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Map« plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s A des taux de reduction diffirents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichi, il est film* d partir (*,e I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images ndcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ■ fc< *Bi m 'fW LECTURE ON THE HURTFUL QUALITIES OF SPIPJTUOUS LIQUORS DELIVERED IN QUEBEC BY Rev. L. P. PAQUIN, O. M. I. Late Professar of Engineering & CLemiatry, QUEBEC : N. S. HARDY, »JOOK SELLKf{, N(>tre-D{iine St^ee^, Lower-Town. m.) a. ^ I LECTURE ON THE HURTFUL QUALITIliS i> OF SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS DELIVERED IN QUEBEC * BY ;; „Rev. L. P. PAQUIN, O. M. L ;^ Late Profess jr of Engiueering Si, Ckeml«try. J, .) QUEBEC : PRINTKD BY C. DARVKAU, 82, Mountain Uill. 18S0 O--" — L ■ . . ^f )h« Pafliament of Can»d»,"in tho BKTKEia), according to Act of the Parliamoni ,ear one thousand eight hundred and eighty, b, L. P. Pa«ui» , MI ..in the Office of the Minister of Agneulture. '■? €0^ 1 LECTURE ON 'Jill'; HUiri'FUL QUALTTIES OP SPIlUTUOllS LIQUOR O O ) nriN'j'UEArnx, YDk^u an opidomic rac-'os in flif^ conntry, ^v^l'^i i'i Ijvoaks oni in a cily, all (Ik? inhabiiaiil.s are seizt'd with abiini aiid liilod willi anxi^-ly i'or UiOiiscdves and fMr lin^ 8;d'i^ty ol'luo.-,^ \\\\o I are. dear to tlieni. AYhat precaniions they hike in order to escape tlic danger ! There is an epidemic "which hiys waste to whole nations, wdiieh goes foifii spreading ruin on all sides. Amoii2,-sl the nnnd)erless cahrinities which afl>x'.[, and aOlicl lninnmity the most terrible aiul dread-inspiring of all is that of DUUNKENiS'] Firstl y •ecanse it is w|-i]|u ty f, ..4*'.f,« LECTURE ' ON THE HURTFUL QUALITIES ^» / ,■> ■ I ' (*4 i ii ^ . ! OP SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS M '^1 J ■ '. "- , i ■ •• ^, Gentlemen, AVhen an opidomic racfos in fho country, when it breaks out in a cily, all the inhabitants are seized with alarm and filled with anxiety for themselves and for the saf^-ty ol' those who are dear to them. What precautions they take in order to escape the danger ! , There is an epidt^niic which lays waste to whole nations, which goes forth spreading ruin on all sides. Amongst the numberless calamities wh'ch affect and afflict humanity ^ the most terrible and dread-inf^piring of all is ^ K ^ i«_ i. w J? »» ^-.-••^^♦♦r^ «»•••» ~»* H^: — 4 — a iyrant whoso imperious swny at once oxteiids over all peoples and all clnsses ; secondly, because, unlike ihe cholera or other plagues, it is proof against every efl'ort of man and society to uproot it, to stay its cotirse, to pre- vent it fioin poisoning the successive genera- tions ; and iiiially, b.'cause nuMi tht'rns* Ives its victims siifl'er, not only with indillerence, but even with (h'li'iht, its ravHgfs. Nay. what is still more astonishing, th<'y willingly sacriiice to it their hnpi)iiu'ss mikI tlii'ir liv<'s. Behold the daily Isiborer, whose enrnii'gs scarcely snllice to jniichase the broad necessary for his wilt' and child! en, even he will dearly pny lor the [)rivilt'U'e of being ranked amongst the victims of intemj'jerance ! Who is there, let him be ever so w^ell versed in statistics, wMio can count the number of those unhappy men and wnetched women, w^ho daily sacriiice health, yes more than health, peace and hap- piness, upon the foul altar and in the polluted temple of Bacchus ? Could the spirits of those thousands, who to-night sleep in their untimely and self-made graves, come forth and stand in our midst, what a fearful chorus would arise and in what powerful tones would 4i*.^Tr f.ji ,ic ♦Virtt thrt fthnsA of intoxicatincr tends mdly, II and o pro- k»n e va- st Ivos roiice, . what icrilico [behold jarcoiy for his •ly pay gst the ere, It^t ^.s, who )y men acvilico id hap- )olluted >irits of in their )rth and chorns s would xicatinir 4 ,._ a iyrniif \v1k)so irnnoviow; sway nf onco oxIoik'i.n ovor nil }K'f)pli>s am] all rl')S.~'\s ; sinujiully, l.)iH'aus'0, nnli];«' tlio chcliMM or otlior j^lairio.^', il. is proc>r nLi'aiii;-! vx^'W (Miuit of inaii an»l focioly to iipi'ool it, to .'-lav its coin^o, to ]")ro- ViMit it ]"r(uii poisoiiiiiu' iIk^ suo-fos. i\'<" i;'oiieva" tioiis ; and liip:]ly, I> 'cui.^i.' hkmi llir'in.sclvcf- its vicdins sudor, iiol o)ily \\\\\\ \\\CM\']\'\\ca\ hut oveJi \\\[\\ (h'li'.rliL i!s rava:»-c.s. Nay, wliat is still ]no]"(». a.