switzerland
Popular election
Popular election
Popular el<clii-n
1 Elected, smaller prop- {
■( erty test )
Tasmania
Kleeted, property test..
Western Australia.
United States
.\ppointcd
State Legislatures
Kleeted
Popular vote ....
Note. — In the jireparation of the above tables, reliance lias mainly been placed upon the Statemian's Manual for 1881. No country which
does not enjoy any of the rights of self-government, however important in other respects, has a plac;' ill this connection. Of the several States of
the United States "it may be added, that each has two legislative bodies, both elected by popular vote, and that, under the 14th aniendnient to the
Constitution of the United States, no citizen can be deiirniil of the right of sullrage on account of race, colofi ur pruvious cuuditiou of servitude.
No State allows female sullrage, nor does any require an intelligence test.
CONGRESSIONAL APPORTI'^NMENT.
The number of Representatives in the popular 'irancli of the Congress of the United States to which each State Will be entitled, from March 4,
1883, to .Marcli 4, 1893, based on the tenth census, is as follows:
Alabama 8
Arkansas 5
California 6
Colorado 1
Connecticut 4
Delaware i
Florida 2
(ieorgia 10
Illinois 20
ludiuua 13
Iowa........ II
Kansas .. 7
Ki'Utucky II
Louisiana 6
.Maine . 4
Maryland 6
.Massachusetts 12
Michinau 11
Minnesota 5
Misbiasippi 7
■Missouri 14
Nebraska 3
Nevada i
New Hampshire 2
New .lersey 7
New York 34
North Carolina q
Ohio 21
OrcL'on I
Peuusylvnniu
Ilhodc Island 2
South Carolina 7
Tennessee 10
Texas II
Vermotit i
Virginia 10
West Virginia 4
Wiucoiuiiu 9
Total.. ....323
SC'lltlltiVCS, 1
is eligible
cx-offlcio
lit onicoH,
^ (IcyreeM
liKible us
lci,M8latnr
of 85,000.
e; n Kcp-
ole jiuljie
on of its
try which
states of
iiit to the
Burvitudo.
March 4,
■•••.... 3
7
—
II
a
10
4
9
k
335
9
V
fiL— J
9
lM)L'STkll';S ANT) MOXKV OK AM, XA'l'IONS.
OS;
INDUSTRIES OF NATIONS, IN MILLIONS OF DOLLARS, IN 1870 AND 1880.
""iTOit BriUiin
United t'.iitos
I'N.mc
<ierm:iny
Itust^iiL
Austria
It^ilv
Sp;iin
ni-|;^'iuin
Ilcilliiml
Swctlen ami Norway
Denmark ... .
I'ortu;;al
Tnrkey, etc
Australia
C'anaila
South America
South Ai'ricu
Ciimimrce, Maiuilactures. Mining'. .\i;riculture. 'ir'up^ "•'t''' Mankiui;
■;.(.';
i"t
<p
7t
to
4"t
Hit
CI
'I IIK W'OKI.I).. .
•"•T?
.U"7
I C'l
'"'%
029
(Wl
(O-
1S5
.5"!
.■(.IS
<-i
')'
'',?
.,or,
■13.?
170
■I3S
Si
3i-!.i
i\Y>
I "SO
W7
.Syo
S"'
MS
iSi
iS.)
175
OS
40
3<<9
4t
170
SS
10
37-*'^
l,!-!0
3077
lri(
1003
43S
411
30|
SS
51
3-"
f'i
334
107
15
iS7() is<<.
33 1
41
l.S
.v>
-•4
10
■"4
iSya
'MT ' t.i-i? 17333
3"'
1305
IK'S
3.=;"
3oly
'Si*
5''
21K1|
lofi
103
I50S
i"S4
.i4
1701
|S<K)
34
I I'.S
ijS.,
K)
"U
7".T
31
403
53"
.V)
"•«.=;
170
....
"/>
334
10
lit)
'53
133
131
I 13
133
'.iS
iS,,
30
I7r>
■"5!
3,S
3C|3
.VI
31"
i'^l
ui
•it
34
inyl
i3r>3S
".3^:;
514
l.|3
30 1
30J
<i"
-•^
51
31
31
")
41
5
3
15
5
■!|
15
7M
Sc.S
30J
33f>
314
llS
73
5'<
.V>
'\
73
10
5
1')
15
41
1S70 lSS()
Total.
14')
133
5^
OS
■!1
10
'5
"3
15
5
5
15
'1
30'» 3(>N) 1 1S3
5.!5
•153
i"5
IV
73
\1
"J
15
■5
OS
15
15
40
S3„„
710"
.57 15
4•^7.^
3i""
j'\{i
10.5''
mM)
S(yi
'"'1
•'73
3lS
loSi
5-t
'•13
910
I tot \nSln
.i«i.|7
07 to
otlrt
'■173
I'M
310S
■■1|3
135(1
,,7S
io.v5
7"
13'.
••ly
S,3
71"
1 03(1
>5"
IS|1
•iSSJ
701
131/S
7ir>
5'*
3113
!.>(
3*9
•Jf;
"7
53
3"
37s
'.?'■-
116
(vs
,5l«ilS 1 1)1 |S
NoiK. — The averajre jiroduetion ofhtiiuan inilustry per hea<l is $iixi, an increase ot* 13 per cent, since is-,.
MONEY OF ALL NATIONS COMPARED WITH POPULATION AND TRADE.
Ill
3-: !
iS-o lSS<j I «
Unileil States
Great Britain
France
(lermany
tlussia
Auslria
Italy
S|)ain anil Portuyral
Itolland
Ilelj^ium
Norway and Sweden
Switzerland
(jreece, Turkey, etc
South America
Australia
iSli
199
345
319
5'«'
")S
■!53
Ml
51
■14
Japa
TllK WoKI.I).
f.43
211;
43S
304
S66
31"
31"
73
73
03
44
20
107
30
39
9?
307
lirt
'■'3
31
19
19
5
'5
S3
'5'
5
19
^ _
'i ■■"
.-
Z =
~^~
— '.^ 1^
u ^
3 C
<
'Ji^-
H P-
373
■51
IIOS
roi
\»
915
7'5
411
'5"7
3^'
2111,
731
107
.i-^
10 ii
41
-9
.3S1
39
49
4"t
105
S3
351
10
S".
1.50
i"7
"3
'.U
41
10
oS
5'^
31
113
5
5
"7 !
'5
41
3^5
•11
5
'•»)
5
5
40
5
1
'.V
3701
MM
7""!
-D
^ c-
30. jy
.30.10
ll.fiS
3.19
'■95
3 10
13.S..
19 4'''
30-S9
C^l
33-"'^
.40
3.10
S.S .
tea
5-S
li.Sy
0.33
1 l.ijl
4.03
10.H5 I
7-79
lO.L.i
3-"5
'■'•-■''
n.t3 .
5-'"
o.si ;
t.So
23-35
26.51
4^-3^
10.30
1 3^1 1
0.71
' 1-35
17..5I
i7-7'
43..i3
11.42
39.S0
.2 si
■-I ::
•yj
.30 to
31
7'
3S
iS
31
iS
Total.
0-i
c —
4f 111 100
7 "
93
15
1 1 1
14
13
I .5'.
17
33
13.40
i|-5o
7->o
i4.57 j
0.35
11.41 1
•^•''5
'■"'
.S.51
1
■7.27 j
30 to 100
40
71
4
24
14
s?
14
50 to nx) 16 tn 100
13 to 100
9 "
3"
14
3i
7
MoTK.— The e4iniates of irold and silver coin are mainly from the \Vashini;lon Mint Report,
dollars of silver, 49 ol" f;"ld and 5S of parer.
India
not included; say about ^Sj million
=iy
■^^mk:r
■ '■!
^L =i:.
688
THK ART OF WAR — CAPITAL ANlJ KAKMMIS OK NATIONS.
THE ART OF WAR.
Increase or Decrease of Armaments since 1869,
CoLNTHIKS.
I Ciiit nrXrinv. | lust ol .VTivv. I'l'iilill fCxpM't'ri'
,c«»)'s ;irf sii|i'!.'cl. i«i's siipprcssfcl nnoi sii|iprfSiiiMl
Ullilril Slalrs
CirtMl Hrit:wii
I*>iiri> (.'
(iL-nnimy
Russia
Austria
Italy
Sp^''"
Il.illimd
nc'li^iiiin
Detiiii.irk
Sweden and Norway.
Portii>jal
Turkey
(ireece
Ill .zil
The Woiii.n
,S|,>
■I'l.ijS
Ju. l.i.i
l8,ool
97.)
_7.^
in), p.!
i4i,c>S5
4i,Sij
9.7.i"
9.JH
».t.U
fi.Sii
9,7,!"
i,(i.()
7..!'>S
''^^."75
i'-"9 1
10.4(0
.\^')"'
t-,i79
i7,(.js
(.,179
'■>..)•'.?
97,!
l,.trti>
4S7
Ml"'"
,?')..=;'/'
.i".''5"
14, K^
J'\9I7
io,70J
i,4C«
4-<7
171, 45i I'^^'J^H.
|V«)
liS,(i,i'i
V.,4SS
j(i,i7i
12,ir>,{
fi.Si I
2,yly
4,s//>
4,sr/,
i,4r«
I i.ign
'o^iiS
l^Sii
li'1,41/)
ll".'l,t
yi.Jt7
I'lJ.niJ
.i.l.5'5
29, lor
9. "I
■'•"'.)
Ii9t7
lJ,l6i
79^'. ■n'!
Tol.il
Forie
in iVkj.
2f.S,7no
(9t.i«»i
S7r),o()o
ii/>,rKo
i-(,i;«)
Si.cxio
7.1."<'9
4f,()r)o
()0,(X)0
j6,ooo
iSS,ooo
9,000
7,jno
,1,2917110
I It. inn to
CAPITAL, OR WEALTH OF NATIONS.
C0UNTRIE.S.
Great Hritnin
France
United States
Germany
Russia
Austria
Italy
Holland
Bei^rium
Spain
Portutfal
Sweden and Norway
Denmark...,
Turkey, Greece, etc.
Australia ,
Canada
South Africa
South America
TiiF, WoRi.n
Million Doll-
ars.
40,4JS
34.''t9
39.747
26,02<*
16,006
>3,7'«
S,5'4
5.254
4..?79
6.033
1,241
3..?7'
'.654
3.'''4S
I ,'iS j
2.549
,145
4.379
204,676
iSVo
43.590
3'''."''4
3S.3.i^>
■^.55.-
17,222
I4.'*3'^
9.0 19
5.(97
4.573
6,6So
>.3-!3
3.59"
'.701
3.<'«>7
2, ,84
3.094
477
4,62 1
is
3<>'>>
1.435
7..5'<9
527*
1,216
i,o7ot
.535
•'43
■9J
"47
S2
219
49
49
701
545
132
242
226,^13,21.6 37
Ratio p(»r
Inhabitant.
1.S70
Sl,2V|
910
79S
(.S6
214
3'^4
VI
'.474
&-/.
37"
311
jro
924
'5'
924
f7i
3S9
175
_S4-:
l.SSo
$1,21.5
97'*
1'V
657
214
379
3i''>
'.377
8,7
399
316
550
S6<'.
'5'
S37
720
350
I, So
Ratio tree
ot' National
De ln.
iSSo
1S70
8'.'5'<
■S47
735
667
200
3.!fi
253
.362
8.17
2S7
555
S90
127
S27
752
379
146
8 55 8 4tX> 491
I'. '.53
S7S
730
•75
3i''
229
'.-'75
759
24":
21Q
535
842
92
6S1
6S1
3-6
EARNINGS OR INCOME OF NATIONS.*
COU.VTRIES,
*Includiniir St, 362, 000, 000 for Alsuce and Lorr:unc. tinclucling $2(i7,-
575,000 for Hosniu.
rnitcil States. ..
(ircat Hritnin. .. .
Kr-ince
(icrinany
Russiii
Austria
Italy
Spfiin
IK-l^itim ,
Holland
Sweden and Norway
Denmark
Portujiful
Turkey, Greece, etc.
Aiistrali.i
Canada
South Africa
South America
Million
Dollars.
i^jn
~i7W
rt o
u —
5."'>7 7.327 a.'fio$i34.iS8i35.S2 8116.23512.3.03
4.''75 S.''24 9»9 14555 'f'3-"5 '29.1' 143.''''
3.834 4.510 676 100.S6 112.14 Ss.66 90.59
3,(15 4.140 725 90.0( 91.10 S1.S5 80.19
2.754 3.07s 321 38.34 38.43 32.5' 32.23
1,961 2,23s 277 54.44 57.3J 45.49 47.44
1,134 '.226 92 42.S5 43. SI 30.67 29.51
774 905 '3' 4'^-9f) .54.8^' 3'''.85 43-58
49' 574 83 97.79 io2.9,S S6.72 S9.71
4.33 .506 73 '23.67 126.77 107.74 109.60
433 5" 7^ 72.16 78.59 66.95 7'-3'
185 314 29 107.0S 102.52 97.34 99.29
156 170 14 .',9.00 39.08 31.94 30.36
457 404 — 20.68 19.46 17.64 16.87
.307 433 '2f' 168.33 151.30 141.S1 123.58
457 574 "7 '21.95 '34.72 "3-84 124-46
63 88 25 70.54 65.20 65. 28 52.06
So) 920 117 32.62 37.34 25.3S 29.94
TiiK W(im.i) 27,4 99. 13.4.19' S-o,Vi 8 70.01 8 7*^-3 ^ 8 62.15 8 66.i>4
Ratio per
Inhabitant
1S70
l,S,So
Ditto free
of Taxes.
1S70 I 1S80
'Computed on a uniform basis in relation with the tables, "Induitrics
of all Nations."
NoTB.— During the decade from 1S70 to iSSo, the afrfprenMc debt of nations was increased from $7,S75,ooo,ooo, or 8920,000,000 less than the
cost of new railways duringf the same length of time. The net earnings of the world have increased, but the relative burden of taxation has
increased. The paper money ot the world, a form 'of debt, rose from 8-' 9^^0,000,000 in 1S70 to .S3,995,oc^,ooo in 1S80, an increase of 34 per cent.
The actual n.nount of gold and silver coin in iSSo is set down as 84,1 15,000,000, 6S per cent, gold and 32 per cent, silver. The total production of
stiver during the decade ^\ as $79,8,000,000; of gold, 81.006,000,000. In the transaction of the world's commerce the mcdiumt of exchange were as
follows: 19,93 per cent, in gold ; 9.61 in silver; 27.81 in banknotes; and 42.65 in checks, drafts and bills of exchange.
■TjF
iiSii'- f • ■
K.iiio lo
e,
I'diuilii'n,
■_
ISIK,
jSSo
»
0.17
0.07
IT)
..,S7
"■74
Ml
i.ji)
l..)!
>o
I.CXI
1 .01
«
I.ly
l.ttt
lO
o.Sl
0.7s
X)
0,76
0.77
«
i.aS
0.80
X)
■■•.H
^•'5
K>
1.4^.
0.81
XI
' S"
J. 01
X)
I. on
0.95
W)
0.65
So
K)
1.70
.2.10
X)
o.fxi
■SO
XJ
o.ijo 0.21
—
^^
10
0.01
76
iUo fri'i;
ol
Taxes.
.S70
1 i,S8o
16.33 $113.03
29.11
mM
'^S-fifi
90-59
Si.,Ss
80.19
3i-5i
.12.23
45-49
47-44
3o.<-.7
29- 5"
3fi.S5
43-5S
8^1.72
89. 71
07.74
loy.fio
fiC.yS
7i-,?i
37-34
99.29
5i-(M
3"-,i6
17.64
16.S7
ti.,Si
123-58
13.84
124,46
iS.2S
52.06
•■1.15
29.94
$ 66..H
KAILKOAUS ; I'OOU AND I'OOU SUl'l'LV Ol Al.l, NAl lU.NS.
n^<j
INCREASE OF RAILROADS" SINCE 1870; TOTAL COST AND TRAFFIC.
Cm .NTHII-.h.
I'nilLil SiMUs
(iri-at llritaiii
I'Yimv
(icrniiVilN' ....
Hu-sia
Auslriii
Iluly
Spain anil riirtiiyal. .
Norway and Swutk-ii.
Hi-l^itiin anil HuUaiuI
Swit/.crlanil
Till key, (Jncii.-, ilr..
Canada
Australia
Indi.i
.Soutli America
AlVii-a, etc
TiiK WoHLn
.MlkHf)|itn.
iS7"'
iSSo,
U'<»i
'*".1"7
1.^.517
17."/'
iii,S5i
'5.175
11-157
-".■i75
7.'v^
i\,i,jS
5.'/"
I2,l'0
3.^-' 5
S<"/<
3-'--'"
5|2'X1
'■7M
5.i"7
2.0S4
3.910
ssj
1 ,650
451
i,S7o
4.010
"|i|5
i,i;o
1.35"
4.7'^
J.,'>i 1
2,160
o,S3o
./»,
5.'*<.'7
22,fX<) 2^2, |S-
4i.'*><3
J. 1.59
4.52)
9,SiS
7,('mx)
6.251
1,271
>.14"
3.3^1
1,226
765
1,416
2,1,15
3.1'^'
3.S31
4,(70
4.9,11
<,,P7
u
P.lHMMUl-rg,
I .Millions.
:S ! 1^70.' 1^79.
2,l'*|
!.■<-• I
ylo
3.|"<9
"M
2,"lS
■.i"*7
2,15"
7"5
■.3-'3
042
1,2(1
107
4-<2
"7
4'1
■17
i;o
•i''<
4'V
7,5
IK)
112
1|0
122
355
214
2y2
3S7
.59-i
315
462
5'<
315
no
3I"<
110
>l
21
^1
10
s
47
15
I'lS
1.29
■ no
iy>
3'<
42
29
2S
'7
'•>7
a)
2
6
I
13
12
tiiOiU
iun
Mill-
..ns,
- S *
.5 'i
E'5
It
lS,-o.
iSjy.
I,V>
J 10
5". 23.)
",2oN
3."3I
2.574
t-1'2 %
170
"S
i97.->-'7
IO.3J7
\15( S173
1 15 "
s*
70
13,1.05"*
M.I I"
".'W i',Hi
l-S "
ys
U"
"0,1.57
12052
7J"i 1.7' 1
l-'-S "
s
35
S.72.,)
ll.lli
6,;i| i.l^i
I.Sj "
•"5
45
102,01.;
,S,V2
4."'«' , 3.""""
3.-^. "
6
s
91.797
6.276
4.1SI 2,..,1
J. 22 "
4
7
79.737
5.'/«>
'.S"5 1.155
14" "
5
7
.33.1"^
3i"i"
1,951 1 i,.«.5
1.3S "
29
.1-
i..|,''v^
.1.105
5."" 3.2-^1
MI ••
1
"
"7.319
...:..l
.|,0'<7 ..^H.
3.10 "
—
—
7N"M
._ t.
4
I'l
57.7 l<
3.'V7
2,9"7 7'9
1.26 "
1
1
<,;,,.ss
|,2M
>>^S^ i '<"\i
3.ot •'
5
s
'V.591
'Vi5(
3.313 |3."l'
1 .17 "
1
s
6'>,iio
-l.njj
2,027
1.9S9
l-oo "
1
T'l
5~^.3^|
^I.'-IO
>.jji
—
_ ft
5'"
l."'^5
3.517
l.lS "
Note. — Tlit- tarilf rt-turnii i)i;r mile show a decreasu of 4 per cent, lor passengers and a per cent, lor I'rciKht since 1S70,
FOOD SUPPLY OF ALL NATIONS.
Countries.
(.rain — Million
Htisluls.
I'nited suites
CJreat Hritain
France
Cjemiany
Russia
.\ustria
Iialv
Sp lin
IJelniuin
Holland
Denmark
Swed., Nor...
Portugal
Tur., Greece..
Australia
Canada
River Plate .,
Al;jeria
The Wokld
239"
410,
74"'
95"
i6j()
5""
-•7"
305
95
50
71
i^
.3"
90
5'
170
7916
2020
690
910
ii»'5
Ml"
5,1"
275
300
120
65
1)2
So
35
So
41
160
15
7S9J
370
2S0
170
"5
Meat— Thousand
is
ti.Z.
n 3
3,Sifi
1,205
1,002
1.31"
2,116
9'«
22 1
1./,
92
'It
1 12
213
54
2,5"
990
2S7
1.310
1 10
M.Mi
2,740
i,SoS
1,22S
1,700
1.925
975
^15
iSS
1,(0
87
5^
1(6
47
250
152
270
272
S2
17
I03S
2S
4S
Production ot
I
9
2124
(/)
3-«
1 1 10
192
SSo
FOOD OF ALL NATIONS.
COLNTKIKS,
|)er inli.ilti-
tant.
5" ""5
■ilS
20
o
170
35
25
35
United States.,
(ircat Britain . ,
I-Vance
Germany
llussia
.\ustria
ji'i'iy
.Meat per inhabitant.
Licpior jier inhahi-
I tant.
f'^.io 10,6^1 7.
11.90 lO.K^X
J0.22, 17.97 -i.
' t-.l=; '3-57 "•
j;:
iifi
416
^[tain
Bel^^iuin. ..
^Holland '
.Denmark
Swed. and Nor.
Portugal '
iGreece, Turkey,
Australia...
Canatl;
Kiver Plltte
,\ll,'e.;;l
9.45
17.9S
9.62 ■
i7.6s'o..
17.25 22.S4
12.50 16.25
.V .So 50.83
•There arc, moreover, 2oomiliiim luishels of wheat urown in India
of which one-tenth is exported ; and he.-iides the wine cro|) here given,
the Ca()c [iroduces 41,4 million (gallons, and Maderia, Canaries, etc., 5
millions.
"-75
7-14
7-5"
21.10
1,1.30
2.02
6.60
- 1
-9;
12.05
S.33
6.r<,
M-59'6
.("^.ii 2
2, 02!
4-95 ■
"5
Geniral average 20.23120.190.01
Ex
171.00
7.S.26,
66.63
59-34
S5-'"
ai-54
26,(X.
37,r'x.
80.75
1 25. So
72.So
2S.S2
45.. «
7ix..(xi
153-""
iiS3.oi>
SS,oc.
51.00
1 19. in
S ASj
51. "5
.56."!
20. So
25-"lj
57,ioj
4S.401
S-^-iS:
51.10
2^.20
I
45 ooj
t20.00,
200, (XI
66 (X.
77.0( (.S.S7
I
,=;.29
0.74
0../1
32,35
6;
2
3.62
70, (X>
3,1 "1
lAl-'xi
S7i3
Wme.
(O.S4
13-S2
17.SS
0.40
17..S0
2.1(1
— j 0,02
0-93! 7 -.55
— 23.41 22
19.50
a S
0.60
0.51
lS.«)|
3.20I
0,03
7-.^"l
0,72
—
0.76
—
0.25
—
0.25
20.42
10. (O
2.00
i.So
0.75
i.p
—
o.u
0-33
6.20
3.10
2-95
6.56
6.53
7-20 1.52 I
32. IS'0,90
.5-iS|CS^S
■9.44 ' -35 ;
U.65 1.30I
6.25 0,60
"•75," .30j
— 0.25 '
;o.70 2.S0 i
S.75l»-9"
12. 50. (,20;
5.40 (.20 j
o 20 .
. 10
•.36
0.30
0,25 ;
o, 10
S.02 1.06
*rhe total length of telegraphs in 1S70 was 323,650; in iSSo,6o4/>IO| an increase
of about .J(J (>er cent, in the decade.
i'^f ,4
V.
1, 1 ^ .1
6yo
A'iUICULl'UUK, POI'lM.A'IKiN, ANIJ MANUKAC'I UKKS oi' AI.I, NATfONS.
V^
AGRICULTURAL AND PASTORAL INDUSTRIES
OF THE WORLD.
Cm NIHIKS.
(il(.M\ I'lLllVAlIoN
i.
r-
I7n i|
u * a.
I'ASTIIMAI, I'AMV'.Mi,
I'nilail StiiUs ' lojfi'i
(ircil llrituin ^ iuCki
Kratu'c ■|03fio
Cicnnuny I •(.!""
RtiHaiii is'^xn
Austria
iMIy
Spain
Hrl^iiim
llnlhui.I
Drniiiar
Hwiili II ami Norway.
Portugal
Gri'i'cf ,
Australia
Canatia
Ilivir I'laltc
South Africa
TlIK W'OHIJ
.17.1""
loS'Vi
JOIO
i7.t"
J070
■I,!'*"
'57"
(<.n
,H""
(ioo
4^4.** JO
3 }f"5
— si
5"t5
(.75
9.J5
4.7s
7-S"
(1,70
3-37
0/0
i.(o
rs.50
aj.n;
10,15
■ S.it
i.VSo
IJ.JO
.11-7'
aS.So
17.7^
17.S0
ii.'.f
iS.io
17.10
io.oo
19.no
'(.'JO
i
I
I7.0J j
. 1
■ « W !^
/. B
m C
315<"
.!''<«"
<■':
?'■'
WIJ
.Wi't
"J
yt
"1,11?
•'.l"7l
,i"
"1
I^Sixi
J5ioo
.t."!
55
iVloo
iv|Ofn
.15
""
um;
J141S
.n
r.
.?1<I»
7150
r J
'i
■55"
14000
<;
S
ij|j
5*'
ii
10
H*^'!
>n>
.17
'\
i.it''
i7J,i
/vS
ss
.wo;
.V7'''
(')
5"
S'.i
3417
ij
55
5-^
JKK)
.t
'.!"
7^79
0501 1
'■^7
J41.J
J7oi
.i!,li
"t
il
I^Sjo
T'""
f,,„
iSSo
17.I"
11700
13"
,s<»,
'S57"J
3>).\<''0'
43
lOIJ
Moth ^r>urin^ thi' piTioil from 1^70 to 1S.S0 the a^rrlrultiiral wialth of
the worlil iiuTcasiMl S.5S per I'l'nt.
INCREASE OF POPULATION SINCE 1870.
CnCNTKlKS.
United States
Great Hrilain
I'ViintL'
(iL-rmanv. ,
llussia (Kuropc)
Austria
Italy
Spain
Itfliriuni
llolianti
Sweden and \or\va\ .
Dinniark
Pnrtiii^al
Turkey, etc..
A\istralia
Canada
South Africa
South Anu-rira
TiiKWoKi.n..
l^d
5 O v;
a. *- u ii —
I £fac£
3S55S
3 "05
3"55t
tir/<i
737-'S
35')0|
2W.39
""'55'
5"5.^
357-1 j
'7S5
.?'>'■'
<i64S
iSjo
37'''3
5'*.'
I
2(700
I
9 to J
;j>lS
''5''S
.iioS
205!
,So
5^7
IS-!
-ii
5 TO
"'•IS
1.5"
3"7
liS
5'"
>5 £
2 ^1-
'ici
J 2c
l/i
H
e e
375'*'! 3"33'
3,192
"^'5
no
"87
'30
*11C)
3'-«
3"5
40
()f.
JOJ
14
7-'
1,205
5^^
.'jS
ju;
27(1
S"15j1
34505'
453f>7
SoiCio'
i
.V1175
5610'
' '1
,-,50^
4404'
240SS
2Srt.?
4»9S
•!5|S
,.i
"594:
.woo'
"■'[
4.301
'■'435^
3^71
■''>93:
"i
S''>7
3Sf'
.79,
43^
41"
1034
5.35 j
I
7S(^
141172.S 3(.59<,
.30.13
'"•57
1.67
10. .(rt
■^•73
0.11
".3"
0.50
11.2,i
io.~-;i
S.fV.
10.03
10 90
ll.Ai
73 -iS
3.''<
o 7'i
♦ Annexation of Bosnia,
CONSUMPTION OF COTTON, WOOL, FLAX,
JUTE, ETC.
K OI'M I4IU
United Stated.,
(ireat Itrilain,
V\
(ierniany
Itussia
Austria , ,,
Italy
Spain
HeliflutM
Ilollan.l
Scandinavia
Switzerland, < Jrcece, etc
UritiNh Colonies, t-te. ..
i.sto
.<30
iHSo
Is
iS7n
91 I! 20(
1101 1401 34J
270
lU
130
I/)
7"
4S
13
•IS
70
'"5
*%"<
40
35'
J05
'"5
.So
34
4"
I "5
7
•'3
20
35
■/I
a s
iS;o
I.SSo
1S70
iSSo
SI
'3
7.SS
1IIJ2
('4
l/io
7'f,
J 103
J.57'
K..S
,V<'
402
SCj
102J
i(>o
iih
305
"19
./«
311
170
2K1
,»93
5"*
'>5
IX)
9-
»63
.105
42
15
•15
100
149
49
1|
20
109
'(J
U
l.('.
14S
»7''
.101
'i
.50
55
f'7
75
s
17
19
rn
''7
7
.s
20
lift
no
.">o
5"
'5"
i(/'
40
I.S70
"54
.593"
7CC2
ie«j
NoTR. Durini; the period from 1S70 to iSStj tlw increase in th« niiniu-
lactures nf the worUl was iS.ftri ]ier ceitt.
MANUFACTURES OF ALL NATIONS IN MILLIONS
OF DOLLARSJN 1870 AND 1880.
C'ol.NTKIKS.
1
C
3
rt
t
c
'% '
•{'"^ 559
1S70 iS'to
1S70] 1
■iSu
iV
iSSo
I'liilL'l States
afvS 5.1°
2^122'
1
3'i.io
,13 iS
43")
lool
Clreat Hritain
944 1 010
rtov 754
■57'-'
116a
iSi)7
3133
3(vS7
C'-i
France
(ilS
f>52
l;;fij li;9
i;c8
313ft
2359; 223
lierni.inv
.14'
.(02
II JO
3".!
1119
'3'4
' ft.5"
2o7,S; 419
Russia
219
203
5S
73
720
7T<
'»
1114^ 117
v\ustria
Ilalv
'.5"
'75
40
'9
9 .
7.!
3'X
a(vS
7.54
4 '4
Si.).
IU02; III
.5'" 59
(■"^ 53
^l>ai"
S3
">7
24 j 39
.i7i
Heljiiuni
'3"
i|"
44 ''.1
'75
204
3.vi
4 '3 .;S
llollaiul
^4
31
■".'
3t
I'l 15
>4 31
140
11)9
I'll
21U
iSo
-57
2'i; 2;
N()r\vay antl Swetlen..
2-^7
30
Sivit/erlM, Cirecce, etc.
■i4
•^4
I5| '5
3S4
315
4-3
3*^4
■■
liritish t'olonies
"'
•'-•"
"'5
^.S 97
97
'4"
3"
.,oS
97
'I'llK WoKl.l)
.1774
15,37
220S
9-i-<
'
1262
1452ft
17344
3751
^v*-
ii.4 '
ml
If)
' IM
S"'
7S
"7
iiii
lyt'
■r'i
^1
t' I
KiO
.1"
"5
H
I"
M
H
7
IdfA
l.|i'
Kiiil
,V'''7 5"4
M5" ."3
jci7S 419
i
nil 117
nx)-v in
.V", 59
l.i'^l 5.!
■M.i S«
25
.,oS
30
97
3751
Ji^
691
INCREASE OF COMMERCE AND BALANCE OF TRADE
niKi's are
su|i|iri'Nst'd .
1^7".
rH.UIK..
Inrruiinr,
non'. an.
NupiirrMKi.il,
AvitH.\i»K iir
TkS \¥.\H»,
I'l'HMkMT III' tU'M.III.N
Col/NTHIKH
ron's iiri.
Slip|iri'NHl-ll,
iSSii.
lin|iiMl^.
i>7 .
I-.v|...rts.
I'^-.O,
S\ir|.|iiH Ifii-
.■.iiiii' 1S7C1,
'<nr|ilii.. I';»
Imrlril
.ill. f i"»7t»
UnlU'il Sl.itei
Sl7,noo
i,jii.,rs
"■3'3.5ST
5,W.'.V.
4o.s,'<»i
,ir«i,oio
.in.li"
i'»).l"5
.lu(.|..i
J77.,t"i
i'«i, IS"
,ts,.,j.i
<).'.(("
41.I.5J5
1, )(•(.««
i/m.i'o
l,ViS,|(„
r.^i.HO
r'7.'M"
Jl'i.lls
i'.7.-.7-
,t"".r;
l7f>,J7il
**j,7ii)
II.J.K...
I.t7."'5<i
13.'/" .35"
ri<7,ano
'75. ('1
l'',l.7"?
.ISI'""
,l'»(.'"i
ii.7,n,|n
Ji^i.'iJi!
iiil.S"?
"3.^75
""'I'sv's.'
H.7'"
(>s, 1 rii
<».7-!"
JI..WS
3.^*7 '.3 "5
5H,niio,nno
i,s.n,,in,.ini)
75s,s,u,(.»i
**i7, (ju,()i*i
;()l,r.(i),ii)()
,|S(>,i75,niKi
J|S,| n,(ioii
JtS.I li;,(NI 1
1111.71 .ii.iPIU
m,,|Si.i«iO
1 Jh, ||JII,(<K}
l.)iM"i,'«i<i
>-7,S7"."'>
l7n,i7o,ifMi
p,iiVv«ii
in|,,|ii(l,i<10
",.|,Vi.g3''.oo<)
^•<<i,ono,<ioo
i.t<J.I7iV"«
'.71, 171 .,01).
77).M5.() "
^Jl,fii>i;,(nf)
IX,', I5.KIO
|I/|,'H«1,(»M
ll)7,<>{(.,n.MI
iji,'\"i,nix)
1 1 l,"N,:.o: ti
lN,,71v««,
7J..);;,i««.
J|.Wv'>»>
J77.||'^.|«"
(>(,' ;ii,i<»i
jj.!,7/j,iw)
5i7'v.fli>.i«|<i
<irrut llriUiln
Kraiui!
1 J.t7".l7'
("J.'.i 1
CJeriiiiiry
HuMin..
AttRlriii
>
'>S7'i'<.V<'
^l,Sl l,( lit
Italy
....
i.Jjy.Ni .
Ilofliinil
Si.?'<).i«iO
JJi.7(".7'"'
Ji«(, i.)<,i«i
i^lV
iiui^iuiii •••■ ....
Spam and Portiij^:il
Norway and Sweden
Australia
Ciuiada
S.-'H.7"'
South Al'rica
i),iJit'<7<
335.|>V.?V'
J,M.)I,'.5I1
i.'MJ.lvt.Ho
South America
,lSl,l;l,J,51«l
Tmk Wokld
■n,ii)j,i5(i
iKii,>« ,7fii
♦ Down to iSTStlie United States ha<l expnrted $17'»i |'>S»ooo, Init In tlie vlmfh iS^(;uiid iSSo the net Importation w»h iilMnit ^ijs.ifKviro. On the
other hand ^rcitt Itritain no lon^'er iinpurtii hullitui, hut exported $3't.o55,o(H} hince 1^71^.
GOLD AND SILVER COINS OF THE UNITED
STATES AND CHANGES IN COINAGE.
Gulil Coins Anthori/.l'tl Ity Law.
Dmililu-iajfle Marrh i, iSjg
haj^lL', April J , iTui
|.;a>jli',Jiiric .jS, is^j
Eu^k', Jamiarv 1^,1*^,^7
Ilalf-t'aj{li', April 2, 179.;
llalf-ia^fk', Jmii.. jS, 1^54
Hair ra(.rk.,Jiiiuiary iS, iSt7
'rhrLT-dnll.ir pici-c, l*"cb. ji, is^^.
(tiartir-eai;k', April 1,171)^
C^iiarter*uai{k', June iS, iS(4
(tiarlLT-uayk., January iS, lSj7..,
Uullur, March ,\, 1S41)
Silver Coins.
Dollar, April 2, 1711J
Dollar, January, i'-,i7
[Coinage Discontinueil by
Trade Dollar, Feliruarv n, i.''73...
Hall dollar, April 2, 1793
Half-dollar, Jamiarv iS, iS^j
Half-dollar, l-'eliniarv ii, 1^.5,1
Half-dollar, Feliruary 12, iSjj .,..
Quarter-dollar, April 3, 1792
Qiiarter-dollar, January iS, 1S17...
tiiiarter-d(dlar,*l.\'bruary 21, 1^5^..
Quarter dollar, Kehruary !,(, iSr^..
'J'wentv-eent piece, Marcli 3, i."i75
Dime, April 3, 1792
Dime, January i\ 1S37
!)iiile, February 21, 1^5;,^
Dime, l-'ebruary 12, 1S73
Half-dinu', April 2, 1792
Half-dime, January iS, iSi7
Half-dime, February 21, 1853
Fine
Weiyllt
ness.
1) i>
(iriiiiiH.
SI"
Dl'i-'i
270
HlhH
JS't
iimt
'^''
SKi-i
135
yw"4
129
DO.
129
1 XI
JU
■^wU
(HH
900
'M'i
900
aS.'^
.S92.4
(lo
9.0
\'2'i
Total ain't coined
tojan. 30, 1S70,
COIN MINTED SINCE 1870.
Cdf.NTKIKH.
••$7"5."5''',7('' '
.- . . ^'1,051,120 (
r'
'v.3M,'>'^' '
i,ai)5,.V»S 1
^">7"*"',V7" I
iy3i3."^ <
■'*,'>I5>'<3^ 1
act of February 12, 1S73.]
I'nlted States
Oreat Ilrltain
Austrati^t
(ierinany*
Au-.lria
Kr.ince
Uussia
Iteli;ium
Holland
Italy
N'tirwayand S\\idt r
.Mexico, Peru, etc. . .
Japan
India
TlIK W'mii.i) . . .
Gall).
j 39I,I4''',™'0
11(7,510,000
I33,3i'i.'«">
42t,2i^,<in<i
' .it.3.'S.'»«i
i'i".l'"i,75i>
121,030,0:0
! Sfi,J72 vo
s^3''''•"'|"
7.!;'^Mix)
10,703. coo
I0,21'.,cx)0
5,3.'! 1, 500
' ('*",'ino
Mlver.
Total.
I52,'<s>l,,oo
.Ml.o"|.3n<>
3l,f>22,5(l>
220 l|l,5.«l
133. V'l.O"!
102,051, ^,„
5Jo,V ^""
7i.'-7,'!."""
