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Laa diagrammaa suivants illuatrant la mAthodo. 12 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 •«cioeofr RisowTioN tht chart (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) 1^ |23 13. ■ 2.2 1^ warn ^ 1 12.0 Hnl 1.8 1.6 A TIPPLED IM/IG E I 1653 East Main Street ??fi',*""' '"* ^"'k '4609 USA (716) «U - 0300 - Phon. (716) iS«-59a9 -Fo, I G EOLOGIC AL SURVEY OF CA:N .V DA ROBiiUT BELL, M.D.. I>.Sc. (CANrAii), LL.D., F.ll.8.. l.S.i). R E P C J R T ON THE ORIGIN. litOLOGICAL RELATIONS AND tOMPOSITlOX OF THK NICKHL AND COPPER DEPOSITS iW THK SUDBURY MINING DISTKICT ONTARIO, CANADA UY ALFRED ERNEST BARLOW, M.A., DSo, .P \k OTTAWA PRINTED BY S. E. DAWSOX. PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY 1904 No. 873 I' ' ; I \t i I ! 1 n i ll ! i : To UoBKRv BKLt., M.I) . Lr..D., l)..Sc. (Camau), F.H.S., I.S.O. Acting Director, Geologiciil Survey of Canada. Sir,— I beg to transmit, herewith, my report on the f)riKin, Geological Relations and Composition of the Nickel and Copper Dojiosits of Sudburv, Ontario. The report also includes brief referencos to the ch after and extent of all the more important nickel deposits of the world, with a general statement of their production (iml methods of smelting and refining. Details of the mining, smelting and refining operations of the Sudbury ores are furnished, as well as complete statistical tables of prtxluction, prices, uses and composition of the nickel of commerce. It is believed that the report will serve to bring together in one volume, ail of the more valuable and critical original investigations in regard to these immense and apparently inexhaustible deposits. Canada Las at last realized the true importance and value of these mines and has, within the last year, taken her position, from which she will not recede, of being the largest producer of nickel in the world. Hoping the present report will satisfy the demand which has existed for some time, for detailed and accurate information in regard to these ore bodies, I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient .-rvant, ALFRED ERNEST BARLOW. Geolooicvl survey ofeice, Ottawa, july 4th 1904. n *«• THH NICKHL AM) COrri-.R I)lil'()SITS OF SUDHrRY, ON lARIO. At.FKKI) KllSK«T IIUILOW, M.A,, D H. ISTHOlJt'CTIOS Ten years h.tviiig plapiied since the appearanoe of the firwt oiKcial It>':>»r a proper imr pr» 'ation and judgment of these depo- CMntinnity of ,titJ.sive mass with which the Chi- "^-l"""""' atirel V separated from a band of >er8 of which the Gertrude, Creigh- ^uated, whore»s, it has now been ire di I'll. [>ed along the south- aud, constituting the south- i eruptive. Again, on this the mabjesor liflts of nickel •ieiide porphyrites, diorites and sits. Thus !i the tir»t u.ap, W'' cago and \ ictoria MiiK.« orcut. similar rock along the aoutiiern Ix ton and North Star deposit; ■ ' ascertained that all of these yir ern boundary of otie iargeiiaif ern or principal belt of the ni first map, no distinction is draw bearing norite, ar. J certain older green schists, whith, although closei related to, and often resembling (1) Ann. Rep. Geol. Stir. Can., Vol. V, (». isflii v' . pi>. 122138. (2) Ann. Rep. Ge..]. .Sur. Can., Vol. V, iran ■»«i-91. i i. 1 ».\ HI r- '* ■I i Th«- iKirit" » ili'tinct Ke> Kicnl unit. Limit late« inforiiia- tion in rvanl U. thi. area, niwle no attempt whatever, either to correct the more glarin« inaocuvacieH in the g.H,logical iwundarie*. or to trace out the iiniM,rtant lin.- of separation i«twecn iho nickel tmaring erup- tive proper and the cUwely related, though barren green»t.me-.. In undertaking ihi. no work, it wa. felt that by coutining op ra- tionH an closely as poi-sibi. to the ar.-a chMnicterized by the presence of the sulphide bearing n..rite and other kindred eruptive,, a nwre accurate knowledge would be obtaine.1 of the n.ineralogical oorapoM- tion, structure and a«o relations of the various .-ock ma«.. . wh, e at the same time the Iwundaries between the fl-veral foni.ations could b.- drawn with a much greater degree of precl-.ion. Two map sheets have Insen prepared to accompany this rep .rt, called respect ivply the " Victoria Minen" and "Sudbury " maps, each on a scale of one mile to an inch. The former covers un area of 220 and the latter 210 square mile-,, making a total of 430 square miles. The pnn^ cipal new work on the Victoria mines map has been the - m»..g of the two smaller banls of norite south of the Canadian I .c Rail- way One of these, crossing the southeast corne of Dru j, extends completely across the southern part of the U- ri.lnp of Denison. This band, which comes to an end east of the ',• -mdior river, con- tains the Worthington, Mitchenei .a. d Tottcn mines. The first mentioned of these mines is famous a. m.ving produced the richest nickel ore in the district. On the other band, which forms the promin- ent ridge to the south of McCharies and Simon lakes on the White- Bsh Indian Reserve, no deposit of any economic importance has been found. The boundaries of the intrusive mass of younger granite which extends across the northern and central parts of Gral.am town- ship, aud thence into Snider and Waters townships, have also been out- lined with considerable care. It is to be regretted that time did not permit the separation of the r.orite and the older greenstones and schists, but the geological work done in 1901 was intended to cover the IM I INTHODfCTK)?