-tf/])i^];iiir, t}i''\' willingly sricrififK; to il ih'/'ir li.;i])pi)i('hs ;niJ iji.-i]- ]ivrs. J^nlinlcl tho daily li.'ooi'tM'., Aviioso. eariii!if.>*s soai'coiy suDicc to ]);n-r]:;!:^o \]\c Ijroarl ii-c"ssary [or \\\c wW'o aiul cliilrlia'ji, (.>vi-ii Jic ^vill (loa.rly i^ay • ■ • ior lii ' I'ri vi!'^:',o oi' l,^'i:'{, ]\\v^ 1)',' cyrr so ^v<'ll yoiM^d in shitL^tic^, "wdio can conni tl)o nnrnl)^)- (.f ihos" unliar)i>y moii and ^yrotcdn"d "svnfani. ^ylio datily saciJiice lu'alt]i, yos jnore than hirllli, ]);>ac;o and Ij:;})- ])iii('ps, npon the foul altar and in tJio. })o]1u((m1 tt^mplo of JkicoIius ? C\nil(l iln^ spirits of those tlionsunds, \ylio (o-niuht >h\^p in Ihoir initiinidy and solf-niade grayes, come forth and stand in our midst, ^yhat a fearful chorns \yould arise and in \yliat })oyrerful ton(\s\yould they teil us, that the abu.-e of intoxicatiiur 1)1 iind to ])]'0- , . W'llJll cnrci^ly I'nv hi,.; rly ])uy hMO, ];>l OS, ^\ ]io ~>y I'loD ;ic]'i(ice )0l!l!((\l 'irits of'^ II Iheir rlh aiul chorus > won hi :ici\(iiuv — 5- liqucvrs is the greatest calamity of the age. There is no one to deny that in our day drunk- enness causes the ruin of multitudes, speads destruction amongst all grades of 'society. The fact, alas, is too self-evident to require proof. I.- Immediate effect of Spirituous Iiiquorg on the human frame. The active principle of all spirituous liquors is a colorless, volatile and iiiflamable fluid called by Chemists Alcohol, Alcohol is produced by the fermentation, un- der certain conditions, of the juice of the grapo, of the apple, of the pear and of other fruits. It is also produced when saccharine matter, such as grain steeped in water, is fermented by the addition of a suitable substance. In such fer- mented liquors, alcohol is found in quantities comparatively small, seldom over 15 per cent ; consequently the hurtful inflnence is to a certain extent neutralised by the other sub- stances of which the liquor is composed. Wine, as every one knows, owes its origin to the patriarch who survived the deluge : cider, beer, and other liquors produced by the ^ii«^ — 6 — fermentntion of Iho juice of certnin plants, were also known in oideii tinies. It was only about the 11th century th:»t man, creature ever prone to abuse the gifts of Divine Provi- dence, commenced to extract alcohol by dis- tillation. The first distiller, certainly, never imagined that he was placing within the reach of man an instrument of self-destruction. He little thought that he was calling into life a dread spirit that would stalk forth amongst the nations spreading sorrow and desolation on all sides. i* . :^ , - . Alcohol, first made by the Arabs, ^ from whom the name came, was at first considered to be a poison. It was afterwards supposed to be a remedy, and physicians prescribed it as a stimulant for those of weak constitution, — therefore the French called it Eau-de-Vie, (Water of life.) i ; v ., .^ ; j* ,, ,; In the 16th century it ceased to be looked upon as a drug and became an object of ordi- nary diet. . . , , , In the 17lh century, the sale of alcohol w^as no longer confined to the drugi^ist but it was sold publicly on the streets. It soon found its it * Some say the Chinese were the first distillers of alcohol. ■^■"PW- mimmi w«y into iho coltngo of the poor and the palaco ot"fhi» rich. In the 181 h century its abnse became more appnrent. Its r.>v.ii>o.s Wi'ro th-n lor the lirsfc time noticed and the jihirm f^pread as when the rpid«'mic brenks ont. Thns in the year 1761 in St.Pt'tersbarg-alinie, some 635 persons died i'rom its t ff cts. In Sweden, Crastavus III established the privilege of selling distilled liquors and im- posed thereon a tax tor the btMielitof'the State; but owing to the number of victims to intem- perance, measures had soon to be taken to restrict that branch of the revenue. The use of intoxicating liquors was intro* duc^Ml ijito EDgland by an act of Parliament which encouraged distillation, and in ihe year 17-14, brandy v^'as sold in all thi^ sh!)ps of the capital. The physicians called the attention of the ]nil)lic to the large iiuniber of ptM'sons who were ruined by this abuse, and the government took certain steps to lessen it. These few details j-honld suffice to show how the governments, which at first autho- rized and encouraged the manufacture of alcoholic liquors, were soon ol>ligfd to InlvO measures in order to check the sad results of .