.,7,to>.,.««>
'H.Nll.v.,
250, (.,,,250
|Soj,.,.».,
170,2^. .,,1,0
l",Ji7.';^'"
120, ),j«(.orKi
i,7i,o.»i
50.3; 1.""")
30.5.)O,2V'
l7.l~->"^"
10,210,IXM>
2o.0'9,C^Mt
111,327,511)
I-:|.5I3.S'<>
22, t7o,(NIO
27,7(0,5...
|S|,S-o,lM]ll
i'<v3;"..V«)
i,'.2i,557,i'ijo 1121.231,050 l2,5|2,7'<^,7oi)
iWO
420
S92.4
20-*
<)00
2001;
l/X)
102
1X»
192.9*
S.J2.4
'<-\
./X)
to\%
t^X)
■>'
900
c/,,.,5
l|C»)
77.10
SoJ.t
.(I.O
.)r»l
■t<V,
iX/1
.i-<-t
i)i»l
.^'i.S'i
>*.).!. 1
20,S
000
20>i
<)0O
19.2
■. 15.413,450 '
.. 109,123,190 ;
.. 27,1^,9(6 ;
(o'/T t;raiiis)
15 jrrmj,)2f»i,|iS I
PRECIOUS METALS, PRODUCTION SINCE 1870,
(cUMHIKS.
United Stales
Australia
Mexico, l*eru, iti' . .
Kussi.i, ell-
TiiK WoHi.n
.. i4,o'^'>,7i''
Production of Iron and Steel Works in United States.
[Coinajje discontinued by act of I''ehruiiry u, i'^?,!.]
Three-cent piece, Maicli .^, 1*^50.
'lliree-cent piece, March .^. i^S.l.
750
ifOO
I '-'-^ I '-
' 11.52 I I .. i,2'*i,"*5n
2S
* The lialf-<lollar authorized by llie law of I'lhru.irv 12, iS7(. wciulis
12VJ yrains, and etpial.s half the value of the tivr-lranc pieces ot 1-Vance,
Hel^mni ami Switzerland, the live-lire of Italy, five-pi-seta of Spain,
five-draclliua of Greece, and equab the (lorin of .-Nustria.
Ihon and Stkki. I'koui its.
Census year Census year
Piir iron and caslin;;s from furn.ice
All ])ro.lucts of iron rolliiii^ mills..
Itessiuier sic, I fun si led proiiu.ts . . . ,
Open hearth steel lipished products
CriicibU: steel tiuislu-d products. . . .
Illisicr and ..Ih.r steel
I'roilucts ol foi^esand blomaries...
Total
Net Tons.
3,7Si,o2i
■',353,'+S
8S<>,S9(.
93,143
7".!")
4....V.
7-'..';.>7
7,205,110
.Net Tons.
2,052,'^2 1
l,ltl,"*.!3
I9>^"3
2S,o(k;
1 >..l
1-1
<fC[ I r
•'f
, fli
I.
il
.^; i
r (
l;i; ^
693
rilK 1 INANCIAI, HIS'1'{)K\ oK I'lIK I'NMTKP SIAI'KS.
THE FINANOIAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.
From Washington to Hayes, Showing the Public Debt, Gross Revenues, Expenditures, Inipo ts and Exports.
V'r. I'm Sim NT.
17'M)j\\'.i.sliiti^l'n
171x1 \V.is1iiiu,''ii
i7'Ji W'.isliinyt'ti
170J W'.isliiii^t'n
'7'^.> \'v isliinj^t'ii
17'M \V.i>lliiii;t'ii
171J5 W.i^luii-l'ii
i7iX','.V l^.IU[lJ;t■|l
17.17 K>lin A,l,.in-
r;')'^ Jiilm Ail.un
I7t>) Idhii .\ilaiii>-
iStKl
Pini.if
111 lU.
iSol
i-o.)
lSt)(
1S15
iSixi
lSi7
lohii Ail.lin>
T.J.lkrs
TtJclVursiin.
r.J>lUrs,.„
r. Ji-OiTSdn
r.Jillirsmi.
T.JilViisim
T.JitK-rsun
lS.i^,'r.Jcll'crsim.
iS«j J, Madison.
iSu'J. M.ulistin.
iSii|j. Madisi.n
iSu
iSij
1S14
1S15
iSld
1S17
iSi.S
I Si,,
iSjo,
1S21
iSij
iSi.i
lSi|
J. M.ulison.
J. Madisiin.
J. Mailison.
J. Mailisoii.
J. M.ulis.in.
J. Mmiror. .
J. Mitnrdc
J. Monroe. .
J. Monior.
J. Monro.'..
J. Monroe.
J. Monrof..
J. M.mroo..
I
iSj; I. (1. Ailam.s
I
lS;o J. (i^.Nil.lni-
7.;.t".i.l7
77.-'-'7i')-l
■sivii;j,",u
^^'.717
^t.7'-',i-J
.'>j,w.,|,|7
7'>>-!-'<.5-
7s, |oS,t.„
>;-M.)7-.-"l
•'^.i.ujS.oji,
So,7i2,(»jj
77,05 (,..S„
So,.tJ7,ijo
Si,3ij,i5o
75,7i,i,J7o
'■.i.iy'.Ji7
.';.l.i73-'i7
•ts,<«i.';..';'*7
•t5-'"9w.C
5.>.')"-'.S-!7
Si,.tS7,-^l'
l!l VKNl'.s
S,7t<>.7'<'
S,7Jci,(c.,
10,0-11,101
o. llo,N>,:
!>,7t"..!-"
,S,7;S,„n
S,Jlxy,U70
l2,oji..45o
l-^.l.Sl.l'*!
■-'."tSrI.yi
i5,(Kii,3c;i ij,j70,oS|
ii,oo(,(>j7 1 i,.*5S,f>s^
Hxi'Kvn
1 n lu s.
0,1(1,5'
7.5-"..^;
•'.3<".i-l
I'M.iS."",'
^^..i"7.77'
S,oi(i,ou'
S,'n,i.5i7
11,077,01;
ii,oS,,,7j,,
i.',J7.i,.i7"
l..\l-(,KTS. iMI'llHm.
n,,S.(5,S(o
Ij,oSy,5oS
IS.toSf'.!.''
•^*i,19*^,'iiy
i7."'A5ll
1J,(.J|,0,0
'.i.7J7.'-l
iS,o7o,iH),i
ll|29i,,!l>i
>",7"l..^~^l
7w7.i.l7.t,M.-~>"7.-i-"
i2,i.H,jc<.|,3,j.9,.>si,
'!• (.!'•'*,)'' iji'iii,"^'^
2J,'\i0,O,iJ
■l".5-'t.^H
il'^V'-.v!''
Ji,27i),l.'l
,W,n.io,5-'
.iS.ojS.j;,
^ S",'/'i,-;.i7 .io,5Sj..|o.;
'-■7.,Ut.-i,i.V 57.i7M-"j»S,j.tt,('.)5
ij,i,.K)i,.)(.5l .u,\i.l..w4tf'iS77,fit"
i'y.t'".'',!.i -".S^.i.').!"
"1,1115.5"''
S.),.>'<7.|.!7
'i.i.51".''7"
.«i,S;5,S;;
i).i,-.fHi.777
■'*,i.7-^'<.|,!-
Si,o5(,o5.)
iSj7 1.(1. A.lan.sj 7.i,oS7,357
iSjS J. H.. Ail.iin .
iSjy A, Jackson.
iSjo'v, Jackson.
1S31 ,,\. Jack.-on.
iSu A. Jackson.
iS 5 ('A.Jackson.
iSj,JA,Ja. ;.s,.„.
1^35 A. Jackson.
iS;') .\. J.icl(.soii.
'•7.l7';,iMi
5M.".|i,i
.(S,505,.,,»,
.V).i J.I. I'll
7,0.11,0,;..
4,7fKi,(>Si
3; 1,2^.1
201 .nSj
jo,ssi,4ii.i
'"•.';7,1.7".i
jo,j,;.!.(..7
20,5.(0,1x0
2(,,iSl,212
2O,S.(0,S5S
•:.=;•."'".•(.! I
22,lXVl,,)0,i
2.(,7ri,i,(.2.)
2(,s;27,rj7
J(,S(.(,i,(,
iS,5j(i,Sjo
.ii.~^'.v5"
.V!.'>t'*.|J'
■!i,7yi.'AiS
.iS.l.l"."^7
-;|.-'i'5,i5'
i._i,oi.',n) 1
-•ii.7.';j.>».''
-".'iM.57-
.i.i.02",2,i
I7.'>'~'i.(7
(7,(yk(,i«,;
5i.,S5o,jw
oi,5J7,o,j;
7-'^."'.S.5--
7"."7'i.7'-'<
i.i.(, 115,1125
7.!.-|.'^3."
55,-xxi,o':.i
77.''"M'7I
'.i.i..S''".oJi
i"i.5.i'V./'.i
'"•^.J-UiiSi
.•j,.(!o,,i(.
5-.-".i..i.i,i
'l.'!,! '57,07. .
(il,,jio,SS3
.i'^..^-!7-'.!''
2_;,04X1,000
J.1,J.>1,IXX1
31,5(X1,(KX1
Jl,tXKl,<XXl
? (.000,1X10
'V,7V'.-''''^
t*l,(.l".l"l
75..'i7''.l""
(.s,55,,7,,o
79."S>.'I"^
9i,25j,7f.s
■".3".i..?i,i
7''..Ui.i'"
'M>""".''i,i
1^5,01X1,. no
1-'0,<XX1,(KX>
12.1, (IO,<)(X>
ljS,5tX1,0(Hl
5".'Ai"."""
5.i,.|i«i,c««
S5,-((«.,<x<.
5J,(ooa««i
77,.\;o,(xxi
22,CX)5,(XfO
i2..j05,(x>7
.''.'•,1.17. 7vi ii,i,o(i,2ixi
.S|,.120,.(52 147,1. 3,0(0
,^7,071,51,.
15,i.),(,,>i75 .,i.;,2Si,i5j
2.(,ixi(,i.>i 7".'ti.5"'
21,763,021 f'*i//il/^'yl
ii;,«x\.57-' ''4."71..!'*-
i7."7<'.S''- 7-M'x).-'^i
i.v.iit.i7' 7 1. ''»»).",>"
.{i.^.i-^.S.!"^ 75.'i'^'."57
■:,',. S'^S.^'I "i..';j5..!'^~^
.!t,>"3iJ'>^ 77.5'».S..!--'
2j,05r,,7(i( 82,32 (,727
-•.^.•IS".47'l ".'.-''4.'''^'
J.i,"H-,i.i'^ 7--.l.^'*.'7i
io.,i3S,.H" .^i,3'o.5'*.;
3(.IS''.'V~* *>7.i7''M)l.i
2(,257.J.(S ./),l.(o,((3 loS,ll.'^,311
2.(,'«ii ,.>S2 1 Ki(,33o,.i7 i 120,52 1 ,332
i7..';73,i4i|'-i.''"'3'.S77 l|''.■'Hl.=;■7t-
^.).s.^s,rOl :i2S,frfi3,oio iSj.<)S,.,oS5
1 2 1 ,75.i,txx)
S7.'JVi«<>
74.4.?'V»'
'^.5^5.7.! I
S3.-'4'iS4i
77.579..«''7
8<),54'ii"<'7
i/), 3(0, 075
■'<4."7 1-477
7i,,(S(,.«vS
SS,5o<),S2(
74.l"-'.5-7
70,^70,1^20
i"i,i9'.i-'4
101,02.;),21X»
Vr
I'ld-SlliHNT.
lS;7 A'. lnr.ui.il..
IS ;S \".iiiltur.n..
iSj./X'.mllurcn..
iSji.A'.inHurcn .
iSjijW, Harris. m
i'<|2j.'lylci-....
,S,,; J. Tyler....
iS.i(J, -lylcr....
,.S.|5J. K.I'oIk..
,S|. J. K.l'.ilk..
iS|7!j. K. P..lk,
Prime
IMi.r.
1,^7^.223
4,\s7.'"
",'.l^i.7.!
.5.'-5."7
".737.3'''^
i5,..2S,,v„
-'7.-"3.|.S.
^4.7lSi^''
i7.'-'.1.7"(
io,75,.,.,2o
3'*.'JS"."-M
■l'^-iJ"..i7"
6(,7.i(,(.ii
(i|,22S,a3S
02,51x1,3.15
65,1(1, (.,2
'.7. 1 ("."-•''
.(7,2|2,2.<.
.Vl.'i' 9.7.1 1
3 1.^7-'. 5 17
2.S,(«/,,S3 I
.((,9 11, as I
5"*.4»".'*.i7
<x(,S.(2,2S7
i_).i,5.So,S73
5-'l.i7".4i-'
,119.772,13s
■^ 15.7s 1.37'
,(iS.i.O|7,.Sr,;
Ukvi Nl U.S.
iSjSj. K.IN.Ik..
iS|,, /. Taylor...,
iS^o M. !""illiii.irc.
1S51 M. I'Mlinor.'.
M. iMlhiuir. .
I'". I'icr.-c. . . .
iS-[ I-". Pierce. . .
iS5:; |.". Pi. Tec . . .
iS-f. •1-'. I'icrcc,. .
I. Itiiclianan.
1S5S j. Bucllaiian.
■^5'> J ■ Hiidianan.
i,S6o J. Jtnchan.m,
1S61 .\. Lincoln. .
iS(i2 .\, Lincoln..
lSfi3 A. Lin.'oln..
iS:'>,( \. Linc.tlii.,
l.'^'-s .X. Lincoln.. J
iS<xi .\. Johns.in . . 12.7.13. -3'''t i73
iS<,7 .\, J.,linson..U'i7''>iJ".i»3
l.S(>S ,\, Johnson.., 2."ii '''^', ,•■^51
tSfj V. S. (;rani..'2.5"*'<.45.'.^i3
,4s. ,,072,, 1 27
lS7i'ir..S. Grant.,
1S72 ir. S. Grant.,
1873 U. S. Grant.
i>'7l I'. S, Grant.,
''^75 I'. ^^. (iranl.
i'^7'' V. S. fM-ant.,
i'.77|r. li.Il.iycs
iS7''|li. n. Hayes
1^71 It. U.I
i.SSo
iSSi
1SS2
1SS3
II. II. Il.iyes
J.2V.U.irlieia
C. .\. .\itliur
-•.3.';3..'i',.U-:
,253,251,32s
2,23(,4S2,I)33
2,251,'»xl,4'iS
.1.232,284,531
2,iSo,3(,5,iyx.
2,20S,,i01,3.12
2,25'^205,S,^2
.:.-'4S.4''5.i'7-'
2,I,(3,2Ul,.,17
7,1 20,4 i5,.^7o
i,9iB,)i2,i)()4
-7.~^'^3.'*.s.i
3.i,oM),3S2
33,ss,,242
25."3J. "13
30,51.1.(77
34.77.!.7I4
2..,7S2,4io
3'."^'^.555
2o..i(i,S53
2il,(«l.|,IX'7
55..i.i'*."'S
5o,.«i2,,(7,i
5i,,7.y,,s,,2
•l7.fMy.3S'^
sj.7i''.!.y"i
49,'<93,ii5
<.I,5.X1,I02
73,So2,291
''5.35'. 37 1
7(.o5fvS.i.i
(.S,./«l,2 12
7".37-=.f'<'5
.'^i.75^.5.=;7
7f.,S4i,.(07
S3.37'.'M"
5S 1, 67.^,9 1 5
-''~*".37'l.'''S.'
1,302,51x1,710
i.'^"5.').('W45
7ii.S.S4,,73
I, l3i,.yxi,(;2o
i."3".7l''.5i"
'xx^,^2l,.S2S
fxXi,729,973
(■.52,.X)2,4r»S
''7'). 1.53.921
5(.S,(i.,9,221
72S,75i,2yi
"75.97 ■.6"/
'«Ji.S5'.'^73
630,27s, 167
'i"2,3l5.o'><>
i,o«i,o34,S27
5lS.340iVi3
,|So,9|.i,( 23
5u.j,ao.i,477
I'xi'i xni-
T( lll.S.
37.-"'5.",!;
,i'>.455. 1.i7
37.''it.'i.ti
-"<..:-'"..5.i.i
3i.7"7..5.i'
3-.9,l''.~'7'
12,llS,lo5
.U.'n^o"
3o,,(./i,4.iS
27,032,2S2
<x.,S2.i,S5i
<xi,"55.i43
S(.,3»i,422
.H,<xi(,/iS
48,47(1, m(
40,712,1x^8
.54.577.""!
75.473,1 "9
''■'."'4,775
73,i-\5,'i44
7'."7'.7i3
.Sl,<x/l,521
-'i3,75's"J"
7(1,984,8.(8
85.283,744
S7",SS9,'4i
Sj5,S22,3rxi
i,295,8.>t,(.5'i
1.'/ '7, "7 '•.!""
i.i4i.<'7.'.77"
i,.«i3,. 17.1,(155
1,270,884,173
5'*-l.777.'W'
702,907,842
691,(10/1,858
682,525,27.1
5i4.<M4.5"7
7'x;, 198,93.1
fiS2, 000,885
7■4.44^357
565,2(>;,8<>8
5./),(x(i,27i
./Xt, 393,6.12
700,233,2,40
4.(8,281,819
r.xriiHTs.
5aij,637,7j.)
117,41.1,37'
l.i8,48o,(.if
I21,o8S,,(H
132,oS5.o;(
12l,851,S,i;
10(,(x^l,531
84,3.((.,i.So
Il!,200,a((.
1 i,(,(i.(6,(i(Xi
ii3,488,5i(.
I58,(x(3,622
'54."3.'.;3i
145.755.820
15l,8.>8,7.^.
2l8,3,'S8,oi 1
2i«l,".58,.)'"
2io,.,;7o,i57
27S,24i,c<i4
.'7S.iS'i,»4"
32(i,./>4,ixxs
3f'2,./Kl,(xvS
3.'4,'+l,4-i
35".789,4"i
.(00,I22,2i;7
^43,'.>7'..'77
210,688,075
.'4". 997.47 1
-• 13.977. .5N
."".558,37.'
42.1, 101, .(70
4.(8.577.312
45l.,i"i.7'3
413.'/'!. "5
4<W.'X)2,143
502,518,651
.549,.>i9,7'-'*
(07, 088,41/1
''54,9i3,+(5
'X15.574.8.53
5'/'.890.97.t
".58,".i7,4.57
728,(X15,8,)I
735.436,S'*.'
852,781, 5'7
.)2l,78(,i,,3
799.951), 574
IVr.lRTS.
I (....^(,217
■i3.7i7.l"4
10 ',-5,2, 132
II 7,(. (1,519
'-7.94". 1 77
i.<i,i52,oS7
'14.7.53.799 I
I"."*. 135,035 I
■17,J5(,5''4 I
i2i,(x)i,797 '
'4'''.5IS.'\!8 I
>54,9.>8,,j2S I
H7..'*57.439 I
i7S.>,!8.3iS (
216,224,912
ii.>.945,44'
:j67,978,647
30 (.562,381 ;
261,468,520
3'4,'^.!9.9(2
3(ki,8.jo, 141
282,613,150
33'*,7''8.'30
362,166,354
3?5.''So,i!;.'
a"5.77'.7J9
252,.)1.J,.J2I1
3-9..5"2,.s<,5
J (8,555."52
415. 51.!. 15'^
417.8,(3,575
371, (.24,808
437.3 '4,.'55
4'n.377.5J*7
.54i.493,7'>S
''40,338,';(x,
'^'3.'"7.'47
505,861,248
.551.906,153
470,677,871
■192,097.540
4(Xi,872,8|6
■('i'i>073,77S
760i98>,,o56
7.v5.-'4".i.i5 1
7ft7,iii,.)(i4
* The ti(rur.-s ^iivcn Ironi 1850 t.i 1S79, inclusiv.., are (Von: tile rep.irl ot
18S.1, an.l can li.. r.lic.l n|ion as correcl. Tile uiuuunts (jiven uiuler liea.l
li.is n.il heen .le.lii. le.l IV. nil aiiioiint.
iiliil Slierinan, Secretary .it' the I rc,isiir\', to ih.: .S.aiate ..!' 111.* I'. .S., JniU' 1.1'
of I'ulilic Debt, re{ire!iuut all outstan.liie^- (irincipul. The cash in Treasury
C
^TES.
UTS.
).,!7'
o.rnr
|i'
I., |N
\S"
.il
■</)
\OI 1
'57
1,1/4
'•,«('•
l.l-il
S,(>7S:
7.47 1 1
7.SN
SJ7''
1.17"
7.3'.'
i,7i.i
I. "5;
M'S
<.4'/'
!.+l5,
t.S5.ii
^97,i
r.457
!,^!»'
.5'7
.I'M
1.574
IMVDHTS.
1 (i..i/;<),ii7
M,i.;.7,.(i)|
i'"..y.M3J
i'7."|i.Si'.'
i-'7.'>l".i77
'M.75.i.7yy i
">^.U5.035 I
i2i,<ji}i,797 I
'4'''.5(S."3'< I
'54.W'*.yjS I
■47.-^57.439 I
I7S."3S,3'8 I
nC7,<,7S,r47
3'"(-5"i.3Si
261,468,520
3i4.''39.9M
3(»,Syo, 141
2^2,61^,150
33'<.7'^.'3i'
362,166,354
31S.''So.'S,'
a"S.77'i7«>
252,1)11^,921)
,iJ9,5f.2,Si)5
415.51.'. 15^
4'7.**33.57S
.i7i,"24,S(iS
437.3 i4..'S5
4"^.377.S'*7
54 '.493.70**
<M0.338,7'J6
«''3.6i7.i47
5i;5,S6i,34S
SSi,9o6,i5j
.|7(.,677,S7i
49J.097.S40
4«'),S72,^(6
4'*.073.775
76o,yS>),o5(i
75i.-'l".i.'5
767,111.1)1.4
' r. S., Jmiu> 111'
all in Trcusury
^
'i.
_^
Cl
.»•
'
A POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. r,.)3
?^
'
Showing the Number ol Votes Cast, both Popular and Electoral, lor nach of the Cnndidalcs Inr President and Vice President, from the Foundation ol the
Government to tho Present Timn : Together with an account ol the Number ol States Voting at Each Election.
*
•<
■jr
H
»
ji
^
S
^
f*^
^77
r
-5-
?
rr
■f^
-
3"
P
71
^
Caiulid:ltis
"X
n
§
Candidates
S
-
"T
3
.^
Candid. lies
]
J
i'anilitlates
n'
5
n
for
^
3.
lor
P
for
51
P
for
'i
Q
ij
:
m
*^
PresiileiiL
5^
i
\'ice President.
'■
■
1S2S
21
r
President.
.5
Vice President.
^
V
17.'%)
"73
V.
(Ieo.\\';isliiiii;ton .
(.)
20,
I).
Andrew Jatksoii..
't;
"47.2,! 1
-7^
I.e. i'athoim
v.
Ji.lin .\dailis ...
.V»
R.
J. t^ Adams
5iK),i«)7
S( Uiehard Rush ...
I.-."
.Ii'linj.iv
K. II. Il.irrisoii.. .
.lollil Hutk^e. . . .
^ u
i)
'M-'
2|
2^.^
I).
.\iulrew Jaekson..
15
Will. Smilli
M. \'aii Ibiien. . .
I'M)
...
.... ^ t.^ ....
"•^7.5"^ 211)
A, 1..
.Ii.llli ll.llU'lH'k... .
'.'.'.'. is^ ::.'.
■t
U.
Meinv Cl.iv
jj.dm I'lovd
) Win. Win. ...
7
S,io,iS.,
t"
lolin S.ir^icnl
4')
A. l'-.
(ieii. (.'lintoii
S. Iliintin^ilun.. ,
£Z M
i
A.M.
1
\ .13. '"•'^
11
<
Il.nry I.ee
.\mos |..llmakcr..
1 1
7
A. l'-
Jiillil Milton
br ■>' ■ '
.... =e:h ...
V.uaneies»
Will. Wilkins....
3"
A. I'-.
J. Arinslroiij^
Ilicij. I.iiieohi
c- "
:::: ill ::::
^ i. y
1
i
J
V.
■gp
I
isv.
20
-'X
n.
M. \'an lltiren *'
i.t;
7" '.54"
170
It. M. Johnson'" .
b'r. (;rani;er
147
A. F.
Kdw'il IVir.iir....
♦ S'5
, W. 1 1. IIani>on
7
7,!
77
\'aeaiu ii-s'
"■1
... u bi - ■ ■ ■ •
.... -S^HI ....
•■•• Z^l ■■■
■1
w.
\ llu^h I,. While
J
[ 73f'.".5"
2f>
John iyler
47
'79'
15
'35
V.
<^i-o. Washington.
John All. mis
€Jg
'32
77
50
"i D.mM Webster..
' W. P. Manunm
1
t
1|
1 t
Win. Smith
'i 1
11.
tieo. Clinton
-la
lS.pi
211
."'1
\v.
W. II, UarrisonU
Ui
1,275,017
■"31
John Tyler
'■^
R.
Tlios.JetVerson
^ — .2
..:: Ill ;:::
•t
I).
M. \'an Ihnen....
t
1,12,S,70J
(.1
It. M.Johnson....
U.
Aaron Itiirr
^is
1
L.
Jas, (J. llirney
7.0.V)
. . .
\'. nancies*
John Ailanis
i^.i's;
ii.'w. Ta/ewerL'.
Jas. K. Polk
:l
i79f.
10
'3"<
K.
3 '3 3
3
71
.... u y ••••
cS£ ....
.t
1
It.
Tlios. Ji'dersnn. ..
■•■• .£^.0
f.S
iSh
20
^75
n.
jas. K. Polk
IS
'..U7.''43
fii
(ieo. M. n:illas ..
170
V.
K.
Thus. Pinrkney..
Aaron lliirr . . ..
m
.... „.^
... u u ■■•
u uJi
5'i
w.
ilenrv Clay
J. IS. (t. Hirnev
1 1
l,200.0liS
<.2.J1».
"'■5
T. |.'relin)jhiiysen
'05
•••1
K.
Sanil. Aila.-,^ ....
|J20
.... f-S" ....
'5
1S4S
v
J.»
\v.
/aeh. Taylor'ift. ..
It;
l,\'«Moi
"M
M. I'"illiniore. . . .
'"3
A I'-.
Oliver I',lls\vo,th.
SjJu
.... w.-u ....
11
1).
Lew Is Cass
y'$
i,22o,i;)4
127
Wm. t). Ilutler...
"1
11.
(ieo. t'lint'in
I'hnJ.iy
J.nncs IiimIcII
(ico.Wii.shiiiijton
Jt.hnlliniy
.... BcP. ....
7
K. S.
M. Van Hut en
21)1, 20,1
I'liiis. b. Ail.ims.
I'-'.
.... g^l ....
5
1S52
3'
21)0
I).
\V.
V. 1).
l-'raiiklin Pierce. .
WInlield Seoll.. ,
John P. Ilalu
^7
1
i,'«>i.47'
'i5".i4"
-51
4-'
Win. R. Kiiii;",
Win. .\. (ir.ili.iiu.
(.CO. W.Juli.in ..
1-".
S. jtilinsoii
JfSrS
:::: i^* ::::
1
1^50
3'
2'V"
1).
Jas. Ilni'hanan —
H)
i.'<.(S.i'«)
174
J.C. Itreckimiil^e
'74
F.
C C. Piiickiu'y. . .
£:-^f
.. . I'^-;- ....
1
K.
I. C. I'n inoiil.. . .
1 1
1,141,201
114
Wm. 1,. Davton..
114
iSoo
ir.
'3^
U.
Tlids. j.-flcrsniiS .
-'
- m-:..
A.
'M. Killmuru
1
^71.5(1
.K
A. J, Donetson. . .
s
R.
A. mm" liiirr
/.*
'. I
iV«i
U
."'.i
U.
A. I.irictiln
'7
i,S''".ii;2
iSo
11. Ibimlin
l.So
I'\
Join. A.la.ns
:::: ^^n::.
C 7j w
t).
I>.
J.C. Hreckcnridfje
11
f<-l5.7"3
72 lo^epli I.ane
7J
h'.
C". ('. I'inckiu'y. . .
t>.\
c. c.
|.dm Hell
.\
5'<».5'*i
.V) I'lilw. PA-iTctt
,WI
!•■.
Jolmjay '. . . .
^■i'i-
.... ^^^ ^ . . . .
1
1. 1>.
S. A. Dun^rlas....
i
'..175.157
12
II. V.Johnson ., .
12
1S04
17
17"
II.
Thns. Ji'lVcrsnn.. .
t '. C". f'iiu-kiiry.. .
'5
2
^ ^ <r. -J
102
(ii'o. Clinton*
162
|S6|
.!"
t'l
K.
A. I.lneoln"
ti
2,210.0/1-
212
Andrew Johnson.
212
K.
1 1
Uul'iis Kin^
I't
I>.
(;. It. MeClellan..
X
i,SoS,72i;
21
(i. 11. PcniUiton.
21
iSaS
'7
■7"
K.
Jaini'S Mailison. , .
12
M U) U k-
lit
(ii'o. Clinton
in
V.uanciesi". . ..
11
Si
^' 1
K.
V. C Piiukiu'v.. .
5
s^^.l
47
Utitiis Ktnu:
John I.anjjiion. , .
47
iSl)^
37
317
U.
IT. S. (Jrant
i/>
3.015.071
214
Scliiivler Collax .
■" 1
K.
Uvo. Clinton
<.
y
».
lloratin Sevinonr
s
2,7o»,<ii3
Si,
F. P. niair.Jr...
So
° u X tl
j.iiiiis Mailisori. .
jatiu's Munnii-, ..
3
''*7-
(7
,i"''
K.
Vaeaiuie.s'"'
V, S. l.rant
,1
3.5"7."7i
23
2'«.
Ilenrv WilsonSO.
■'I
2S0
^
Vacaniv*
3 C i»l '-.
I
1
D.M..
Horace (ireelry.. .
(1
2,>'34.'>7"
II. <;ral^ llr.iun..
47
l3l2
iS
21S
U.
Jiiriu-s Mailisiin...
12S
l':.(Krry«
>,v
1).
Cli.is. O'Connor. .
20, pi^
Ceo. W.Juli.m...
A. 11. Colipiiit. . .
t;
K.
IT itt Clinton...
7
10
3
S.)
J. Injjt-r'sol
s
T.
Jiunes Black.-
5.'«>'<
S
iSif.
11)
221
K.
F.
.u-ancy'
Janu's Monroe.. ..
Kiitus Ki')^
C y— u
1
34
1). I>. IViinpkin.s.
J I*-. Mowanl
J.iir..-s Itoss
J. Marshall
1
J2
r. A. Hendricks.
W, Vn.W/. Hrown..
t.".J. lenkins
iS
2
Jim. .M. I'.ihncr...
T. v.. Ilr.iinletle..
W. S. (iri.csbeck.
3
3 1
' j
'.'.'.
S
4
David Davis
1
W. 11. Mackin...
N. I». Hanks
I i
1
Vacantirs". .. .
4
2'1
Koht. G. ll;irpiT.
.1
1
1S70
3'*
S'V
T».
Vacancies'*
R. B. 1 laves"....
il
4.'i,13.-'"s
i'<5
W. A. Wherlir..
14
iSs
[). 1). Tonipktns.
iRici
■!(
<iS
U.
Jaiiu's Mdiirof
M
'^■~ -^
1
Uiih. Stmklon...
s
I .
S.J.Tilden
'7
4,2S(,2(,^
1S4
T. A. Ileiulricks .
rS4
0.
J. Hj. Aiiams
1 " "'s
DaiiM Uoihuv
Uoht C.Mai-mr.
Richard Rush. .
1 j_
Peter Cooper. . . .
.Si,7p.
■^. u 3 8
3
•(
p!
<;. C, Smith
11.522
3
1
1
1'<S,
i*^
,t'v
R
Scaltcnnir ..
I., \.<ri-j..i.rj»
W. ;,. Ilanc.hk..
IV
2,'.).
4.(5".')2i
214
Chester A. Arthur
J''l
Viuancies*
.i
I>
IV
4,4)7, '<SS 155
Wm II: |..n);li,h.
'55
III
(i
JaiTics B. Wc.iver.
3"7.71"
11. J. ( haiiiliers. .
P
Nc.il Dow
"'.,1".5
11. A. rlionipson.
1S24
2)
i6l
R.
Aiul'w Jackson*".
I. VJ. AiVmis
"W.lHrawtoril.
10
■55."?^
'03.3."
1)1)
S|
J. C. Ciilhoun....
Nftlhan Saiiford.
.'catleriiiH-
i,"/;
Nin K. — In the column showing 10 winch party I he v.triou.seaiididates be-
C.
3
44,aS2
41
Nat'l Marnn. ...
Jl
longed, we li.ivc onlv used the initial letter: b . stands lor |."eileralist ; A. I'"..
U.
Ili'nrv (.'lay
3
4".<'<7
37
Andn-w Jacksoti.
M. \'an Hiircn. . .
M
AiWil'eilerali.st; It., Kipiibliciir, ()., Opiiosition ; C., Coalition; A. M., Ami
R.
Mason; 1)., Democratic; W'., Whi^; I,., l.ibertv; I'".S., !■ ree Soil; A., Ameri
Ihiiry Clay
i
can; C. C. Coi|.aiti>lion:ll lleioi.: 1 1) . I..,l,'n,'..d,'..l l).'..ioer:it: \t .K, 1
"v.i.'vVnrvn.'. !].".'
l)e
I'lciatieaml l.ib.r.il; 1
., 1 emiK'rance; ti ,t irciidvn k, .mil P., IVoIuiiition,
1 Klei'tiiral votes not i-:isl: Vii., 2 ; Md., 2.
•• Tlicre hrini; noi;..
ici i<
.r PresiilenI, Iheelee
" President Lincoln assassinated l»vj. Wilkrs
> ICUitiiral viilis nut i-iisli Mil., a; Vt., 1.
tion devolved upon the House of Uepresrnlatives.
I'.'Kith, April 15, i.S(>5. Vice President Johnson
• Tilt-' vote for 'I'hiis, JetVersnn and Aaron Hiirr
a choice lieillK made al the lirst ballot, Adams
became I'resident.
b';inir a lie, tlie clictii n devolved upon the Ili.ii^i
rt'ceivinjj the vote of '.^ States, Jackson 7 States,
'• I'.lectonil votes not cast: Nevada, i; States
of ItepreseiitaliveM, resiiltiiitf, on tin 3'.lh ballot
in the eluice of JefliTson as President. Hurr, re-
ceiviinf the next hiiflusl numlier of votes, was
deelarrd Viee Presiuenl.
..nil C'rawt'ord 4 .States,
in reb'-lliim .'^0, viz.: Ala. S, Ark, <;, Kla. t,(ia,t),
" IClect'l vote not cast for Vice Prcs.: R. I., 1.
'* I'.h'ctoral vote not cast: M.I. ,2.
La. 7, Miss.
7, N. C. 1), S. C. '.,'I'enn. io,'rexaH(.,
Va. 10.
'* No candidate bavinj^ reccivcii a majoritv "f
*• LlectoriU votes not cast: Miss., 7; Texas, (t\
« Cieortfe Clinton, Vice President; died A|iri
the electoral voles for \'lce President, the Senate
Va., 10.
ao. 1S12.
elei led U M. Johnson , by IL vote oi' ^3 to 10 tor
'0 Iknry Wilson, Vice Prettiilunt; died Nov.
* Kleetoral vol.- not east: Ky., 1
b'r.incis Cranijer.
iJ. 1^7^'
• I'llhridjfe Ijerry, Vice President: died Nov
'• I'resiiliiit Ilirri'on died April 4, 1S41. Vice
'•" lUectnral voles thrown out: 3 of (hi. for
aj, iSi).
' Kleetoral vote not east; Ohio, 1.
President John Tvlcr be. .one I'rcsiilent.
(Jreelev, then deceased; Ark. h, Iji. **, hocuiise of
k
1
'» Presi'ilciit la-^ lor ilic.l Jul\ 1), 1850. Vice
double 1 irns trout both States.
» I'lleetoral voles not east: Niil.,3; I>el.,i.
Pri-^iilelit l'*illnlorc became President.
a*i Det .'!■ 1 bv aa Kleetoral ConimisBton ap-
qI
» KIcet'l votes noteast;Miss i ; Pa., 1 ; Tenn.,c
'• \V. U. Kintf, %'ice Pres't; died April iS, 1S5,,.
pointed c. '..'onjfrcHs.
L
.5" ' ^" .:: .\--i.iJ. iti;it..l July •-'. 1^1;. tU
V
.1 S.|.i. p... 1^..!. "
c
'>
_,_. iHf
-f^^;
ma
-iu
694 THE MILITARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES,
Showing all the Battles of the War of the Revolution. War of 181 2, Mexican War, and Civil War 1861 -'65.
THE PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION.
I)\n;.
\ \MI s AMI I't All s t
A|ilil ij, 1775.
M.iy 1.., "
Jiiiu- 17, "
Die. "■.(!, '
Dii-. 0, '■
M ,li 17, 177".
June js, '•
Avi^'. ifi, "
Si|ii. ic, "
(M. J^,
Nt.v. 1.., •■
Di.. J", •■
J'"- .!. ■777-
Jvily 7,
Ant;. ('., "
Au^'.l5,l(.''
Sfpt. 1 1, •'
Si'pl. ]y, "
Oct. 4,
Oct. 4-t.. "
Oil. 7,
Oct. J.!, •'
tut. Ji, "
l()M.MAM)i;i
Amkhkan.
.\mv
Itui ri^ii.
I lin-
Julv i, '•
July .i, "
All);. Jy, "
DiT. ig, "
Jiin o. 1771),
.Miir>lij, ••
Juiif io, "
Jlllv 1",
Ai.V- ■,!■ "
Ann. ■".;. "
Oil. i;,
Mav li, l7St>,
M;i\ J», ••
Juni-Jj, "
July .10,
Aiif,'. 7, '•
Aus;. 15, "
Jan. 17,
Mari-li ly
April .-j;
M.iy Jiitii
Juiif I -.|,
Srpt. 0,
Si pt. S,
I.I XlMiroN, C'uruunl
'1 iitpmUroua
HlXKl K lllLL
HIUI.IT
Xoilolk, \'.i
I!. ..-ton
fli.irlislnu (1-t. Miiultrii-.