* ■ i''ii iif whole of the «.utt<»Tn Mt in "ru« nM^on, ami at tho tin it w** i Jrui- (lerwl more im,>.irt>iiit l<» »«ciTli»in (lfllnit>ly tho Ciwtiiiuity or other- wUn ot t!ie withprn or mnin niilo'l runjji-. Tin' iii liii urn . .f the noriUi, iheref'.ro, which tmi.t nurthciiit from tlie Victoriii niim<><. was followed '' u^ii the n )rlhr n part of tliii township of Pciiixiiii, ati. thence »cn»<.s th»< '- ..lilto • river into th<< iMiuthcrn |mrt of tho town- ihi|i of Crpinhtoi , thust 'nalcing connection with ihf otln» inatn of iiiniil>ir baNio intrusive >.i(ks, which Imd^ltet'n »hown on Kt-oloxicnl iimpn previously issued. Willi thi* exception of a •otncwhat critical cxiitiiin- ation of soma of tho ouioropn of the peculiar ditl'mcntiat ion product, or "micropoi{mntiti' '' phii'^e uf the noritf, exjxwpd on the shorcn of Skill •ml Fiiirbiink laken, no n"w >^ork ha* hecn dono in the northwiwtt'rn and western parts of thin area, and the outlineH of the forniatic.ns urn reprfKliice,' k"'I"- relative position of all the more important mines, there uro three other ^ " maps, each on a scale of 400 feet to an inch, which may be referred to as mining geological plans. These have been prepaiwl with more care, and all details of topography, buildings, openings, etc., have l)een laid down as accurately as possible from surveys made by means of the transit and chain. They are expected to lie of esftecial value to the individual companies whose properties they represent, but at the same time, they will illustrate in detail many of the characteristic features of association, which most of these deposits possess in common with one another. The two sheets showing the district in the vicinity of Vnii'f the International Nickel Company's mines at Copixjr Cliff, and extend- i^^m, ' ing from Kelley lake on the south to tho Lady Violet mine on the north, cover an area of alKiut 9 square miles. The third map sheet which shows the geology in the neighlKiurhootl of the Murra; id Elsie Mines as well as the position of the various mining buildings, covers an area of nearly two square miles. The following bulletin is based Mnrr.iy anil ■ 1 1- n I 1 1 t « » 1 '"■'"ii' '"'lies mainly on the field work earned on during the seasons of 1901 and iii!i|,, 1902. A short account of what was accomplished each year has already ap- jared in the Summary Reports of the Geological Survey t j ii '! ■> I • i 1 J. < >tl]iT infori atiiii incliult'd. Work of Mr. i » 8 (JEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA Department, (' ) In addition t.i this and other inforiualion which has appeared from time to time in the official puhlication-* of the Geologi- cal Survey Department and the Bureau of Mines of Ontario, certain details of original investigation, which throw much additional light on the origin and association of these deposits, have appeared in various scientiiic periodicals, many of which are not very easy of access to the ordinary reiuler. It has been the purpose of the writer, in the prepara- tion of the following report, to bring together and make use of much of this widely scattered information, and by thus supplementing his own, render the present publication of wider application and greater service to the public. In carrying out the field work, the author was materially aided by Dr. Ludwig Mond of London, England, under an agreement by which he was partially relieved from his duties on the Survey, during the six months from July 1 to December 31, 1901. Work of Mr ^I"ch of the accuracy which tlie accompanying maps are believed to .lames Vhit'e. possess, is due to the efforts of Mr. James White, Dominion Geographer, who kindly undertook the direction of the surveys necessary for a detailed mapping on a largo scale of the area examined. This included in 1901, a traverse by means of transit and steel band chain, of the main line of theCanadian Pacific Railway, from Wanapitei sUtion to the northern boundary of the township of Dowling, a short distance northwest of Onaping station. The "Sault" branch was similarly surveyed from Sudbury Junction as far west as Worthington station. Connection was made with the observatory at Rayside, occupied by Astronomer O. J. Klotz. The position of this temporary observatory, Work bv Ast. in the township of Rayside is stated by Mr. Klotz to be 606 feet west of the line between lots 2 and 3, in con. 1, and 441 feet north of the centre line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Its astronomical position, as determined by Mr. Klotz is Long. 81'-, 05', 38" W. and Lat. 46 , 32' 47" N. This position was accepted and the projection of the map fr"'amed in accordance therewith. In 1902, Mr. White carried on similar iefoiled surveying necessary for the preparation of the two large scale map sheets of the area in the vicinity of the International Nickel Company's mines at Copper Cliff. In the whole of this work, the author had the advantage of the zealous and able assistance of Mr. O. E. Leroy, M. A. Sc, formerly Demons- trator in Geology at McGill University, Montreal, and this oppor- tunity is taken to express his keen appreciation of Mr. Leroy's untiring efforts to promote in every way, the objects of the work. (1)"S^. Ri-p. Ueol. SurTcan. (liWl) pp. 14114.-i, (iy02) pp. 252-267. <). J. Klotz. Work t)y O. E. Lerov. PREVIOUS EXAMINATIOXS AND DESCRTPTI0X8 9 By kind permission of I)r. J. B. Portei', and with the approval of the WHiK I'.v W. University Huthorities, the iim;;iietic separation of these ores was carried ' *"' on ill tlie ininiuij laboratories of McGill University liy Mr. \V. M. Ogilvie, B.A. Sc. Most of the assays anil analyses are the work of Mr. Donald Locke, \v,,ikl>.v I>(i a graduate of the School of .Mines, Freiber-;, (Jerinany, who for a short ""''' I-'"^'^'- time was attached to thi.s department as metallurgist and assayer. The author desires to express thanks for information and assistance to Dr. Ludwi^ Mond, 1 »r. Bernhard Muhr and other officials of the Mond Acknimledg- Nickel Company : to President A. P. Turner, Captain Lawson and other oilicers of the International Nickel Company, resident at Copper Cliff, Ont. ; to the representatives of the Lake Superior Power Compa- ny, Great Lakes Copper Company and H. H. Vivian and Company, who were stationed in the district. It would be diificult to mention by name, all those who, either with information or otherwise, have as.sisted in the object of these investigations, but the author would like in this connection to express his deep gratitude to the residents of Sudbury, Copper Cliff and Victoria Klines, who showed him the great, est kindness and consideration during his sojourn in their midst. PbEVIOL'S E.XAMINATIOXS AND DESCRIPTION'S. V !i The literature in regard to the nickel and copper deposits of the ],,,.