«'* -8 — (hoir unwise and precipitate action. They, consequently, imposed a heavy duty upon the hquors and punished drunkenness as a misde- meanor, iiut the fire had been kindled. The conflagration had broken out and the very objects brought in order to extinguish it, but servt»d as fuel to feed and augment the flame. With the vessel of the first colonists, it found a way to America. Soon the dusky child of the primeval woods learned to love and long for what he so fitly called '' fire water." To-day the reign of intemperance, of the tyrant-King Alcohol, is unbounded. His sway extends into the most distant regions, and his slaves are to be found on «^very shore, from the frozen circle to the torrid line. A million hands are at work, digging the graves for his unhappy victims ; and even those who see before them the yawning abyss, still turn to the cup and sip the draught of death. Behold yon sombre cortage wendnig its solemn way towards '' the last home of youth and eld ; " — a bystander remarks, " were it not for liquor that man would not be cold in death to-day." Sad, yet beautiful expression ; but alas ! that same person turns from Ih ^ mournful sight of the funeral throng to enter the first house where HMEtEiWi^ i'Aiwit(»HliiSM.rt Ai i -9- tho poison of life, the carse of nations, the dranoht of intemperance, is sold. Intoxicating liqnors are generally a mixture of alcohol and water, in equal parts,with the ad- dition in less quantity of some other subtaiices that give a color or impart a pi^culiar taste. To have an idea of the action of these liquors on the system, try the following expoiiment. AVliat distillers call lugk loine gonorally con- tains 15 per cent of water, and spirits of wine as sold by respectable drui^^gists, contains about 5 per cent of the same. Apply a few drops of this liquid to the back of your hand. You will lirst find a cold sensation, the consequence of the evaporation of the liquor. This feeling is succeeded by an irritation causing hea^t and redness. Apply some of it to a cu", and at once you feel a burning sue ceeded by rapid infiimation. A few drops placed on the tongue cause instantaneous in- flamation. Judy stimulating the orginic functions, it gives a temporajy su[)erabaiKlance of vital force and muscular energy. It also excites the imagination and gives to the heart a feelino- of joy and ghidness, thus encouraging the victim to renew the dose. Soon, however, the feeling of excitement gives way to one of disorder. The understandincr no lonsrer its own master, — the ideas mixed and words uttered without meaning or sense — all betray the wild cojifusion that reigns in ihe mind. Then comes forth the true dispositions of the man, the real sentiments so long covered over I 11 — 10 it from iho oye of the world. Then the man of ir- ritable temper grows angry, threatens, strikes; the man of tender h(>art tells his sympathy aloud and expresses his affection for all ihose aiound him ; the man of melancholy, sheds tears, spei ks of the grave and conjures up a thousand sad and mournful phantoms ; ihe foo! langhs at every one and every thing. The derangement continues, the eyes are filmed and a constant mirage cheats the sight, the brain reels and the tongue cleaves to the mouth. The motive power is disordered ; he stumbles, totters, staggers vainly striving to retrtin his position, he still more vainly attempts to gras[) the objects around him. '- If the drinking be continued long, these effects are followed by a general depression of thesy>tem. This is the third stage of drun- kenness. Lost in the mazes of a delirium, the words are senseless that fall from his lips, ihe eye is dull and haggard, the eyelids are heavy and half closed, and the man can no longer raise himself up. Still he can take the glass and bear it to his lips and quaff the last drink. It is the last act of mind or body. He falls into a state of complete drunkenness in which . all the organic aud intellect uai actions are wm -, 12 — snspeiulod. II's intellect is lost in alelhiriry from which nothing cnu nvvake him. It is a real apoplexy, called by physicians a slate of coma. The drunkard is now but a senseless hi'ap ; his eye is glassy and lifeless ; the only sign of life remaininjif is a hnrd and irregular breathing, he is blind or dead drunk. You see by this description th:d there are lour degrees in drunkenness, first a general excitement to which suect»eds disorder in all the faculties, fe)llowed by universal deprfssion and ending in a complete suspension of all ibe functions — an apoplectic sleep. These four degrees are found alikci in the intellect and the sensitive and the motive organs. Frequently a person in the last stage of drunkenne.