ItKoilKl.YN, I.. I
ll.irliiil I'l.iius, \.V
\\ 111 I M I'l.AlNS, \.\', , .
I'lirt \\a.-.liin^'tuii, \. V..
riUi.NTO.N, N.J
I'KIXIKTO.N, N.J
Iliil'li.inltoii, \t
l-'urt SihuykT, .N.Y
IlrNNlNii li>.\, \'t
l!r.uiii\ wine, l*.i
ItlMls Hi.K.iirs, NY...
* K'riii.inluwii, I'.i
1 l-'olts I'linttMi .111,1 I
} Monlmniu I y . . . . \
.*^III.l.\V.\rl-.K ^S.\l<A iin,.\l
1m ..t MiiviT, N.J
Kill li.ink, N. I
I'lirt Mifflin, IVi
.MiiwiiiLrii, N.J
Silinli.iric-, .\. V
\\'M)niinn, P.i
(Iji.ikiT Hill, R. 1
S.i\-.inn.ih, ti.i
SiiTitnirv, (i.i
Hrii-r I'riik, O.i
111. Siiiitli
I'll, v»..
> l-'ol. Il.irril ami Maji.r I
I lliiltri.k i'
I fill. IJlliin .Mil,, ailil I
I _ lul, iCll,.!!* f
\ (ii'iis. W'.inin, Prfs- (
I i-ntt. aiul I'utnaiii... \
\ Si-lm\liT, .M.tiitfcfiiiiifrv, (
( ami .\i,„,l,l :. )■
f..|. \V ll..,.l ,
The British Evacuate the' City and Harbor.
1 .Muulliii, I., I ,.111,1 Ami
"( ■•.Ir.iiiL;*
in,l I..ir.l ■
I'apt, Di'lajiLici'
(K'ns. Iliiwe.inil Pi^"'*
M'l.i'.iii .111,1 t'al IlI"!!*.
I. ,.1,1 |),i
I'l
lit, N. Y,
IVn.iliM-i.l, Ml-
I'lii'iiiuiii;;, N. Y
Sav.lnii.lll, Cf.l
I'll.uli^l.in, S. C
W.ixli.iw, S. l",
Sprliii;tulil, N.J
Uiiiky Mount
I i.injiiny: KtH k, S. t'.
I (.'uiiulili, S. I'. (S.i
ill'
rrivk).
l''ishin^ t'ri-i-k.
KiMi'S .MlHNrAIS, S. C.
I'islul.im Kuril. S I'
Itloikstoik's, 8. (.'
ftlWl'l NS, S. C
ii.ltlil- lit" till- ll.lw
(iiiilliiril C. 11., N. f. ..
11, .1. kirks Hill, Va
(■'..rti/i, N.f
-Vuiju-t.l, C.l
Ni'w I., in, 1,111, t , .
l-\,rt(iris«„l,l. ,^"""--
Ki r.wv Si'KiNi.s. S. t'.. .
YilHKrnWN. \" \
1
<iiiis. linciieanil Sullivan.
\\'.i>.Iiini;t,iii
NV., -hill.;!, Ill
l.',il. M.IUMW
\V,i.-;hln.;l,Mi*
\^'asliliiL:t,'n* ,
\\'.iriur, l-r.iM,is ami Mali-
1 Cicil. lli-ikitiu-r .mil I ,,1. (
1 (J.iiiM \,,i,rl* (■
(ii'iis. St. irk anil Warner*..
W'a.shinyliiii
(J.itis*
\Va?.hin^^ti>i\
J. mil's Clinton
Citi's*
fill, liri'iau'*
l',,|. (;rnni»
t-iin. (.lint, in.
\ (n'iis,Hinvi',t"liiit,iii .
*) (.'iirnw.iUi.-'*
H,.wi»
(lin. Hiiwi*
I Kuril t i'lnw.illis
■( U.ihl
fill. M.iwliii.iil ...
(len. l''r.i/ir*
,.1. I
tiin. St. I.i^ir
fills, llauiii .mil lli-vnian.
H.nvi" ;
.M.i
Jli.
W,L-limi;l,in». .
fill. Itriiwn*..
C.l. /. Itulkr.
Sulliv.in'
K.ilKrt Hi. we.
I. .me.
Ashe
tien. Liiicitn
(•en. W'.ishin^tiin*
l.ovell
Siillivan»
I.ilu-iilii
I'lil. Al.r. Hiil'iinl.
(ien. lireine*
Sumter
Sumter*
(Jen. Gates
Simiter
C'aiiipliell'
Sumter*
f,il. 1.1
M.i). Mi,fi;lestiin* .
(ill. I-eily.iril
(len. Greene
W.isliiinyliiti*. . . .
Itiiriri'Mie.
Hiiwe*....
■ ir II. I'lintiin*.
itiir^oyne
I)..
sir \\ illiam Hii.ve
tiin. lliiwe*
Sir Henry Clinti n.
lii,li.ins
J.ilinliutler*
I'iiliil.
I'.illlj:
lull*
I'leviisi*
li.l. Maillanil*.
Clinton
MiI.e.in*
lir.mt
r.ir'.etiiii*.
Kii\ph.iuseii.
'rurnl.uli*
till. Hriiwi
t-'orn\va
Tarlet.in*
Ills*.
\Veltlvs
nw.iUisanil T.irletnn.
l-i.l. IVyle...
I'-irnw.illis*.
K.iwiliin*. . .
I'lil. t'r
f.il. Uni
in,^er
•ili,t .\rmilil \- Ciil. I
1 Vatv*
I.oril K.iwilii
t'nrnwallis. .
.?■""
■1
lO.lXll)
.jnk. ,(tw
1 I.IXK
j.axi
.... 4511 k. iV \v
.... iuik.\- w.
I \\
Ill k. Jj \v
J,iKX) k. w. iV p
i,i(
k. \-
k. \-
J k. J Iniz.
iiiiik ,;ii,. p.
iJ| k. .V u.
. . 15,1 k. .V \v.
J,«i k. iV \v.
.iiKik.'eii)\v.(ixip.
15J k..^Ji\v..|u>p.
,i" 1».
S k. .'.S w.
. i-f k. 10 w.
. . .M.lss.li-re.
i,;j\v.4(iini.
iiMk. 45.ip.
Isil k. K'J p.
:4iik.\v
.15 k, \iw
I.i k. i;s
1 J k.'
■••W
!o k.
70 k. \ w
. . . l,,ti>ii k. iV \v.
. . Jini k. w. ,V 111,
. . I 5,1 k. \v. iV 111,
J 5 k. jS w,
I'ik. low. \2 111.
i5Jk..v!;5w.4iim,
. ... toil k. iV w.
IlKiriMi.
; 11;
,11
I.,.
i,7in
■I-
(..si"
l,.>IK
5, UK
1,1 NN
l.S>
I.-'m
iS.ijiii
t.tux
miv'il
1 1,IXHI
I,n(X
5.1XX
J.lXlll
fXMl
I.IXX
l,.iix
J,l»«
IJ.CXX
5,fxxi
i,ilKI
.1.5"
l.lix
I, UK
!,.lix
mx
iSix)
'5 k. iSiiw, js p.
I'^P-
'1O511.
-'Ok. iV w.
"ik.iV: w.
.. J.'Sk. A w.
Iil'lv.
iS k. 1X1 w.
.. . ,ti«i k. .V \v.
. .1,111X1 k. I* w.
.. .i'.k. i,u>ip.
... l^^ k. & V,
imkiiiiwn,
ixik.,Vf w-.ijiinp.
. 100 k. 41x1 \
5.7^)1 p.
5"" K-
. . 41x1 k. A. \v.
,.k.,;ixiw. iixip.
'.'. jj.'k.Aw'.
io k. >V' w.
. . . iixi k. Ar w.
■ • ■<•.! k. .S4.i p.
.150 p.
5 k. 15 w.
.iS k. sop.
. . . 1 50 k.
. Sxi k. w. \' p.
1,1
The Ilritisli sent i,t(,oixi soliliers ami .s.iilors tn this w.ir. The t",,l,inists met Ihein with ito.ixio Cuitinentals anil ^o.ixx
In,l
l.ins an
1 HesM^
eelelir.ition are printe.l in .smai.i. lAl'lrAl. l.l;i nils.
file eiilonits li.ul tor their .illiis the hr.ive I-reiuhnien. The le.iilin;; li.iltles
t till
rnillti.t.
r p.irti,
. . ..Mill k. \' w,
J,i;~> k. A: w.
■ ■■•.';-• k .t,t( w.
.... 5J k. io w.
....iS7k. iV w.
.(x),t k.w. iV 111.
7,5iKik.\v.m.A' p.
rhe Ilritish let
ul.irly wx.rthy iit"
Tile * ileniites the sueeessful arinv; k., killeil;
w., WllUll
le,l ;
ji.. prisoners; 111,, missmy;
iilerej.
CHIEF COMMANDERS OF THE ARMY.
The followinii- '\< ;i roinpU'tf list cif the varimis ntVirers wlin Ii.ive coin-
iiiantltil the ann\' of* ihc I iiiltil Stati-s siiue the founii.itioti nt'imr scrviie
t.) (he |^^■^t■tlt time, ^ivin^ llie i.ink lull! h\ i.uh, willi llu- |u riml of
(■i>inin,irul : (i<iier.il atiil touun.iiult i ■ inthiit'. lieoii.'^e \\'a>hini:tini,
June >;, 177;. to the eloM' nl' the K- vohiti. I,. I-'ntm lli it d.ite in ?>i p-
'leinlHT, I7s\ tlie army wn-.isU(i ot" eij^-^ht ((imp.imes nt int.inlr\ ami a
b.ittaUiMi n|" ailillerv (aet ut Se))Iemlu-r, I7'^5i, when Rrevii l!riL>;itht r-
( >i lural Jt>-.i.(h I [ inii-r, laiiitenanl-Cnlotu I eoniinanilaiil ot ihi ii)raiilr\',
was ,l■^si^^^■^l. and luhl uiilil Marrh. 17'. i. M i;iif ( n-ner;il Arthur St,
(,!,tir, Marih. 1701, tn Manh, 17.*-', wlu-ii he resiunuil, Mainrdiiu-ral
Atithnnv Wavne, Maveh, I7i).». t<> Dceeinlicr 1 ;;, 171/', when lie ilii .1 at a
hu» on the l>aiik nt K.ike I-Irie, Mi l'enn>\U ania. while en route tVom
Maunue to the l-',a^t, HriuMiIier-tJeneral Jauu-s \Vilkinson, Dereniher
IM, 179^1. tojulv J, 171A laentenant-Oenenil Cenry-e \Vashini;tnn, Jnlv'',
I7i>'>, till his ili-alh, Oeeemlur ,(, 171*1^ Hri;:atliiT-t ieneral J.iines Wil-
kinson (ai;aiii), June, iV»o, lo Jaiiuar\, i"^iJ, when he was |troinutiil to
M.ijor ( Miieral. M.ijortiemral \ lenrv Uearboru, J,inu;ir\ , I'^u, to June,
i^ij^, when he was nutstert.l out, MajtnM.Veneral Jacoh Mrown. Junr,
I'^1^. till I'.is tliiih, l-ehru.irv jj, iSjS. Major-tierur.il AlexantUr
M iionih, M.iv, i^^j'^, iiiilil Iiw de.ith, in June, i*^M- M.iiortieniral
Wiiiliehl Seott, June -'i;, IV(1, to Noveniher i, i^vo, nt Ini; also Hrrvit
I.ii'Uten.inlCprner.ii from May. t^>i. M.iitir-(Jeiieral ( ii o. \\. MefUll.in,
Novinilier 1, iVu, to March 1 1, iSf)_<. Maior-(»eneral Mitirv W. llalUik,
Jtilv i\, iSoj, to M.irch IJ, iS/vf. laiiilinant-tieneral W S. tirant
(a|)pohileil (iriiiral Julv ^v i^^o), March i.*, i^vvj, to March 4, iSdy.
(icncral William T. Miciinan, March S, iS/mj, to present ilatc.
wr
i ^_
4^
PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR OF 1812.
Oij:
H.\rES.
N.\.MKS AND I'l .\( K.S <ir
ll.M rLt.s.
KJ.MMAN'nints.
.\.M1 KU .\\.
An-
;, 1-IJ
Au;:
It. "
A„i;
1.^. "
(M
n. "
(M.
I.I..
--'. l"^' i
A|..i
--,. '■
^U^
i;. "
Miv
-'7t "
M i\
J", **
M..V
-•). "
lunv
^ *'
A„u'
.', *'
<>. 1.
11
Nov
11, '•
Mir
.1". I''' 1
Ann
l.'5. ••
lulv
It
I.ilv
».v "
An-
1,^1
Auk-
■It. "
S.pi
It, "
Sf|)i
\Z
Sent
>.(. "
S..pt
SlMlt
17, "
I).-.'.
I«), "
\\c.
J..M.
S, 1S15
Ilrownsttnvti, I'.ui.lil.i . , .
M 1:^11.111;;. I
I).lr..it
t^^uirisliiwn
( Imlltlslull;;
1 n-iulUiiwii
^■c.lk ( r.ituiiln)
1-..11 Mih;s
l-.-lt * iitil^f, C .Ul.ul.l. . . .
l-'i.rl Miuiliis
S. 11 kill s ll.iilior
sl.Miiv 1 nik
I'.irl SU|iluii--"ll
rli.iiiu-^, I .in. 111. I
t lir\^lir'slMilil
I.;l li.ill Mill
\\'.isIliiii;lon
t'hipiKW;!
l.un.lv's l,.ii„'
l''.iTl \'.\W {;is>.lllll)
Ill.iili-ii^lmi l;"
I'l.iU-liMH;
N.irlll I'.iiiil ..
I'l. Mill.iirv, It.illiniori'
M. liiiwvir' ..
l-'.irt I'lrii' i-orlic)
I'"<>rt \i.ii;.ir.i
I* tniU-s tVum N. !->
N\\v Orleans
\';in Iliirii..
Miller*
Hull
\'.in Hi n>si-
I'.ir-vlh....
W iiu'lu^,ur
riki*
Cl.iv*
I). .irl'.Mii*.
It.-.l.'^ll. V...
Iln.wii*. .
Will.l.T. ..
( r..i;Ii.in»..
ll.irn.i.n*..
I!..v,l» . ...
W'llkinsnii.
l.iir..
Iliuiisri.
'rfi-iiinsi.-li*
Triuin-'ih
lln«k«....
Itnuk*....
l'r..,t..r»..
Slu.illi'
IV,., I. .r..
N'iniiiit. . .
■|\-,imi>»li.
I'l, v,..-l...
\'in,ilil» .
, t"r
Ilniwii*....
r«i,,\vii*. . . .
C.iini •,♦....
Wimkr....
M.li-i.r.ili'..
Slriikir
.\nTn--UM,l»
l,.i\vriii, !■*.
liri.wn*....
I.i-(>ii:lril . .
j.uksitn. . , .
jacksim* . .
.V'
! M.,n. ri
Il.in, . i.»
I{,.^^'
Ki.lll
Pruiitni'ri.!.. . .
UruumMiul. . .
I(,.s.* ...
^r^.■\,,^t
lli,.,.ki*
1 "I'thr.ini"
\i,ll,i|li
nniiilniMnil. . . .
Mr. anil Inili.iii^
I'.ikL'lili.iin .
Kn-
I-iu'il.
Amkkuan.
1.1 >>s.
J
j,5iii)
I,.*1X1
i,ji«i
I
I.IKX,
I'.n-
i;.ikM
1*K1
1..V
lllllllMl.
l...,.v
... . Siirri'inU-r.
lA) k. ,*«> w.
. .. -Mk. \ w.
J'.)k.\- s.
1,7,111 ..{(■! k. w. ,V m.
~><i k. U-. ,V- p.
. ..7-' 1-. .V «.
.i'«'U.
. . no k. .V w.
liH) k. \\ . ,V p.
... I k. tV 7 \v.
... ilk. .V «.
.. -• i.ik. ,V w.
. . li 1 k. ,V \v.
i .ipil .il .mil Iniililiniis JMiriil
l,,j,«, I ' k. * 7 w. \- p.
?..;'<'
-.,i"" "*( !>■
.i.iiiii . . ..^urroiulcn-il
.i.inKil
'ijiii !!!!'. ['sk.'.vw.
J,5i«i! ,l,«> k. A- w.
,li"| ii'ik. \- p.
.(.(xKi .. J 10 k. w. iV p.
('(UKt . . .71 k. \V. \' p.
(<ii>i Ni k. iV w,
I.^IKi'
. IIXI k. '
I,.V«
J.,'
A- p.
I.'.llKl
"^Iiips.'
MixM
.t,.i;i"|'
l.jiKil Mii;lit.
li.tNKl. .
PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE MEXICAN WAR.
'Iho Aiiu'riiMiis wrn
victorioii-; \x\ i-vcry h.itllc.
Dates.
Names and I'i.aces df
Ha in. lis.
COMMANDKUS.
Amkhkav.
MtXUAN.
Ami Ku AN.
MlXIl AN-
Kn ■
k-ai-'M.
Loss.
Kn-
L'lK M
I.llSS.
r.lU) Alln
|{.>.i,M,li-l.i I'alma
Tuvlor
Aristi
Ari>l;i
i,i«,
(i.nio
Vm
4.7i«'
KKJ
I.'.IHIO
X.ilKl
4,1KX)
S,(x»i
7.-''»
.Si«'
\ k. A- ^o w.
l.'i) k. A' w.
. . lJi> k. A- 3fvS w.
in k. A- w.
1,1 k. A- w.
50.1 k. A w.
. Slii;l,l.
<l,101
5,tx)o
lO.CXM
1,J(X)
I7,tKK)
.(.000
'.,1100
IJ.CXXl
7,o(x)
11.1...
Ji.L.l
M.iy 0. ••
T.iylnr
.....V-ik.A w.
1 ;.','.• .:;;',■ ■•
I'd.. -■(. I'<I7.
l-\h. j^, •■
Ilr.tcili-
DnilipllJll
Ilmhii \'i^l,l
.. .J, UK) k. A' w.
Mar. :-,. "
April iS "
Wr.x t'ni/.
I « rro (Mini.)
\ i.'nntrcr;js
> flmnilMi-i
Mnlinetl.I lU-y
< 'll,l|lllltf|H'(
Siott
Stiitt
Si-titt
Sri)ll
Worth
Mor:il.-i
S.uitii A:ui.i
. . .J.Ci;) k. A w.
iiKi k. A \v.
.J.;,ai k. .V w.
... .7,11 k, A w.
jjii k. A «.
.'...lll..V%,
Avi^-. -'0, "
S.iut.i y\iin.i
70 k. .V w.
7S7 k. A u.
SliKl'l-
!.'..'..( k. A- w.
Sipl. i.i, "
Scolt
Srott
Hr;ivn
(lit. 1),
i!u;ltIUUUli,i
I -line
l,(«.l
Tlu- onlv
lastfd tour i!;i
i;iv:il I'lujiim-iiunts nf inipnrtiiiu-ir tluriniT the war with Mcxiro w.is the liomhanhm-nt of Vrr.i Cru/, CotniiKulori' Connor, whicli
,-s, and tht' city cnniinlKil lo Mirn-tulir, aiul the hnmhaichnt'iu ot' MohIitcv, I>v fdiniiunlurf Sloat.
LENGTH AND COST OF AMERICAN WARS.
1.1.S1.T11.
1. War of llu" I'fvnlulinn
2. Inili.m W.ir in Dhin'ri-r
3. U'.ir willl llir ll.irli.irv Slalis
4. 'riiimiSfh liuli.in W'.ir
1;. W.ir Willi I iriMl llril.iiii
n, Almrinc W.ir
7. l'"ii>t Si'inimilc W.ir
5. llluk ll.ivvk W.ir
1). SiTDiul Sfiiiinitlc W.ir
ID. Mf\if.m War
1 1. Miiniii'n W.ir
IJ. liv;i W.ir
7 yLMr^-177;— 17SJ $135,193,70.)
'?" ,
lSi(— 1N4
i'<i I
i vears iSij— 1S15 107,159,00?
i-;i5
IS, 7
isjj
— 1^.((>— lS(S r^-i.nm.nnn
2 vc.ir>
\ vi-ar^
1^;-
|S/,I— iS/.;
FEDERAL PRISONERS RECEIVED AT ANDERSONVILLE, GA.
Kirst dt'tat hinctit of prismu-rs rcifivci) l'\-h. i^, iS<.,|. Total niimbiT of prison-
ITS rtnivcd, ■('». P5. LaiL^i^t tiunil'i.r iinprisoni-d at oni- ilalt* (Auj;, y, iS'^),
■r .IV' r* .1 * I'» hospit.ll "^.TK
lotal N'^.n''"l>M„M,i;kaiU. 3,7.7-iM^.3
AvcraL'f nuiiihiTnf il.'.iths prr month, lor thr thirti-fii months i^i^S
I.ari;i- 1 n milu-r ot' lU-atlis in oiu-tlav ( Au^'. i\, \''^v\) (>7
Nuiiilur ot f-» ip' s 3iS
I'KlNril'AI, I'lSK \-SI-.S HlvSlI-TINCi IN I>1ATII.
Diarrlum 5,ij|^jJ*iuinn'>nia j.m llhininatism ^\
Srnrw i.;7(;l>rltihty l.*^ V'.iriului.l '.f.^
l>\'..ntirv i.f't^ilntfr.iilt't \- n tiiit't t"'s..i7;|(ian^;rrm- ..t^\
I'nkiiowii. i,J 'S|<Mmshot woniuK i ('*'t :ilarrli 5j;
''.5^'.
WIl.
,\na''.ir» a , .
!^rr\ phoiil h-vr
INDIAN WARS.
\''~C\ Kin^" IMiilip'-- \V;ir.
17.H. DftTlitltl, Sl.issachiisctts, hiirni'il.
170S, llavirliili, Mass.iiluiMds, hmiutl. Capturi' and t'scape of Mrs.
Ilann ih 1 >ii-^lan.
17! (. '!lu- TusfarniMs fxptdhd friirM\..rih ('amlina,
17^;. Iliuldo. k diltatf.l l>\ the i-ruuh and Indians,
'7".t- (■'on-.pirai y i>f r.inti.u-.
177S. M.i-^sarn- ot' \V\(ittiitiL^.
I7t>(. 'I nalv ui.h the Six Vatinns.
I'Ni). 'I'rcaiv with tlif Orlawan-i.
I'^i l-'i 1. W.ir with thi* i t«< ks in l''k)ri.lii.
1*^17, War witli thr ScininoUN.
iSjJ. War with IlLak Hawk. Stiilm.in's dt-fcat on Uovk Uivcr.
. i,J 'S|<Mmshot woniuK.
■ ■ .C7 I'lt'iirisv I'hj I'licr'; i;i
ijo Hronihitis. .^ . . w^l Phthisis .\h
iSi; '(J. W.ir uiih the SeminolL'S .
\'<\~. I IpttUi' 1-1 On. tola.
iSj;;, Dit'iMl nt thr Itou'ii' Illvcr Indiui-^,
r'^'). War willl thi- Imh.ins in t >ri L;"n aii.t W.i.shin^ton Trrritc)rits.
1^".. Indi.ui war .tnd tn.iss.u n--, jti MmniM-la.
I'^'i. (N'lV. i\t ) " t hi\ iML;t<in*s ni.i'-sai n- '* ntMr l''ort I.Vfm; over ii;no
liuU WIS, itiin, \\ oinni and rloldnn put lo (he swnii!.
iS;% (.\pril i.) (m n. i.inhv and K« \ K. Thomas, pr.in- commission*
tTs irc.h h(Tou--lv sl.iin In tht Mudm s.
'"^li* (**'t. \\.\ Kxccution ol the Modoc imirdrrrrs of Mi-ssrs. Canhy
and I hunus—C'apt.iin. lack, >(.tionkin, Boston Charley and lU.uk
Jnn.
I'^7'>. ijuni- i^.) 'I'ln- comm.md ofdcn. Custer defeated hv the Indians
tm Hiif Iliirii Uivcr, and (icii. (.'usttr and Ihc ^'rc.Uir portion of
his lone slain.
iiL
696
PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR.
Date.
jm'-v\
•mAw^
fmm"
mm.
W\
■■■ fy-^;:
W
v';'-S^
Apr.i3,iS"i
June
Juljr
20
5
12
14
21
Aug.
10
12-14
20
Now
Dec.
iS
Jan.
9>
1SC2
Feb.
S
s
16
Mar.
8
*'
2,?
Apr.
6-7
Names and Places ok
Batt:,i-..s.
May
June
Julv
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Dec.
9
26
27
S
9
22
27
29.
.10
29-30
1
14
15
»7
19-20
3-5
S
J any.
Fihv.
M.iv
1S63
June
2-.1
18-22
Horiiljaniiirt I'"t.S\imjjter
Kiot ilaltiinoru
lii^r Hcthul, Va
Ciirthaije, Slo
Kith Mountain, W. Va.
Bi.'l Run, Va
WilsDn's Creek, Mn. . .
Clu-at Mountain, \V. V;i.
I^'Xiny-ton, M(i
Hall's Blutr, Va
Belmont, Mo
Pt. Royal, S.C
Piketon, Ky
Milforil, Mo
Mill Sprin^j, Ky
Roanoke Island, N.C.
Ft. Henry, Tenn
Ft. Donelson, Tenn. . .,
Pea Ridffe. Ark
Xowhcrn, X, C
Winehester, Va
Pittsbur^j Lanil'ff , Tenn.
Islanil No. 10
CO.MMAXUKRS.
Fkukkal.
Mil..
3 tlay^
WilliamsburK', Va.. . .
Winchester, Va
Hanover C. H., Va...
Corinth, Minn
Fair O.iks, Va
Fair O.iks, Va
Cros.s Keys, Va
Port Republic, Va.. .
Chickahotninv, Va...
Gaines Mills,' Va
Malvern Hill, Va....
Baton Rou.i^e, I.„i
Cedar Mountain, Va.
Gallatin, Tenn
Kettle Run, Va
(iroveton, Va
Bull Run 2nd
Richmond, Ky
Chantilly, Va.
South Mountain
Harper's Ferry.
sieye
Antietam, Md
luka, Mts!)
Corinth, Miss
Perry ville, Ky
Prairie Grove, Ark —
Fredericksburg, Va. . .
Vicksbur^
rione River, Tenn . ..
Fort Hindman, Ark...
Fort Donclson, Tenn..
SuOolk, Va
r.,:U»rany:e, Ark
Fredericksburg, Va —
Cliancellorville, Va
Jackscm, Miss
Champion Hills, Miss.
Biir Black River, Miss
Vicksbury:, Miss
I'nrt I Iuds(>n
Milliki-n's Bend, Miss.
Beverly I-'urd, Va
Winchester, Va
She'.byville, Tenn
Maj. Anderson
(»th Rcift. M;iss. Vols..
Briij. (iun. Price
Col. Sitrcl*
Gen. McClellan*
Gen. Irwin McDowell..
Gen. T.,vnn*
Gen. J. J. Revnoida.. .
Col. .Nlulliu'a'n
Col.K. D. B;iker
(ien. Grant*
j Com.Dupont&Gen. I
» W. T. Sherman* . \
Gen. Nelson*,
( Col. J. C. Davis and (
") Gen. Steele* \
Gen. Thomas*
j Com.(»otdsborouifli, /
( (Jen. Burnside* . . (
Surrendered to Coui.
( C(>m. Foote & Gen. (
) Grant* J
Gen. Curtis*
Gen. Burnside*
(Jen. Shields*
Gun. Grant and Buell*.
i Com. Foote Si Gen. I
\ Pope* f
\ Gen. Kearney and I
) Hooker*....". f
(Jen. B.inks
(Jen. Morrell*
(Jen. Halleck*
(Jen. McClellan
Gen. McCk-lIan*.
(Jen, Fremont
(Jen. Shields
(Jen. McClellan*
(Jen. Porter
(Jen. McClellan*
(Jen. Wiiliiims*
(Jen. N. v. Banks*
(Jeti. Johnson
(Jen. Hooker*
S Gens. Hooker, Siyel, *_
*( Kearney, Reno*.. \
Gen. Pope
(Jens. Mason Sz Craft*..
(ien. Pope
Gens. Hooker & Reno*.
Col. Miles
Gen. McClellan*
(Jen. Rosrncraiis*
\ (}ens.Ord,Hurlburt, 1
) and Veatch* |
Cfcn. Buell*
(fens. Blunt and Heron*
(Jen. Burnside ,
(Jen. Sherman
Gen. Rosencrans*
\ Adm. Porter Ar Gen.
} McClerriand* .
I'ol. H.irdiiiii"
Col. Nixon*
C.ipl. DeHuft ,
(Jen. Sedifwick ,
<- ONFEDERATE.
Gen. Beauregard
Maj. Gen. MacGruder..
Price and Jackson . ...
Col. Pe^ain
Gen. Beaureff-ird*
Gens.PricetfcMcCullnch
Gen. R. li, Lee
Gen. Price*
Gen. Kvans*
Gen. Drayton....
K1L*I), WOL'N'D'D, IMUS'RS,
Fedekal. Conkkdkk.vte.
Gen. ZoUicoilTer
Gen. Wise
I'\>ote,by(Jen.TiIyhman.
Gen. Buckner
Gens. VanDorn & Price.
Gen. Branch
Gen. T.J.Jackson
1 Gens. Johnston and (
\ Beauregard y
Gen. Makad
Gen. Hooker* ,
Ocn. Grant*
(Jen. (Jrant*. ,
CJen. (irant* ,
i ( (Jen. (Jraul. .Vdiul's. j
, "/ PiirtertVFarray:ut, \
(Jen. Banks
Gen. Thomas*
Gens. Buiord & Grej^jr.
I Gen. Milroy
Gen. Rosencrans*
Gen. L.on<;street
Gens. Ewell S: Johnson*
(Jen. Branch
Gen. Beaure^'ard
Gen. J. K.Johnston*..,,
Gen. J. 111. Joiinston
(ien. r. J. J.icksoii*
Gen. T. J. J'li^kson*
Gen. R. li. Lee
(Jen. R. K. Lee*
(^en. R.K.Lee
(Jen. J. C. Breckenrid^e.
Gen. Jackson
(Jen. Mori^an*
(Jen. Ewell
J (Jens. Jiickson and I
) Lon^-street... . . . f
Gen. Ia'C*
(Jen. Kirby Smith*
(Jen. l..ee*
Gen. Lee
Gen. A. P.Hill*
Gen. R. K. I^ee ,.
(Jen. Price
\ Gens. Price, Van- 1^
) Dornand Lovell., \
Gen. Braifji:
I Gens. Hindman, 1
-v Marmaduke, Par- v
( sons and Frost. . . )
(Jen. R. K. Lee*
(Jen. Johnston*
(Jen. Braijtr
(Jen. Churchill
Wheeler and Forrest...
..no one hurt,
.ik. 7 w,
16 k. 3f w. oin,
i,\ k. ,V "'■
... 11 k. 3; w,
4^00 k. w. p. 2Sc.
lS1k.1011w.700p
13 k. 20 w. (« p.
l2k.ioSw.i't24p.
-•JO k.2'rf'nv.5oop.
Sf k. 2SSw.iS5ui.
S k. 23 w. 250 p.
. ...6k. 24 w.
....2 k. 17 w.
..39 k. 207 w.
..50 k. 150 w.
44"k.i735w.i5op
.1351 k. w. & m.
91 k. <\6f'} w.
. ... 100 k. 400 w,
..1614 k. 7721 w.
J96i<".
(Jen. I-onifSlreet*
Gen. R. K. Lee
(Jen. Johnston
(Jen. Pemlierton
(Jen. Pemberton
(Jen. Pemberton*
(Jen. Gardner
(Jen. McCvdlou^h
( (Jens. J. K. B.Stuart I
} & F. Hu^rhLee... j
(Jen. Kwell*
(Jen. Braifjj
2073 k & w,623p,
■■•>.? k. 526 m,
'V>')k.3027WI222p
- ■ -ST.iyk. & w.
. 125 k. 5ix> w.
7 k. 361 w.574ni.
.So k. 150 w.
75015 k. w. & m.
lotxj k. w, & m.
250 k. w. & m.
. 15(0 k. w. & m.
()4 k. IOO\V. 2CK)p.
Soo k. w. *fc m.
, .,6ooo'k. & w.
Sook.fooow^^ooop
2(Kjk.70r)W.2000]>
. i3iK)k. it w.
ff3k. iSo(')W.76m
Sok.i2ow. 115S31)
12500 loss
■■•i.J.Sk. 527 w.
3iSk.iSi2W232m
3200 k. w. & m.
— 495 k. ^«o w.
t 1512 k. r*ooo (
^ w. 207S p. f
191k.9S2w.756m.
■■'S.U ^- ^'ooo w.
.1000 k. w. & m.
12 k. 20 w.
130k. 71S w. 5 in.
2000 k. w. Jb m.
. . . .2000 k. & w.
( 1 5000 k. At w. (
) 17C00P f
|ok. 2 (o \v. o m.
. .,4_"> k. iSfi w.
29 k. 2f2 w.
?5(K)loSS.
..900 k. w. & m.
127k.2S7w.1s7m.
..3S0 k. w. & m.
. 2000 k. w. & m.
S^k. .joS w. 13 m.
.S w
..,.7 k. it S w.
. . . .no report.
...250 k. iV w.
...140k. 150 w
1852 k. & w
421 k.i3i7w.3m.
100 k. & w. 20 p.
... ..25k. 75 w.
30 k. 264 w. 2 p.
26ik..|27\v.27Sm.
( k. & w. no 1
■i report 2500 p V
|.MW""scapd )
HHjk.A: w.2iKX)p,
1300 P-
192 k. i.fo p.
3ok.SO w.asoop.
S 23 1 k. 1007 w. I
'( 15000P.... s
J 1 100 k. 2500 i
) w. 1600 p. \
50k.200w.200p.
'00 k. it \v.300p.
I i72Sk. S012*
] w, 959 m. i"
.... 17 k. 63^0 p.
( 700 k. 1000 J
1 w, 300 p. f
400 k. & w.6oop.
..2Sook.3vSc)7 w.
Sooo k. iV w.
600 k. & w.
looo k. w. it m.
1000 k. it w.
Abtnit the same.
. . . .Nearly 5000.
. ,(TCXi k. w. it m.
..1000 k. i5(XJ w.
1 10 k. it \v.
Sook.vtw.iooop.
i2(xx) k. w. it m.
. ..700 k. 3000 w.
. . ..250 k. 5(K) w.
Soo k. it \v.
\ soo k. 2343 j
} w. 1500 p. f
1500 k. it w.
.. .. 15000 loss.
2()3k.4oow,()Oop.
1423 k. 22(>S (
p. S(.92 w . \
ti^oo k. 3000 f
w. 200 p. f
..1500 k. Jtw.
. .. iSoo k. & w.
no report.
9000 k. w. 1000 p.
\ 550 k. it w. j_
( 5000 p f
inok.4(X>w.3oop,
. . i5tK)k.w. & m.
iSoook.it w. I
5000 p. . . . \
. .".400 k. it w.
4fx) k. w. it in.
2,6no k. w. it ni.
no report.
. .600 k. w. it m.
, . ..200 k. 500 w.
..750 k. w. «t m.
. .S50 k. w. it m.
* J63i n. no '
I rep't.k.ttw. (
REMARKS.
150 p. and loss of ramp.
j Beaure^fard's report.
I Federal "
(3en. Lyon killed.
Col. Baker killed.
70 wajjons with stores
and equipaije.
Gen. ZollicofTer killed,
1200 hnr-fes and mules,
100 larye wajj^ons, and
2000 musk'ts were capd.
6 Fi)rts, 65 jyuns, 17500
small arms captured.
Gen. Buckner captured;
Gens. Floyd and Pillow
escaped.
(Jens. SicCulloch, Mcin-
tosh, and Shtck, killed.
6 torts caplu ed.
Confed. report.
Fed. retreated.
2000 p. and lar^e amount
of supplies captured.
Fed. were driven back.
Gen. Williams killed.
Confeds. repulsed,
(Jen. Johnson captured.
I'^cds. lost Gens. Kearney
and Stearns.
Gen. Reno killed.
Col. Miles killed.
Confed. repulsed.
20 cannon captured.
17 cannon captured.
Cavalry fight.
PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE LATE CIVIL WAR.-Contlnued.
697
s with stores
Dates.
July
tt
18-19
Sept.
9
ti
19-20
t(
■4
Dec.
4
*'
23 j;
"
^5
•'
■i?
"
27-30
1
ix^
.M;ir.
!%
Apr.
s-o
**
17-J0
M:iy
57
12-15
"
13- IS
Junt'
Jaly
151S
*'
2-
30
Au^
5
20
«'
1%
iS
li
lf>
;!
2.i
31
Sept
19
21
2')
2Q
Dot
1
Oct.
it
19
2(J
27
Nov
30
Dec.
1
SfiS
'S
Jan.
'S
Feb. 27
t( tt
t( t<
Mar. 19
April 1
2-5
'• 6
9
" u
«« 12
May
Names and 1*laci':s or
I1attli:s.
fOMMANDKUS.
Fi:i>Ki<.\i,.
Gcttys'niri^, Pa.. .
Viclisbiirj^ surrenders . .
Helena, Ark
Bnltnn, Miss
I'nrt I lutlsan, surreiiiliT.
Kt. W.lLMKT, S. f
L'viinberiaiul tiap
Chickaniauj;a
Hristow Sta., Va
Knnxviik', 'IVnn
dialtan if)ir;i (
Missiniuiry Ridj^e, .., (
Kiny^olil, (j;i
I^Kust Grove, Va
Paducah, Kv
Manslield, I.a
I'lviiiouih, \. C
W'ilderne^s, Va
.-il!"ts)K':ini:i, Va
"potsvlviinia, Va
Kt. iXirlinir, Va
Kesiicii, Ga
Dallas, Ga
0.1.1 Harbor, Va... .
IN-tersburyh, Va
WehUmU. K., Va
Kennesaw Mt., Ga
Monocracy, Md
Peach 'rrc'e Creek, Ga.