„,git, „f Sudburv raining district, has already reached such large proportions, "•-■lentitiy and that it seems advisable in passin:,' to make brief mention of some of the iiitfrest. principal publications, which show evidence of original research, the results of which have added materially to our knowledge of the nature of the occurrences of these immense ore bodies. These deposits of pyrrhotite, wiili 'heir unusually high content of nickel,'_and intimat- ely associated cha!cop\-rite, are of importance, not only from the econo mic standpoint, but also from the point of view of ^cience, as having furnished such strong presumptive evidence for regarding the.se, and similarly related deposits as of igneous origin, aud due to processes of ditl'erentiation in the original magma, from which they and the asso- ciated eruptive rocks have .soliilitied. The discovery of nickel at the Wallace mine in 1846, (') although i)|«c,n,.ry „f creating some excitement at the time, was soon forgotten, as well as 'J^'\':^ "' the prediction which has since been amply verified, that deposits niine. of both nickel and cobalt of economic importance would yet be located (1) Rep. of Progress, Geol. S\ir.C.»ii.. IS4,S.4D. pp. (jl 03; (ieol. of Can. 18G3, p. 5ut>. 10 OEOLOOICAL SVHVKY OF CANADA ! Ji r in this region. Attention was again drawn to the subject by the finding in 1856 (») of nickel and copper on Salter's meridian line, a little over six miles north of Whitefish lake, and less than half a mile southwest of the main pit of ♦he present celebrated Creighton mine, probably the Early .li-co- largest deposit ^f nickeliferous pyrrhotite in the world. This was '"r Cre'i 'h*"' "S*'"* '**** *'***'* ''^ °^ ^^^ discovery considered of no importance, per- uiTmin^^' haps because of the meagre information in regard to its occurrence, but more likely on account of the wild and inaccessible nature of the Inacte.*il)le district, in which the deposit had been found. The opening of the coSv'Lfore Canadian Pacific Railway quickly changed these conditions, and in con^tnic'ton of C. P. Ky. First statis tic«. DeKcriptioiia by .1. H. Collins. less than ten years from the first opening of this means of access to the district, all the mines which are at present working had been located. The first statistics concerning these deposits which were published, related to the export of copper ore in 1886, amounting to 3,307 tons, with a declared customs value of 816, 404 (-). In 1887, this quantity had decreased to 567 tons, valued at 83,416 (3). The discovery of nickel in the ore about this time, decided the Canadian Copi y.r Com- pany to instal the necessary plant for the production of nickel and copper matte, and in the preparation for this and other mining develop- ment work, no exports are recorded from this district in 1888. In October, 1887, Mr. J. H. Collins visited the Sudbury region to examine into the extent and economic possibilities of the so-called copper mines. On June 6th, 1888, he read a paper before the Geolo- gical Society of London, ' On the Sudbury Copper Deposits,' in which he embodied the results of these examinations, whicu, however, seem to have been restricted mainly to the area in the immediate vicinity of the Copper Clifif and Stobie mines. An abstract of this pap>r, was after wards published,(*)accompinied by two cross sections of the mines above mentioned, showing the geological association and position of these deposits. The author cousiJers the main ore bodies to have been the result of secondary action, the sulphides occupying fissures along certain line i of weakness, produced by the intrusion of igneous material. Mr.Attwood-9 In the discussion that followed, Mr. Attwood stated his conviction opinion. ^^^ ^^j^^ diorites had brought up the metal=. At the end of the paper, a note is added bearing the date of October 22nd 1888, that the ore of the Evans mine contains Copper 3%, Nickel 3.5%, Iron 40%, Sulphur 24%, Rock 29.5 %. (1) Rep. of Progress, Geol. Sur. Can., iaj.3dfi, pp. 180-181. (2) Ann. Rep. Geo. Stir. Can. 188(i, PartS. p. 25. (3) 1887-88, Part S, p. 21. (4) Quart. .Jour. (leol. Soc. Lon., V..1. XLIV, 1888, pp. 8»4-838. PREVIOUS EXAMINATIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS 11 In October, 1888, Mr. Francis L. Sperry, then chemist to the Canadian Copper Company, sent a small (juantity of wliat seemed a remarkable mineral to Professor H. L. Wells, of the Sheffield Scien- tific School at New Haven, Conn. A few tests sufficed to show tha* the substanc;! was essentially an arsenide of platinum. Several ounces of this mineral had been obtained in milling certain loose material (gossan), aSHOciated with the sulphides at the Vermilion mine in the township of Denisoii. A complete statement of facts relative to its composition, physical characters and crystallof;raphic behaviour, was prepared by Profs. Wells and Penfield, who proposed the name ' sperry lite ' for this new mineral in honour of its discoverer. (') About the same time. Profs. Clarke and Catlctt (-) of Washington, obtained through two different channels, certain samples of nickel ores taken from the Vermilion mine, belonging to the Canailian Copper Company. From one source, they obtained two masses of sulphides to be examined for nickel and copper, from the other came similar sul- phides, together with a series of soil and gravel-likt? material (gossan), seven sa'iiples in all. In the latter case, an examination for platinum was requested, and in five of the samples above mentioned, it was found the gravel yielded Tl'S-D ozs. of metals of the platinum group to the ton of 2,000 lbs. The sulphide ores were all of a similar character. They consisted of mixed masses, in which a gray, readily tarnishing substance was predominant, with some chalcopyrite, possibly some pyrite, and a very little quartz. An analysis of carefully selected material of the nickel mineral, showed its formula to conform in gene- ral with that of polydymite, which had previously been described by Laspeyres from Griinau, Westphalia, of which it is evidently a ferri- ferous variety. At the Buffalo meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, W. H. Merritt, Toronto, contributed a paper on 'The Minerals of Ontario and their Development ', in which he includes a brief description of the Sudbury deposits. (•') In the Summary Report of the Geological Survey for 1888, Dr. Bell (*) mentions that 'the modes of occurrence and the geological relations of the economic minerals of the districts examined (between Lake Huron and Montreal river) were carefully studied. The metals DisODVlTV I if ^perrvliff Iiy v. L.' S|,.iiy. Descriptiiin of tiiiiit-ral l)y VtoU. WpUs and l'"'riHel'liy I'll if ». Cliirke anil Catlttt. Paper by W. H. >[erritt. KNaininatihitt.' First (;.Mil('Ki tal ni;ili. whii h give most promise are the copper