^s fails into violent convulsions. More fiequently he passes froia the drunken 6iet*p to the sleep of death. Sometimes death cn.sues veiy rapidly, nay almost in- stantaneously, especially when the drunkard is exposed to grea^t coltl or suddenly passf'S from a highly heated atmos[)here into one ex- ceedingly cold. lie may fall a victim to asv^hyxia, congestion of the lungs or apoplexy. Of all those who reach the last st&ge of drunk- enness about one fifth never recover. Such is )yi^!y«iMj'L'..fet.gaww^>*w^.^-;:^ II ' CI II li .■ . 4 \'*i-t^h.<*fnvmitii > I, -13- the avera^TH result as tnkon from the reports of many omiiu'ut ])hysi(>lo!:jist3 who havo made this qiu»stioii the object of serious and persevering study. 13«»sid 1 ;It HI ^I Ths^ injurious efFocts of alcohol are not con- fiiunl to thii deningvnuoiits so I'ar alluded to which arise tVfun tho imbibing, at once, of too great a quantity of s[)irituous liquors. Besides these immediate eifects, which come and go with the excess, tht»re are other rarely consi- dered. The latter are the result of a loniy and constant use of liquors even though never taken to excess at any one time. The poison in this case works slowly. It is therefore the more terrible and more daiiijerous. Here I would remark that alcohol not on!y injures pro[\'ssional drunkards, but still more surely undermines those wh >, while considering tht^mselves models of sobriety, are constantly taking spirituous liquors, as they say, in mo- deration. ;;,.<_,.. { - These morbid affections constitute a disease which is called by physicians Alcoholism, i '•r' When ale -holism, the result of intoxicating drink?, takes root in the frame, it becomes chronic and affects the whole sy&tem ; no tissue can escape its poisonous inllu lice, no organ is safe from its attacks. It acts at the same time — 16 — led ;on- l to too ides I go >nsi- aiid ever )ison i the ive I jures arely sring autly mo- isease a. .1 jating lomes tissue (Tin is I time upon the physical, intellectual and moral pavt«v and its buuful influerices go down to pos» terity. Physiologists note a cortain likeness botvv»*en this and other diseases, such as Pcro« fnla, syphilis and others. "Alcohol," says one ot'lhe most eminent men of science, *' acts on the human tVamo as a poison, a virus, which pen(»triites the while system and produces a morUid condition of the entire substance." ,/ictwn q, dcohnf on the body — To i»ive yon an idea of the desiistious efl[r»ots of alcohol on bodily health, it will suffice to place b dore you a thiiory bi^ed on experiments which were conducted with sikill and perseverance and the lidelity of which modern scientists admit. According to this th'^ory alcohol nbsorb- ed by the system remaiis, unchanged in nature, therein, and is linally eliminat.ed in the same state as when absorbed. It enters, passes through and ([uite the human frame unchanged. Kvery place it leaves the trRC^^sof its passage. It circulates in the blood without becoming blood. It thus penetrates every tissue, is carried into every orgin and finally issues in perspiration from the skin, from the kidney in the urinary deposit, and from the ; I I: -16- luiKs by exhalation, evident in the breath oi'the alcohol consumer.. ; ' ' ' • ' ' One immedi ite consequence ol* this theory, which is worthy of note, is that alcohol does not nourish. It is therefore a mistjjkn to drink alcoholic liquors,im;^i^inin^ thereby to receive streni^th and nouribhtnent as iVom food. An ess^^ntial condition of fool is that it loses its own identity by digestion. Food must cease to be whnt it was in order to become bloo J and build up or restore the waste of the human syste.n. Alcohol, on the contrary, by remain- ing in its first state, a foreign substance to the blood by l»»aving no tvace or effect behind siWi*! destruction, protests against being classeu as food. The doubtful quality attributed to it, of appeasing hunger, may ha v^e given rise to the idt\a tint it was a nourishink»'y or brardy. ^ , ., ,, Becnnso ])hysi(Maiis order whiskey or brandy in ct'rtain eases it does not nec<\'«sarily iollow that alcohol is, by its nature, inolfonsive. Like other stimulants, it lo.'