Atlanta, Ga
Petersburyh, Va
Mobile Bay, Ala
Deep Bottom, Va
6 Mile Station, Va
Wcldon K. K., Va
At! inta.Ga... .
Winchester, Va
Fisher's Hill
Ironton, Mo
Petersburty, Va
Cedar Creek, Va
Xims' Creek, Mo
Hatcher's Run, Va.. ..
Franklin, Tenn
Nashville, Tenn
Ft. Fisher
WilminiTton, N. C
Waynesboro', Va
Kinjfston, N. C
Avcrasboro', N. C
Hentonville, N. C
Petersburjj, Va
Five Forks, Va
( ;en
(ien
.Meade*.
Grant*..
■n. Prentiss* .
(icn.
Gen.
Cvn.
Gen.
Grant*...
H.iaks*.,
(ii bin ire.
Hurnsidu
(Jen. Rosencrans.
lien.
( »en.
Gen.
Gen.
Cien.
Gen.
Warren*.
IJurnside*
(irant* ..
Hooker*.
Houker*.
Meade...
CJen
L-n.
Gi
(Jen.
Gen.
(ien.
Gen.
Gen,
(ien.
(ien.
Gen.
Gen-
Col. Hicks*
Gen. Hanks*
ien. Wessells
Gen. Grant
Gen. Grant
(ien.(irant
Gen. Butler*
( ien. Sherman*
( ien. Sherman*
Gen. Grant
(ien. (jrant
(ien. Meade
(Jen. Slierinan* .
(ien. Wallace
(ien. Sherman*
(ien. Sherman*
Gen. (Jrant
Adni. Farrajfiit and *
Gen. Grander*. . . (
(ien. Grant
( ien, Warren*
(ien, CJrant . . ,
(Jen. Sherman*
Gen. Sheridan
(ien. Sheridan*
Gen. Kwint?*
(ien. (Jranl
( ien. Sheridan* ,
Gen. Pleasanton*
(ien. (Jrant
(ien. Schotield*
Gen. Thomas*
Gen. Terrv*
J Adm. I'orter and (
] (ien. Sih'Hield* .. f
(ien. Slierid in*
Gen. Schotield*
(ien. Sherman
(ien. Sherman*
(iens. (iranti't Meade*
(Jens. Sheridan and
Sebna, Ala
Petersburg; & Richmond
Farmville and Sailors (
Creek (
Surrender of Gen. Lee'.-
Ft. Blakely, Mobile...
Surrender of
Salisbury, N. C
Surrender of
Surrender of
Surrender of
Surrender of
Near Hoco, Chico, Tex.
Cap'un? (if
Surrender of
i (Jens. Sheridan and i
\ Warren* f
(»en. Wilson*
CoNFF.nfcHATE.
, R. K. I^e
Pemberton . .
■ns. Priie, Holmes (
mil Marmatluke. . f
. Joe J(dinston
, (i.irdner
, HeaurtLjard* . . ..
, Frazicr
Hraui,^*
A. P. Hill
l..<»ni;street
Hra-i,-
Bra^rir
Hardee
Lee
. total loss 2Si(>S.
.!45k..tfvSS\v.303p.
..250 k. w. A: Ml.
.700 k. w. & I
] i6.f4k. 92t.2\v. /
* 4'>15"> S
S' k. 3J9W.
(00 k. it w.
Gen. Forrest
Jen. Kirlu- Smith. . .
icii. H„ke*
(ien. I^'e , ,
(Jen. Lee
.-■n. Lee
(Jen. Beaure;,'-ard. . . .
Gen. Joe Jidmston. .
(Jen. Loni^street
Gen. I-ee*
n. Lee*
(Jen. Lee*
en. Johnston
Gen, Karlv*
(Je.-.. Hood
(ien. T-ee*
(Jen. Pa^e & Adn
Buclianan.
L<
(Jen.
(Jen.
(Jen.
(Jen,
Gen.
Gen.
(Jen,
(Jen.
(Jen.
Gen.
(Jen.
(Jen.
Pickett.
Lee*...
Hood..
Karlv..
Karly..
Price . .
I^e*...
Karlv..
Price , ,
Lee*...
Hood..
Hood..
Gen, Bragg-. ,
Gen. Early,,,
(Jen. Bragg..
(Jen. J(dinsi
Gen. Johnsi
KH/n, \\()rM»'n. pkisonks,
Fkokkai-.
». . A rK.
lyOOoJ- jUHJOp.
Si*) k. C '■ KXJOp.
, . (00 k. A* w,
, .401XJ k. »k w,
. ,, ..Soo k. w. *V; m.
1000 k. \v.& Mt.
. . .14 k. 4^) w.
5(xi k. it w. i5(X>p.
150 k. 1700 p.
loss '^o.nit:
loss l0,O(X)
. . 5o<» k. w. & n:.
. . . .700 k. 2*''00 \v
1*^x1 k. iV w.
. . 9000 k. \v. & in.
loss 10,000
00 k. tV* \V. I2^0 p,
1000 k. S: w,
1000 k. Ar w,
.. 171,1 k. \v. tV in,
.,1521 k. vt \v
. . 5000k. \V. & III
120 k. SS w
(ien. Grant.
(Jen. Sheridan
.\rmv at Appomattox . .
\ Adm, Thatcher and (
) Gen. Canby )
Montgomery, Ala., to..
( ien. Stoneiiian*
(Jen. Joe Johnston's ..,,
(ien. Morgan's
Gen. Dick Tavlor with.,
rallahassee, Fla
Con. Barrett .
Jefferson Davis
(Jen. Kirhv Smith
Lee
Lee.
on ,
nson .
(jen,
(Jen,
Gen. Forrest
(Jen, Lee
Gen. Lee
C. H.,tn Gen. Grant.
Gen. Tavlor - .
Gen. Wilson
Gardner
Armv to (Jen. Sherman.
(»Id command to (ien....
all forces west of Miss,
(Jen. McCook, Sr
(ien. Slaughter
at Irwtnsville, Ga
and his armv
loss 40on
3000 k. A: w,
J 000 k.A' w.^tjoop,
50 k. 50 m. 439 w,
3000 k. it w,
...,., 600 k. Ar w.
9 k. 60 w.
5000 k. A: w.
(<xx) k.& w. 1300 p.
2(KX)p. 1000 k.*V w.
S(x>m.4ook. 1500W.
i^^k.io^^w.iiopn
.. 6500 k, w. & m.
no k. 536 w.
250 k. & w.
60 k. tt w.
loss IOCa\
74k-774 w.
loss 1040.
Isok.1240w.990m,
loss 3000,
4000 p.
■• 5=i'*M'-
.... 5tJo k. ^31 w,
2000 p,
.17000 k. w. A: m.
1200 k. A: w, Soo p.
KKX) j).
.lootx) k. w. A* III,
;•• 3r»P
. . 25CX) k. w. A' p,
1000 k. & w.
20(X) p.
1500 k. A' \v.
loss 3(KKH,,
'oss hhx^i,
|.tXX) p,
no T'-'port,
.. ..no report.
3(« p. 40(xi k. A' \v,
. . S(xx) k. w. A" 111.
no report
no report.
no report
no repoit.
5000 k.it W. llXY>p
. . . KXXTO k. it W
. . i2fxj k. w. it m
\ nn report k. A' /
1 w. 17CO p... \
loss 2500.
i5<xi p.
1500 k.it w,
50(X> k. & w,
^ix)k..j(xxnv. 2500P,
joo k. A' w, 1 100 p,
1 500 k, & w ,
..,2Sook. & w
2S00 k.itw. I3<xip
. .900 k. 3Sa> i>,
ifVxi k. w. it m
'750k.3S00w.702p,
. .23000 k, w, it m,
Ifok. & w. 2500P,
1072 p.
Rear guard Johnston'
army.
.Sooo k.
. .2ax) k. A:
Hobson
River to (Jen.
70 k. Adm
RENL\RKS.
Sk. 13^2 p,
r2(X) k. it w.24(.x>p,
• ■■.V7 k. 37.11'
..i(.7 k. ir.25p
22(X)k. A* W.2S<X)p
....... 501XJ p
3"""P
i^ooo k. w. it m
(XXX) p.
2CniSp.
500 k. it w. 4300 p,
. . . . 2700 p. 100 g.
iS(« p.
■27.^"" P-
I2(X) p.
Canbv 10000 p.. . .
.... Jones, 8000 p.
Longstrcet wounded.
2 Confed. Gens. 30 guns
aptured.
Johnson flanked,
McPherson killed.
iSog^uns captured.
Confeds. repulsed.
Confed. " . Rhodes
and Gonion killed.
Feds, captured 2't pieces
artillery.
Gens. Miirniaduke and
Cabell captured.
(Jen. Johnson captured
and 47 guns.
Fort and 7^ g. captur'd.
\ll of Early's guns.
All of Lee's artillery-
captured.
( -en. Fr)rrest it Khoddy
captured.
Richmond captured.
Confed. Gens. Evvell,
Kershaw, C()rse, and
Cuslis Lee captured,
j^i guns captured.
14 guns.
. 2(MXX) p
This was the last en-
gagement of the Civil
War.
• In addition to the battles given above th'-ru were 42' ^ ittles, engagements, and skirmishes; a complete list can In- found in the National Hand-
Book of American I»rogress, published by E. B. Tre.it, 75, Brc^advyay, N. V.
TOTAL NUMBER OF TROOPS CALLED INTO SERVICE FROM THE NORTHERN STATES DURING THE CIVIL WAR.
Date ok Pkksidknt's Pkoci-a
M \T1().V.
A )ril 11;, 1S61
May 3, iSoi . ,
July h and 25, iSn
May and June, 1S02
July 2, 1802
August 4, lSC)2
)une 15, iSCiT^
XlMIlEH
caiie.i r>-
^2.74^ i
500,000 ]
_^0O,0<)O
i«).oai
I'KHIOIJ OK
StHVU-K.
3 months.
3 yeiirs.
\ nioiUhs.
! years.
t) niontlis.
f) months.
NUMIIKK
OnrAivi-n.
93,32"
7"4,i3'
15,007
43',"5-;
S7.5><S
10,301
U.VTK DF I'KK.inKNl's I'KOCLA-
MATIUV.
Oct. 17, 1SO3....
1'"lI). 1, 1S64....
Mardi 14, 1864.
Anril 23, i%j..
Jiilv iS, [S<H
Dec. 19, 18(14...
Totiil.
\l MIIEU
t':llli-il r.,r.
I'l-.KlOl) OK
Skkvicc.
,^no,(XX) (
2(io,ooo \
ioo.ooo
S5.,K)o
5(xi,ooo
i yc.irs.
3 vcilrs,
ino davs
, 2, ^ years
. 2, 3 years.
\l MHKU
OHlAlNin.
37t.''o7
2*^^,021
S3."SJ
3^4.^'*'
201,5'>S
3,f«;o,40l
This does not include the mililia that wcrebrouijht into service durinir tile various invasions of Gen. Lee's army into Maryland and Pennsylvania.
. vi;..
■1
•I.
C98
COST OF THE CIVIL WAR.
Tlio Statement of the Secretary of the Tre;
purposes iniL'ssiirily jjrowinLT t>ut of tlic Civ
ill! intiristin^^ iiiul ri.'inarkanle exhibit of t!
Jfi, iSij,i;j9.(j()S.(K); tliis does not iiiL'Uule expeiu!
Lxpenditiires of the j^eiicral Govcriinient oilier
Kxpenses of National loan and
currency $ 5 i,cj2.7,^o
Preiniiniis , S'J.7.i'^»'''7
Interest nil piiUHe deht i,7(ix,25M,i(>S
Subsistence of the ariiiv 3'^i.J'7»5l'^
(|i^i;irterinastir's Oepartiiient. . . . 249,481,917
Iriciileiit.il e\pcn> s of t^iartcr-
master's Department ^5.3|2,7.i?
isury of the amount of money expended for all
ilWar, bnm^Oil down to Jan. 'i, iSSo, will prove
lu cost of war. The foolin;^s as reported are
lilnres from iVn to iSSo of the (iovernment tor
Ihaii (or tbu war; the latter item was $054,Ofi,i;jj.
Tr.msportation of the army
Transpiirt.itioii of oOicers and
their bi-rMrj^ru
Clothmi^ of the army
Purchase oi horses for cavalry
and artillery
llirracks, cpiartcrs, etc ..*
Hctini,'' and cooking stoves
Pay. milcatje, j^'caeral expenses,
etc., of the army.
Pay of tv/(> and three years* vol-
unteers
Pay of three months* volunteers.
Pay, i'tc.,<)f KKvdays* voUmteers.
Pay of militia and V()Iunteers. ...
Pav, etc., to olhcers and men in
iVp.irtment of the Missouri ...
Pay and supplies of 100-day vol-
unteers
Bounty to volunteers and re^lars
on enlistment ...
Bounty to vobintecrs and their
widows and Uj^al lieirs
Additional Bounty Act of July 2S,
iSfV) ,
Collection and pavment of bounty,
etc., to colored soldiers, etc....
Reimhursmif States for moneys
expended for j>ayment of mili-
tarv service of United States. .,
Defrayinjj the expenses of min-
uteiiien and volunteers in Pcnn-
svlvania, Maryland, Ohio, In-
diana, and Kentucky
Expenses of recruiting
Draft and substitute fund
Medical and Hospital DepartmH.
Medical and Surgical History and
Statistics
Providing for comlbrt of sick,
wovuided, and discharjjed sol
diers
Kreedmcn's Hospital tV' Asylum.
Artificial limlis and appliances..
Ordnance service
Ordnanci, ordnance stores, and
nuppbcs
Armament of fortifications
National armories, arsenals, etc.
Purchase of arms for volunteers
and vcijulars
Pavnunt of expenses under Re-
construction acts
Secret service
Meda'.s of honor
Sujiport of National Home for
(lisalilfd voUmti IT soldiers ....
Publication of otlicial records of
.■^,025,2 10
136/172,423
3i,o7o,b.|6
44S.73'
97,084,729
1,040,102,702
86S, i05
I4..V'^'.77=*
6,126,952
&H.150
4,834,877
38,523,046
Si,76o»34S
69.99S.7S6
368,15s
9i63S.S»'5
597. 17S
1,297,9'V'i
9.7'3»S7,(
45»»oS,77o
196,04s
»,a32,7S.(;
123,4^7
4»S53.53'
55.933.93^
io,2iS,47j
a3/'03.4S9
76,378,935
3,128,905
6S1.5S7
39,890
8,546,184
U'aroftbe UelKlll<.n i7o,<v'5
Contin;^fncics of ihe armv and
Ailjutant-(iener;.r.s DcpaVlm'l. 3,726,r«>S
Prepariny- register of volunteers. 't'"S
Army-pensiims 4o7,42<>, 102
'IVle^jrapli lor military purposes, 2,50o,i>S5
Maintenance of ^^unbuat fleet
proper... 5»244/>S4
Keepm^if, transporting;', and sup-
plying" prisoners of war 7»6S9»4"
Construction and maintenance of
steam-rams l»37'^»73"
Signal service I43<7''7
Ounboats on the Western rivers. 3»239>3'4
Supplying, transporting^, and de-
livering- arms and immilions
of war to loyal citizens in States
in rebel I ion'aijainst the Govern-
ment of the Unitec' Stales. . .. . I,649.59'i
Collectinj;, org-anizing-, and drill-
inif volunteers 29,001,^^1
Tooland sie><:o trains 7^^2,250
Complelinjf the defenses of \V ash-
injrton ........ 912,283
Commutation of rations to prison-
ers of war in Rebel States 320,63'?
National cemeteries 4,l(i2,S4S
Purchxse of Kord's Theater 8S,ooo
Headstones, eri'ction of head-
stones, pay of Superintendents,
and removing the remains of
ofhcers to National cemeteries. 1,080,185
Capture of JeffUavis 97.03'
Support of Bureau of Refujjees
and Freedmen Ili454»237
Claims for (^quartermasters stores
and comnussarv supplies 850,220
Claims of loyal citi/cns for sup-
f>lies furnished durinji: the Rc-
tellion 4.170.304
Horses and other property lost in
military service 4,281,724
Kortirtcations on the Nortliern
frontier 68,^.74^
Pay of the navy 74.4^'-2.304
Provisions of the navy i6,V')8,62^
Cluthinjj (d' the navy »,5'>4<790
Construction and repair '34.17^,096
ICiiuipmentofvessels 25,i7(.(ii4
Ordnance 3l,422,^(>^
Sury;eons'' necessaries '.'>?7»7H
Yards and docks 30,:^oo,.^oj
Puel for tile navy ii,^.fo,-M-
Hemp for tbc navy 898.252
Steammachinerv.". . 49,297.318
N.ivi-jation....' 2,52'>,2i7
Naval Hospitals 499.''"^
M.ijfazinci, 40b53'
Marine Corps, pay, clothing', etc. 7.7^7/" 5
Naval Academy 1,8^.2. 132
Temporary increase of the navy. 8,123,76*1
Miscellaneous appropriations . .. 2,614,0.41
Naval pLusiims 6,590,0(3
Bounties to seamen 2,021,530
Bounties for destruction of ene-
mies' vessels 27r,30()
Indetimity liir lost chuhinif.. 289,025
Expenditures in the District of Columbia from 1790 to 1876.
The total amount of money
purposes t'rom July if, 1790, to
Capitol
Library of Congress*
Wbite' House
Purchase of wonks of art
BMt.inic (Jarden ,
Dep.utii'-nt of St.ite, etc
Trrasui \- Dt-partment
War Dcpartiiien' ,
Navv 1>« parttU' ••
Po-^t-tinicc Hepartment ...
Depiirlineiit of A^nr\ilture.,.
Smiltisonian Institution
P;itfut OlVice
Benevolent institutions
expe
July
ntlej by t
30, iSyrt,
• 1.575.
i,'H"<
(<Oi.
. 7".^
. 4,o'm),i
■ 7.o''-i
. i.iH,
. .l.'^'i"'
. i,I2|
.■ .?.'74
. i:W,
.. 1.1. "17
• 4.7.iJ
e (ii)vurnincnt in the District of Columbia tor
i $92, 1 1 z,,t9S. 'riiis sum was divided .is follows:
all
^17
\W
5'«)
iSi.t
otS
'Mi
""5
'.!"
102
(JO
()C)S
4.tS
Pfnal institutions
Courts
Atjiu-duct
I'"iru Department ',
Canals
liri.'.ijes
rulilir ii^ronnds
Streets and avemies , ,.
Loans, reinilnirsenients, etc...
MiseeIlaneoiis+
* l'"irst approi)riation for Conj^ressioiial
brar%", tSoo.
tl''irstappropiiation for tlio support of I'u
Schools, iSoO.
4.41S.
7S,
4,n(r),
104,
S07,
I,2()0,
5.075.
4.'W7.
.1.5' 5i
.129
,4S<i
,S22
,2'»
,4rH
..5"S
.5,17
,2'H
.2'W
,.)no
Li-
blic
The Federal Army During the Civil War ol
1861-65.
The folli)winj; .statement shows the number
of men lurnisheil by e.ich Slati "
— '■
Men furnish-
ed
under Act
ApRreKate
STATES.
ot
Aprd 15.
I, tor 75,000
litia for 3
No. of men
furnished un-
mi
der all calls.
m(
nllis.
Maine
771
7i.7t5
Ne\v Hampshire.
77'J
34. "05
Vermont
7S2
35. .84^
Massachuset'.s. ..
.1.7.1''
1S--."4S
Rhode Isl .nd...
3.147
23.71"
C<mnecticut
2,402
.57.. 174
New York
M.9"'
407,047
New Jersey
3.1^.1
7';.5i'
Pennsylvania.. ..
30.175
3"^'.3i6
Delaware
775
M.fiS'
Maryland
4'J.73'
West Virtjinia...
000
3i<oo3
Dist. ofl'olumbia
4.7«'
16,872
Ohio
ia.157
4,6S6
4,S20
■'J7.1+7
»5S,'i7
Illinois
Michigan
817
'JO, 119
lAii.?
Wisconsin
Minnesota
930
25.0.14
9(.S
10,501
75.SW
■o.'^.773
Missouri
Kentucky
7S,5»o
Kansas
650
20,007
lennessee
■1:^
Arkansas
North Carolina..
3.156
California
216
Nevada
6,7
895
Washinjfton Tor.
Nebraska
'.'79
Colorado
1,702
Alalmma
2.57''
Florida
1,290
Louisiana
8,224
Mississippi
545
'lexas
'.^/^'i
Dakota
181
New Mexico
1,51')
2,,19S
Total
"77;; — .r~ . .^
=
').h.Uf<
2,(->S.S,52.l
The Provost Marshal (/eneraPs report shows
that there were killed in action or died of their
wounds while in service: Commissioned offi-
cers, 5,221; enlisted men, 9o,S^)S. Died trom
disease or accident: Commissioned ollicers,
2,321. Knlisted men, 182,329; a total loss in
service of 280,7^9. Deaths, from wounds or dls-
ease contracted in service which occurred after
the men left the army are not inchided In these
•inures.
Losses of the Government for Every Adminis-
tration from 1789 to 1876.
The following- table exhibits the losses of the
Government through frauds, carelessness and
from all causes, and the amount of lo.ss on
each thousand dollars, for every Adndnistra-
tion from the lieyinninj'' of the Government
till the end of President Grant's Administra-
tion, as follows:
T*criod
of ser-
Total
I-oss on
vice,
Losses.
$1,000.
years.
Washinj^ton
S
$ 250,070
S i.ii
Adams
J
235.411
-•■.59
Jefferson
fio,!,4fi7
J.7S
Madison
8
2,i9i,r)oo
4.ir,
S.5S
4-.W
Monroe
S
3."').7-*7
«S5,.17t
Adams
t
Jackson
3.7^'i.ii"
7-. 52
Van Buren
4
3.343.79-
11.71
Harrison (
Tyler )
4
i,.5f'5.003
0.40
Polk
4
i.73^S5i
4.0S
lavlor. 1
Fillmore f
4
1,^14,401)
4-19
Pierce
4
2,I()7,o'<2
Ifl
Buchanan
4
2.o<;o,io7
Lincoln
4
7,jiio,<>S4
7"
Johnson
4
4.'iio,';o')
57
s
2,'<40,U)2
31
Total
«j.),ioS,ooc
§ 1.20
^ m
^>
■
P'
civil War ol
t
s the number
Apjrrcjjate
No. of men
furnislied un-
tlur all calls.
7 ''IIS
34^5
3S.»4<>
■S-i.ojS
Al.?"
57.,n4
4/7,047
7';.5"
3"),,^i6
>3/'Si
49.73 ■
3.'.<»3
16,872
S'O.rtSQ
■97. '47
25^*,^ 17
yo.iiQ
9f..ii5
aj.o.H
7S,»io
ioS,773
7S.S+0
30,097
■i:S5
3. "56
all
617
895
".279
1,76a
■"isi
2.395
2,f.S,S,5j.i
i report shows
r Jieil of their
nissioned otli-
Dieil from
onetl ollicers,
total loss in
vounds or dis-
oci-iirred alter
lildud in these
very Admlnis-
B76.
e losses of the
elessness and 1
nt ot loss on
Administra-
: Government |
s Administra-
al
Loss on
ies.
$1,000.
'.070
$ 2.Zi
i.4">
-•■59
!.4''7
-•7S
I ,C)(iO
4.ir,
S.5^
).7>7
;>37l
4-39
1,111
7-52
!.7y-!
I. .7'
!."03
6.40
!,S5,
4.08
t.4"9
4.19
1.107
',9'<4
1,11)2
3-f>
7"
57
31
J
5,005
§ l.2y
1
■■'
'V
THE NAVAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES-
699
Showing Navy of the Revolution, Naval Battles of the War of 1812, Mexican War, Civil War, the Number of Vessels
Captured and Destroyed for Violation of the Bloclcade, and Federal Vessels Captured or
Destroyed by Confederate Cruisers.
THE NAVY OF THE REVOLUTION.
In Deceinher, 1775, CnnRress passcil an Act ortlenns ihe builclini; of
thirteen vessels, three of 24 cmis, five of aS, five uf 3a, with Ezekiel Hop-
kins as Coinni;uidcr-in-Chief, as follows : —
Name.
Hancock
Congress.... .
Montgomery ,
Dt-'laware ....
Randolph
Washington..
Effingham.
Raleigh....
Virgii.ia.--
Warren
Providence.
Bostnn
Tninihull .
History.
CaptiirctI by iht- Hritish in 1777.
Uestrnytd in the Hntlsnn River to avoid cap-
ture in 1777, never having been lo sea.
Do. do. do.
Captured in the Delaware River 1777.
Hlown up in action with the British Ship Var-
nionth, 64 guns, iu 1778,
Destroyed in the Delaware by the British
before getting to sea, in 1778.
Do. (it). do.
Captured by the British in 1778.
Captured by the British in 1778, off the capes
of the Delaware, before j^clting to sea.
Burned in the Penobscot River in 1779, to pre-
vent fallini; into the enemy's liands.
Seized by the Biiiish at the capture of Char-
leston, S. C, in 1780.
Do. do. do.
Caplnred by the Briti<;h ship Watt, in T781.
Owing to t!ie superiority of England on the sea, and thi." ^reat difricuhii;s
with whii-b Congress had lo slrugult; during the war, it was impossible to
give any great attention to our naval arnianient ; but, notwithstanding this,
the waters swarmed with American privateers, and manv hundreds of
British merhantmen were captured. Probably llic mo-t diirine naval ex-
ploit during the war was fought off the coast of Scotland. Scpteniheraj,
1779. between the Hon Homme Richard, of 40 guns, Baul Jones, com-
mander, and the Serapis, a British frii^ate of 44 guns, C.tptain Pearson,
The Serapis surrendered, with a loss of 150. Jones h>st 300 in killed and
woundeil. and while his ship was sinking transferred his crew to the Serapis.
Ihe navy was disbanded at the clQ>e of the war, the few remaining
vessels were sold.
In addition to the *' thirteen" vessels above named, about ten other
vessels, ranj^ing from 24 guns down to 10, were purchased and fitted out as
cruisers while the others were building.
1799 — The Frigate Constitution captured the French Frigate LTnsurgente.
1803 — The Frigate Philadelphia captured bv the Tripobtans.
1804 — Commodore Decatur licstroyed the Frig.ite Philadelphia.
PRINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OF THE CIVIL WAR.
186a, Feb. 6 — Fort Henry, Tenn., captured bv Commndrrc Foote.
Feb, 8 — Ro.inoke l.'.land, N. Cc.ipturcd by Ct mniodore Goldsborough
and ( icn. Biirnsi'Ie.
Feb. 16 — Fort D 'nelson, Tenn., combined forces of Gen. drant and
Commodore Foote.
Mar. 8 — Confederate Kam Merrim.ic "sinks" U. S. Frigites Cumber-
land and Congr*- " Tinton Koads, \'a.
Mar. 9 — Federal Monitor disauijs the Merrimac.
April 6 -Pittsburgh Landing.
April 8— Capture of Island No. 10.
April 1 1— Fort Pulaski, (ia., captured by land and naval forces.
April 34— Forts Jacks-n, St, Phillip and New Orlean-.
May 13— >s'atchez. Miss., captured by Admiral Farragut.
July I — Malvern Hi 1.
1863, Jan. II— Fort Hindntan. Ark.. Admiral Porter.
Jan. II— U. S. Steamer Hatteras sunk by Confederate Alabama.
an. 17— Monitor Wechawken captures Confcder.ac Ram Atl.tiita.
lay 18— Vick-iburg. Mis.s., Adrnir.il Porter.
Julv 8 — Port Hudson, Miss., captured.
July 8— Natchez, Miss.
1864, June 19— U. S. Steamer Kcarsace **sinks the Alabama" off Cher-
botirt;, France.
Aug. 5 -Mobile. Ala., Admiral Farragut.
1865, Jan. 15— Fort Fisher, N. C, captured by Gen. Terry and Commodore
Porter.
During the Civil War the Federal Navy was increased in two years
to over 400 vessels, the greater part of which were used iu blockading
Southern ports; notwithstanding their vigilance and cflTectivencss, many
Confederate cruisers managed to escape the blockade and destroy the
Northern merchant vessels.
At the present time { 1880) not one-half the vessels belongin>» to the navy
are in active service ; the greater portion of those in cojnniission are em-
ployed in what is called squadron service. There are seven s(iu..drons,
viz., the European, the Asiatic, the North Atlantic, the South Atl.intic,
the North Pacific, the South Pacific and the Gulf Sauadrons. These
siinadrons are under command of a high n.ivnl officer of the rank of com-
nio ore or rear admiral, whose ship is called the f|;tg-ship of the *(|uadron.
FEDERAL VESSELS CAPTURED OR DESTROYED BY
CONFEDERATE ** CRUISERS."
Ships 80
Bri^s 46
B.irUs 84
Schooners , 67
Steamb lals - 4
Gunboats -.--- - ---- a
Cutter I
T"fe «
NAVAL BATTLES, WAR OF 1812.
WHfUCK FOUGHT.
1813, Aug, 13
Aug. ig}
Oct. i3
Oct. 25
r^ec. 20
1813, Feb. 24
June I
Aug. 14
Sept. 5
Sept. lo
Oct. 5
x8i4* M-'i*"* 23
Apr. 20
Apr, 29
June 38
Sept. I
Sept. II
Sept. 15
Dec. 9
1815, Jan. IS
Feb. 20
Mar. 3j
Off Newfoundland
Ofl" Massachusetts
Off North Carolina...
Near Can; ry Islands .
OlTSan Salvador
OlVDcmcrara
Massachusetts Bay ...
British Ch.mnel
OlT Cua.it uf Maine...
Lake Erie
Lake Ontario ........
Harbor of Valparaiso.
O h' C oa'.A of F io ri'd'a '. "
Near British Channel.
Stonincion, Ct
Near Africa
Lak(' Champlain
Mobile Bay
Lake Borgiie ,
OfT New Jersey
OtT Island of Madeira
Otr Br.izil
.M, VESSF!.S AND COM.MANUKKS. |riR. VESSELS AND COMMANDERS.
Frig. Essex, I'orter*
Frig. Constitution, Hull*
Sloop Wasp, J ones* t
Frig. United >tates. Dt-catiir* .
Frig. Constitution. Ilainbiidge*
Sloop Hornet. Lawrence*
Krii:. {. hesape.ike, Lawrence ..
Brig. Argus. Allen
ling. Knterprie, Burrows* ,..
9 vessels 54 guns, Perry*
Commodore Chanccy cu\
Frig. Essex, Porter ........
Sloop Frolic ...
Sloop Peacock. Warrington*
Sloop Was». Bl.ikcly* ...
British tleet attack the
Sloop WasD, Bl..kely* --
14 vessels 86 guns, McDonouL;h*
Fort Boyer, M.»j. Lawrence* .
G^^ gunboats, Jones -..-_.
i'rig. PicsidciU, Decatur
Frig Constitution, Stewart*
'oop Hornet, Biddle*
Sloop Alert. Laui;harne.
(•rig. Gutrrricrc, Dacres.
Frig. Frolic, Whinyates.t
Frig. Mactdoiiian. Garden.
Frig. Ja*a, Lambert.
Brig Peacock. Pc.ike.
Fri,.;. Shannon, Broke*.
Sloop Pelican, M.iples*.
Brig Boxer, Blylhe.
6 vessels 63 guns, Barclay,
tturcs British Flotilla.
Brig Phtebe Hillyar*.
Sloop Cherub, Tucker.
Briu. Orph ,is.
Brig Kpervier, Wales.
Sloop Reindeer, Manners,
town ; are repulsed.
Sloi'P Avon, Arlmthnot.
17 vessels 95 uuns, Downic.
4 ships, QoKims, Col. Nichols.
40 barges, Lockyer*.
>iqtiadinn, Hayes*.
Ship Cyane, l-alcou.
Ship I evaiit, Douglas.
Brig Penguin, Dickenson.
VESSELS CAPTURED OR DESTROYED
FOR VIOLATION OF THE BLOCKAKE,
OR IN BATTLE, FROM MAY, 1861. TO
MAY, 1865.
Schooners 735
Sloops 155
S'.c. liners - 262
I i. irks 27
i^r-RS 30
Shi[)s... 13
I roncla Is and Rams 16
Br igaii lines 2
(ill 11 boats . 3
IVopellcrs 4
Pilot Bo.its 3
Boats 8
^'.n-hts 3
I iig-^ — 3
I'.aikatinc i
l'n"gy I
Miscellaneous 86
The British vessels captured during the war
of 1812 were 1.750, the .American 1,683.
Theonlynav.il engagementsof importance dur-
ing the war with i\I xico was the bombardment
of Vera Cruz, Commodore Connor, which lasted
four days, ami the city compelled to Mirrender,
and the bomb. irdment of Monterey by Commo-
dore Sloat, July 6, 1846, ami the capture of .Mon-
terey on the Califnrniacoast,by Commodore Sloat.
Oct. 25. 1846— Tobacco captured and Mexican
vessels in port destroyed.
* Indicates the victorious party.
t Afterwards captured, with her prize, by the Pjictiers, a British 74.
{51, ''I :\^ ::»'■•:
'-ti^.
'~m
.'» ,\:
■'. ■• ^ '! .''-.■
'-^
700
UMIEU SIAIKS PAPKR MONKV AND rKNSKJ.N' STATISTICS.
AMOUNT OF PAPER MONEY AND FRACTIONAL CURRENCY OUTSTANDING IN THE UNITED STATES AT
THE CLOSE OF EACH FISCAL YEAR FROM 1860 TO 1881 INCLUSIVE.
l'rr|);iri-il at llir TrcMsviry Di p»rinn;nt, July I, iSSi.
Yi'ar t-rul
3"-
Slate Hank
Circulation.
.S'ational
ll.inl<
Circulation.
Legal
TcnJiT
Notes.
Demand
Noigs.
f>ncan'l i^vit Coinpoiinil
S'car \nti-^ Intcru'-t
of l^\i. I N'olfS.
(Stu Xotu 1) (Set! Nolu 1)
iVw. ..
1 Srti
l'<".t....
l<'\i ...
l*'.v...
lS«i
I -iii;
I '^'i^ . . . .
!<<'«)....
i-i7o
i'<7i....
i>*7-'....
i-<7i....
iS?*....
irf
1S711.
■sy7...
i-<7S...
lS7y. ..
■ ■vSo ..
iSSi...
; ■!"7."'-M77
J"J,"o,;.7''7
]^l,7i(.',o7c)
i7'M57.7'7
.(,|S|,IIJ
-..vi-'.~^7t
I ,i)(iS,o5S
1,700,013
^-'<^t.^7o
l,00i).02[
4"'.S"t
299,700
'4'.'/'7
,1I,-!.i.V-'7"
M".'.i7.'<'«'
JM,(70,i((lS
JoS,' J5..i7o
2.w,70j,S53
'.!'^).7''''.v^t
l!7/'^Mi7".?
il7.-i'''7.""
j;i,i)M,niJ
,Vit,iO><,ooS
,?i7,0|S,S72
ii9,'x>l,^x*7
9't,n.jo,0(»;i
207,7^17.11 I
(i'|i7'^.'7i
liJ,"'^7.'/"
(otj,fii9,JO';
!7 1.7"^.!. 597
,lS'i,0()t),0(X)
.;i^i,0(Kl,00il
,?5n,o<x>,OiiO
,t,^^>,noo,Ooo
,i,^7.,S"<'i"^'
,J.j6,ooo,txx>
t^i,0(X),noo
!7.?,77'.5''"
.i.W.7"l>,VP
,t('i,6'<i,oio
,^0,'^'^l,OI'l
34'i,'vSi,oi')
5t,oto,0(io
'.i..!^ 1,020
7V),i/)i)
t7-'."",l
172, 1, ij
'4".7-i
i-!.^7,i9
'.)",. i"5
SS.joo
79,'/'7
7''>,7i-'
70,107
(<fY"7
ru,297
61,470
'■><'.<)7.i
I.
.1.
'*<).'*7''.47.T
'.5.i,l7'.|.W
4'.ii~*,7i'>
l,Iit,'.,iO
55.v(9'i
.lt7.77-'
2.(S,27J
"|>~<..i7-'
'"7..i-->
142,105
•27.'-S
■■.V,i75
'01,705
93.7^i
90.4 S?
S<.,iS5
S2,iSi;
79.985
I5,ftoi),<ioo
.)i,75",0-n
;.l.'iiJ,llo
J~<,I(il,SlO
2,S7i,(in
2.152.910
7f»S,5(o
59.1.5^"
179, )00
415,21..
,!67.3'«
29",'-.iO
271,920
259,fxx>
3(2.500
2tO,2!;o
I*'rartion.il
t'urn ncy,
Taper.'
10,102,456
22, "v)!. "^77
27,o7o,>i77
2-',.(o7..S-:t
.!2,"2'.,952
,fJ,ii \A\-
.i9.^7''."'>t
10,5^2, ■^yt
■l",S.vM5
4 1.7'/'..!'"!
45,"iSi,2o<i
42,I29,|2(
.1t,41",5o5
■ii'.4"4,i,i7
i''.5t7.7'<»
15,5,2,KXi
7.^M.o5t
7.i".v9 5.i
l-'rai'tional
Curri'nc} ,
SllviT.
fScu Xotc
Total
ainotuit in
Currency.
10.926,9^8
.?.i.iS5.''7,!