and nickel deposits which have beei, worked for the !ast three years near Sudbury '. Again, in the repurt for liS89, Dr. Bell, (' ) after a brief sketch of the geology of the area included in the Sudbury map sheet, gives a few notes on the cha- racter and mode of occurrence of these deposits, as also the progress of the mining and metallurgy which were then in vigorous operation. He viewed the pyrrliolite a sa true nickeliferous variety, in which some of the iron is replaced by nickel. The deposits are described as ' stock- works ' in which the vein structure is very obscure. The ore bodies are regarded as usually occurring in some form of diorite, the concen- tration of the ore being perhaps connected in some way with certain diabase dykes which were in some cases seen near the deposits. At the Ottawa meeting of the American Institute of Mining En- gineers, held in October, 1889, Dr. E. D. Peters, who had charge of the operations at the Canadian Copper Company's mines near Sudbury, read a paper On the Sudbury Ore Deposits '.{- ) He opens with a short and very general statement of the geological conditions, makes a passing mention of the two principal sulphides which constitute these deposits, and devotes the rest of his paper to a description of the equip- ment and m thods of mining and metallurgy pursued by the company of which he was the manager. In 1890, as one of the Royal Commissioners to inquire into the mineral resources of '".itario. Dr. Robert Bell of the Geological Survey of Canada, in the treating of the " Geology of Ontario with sj>ecial reference to economic minerals," devotes some attention to the nickel and copper deposits of the area in the vicinity of Sudbury. ( ') In 1891 (■»), Dr. Bell dewribed in greater detail the nature and extent of these deposits and also their geological relations, giving the results of the field work of the Geological Survey in this area during the three yars 18^8-90. Accompaying the same volume, the first geological map of the district appeared, showing in this graphic way, the limits of the dififerent f^irmations or subdivisions of these old rocks, over an area of 34.")6 square miles. This map, although faulty and inaccurate in places, has been the basis of all subsequent geological « ork undertaken in this district, although it is now superseded in (1) Ann. Rep. Geol. Stirv. Can. 18a8-S!t, pj.. 2'.l-32 A. (•.>) Irans. Am. In.st. >iin. Eng.. Vol. XVIII (1«M pp. 2:S-2S9. (3) Min. Res. of Ont. IS'.Jrt, p. 24 : also pp. 43;i-43a, .ilso Ann. Rep. Bur. of Mines, Ont. 1891. pp. 88-'.«). (4) Ann. Rep. -!il. Fart F, pp. l-'.».") ; also Bull. Geo. Soc. Am.. Vol. II. 1.S91, pp. 12.V13;. PlSKVIOl'S KXAMIXATIOXM AM) DESCRIPTIONS 13 certain ureas, by the maps lately ])ublishetl by the Bureau of Mines of Ontario, and those issued to accompany the prr .nt bulletin. The imperfections of these latest maps will also in turn Lecoiuo apparent as the region is cleareil and opened up and more detailed information in regard to the distribution of the various rock masses is thus possible. On March 0th, lf<01, (') ihe author of the present bulletin read a , paper before the Lo'^an Club of Ottawa ' On tlie Nickel and Copper Ky A. K. Deposits of Sudbu'y,' which was published in June of the same year, '•"'""• in which appears a very definite statement affirming an igneous origin (-) for these masses of sulphide material, in the following words : ' The ores and the associated diabase, were, therefore, in all proba- bility simultaneously introduced in a molten condition, the particles of '•■''(fi" "f ""' pyri;,ous matter aggregating themselves together in obedience to the law of mutual attraction.' In the same paper, the author makes the following significant .statement which has since been proved by means [^,]f /,}. ''.','"." of the magnetic separation of the ore : ' The nickel is usually spoken i"'". of as replacing an equal fiuantity of iron in the pyrrhotite, but the discovery of undoubted crystals of millerite or sulphide of nickel, 150 feet below the surface at Copper CliflF mine, as well as the more recent recognition of polydymite, a *erriferous sulphide of nickel at the Ver- milion mine, in the township of Denison, seem to justify the assump- tion that in the more highly nickeliferous deposits of the region at least, the nickel is also present as a sulphide, disseminated through the ore masses like the iron and copper.' In 1891, Mr. T. L. Walker, then chemist at the Murray mine, obtained 30 per cent of nickel in some ^'il•^t ''f'- bright cleavable fragments of a mineral which occurred in the form of ]« miHuditH. more or less rounded patches in the ordinary nickeliferous pyrrhotite at the Worthington mine. The writer, who had provided Mr. Walker with these samples, suggested the advisability of a complete analysis of as pure material as could be selected. It is to l)e regretted for Walker's sake, so far as priority in the first recognition of pentlandite in this district is concerned, that the present writer, in publishing the results of this first analysis (■''), merely stated hisown belief, that these peculiar nodular masses probably represented a mixture in which mil- lerite was the most prominent constituent, omitting to make mention of the fact that, the chemist had stated his belief, that the material was almost pure " Eisennickelkies " the German synonym for pentlan- dite. At this time, it was considered of more importance to empha- (1) Ottawa Naturalist, .Tune 18111, i>p. 1-20 ; also Ann. R< p. Gtol. Sur. Can., Vol. V, Part S, 1890-91, pp. 122138. (2) See also a paiwr by Dr. RoV)ert Bell on ' The Nickel and Copjier Deposits of * Sudbury District, Canarfa." Bull. (Jeol. .Socy. of Am., Vol. 11, 1891. |age 135-36. (3) Ann. Rep. (!eol. Sur. Can. 1890-91, Part S.S, pp. 110-117. I! M <* 14 GEOLOOICAL 8UBVKY OF CANADA Fir»t detailed ntsitiHties I'f nicktl. T)mcrii)tion» by Bureau of Mines jf On- tario in 18111. TA\ter by J. (iamier. Analyses and niajfiietiu separation of Sudbury ores by I)r. Km- mens. ziie the fact wliich had grown beyond a conviction, that the nickel was undoubtedly present in these ore bo lies as a distinct sulphide, mecha- nically intermixed and probably separable and not as replacing a por- tion of the iron in the pyrrhotite. It was even considered probable that several nickel sulphiJes, and not one alone, contributed to the