-ses ilsinjnrions qualities under certain conditions. Opium, Epsom Salt, Senna and Castor-oil are often prescribed by physician^ yet, it does not follow thiMefrom thit persons in good lieahh .'^hould make use of them as objects of regular diet. Use intoxic- ating liquors only when prescribed by phy- sicians and 1)0 as careful to conline yourself to the exact terms of the prescri[)tion and act as scrujMilously as you would w«Me you ordered to take any other drug, then alcohol wili cease to be the terribl»> (irent of dt'stiuction and drunkenness, with its host o I miseries; alcoholism with its thousand terrors will dis- appear for ever from society. I have thus laid down a theory which is supported by the authority ot the most learned men of the age, a theory, acconiiug to which, alcohol cannot be looked upon as food i!i con- sequence of its effect of removing hunger being due to a temporary stimulation of the nervous system or to a chrouic irritation of 19 — ion h IS jch, nrer o (he of ihe digestive organs. Several physiologists attribute this t ff^'ct of alqohol, merely negative as rt^gards nutrition, to its action on certain phenomena which constitute the process of disassimiiation. It diminishes the quantity of carbonic acid to be exhaled, and, in the same measure, lessens the activity of the intra- vascular oxydation, consequently the produc- tion of animal heat. This action of alcohol has lor immediate result ihe delay in the waste constantly going on in the organs. It lessens that waste while adding nothing to the human trame. This diminution of heat in the system, caused by alcohol, condemns that very common practise of travellers, who enter every tavern along the way, under pretence of warming themselves with a good glass of whiskey. This drinking causes a temporary w^armth which soon gives way to lessening of natural heat. It is true the traveller feels less keenly the severity of the cold, l:ut he lik.nvise exposes himself to inflamation of the lungs and often to the dann^er of becoming a victim to intense cold and thereby perishing on the journey. Alcohol remains in the human system frona. 14 to 16 hours. What injurious oflbcts cau it not I — 20- If ;/ produce in that lapse of time ? The digestive organs i\ve th^^ first to pay their tribute to alcoh<»lism. The prolonged abuse of those liquors causes therein a series of diseases, begin- ing with dyspepsia and ending with ulcer- ation of the bowels. The drunkard eats little and seldom ; all his appetite is gone. It is not that alcohol nourishes him, but the chronic irritation ol' thi^ intestine destroys all desire for food. The work of digestion thus becoming dtdi'Ctive, the disorder is accompanied by vomiting, especially at rising in the morning. But this is the least of the sufferings of the one who habitually consumes alcoholic liquors. These attacks of indigestion becoming more and more serious, and accompanied by acute pains, show that the interior of the stomach is seriously affected. Its coatings are thickened, the mucous membrane becomes hard on some places, soft in others, and finally is covered with ulcers. A celebrated physician of Rouen, Dr. fjoulet states that out of twenty ^ix post vwrlein examinations held upon persons who died from intemperance, he found, in eight cases, the stomach ulcerated. A terrible disease, cancer in the bowels, is not unusually the resultof alcoholic drinks. JUJ,i.^„.l.. -21 - by who .^isfht |,,Not alone the stomach is affected by in* temperance, the liver becomes attacked by chronic congestion which leads to fatty de« generacy of that organ. This disease places, also, an obstacle to the circulation of the blood in the velnc porte, and consequently lessens the secretions of bile, thus preventing the nourish- ment of the system and causing the victim to appear pale and lean. , , ,.,, Alcohol passing through the Yein!