.w,i.';.';.65,i
.^'),,V«',5-!9
2(,0'il,H9
10,974,807
S
207,102,477
2CJ2,0O5 7(7
3.1.!.4.i-'."79
■'V>.<"7.i'-\
^.U.7i"'.'''*4
t»S ^^^ I S,h'^o
S)i,i)o4.oS/')
'^ •'",027, 151
720, (I2,fHt^
'«M.9l",o,5'7
7'».37!;.'*<'J
7'7.'*7.';.7,=;i
7lS.57o,9o»
7;o.""».36o
7^1.490,916
773.''H''.729
749,303,474
73i.379.S4t
729,215,50s
73(,8oi,905
73."; 5-!''.05''>
780,584,809
Aino'l
mr
Capita
s
6.5'<
6.30
10.19
19- 1 (
2|,|-<
28.29
25.14
22. S3
19. (S
i'<.37
18. 16
18 1,
18. iS
I7.9S
1S.23
i7-.'!5
16.53
15.08
15.19
.4.87
14.46
Valueol
Paper
l)ol. a.s
coin par-
ed Willi
Coin,
July I of
ich vr.
s
o ,S6.6
O 76.6
o i^-7
o 70.4
f^\n
o 71.7
o 70,1
73 -.3
o S5.6
o 89,0
o 87.5
o 86. 4
o qi.o
o 87. 2
o 89.5
091.7
99.4
1 Ofl.O
I 00.0
I 00.0
Value of
Currencv in
Gold.'
288,769,500
497.79S,U9
322,.'.(9,247
r«72, 256,355
588,(it-,OQ3
592,906, 7(»)
505.ooi;,235
,510,050,352
5'«.5^i,77"
oj8,(,o9,4iS
6(6,2)9 511
'•'("*."53 '^'57
7H.i5".734
67 1, '119,9 (7
•''71,773.9.38
'■«;(. W5.i47
725,o«!3,925
73l.'*ni,99.5
715,521,956
780,584 ,800
Note i. — The one and two-year notes of i^\\, and the compound interest notes, thoujjh havini^ a leijal-tender quality for their face-values, were in
fact interesi-bearin)? securities, payalile at certjun times, as slated on the notes. I'liey entered into circulation but for 'a few days, if at all, and, since
maturity, those jiresented have been converted into other interol-hearini; bonds, or p.iid for in cash, interest included.
.S'orK 2.— The amount of fractional silver in circulation in i860, ivii, and i8)2, cannot be stated. The amounts state 1 for 1876, 18^7, 1S7S, and 1879,
are the amounts coined and issued since Januarv 1876. To these amounts should be added the amount of silver previously coined which ^as come into
circulation.
PENSION STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.
I.tsi of Pcti'iiou A<,'-encies^ Xttmes of Pension A:^ents\ uumher of Prnsioiit'rx on the roH of each Aj/'ency, 'June jo, iSSl, and the amount dhbursej for
pensions if mi ii^r they ear ^ to^'ether ivith a comparative statement of the number of pensioners on the roll at the beginning and close of the year ending
"June 30, tSSi\
From the Animal Ucjiort of ihc Cmninis.sHmLT (if Pt-nsions for iSSi.
-Vrinv.
X.ivv.
War c
flSl2.
Disbursements on accoun
(tf pensions duriuj^ the
Whole number
(tf pensioners on
Locat*n of A^e'v.
Name of Pen-
>iar.
the roll.
1
.Salaries
sion Ajent.
[nvali's
Wid's
Invalids
Wid's
Survi-
W i'ws
1' or rca^iilar
For Arrears
and e.vpen-
Total dis-
June 30,
jnne 30,
vors.
of, &c.
pensions.
of Pensions.
ses ol pen-
sion atf'ts.
bursements.
83,6,9,203.93
iSSi.
l88<i.
Boston, Mass. . . .
1), \V. (Jooeb.,,
10.156
7,aS6
500
429
716
2,074
$3."0-l."73-"S
$29,647.03
814,883.22
20,961
ig,886
Chicago, III
.\da C. Sweet,,
13.097
5.914
*'3
5-!
405
1.030
4,"37.l">i"S
61,(02.88
i5.7.5i-7>
4.7i4,S37.37
21 481
19.370
Coluiiibus, Ohio..
.\. T, Wikoll.,,
11,070
7.515
.50
71
720
2,10(
.(,352,l«i,21
63,381,22
iS,i4(.9(.
4.433."9i-39
24..5.U
13 -3"'^
Concord, .\. 11. ..
E. L. Whitford
10.(82
I'.Sm
149
115
1,|0[
3,1"!
3, 107, (9(. 21
40,178.64
16,911.59
3.4"4.5S4.46
^■•955
1 It'SS
21,051
Jacob Rich
S.iinuel Post.. ..
9,676
2. 717
218
547
y-'i
3,220,988..82
2,024,640.30
.33.449-55
.30.285.4(1
11,721.16
10,533-54
3.16". 159.53
2.o"5.459.,?o
30x),4Vi.oo
11.337
10 8.S
Detroit, .Mich
7.511
2,701
at
22
11.375
Indianapolis, Ind.
l-red. Knetler ..
10,740
4.I7~^
219
S16
3,002,455.2s
S(.(|i-7^
'i,.5'*7-9(
"''.153
15.113
Knowille, Tenn..
D. T. Hoviiton..
4,699
4.,5"i
77
92
1,9-1
''',39'
2,'».7.932.fK,
So.i5'<-74
13 14460
i.73i.i3''-03
■7.746
17.191
I.ouisville, Kv. . ..
K. M. Kellv....
^.,5'H
2,7V,
9
10
3S8
1,011
i,oo7.i/y..io
24,131,22
7.155- "7
i,03<), 292.99
6,798
0,701
.Milwaukee, Wis..
I'L. Ferj^vison . . ,
8,201
3.113
28
13
^■5
416
2,806,721,05
25,985.1x8
9.'*59-99
2,842,560.72
11,9.^
10,(152
New York, N. v..
t has. H. Coster
7384
5.S20
473
404
515
'..?37
2,601J,9S|.,,I
4(.39''-79
17,431.*.
2,:>7i,8is.o5
I5.9'9
i5..ioS
l'hiladelpl.ia,I'a..
II. <;, Sickel ...
10,417
5,5"')
315
3-!i
238
1,000
3,172.870.08
37.010..34
15,281.60
3,225,162.02
17,8(0
16.5^+
Pitlsburt'h, I'.i...
\V. ,\. llerion .
9.175
4,101)
49
51
-35
795
■!-73i,35o.3'<
31,219.82
12,030.23
2,775,200.43
14.414
12,910
St. I.ouis, .Mo.,..
\. A.. \, lams..
9,431
2,098
3(
21
,vv
^Vt
-!.''53.-!i''-37
45 \5s.>i5
11,636.11
3,910.721.33
1 i.liaS
11.471
S. Francisco, t al.
llenrv t ox ....
i.ioi
252
51
3"
-■■"^
105
361,320.39
5,272.96
4,99i.SS
.?7i,5'*5-i3
3.4i4.3.3'>-73
i.79(
1..595
Syracuse, \. \', .
T. S. Pn.,le
i'>.5'^3
.5.<H'>
S-v
2,311
3,?0)../<>.3o
.13,()38..'io
iS.439-.'*3
19,709
lS.4"S
\Vashiili;toii,D.C.
Theo. Ci, lines . .
11.. 597
4. IK
.345
3.5s
35^
1,30s
26.029
3.-i-/> "75.05
57.7i,i-'7
■6,49':i-''^7
3.971.197.09
19,170
17.95"
Total number of pensioners on roll
1.53." 5
7''>."S!
2,187
i.xA
8,8<,8
49,713- 147-51
67S.6S5 73
2a4,/o5.26
5o.(.j6,538.5i
26S 8io
250,802
Inerease durinj^ the year
10,8. )
117
i3'>
1.-179
$12,070,9*11.63
Sill •■^4
'~is,02S' 1 .'".
2,084)
1,2(0
,?i9.29i,485,io
6,oi.(,fK)i.63
I
AiiUHint paid for in-nsioiis tUirin*;- the past 2 1 yea
.S5o''MI5,oH.^i.
Averay^c annual pension to each pensioner, S'"?-''''
Durinj,^ the vear 2'^,7io new names were adiled to the roll, i.iH of wliicli had formerly hcen on the roll, hut dropped for various causes. Durinij same
perioil the names of 10,713 pensioners were drop ))ed. The salaries of pension agents under the cxistin^^ laws are 84,(xx>/«'r annum^ and an extra allowance
or perquisite of i; cents for e ich pension voMcher above 4,000 issued in anv yfixw. Out of this, however, pension aj*;ents must pay all clerk hire, otfice rent,
po-itaiie, and conlinj^ent expenses of their offices, 1
^ '^
^
,0
1
1
JTATES AT
n^
L-r
as
Value of
ih
Currciirv in
OoUl.'
I of
yr.
s
.rt
28.8,760,500
.^1
4'»7,708,139
■7
.tJ2,.'>(y,247
•4
'.J2, 256,355
.(1
i;8>;,ric7,om
■/
5f)j,ijo(>,7(<j
505,00.^,235
■a
5i".n5o,.?5J
.(1
5i«,5^'.77"
.o
(.(S,</ig,4lS
•s
6(6,2)9 541
■ 4
,o
7^i,>56.7,U
.2
6-1,619,9(7 1
■''7 1,77.1,938
• ■;
./
''«;♦. 175. ,!47
725,083.925
•4
.o
73l,8oi,i«5
.o
7U,52J,y56
.o
78o,584,><oo
values, were in
tall, and, since
, 1S7S, and iS7g,
h ^as come into
ti disburnt-d for
the year endvijr
1
1 Whole nunUnr
lot pen-sionerson
the roll.
June 30,
Jnne 30,
iSSi.
iSSd.
20,Kfn
i9,^so
21 4S1
'9.,17''
24..Ui
^3..i6'< 1
21.955
2 r ,03 1
i,!,iSS
■i.ViT
■■■.?75
10 >i.S
^(\n\
■5. ■IS
■7.74''
17,192
6,7g8
0,701
11,9^6
10,652
i5.y9
i5,,iO'S
17,8(0
.6,58+
■4.414
12,910
1 5,628
■J.47i
■.79t
1..59;
■9,709
18,468 j
19,170
■7.95"
2(«.S50
250,^x12
IS,02S 1
8107.01.
•s. Diirini^ s;ime
1 extra allow. uu-e
t hire, olHce rent.
'
IS
-^ i
>
RIGHT OF SUFFRAGE IN STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
701
Alahania
Ari/.niia
Arkaii>a«
California
Colorailo
Idiniiciieiit ...
Dakota
Deiaw.an-
l''lori{|:i ,
<ifori,'ia ,
Idaho
Illinois
Iiidi 11a
low.a
Kansas
r
r. •
■.;
:*; /. .
** H
■f^.
in
y. H
•. -
7 =
T -
" ^ ii
W H
^ H
■" /:
""
"
"
x yr.
J IIHW.
30 ilf .
I vr.
i.,d».
I yr.
6 lllos.
30 )N.
1 vr.
<)., ,1s.
loiU.
mn-.
1 V
6 nu's.
^-.,1...
1 \r.
1 mo.
I yr.
'. lllos.
I vr.
llios.
.( iin).-.
J" lis.
I vr.
,y.,ds.
■^0 (N.
1 ft iim-*.
6>,1-,
3-'!-.
'■ nios.
60 lis.
■ oils.
'■ niHs.
J. 1I-.
Kclitiirk.v ..
l.oiil-iMlia ..
Marvlaliil..
Miiiie
NIass.-Mliiisf
MicliiL-aii..
.MIllllOol.'l .
^Ilssi^si|l|li
Mi*.*oiin. .
.Seluaska..
N.vail.i ...
New llam|l^
Nc'W .IiTsiy
.New .\le.\i.-e
hire
2 JTS.
I jr,
1 jr.
3 iiios.
I jr.
3 inos.
4 nios.
1110s.
1 .vr.
6 llios.
6 nios,
1 yr.
m
if; P ^
I yr.
10 (U.
6 lllos.
6 IIHW.
mos.
10 iIh.
10 i\t*.
I 1110.
rods.
40 (IS.
10 (Is,
30 dn.
6 mos.
5 lllos.
3 lllos.
.i'.(l-.
St.vtk.
New York. ...
North Carolina
Ohio
tin-ijoii
iiliodc Island .
Soiilli Carolliiil
Texas
'relliir-sci'
ri:ill
Verillolll
\'ir'_'iliia
Wi-t Vir^'iiiia .
\Vi~cotisill
Wyomiii;,'
• .'"'■
I yr.
I yr,
6 nioH.
1 yr,
I yr.
I yr.
I yr,
6 mils,
■ y-
I yr,
I \r.
I .\ r.
A ■
3
u -
■i > C
Ui
4 mos.
30 lis.
J, ,1s.
JO lis.
'JO <lu.
90 (Ih.
....
6 inoH.
(O.N.
*t IIMIM.
-..,
rnu^..
■\ moH.
(' tilt'.'*.
jn,l-.
..—
....
Ni'TK. In I In- iilihrfviiitituis iilinvr. \ iv slaml.t tMi- mmt, mo-i. f>ir nmiitli-*, (W. ('i>r djivs, lv«'t;ist ralion i-» ir'Hiiifil in all tin- srntr^ cxi . pt li» lawan-, Iniliiiiui,
tC(-ntii<-ky. Mictiiifan, Tcmlh, 'rciitD'^Hrr iiiwl \ t'l-rnntit. Klioilt- I-lHtxI. Nnj-ih rar-ojinn. tirlawitP'. Mji.<4.4M-tiii«i'n-, < 'mMit'rl ii-in a-i'l N<-\\ M.nn|i<;lin-<< iimiim •- a )it-<i]it'rty
(lualitli-ainm. Ill lii'ciixia. drliinimnt tux|iiiyers iir<- tilsitamliKcil. I'tiiminirii-y tm- 1\mi yraiN <lislranfhi.-.fs in I'ciin.-^ylviinia. 1 1 e h o nir-il "T a iM>fl iu\ is niiiiiii-il
ill Ti'niM-s.-ri*. rmiiHMN or Imlijins imt taxni nn- in it )ill"»<t| Id vt.i.> ui I u-l.nvait', MaHsurlnisrll-i, .Maim-. 'IfSiis. \ir-ifiiiia. Wt-^i Viiu'ihi.i i ■!• Wi^i-hii-im. Women
ciiii v-.ic In tilt' Tfiiitnrics of Itah ami \Vy.,ininir. Cliinaimii an- f\ijns-.ly ilfiiinl lint ri^'lit of sullmur in Calironiia.aiKl do ni't %..!.■ in imv statf. Wniiifn
art' aliiiwi-il, hy statiito law. to vutt> In m-1imi.1 i-jirtions in son n' of tin- Siato-i. h"oiriyiifT>< who \\\\\v vrain«-'l a rf^idrnre.rM ii if tin v liavi- not l»-.u"mntiali/ot|. rnu
vole at Stalo anil local cliH-iions in Indiana. Iowa, Mi<'hiu'aii niid Mininsnia. In C'lii^rp.ssionnl and rr-c-idintial itt-ctions, Ft-dinil SiiiHTvi-ioi-s of Klicti.-n" an* author-
ized liy ( oiijfrt -•<. In icrtaiTi cPin-Mri'iii-lfs, nnd nridtr tlu' ^'^■Iu■n^l dln-ction of tin' I'. S. ('ourt.-^. to ini-\ mt intiniidalioji at tin- holN ami fraud in roimtiiuf the Imllotrt.
In Kcntnt-ky ajoin' tin- voting iM not hv li.iljot. Imt r/i*.- vi,,-,-. Whctr ri.» timi* of rrsidt-UL'u \a speritUd In Iliu fort-Kuintf IuIjK-, tliu Cunatitutiun uf lUu Male ur Uiwa o£
the Turrltoiy uro silfiit, ur the tinio fur Iho cuunty and thf town aii- the sjimn.
NEW TESTAMENT CANON.
Ireninis. i8o
Miira'orian Can, in. 180
Clement. 210
'rertiilliiin. 220
I'eshito, Syria
01,1 l,atiirVersi,iii, African
OriL'cii. 250
KllsehiUH, 340
Cyril. 356..
I.iiodirea, 365
.\thanasiuHj 365
.\iii|)liilocliuis,365
^;re^'ory, 389
St. Chrysosioin, 407
Theod,i'reof .Mopsiii'stia
Tlieo,l,iret of Cvriis
Sinai MS
Alexandrian MS
Clermonl MS., Latin
.\liostolic Canons
Coiiiieil of Consiantinopl,'. 629..
ifohaniieB Damaseenus, 750.-..--
Nie,']i horns, 8to
IMiotiiis . .
(Ken men ins
'rheophylach
(ire>;ory the (;r,'at
,r,)hn ,)f Salisliiiry, 1165
Klieil.Iesii, 1318
Coiineil of 'ri"eiit, 1546
i^oiiiiril of Jerusalem
Krasmus, 15CO
Luther
Calvin
Westminster Assemhly 1 47
.VCTS,
Ml
in
In
in
in
in
in
in
in
in
In
in
In
in
in
in
in
in
in
ill
in
in
Piiii..
in
111
111
In
111
in
I TllKS
III
in
111
111
111
in
in
In
111
In
2THKS,
111
in
in
om
oin
(1
in
in
111
in
in
in
in
In
,1
III
111
111
III
In
111
111
111
in
in
111
in
ini
in
in
III
III
111
in
111
in
111
in
in
in
in
in
in
In
In
in
111
in
In
in
III
in
111
in
0111
ill
,1
in
111
in
III
■Tamks,
0111
111
om
In
0111
,1
,1
in
in
in
In
I'KTKIl,
d
0111
111
om
111
in
111
In
I'KTKll,
I •TllllN, 2J0IIN.
in
om
111
in
(I
III
d
om
oill
In
d
,1
III
111
in
111
in
in
In
in
In
3.T0I1N,
JfllE.
om
om
...
111
in
il
om
om
0111
0111
In
d
in
d
(1
III
,1
III
111
III
111
in
in
in
0111
om
om
oin
om
om
111
in
111
In
In
in
il
In
III
III
in
in
ill
in
III
111
III
111
In
111
in
111
in
III
0111
0111
in
in
III
111
mil
111
III
,1
in
ill
Hev.
in
in
tiiii
om
0111
0111
om
111
om
,1111
om
,ini
om
om
In
om
d
XOTK.— Ill this tiilile, in , 1, ■notes Insertc.l 1 om. mnitted ; ,1. ,i,alhlfiil. The ('(laiieil of Trent sellled the I'liiinii for tlic Koniaii Cilliolie Chun h ; the Ceuneil of
Constantiiiuple for the Ureek L'hun-h ; the WestrniiLster .Vsseiuhly for the I'rotestaiils, They all ajfn'e iia to what vsriliiiijs eoiistitute the New Testament,
THE CHINESE EMPIRE.
PllOVINCEa.
AIIEA.
roi'fl.A- 1M)I>. I'KIt
T1,1N', P<i. >III.K.
I'li,)VIN(KS.
AlIKA.
I'OITI.A-
TI,1N.
r,)i', I'KH
SIj. MII.K.
I'KOVINCKS.
AIIEA.
I'orii.A-
TI,1S.
I'or. I'Eii
S(J. Mll.K.
Chlhll
SliaiilniiK
ShansI
11, man
Kiani^sn
58,949
65,104
53,s68
65,104
44,500
48,461
72,176
37,990.871
23,95S.7"4
14,004,210
33,037,171
37,843.501
34.168.059
2!.o4".Q99
475 !
441
2.=.3
.354
8 50
705
320
chilikiaiii; .-
Filkiell......
Il»l"'l'
lliiii.in
Slull-i
Ivansii
Szeehiien
39. 'W
53.480
70.450
84.OCO
67.400
86.'o8
in6.8oo
26.256,784
14.777.410
27.37-'.c98
13.652.5c7
10.207,256
1 =.1,^3.125
21.435,678
67.
276
389
2 23
■5=
■75
128
IvM'anirtuii^ .
Kwamrsi ...
Kweiehow . .
Yiiiinan
Totals. .
79.4.^"
73.250
64.554
ic7,9'9
II). 1 74.030
7.3'3.8v5
5.288,219
5.5'^',3»o
241
93
82
5'
.\iiliwei
Klaiiijsi
1.307.826
360,279.079
277
-B>rv
^
i
. *.
''< ».
<
J-
1
7"2 llIK I'KKSIDKNIS AM) 1 IIKIK CAIUNKIS.
*■■
r
THE PRESIDENTS AND THEIR CABINETS FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THE GOVERNMENT.
Pltl-siIitNT.
1
1
\'|<K-I'1(K.SII1F.\I
a
Sl-.t KKT.MtY OF STATK.
i
c
<
Sechit.xky ok 'rKi-..\sri<\.
i
c
•IT
<
'7VS
(Jfii, ^\^l.sIllHy:t^^n
(it'll, \V.l^i..m;lnii
17S.,
j'hil ,Vil:injs
17^»
'7yi
I"hntMj> J< lllr-.un
li.hn. 1! irui -Iph
i7"t
I7''5
.\le.\. II.Linillon
Oliver Willi ott
run. I'Ukcriiii^
1
'7'>7
'7' '7
Juh.iAiUms
'7 '7
TlliJilKlsJe-tTcrson
Tun. I'ickt'ririir
Jolm Marsh. ill
1707
Oliver Wolcott
iSni
S. Dixter
i^<o
....
"■■
1 Thomas JilTitsnii
Thotniisji'lk-rsiin
1S<I1
,s„5
Aaron llnrr
( Jrdl-^^i; C'liritoii
Jaiiu'S MailUdti
1^)1
S. DeM.r
AlhertOallatin
r^oi
iSoj
....
....
• •••
|S,X>
,si4
1S14 1
1 Jati.i'S Madison
J.itm-s Mailison
1SI3
(ii-ori»r Clinlon. .
Kll.n,l«c(i..rr>
|So^
Hdlii-rtSmllli ..
iSll
Alhertdallatin
li. W. ('aiii]ihcll
Alex. J. Dallas
...
IS, 7
isji
Dan, 0. T'.'inpkins
LS17
[ciliri H; Adams
isi7
W. lI.L'rawford
1S17
1
iSiS
1S19
isi,
.sjs
JohnC. Calhonn
i'^'i
Ilinry Clay
'•i^S
Kichard Rush
AiulrtwJ It k^nn
Anilrcw J.iikson
■ s.i.l
h>lin C. Ciilhniin
Martin Van liiirtn
M.irtin A'.in liurt-n
lul. I.ivinif'.ton
I. on is .Mfl.anf
Ji>lm Kor.syth
■s«
Sainvicl n. In){hain
Louis McLane
William J. Duane
Kojjer 15. Taney
Levi Woodliury
'"^.f?
1"^ )7
I..hri Korsylh
•■^.n
Levi WiHidhury . .
I-*.!?
'
Win. II. Harrison
John TvIiT
|S,1
IS, I
John Tyler
1S41
I')ini<I \Vcl)slur i>l)l
Ilni;ii S. I.i-iiari- tS.h
AIhI 1'. I'lishur iSn
follll Xflsnn iSij
I'honia.s ICwin;^
Walter Forward
John C. Speni er
tieorjje M. Ilibh
lS|i
|S.,l
|S,|4
John C. Calhoun
i^'ii
'•^tS
■Sis
Georgii M. Dallas
|S.,^ Ilatiu-s ItiicIiMiKin
iS,5 ,I{olit.J. Walk.T
1
1
IS,,;
.<5o
Zacharv 'laylor.. .
Millanl Fillmore
,S,,;
|S:;o
Millard I-'illinore i^^ty
lolin M. C'lavlon
Danifl Wihslir
lithvaril Kvcri-tt
lS,„
|S^o
iSJi
W. M. .Meiedilh
1 hoilias L'orwin
^Hi
Kranklin Piurcu
William H. Kin • i^^S.l
William I.. Marcv | iS^j | James Outhric
Jatni's Iluchanan
'■^57
J. C, Breckcnridjfu
■S-
Lewis ('a--s
jiTi-miah S. I Hack
IS57
iSot)
HnwelU'nhl)
Philip 1'", Thnmas
John A. Dix
iSC^O
iSoi
Abraham Lincoln
IS-.I
Hannihal Hamlin
iSl.l
Win. H. Seward
iSol
Siilmon P. Chase
W. P. Kcs^enden
Hiiirh Mct'idliich
iWii
.sr,.,
isC'S
Al>rahain Lincoln
Andrew Johns^cHi
,s^,i;
iS/,5
Andrew Jfihnson
iv,5
••••
lS„,
i>;r»;
'"^7!
1S76
V Ivsst'S S. Grant
ITlyssfs S, (Jrant
1^7.!
Sclniyler C(.|f;ix
Henry Wilson
lS<«y
■S73
R. H. W.ishlnirne
Hamilton Fish
iS/V)
lSf«j
Al.x. T.Stewart
(ieo. S. Itoutwell
W. A. Kirhard.son
....
L. M. Morrill
Huthtrford P.IIayi's i'^;;
Wm. A.Wh<t-Ier
'^77
\Vm. .M. Evarts
1S77 ! John Sherman
■'^77
'
iSSi
,ss, 1
Jami's A, Garfield
Chester A. Artluir
iSSi
iSSi
iS,Si
Janus G. niaini- rSSi William Windom
K.T. KrtlinKhuysLn iSSi iCh irlis J. l''ol),'L-r :
,. ,
4
\
^
™»
D "^
■^' e
r
■
j'.^.i;'-^'.'
i
- -■
^>
D *
1
^T.
SI K\.
j
c
a
<
n7i
-7
i.Soa
■ ■••
ISI4
is,7
iSiS
iS,9
1S5,
■S,v»
\M
.-ill
1844
'"^tS
18,,;
lS;o
i^^7
iS/.i
.W.I
i-;^.|
■•^•'S
|'<7I
1-/.
.S77
iSSi
iSSi
1
ct
' tl
r
\
'?.- ..^
^--t.v
s
1
1111; l'Ui;sll)K.MS A.M) rilKIK (■.MII.NKTS. 703
r
1
THE PRESIDENTS AND THEIR CABINETS FROM THE FOUNDATION OF THE GOVERNMENT. Concluded.
ShLKtrAHV IIF Wak.
17^1)
i7'M
171V.
171/7
iSii,,
JN.l
....
i^ll
■ S17
IS,-,
'Ml
Ski III-' 1 \Hv iH'' N'avv.
1
c
»^
17s.,
i7"l
171/.
Sn 'v OK In n iiiDH.
i
<
...
Posi M.\SM l< < >Il\I It VI .
1
£
1
17S.J
1701
I7".S
|("7
iSiiil
iSi.'
.\ 1 l,,l<NK\ (il .M'M.M .
<
17-0
i7''l ,
'7"S
i?'7
i^m
1S..1
|S,,,
|SoS
1V.7
iSlH)
lli'iirv Knox
1'. riikcniiK
J. Mcllunri
Ilinry Knov
T. Pickfiiiii'
.I.M. Henry
IriU-: inr Pi piirltiirnl
cri-iitfU t^(n,
*^ailiilel y;ood
r. Pii'k, rinu'
Jus. H.il,iiA,,.uii
1:. U,in,l,ilph
Will. Ilridlord ,
Ch.irliNl.ei
|. Mrllinrv
S. |).\l.r.;
JnllU MMIsllilll
Itny. (iriiiwulll
<leor«e t'aluil
I7ys
i7tjs
iSdi
iSoJ
|So^
lS(i>
l"<'.l
is,.,
Jos. Habersham
Charl, sl.ee
II. .■^loll(l.•rl
'[[[\
11. Dijiirhorn
n. Sloddert
Koluit^inllli
J. C'ruwinsliield
^
...J
Jos. Habersham
IdilcollGi.lliut 1'
Th. Parsons 1
l-evi l.iiu'oin 1
Holi. t S ith 1
J. llnvkeiiri.lKe
L. A. K..,li,ey
\Villi:imKnslis
1. Arinstrnn^
P. ml llainilloii
Wiili.l'il Joins
H. W. Cruwinsliield
Gideon (iranifer
U I M .,
|S«,'C. A. Ito.liiev
iSi I VV 1*1 ....L......
|:ini(-s Miiliroe
:.::::: {"■".rr" y.
W. II. C'r.iwl'ord
■••■1
|S,7
IS17
Ihikic SllrlUv
). I'. I'.lllicmii
n.W. ( rowi.isiii.ld...
•■s, 1 llOllipSOIl
John l'.iMl«;ers
S, ^, Soiirli.irtl
1S17
|S|S
IS,.,
••■
It. J. M-IL'S .
Jiiiiii Mjl.e.111
William Wirt
liltiirs lliirbour
i'. II. I'.Mltr
■i. 1,. Hniithanl
.S.5
I
lolin M T.eiin
isj; Williiim Wirt
isjs
1 • ■ ■ 1 '
|Sj„
iM.i
|Sj,j
,,s,,
is,U 1
Jolin 11. Ilillon
I.t\visCass
J.ihn Uramli
1.. Wooillnirv
M. Uickerson
IS..
■Ml
iM4
'.... \V. r. llaiTV*
.\iiios Kend.ill ...
1 1
J. M.lleriien
h. li. Taney
11. !••. Huller
:.■.'.::■.■;■■■■■.■'
'y.
iM7
iM7
IS.I-S
1 S4(i
iS,!
iv,i
I.S44
J. R. i'ciin.sitt
M. Oirkerson
). K. Pauldiiij^
. . . .Xiii'is Kendilll
....|John .M. .Niks
iM7
|S,„
11. I". Ibilbr
[*\li\ (jriindy
II. U. (liliii,,
|S||
IS,I
IS,,
IS.,,
IS,,
IS,.,
iMl
IS,;
iS,:,
•■■•1
J,.lin lli'll
(".CO. K. Hadu'ir
All. 1 P. fpsliiir
l>.ivid llensiiaw
1'. \V. (iiliiier
I''rancis Gr n^jer
.... f.A.Wicklille
|S,|
iM.
J.J. Ciill.nden
11. >. l,ei;.ire
John .Nelson
John ('.Spiiuir
Jiinifs M. Porter
Win. Wilkins
.. 1
John V, .Mason
1
lM.^
i-^l.i
iM.S
|S.,o
|S.,S
iMy
1S50
■\V. T,. Miircv
Geo. R'ncroft
Jolin \'. Mason
Cave J'dinsnn.
I.V.Mason
N. Clillor.l
|S,<,
iS^u
1S5,,
i\.7
iS,,o
IS;;,,
iS^i
i-^S.I
l\^7
(i. \V. Criuvfiiril
Winliilcl SiMitl
Ch:is. M. Coni:ul
Will. n. Pnston
Will. A. Graham
J. P. KLiinedv
Thomjis Kwini^
A. 11. 11. smart
is,,j Jat'oh Collamer
isco \aihaii K. Hall
.. IS. 1). Hubbard
'S|(
r ;,
1S5..
is.;i
II. Johnson
J.J. Crittenden
l^.s.i
i-^5.{
iS7
IS/H)
JelTtr.siiii 0:ivis
James C. noliliin
n. McClelland
J. lines Campbell
Caleb Ciishin,^
J-l\nl!. Moyil
Joseph Il()lt
Isaac Tniicey
J. Thompson
1^57
Aaron \''. Ilrown
Jose|>hHolt
H<ir.ilio Kin,;..
1S7
|S^.,
iSl.,
J.S. Illaek
1-.. M. Slanton
.s,-„
|S(,|
iSfii
iWlI
.S. Cinm-ron
K. M. Stiinlon
Gideon Welles
Calib I?. Si'ith
).ili.- P. I'.her
Jii IS Harlan
iv,,' Monti;. P.lair
iSoj'Wm. Deniiison
|S<,|
|S,.|
|-:,hv. liiiles
J. lilies .Sjieed
IS,,,;
is,»,
Ulyssi-s S. <'ir;int
{ I.dVi-n/.o TIkmikis
J. .M. Scholiel.l
is<,7
iSftS
lV)S
1^1
IS,.,
IS,,,
IS7,,
'^7
iSSi
.... 0. II. HrowninjJT
|S,W
.\. W. Uandall
11. V. St;inberr\
< ». 11. Itrownini;
W. .M. ICvarls
lSi/i
iS,S
|S„
iSix,
1
IN.j
■57"
i^7S
J. M. S.linli.-lil
J .\. H:uvliiis
\\'. W. llL-lkiwip
Jiis. 1). Cameron
Adolnh F.. norie
G. W. Uoheson
1 ). n. Cov
J. A. I.Cresswell
Ja^. W. Ma -hall
.M;,rslial Jewell
J:is. .N.Tyiler
|S,«)
11^71
1-^71
1S7,
I'.R.Hoar
i'. 1)<1 !• 0....-
Zaeh. Chandler '
A. T. Ackerm;in
li. S. Pierre, )onl
<i. H. Williams
1S7,.
1S7C,
isy,
1S77
|S,Sl
iSSi
wv \::::.:.v.v. ::.::: ::y.:\..:.
A.-laft
1
C. W. MrCrary
Alex. Ram.sey
U . \V. Thompson
.Nathan (ii.ll, Jr
Wni. II. Hunt
iSSi
|S,S|
Carl Schurz
1S77
n. M. K,vs...
Horace Maynard
II. Devens
,
iSSi
Itoht.T. I.incnlii
iSS
\\':i\n,' \':lf V',-:,,rb .
Will. E. Chandler
....!«. M "'Teller .
riiiiotliv 0. Howe isSi II. H. Brewster
; 1 ■ ■ ,
1
* Hefore the acr s
Jack*;on iiivileii .Mr. '
llu; t'ahinel.
siiin of Andrew Jackson to the Pr
ry to a seat in his cabinet nicetinjjs
_'sidency the Postmaster General was lookeil iijinn as the head ol' a bureau, but President
, since which tun- the Postmaster General has been considered a regular member of
t©
(3 ^'
■■* ^ V
704
I'yi:'!^:
l'!^
;?:-r'i|.li^:(!f;:
DISTANCES AND STANDARDS OF TIME OF THE PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE WORLD.
Air-Line Distances from Wasliington to various parts of tlie World.
Alrx.indria, F.Rypl S.a;^
Aiiisii.-r(l.un, llullanil 3<555
Athens, < ffcece ....•■••.• 5. ('05
All. kl.iiul, N. Z , H,i,)o
AI^K-rn, Algeria ••... 3.495
llrrliu, I'mssiii 3. ^•47
llriiK, Swii/irliind 3. 71"
llrus^cU, lli'li;iiiiii 3.5's
It.ti.ivi.i, J.tva . • ii,m3
llniiili.iy, lliiuliislan ^•51'^
lllirlMs Ayrus, A, C 5,01 4
ItrtMiirn, l'...ssi. .'1,5a')
('i)nitniiiinf)plr, 'I'urkey 4,HSo
Ci)i)cnl.,i^;cnj Deiuii.irK J,&'i5
C.ili tittat (linilf'.stan ...... 9,34^
Caninn, CItina . — ..... 9tOco
Cairn, F.KVpl 5,»aS
Cape Town, Cajie Ciiloiiy >>,' f-i
(■.ips iif Cionil lllipc 7.3St)
Carr.icas, Vcnciuela 1,805
Charlotte Town, I'. K. 1 8.0
nulilin, Iri-latlil 1,
l).lhi, 'liiuloslan 8,
KilinhiirKh, .'-^citland 3,
Frcilcrii.tiiii, N. II
(iiliraliar, >paiii 3
(ilasi^nw, Scotland 3
H.iliUx, N S
M.itDhiir^, (fcrmaiiy 3,
Hnvjiia, Ciilia I,
Maiiiiliilii, S. I 4,
Jerits.dirtii, Palolme , , 5,
lamosliiwn.St. Helena 7,
l.ini.i, Peru . 3,
Lishon, PoriiiK.d 3,
Liverpool, Kii^land 3,
l*otnlun, *' 3,
Cliy of Mexicc, Nfexico 1.
Muiitrvidco, Uruguay 5,
Montreal. Canada..... ......
Madrid, Spain 3,
Moscow, Ku.s^ia 4,
,.7(1
,,(i3
i'75
67U
.150
78U
i57i
I '39
1^1 I
■4<r:,
.15"
.51s
,1/1
,318
.315
.S'7
.«3
47'
.460
M inilli, Phil. Mandu 9.
.Me... .1, .\r.ibia. ....... •*...... ^i
Mil. at, " 7
M..iir.ivia, I.ilieria 3
3
5
7
r.ii:.:
Mc.roc.o, M
M.iur/.'tik. i-
Mozainltiipie, Moz
Ollawa, t'.iiiada
I'aiiaina. New Granada i
P.irana, A. C... ..... . 4
I'urt an Prince, llayti 1
I'arin, France 3
Pekin, China 8
tjiiebec. Canada
Quito, F.cii.i.lor a
Kio Janriro, llrazlt 4
Konie, Italy 4
Si. I'etersburi;. Rns»ia 4
Stockluiliii, Sweden 4
Shaii.i;)i.il, China 8
Siii|;a{K;re, Malay 11.
.HH.
.598
,'00
.'•45
.3"5
.535
46a
.8^5
.711
.435
,48,
.783
601
•53'
,j8o
,3^.5
.296
,600
St. JohnV, N. F
San I>niiimK(), S. V ....
Sail Jn.i'1, Nicarauf 4u —
San Sriiv.iiloi , C. . t
Sitntijfto, C^hili - .
Sl>Ani^tl luwti, Ja nalca.
Sydiicj-.C '* '
Sydney, AiiBtrahu
St. I'uiil (le l.oiinda
Tinihiictnu^ Soiutaii .... .
'Iripnli. Tripuli
Tiini<i, Tunis
Inruiiiu, Canada ........
Venice, Italy
Vienna, Austria....
Valparaiso. Chili
Vera Cruz, Mrxico
Warsaw, I'olanil
Vciid', Japan
Zanzibar, Zanzibar
MII.KI.
1.340
4.300
«t740
I. '50
4.970
».446
8,(/>i
5.578
3.395
4.42,5
4,340
3*835
4.>>5
4^934
1 ,680
4,010
7.630
7.078
Distances by Water from New York to various parts of the Worid.
MILKS.
Alexandria, K^pt 5,07^
Aspinwall 2,338
Amsterdam, Holland 3,510
Ai >res 2.340
llali/L-. Uali/e. i.7<^
Itatavia, Java 13.0^16
llelfast, Ireland 3,895
lifrnuidas. West Indies (.60
Hoinbay, India »i-574
Hordeaux, France 3-310
Botany May, Australia '3.^94
liieinrii 3575
Bristol 3'Oio
ItrusscU, Bclftium 3.420
Buenos Ayrc8, S, A ,... 6.120
Callao 3 ,sno
Cape of Good Hope, Africa . 6,6^8
Cape Horn, H, A* ............ 7,000
MILKS.