unusual enrichment of these ores. The report of the Division of Mineral Statistics and Mines of the Geological Survey for 1890, although not published until the f-.llowing year, contained the first statistics showing the production and export of nickel and copper matte from the Sudbury district. This was like- wise accompanied by a somewhat detailed description of the deposits, to which attention has already beendrawn ( ' ). Previous to this, however, in the report(2)of the same department for 1889, mention is made of the production of nickel in Canada, but the figures of production then supplied wore only used in the summary of production. This course was necessary at the time, as the figures then available represented the production of only one company, who gave the figures on the under- standing that they were only to be used in the compilation of totals. In the first rfcport of the Ontario Bureiu of Mines for 1891, then just organized, considerable space is devoted not only to the statistics of production of nickel and copper mat^e, but also to various details regarding the geological relationship of the ores, the methods of mining and metallurgy, as well as the use and value of nickel. It also contains the first of th,) innual reports of the inspector of mines, which each year since h'ls contained an epitomized statement of the progress of mining and smelting in this area. In 1891, Mona. J.Garnier,(')whohadbecomefamous as the discove.-er of the New Caledonia nickel deposits, visited Canada, and on his return to Paris, furnished an account of his examination in a paper entitled, ' Mines de Nickel, Cuivre et Platine du District de Sudbury, Canada. In 1892, Dr. S. H. Emmens of Young wood, Penn., and President' of the Einmens Metal Company, announced tLj discovery of three new nickel minerals from the Sjdbury district, for which he proposed the nt: .es Folgerite, Blueite and Whartonite. {*) The substances thus n.-.niud, were stated to be sulphides of iron and nickel, the proportion of the latter metal varying from 376 per cent in blueite to 3520 f j (1) Ann. Rep. Geo!. Surv. Can., 1«90!»1, Part S, pp. 121-143. (2) Ann. Rep. Oeol. Surv. Can., 1888-89. Part. S, 188!», p).. 5 and 123. (3) Meui. See. des Inj?. Civils, Paris, 1891. (4) Jour. Am. Chem. Soc, Vol. XIV, No. 7; also Ann. Rsp. Bur. of Mines, Ont.. 1892, pp. 167-170. HREVIOUS F.XAMIV .nOXS AND DEXCRIPTI0N8 15 cent in fulgerite. All authorities are, however, agreed that none of these are definite mineral species, being mixtures of different sulphi- des. Til -1 folgerite is regardeil as impure pentlandite, blueite is a Kolircritt- ■ ii'tf II • • & itfiv^ iiiirt) III lit* ntckeliferous pynte, and whartonite a mixture. A persual of Ur. uiid i.iiicjti- Emmens' niethixis of analysis, and the variability of his results are ^^',^\ "i^\l"""' Mutiicient proofs, that none of these names which he proposes, should receive a place in mineralogical literature. .Al)oat the same time. Dr. Emmciis conducted some rather crude and evidently hurried experiments in regard to the separation of the components of the pyrrhotite by means of niai;netism, but the results are far from satis- factory. (') The material on which the trials were made came from both the Gap mine. Pa., and Sudbury, Ont. In 1892 Mons. David Ijevat, formerly Director-General of the Societe .\!*-ui>iir ..n le Nick^'l, prepared a memoir on the production and uses of nickel and m,,„«. liavid its alloys, entitle^ 'Progres de la Mt-tiillurgie du Nickel,' ('-) an ''*■^"'• abstract from which is translated and printed in the report of the Bureau of Mines of Ontario. (^) Besides a description of the metallur- gical treatment of the Sudbury ores, he institutes % comparison between these- and the New Caledonia ores, giving all necessary details in regard to these latter, their composition, metallurgy, transportation, mining operations, and concludes with certain particulars relating to the com- position of the nickel of commerce, its alloys and statistics of produc- tion. During the summer of 1890, the late Baron von FouUon of the Work by Geological Survey of Austria, spent a few weeks in the district, direct- Fuu'l'lon.' ing his attention chiefly to the determination of the relative ages of the different rocks. His collection of rocks for future study, contaim-d First rreonni- a specimen obtained from one of the detached blocks of material, which Caring had been blasted out to make room for the the foundations of the t^i'tive. hmelter at the Murray mines. Examination of thin sections of this specimen under the microscope, revealed for the first time the identity of what was evidently a typical and unaltered representative of the nickel bearing eruptive, showing it to contain besides the plagioclase, strongly pleochroic hypidiomorphic individuals of hypersthene, together with a smaller amount of diallage, both these last mentioned minerals being often bordered with hornblende. The rock thus evidently belonged to the general type of gibbros, which by the abundance of the hypers- (1) .Tour. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. XIV, No. 10; aim) Ann. Rep. Bur. of Mines, Ont., 1892, i>p. lfi3-10(J. (2) Ann. des Mines, Paris, 1392, pp. Hl-224. (3) Ann. Rep. Bur. of Mines. Ont., 1;S92, pp. 149-102. ^"■•P" 16 (iEOLlH.KAL JlKVEV OF CANADA IVwriptiiMi I'f flllilni. Iiv ti 1. Willmiii*. ColHIllHl" ili'Kcriiitliin "i niirili' iiMil friuii Noitli NiiWi.-lH.ing''. Rfnittnitidii of |«iitli>iicli e Iiv I'rof. J'fiiKfUl. Matfiiftii' n'lmriitiiiii liy David H. Exaiuinatmn of »p*'rrvlite. 1.V T. L. \VaIkT. thene i. relate.1 to the noriten. (') Thw wa. the tir.t reco«nit.on of the true cha.«cter of the eruptive with which the niikel drpoHitn are no i„ti..mt.lv a».sociatrd, «lthou«h the late Profp..or (J. H. Wilh.ims h-u in 1 891 cll.».ril«d ( -' )ft very simihir ro.k fr..u. the v' Mi.ity of the I'-h/anl mh.e. but which in the .lescription of the tield relations furnished h.ni. htti l>e.-n reporto.1 as ..ccurriiiK in a later dyke. In lf^93, Dr. A. i*. Coleraan.( ') »how.-d that tho country rock of the nickel deposits south of Clear I.ake,on tho Norther,. Nickel lUnge, wa.a ^'abbro conta.n.ngbotb .liallage and ennttttit... In the .-a;ue publi.ation, he give, a descr.pUo^. of tho petrographical characters of th.