={ inflicts severe injury. *' The continued ex< itement which the abuse ot alcoholic liquors causes in the circulation," says Carpenter, " predisposes by ilself for morbid action. This predisposition is still more increased by the contact of al cohol with the internal membrane of the sys. tem." Here the poison attacks the heart, that cenlre of circulation and seat of life. It cannot be disputed that the lives of men jiiveu to inttanperance must necessarily be shortened by the constant passing and repassing, through this vital organ, of a blood mixed with alcohol. Have you ever remarked, when you had taken a glass or two of strong drink, how much more quickly your heart beat? Continue for a time that excitement of the heart, and, liko the liver, it will become ftfFtfo.t.pH- its tigsnAg / ■i ■I I 11: » ,' ; / will change and a soft, fatty degen^tacy Mrill aet in* A man in this morbid condition may "well be compared to the tree of unsound core that totters to its fall. Yes, the man who used to excess those liquors cuts off' many audmany golden links from the chain of his life. Look at tha drunkard in the face and even there you will perceive the injury done by the circulation of alcohol with the blood. It is the coiiirestioii of the blood in the smaller vein* which thus bloats the face, reddens the nose and cheeks, cover the whole with pimples and carbuncles, iu a word, gives to the victim of intemperance tLat unenviable appendage ge- nerally known as a whiskey face. Alcohol is elimitated from the system by the skin, lungs and kidneys. On the last men tioned organ it produces the most injurious effects. It has been found in the urinary deposits, "y^A\ twenty hours after it was taken into a! ; uach. This connection with the kida i i ices a desease called Bright's disease, lo c.i.yj which art is powerless. A few moments after its absorption, alcohol begins to be exhaled by the organs of respiration. It has been proved, beyond doubt, that the wtmm. — 23 -. "v lungs caii>:(?s the dcveloppmont of pnlmoiiary diseases : lung- [\^ver, bronchitis, catarrh, pneu- monia and coiismnption are th^ sa I lot oi' the drunkard. His rough, harsh, hillow voice is the first symptom of pulmonary disorder. ■ ,[> f I h;ive not, as yet, spoken of ihi^ chronic effects of alcohol upon th<^ nervous system. It is usually the first victim and becomes the seat of diseases which are often life lastiiio^. The slave to drink soon perceives thnt hie nerves are unstrung*. His tinkers l)econie less supple, his hands tremble and th^ tremor gradually passes into the arms A general weakness takes possession of th' frame. Often spasms, cramps, convulsions or (-pih^psy ensue* It is common to find cases in v\^hicii epiK>[)sy disappears with the cause wnd r<'tnrns with each relapse into intemperance; The unfor- tunate sufferer feels a creeping sensation m his hands and i'eei, which renders sleep brok* en and unpleasant If the dnmk inl sK.'eps it is not to rest. Tormenting nn I lear-inspirino- dreams haunt his nights. He sees his houso on fire, he sees himself attaek^'d l)y thieves and murderers. Dogs, cats, bears, wolves, in fact a com[)Iete menageri" is in hi.s room. They howl and jump about him. Tho. ' m — 24 — morninii Ua:ht finds him more fiiti ■ ?•" Dr. Browe of the Chrichton Asylum. Dum- friers, Scotland, in a paper on insanity, states that out of 52,920 cases of madness which he had fitudied, 10,717 were the results of intern- : [ -28-- perance. Those pn tieiits CJired for in private asylums or at thoir own houses are not included ill this calculation. *' Is it not enough*' says this writer, ** that, in 50 years, drunkenness, should have made 10,000 lunatics? More striking still is the contrast when drawn betwiien countries wherein temperance reigns and those where the population is generally intemperate. In Scotland there is one lunatic out ot* every 563 persons ; in Spain there is one out ot* every 7,181. in Edinburgh, one sixth of those who have lost their reason, have lost it by intemperance^ while in Palerma in Sicily, only one out of every twenty four can blame the same cause. In London, Dr. Bloom- field found from the statistics that 649 lunatics out of every 1,271, (about one hail) lost their reason by drink. These ligures speak for themselves*, IV. Moral injuries caused by alcohol. The abuse of in )xicating liquors is the first and perhaps greatest cause of moral degrada- tion. The man who becomes the slave of drink loses all habits of industry ; h^^ who once was active, careful and enterprising, changed by alcohol, becomes lazy, negligent t — 29 — and careless^ He is ready to sacrifice his bu- eineps, his fiimiiy, and himself to the grati- fication of that all powerful and governing passion. He strays from saloon to saloon, and to the meanest of tricks would he sloop in order to satiate his thirst for liquor. This moral degradation in the man is the cause of three great evils that