Chagrcs, New Granada 2'3'8
Cherliourg 3. "5
Columbia River '5.9''5
Const. intiiiople. Turkfv ...... .s,i-to
Copenhagen, Denmark ...... 3,^40
Calcutta, India 12,500
Canton, China 1 ;.0(>o
Galway ..--........,- 3,000
Gibraltar, Spain .- 3-^^^o
Glasgow, Scotland ?,q36
(iuay.tquil. KipLHlor a, 800
Halifax, Nova Scutia - 55s
Havre, France 3.325
Hamburg. Cicrmany 3-775
Havana. Cuba 1,380
HoHii Kong 6.488
Kingston, Jamaica 1,^35
Lima, Peru 11.310
MaRS.
Lisbon, Portugal 3. '75
London, En^cland 3.375
Liverpool. " T.<^84
Madras, British India 11.850
Malta 4,325
M.inilla, Philipine Islands 10,750
Melbourne, A stralia 11.165
Monrovia, Liberia............ 3 850
Mnzambique, Moz ^. ....... .. 6,900
Nagasaki 9,800
Naples, Italy 4-330
Panama, New Granada 2.066
Pekin, China 15.325
Pern.unbuco, Brazil 4.780
Quebec, Canada 1.400
Kio Janeiro, Brazil 5*9'°
St. John, New Foundland
St. Petersburg, Russia.
4.42 J
MILBS.
San DieKO...^ 4,500
Sandwich Islands, S. I ?''57
San Francis-To, Cal.... 18,850
San Juan, Nic.ir.iugua 2,370
Shanghai. China. 14,500
Smyrna, Asia .Minor 5,ofx>
Southampton 3*156
Stockholm, Sweden 4.050
^I'ahiti, S. I.... 7,865
Tiieste,^ Austria -. 5.130
VnlparaLso, Chili ......... 4,800
Vira Cruz, Mexico a,?oo
Victoria, Australia.... 12,835
Vienna, Austria........ ...... 4,100
Yokohama, Japan.... 7<5ao
Distances from London, Engiand, to various parts of tiie World.
MILBS.
Amsterdanii klolUnd ago
Baltimore, Md ...... .... 3,700
Barbadoes, W, I 3.780
Batavia, Java ........... ii,8ia
Bermudas, W, I ;.i95
B'irdeaux, France ' 758
Bo^'ton, Mass 3*'^5
Botany Bay, Australia 8,040
Bombay, India 11.320
Buenos Ayres, S. A 6,685
Calcutta, India .......13,160
Canton, China . 1^1650
Cape Horn, S. A /, 50
Cape of Good Hope, Africa.. 6,580
MlLBS.
Chagres, New Granada 4.650
Charleston, S. C 4t3i5
Columbia River 16,130
Constantinople, Turkey j-26o
Copenhagen, Denmark 710
Dublin, Ireland 590
Gibraltar, Spain .......... 1,380
Halifax, N. S 3,7110
Hamburg, Germany.... ...... 430
Havana, Cuba 4,610
Havre, France 375
Kingston, Jamaica 4<56o
Lima, Peru 10,730
Lisbon, Portugal x,ioo
MILBS.
Liverpool, Ensland 650
Madras, BritisTi India 11.530
Malta 4.313
Manilla, Philipine Islands 13,435
Moniovia, Africa 3.475
Naples, Italy 2,430
New (Orleans, La 5'"S
New York, N.Y 3-375
Panama, New Granada 4.700
Pekin, China 15.100
Pernambuco, Brazil 4*450
Philadelphia, Pa 3, 40
Quebec. Canada ....... 3.010
Rio Janeiro, Brazil 5,400
MILBS.
Sandwich Islands, S. 1 15,100
San Francisco, Cal 8, zoo
St. Petersburg, Russia .... 1.375
Singapore, China 12,475
Smyrna, Asia Minor 3,120
Stockholm, Sweden 1,120
Tahiti, S. I xi,8oo
'I'ricste, Austria..... 3,230
Valparaiso, Chili-...- 9i475
Vera Cruz, Mexico 5.140
Victoria, Austialia 12.575
Washington, D. C 3.775
Standards of Time in the Principal Cities of the World, compared with 12:00 noon at Washington, D. C.
Albany, N. Y., 12 13 p. m
Amsterdam, Holl'd, 538 p. m
Angra, India, 3 19 p. m
Atchison, Kan,, 1047 a. m
Athens, Greece, 6 4-1 p. m
Atlanta, Ga-, :i 40 a. m
Augusta, Ga., 11 40 a. m
Augusta, Me., 13 29 p. m
Baltimore, Md., i3 03 p. m
Bangor, .Me., 12 33 p. m
Bath, Me., 1229 p. m
Berlin, Germany, 6 02 p. m
Bumhay, India, 1000 p. m
Boston, Mass., 12 24 p. m
Brussels, Belgium, 5 25P. m
Buffalo, N. Y, , II 52 a. m
Cape Town, Africa, 6 23 p. m
Cairo, Egypt. 7 13 p. m.
Calcutta, India. 1 1 01 p. m
Cant' n. China, 12 41 a. m
Cambrid};e, Mass., 12 29 p. m
Charleston, S. C 11 43 a. m
Ch.irloitei'n.P.E.I. 12 58 p. m
Chicago, 111., II 17 a. m
Cincinnati., O., 11 30 a, m
Cleveland. O., 11 41 a. m
Constantinople, 7 04 p. m
Columbia, S, C, 11 44 a. m
Columbus, i)., II 3') a, m.
Danville, Va., 11 50 a. m
Denver, Col., 1008 a. m
Des Moines, la., 10 53 a. m
Detroit, Mich., 1 1 56 a. m.
Dubuque, la,, 11 05 a. m
Dublin, Ireland, 4 43 p. m
Edinburg, Scotland, 4 55 p. m
Frankfort, Ky., ti 29 a. ni
Galveston, Tex., m 4(j a. m
Halifax, N. S., 12 34 p. m.
Hamiliun, Ont., 11 49 a. m
Hannibal, Mo., 11 07 a. m.
Hartford, Ct., 12 17 p. m
Houston, Tex., i" 44 a. m.
I ndianapolis., Ind., 11 24 a. m
Jacksonville, 111., 11 07 a. m
Jefferson City, Mo., 10 59 an.
Kalama. Wash. T., 8 58 a m
Kansas City, Mo., 10 49 a. m
Key West, Fla., 11 41 a. m
Knoxvillc, Tcnn., 11 33 a. m
Laramie, Wy. T., 10 13 a. m
Leavenworth, Kan., 1049 a. m
Lisbon, Portugal, 4 31 p. m
Lincoln, Neb., 10 41 a. m
Little Rock, Ark., 10 59 a. m
London, England, 5 07 p. m
Louisville, Ky. 11 26 a. m
Macon, Ga. , 11 37 a. in
Melbourne, Aus., 2 48 a. m
Memphis, Tenn.. 11 08 a. m
Meridian, Miss., 11 14 a. m
Milwaukee, Wis., 11 16 a. m
Minneapolis, Minn., 10 55 a. m
Mobile, Ala., 11 16 a. m
Montgomery, Ala., 11 33 a,m
Monoton, N, B., 12 48 p. m
Montreal, Que., 12 14 p. m
Moscow. Russia, 7 38 p. m
Nashville, Tenn., u 21 a. m
New Haven, Ct., 12 16 p. m
New London, Ct. , la 20 p. m
New Orleans, La., 21 08 a. m
New York, N. Y., 13 la p. m
f)maha, Neb., 10 44 a. m
Ottawa, Out., 12 05 p. m
Paris, I" ranee, 5 1 7 p. m
Paducah, Ky., 11 16 a. m
Pensacola, tla., 11 19 a. m
Philadelphia, Pa., 12 07 p. m
Pittsburgh, Pa., 11 48 a. m
Port Hope, Ont., 11 54 a. m
port Huron. Mich., 11 34 a.m
Portland, Me., 1337 p. m
Portland, Oregon, 8 56 a. m
Portsmouth, Va., 12 03 p. m
Providence, R. I., 13 aa p. m
Queliec, Que., la 23 p. m
Quincy, III., ii 07 a. m
Kaleigh, N. C, 11 50 a. m.
Richmond, Va., 11 58 a. m
Kio Janeiro, Brazil, 2 15 p. m
Rome, Italy, 5 58 p. m
Rome, Ga., 11 33 a. m
St. John, N. B., 13 44 p. m
St. John, N. F., I 37 i>. m.
St. Joseph, Mo., xo 50 a. m
St. Louis, Mo., II 07 a. m
St, T'aul, Minn., 1056 a. m
Salt L. City, U. T. 9 40 a, m
Santa Fe, N. Mex., 1004 a.m
San Francisco, Cal., 8 58 a. m
Sault St. Marie, M.,ii 31 a.m
Savannah, Ga., 11 44 a. m
Selma, Ala., xi ao a. m
Shreveuort , La., 10 57 a. m
Sioux City. , la., 10 43 a, m
Terre Haute, Intl., 11 18 a. m
Topeka. Kan., 1045 a- "^
Toronto, Ont., 11 51 a. in.
Trenton, N. J., 13 09 p. m
Vicksburg, Miss., 11 05a* m
Vienna, Austria, 6 14 p. m
Vinccnncs, Ind . 11 17 a. m
Virginia City, M. T., 940 a.m
Wilmington, Del., 12 06 p. m
Wilmingtofi, N. C, 11 58 a.m
Winona, Minn., 11 01 a. m
Wheeling, W. Va., 11 45 a. m
Yankton, D, T., 10 38 a. m
■.'^:n!:;
t.
705
HISTORY OF THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES.
Showing Population of 1870 and 1880; When Admitted to the Union, Public Debt. Area, Where and By Whom First Settled,
National Electoral Vote, Salaries, Term of OfDce of Governor and Members of Legislature, Number of Senators
and Representatives comprising the Legislature, Miles of R. R. In operation January 1, 1880.
•1^
Statps ANri
Tkkrituribs
lS3>
*1783
i7<;i
•paj
•'79'
•l78ii
•17SJ
•1787'
•17S7
•1737
•1788
•17S3
•178,'
•1788
*I788
1845
1819I
1817
1313
1845'
l8j6
•79'',
1 79 J
.O63
1803
I8i7
l8i6
l3i8
1848I
18531
i34''>l
1811
1861
1S67I
1876
1864
1850
1859
Ortf.in-
ucl!.
1863
1861
i8'-.3
1864
1850
1850
'853
1868
18^4
i963
Maine
N. liamp liir
Vfrfii"iit .. .
M.i>s.ichiist.'its
Khuilu Island
CcniicctiLUt . .
N.-w Vork....
New Jersey. .
Pennsylvania
Delaware
Maryland
Vir^ini'**,
N. Carolina..
S. Carolina.. .
Georgia ......
Flnritla
Alabama ._
Mississippi ...
Louisiana ....
Texas....
Arkansas
Tcnncksee
Kentucky , . .
West Virginia
Ohio
Michigan
Indi ma ..
Illinois. ......
Wisconsin . .
Minnesota
Iowa ,.--. . --
Missouri
Kansas
Nebraska
Colorado
Nevada
California
Oregon.
Capitals.
(\;iKiista . -.---.
Cniicord
Montpeiicr
Hosion , -.,, .
V. & N'porl
Hartfnrd
Mhany
l renton........
Harrisburg
Unvcr --
Annapolis......
Kichniond
Ualcit;h
Columbia ... ...
fVtlanta
rft11aha*isee
Montj'omery ...
Jackson .... ....
Nt.-" •• )rli.uns,..
An .tin
Mttie Rock
Nashville
Frankfurt -
Wheeling ......
Columbus
Uaiising
Indianapolis
Springfitid
Nladison
St. I'aid
l)cs Moine-
JcfTerson City
Topeka
Lincoln
Uenver
Carson City
Sacramento
Salem ..
Arizona .. ..
Dakota
Idaho
Montana
New Mexico
Utah
Washington .
Wyoming ...
Dis. Col.**
Indian Ter**
Alaska *•
Prt'scott
Yankton .......
poise City
Helena
Santa Fe . .
Salt Lake City
OJympia
Cheyenne
Tahl;u|uah.. ...
Sitka
I7
y.,t"S
Kvi
4.'/)"
49.170
7.8 'S
45,J>S
3,050
ll,i\o
4^,(^''
5-'.''5'>
59.475
S8,0So
4S,72o
jf.S.7So
5.i,"<S<>
4^,050
34,7So
4 1,™ JO
5^9 IS
5".''5o
yj,o|o
h,v>i
89,115
Si.oSo
7^85S
'03,9=5
I io,;oo
■5S.3<»
90,030
in>o2o
ijg.ioo
84,800
14(1,0^0
12.1,5^
84,970
6y,iSo
97,890
70
577.390
I
It".'"'
.It-i.-''^'
ii7'^J.oS5
5,f>Si,'l7i
1<11<>11''
4,2'ij,S<)i
9,14.9,U
>.5iA.S"5
i.,W.'.7Si'
<"'i.577
■.•"'■i.Si'S
I.1.V.597
9.W.9(o
• ,591,719
■.51-'.,1I9
I,f^4'^,f«JO
fiiH,4i7
3, 198,oC>i
'.97''..!i>i
3.>'77.^7i
« .31 5.497
7'^'.773
1,624:015
a.irs.jSo
452,402
194.327
fi2,2(>'>
>74.7«5
40.440
<35.'77
32,610
39,159
119.5'^'S
•43,9''3
75,116
20,789
177,624
Ji
<.jr,,,,t5
318.300
330.551
••457.35<
J17.353
537.4,14
4>3>*''759
3.5»l.95<
12'. ,(115
780,894
1.2-5. "3
1,1.71.31,1
,184,,. 9
187.748
i)Ofl.(j ,3
827.^22
736,915
83 579
481,47'
1,158,520
1,321.011
442.014
3.6(15,21,0
1,. 84.059
i,68o.f37
2,53'..8i)l
1.054,670
438,706
.194.020
.721,365
364,399
132,015
39,864
42.49'
560,347
99.923
9,626
14.181
14990
20,595
90.565
86.78',
33,626
9-752
131,700
8.785
661
Kimt Settled :it
$5,848,900
3.573.550
59.110 1
33.030.464
3,534,500 8
4,967,600
9. 111.0^4 n
2.096.0.0 4
33.190,088
974, oco 6
6.037,088
^ceNoie •
36,850,237 7
6.146.595
i>).844,500
1.150,000 8
8,596,000
752.150
13. 13'', 166
3,581 663
4.736.500
..057.150
1,850.008
SieNo'c
6.477.840
P90.000IO
'.°93.395H
382,70.1'^
3,352.057
430,oooIJ
5*5'^35.^
17,008,00014
i,i8i,9751m
499,267
135,000
436,400
3,300,00016
583,843
Hrislol
Little ILiibnr .
i'ort I>unnncr. .
Plymouth ... ..
I'rovidt-'nce
iWindsnr ....
New V-.rk
nTir.n
IMiil.uU-lphia...
Capi- I [( nlopt'n,
St. Mary.
Jamestown
Chdwan Kivcr .
Ashley River. .
Savannah
St. Anv;nstinc.
Mobile
Natchcj
Iberville
San Antonio . .
Arkansas Post.
Fort London . .
lioonesboro ...
'Wheeling
[Marietta
Detroit
iVincennes
iKaskaskia
Itjreen Bay....,
Red RiviT
Hurlirititon . . .
St. (icnuvicvc. .
Genoa
San DicRO .
Astoria
21,688,333
Santn Fo
Salt Lake City.
Astoria
Statk Guvkrnmrnt.
Ciovernur j Legislature.
Frrnch-
KnK>>>h
Kngli'-h
Kngli-li
Kn^li'^b
KntAli'.h
Dutch .
Dutch ,
Kn^lish
Swedes.
FnuliOi
Lnglish
Knglibh
Kn^lish
English
SpanVis
French
French
French.
Spiin'ds
Fnnch.
Engli-h
Kn^Iivh
En^;lish
KiiRJi'h
Frrnc h
Frnicli
French
French.
Anier .
F.nj;Iisli
FreiHjh.
Anicr ..
r\mer ..
Anier ..
Amcr ..
Span'ds
An "
SpanMfi
Amcr ..
Amer ..
Amer . .
Span'ds
Amer ..
Amer ..
Amer -.
English
♦Original thirteen States, and date of ratification of the Constitution. lOflicial. tThe Legislature meets annually, $The Legislature meets bi-
ennially, gincludes the District cf Columbia. •♦No Territorial GovernmeHt. ***This does not include 383,712 Indians, estimated.
1. Cash on h.uul, $79,203 ; surplus, lao.oS;. 2. Sinking Fund, $596,190 ; net debt, $1,938, 3 'o* 3, Canal Sinking Fund, $1,4 $1,628 ; net debt, $7,659,-
426. 4. Sinking Fund, $1,379,717 ; net debt, $716,503. 5. The Slate ' dds railroad mortgages, etc., in excess of this debt, $165,799. ^' Owing to re-
funding and chaotic condition of fin.mces, ihc exact indebtedness nannoi. ; given. About $30,000,000 worth of b -ndaare issued, of which We!>t Virgmia
is charged with $15,239,370, as her portion of the State debt at the time of separation. 7. An act of tht; legislature providing for a compromise of the
State debt was passed March 4, 1379. 8. $435,000 worth of bonds are held by the .State Educational Fund. ft. No State debt except her portion of the old
Virginia debt, which has never been adjusted. 10. The Sinking Fund iinow more than sufficient to extingui-.h the tntirc debt. II. In addition to this,
the State is indebted to the School Fund $3*904,783, for which negotiable bonds have been issued. 12. Was paid January 1, 1881. 1** The whole
amount is held by the Educational Trust Fiind>;. 14. $-.^,900,000 ..f this belonq to the State's permanent School Fund. 15. Of this the permanent School
Fund holds $607,925, the Sinking Fund holds $94,275, the Slate University, $9.Soo, the Normal School, $x,6oo, 10. Against this ihe State owns $3,700,-
000 in School FunuS) aud has $i|UOO,ooo oa hand, leaving a surplus of $500,000.
|i «*!
111:-.
Mi .
k " xA
''iv ::,;|j
I i'
706
r<)pri,.\ii()\ (ii' Tin; r,\ni;i) stapks in iSSo.
THE POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1880,
AS ISsUIil) IIY lllli I'. S. (iOVliKNMK.N'l'.
The fiillowinfj Inblo presents tlio filial olViri;!! ik'ures o
I" llic
popii
\M\
il" tlif I'nili'il Stales at llie Tcntli (.'cmmi--,
Tlie liijiiris for liiiliaii Territory aiul Alaska are oiiiitteil, as tlieir iiilial)itaiitsare not coiisiiUreil lili/eiis. All Iiuliaii<
with n eoliiinn slii)\viiij4, for eomparative pm poses, the populalioii of 1S70.
)t subieet t) taxation are !\h ^ oniitteil, in conlorniilv with the census l,iv
Tlio eolunin heaileil "Coloreil" eoin
prise ; only |
lersons of Atri
Stati-s ,\m> TiMtKi rtntiiis.
Tlu lliiiliil Stale
Thr SlaUs.
Al;lli:
ArU.ltls:l^
Coiuu-ctii 111 ,
ndawarL' . ..
Kliiri.la
IdWU
Kansas , ,
Kciitiicliv.
M;n viand.
Mil'-N.iihus
Mi.hi-an
SSISSlppi .
Ml
Missmiri . ,
Ncbiaskii.
X.v.ul.i
Ilatnpsliirt
itnv "N'oi k , . .
lorlli I 'arolin.i
Orr^rim ....
IViinsvlvaiii
UImhU- Islan.l
\Vi
■f.1 \'ii-
D.iliut..
Dislruldf (.■iiiiimlu.i.
I.i.ih.i
Mctttlan.i
I'lali
Wa-I
Wv
Mexico
iiny-t( n .
1-" ll'l I \ I IIIN.
1880.
•IM7'..il"
I ('-((tos
.,?"!
D.Mail"
(,.)S,y,„
i,i.ii..S97
2,l"S,^S(i
.I.SJ.jlli
,11' ■..CI I
1, 1(1, II"
it.VO.T^'i
,t,i.>s.iy.j
17 1. 7""^
i..sH..i.=;'i
ii.S"'.7l"
(,iS,.|57
■'I. in
1870.
■l".ll'
3')' ' ,^'l
M.t.'i")
3'*.S:~<.<7i
5'".-i|7
.V'.-^'M
5.57.IS 1
l,(0MJ,(.,i7
i,i.j.(,iij(i
.V'(,.i"i
i>,t-i,'M,
7i'V)is
6^0,915
'•..■i.'*^7.9)
■'17.!.';!
.U'>..S.S'
.|llJ,Sfif
01, "^71
1880.
iS.SiVio
'5."75.'''iy
7.(.ioS
l.VMII
S(S,l.t"
Sj.',5i;i)
4"\7.';i
•ll'(.l I' I
5'7.'77
'■'■!7.i'^7
-'(ii.'C
•IJ.iihi
i7".S-'"
SS'.'.'J"
oS7,iK>s
l."i.!.').i"
».>3"."5S
.(im, |iis
7" '.-7 7
7t.';..';'s)
311. 1'K
■H3.-
ai.SiS
38,177
■lli.'^?.!
f(,lSJ
it/'.i''.'.>"3
^.■!').i.7-'i
31"..'; I -^
65,1./.
31(>,<)lS
7-'.S""
l.i!."l.i
77". 17''
•IS'i.l-"
Nil., IIM)
47'. "1-
3^1.^7'^
'17-'.7.5'''
S'l.l'O
i,<)|i,i.;.l
jiH,i'.i
J.I,.' 17
■i7'.">l
'i.OT SI"
7ii.N^
i,5'^l.i-"
V..i'<7
2,14(1,2,(1.
■13. ."J"!
.■;"!;,""
":3."~^-
7':!,i)ii.)
■ "S.i'W
.int.'i"-^
"35.1-"^
3I>.-|J
IJ.JlS
<>|.'H"
1 0,71) J
IO,l>Sj
.S.'i."")
''"(.LSI
J<). 1 I !
".".i7
•13,175.^1"
•M.^7'.S5'^'
i.?7.i|0
.!.W..'i'^l
l,\i|.'-'.i
i,.i"-!..i".>;
SS(i,ii|ii
ss,:;,s,».
5"''."53
S5^.'.?7
>..i.l".ii"l
.SI 3.1" '7
l,12J,.i.SS
I,c)V.,SnJ
3.Sl..''-~^
(/"All"
V'^7M'»
i,(./.,MlS
J,S«H,i I.I
1||..!".S
.177.13!
■"J". 3.^7
1,(1)7, s(«i
l|,2>;(
i\,.V»
^3,,i^-!
1(0,502
22,('>|(i
a7."3^
",('7').'>H
"i I'l";.?"^!
<).73l
10,3 S"
9,1)11.)
11 '..=;( I
5'<3..S7"
111,1;^
.';'j..';i7
Sl-H"
5N«3
.Si.SiiC)
■113.191
3'^SS"'<
267,(17(1
21 ■,.17''
<i7.IM
I"
.•.)(
221,700
i,2ii,,!7i)
3,71-
.3>H-"I3
73.')';.(
1 l.|,(>ir.
■I'l.y.S''
iS,2(i..;
■I'l.S.HS
1X0,151,
1(.,0|I)
'J.'i7l
■13,. I. 'I
i.'i,"."!!
■13,1"'!,'.(7"
",5''".7''3
•l-,7' 1 479 I '■),5''^,37^
fV.j, iS5
.'!''i..vli
707, iSi
1.^1,1 -►'.
6lil,7(:9
120,I(io
142,(HIS
.Si<.,.)iii.
3.031.1.51
i,'.)3S,7'.>i
l,('ii.(,C.oo
".i.'.l.vS
'.377.17"
4.'!4,9.';i
(l|(.,S52
72t,(«).i
i,f>i.(,5(.i
47"-.
!,022,S2(.
ll').7"l
it",--'
S,oir,,o2j
S(,7,2|..
3. "7."-"
i"3"7.S
.|,l.^,ol(.
2r»),i)(,i
.!-)i,i"5
1, 13^^31
i,"i7.-.i7
,13'.-"^
JiSo.SjS
.502,537
i,3o.),(.iS
6SS.|i)i
3i.i"
133,1 17
3.'!,3'>.5
i|2,.|J.(
(WK), lO.t
",517
26,4.(2
12(,,(V"
7'i5,i ii
.,(,,,((.-<
3y.-"-'<
9,516
43.i"7
27'.l5i
4'*3.''55
1, 4. SI
210,2.(0
1.5" I
050,291
il!;,35"
-i,.3SS
.,ss
6S5
3^.SS3
65,101
S31.-77
S.S.535
6,.(SS
<>o(,33-'
4"3.iSi
303.3^1
6^1,6 16
"J.l-'i
'05,4(.5
9.S1
I '.""^3
59. .S""
51
34''
1,015
■13-'
1
^;!s
^
,i7"
I
7".S
57
501
.\
»Sn
911
14S
1)1
"6,407
44.,S(''6
^'1
J'3
")S
1(1,177
1.S1
■"55
i
.S
iSo
12.L
140
2-1'.
^'.S
.S"
S
1
1
'S
3"<J
7.^4')
2,,i0.1
'.-^.S7
.i
11 >
-•3.S
.-.So.,
-•
71
' (
>!l9
l.-^.i"
s
1-1
....
1 il
i.S-:
..'IJ
1 1
' ' '
7
2.)
3,1"!
21,S4I
2
1
.1.403
I.,i0i
S
16.S
i,o'H
I
0.772
,s.,7
4.405
140
.iji .a^-l m... -■■ O m wii J Wi W ' W jW, ■
TK— 3^m.^
mMIM
.
/.
A
c
,1
S
-3
•">
(-1
..|S
(^-..107
.-
a^K^^.s
1.(1
ii.sr/,
i'.\
";i
'".'77
.155
5
lit
l|o
I"-'
5"
s,s
"J5
'S
'.^57
1 11
.■,s„,
".!
7t
Sr,,
',-!.\'<
'.V
l."M
'-I
I (I
.!.'"■
J1,S|I
I., VI'
I'"!
Si;
i|o
t
I'orui.A iio.N oi'' riiK I'RiNcirAi, (iriKs oi.- iiii'; rNrn:i) staiis and iiu; wori.d.
POPULATION OF THE 100 PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES, IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER— CENSUS OF 1880.
r(i|;ll I'ii|illl.l'll.|
Cities.
Stat'c.
Alli.uiv
Allft^ln-nv. . . .
All. Mil. I..
.\tib .III
AujMisla
It lltllUDI't', ...
liivCilv
Il.i'-t.m
Ili'l ij;i-|i(irt. . .
liriiiiklvn
HuImIo
Ciiinhritl^ri. , ,
C-'.iiiuli'n . . . .
Cli;irli-sum. ..
CMu'Ui-a
<-;!'!' ■.'»."■
C iiu'inn.tti. . . .
t'Uvi-l.iii.l....
Cciluilltill-.. ..
fiivliiL;t.in
l> ivi-npiirt . . ,.
n ivtiin
O.llVT.
I)t s Miiiiit's. .
Di'lriiit
n.iliiiqm-.. ..
lih/ili.-ili....
liliniiM
Mrw
ICv.lnsvilh
l''.lll Itivrr ...
I"nrl W.IMU-.
(iaivi .-1(111. .. .
(iraiiil Kill. I. Is
nariislmr j:. .
Ilarlli.r.l.r...
Il.ilinli.-n
Il..lv,il„.
1:^ liaiia(.o|[s..
Jirsiv (. lt\ . ..
Kan .IS rity.
I.am-asti-r.
I.a\vri'm-c
I., iiisvilli'. ...
'..owfU
I.viin
ManrlifsUT. .
Mctn|ilii
\Iilwauk. •■■...
AI.iiiic.i)i(il:s . .
. N. V. .
.P.i
.("■ 1
. N. v..
.('i.i
.Mil ...
.Miih..
.M.is-..
. c'dini. .
.N. V.
.\. \ . .
.M..SS..
.N.J...
.S. l\..
.M.1..S..
..Ill
.Ohiii. .
.Oil 11..
..Oliid. .
.Kv...
.Iinva. .
.Ohi.i..
.C'nln...
.Iowa. .
.Mi.li.,
.I.ivv.i..
.\..|. .
.S'. v..
-I'.i. ..
.111. I. ..
.Mis..;..
.1.1,1...
. l'i\ s.
. .Mi.h..
.1 ■
. linn.
.N.j...
. Miss.
. lii.l...
.N-..I.
.I'a....
.M.l:.-.
.Kv ..
. \r.ss.
.Mass.
. V. II.
.IVim.
..Minn.
i><'^.
i-^T,.
.?7>l'»'
■","-1
JI.Snl
.!i-.iM
Jii,(«M
.V'J.Md
J7.''l,l
i;'w,,i«,j
i.s.i. i.U
I'.'lS'J
l'l,i)S|
.!i,7Sj
,■;".!. 'S
.•.;s.Hi>
.';i."(7
-"•7-' '
J 1,^11
.ts.'i.'i/
JJ,.|,W
ll'VMo
■i.'.^.s 1
-'"..si I
.'l),J^l
I'^.iim
•...'i,S<n
-.!.-l\
,(-•,1111.
.V'.7^'
l-'.oi,;
.V'.'»i>
ai.iii:;
7.v"5''
ij.i,7.'>»
JS.7'».
.!'>.', SI
'A!.7.i'<
-').l7.s
.!S.;7I
.V.".Vi
.U..S''-'
'l.s..s^"
l".-^'~7
.S.t''^
JI,7N)
i7,!-'.S
J"7.,isl
7."'il
l^.i!-")!
Vi",i»>i
"7.7111
.i')".ili
-■".'M.sj
i\'il7!
ji.S,,,77
■I.?.;
lO.DI'
"i.'^JV
";7.v'.i
1 1 ..( ' ■"!
ITJ.J'vs
-7-'.-r
7 '."'I
-',.".^1
i')..(Ji
.1 1 .^7 1
-•l.s'S
.■.i.iU-^
.i'>.l7(
■I.7.S''
l-'.'i.i.s
7''.s77l
i^VJIl
..(>. ■<(-•'
is,v.;l
1V,"I"
-■'1,7'"
1771S
i"..s"7
Vfi'i'l
.■n,-M.V
l«>,7.i.(
I ■l'1.l)i~>
I i\--.V'
I 1".'-"^
;7'.H"
l.t.OOl'
i.:s.|.i.'
Si, 17 I
jii.li.,
11,1.,.:
I.i.ivil
J'.. Si"
I'. Si'
.';-'7"i
l".^.;s
l.i.K.S
".71"
i.i.7sJ
11,.!.:^
' 1.717
1 1 ,11 .1
in, IS;
■1.7''
J 1, 1 I'
l.'i.-'.sl
III, iiis
.i" ~^i.i
S'l.'jn
I J,iu'
i;.7S;
,SS"-*-'
J '.-^.vi
i-^.-'l.i
I |.'«)S
.'571 17.';
.((1,1/S-..
■I".i".l
1" 7!."
Ill,"'* I
l.:,ivi|
171.W-"
',).i7S
i'*>,.s7'
I I.J.:.'
-•'(I.li.s
7^.-,i"
-7."ls
-•I. 71''
-7, i'M
ii,7vi
..(n.JNi
I. '"."17
J.s.-'.i^
'.'i.-S-'-
n,jJ7
ii;.7ii"
l|,o-,)i
1 ."-77
.';"..=;77
ii,.i".i
ii.".'i
1...71J
'i.i^.s
i.';.".s-'
J.v7"^
',i.i"i
ll.lSj
l.v'^.i.i
I't.txi.'
.Ii.'^o
'.s.71 =
ii,-«i7
..■,s,,
■:i.7''".
'.I..vs7,
- '. V"!
"1.77"
.i !."--•
■if),'".!!.
i7.''.ii
17. -■.;.!
5S, 1 1 J
ji,i;.<i
"",!)".!' J1.7"s
.s',.'ls i".H7
.i.i.'HM, l,li'>j
i'V)Sl I."!.!'
i\i')\ I. '"".I
J7''.'77. .V,'i"
ii,.iS;j .1.(11(1
.■p,ii|i|iil.7'i"i
",J"l| 7,n<'j
i^s.,) II 177, ;M|
,,1.,,-v.
.i7.""'
.i7.i"l
■I'V'.il
17,'^:
.m.-'
( 1"=;
.i..,^..,
I.'i",'
...js,j.:o..i|,--,.^
iM.l'-"! 7".".s'!
.S''.l"'
.;,"7'|
"I 7
'■,s,;
■l.Mi,.
■i.';.''i;
'J, 1 17
7.s''s
■i'i".'
7-7"'
".I"!
Ji..';7';
.'i.^.s-
S.'M"
"".,,1;
•i'..';7'
-'i..!.i,i
I I..J1"
.t ,i.i-'
j",'»ji
l-i.jo.i
""."As
.",1,7
j.i.i.n
I","";
jii.ii.ii
-'i.177
-'.S.i'V.
17, ill-'
-' J,lll'
'Sll"
iM-ii
|S,.i. I
I I ,(XR1
'J. It"
^M'li
■I". 1-^1
..J, ill!
Jl.SS;
r,i;i,m
.(■■'. I -
,V..!.il
Ji>, l.sl
J.J.IJI
iVi,;i I
.i','^71
J.ii'i
l".S"i
l-','))s
I ',"is
I J,'ilO|
i'l.J;'^,
.i,.i"i
.i.t?)'
'7,- '•'
■:.i. Is"'
■!.(.• .s I
7."P'
l-.l7"i
.i."7i
I".i7l
'.-."I!
Miiliil,
\;llivilli.
Ni'w.i.
New li.sli.inl..
\i-\v I i.lVill. . .
\.-w Ork-Mi-....
.\'t'\V|lnrl
New \uik
N... "II.
O.ikl. 1,1.1
Dm. ill.
()^wi-.i
I'.itiTstin
IVsiri.i
rrlnslnir;.
I'llil.i.l, iilii.i...
Pill .lu.r^li
IVirtl. 111,1
l'oiliillki'(.[isii'. .
rrnviiliaii r. . . .
f^liiifV
I!<M, 1,111,.
lU.liini 111,1
lliulu'stil'
^i.u•r;lllll•nltl. . .,
Sl.J.is.'llll
Si. Liiiiis
SI. I'.iul
S.iliiii
S.ill l.ik,- I'lly.
.s.in .\iil.iiii,>. . ,
S.in l.'i .iinisio. ,
S.lv;lim.lll
Srraiiliin
s.iiiu-ivill,-
S)ii iiiiviuM. . . .
S|)li.i;;li<;,l
S|iriiii;li, 1,1... ,
SviMiil-i-
'r.uiiil"n
r.nvll.iul. . ..
r.iiisi.i
Til iit.iii
!r.,v
riiiM
\\';isliiiiL;lim.. .
Wlu-clin-
W'iiki'slt.n r . .
Wiliiiinu.'.'ii. . .
Wiirccslii
...■yi.i..
. I'l-nti.
. N..I..
.M.lss.
.fiiiin.
.1.1...
. K V . . . .
\. v..
. \' 1...
.111.. .
.N,I...
N. Y..
.N.J..
.11
V.i.,..
.r.i
. I'.i
.Mr.
.N. v..
.It. I...
I.I
.\'\....
.N. v..
.I'.ll.. .
.M.I.. .
.Ml
.Mill"..
. .M.is...
.rill...
.I.-V.IS.
.I'.ll ...
..11:1
. I';i....
Mass..
I'utal I'opiiia'n.
'■^'o.
-'".'.iJI .i-'."Vl
lit
l.i'i.s"^ ll,^.ll^.l
J".-*|s I Ji,.t.'.
"-■,s-ij 5,,,s,,
iii.l.).. |,„.,,
•"•1.1,, I ls,i ■<
,jiv,,.' )ii, .)|.',.',jj:5.»i,.si I "i.s,7"*s,
IS
HI.
li.'-^i
^1
1 WW
J", .0^
-.ii,.ii.i
J-'.li-'
•l"..lfs
'■"."77
7'j.ni
,/",i7»
i-'.i7i
||.I7I
J i,"jj
.i".|"-'
.iJ,(jil 17.J.1I
I'Hi.S,..
ns,ii^ 'I7l.".i,ii
«),,>-;
ii>,.i;i,s
s.K-l
III ..
. M.ISS.
.Olliii..
. N. Y.
.M;.ss.
.In.l....
.Olii.i..
N. I...
N. \..
. N. Y..
. i'. I'..
. W. V.
.I'.i
.D.l ...
..M.lSs.,
i,..)""l
-il.s.s.S
.i",';!"'
il.lKi
i:.,iili
'^\~
17. 1 I
' v
ii
.,^'1
Ml
-"7
111)
^'7>1
J'
■Ii
''i
S)
('«,
Jl
IJllI
.i-'
.11;'
It'l
sl^
171
5V';
l",i.S,
J, 1,1)1.1
,ii.';7''
J..,S|„
I lis'
.7l,,ii.
lS,i 17
17,1111
11,
Jl.l.il
-'U.'i.il
Jii.iiss
IS.'-S'
.(J .i-'"
iJ,l(.t
Jl.i,..
.il.Pi
..•1., S,
'is..,"|
J|."s-
.i.;."i"
Si.".i'^
(,.;,.iS.,
"N'^i
11),
jl.l,
I'M-N
'i.lM
11, '11
.■1,7',; ..",2 I,
M,S"7 I !,';''■
l";,"7; 111,"''; ' i-'.'^is
7'-.l7i 77.''i'' 111.7^1
i,;,7;-. is,i.^^ ] j.,,,iiis
1) -.7,, 11), 1)57 I i".(i.i
I",;"; 'iS.nV" ' 7'',7^-'
M...s.,i i!.,i7,i j .•.,.7(v
-•1,1. ,,1 .....17.1 ' .!","<;i
-'".1'^;' .i|.ii7 ■ "".-""
•IJ.i-^-, l"."7^"-'.7li;
iJ,a7i i),i I'l I . I, (7-.