- peculiar typ« of rock to which Willia'ns tirst gave the name "micropegmUite, " «nd which occurs here as elsewhere, throughout the .li-trict, in intimate association with the sulphide bearing eruptive. In 189a Prof. S. L. Pontield, recognized aiul described for the first time, the inineral pentlandite, from the Sudbury .listrict found in sou.e sulphide material sent to him some years previously by Mr. t. i^- Sperry. (') Immediately following this article, in the same publica- tiTn, he criticizes rather severely the methods of analysis, adopted by Dr. Emmens, in his attempt to establish the claims of folg;.nte, blue.te and whartonite, to be recognized as new mineral species (•). In the 3ame year David H. Browne, {-) chemist of the Can.«lian Copper Company, challenged the accuracy of l>r. Emmens magne ic work as also the conclusions based thereon, so far at '«-' a th matei-ial from Sudbury is concerned At the same time, he publish the details of certain personal experiments m connection with the magnetic reparation of the ores from the Copper Chff, Evans^and Stolie mini The ore was ...st handpicked and then crush^ to various degrees of fineness. By means of these trials, he succe^led in dividing the material thus prepared into a magnetic and non- magnetic product, the analysis of the latter showing a close resem- blance to the pentlandite described by Penfield. In June 1893. T. L. Walker C) visited the Vermilion mine ami procured some additional material similar to that m which Wells and ,„ " Uel-er ...inige Nickelerzv..rkon„uen,- Jahr. <1. k-k. geol. Rnchsanstalt, V.,1. XLII, pp. ■-•2:!-310, Vienna. I.sil2. ' (•.) Ann. R.P. tleol. Surv. Can., im-'M, Part F. p. 77. ,:,; ..The Kocks of Clear Lake near Suclbury,- Can. Re.. So., \ ol. \ , 18.^-93. pp. 343-;vt6. (4, Am. .lour. Sc., Vol. XLV, !«'.«, PP. 493-494 (5) „ „ ■• I'P- ■«'-«-t97. ,,!, Eng. * Min. Jour., Dec. 2nd, 1893, Vol. LVI, M-. r-i5-nC0. (7) Am. Jour. So.. Vol. I, 1896, pp. 110112. i ! ^l PRCVIOUii IXAMIXATIOXH AND DBSCHIPTI0X8 17 l)if*cnv('ry of nickflifcrotiM iivritc liy I'lof. \V. Tj. liiMHlu'ln nnil T. L. \Valk« Penfield had firat disoovored Rp«rrylit«. The evidence of these new opecimena of thia comparatively rare mineral, enabled him to publish further uetaili in regard to it* crystallograpbio behaviour. After critical examination of the axsociated sulphideii, he concludes that this sperrylite is associated with Jie chalcopyritc, and not with the pyr- rhotite, and that accordingly nickel miitte-i from mines low in cupper contain very little platinum, while those richer in copper alFoitl a matte proportionately richer in phitinum. He mentions the fact, however, that the polydymite of CI n ko and Catlett c< ntuinx from 0006 per cent to 002-4 per cent of platinum {'). In April, 1893, Prof. W. L. Goodwin (') announced th discovery of a highly niclcelifcrous pyrite, occurring nt the Murray mine, and published an analysis of this somewhat unusual a< Argall. I I (1) Bull. U. S. G. S., No. 64, .. 21. (2.) Can. Rec. Sc. Vol. V, 1892-93, pp. 346.347. (3.) Am. Jour. Sc. Vol. XLVII. April, 1894, pi). 312-314. (4.) Kng. t Min. Jour., March 17, 1894, Vol. LVII, pp. 245-246. (5.) Pruo. Col. Sc. Soc., Vol. IV, 1391-92-93, pp. 396-421. 2 n 18 (lEOLCKII' ^L BUBVET OF CASAOA View* lijr Pr..(. .1. V Kini|>. DeUiteil VI!(ATIONN AND t>ucii:rrto!(i 19 titllurKy of liolh ihi< New CaletlonU •mi Hudbury product*, oon< iding with a brief nUteineiit of the compwition and ui«>ii of nickf*l, ( ' In 1901, Dr. A. P. Colotuan nUen cRrtnin pfitrngrnphical del< ii of the nioki'l IxMirin^ eru|>tiv<>and the a.s-KHiiitod greeiHtonei, with -cial refcrcnco to occurrences of thene rockn, lietwoen tlie Stobie and N --kel Mountain niinns. Ho also furnikhea an account of the uiiiieralopical composition n,i'\ character, as revealed l)y the nik'roitcope, of hoii. of the Rei'iH:rit>tirmilion mine. (") KTrylitf by I'WhiMHIt Nknl. In 1902, C. W. Dickson, (1851 Exhibition l-^ « gu -n's University, Xingfltoa, and doing post-graduate wm lit- 8cho i irf Mines, Columbia University, Now York) suc<*»-+> ,,i separaxift^ sperrylite from the unaltered chalcopyrite, obtain at the \'U ori» mines, and thus proved definitely that thu platinnw *>t»aHocibE^1 witfa thb copper sulphide. (") This is in agreement with h* result ^f- i^-A by Walker, tome years previously, to which refw^nce hast ' . --.w- a. made, and also accords with the views of Prof. \ >gt, from . x»t i ^f the various ores from the Norwegian nickelifi=«ri>us pvrrl >^e dv- posits. (') Ai. the meeting of the American Institute '' ^.lainjf Eni? id in Albany in February, 1903, Mr. Chas. V tioksoe to ,4^ rence has already been made, submitted a -, iper entii^t'- T&t- (Jfe Deposits of Sudbury, Ontario.' The information thus I wa» also presented in thu iorm of a thesis ,to obtain thedegi > at Columbia University, New York city. {") Hc| »tion o( fnti! rmlcii. i.yriir t»y P»[*r by C. W. DiokiKm. (1) Ann. Rep. Bur. of Mines, Ont., I'.KK), pp. 213-22-t. (2) .\nn. Rep. Bur. of Mines, Ont., IWl, i>p. 2or,.20f>. (3) Sum. Rep. (Jeol. Surv. Can., KWl, pp. 141-145. (4) ,. „ „ 1002, pp. 2.52-2C7. (5) .\uiBr. .Tour. Sc, Vol. XV, 1903, pp. 430-4S8. (6) .. ,, „ 137-18y. (7) Zeit fUr Prak. Geol. Aug., 19uS, pp. 2r>8-2»». <8) Trans. Am. loft. Min. Eng. (Albany Melting) February, 1903, G3 pp. 2* so (IEOLO«l( AL »UHVBV Of CAIIAPA - ir\ N..W „.......». Thi. pabliction mark. . .lwid«dly n.w d^prtur. »ot ""'y '« j'^ ^:LZ1:' „,,ho.j;of r^roh iuloptad.hut aUo in the r«u»U «>ug l.t to be obUlne.1. Md i< the cmclu.ion. reachml, mh-oi new and .UrtlinK. »nd .1 vHriance with .nany of the preconc«lven'. paper deal., in the fir, «"ll«.ry...r.