afflict society, namely : unhappy families, pauperism and crime. The misery which intemperance brings to the home of the drunkard is too evident in the number of wives sepiirnled from their husbands, by the number of children, olF spring of drunken parents, who iill our prisons and reformatories. As regards pauperism, did I not fear to abuse of your })atieiice by citing ligures, I would ])rove to you by statistics that two thirds of our paupers are reduced to that state, cither directly or indirectly, by drun- kenness. , Magistrates, judges, governors of prisons, in- spectors of police and all those. w!io are charged with the ndniiuisiration of justice are unanimous in declaring that the greater num- ber of crimes are due to intemperance. Out — 30 — of 33,832 inmates of different prisons in On- tario during the space of five years — from 1868 to 1873, at least 21,519 were brought there by drink. During the three years from 1869 to 1872 the prisons of the province of Quebec received 1^,350 prisoners of whom 7,86G were led into crime by liquor. According to a statement, furnished by the Recorder of Montreal city, the total number of arrests lor the years 1871, 1872 &; 1873 were 32,611 ; and of these 21,043 were either for drunkennes or for crimes caused by drunk- enness. Mr. Penton, the chief of police in the same city, in his report for 1873, say.s. " Alas! iiis- pite of the united efforts of the cK'rg-yofall denominations and the good examples given by our most distinguished citiz.ms, by our legislature, and by the oiTicers who are charg- ed with the execution of the laws, drunkfiin- ess still reigns supreme and seems more then ever powerful for evil. It is, therefore, with great regret I have to state that in 1873 there were 500 more arrests for intemperance than in 1872. No one need be astonished at this, for instead of the number of licenses \ \ - 31 - being reduced, it has, this year, been increased by new ones." Thf^ greatest number of offences is, conse- quently, due directly or indireo-tly to intem- perance. In truth, this curse of drunkenness is like unto some mighty vortex, drawing into its abyss the unfortunate person who may chunce to have approached within its reach. It is like a mar>h whi'uce issue a thousand foul and deadly v.ipors the pest and destruc- tion of«:ociely. Wh.'re is the origine of nearly all the theltsof which we hear ?-druiikenness ! where is the j-oniee of nearly all the qunrrels tli.'.t disturb our place?— drunkennei-s! WhtMice flow all the disordeily conduct that reiirns in our midst? - drunkenness ! What i>! the cause of nearly all tho^e njrsaults on our pol.ce and our iiu)ff'nsive citiZrMis? — drunkenness ! What is the spring, the great fountain head of the num- berless blasphemies that daily arise like a foul vai)or from the ocean of human iniquity? — Again, aiul again, it isdrunkenness! In a word this curse is the direct or indirect cause ol all the crimes of the age. From out those taverns, schools of crimes and hot-beds of infamy, daily issue a lazy, noisy and immoral set of men, ready for any evil deed, whose chief and most 1 (, — 32 — , 1 ftgrcable past-time is to quarrel and brawl and keop portions of our cities in a state of constant terror." During the three years f^bove mentioned, the number (if arrests, was 15, 126 in Toronto, and 2, 282 in Ottawa, and out of these, 7,908 (or one h:ilf) in the former city, and 1,843 (or near- ly two thirds) in the latter city, were due to intemperance. These fiijures are more than sufficient to shew the deplorable influence of spirituous li- quors on societj% morever the criminal records of all countries prove that the greatest numb- er of crimes, and above all, the most henioiis, would never be commited were it not for liquor. " My experience, " says Mr. Ducpetriaux, inspector of prisons in Belgium — "extends over a quarter of a century, and I can testily that fully four filths of the crimes and miseries which 1 have witnessed in my official capacity were due to intemperance." Mr. Quatelet de- clares that, " out of 1129 murders committed in France during the space of four years, 446 were caused by quarrels in taverns." " Whoso- ever knows anything about the ciiminal court" says Mr. Hill, of lingland, " must admit true what our judges never cease to repeat, that I I \i — 33 — ; • i^; 'm^^ I can safely state that real brandy, such as is distilled from the wine, can scarcely be found in France, not to speak of Canada or the United States. The aromatic flavours, pos- ' sessed by ihe best imported brandies, betrays ' an inferior quality of alcohol which it was necessary to conceal. It is a fact, known per- haps to only a few, that the price of real br-andy is, at least, three times that paid for what is imported into Canada, the United^ States or England* From this you may see, that even the highest priced brandies may be classed under the second head. What then must we think i' i t ! 