17. \i-' 'l.'i"" i ■!".77.;
I i7,i.i;..|i i7i>,i)^s ..n q,,;i
-,i,".i"
■^1.117
i-,\=,l
ijii .i
1,1(171
") . .J'
i|."7r
in.S.c
-■"..i""
J,,, 11.1;
l.i,'"s
1 !,"■;:
i.''v. i|.i I7.i;'.i-.'' sioi,t;i, w.).7i;
.i '.7 ",
■I'i.'^i'!
i".7l.l
,\\ .U<'
-'0,7 i"
-'1. ji.il
i'»."i*
S 1 17
Jl)l),C
.'i>.7l7
.il."i|
.i"
717
\i.
17'*
5-^
.'1)1
JS ..3,
ii i"j
ItKi'
Ji.'7'
'".•,7.i:
i7.i"l
ll,S|i.
i.i,"". '
i)iit^
- •.7".i
n,"5-
■li.'";.
.S.I.J,
'S7"7
lii.S",!
■:|."7 =
111, iJS
17. ';7;
I ',,11,7
-7. "7
l<i,S>is
i"iii.l
.•jS7,
.!.S"i|
ll.,l-'l
1J..)1(
.'.;;, ini
1 l.ilS)
1" \->
j-is.ii
J7.ISI
l.-,lrfy.
i\'r
.") .1)1
(.S,,ii,
7s „s,..
l,)..'S,
1". '71
"i.i-:;
11 LSI
.!"7<;i
J\'>J7
1 1,SSS|
^i,7-'7i
7"
17'" I''
.i^.77l
1(1,1 S|
J-',"S"
.i*,7>'-
J| 1)
i'l.Vli
-•I cSi
i.iii".';
-•i."-t
17.' 1"
.i"Si|
•Hi' "7
-•.'<i7
.!■ J.s
1i\ .i"
S.'i-'.i
I s,' ^1''*
|i.i.s7
s.iil I
I7~'.'7'_'
'^ is
. .fl.JI
.),.l.il>
s.S".
.S.7 J
.i.s"
J"l lis
II."., s
1 7"t
•'■*.■ ; s
(i.S'.j
.i."M
i'l"
Jd.'.JJ
7.0|S
.=,.",1"
io;;,iii j
.,= .i'7s
7 ll'^
7,''7I
.s •';•,(-<
It I,-' 1 1
. .cll
•I -^1
7..'! it
'.1, "i-i
.■; '•■'
^■n■>
1-1 .ii')
1(1. )iS
').iii
ii i\i
'1,1 1(
''.ill'
>;."7i
'5."- 1
POPULATION OP THE CITIES OF THE WORLD HAVING OVER 100,000 INHABITANTS.
AIuTilrcn, Scntl.inil .
m:;,SiS
Ailli.mnnlr, Tuikt V
IiKl.ClO
A«.;i, In.li.i
Uv<> '■•
Aliin.il.ili.ul, In.li..
IJl) <MKI
Alr\anilii 1, V.\x^ ill
. l^>,.t..l
*-^^ (Mil)
Ati.strrd ...1, Hull. .till....
. ^'\\.-i'\
Ant we.) , Iti-l^inii.
. i<M."-'^
II..I.1.., 1 r.l/.l
1 S( 1,1 vy. 1
H.illi,i.-,n-, Mil
■ -U-M'.i
H"ivi:..j.lva
. lf>..H.)
li.iti^MtitU, Si. nil
. .V">.'> '^
It.irrrlim;!, S|i.\iii,
iOi, r''^
M.nu.i.i, lM.li;i
IIO,(KN)
IJ,ll.isI.lr.l,.rul
lS(>,CXU»
Urn. Mrs, Iiuiia
f KM I.CK)! )
Hi'ilin, l*ni>.>i;i
. I,il>>,(KMI
liliiiitpoor, Iiuliii
un\r»(X)
Ifirinint;li.iin, I'.n^larul. .
. ■It"'.???
ItiMiih.iv, Intlia
N,S,ji,S
Hor.iiMUX, I^'ninci'
. 2I5.UO
Mom. .11, M.ISS
. .V'-i.'^.i''
IliM.llnnl. iC.iul.iiul
lS},i)5_'
Ilii'si.iii, Pnissi.i
. >^7.".V>
Itrisl.il, l':n',..in.l
. iS^.o.iJ
Hrni)klvii. V. V
. $'^\'^^\
Hnissrl'^, Hrluinin
. (ii^.i)
liiK-li.irrst, 'rnil (V
I9>,0(i"
ItiK-iins A vrts, S. A
f t;o.(» .J
liulValo, N. Y
I'i'^.l it
C.iiro. I'\'vi>l
ffHI.IMK)
r;i|i utt:l, Indi:!
U*), (H)
t'lmton, Cliiici
. ^.H)..IIM>
" \ 1.-W lilli'j in VU iy.\ :iii,l In. Ilk
.irr' tiUl ultfli
<.'h.inpf-cli()o-i'"ini, riiiii.i.
1,()0(.,(X!0
t'hii;li:<>. III .
'iM.'^.;
t'nu inii.ili, t 'ln.>
-s=;.i.i<>
I'rililiMU-, l'lU-s-.i.i
1^0,0 (1
I'lrv.'l.in.I. Olli'.
. if.>ti.i|h
(.\)iist.inlimi|)li', I ink' v..
i,'()0,i ;>)
Cninnliiiutn, l>< ijin.irk. . .
_•' o,' no
i);nii;i:^(iis, '1 iirkcv
iSltDOrt
D.lhi, In. ha
. |S.>,fMK>
Dh.ir. Iiuli.i
lo^.ono
Dicsiicn, (miih. my
. .j;iv>.x)
Dnhliii, Inlaii.l
. .\\\^<^^
Drlinil, Mi. h
DilIi.Kr.S.i.tl.iiwI
Us, IK>
l-MinlMM-li. S.-..11.in.I
. iSl.UKl
Klnnnrr, Il.ilv
I^O.tKll
I'\H>tIi->iiI''.»n, CluM.i
|,O.WI.ll. ,. 1
(it ii.m» II ilv
ll^l.'tK)
(iluiit, IlLlLiiuin
1 ;ii,iK V)
( iLlS^nw-, S(nll,intl
. ,=;-v^.'''-'>
(»ni-n\\ u li, \ rii<l.niil
'.i?;."""
I lailllllMLT, ('fl lll.lllV ......
. JK.'""
I iaiiii: 'IVIudii, l-'liina
. r,.>n.i,. Ml
Ilav-iira li;i
. J-S..'tM»
1 1 IK*. ' . t ■ «>, AiiaiM, . . .
. 11^,1""
Ii.iii, I-Jii;.- .1.1
Uv.l.rah.i.l, In.iia
J(ll),l«1)
|<)ii<1)i. Mi- Nr.n \v .ir, liiiH.i
Hdl.lKMl
|.'i>i-V t'ilv. N.j
. i.-),7.-j
I.e.-. Is Kn.-l.in.l
. V").!.-'!
Lii-Lfr, HcU.'iuin
l-'n..i "1
Lillr, or Lisle, J'Vancf
iq(),<>iio
Tama, I'l ni
nv it*wi
I'hnr pUrll M-il lr">1t tll<' l:tlerl|>ilt.
I Lt-il iulurm:
T.ishnn, I'lirtii^^.il
I.ivii [iiHil, l.aurl.iiul
I.iiniliin, l-aii^i. 111,1
I.iinlsv.lk., K'.
I.iii-kni".. , liiiii.t.
I.vii.is, l-'ianfi-
N(...l.-..s, I.iili.i
M.i,lri,l,S|,.,iii
M.in. li.s|,-r, l.ii^l..n,l....
M.l.iill:!, I*h;li|i|iinc Is...
M;.rs(ill',s, |.'.-;.nri.
M.llMllll.l.l, Itii/il
Milli.,11111-, All Irali.i
Miv",,, M, VI,..
Mi.ikii, |a|..ln
Mill", Il.ilv
Milw ink..-. Wis
M.iiilr.Ml, r.iii.iila
Miisi.iiv, ISi.ssia
Mi.ui, li, Il.i\ ... i '-
N.lirliiinr, Il..li;l
N.M.uii.^, CI. in.l
Nl.I.U-S, I-'lMUff
N iplis, II ilv
Ni-w.irk, N.'J
N,'\viMs|k..(in. Tsni', I'.n;^
Niw (IHi.ins, I, a
New Siirk, N. Y
.N.iliii,..|i.i,,,. I.ai.r. , ,.
(M.ssa.Itiissi.i,.^
I'll. -nil". Ii ilv
I'ni-., I.'i nil..
I'.ili..., Ii.ilia
I', kin. Chin..
2|0,
KHt
'i';-'.
1-S
,1.^1 1
^7'
l-i,
7=;^
.V^-
NNl
.i-'''
MX)
I'S.
MM)
■\'f
DINI
.ill
(;,,s
"is.
IHMI
.■i".s.
JIM)
1(X),(XX)
-17.
-,'i
2\Z
NMI
IIX)
fKk)
(H)
iH.i;si
111;
MM)
'7"^.
>. I.I
'7=;.
:;u)
. ' s
K)
i;ii.i
1 tit)
lis
)ll )
:;.!. I
11"
vH
M.=;
JiS
.'!'>
in;«i
i,-'cy.
.'')lt
1^1
'»S'»
'7.T
HO
j.j-S
'IK'
i(«>
IMKI
I'i-'.t!l, I !iin!^;i.-v
l'liil.,,l.l|ilii,i. Pi
Pill-I.iuull. P.i
P,,rlsiainilli. r.iiul;tnil,
Pl;ll.|if, It, ill, iiii;i
Pnni.l.i.,.-, 11. I
li.i;.., lt..s-.i;l
I!i,i Jai., ill., Ill;l/il....
n.."!,., Il.ilv
l!,,lUl,l.liil,ll,,ll.l.„l...
1 K,.li. II, I' i;llu i-
' Sair.ir.l, lai;.
, SI. I..ii,i., ,M.i
Si. I'll, I 111" I,', l!i:s..i.i
S.m I-'i .iiuis, ,1, C.il . . . .
I S.i.iti. 11^(1, .'lull
Sf\ illc, S|i;.in
SI..lIl:r lj;ii, t l.i.,.i
Shilli.Kl, l;.ii;la.i.l....
S.n\n.a, Asi.i Minor..
Sli.iUliiiliii, SuiiU 11...
Svilni-v, ,\i.s'..;.li.i
Tiltis, lliissi.. i.i Asi.i. .
r..Ki,i, J.i|ii.i
'r.iiii.iiisi' i.'kkui.
'I'l i, St.', .\ii-lr..i
Tiuiis, ,\li i. .1
■I'm ill, Il.ilv
V. ill 11. i.l,S|,.iiii
Y. 111,.., Itilv
\'ii 1111.1, Aiisiii.i
Warsiw, Pi. Ian.;
\Y;lsllimjliill, I). I
Yi.l,l,i,|a|iii.
1.1 ',71.';
"''17. 17"
. ^n.iKKi
ii'i.''.';?
I(1J,1 1.11
,^70,(11111
i.fn.nfi..
. lO.IH.t
t'!",';!'''
(rf.S^i
.'i.ii'i.';')
■ no. (11 lit
.(Hl.lM '»
".(I.IKXl
asi,|i.i
i.s",'""
KV),,)...)
I'H.n-'l
.'^'H.JM
i,t",|Jl
liin,iMio
I is,tvin
7-"."";
-'i7,';"'
1 17 •" 1 1
immik:
1. It: ' ' W! ''.•''■^ .
.,1.,,... .. ,. ,.,,,|
■:!Mi?'V
I8|i
I
'1 ;.'■
.,' ■ .v.
I
tl'h
ik
7o,s
EDUCATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS.
Tiihlcs sliowinjr, acrord'ncr to rfpnrt of I*^7'^, tin- s:il:n'irs r>t* tcaclKTs. i-\iu-iulitiirts, sihool :iu'i ^. Frlinnl popiil:ition, enrollment, altondance, i'(c., of
nuMii- s hiiols, I ollc^^es iirnl iinivirsilic:^; al^o, j^ivm;^ valiu- of Iiuildiii^r-., ^i-ouiul>, iipp.ir.itus, iti ., ol' liio.-,e ownin;^ such*
I'LISLIC SCHOOLS.
SrATIvS AND ILKHITO*
1( I Ks.
Al.ih.ima
Arizona
Arkansas
Calitornia
Colorado
C"oinu-i iicut . , .
n.ikol.i
sen I
ACil..
sriiooi.
I'OI'lLA-
TID.V.
NO. I".\'-
hoi.ll-:d.
I 'I'.awari' ....
I)i>lriit olColnmlna.
I'Moii,!
Cn'oriii I
Idaho
IIMTi..is
Indi.m
Indi.ma
lovv.i
Kan-.as
Ktntiirky
I.ouisi.in.l
.Maine'
Maryland
.Massaclmsitts
Mic-hii^an
.Miruustit.i
Missi~sijipi
Missouri
Montana
.Nr\>raska
Nevada
N\'\v I lainpshire
\i'\v |i rsi'v
Nlw 'Mixiii)
\\w %ork
North Carolina
Ohio
Or.-ijon
l\ini..\ Ivania. ......
l!h, .,!,•■ Ishin,l
Soiitli Cm olina
'l'cnni.'ssL-c
'lV\as
ftah
Wainont
\'iri^ini.i
\Vashinirtr)n
Wfst \'iryinia
Wisconsin
Wvoniinix
Totil . .
'^21
I'-ji
I |0
5 ■ _M
.S -•!
0-17
4 -'I
0-|S
ias
0-.>i
(i-.M
i.o-jo
O-JI
■I -J I
5- JO
.s
.■;--•"
.^ -'
o.-_>o
I-
o-rS
■t J'
^-'•^
.7 [S
o »i
(i ji
4 -JO
(V-2 1
5 '>
(>-!(.
(. 1-.
1.., .,
( »- J I
4 .:■
d.7-j
J7".-I.i
i.os.(
-•10,1
-•o.vf
■"''■ I7.i
I j,ji
[jS.Son
'■•.'/'
4,i,i.4 1 1
4.')!-'
l,OOJ,|2I
.(o.jr,?
.S7-I7I
J",,;7;
h. 57.',M)^
-'71.40'
•!i|.7o;
270, r JO
ji.*7.joj
47'>,S)o
(.Ss.J|S
5..)'.';
V.9JJ
7,i.7"'.=;
3J-»,i'/t
ll. JO,,il-'
1/115. j;!.
4--.!.,i~-"
i,0J7,Jt'-^
5.!.t''-
I,J(10,()00
2JSiJ'<
■H'^-'>17
■ot..i.\t
,».'»4
o-'.\!i
4\i.7"'
h. 12,017
47S,'«»j
150,^.50
,lv7l7
i.Sl.o.,,
IO.O||
UO.Sj--
7-1^'
20,7,io
.■J,S(
200,'
I I .'Vj"^, 40^1
'"'.''r.i
177, Sy'
I.S.i.lio
'S".-71
^ni.iSi
>;o,7o.'
,1.-77
62,7s;
7,012
fxj.oj.i
202,Oi'|
d. s,i;i
1,0,(2.052
22S,(»)2
7(o,n>i
20,tX12
45."-o
1 10,2 Jl;
2'il,i;i
140,0^0
21,710
7.i .<>"*!
202,21,
H. =;..iSs
.■y7..;o2
c. l.'vii
\V. IlAli.V
ATTKM)
ANCE.
Njo
9,'>0'i
'..Vl.!
'"■'s,;i'i
■3".' "5
h. 420.031
c. 4,142
.•(i.v'^'.i
.50.01,!
b. l')0,(Kyi
!'• 51-.?'/'
iaS.(>|o
Sl,S2i)
, 2-:'*. 1 17
b. 210,U00
1 15,07.'!
a. 182,000
'-■I
«4I
91
'7-<
',S7
1S7
90
'4'
1 1 1
1<2
■70
150
ti;acii-
KH.S.
roi.M.
EXI'K.v:>I
■ILK lis.
c()Li.i:gi;s and uNivi-iisniics wmi thk
i'iti:i'.\i!.\r()i!V SCHOOLS.
* 3.i'V.,i.i
'b"l7
121. V.7
2.''7-..v>7
1,0,1,041
I2 5,.s5y
237. '"^J
..>7.'M"I 4-!^'.=;.7M
4,r,(y>
4S,t,2
ii3,"o|
101
d. 1,!2
.S77-'<'"
'7'
'.(-••.v;,i
4'
■t''.>.i7-!
■7.^
21,,').|
9!
6o).S25
'4.^
2,s,7Sh
1S2
<J>
i72,ii/S
77
^b'ltO
>,i7
+So,S
'■i)
1 1(1,46.,
107
h. I VI
So.7''>'<
Ml
a. 161
23,oS2
4,415.
3,'o65'.i/iS
r 3,01 1,2,(1
9~vi,|35
lif.l,ooo,:KXl
.(20,Si„
o.jo,''i7o
1,122,414
h. S7i,S5i
f 1,020,2(0
.S7S,i)So
S'^.V.'lOi
2..i-o, M"
4-H,,5no
100,301
4^0,2,5^
I,52S.|,S(,
>• i.;.|3-'
7.7.=;".~')i
-•o-',Sil.i
■t.' .'.,'; 1 1
104,571
4,755,020
4-!7.44.';
201,2'is
(X)2.1t>S
650,077
f^4..;.!"
407.^55
7'4.6S'
501,705
1,101,252
J. ii.,4i'«i
I i2,020
24.i.'>.=;i'
•.5"''.477
57o".l
210,5,0
37.1."""
i.V>,sso
4'>-'.4.^.i
2(.oS2
7,526,100
.^73,""'
4,051,011
4."".;.,v^
i..iP,4'7
lf.l,l,(0,(KXl
,'^.^^.231
1,050,700
1,503,2(«
5,iiio,oss
.i. 1 10.570
1,(04,0^5
.502. S05
2,4"'i,l31
''.v.^o,s
(5".5-"
204. 1. !7
6,(0,055
2,00, ,o,s
i. l.S,S,;0
'".75.1.7.1"
3J(.-!~-7
7.1105,125
275,10"!
S,iS7,o77
670,770
3iW'.i"
7')b-!.i-
7l7..';.Vl
"3,i'«
511,101
y>3.*>y5
'«7.-!7.=;
2,i>7..=;.!.i
j. lo,4oOj
No.
(ol-
Ic.a-
«5i,7So.'-.v. a<!i,',-c^:S,
31
SI I
lltNTS
19s
50
■0(
'7f
73
9t
3V
73
130
'-•3
.V
i./i
"'33
2
20
("3
451
47
34"
4-'
3'.i
10
44
|6.(
So
3.=;
5'7
331
-'..^1'
1 1,
k. 9|2
4.i-'
5.0"
2,SoS
3.i.i-'
W
|."I7
5r«i
k. 422
■.3M
2,oSi
3,o.,r
"^.^
I "Si
2,43"
1 '3'"
1. ,(o
702
I ,oS I
6, J, XI
ySo
3.-^11
k. -'M
3..io"
■ ,oS|
k. ;;!2
1,105
1,512
Vol.lMlvS
l.N Ll-
11 K A K IKS.
12,41X1
1,105
43."n
I3",.!7
6,5(K
45,lioo
3-'.-"3
I io,Sy,
' 5S^7^
4\.i;i'
20, (0(
,3",7iy
22,501
3'Woi
.10, n»
207,0c Kl
50,2,1
lO.f^Kl,
O.Uki
S|,4-5
3.7«i
"sh^'x
.53,2' »
22il,S,i
2S01 ;■
2.to,' -i
S,120
f'S.^'K
5 ' ,'xx)
21,7S<1
4~<.Vi7
I, ,(00
2,,'7
33.S"5
79.5-'"
1,141
9.-'iio
44.33
\,\i,ri: or
Dlll.l''
iillol MIS
\- .W'f \K
$ ,505,1x111
,,2,IKH)
I,42S,|,<X1
1.1".'
47-!.^'^ I
/.I.'
2,.,»>S,02(
1,1^5 ttx
1, I07,0(K
4'K),I>«
6,2,501
170,001
7,(o,oo»
3So,,5(xi
I,250,(XX1
i,.;. ,4,5.
2o'.,.'<70
4 2 1 ,(XK
1,1 ,o,,5i^'
2 1 S,oix
IOO,IXX
I,220,C(X1
<'.353."53
.|Sl,(XXl
2, ',173 .3.1"
277,0'X'
4,47''..5"o
220,000
1,2,7,500
.,ii»;,i««
,(OS,(XK
1,(K15,(0.
Ioo,( :xi
455,iK».
N3..5""
INfOMK
1-KOM
FINDS.
S 2,,o<x
l.'XX
15,1 .(K
4-,7".^
4,y'xi
S,5cxi
43,.1'>"
l2S,;(,i
47.70'
53.7"<
4.71.:
25.47'
io,4.SS
20,050
■Si. 734
3"(,io7
7"."5s
40.0S1
3.</<i
■?5,i-5
25,000
8i,(jo,(
477.') 1^
lo.,5(Xi
177,101
15,(00
iS'i,|.(o
3^,(170
31,110
75.^."
1,1/ XI
1(,01(1
2'i,,S5S
.500
9.S00
52.292
^7.032 |(6,<7i.2n ?2,5i<5,324 $i.5;5.p,
INIOMK
1-KOM
Tt rrio.v.
8 2,000
5,100
103,400
93.221
„5t"
S,ooo
20,9011
75>'>'>o
"*.0(3
4'.,li'
7. '23
37.t>3
4,"77
>".57"
9,1/12
2'3.'*5o
20,oS«)
5.1,19
1.21X1
5 ',555
5. 900
21, ,00
23,7"5
341.775
1^,700
5.t.7'<6
ll,2(S
1 1".,1 19
2^,032
",200
2V154
3'<.~<5o
3.07"
7..57"
2",iXl2
2,1 XXI
'i,.V<"
''t.",l'>
n* In tliL* counties, b. Kejii
nries of superiiitcmlems iiiclu
Massachusi tts is accredited
irtof 1S77
ll. L'. In 1
in tins re)
c. Ilejiort of l'^75. d.
'^77. h, I'arlial Keiiort.
101 1 with Imtoa.' ];reli.ir.
Ueportof 1S76. e. Not inrhidinjJT averay;e attendance in five civilized tribes, 1". S.il-
1.1111^75. j. In 1S77. k. No prejiaratory school.-- included. I. In [irepar.itory school.
tory school.
I'.ihle showini^, accordini; to census of 1S70, the n'.iailicr of orir.mizations, nieinliers, editices. sittings, and the value of church projierty of the
several denominations in the Ciiited Suites; also their theoloj,^ical seminaries, accordini^ to rcjiort for 1.S7S:
DENOMIN.vnONS.
Haplist (Ileirular)
Hi|ilisl (Others)
Cht isti.in
Coiu^^rcLrHtional.
l';|iis.-.ip.il { Protestant)....
l'-\anL;clical .\ssociation.
Ki
i.ls
Jewish
l.ntheran
Methodist
M'lr.ni.m (t'nit.is I'Vatrum)
Ne\v,Ieni'.alcin (S\vedenlior,,.ianl
I'r,-sl.\ leri.m tKet;ul.ir)
I'n sl.vtcri.in (Other)
Uelonued t hurch in Aim-rica (once Dutch Ketornied). . .
Kef.iinied Church in the I'. S. (once (icrinan Ucrorim-il).
Houi.in C.itliolic
Sei-oii.l .\.lvent
Sh.iker
S
uiiriti
I inl.
alist.,
I'nited Hrethren in Christ
l'iii\-i-rs.ilist
i'llion, Cnknowr an.l Miscellaneous
Church
Or^aniza-
tions
■4.171
',35.1
^;^^7
2,8.15
."^iS
(xl2
189
3.032
7-
'X
6,2hJ
I,, 5" J
-17
'.2,5'
4,12'
225
is
05
331
1,415
719
4'
Chur.h
l::dilices.
12,857
1,"
a,822
2.715
2,l«ll
0,1
<»1.
15-
2.77'
2 1, .13;
";
o
■ .3-
4'
■ .145
■-('
IS
31"
937
il02
.5'/-'l
Cluir.-h
Sitlin;;s.
3."i7.
(03,011,
S05,"
1,117,2
O)l,o
I'M. 7'
22,.'..
71.2'
077..U2
6,528,201
" 25,701
■'^.755
2,198,1x10
4'"..UI
227,2JS
431.7""
i,ix»i,5i ,
31.555
8,S5o
",'//. 1
'55.171
205,025
210,88,
Ch.irih
iVoperty.
$,(c,,229.22I
2.37''."77
6.425.1.17
25,0<),(«lS
,V'.5i4,5l9
2.,(ol.''5o
3.'i.i".5'«
5.155.2.(4
■ ,..117,7,7
f«7,S5,,121
701,101
,Si«,,7i»i
47.'^-'~^-732
.1.1"
10.:
;o,25i
5.775.215
6o,9S5,5'<.
,(0(..2,,1
So,ixxi
100,150
6,2S2,075
i.sni.Siu
5.O02.325
■.,i"'.745
hi.
7'<
3.'!' I
208
(■52
6)
32
58
21)
3"
4'.!
♦I'arti.il Ueport.
:' -^.'
.itr^ •jt^^-.ym
tendance, t'lc, of
^nii
THE
s.
OM F.
INTOMK
>M
UOM
■.-li:-;.
■11
1 110N-.
|,<)(XI
8
2,000
l.i;i»)
5,100
"■"55
10,1,400
Hi/o^
9.i.2-!l
4,>>"v)
c5'"
S,5ixi
S.ooo
(3.3'«i
20,900
2S,7,«,
75.'>^'
<7.7<«i
4'..?So
S.1.7""
I.7M
7. '2.?
2i;,47"
3741.1
li|,(SS
4,"77
2",nv>
'"■57"
^^1.7.11
0.1/12
11,107
iM.'*5"
7".'/5''
20,0*V)
Icj.oM
s.i.iy
,t,'l"<>
1,J0O
55--S
S.'/Jo
2S,<XX)
21,400
8i,<xi.i
^.i.7"5
77.'' 1*
341,775
ln.E;<)0
1^.700
77,101
51,7^'
15.' 00
ll,JiS
-M.liO
Mn.ll"
l-^."?
2'",o,i2
11,11'
",200
75,N<)0
2S,(|!;4
l,</)0
3'<,^5o
3."7"
7,57"
2i,Si;s
2'>,(yi2
i;ou
2,MV1
9,^X1
5,.i""
S^-^O^i
c.),i.5,)
l'^..V4
*_
.5^5. PI
I tribes, f. S.il-
'par.itory school.
jcrty of the
h7.
'•5
♦n.
•^■5
•|i
7
7S
7t
.1.5'l
(►^
JOS
,r
JI15
■»
4S,,
2S
7''
1;
(•^2
5
^-
5-*
9'
y.w
f)
21)
^
.1"
II
w
21
101
UNITKD STATES CIVII,, AKMV AM) NAVV TAV TAHI.F.S.
709
FOREIGN EXCHANGE.
Estimate of the valuer in V. S. nionov of account of the Stan'oard Coins
of other Nations and proclaimed hy the Secretary of the I'reasury, Jan. i, iSSo.
Auslri;i ,
ItflL^iinn
Holivia
Itr;i/il
Urilish Pos.sussitin>
in \. A
Central Aim:rica,.
Chili
I>i*nm:irk
Ivtinnlor
l-^KM't
1' raiu-e,
(he. it Itritain
(ireeci-
Cennaii l^niphe. . . .
Imliu.
Italy
JiiP*'"-.-
I-ibtna.
Mexico
Netherlands
Nnrw.iv
Peru..:
I^)rt^l^;.ll
Russia
Sandwiih Islani.ls.
S|)ain...
Sweden
Switzerland
Tripoli
Turkey
UniU.iSl.itesof Cn
l.mihia
MONKTAHY INIT.
Florin
l''ianc
Iloliyian.i
.\lilreis tif locK) reis. .
Hollar .
I'es.i...
IVso...
Crown..
Pound of 100 piasier>
l*'rain-
I'luiud Sterlinj;
Drachma
Mark
Kiipee of ih annas. , .
Lira
Ven((;uld)
Dollar
Dollar
Florin
I'rown
Sol...
Milreis of looo reis.
Rouble of 100 copecks
Dollar
Peseta ot loo centimes
(.Vow."
l'"ranc...
Mahlnib of 20 piaster;
Piaster
STANJlAKIl.
Sjlyer
Gold and Silver
Silver
(it)ia ,
Cold
silver
Cold
(iold
Silver
(h.ld
tiolil and Silver
'• Id
ttold a[iil Siivi r
Cohl
Silver
(ioh! and Silver
Cold ami Sil^
(iold
Silver
Cold and Silver
CnK!
Silver
Cold
Silver
Col, I
(io!d and Silver
Cold
C<ild and Silver
Silver
(iold
• V'
STA.NDMtl) CHIN'.
t;, Kt and 20 francs.
Molivianc).
Peso.
tondor, doubloon it cpcudo.
10 and 20 crowns.
Peso.
5, 10, 2^ anil 50 piasters.
V loaml 20 iVaiu-i.
Vj sovereii^ti antl soverfijrn,
5, 10, 20, 5<)it 100 drachmas
5, 10 and 20 marks.
5, 10, 2(i, 50 and TOO lire.
1, 2,5, 10 and 20 yen.
Piso or dollar, 5, 10, 25 and
50 cenlavo.
ro and 20 crowns.
S.>l.
2, 5 and 10 milrels.
Ht % =^"d I rouble.
5, 10. 20. ;o and •lopesetiis.
lo and 2ii <ro\vns.
5, 10 and 20 francs.
25. ;o, 100, 250 and 500 pi-
asters.
Peso.
United States Navy.— Active Service.
IJO
So
TOO
l(K>
,;o
I.^
.V>
HiO
24
I.INK — AT SKA.
N
Aihniral
\'ice Admir.i!
Ue.ir Admirals
Cuiiinio<iorcs
Capt.inis
Cotnniander-^
laeut.-Connnanders . . .
I.ieuts
Matins
Krwiuns
MiiUhipinen
<. .itlet Mid>blpinen ' .Lit
Males I \
STAI r.
^^edical Directors
P. IV Dill (tors
C hitf I-.In^'-ineers
^'"■ti'ons
P.ivmasiiTS
Pa-.sril nr Assl.Suri^eons
P.isscd Asst.Pavmaslers
A.sst. P.tvmasttrs
P.issi-d .\sst, ICn^ineers
vV.st-^. ICnjjineers
I h.iplaius
N.ival Cmislructors
Asst. Conslruclnrs
Prols. of Mathematics..
Civil |->i^^ineer-i
Cadet I'lng^ineers
Salary.
§1 ^ooo
g.oio
(>,00()
5,000
■i..';"o
2.*Vio to .t,<«)0
2,tOO to 2/HlO
I,><.X) to
l,2<JtJ to
SIX) to
f 2.'V>n to
2,Sk» to
2,'VK) to
a,S<X) to
2,NX) to
I,i>0O to
2,000 to
1,700 to
2,<HK1 to
1,700 t J
3,5tx> to
*1.2ootO
*2,o<>o to
2, (00 to
2, too to
5(«) to
2,(K)n
1,(00
I ,( M Ml
i»5o
c;00
4.100
4,2(XJ
4,200
.t,200
4,2<K)
2,200
2,200
I,l/X)
2,200
i.tyoo
2,S<X)
*4,2CXJ
*2,(>oO
3.5""
1,000
Maiine Corps.— Active Servtce.
Colonel Connnandant
Colnlicl
Kill it. -Colonels
Major.
C.ipt tins
1st l-ii-iits . . ,
2d Lieuts
Salary.
3,o(«
2. 500
i,S<.x>
1,500
, 1,400
Pay Table of the Leading Civil Officers of the United States.
President of the I'nited States, per annum, $50,000.
Vice-President of the Cniled States, per annum, §10,000.
Cabinet Ministers, per anmmi, $io,ooc).
Chief Justice Supreme CiMirt, per aiuinm, $10,500,
Justices of the Supreme Couit, per aimum, $io.uoo.
Senators and Hci)resentatives in Congress, with mileapfo, per annum,
^5,000.
Speaker House of Representatives, with mileaji^e, per annum, $10,000.
Secretary of the Senate, per annum, §5,000.
Clerk House of Representatives, per annum, .*5,oon.
Assistant Secretaries of Departments, per annum, $r*,000.
Heads of Itureaus, per annum, $f,ooo to $?5,ooo,
Sunerintcndent Coast Survey, per annum, .* ',000.
Judj^es District of Columbia, per anniini, .^i.ooo.
Secretary Smlthsitnian Institution, per annnm, $(.000.
Ministers PlenipoieiUiary to Cre.U Ilrit.iin, France, Cermany and Rus-
sia, per annum, $i7,=;i>o.
Mmisters Plenipotentiary to Spain, Austria, China, Italy, Mexico,
Ilr.i/il and Japan, per annum, $12,000.
Ministers Resident and Plenipotentiary to Chili. Per\i, T'ruf^uav,
Guatemala, Costa Rica, Hondur.is, Nicarajrua and San Salvador, per
annum, $10,000.
Ministers Resident to Portu(;al, Rel^num, Xetberl.inds, Denmark,
Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Turkey. Haw.iiian Island>, U.ivti.
Colombia, Vene/m-la', Kciador, Arjjentine Republic, Paraguay, IJolivia
and Creece, per annum, $7,5'>"-
Interpreter and Secretary of U'ljation to China, per annum, $5,fKK».
I)ra^Miinaii and Secretary of I,e;;alion to Turkey, per annum, $j,oo(i.
Consul-<ieneral to Cairo, ^rr innum, $(,oo<).
Citnsul-(;eneral to l^ndon, Paris, H.ivan.i and Rio Janeiro, per an-
num, ^'',000.
Consul (ieiieral to Calcutta and Shani,Miai, per annum, $,,000.
Cons\iI-<;eneral •<> Melbourne, per armum, gto'"'-
Omsul-liencral to Kan.ijrawa, Montreal and Rerlin, per annum,
$4,000.
Consul-Ccneral to Vienna, F'rankfort, Rome and Constantinople, per
annum, $^,000.
Consul (ieneral to Turkey ami ICijvpt, per annum, $3,500.
Cr)nsul(ieiu'r.il to St. Peterslniri,' and M<xieo, per annum, $2,000.
Cons\il-{ieneralto Liverpool, per armum, $'>,ouo.
Secretaries of I.eijMtion, from $1,500 to ^12,^25.
Cc'isuls, fror« $i,(too to $7,000.
Th« Postmasters, Collector- of the Revenue, Territorial Covernors
andjdtres, and other otliccrs employed thriniijhout the country, are
too numerous to be designated in this place.
Pay Roll United States Army.
(fcnera!
Ll.NH.
I.icul.
Major
(funcra
< ieiHTa
CJUIKT.l
s
s
Xo, (Salarv.
$'3.5'-'
1 1,000
tAVAI.HV.
C'olonels
I aeut. -Colonels
M.ijors ,
Captains
Adjutants
R^jr.<Vs
1st. f-teuts
2(1 laeuts
Chaplains
AKTir.I-KHV
Colonels
I, ieut. -Colonels
Majors
( aptains
.\djutants
ReLr.(^rs
i^t I.icuts
2d laeuts
3
.V>
S.S"
i.S.,
i.5'>
i.S'"
' 3.5'-<
3.'''<
2,510
2.<t o
i,'^oo
I,NXI
1,'KIO
IM-ANTKy.
Colonels 25 $ 3.5'i'»
Lieut. -Colonels j; ,^<«'>
M M«trs 25 '2,500
C.ipt.iins 2^o I,SoO
Adjutants. . . . 25 i,,Sio
Keir.(irs 25 i.S<>»
!--t Licuts 250 1,500
jd Li cuts 29) i,('«i
Chaplains 2 i,5'*)
STAFF.
,\idi's-de-Cainps, 2); *> oftliem tlie
pay of a Colonel, A.-de-C. tofJcn-
er.il of the army; 2nf them llu- p.iy
of a Lieut. -Cnlorul, .\.de t.'. to
I.ieut.-Cetieral ; ><oftlu-m $200 iu
addition to pay in line, v\.-de-C.
to Major-Cienerals; i;^ of them
$150 in addition to pay in line,
A.-de-C. lo Hrij;adier (ienerals.
Majors . .
Captains
STAFF.
3 !8 a.5'""
2 2,OCX>
KKTIHEn LIST.— NAVY.
Urii^'r-C.neral I
Lieut. -Colonel i
\Lijors \
Captains \
J St Lieuls 2
2d Lieuts 3
Fnli.sted file i»f Marine Corps 1,500
men.
The enlisted persons in the United
St:'tes Navy cotisist ot ^^.500 seamen,
ordinary seamen,|Iandsmen and boys.
♦ Shore duty.
The Different Departments of
the Army. ^„^ Salary.
Jlriu'r Generals
C"olone
i.ieut. Colonels
Majors
Captains
1st Lieuts
R'.« 5,500
12 ,i,ioo
31 3.'>''0
150 2,500
127 2,000
7/» I.OOO
K.VCIN'KEH COKl'S,
ltri:j;'r-niiu-r.il
I'olonrls
I.ii-nt.-C'olonul.s
Majors
i'aplains
SlONAt. OFFICE
eolont'Is I
I.iL'iitfiiants
I*ost ('tiaplains ' .^o 1
IIF.TIHKI) MST.— AIIMV.
Major (fcm-Tals
llrij;'r-<rfncrals
C'oloni-ls
I -ii-iit. -Colonels
Majors
■IS
I ,Soo
l..s<x)
1,500
5'>
I Captains l\l
I 1st, I ■
ii\ r.irats . .
CMiajilains.
I'rufcssors.
1'
\t3
fi
Ml
if
710
METRIC AND STANDARD SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
^;/^ itim M B smmo syst em of weights m f fcsuBts. ^j^
my.S' '^"^"^«ITH TABLES OF EQUIVALENTs/^^"^ '"V-" ^
*«^a€3 33g n"
SHE Metric System is the wliole
assemblage of measures derivid
Iroin a riindameiital standard called
MiCTKR."