* , with a general statement of the Sudbury nukd region. Th * '">•"'"""'•• I fol'lowcHl by a .ummary of the con.po.itiou and origin of pyrrhoUt to which i. added a table, showing the percentage of nicke and coba in thi. mineral. Then succeed, a brief .le.cription of the Hudbui pyrrhotit"., with table, indicating the percentage, of n.ckel, cobalt a. copper, not only in the ore of the principal mine., bat also the avera composition of some of the resulting mattes. M ^..ic Mr. Dickwn then discuwes the method, pumued, and the resulU l',S?n ot . i, investigation into the magnetic «,paration of the pyrrhot.M and ••^""""''' a result of these experiment., he conclude, thatallof th.n.cke , m t Sudbury o-^* at least, occurs a. a separate mineral a. d. that in t district there doe. not exUt a true nickelifero,-* pyrrhot.te. u. the .ei that the nickel isomorphously replaces part of the iron .n atmmei In the .econd part of the paper, he adduces strong evidence insupp of his opinion that all of the Sudbury ore deposits are of essentu and pr.lminantly «.condary origin. The evidence adduced is den not only from a study of the larger field occurrences of ho depo and associated rocks, but also fir-^s abundant support in the relat. between the ore. and rock minerals, as seen under the microscope. A comparison i. made of these Sudbury .leposiU with those of R land B. C., and Ducktown, Tenn., which are stated to show m remarkable and essential points of -imilarity, and concerning wl secondary origin, there can be no doubt. ,. r. , • In 1903 nr. A. P. Coleman published his account of 'TheSudl i^aSr/ Nickel De;x>sits', (') giving the re.ults of the field operations ur and deBcnp L . -— ^, ,_,„ tions in 1903. (j, ^n„ Rgp. Bur. of Mines, Ont., 19W, pp. 235-299. Nickel does not rf place iion in pyr- rhotite. Comj»ri»on». " i HltrORV or "IVKLOPMENT 31 \y In tha [ht to b« linu, »nd .kintNl in le author iiicfl ntxl ntigation . the iron 1 h«H \H'en trict, with localities. The rela- f orea. in the first ion. This pyrrhotite, and cobalt, B Hudliury , cobalt and he average taken at the Infitance of the Humau of MiiXM of Ontario, in thn nummer of 1902. Thi« i>, doubtli*a><, the moiit coniprf^hcnHive and saliiifactory detoription of theM dnpnitiiio«ition of the vnriouN o|>«ning« and mining building*. It is aUo accoiupnnied by two rolouri>ol<>gtcnl ninpsi ,j,,„|,^i^^| reprenentativo of the area in the vicinity of the Copper Cliff und ""M'".,"' *'"»'• „, . ,. .>■ .., !• r ('lilf iiii'l ntobie mines. It ts not oonsuiered nn- '"Wary in this connection, to siolm. iiiiiic» sunironrizH the reiult* of this work, iim thu publication is of luch recent date, and readily available to any one who dnsircs to take odvanta^^ of this information ; and no one interpsted in the geologicitl and petrogrnphical problpnis involvtMl, Hhould bo withr. Coleman will again Knrtliir continue this work, with the intention of ultimately publisliingamono- ',''."[',''^|. graph, which will ccmtain, in succinct form, all essential information in m^ui. regard to tbeso deposits, which have figured ko largely in the ur.uing industrial development of Canada. nrk ,e results of ttite, and as ickel, in the that in this ill the sense at mineral. « in support ; essentially id, is derived the deposits the relations jroscope. hose of Ross- show many irning whose The Sudbury ations under- HisTORV OK Dkvklopment. The presence of large deposits of nickel and coppei, in tho vicinity |>„|,||p „,„.„. of the town of Sudbury, and close to the boundary between the l>is- ti'm iittiiut.|>|«T in o 1770. had been formed and attempts made to mine this metal, but the difficulty of procuring and maintaining miners, at so great a distance from any centre of civilization, the remoteness of any market for the ore, HS well as the absence of facilities for transportation, were in themselves amply sufficient causes, if none other existed, to render these first attempts abortive. However, in 1846, owing to the activity in prospecting and locating mineral lands, on the southern shore of Lake Superior, and a favourable report by Mr. W. E. Logan, then newly appointed Provincial Geologist, some enterprising Canadians banded themselves together into two associations called ' The ilont- real Mining Company ', and ' The Upper Canada Mining Company.'' The former company purchased, amongst others, what was then Work started known as ' The Bruce Mines Location ', and, on account of the ap- parent richness of the deposit, decided to commence active work at this locality, while the Upper Canada Company proceeded to develop and work what was known as the ' Wallace Mine', near the mouth of the Whitefish river, on Lake Huron. The Wallace mine was the choice of a number of locations, owned by the same company, on the noith shore of Lake Huron, and was selected on account of its promising character and proximity to civilization. It is chiefly remarkable as having been the first place in Canada, in which the presence of nickel was detected. After sinking a shaft to the depth of between 60 and 90 feet, and the opening up of a few pits to test the size of the deposit, all work was abandoned, and has not been resumed since, as the quantity of ore encountered in these operations did not seem to warrant any further expenditure. Murray's In his report for 1856, Mr. Alex. Murray,'(') thus refers to certain ''Tithwe6t"rn^ outcrops of sulphide bearing rocks, which were long afterwards shown extension to be the southwestern extension of the now famous Creighton minrin 18™!. Nickel mine. ' At the fifth mile a dingy green magnetic trap, with a large amount of iron pyrites, forms a ridge, and that rock with syenite, continues in a succession of ridges to the seventh mile, beyond which the country becomes low and marshy. Previous to my visit to White- fish lake, I had been informed by Mr. Salter that local attraction of the magnet had been observed by himself, while he was engaged in running the meridian line, and he expressed it to be his opinion that the presence of a large body of iron ore was the immediate cause. When, therefore, I came to the part indicated by Mr. Salter, I made (1) R«i). Geol. Surv. Can. 18.5356, pp. 180-181. i Vi,' ^ BISTORT OF DEVELOPMENT 23 a very careful examination, not only in the direction of the meridian line, but for a considerable distance on each side of it, and the result of my examination was that the local attraction, which I found exactly as described by Mr. Salter, was owing to the presence of an immense mass of magnetic trap. The c )mpass was found while traversing these trap ridges, to be variation of deflected from its true bearing upwards of ten degrees at several parts, ^;,",'',!,';^^!'