1 I; 5,v I) i< i i > it — 88 — of the inferior liquors ? Commiin whiskoy, or any inferior spirit converted into brandy by the adding of certain drugs intended to im- part to the liquor the taste and the color of the liquor ? . . , . Of this fact, gentlemen, you may be convin- ced beyond all doubt by an experiment which I now perform in your presence, by which I will transform a very ordinary whiskey into what you generally call a first class brandy. (^) I do not hesitate to declare that Cognac and all such brandies are liquors ofihemost hurtful kind. , *. rr . : . Grin is of two kinds — one, when alcohol is dis- tilled over again in contact with juniper berries ; this is the NatuniL — and one, when made of whiskey mixed with certain substances and more especially an essence containing the oil of juniper; this is the Artificial, The oils found in these liquor sare distate- fui and hurtful. They tend to produce a fatty degeneracy in the liver. In England where \^ (*) Here the Rev. Lecturer, out of whiskey and nine or ten drugs mixed with it, made a bright liquor which he passed to seve- ral persons in the audience, and was found to have the taste and the- strength of the very best brandy of commerce. If. Li( 1 hiskoy, or )randy by led to im- e color of )e convin- ent which which I liskt^y into randy. (^) it Comiac )f ihe most ;ohol is dis- )er berries ; ^n made oi* ances and nig the oil are distate- .uce a tatty and where and nine or ten B passed to seve- ve the taste and le. — 39 gin is much used this is a frequent disease and is called, gin drinker^s liver. In a large number of Canadian whiskey, I have found small quantities of sulphuric acid, copperas and other ingredients intended to strengthen them, but of a most deadly nature. I will again presume upon your kind atten- tion for a moment while I show you by an operation how by placing highwine in twice its quantity of water ii is possible to give the liquor such seeming strength as to have it mistaken for proof. You see, gentlemen, what the unfortunate drunkiird daily swallows* He swallows it un- knowingly, for were he to see those substances apart he would never dare to touch them. 1 am sure that one of the niost effectual means of putting a check to intemperance, would be to shew the people of all classes, to convince them of the fact that drinkinjr is not only a waste of money, but is even a posi- tive and terrible source of injury to the health. This was the idea, gentlemen, which lead me on to speak this evening of intemperance from this standpoint, and I must thank you sincerely for the kind atteutiou you have given me. ''I V > I — 40 — The stamping in ihe minds of the people the ixreat and self-evident truth that the sub- stances of which are composed those liquors, are deadly poisons would be one of the most powerful means of reforming society. The formation of Temperance societies upon a truly christian basis, cannot but prevent all reasonable beings from raising to their lips the poisonous cup of intoxicating liquor. These means aided by Religion should suffice to stay this leva-tide of destruction from laying waste to our fair and promising country, from bearing on towards their too early graves the multi- tude of our citizens who might be ornaments in society and models in religion, were it not for this one misfortune. It is a grand cause and each person can labor for its advancement. All can give the example of sobriety and the sober and temperate man will be rewarded by health and peace in his home, by the ad- miration and esteem of his fellow men, the thanks and gratitude of posterity and finally by the justice of " the Giver of all good gifts." u • .! I • .' < 1 li'* 7 f ' i. ' ti t I J' v.. , i ) ' ','. i.'ii eople sub- [uors, most The on a ui all [)s the rhose o stay waste earing multi- iments 5 it not cause ement. ad the ivrarded the ad- en, the [ finally i gifts." ^^^^^^/-^ 'P^ .^^i^i ^^^