The metric system of weights and
measures originated in France about
1790. In 1799 an international com-
mission assembled at Paris on the
invitation of the government to set-
tle, from the results of the great Meridian
Survey, the exact length of the " definitive
meter." Representatives were present from
France, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Swit-
zerland, Spain, Savov and the Roman Re-
K, ]iublics. A committee from the Assembly
fLp of Sciences had spent several years of labo-
rious determinations, upon which were to
7i«vx>' >C '"i the standard units of the new metro-
AV^^axT logical system. As the result of the inves-
j^^v^ ligations of this international commission, a
f' /in 7iiHlioiiili part of the earth's quadrant
was chosen, and called a meter.
To determine the unit of wcir^M a cube of pure water at
its greatest density, each edge of which is oic hmidyciltli of
a meter, was taken and calle<l s. gramiiic or ffnim. The nnil-
tiples and subdivisions were made to correspond to the
decijnal scale, hence its great simplicity.
Probalily no inlliience had contributed, previous to the
adoption of tliis system, more largely to embarrass trade
among llie dilVorent nations of the world, than the endless
'ivcrsity of instnunentalities employed for tlie purpose of
( etermining the (/««///;'/»'.« of exchangeable commodities. It
1 to tliis loiig-relt necessity for one connnon system of
weights and measures throiighout the world, that this sys-
tem, after a lapse of but three-quarters of a century, has
been ;;.lopted by nearly two-thirds of the inliabitants of the
civilized anil Christian world. In 1866 an act to authorize
the metric system in the l.'iiited States was passed by Con-
gress. Tlie utility of this system will commend itself even
at a glance, and hence the importance of every person be-
coming acquainted with it.
All metric measures are uniformly multiplied and divided
by /ni, wliieh cau>e> the system to be also called ihri)mil
system of weights and r.ieasiires.
The metric sv-tetn comprises only five standard units, or
six, including the units of moneys. The names, uses, and
values of tiiese miits arc:
The Meter, which is the unit of length and the basis of
all the other metric measures.
The Are, which is the unit of land measure, and is the
square of irii meters.
The Liter, which is the unit of measure of capacity
(both liquid and dry), and is the cu^e of a tciii/i yiurt of a
meter.
The Stere, which is the unit of solid or cubic measure,
and equal to one cubic meter.
The Gr.\.m, which is the unit of measures of weights
represented as previously stated by tlie weight in lutciiiiiii of
one-hundrcdtli part of the meter.
The Franc, which is the unit of metric moncv, repre-
sented by a silver coin weighing live grains, and of which
nine-tenths are fine metal.
E.ich unit has its decimal multiples and sub-multiples,
i.e., weights and measures ten times larger or ten times
smaller than the principal unit. These multiples and sub-
multiples are indicated by seven jirefixes placed before the
several fundamental units. The Ibllowing are the prefixes:
The multiples are taken from the Greek, the sub-multi-
ples iVom the I.alin.
M' I.TIPI.KS.
1. />'•/•«, wliicli incinis Tr'N.
2. yAvv'', " " Jlntidrfd.
3. ViVA', " *' T/ioiist.inf.
{. Afyrio," " " TciiThous'ii.
.Sin-Mfl.TIPI.ES.
Dt'ci, which iniMiis 'Ihntii.
Ciili,
Milli,
JliindmUli.
Thotisandth.
Thus with the meter we liave
meter.
The Mctrr, •
I
" l>i'ik;unftfr, or
10
■' HtcttMntltr, "
100
'* Kilomctir, "
1000
The ATc'tcr
" I>n inutpr,
" (.'ciiIiim-tiT,
'* Milliinctir,
0.1
0.01
O.CXII
XoTK — A similar scrii's may bi-' olitaincil with any other unit, siu ii as
the Gk.\m, oui' KUoi^rcm^ one thousand ^riins; tin; I.ITKH, out- Jlv to-
H'i'y^ nrii' hunilrcd liters. The unit of money the Fran(\ admits no
multiplying^ priiixi's. Its divisions are termed />^r//«f, tVntime, Mill-
ime, instead c>f Uecifranc, Ccntilraac, Millirranc, altluHi;;h Decime and
Millinie arc seldom useil.
Tlu' ibriiiation of the tables can be seen at a glance by
Ihc roUouing;
ui;r..\TrvB
\ Al.lK. I.KXOTIT. Sl'RFACR. CAPACI'^Y. SOLiniTY. WFinilT.
iii,(rx) K\ nameter*.
1,1) (I Milnmeur. Kilare.* Kih)Iiler. Kdostere.* Kiloirrain.
KX) Ileiliinieter. Hectare. ] leetoiitcr.IIeetoslere.*! hTtoj^r.iTU.
10 Decameter. Perare,* DekaUter. Del■a^t' re. l)ei;i^rain.
IMT. Ml )1M. AKK. I.ITKK. HIKKHIv. (iltAM.
.1 TX'ci meter, Deciarc. Deciliter . Deei stere. ncci^rrin".
.01 t 'en ti meter, (.'entiare. (,'eiitiMter. I entisti-re.* I'l ntiu^ntiii.
.mi MilHmeter. Milliire.* Milliliter. Millislere.* MilH-rinn.
♦ Are not in use.
*.
METRIC AND STANDARD SYSTEM OK WEKIHTS AND MEASURES.
711
NA.MKS.
I'RONTNTIATION.
Al'.R.
Millimeter
Mill'-c-mee'-ter
mm.
Centimeter
Sent'-c-mec'-ter
cm.
Decimeter
Des'-e-mee'-ter
dm.
Meter
Mee'-ter
m.
Decameter
Dek'-a-mee'-tcr
dkm.
Hectometer
Ilec'-to-mee'-ter
hm.
Kilometer
Kill'-o-mee'-ter
km
Mvriameler
Mir'-e-a-mce'-ter
Mill'-e-arc
mym.
Milliare
ma.
Centiare
Sent'-e-ure
ca.
Declare
Des ' -e-ure
da.
Are*
Arc
a.
Decare
Dek'-ilre
dha.
Hectare
Hec'-tare
ha.
Kilare
Kill '-are
ka.
Myriare
Mir'-c-are
Mill'-e-steer
mya.
Millistere
ms.
Centistere
Seni'-e-steer
rs.
Decistere
Des'-e-steer
ds.
Stcre
Steer
s.
Decastere
Dek ' -a-steer
dks.
Ilectostere
Hec'- to- steer
/is.
Kilostere
Kiir-o-steer
ks.
Myriastere
Mir'-e-a-steer
Mill'e-li'-ter
nys.
Milliliter
ml.
Centiliter
Sent'-e-li'-ter
d.
Deciliter
Des'-e-li'-ter
dl.
Liter
Li'-ter
I.
Decaliter
Dek'-a-li'-ter
dkl.
Hectoliter
Hec'-to-li'-ter
hi.
Kiloliter
Kiir-o-li'-ter
kl.
Mvrialiter
Mir'-e-a-li'-ter
Mill'-c-gram
my I.
Millij,'rani
mir.
Centigram
Sent'-e-gram
Cff-
Decigram
Des'-e-grani
dff-
Gram
Gram
S-
Decagram
Dek'-a-gram
dkg.
Hectogram
llec'-to-gnim
I'S-
Kilogram
Kill'-o-gram
kg-
Myriagram
Mir'-e-a-gram
myg.
Quintal
Quin'-tal
'/•
Tonneau
Tun '-no
T.
* The (I in deta iiml w/»'rm, iiiul thu o in hecto ami X-/Vrt are drt)i)pLd
when prefixed lo Arc.
Tables of Standard English Measures and Weights, and the
Metric System.
l.OVG MKASUUE.
3 liru's or 3 b:irIoycorns make 1
iiuli.
3 feet make i yanl.
5'< yards make i rnd or pole,
(o r»uls make i furioriK'.
S furliinirs I mile.
2 sixteenths
2 eiy-hlhs
Ci.oTir Mkasuke.*
I eiirhth.
I cpiarti-r.
OniliR MliASLItlCS,
2 (]nartcrs
( (piarlers
I half.
1 yard.
3 inches make i nalm,
" I liand.
4
(^ U II
21.S '*
2|. feet inak
3.2S " "
6
SSo fathoms make i mile.
1 span.
I evibit.
I liihle cubit.
I military pace.
I common pace.
I nuter.
I filhom.
I knot or gcop^aphical mile is J,
of a tU'irree.
3 ktuits make i marine league.
(x
■^^ part of an inch, a hair's breatlth.
A ships cable is a cliain iisnallv
abnut 12U fatlioms or 7^0 leet
loni;^.
Cxjij statute miles Vi dcj^ree.
(/): 12 miles )
* 'I'be I'M system uf measuring cloth by nails and ells is not now used
in tliis country.
One minim equals one drop.
SCALK nv CcMPAKISOX.
fur.
n.,1.
V.I.
it.
ill.
S
w^
320
n
i7r»
»
cjjSo
•*
<>.!,('«
•
— *
40
. ■
an
f^
fmo
.^
711 JO
1
■'
1
•'
3
^
TaULE of EQi;iVALENTS AS IIKTWKEV Ml.TRIC AND STANDARD Mla»
LRUS.
I in. ™ 25^ m. m. (nearly).
I ft. ^3"5 ** " "
I yd. . . 914 " '*
I rd. -a S.029 '* "
I nil. ™
1 cm. - ^
I m. .. =
1 km. t^
10 in.
1607.35 ^■
■.iW7 - H in. (nearly).
39.37 in. ^- i.oi,)3 yd.
.6J137 iiu.=-' 19S rda. ij ft-
I <iq. in.
1 sq. ft.
I S(i. yd.
I acre
I cu. in
I cu. ft,
I cu'. yd.
I cord
I fluid oz.
I bus.
I oz. troy
I lb. troy
I lb. apoth.
I oz. iivoir.
I lb. avoir.
6.5 sq. cm.
9.3 sq. din.
.S35 sq. in.
40.47 a.
SqyAKE Mkasuhe.
1 sq. cm.
1 sq. m.
I are.
I ha.
.i5Ssq. in.
1 1530 sq. HI.
I 10.76 sq. It.
1 19.0 sq. yd.
2.471 acres.
Cinic Solid Measire.
H.r H
16.387 CU. ccntm,
j 2S.34 liters.
I .02S3 steres.
.76531 steres,
3.62^ [ steres.
.02Q5S liters.
3.7S(> liters,
35.24 liters.
I iiecto-
liter
I kiloli*
ter
I cu. me-
ter
1 stere
1.0567 qt. liq. mcas,
AfcS qt. dry mexs.
i 2.S37 bu. dry ineas.
( 26.417 ^al, liq. ineas.
3v3'''cu. i\.
I -308 cu. yd.
204.17 pal. liq.
meas.
.2759 cord.
31. 1 grains.
3n-2 "
2S.35 •;
Weight.
I ton avoir.
1 gram.
r kilo^jram
I tonneau
■^ 907.2 kilos.
_ j i5-».i2 J?r. tmy.
) .5')43 dr. avoir.
e- 2.jo|6jb. av{ur,
•^ 22U4.6 lb. avoir.
100 prades.
I J- grades.
1.S5 minutes (Vcn.).
3,oS seconds (cen.).
Ano-lar Measure,
I I cir.
1 grade
I ' cen.
I" cen.
400 gradcjfe
9 dei».
5-4'.
3.24'-
:ald.
2 pints (pt.)
8 quarts
4 necks
36 bushels
bu.
3''>
Dry Me.vsure.
I quart,
I peck,
I bushel.
I chaldron,
Scale of Comparison,
pks.
- Ml "
nu-
cald-
qts.
"51
3^
pt&
2,!Of
3
Note. — The standard bushel is the Winchester, which contiiins
2150,42 cubic inches, or 77.627 lbs. avoirdupois of distilled water at its
maximum density.
Its dimensions are iSj.^ inches dia'netcr inside, 19' j inches outside, and
S inches deep.
T.mt ID OK Wink Mi.asi*rf.
l)bl.
I hogshead, hh.
4 gills make
2 pints "
4 quarts '*
I pint,
I (|uart,
I gallon,
pt.
31 K gallons make i barrel,
2 barrels (.
J
t\\ gallon?.
SfuvKVOKs' Mi-:asi:he.
25 links make 1 rod.
4 rods '* 1 chain.
So ch. ** I mile.
SURVEVOKS' SqiTAHE MeASI.'RE.
625 s" links make i sq. rod.
If) s(j, rods '* I sq. chain,
10 sq. cli. " I acre,
640 A. *' I sq. mile,
36 sq. miles (s • mile sci.) ni.ike i township,
SQUARE MeASIKK.
sq rd,
sif. ch.
A.
Ri[. mi,
Tp.
144 sq. in. make : scpiare foot.
sq. ft. " I Sfpiare yard.
30*^ sil- yds. '* I square iod.
40 s(|. rds. make i rood, or qr. acre,
4 H. " I acre.
640 A. *' I M[. mile or sec*
tion.
mmm-
l\ir . ,i;,,, ncr..
71;
METRIC AND STANDARD SYSTEM OF WEK-IITS AND MEASURES.
Scale ok Compakison.
\.
R.
r:ls.
sq. vils.
I
—
4
_>
iflO
_.
.tS,o -.
'
""
40
I
»
S.|. ft.
1 i)S/i
^--•■4'
9
I
S(]. in.
(.J7JO40
iJiiSi'x)
12(Xl
■44
Ciuic OK Solid ArKA.-.iKK.
1728 cu. in.
27 cil. ft.
40C11. It. ot' rcninil tiiiihur or (_
SO cii. it. ut' hcwii limber 1
8.11. ft.
16 c(l. ft. or I
12S cu. ft. )
24 grains (gr.)
20 pwt.
12 oz.
3 J grains
;lk',' I culiic foot.
" I culiic y;iril.
" I ton or loilil.
" I con! foot.
" I cord of wood,
( JUTL-h of
24)i cu. ft. " ' "i ■•''one, or
( masonry.
Weights.
Troy Weu;iits.
inalic I pennywciglit,
" I oinice,
" I pound,
" I cariit (tliamond \vt.),
pwt.
OE.
lb.
k.
Scale of Comi>aki.so.x.
oz.
12
I
dwt.
20
Apothecaries'
20 grains (gr.)
3 scruples
8 drams
12 ounces
ik.
WEKillT.
m.ike I scruple,
" I dram,
" 1 ounce,
" I pound,
Scale of Comparison.
5760
4S0
3i
lb.
I
oz.
12
I
dr.
= 96
sc.
2S8
24
3
I
sc, or
dr. or
oz. or
lb. or
gr.
5760
480
60
20
lb.
Table of Mlscellan-eovs Weight.
make i barrel of (lour.
" I " beef, pork or fish.
" I " salt at N. Y. Salt Works.
" I bushel of oats.
" I " barley.
" I " corn, rvc or flax seed.
" I " bluegrass-seed.
" I " castor- beans.
" I " hetnp-seed.
„ ,, \ wheat, l)eans, clover-
/ seed, peas or potatoes.
" 1 " tiniothv-seed.
" I " onions.
" I " apjiles or peaches dried.
" I " salt.
A Slick of wool is 22 stone, that is, 14 lbs. to the stone,
308 lbs.
A faik of wool is 17 stone 2 lbs =240 lbs. — a pack load
for a horse.
A truss of hay is, new, 60 lbs. ; old, 50 lbs.; straw, 40 lbs.
A load of hav is 3', trusses. A bale, of hay is 300 lbs.
A firkin of butter was formerly 56 lbs., but is now generally
put up in 50 or icxj lb. firkins.
A bale of cotton is 400 lbs., but it is put up in different
States varying from 280 to 720 lbs. Sea Island cotton is
put up in sacks of 300 lbs.
196 lbs.
200
It
280
iC
V-
11
48
11
.S6
t(
'4
u
40
11
44
60
II
4.>
it
S7
It
28
tl
5°
It
Avoirdupois Wekjiit.
ifi drams (dr.)
16 oz.
25 lb,
4 (|r.
20 cwt.
100 lb.
I ounce,
I poimd,
I (|uartcr,
1 hundredweight,
I ton,
I cental,
Scale of Co.mparisox.
T.
I =
cwt.
20
I
qr.
80
4
I
lb.
2000 =
I(X) =
oz.
32000
4000
400
16
I
United States money is a decimal cuirency.
Tahle.
6 =
oz.
lb.
qr.
cwt.
T.
c.
dr.
512C00
25600
6400
3q6
16
10 mills (m.) I cent.
10 cents
10 dimes
10 dollars
dimi
I ilollar,
I eagle,
ct.
d.
$
E.
100 mills.
1000 " 100 cents,
loooo " loa) " ICO dimes.
I eagle (gold) weighs 258 troy grains.
I dollar (silver) " 412.5 "
I cent (copper) " 168 "
23.J grains of pure gold^^i.oo.
Note. — The gold coins are the dottblc-eai^lc, eagle, half-
eagle, qiiarter-caglc, three-dollar fiecc and dollar.
Tadle ok Comparison of the MEA':i.rES of Cap.\citv.
I gallon or 4 qt. wine measure contains 231 cubic inches.
Yi |ik. or 4 qt. dry measure " 2(&\ "
I gallon or 4 qt. beer measure " 282 "
I bushel dry measure " 2150;^ "
In England the following weights and measures are
sometimes used ;
WEIGHT.
3 pounds : I stone, butchers*
lIKMt.
7 ptinntls -- I cltivc.
2 clovts ^ I stone common
nrtides.
2 stone =- I toil of wool.
6J^ tods .=. 1 wey "
2 wevs .=. 1 s;ick "
12 s:icks ^ I fist "
240 pounds = I j)ack *•
2,'-;
4
4
3
."!
(i
41^
CLOTM MEASURE.
inclii
qiKirtur:
[uartor.s
HI irtir
-=. 1 null.
= I quiirtor.
- I varil.
I Flemish ell,
I ICn^-li.^h cU.
I KrciK-h ell.
1 Scotch ell.
qu;irts
bushels
strikes
coonis
quarters
bushels
bushels
MKASLRE.
- r pottle.
------ 1 strike.
^■- I cooiti,
^- 1 (luarter,
-= I loail.
-- I sack.
= I chaldron.
WINE MEASURE.
U, S. jr:J- ^ I runlet.
Eiiir- iral. or i ..
r.S.hal. }-■ "-■■■■ce.
3 tierces ^ I puncheon.
2 liojfsheads c^ i j)ipe,
2 pipes
7H \L\\\t, jral.
4
tirkins
Table ok Comparison ok Weights, &c.
" I tun.
--- I tirkin of beer,
-= I barrel *'
I I'.S. pound Troy ^y'x) yrs. Troy
I Enj.^. ixmiidTrov - 7'io " *'
I pouiul Api»th. . -57 o *' *'
I U. S. pound Av.-^"7(X)() '• «*
I I'^ny. jxuuid iVv. - 7oo<j '* *'
Iff pounds Av. - 175 lb. Troy.
I I'rench ^rraui ^-'S-ll? K''"'> "
1 I'. S. yard ^_^(t inclius.
I English yard=36 inches.
I Erench meter — ^Q.v^'^+'nchcs.
I I*. S. bushel ' 2150.4J-I-CU. in,
I En{,^ " --22iS.i.^-f- "
I U. S. jiallon =2,ji "
I Eny. ■' ---277 264- '•
I Erench liter --=^>i.5,U-r "
1 French are «=ny.W>|S4. yds.
French, ExciLisu and United States Money
Roduccd into I'nitcU States, English and Froncli money.
I'rancs. Dollars. Pounds Sterling:. Shillings. Pence.
0.0.196s = 0.79.16
,19^10 — 3.(/,S
20.56
1
5.iS2(5
=
lOiO
o./hS
I.
2.VO13
25.20
126, ou
"z
4'*'\i
0.2050
1 . 02S0
s-
= 20.00
B3 100.00
=" 9 5*3
.. 47.02
= 49.
- »47-
". 240.
.^ 1300.
ight,
oz.
11).
qr.
cwt.
T.
c.
dr.
O =:
SI2COO
O =:
2S<Joo
30 =
6400
lO =
2s6
I =
16
cy.
o cents.
K) " 100 climes.
y grains.
u
>cair/e, raffle, half-
dollar.
•i;S OF C.MWCITY.
i\\ cubic inches.
;S:
uid measures are
(Y MEAStRE.
.-- I pottle,
« 1 strike.
•= I c<Kini.
=» I qiuirtcr.
_ 1 lii^d.
r-^ I s;ick.
.= I clKildron.
NEMKASIHE.
J --.I runlet.
ill. nr I
1 tierce.
== 1 puncheon.
"'• "■■ I- - I li..i;slieild.
ilds ^ I pipe.
-= I tun.
;ll. 'J I tirkin of beer.
I b.irrel "
:IGIITS, &c.
;ird'=,?6 inches.
L'ter~i9-.V>"^+in<^hes.
iiel .- ji;o.4j4-cu. in.
ij[S.iy-|- "
nn =i,?i
„277 26+ •;
ter ~fii.5,vi-|-
c .= iii).o<Hsii. yds.
AXES Money
iiul French money.
hillings. I'cnce.
"■7«<5
= yj-'i
3'/'*
.. 47. I.J
4.11
" V)-
20.50
" iSI-
JO. 00
.. 2tO.
lOO.OO
— 1200.
h^
COMMENDATIONS PROM NEWSPAPERS ON THE
WORLD , HISTOKICAL AND ACTUAL.
From ///-• 1K\I.A' TIMES, Uma^'o.
Its comptfulious title sh.nlows only what it i>, Mr. (lilbcrt has writ*
Un a nunilur (if historical skutihcs nf ihf various pi-opU-s an^l powers
whii'li the earth has known since the beLrinnini; of hisiorv. ICarh of
these sketches is so writien that it tits in with the others in tht rapiil
view intendeil of universal history, or may he reail separatelv, ami will
In- found a unit \\\ itself. The most utii»iue ami peculiar feature of this
work will he found in about 70 payes of tahulatetl ■'tatistic^, covering a
ast amount of knowledge \vhicli is nowhere else hrouyht toirether,
and all arranj^ed with admirable .system and ch'arness. 'I'hirty-four
(|uari.) pa^-es are devoted to a chronological settiiiir fortli of hi.'»torv and
literature fijin the earliest period down to the pre.Mfit timi', and pre-
sent a v'ew in little of the current of historv more compact than any
other, all of them containinjr iniormalion of more or less value, and
many of tlu ui of uniqvie value, furnishinir informatKm noi to be had
elsewhere without a threat deal of triMdde an<l research.
From the IKMW TlilDi'SE, Chuo^^o.
The reference tables of history, finance, loinmerce aiul literature from
H. C. 1500 to the present time, are alone wortli the price of the entire
volume. \\'e know of no other volume which combines such a wealth
of statistics, covering all the vast field of more iTni)ortant historical anil
actual tabular information classified so as to be readily accessible, and
lUrived from the very latest and most authentic sources. They j^ivc a
succint statement of events all over the world, from 1500 years before
the Christian era to the present time, in ii series of tables coverinj;
nearly 70 larye (juarto pa^es.
From the DAILI' INTER-OCEAN, Chuago.
It is unquestumably an ably written compendium of the prominent
facts (^f the world's histeiry, uttered in a popular, winning' ^tyle, well
calculated to charm w bile it informs, and to instruct without wearyin;^.
It would be strauije if i vohmie that covers such a vast tiehl of knowl-
edy^e were 'lOt .ipen to the charge, in som.* places, of ()mission>; but it
is stil' straryer that Mr. (filbert !ias fovnd it possible tt> cimdense so
much of the j.rreat world's histor; into this single volume, lar^e as it is,
and express it all so jjracefuUy and in such systematic form.
From the ADI'AjWE {Cofiirregofumaf), Chicago.
The best history we know of for the common reader or the lionie.
The writer's experience in thouybtful journalism has been of capital
use to him in the preparation of a wi rk of this sort. Kvery paije of it
sluiws the cultivated sense of the sii^niticant and the interesting. He
sees (juicklv the salient thini^s in a historic period, or people, or famous
perstma^es ; and witli this has a shrewd, practical, direct, idi(nnatic way
of characteri/ln^- the same, concisely, vividly. And these are quali-
ties of paramount importance in any popular liroadly-hi<toric survey of
the 'vorld — if it is to be read, and not simply laid upon the shelf to catch
I lie dust.
From the STANDAiiD {Eaptist), Chicaffo.
Xo topic in such a work can be treated more than hastily, and the
merit of the book will appear in the care and skill exercised in the choice
of material, and in ^'ivin^^just that information winch in each case is
best suited to inform. The ran^e co\ered is really remarkable, includ-
\i\)r history, biography, race peculiarities, physical jfeojjraphy, the
^■rowth of nations, with descriptions of the more noted cities and
works ot art, the development of scientific research, dlscovc-ry, inven-
tion, human achievement in many Iines--in short, as mentioned in the
preface, the \v(»rk is " encyclopedic'* in plan, as it is also to a lar^-e ex-
tent in the execution. We cordially commend the book. The author
deals fairlv with his re ders, promises only w! -.t he performs, and ^'ives
them nianv times over the worth of their money.
From the INTEEIOE (/'nsf>vteri,nt), Chicago.
The rapid outlirus of the hi-tory of races and nations are so clearly
drawn that an impression is made on the memory much more perfect ami
permanent than bv works which burden tlie memory with details. The
author jfivesthe historic ori^nn of each, tlu turninu^ points in it> hist<ir\.
the character of the country and people, and the nature of the j,n)vern-
merit .mil civ ii institutions. 'I'o the value of the \\ "i I. :\> w compendium
of ancient and modern history is added tlie h.irm of the cba.ste and
simple, but polished style in which it is written. Mr. (iilbert is one of
most attractive writers amony- <uir journalists. Historic information
couK'i not easily be pi, iced in a more charming,' form.
From the NOET/fWES TE/iX C/fE/S VIA .V A D VOCA TE
{Methodist), Chicago.
It is prepared by a skillful journalist, who.se training- ha; spectallv
adapted him for the coinpil.ition of works of general information ; and
he seems to h.ive compacted into this one volume more real vahi.ible
.ind .iccurale information than can be (ditained in anv other volume of
e(|ual si/e. Of course it is dogmatic. The processes bv whi* h the
knowiedy:e was obtained and worked out are omitted. It is a volume of
results. It^ives a very careful >unmiarvof the main facts in aplia-oJo^^y,
ijetdojjy, mythology, ancient and modern history, and piesents a series
of statistical tables of the greatest value. The work is a storehouse of
knowledjje such as ime rarely sees.
From the ST A A TS-ZKITUNC, O icugo.
Necessarily the historical subjects are treateil with the utmost brief-
ness, yet the author bus included all the more important events of his-
tory,— all that tended to retard and accelerate the progress of civilisation,
and to illustrate in a comprehensive manner their lojjical ccuinection.
Therefore, this work recommends itself as ^mod and in.structive reading,
not only to the older people, but also to our .idoU scent youth, Espec-
ially valauble bei omes this work through the numerous historical and
statistical tables contained in tlu* appendix. We do not know of a sinj^le
W(trk that furnishes sn much inform. ition in this respect.
From the F EDGE ESS, PhilaJelf^hin.
The volume is profusely lllustrateil, and is written in most pleas.inl
style. In addition to its table of contents it has a complete index. The
aim of the book is to y^ive an unbroken account of man's profrressin the
past and bis condition m the present. It is one of the most important
bi)oksof reference of the cimes, and apart from tliis should he ^»^enerally
read for the vast amount of information It cimt.uns in such attractive
shape.
From the PENMAN'S CAXETTE, Ne:r Fork.
Thisisoneof the finest historical works ever ptiblished in thiscountry.
It jrives with accuracv the past and present of alt the nulions and peo-
ples of the world, ancient and modern. Some conception of the extent
of information c(»ntained in the volume may be formed from the fact
that the index alone occupies not less than ;( ilosely printed nonpareil
'■<iluinns.
From the NEWS, Elgin, 111.
We have no liesitancy in commending this volume. It is evident
that the utmost care, and the most faithful sludv and labor have been
l>estowed upon the work. It is a treasury of historical facts and d.ita,
so conveniently comjuled as Ir) make it a library in itself, and he most
ctuiveiiient book for historical rifeience, that we have e\(*r seen.
From the EEPVELICAN, St, Louis.
This is a \n\r book on a biy^ subject, aiul the wonder is how it can be
pot around in one volume. The historiia! tables cnii>titute a most vliI-
liable feature of the work.
From the POST DISPA TC/l, Si. Louis.
Nowhere else is broutrht totfether such a vast amount of historical
knowledge in so small a space. The tabulated statistics are a most
uniciue and peculiar feature of the work, ami present a view of the
current of history more compact than ati\ other now re( allcil.
From the MODERN AE<iO, ^uiucy, l/l.
It is cyclopedaic in rariire of information, and evideiitlv desiirned to be
a ctmdensed statement of the more important facts, past and present,
what has been and now is. Ity ihe aiil ()f an elabor.ite index and u
siries of I'xcillent reference t.ibles, the I^ook becomes \erv valuable as
a w()rk of reference.
r *n'
-B-V
^
ll;
,''[l!i».:"'-'!'.iv':-
ii
liliSI
^liMli
:.^':'fli.
l;^
AGENTS WANTED
FOB THE rOI,I.OWINQ
PUBLICATIONS.
All Aboard for Sunrise Land:— a book of
travels through Colonido; Ciililbniia; Across the
PaeiCic to Japan; China, Australia; anil the Isles
of the Sea. My Ed-Mird P. liuml. Elegantly illus-
rated quarto volume. Price, bound in cloih, $^.50
The Hasqae Torn OH, Bv Rex\ T. DrWiti Tatmage.
Containing his best elVorts in his eariKst, aggressive
warlare upon the toes of Society. Finely iliusi rated ;
0(t;iv() vohnne ^jCipages. Twenty-Fil'lh Thousand
now ready. Bound in cloth, ;f.2.6o.
Qraeial Grant's Tonr Aroaud the World. By i.. t.
Riintiif Contains a full and accurate description
of General Grant's Tour. English an<l C.rman
editions; one ->ctavo volume of 500 pages. Prire,
bound m cloth, $.:.oo.
Song Pilgrimage, Aronni aad Througjont tbe World.
)is Phihf Phillitf^. \Vi,h liiography bv Rev.
Alexander Clark, 1). D. Introduction" liv Rev. J.
II. N'incent, I). D One elegantly ifUistrated
volume of -00 pages. Price, bound in cloth, $j.oo
Mother TrnthS Melodies. A Kindergarten of Com-
mon Sense For Children. By Mrs. E. P. Mitlrt:
Over 400 illustrations. Elegantly bo;nd "Asa
work ot art and merit it sui passes anvthiiig we
have ever seen " — News, Indianapolis. Price,
$1.50.
Vhe Children's Albnm. An illustrated book of
Objects; contains ^,036 engravings. The iiiost
common words explained by means of pictures.
Tenth thousand now read v. " Price, bound in cloth,
$1.50.
The Gospel Awakening. Edited by L. T. /imiinp.
Comprises 150 Nernums, Adiiresses, etc., delivered
by D, L. Moody; with Sermons and Lectures by
jose[)h Cook, Geo F. Pentecost, 1). W. Whitile,
and Mi^s Frances E. Willard. This is the largest
and best book of Moody's Sermons published. One
large octavo volume, S61 pages. Filteenth thousand
now ready. Price, bound in cloth, $2.50.
The Great Redemption or Gospel I igbt. Under
the labors of >loo'y and .Sankey in Cleveland.
From stenographic reports of the Cleveland Leader.
These .Sermons are all new, and contained in no
other volume published. One octavo volume of
500 pages. Price, bound in cloth, $j.oo.
Thj Home Gnide. A Cyclopedia of All Things of
Every Day Lil'e. "We know of no book that ap-
proximates to it in the fullness of iiil'ormation."
One octavo volume, 530 pages. Price, bound in
cloth, $j.oo.
Agents Wanted. Our publications are sold exclu-
sively tnrough canvassing agents. In no case will
they be sold in book store>. Active, energetic
agents of good charactiT and address, who will
canvass closelv, will be given speciallv liberal rales,
and absolute contro.of territory, lV>r v.hich a certifi-
cate will be sent on ,i])plication for oiitfiit.
Address for terms,
THE PUBLISHERS OF THIS BOOK.
ONE HDNDRED THOUSAND COPIES SOLD.
Gaskll's Compendiiini of Forms.
EDUCATIONAL, SOCIAL, LEGAL AND COMMERCIAL.
An Elegantly IlliiArated Quarto Volume
of 045 Pages.
By PROF. G. A. GA8KELL,
Prtncimtl Ilnjiiiit if- stratlmi's lliitiiifsa Colleges al Manchester,
.V. //., aiiU Jersey Vlty, N. J.
The Compc'i'liii'n ""*"•' '■'^'"isclf-tonehlngroiirsp of ronman-
.■i„ilHiMikkiil.iiit,' 1111(1 uiiltoKiiKlislirdmiiiwition. imliiiling
I 11 nil"!' lirtliiiL'riipliy.Ciiliital Letters, I'liiictuution, I'roimnct-
^t (111 ioiiili(isitiuii,liliiciiIii)ii,Oiiit()ry, Hlietoric; Li'ltrr Writing
ir 111! it." fiiiiii''; WnliliiiK, liivilulii)ii iiiiil Visiliiii; Ciiriis; Tlio
LiiwM iij Kni|iii'lt»' for Culls, .><lMii)|iiii),', Visitiiij,', I'iciiif, I'lirtifs,
ijiilN DiniiiTs. FiiiicTiilH, CiirriuL'c anil Iliirsflmi'k Killing,
t'liMrih Oiurii. iiiul the Tliratre; Tlio Toilet; The .\rt iif Ciiii-
ver^iitiiiii; Siurir^s in BushiesH; Mereiintiie uiiil ('mnnuTeinl
Fiiri'ii-^' Miinual nf Airricnltiirc. Merliiiuics, >Iiiii!i^' mill Min-
erals; Hiiiiilli""l< ot I'lirliumeutury Etiquette Uules of Order
ete. 'ToL'etliir with
ELEVEN DICTIQNARIES OF REFERENCE.
■vnonynis; rronnncinlion; Words of Similar Pronunciation
Siii'Jled Uillereiitly; AKrienltural, Tnrf iiiid Minini,' Terms;
Glos.sirv of Let'iil iind C'ouiniercinl Terms; AhlireviHtioiis:
FoniL'ii \\'"rils and Phrases; Language of Flowers, and Poetical
Seleclions. .,,,,,
This hiiok lias just been Issued, imd embraces a great many
more siihii'its than any similar work heretofori' utreieil. anil in
all eiif-rs 'presents tlie'latest researches in its varinHH hraiiehes.
A wiiie seope of inforiiia.ion. arranged in the iiiost concise
manner coiisisteut with ease and ahsohite clearness, and lire-
teiileil in the highest artistic dress, is here offered to llie public
Willi the loiivictiiiu that the aim lias been attained to prepare
sneh a u ork that the judgment of the careful critic will he that
nolle tvho desire the BUSTviiW be without it
THIS IS NOT AN OLD BOOK,
Containing Laws and F'ornis in nae years ago. but ih»ae in
usK tii-daii. BEWARE of old books on similar subjects,
filieil with old and obsolete forms, supcrlicial in tlieir treatment
of the several treatises. "I'luljed" to make a h rge voluiue, by
InBcrling whole pages of fancy initial type lettering, etc , and
ntiitlrr uf i/o usf to thr innrhiiarr or publisher, £JkCEFr
that it gives the impressioii of a lakoe volcme.
DESCRIPTION AND PRICES.
GASKELL'S COMPENDIUM OF FORMS is published In one
larL'e royal quarto vohiiii iirinted with clear, new type, on line,
tiiileil, h, ,ivy. extra super-calendered paper, made i xpresi-ly for
tills hiio;;, liuely illustrated, and bound in the most siili,«l!'ntial
and elegant iiiaiiuer. side stamps m black and gi ' , of beaiitifiU
d'-'sigiis, and furnished to subscribers at thi foil' ing prices*
In English Silk Cloth Sack and Side, In B'/.ua and Gold,
Sprinkled Edges - $6 00
LiiMry Stjle. Ml Leather 7 00
In A,.ierican Morocco, Gilt Edyes 8 50
In lull Turkey Morocco Antique, Preientatlen Edition,
Gi:t Edges 12 00
'1 .e Publishers guarantee the bo ik li- , .irrespoiid in every
respect with llie sample copy, and unless it does, ihose who
order thj work will be uiiiU'r no oblig; *ioiis to take it.
Sold Exclusively by Subscription.
Address for ter.iis.
THE PUBLISHERS OF THIS 300K.
^i^^See Teailmoniala on Next Page,
dV
'' f-^^l
'-^
PIES SOLD.
)f Forms.
lOMMERCIAL.
irto Volume
■CELL,
jes at Manchester,
oiirse of Penman-
losition.iiu'liuling
uiition, I'njiiiincl-
ic; I.fllcrWiJtiiig
•iliiii; Ciini!'; Tliu
■i, I'ifiiic, I'lirlifs,
jrsi'lmck Killing,
Tlic Art of (-(in-
aiiil Coinmci-fial
tliiiin^' 1111(1 Min-
l{iik!< of UrdtT
'ERENCE.
ir Promincintion
Miniii',' Tcrnia;
AI)l)ri'viution8:
.•ers, and I'oftical
res a crcat many
I' otIcH'd, and in
ariouti limncliux.
Ill' most concise
arncss. and iire-
■I'll to till' public
idiiud to prepare
ritic will be that
it
tOOK,
>. lint those in
dniilar eubjects,
1 their treatment
li ri;e volume, by
ttcriiit;, etc , and
iblislier, except
2ES.
mtilislicd in one
•w ivpe, on line,
de ( xprcii^ly for
nost !<iilisl:Mitial
' . of beautiful
ins prices'
id Golu',
$ 6 00
- 7 00
8 50
■dltlon,
12 00
'spoiid in every
lues, iliose who
lice it.
on.
IIS 300K.
D V