/° and in one place it showed a variation of fifteen degrees west of the eau»e. true meridian, or about twelve degrees from the true magnetic north. Specimens of this trap have been given to Mr Hunt for analysis, and the result of his investigations shows tiiat it contains magnetic iron ore and magnetic iron pyrites, generally disseminated through the rock, tlie former in very small grains ; titaniferous iron was found in asso- ciation with the magnetic ore, and a small quantity of nickel and cop- per with the pyrites. It was remarked that notwithstanding the Towerful influence of this magnetic mass in causing a general local attraction, the contact of fragments of it with the compass, although producing a slight effect, rarely occasioned any remarkable agitation of the needle.' The line referred to in the above description, was what was once V.iaitionof known as ' Salter's Meridian line ', and the exact position of these out- ' '■'""*'*• crops of mineralized ' trap ', on the line, is in the first concession, on the boundary l)etween Snider and Creight jn townships. It can thus be seen, that even at this early period of its history, the otficers of the Geological Survey were aware of the existence of nickel in this region, an I had pointed out the probability, that workable deposits would be found. (1) Years passed by, and the inaccessible nature of the country deterred inaccessible prospectors from making any very detailed explorati . or examination, J^Ctry before so that it was not until 188.3, when the Canadian Pacific R:iilway was \^^'^^^ in course of construction, that the first discoveries of any consequence were made, since which time, the whole belt characterized by the pre- sence of the Huronian rocks in the Sudbury district, has been overrun with eager prospectors and miners. A not infrequent accident in newly settled districts, led to the first ruscevery of important discovery. Judge McXaughton, lale Stipendiary Magis- ^}^'i;^^^^^^_ trate at Sudbury, had been lost in the woods to the west of the town, and a diligent search was at once instituted for him. A party, consis- ting of Dr. Howey and two others, found the judge seated on the (1.) Kep. Geo. Sur. Can. 1848-49, p. 03. 24 GEOLOGICAL 8DBVKY OF CANADA I ^1 li ^ ^' OpinionH by Drs. Selwyn andGirdwood Dr. Howcy's disapiioint- ment Discovery of Murray mine li; I small eminence which then marked the site of what is now known as the Murray mine. Dr. Howey's natural curiosity and geological turn of mind are well known to all his friends, and it is not surprising, there- fore, that having overcome his anxiety on the Judge's account, he should turn his attention to the neighbouring rooks. Looking down at the knoll, which had served as a resting place for the tired wanderer, he noticed that the rook composing it contained abundant impregna- tions of what appeared to be a valuable ore of copper. More critical examination still, convinced him, that he had discovered amine and hastily securing some representative samples, he exhibited them to Drs. Girdwood and Selwyn, who happened to be in the neighbourhood, and either of whom he considered fully competent to pronounce with autho- rity as to the economic value or possibilities of his find. Dr. Girdwood, it may be remarked, was, at the time, one of the chief metiical advisers of tt 3 Canadian Pacific Railway, and a well kno-vn authority on che- mistry and mineralogy. Dr. Selwyn, then Director of the Geological Surv- . accompanied Dr. Girdwood, in order to obtain the npcessary transportation facilities, enabling him to make a geological reconnais- sance of the area in the vicinity of the railway. To Dr. Howey's surprise, they informed him that the pyrrhotite which formed such a large proportion of his samples, was practically valueless, that the only meUl of importance which might be present in such a mineral was nickel, and that past experience with similar ores in Canada and else- where, had taught them, that this was always present in such small amount as not to permit of its profitable extraction. Turning their attention to the chalcopyrite, which was also represented in his samples, both these gentlemen agreed, that although it was a valuable ore of copper, the mineral was not present in sufficient quantity to pay for working. Thoroughly convinced of the soundness of their advice, but disappointed at the unexpected result. Dr. Howey took t.c ."urther action in the matter, ridiculing in a quiet way the earnest aad per- sistent efforts of others to interest capital in the immense economic possibilities of this and similar deposits afterwards found. One can imagine his chagrin, therefore, and sympathize with his mortification, when subsequent development demonstrated that both these gentle- men, whose scientific attainments could not be called in question, had been rather hasty in their judgment, although from a wide experience with the composition of pyrrhotites in general, they had been right in thus expressing their opinion. Early in 1884, the Canadian Pacific Railway made a cutting for their main line through this small hill (Murray mine), about 3i miles northwest of Sudbury, and on July 12th of the same year, Dr. Selwyn BISTORT OP DEVELOPMENT 25 made a careful examination of the location, and, sUted to the writer, some yearn afterwards, that he had pronounced the lode to be one of ^,^„?f^;"y" " the most promising he had yet seen iu Canada. No such opinion, however, was ever published, although it is quite possible that the greater facility of examination caused by the cutting for the railway. and the massiveness of the deposit thus exposed, reversed his previous judgment of the ore body in question. (') Other discoveries soon followed, and the McConuell, Lady Macdonald, Otlier mines Stobie, Blezard, Copper ClifiF and Evans mines were all located. At " first, tbe wildest notions were entertained as to the extent of these deposits, and the most exaggerated reports circulated as to their value. It was even confidently asserted that these were immensely important discoveries, and would revolutionize the whole copper trade, and render pj^jt reports other mines then in operation quite unremunerative. Rounded hills of ^"^y^^j^j gossan, indicating the presence of the more solid and unaltered ore beneath, occur at intervals for miles in a southwesterly direction, con- forming rudely to the strike of the stratified or foliated rocks, in the vicinity. This circumstance i.' all that seems to have justified the early discoverers in describing the deposits as veritable mountains of solid ore, many miles in extent and hundreds of feet thick. During the interval which has elapsed since the first discovery was made, pros- pectors have not been idle, and their efforts have been rewarded by the location of three large belts or masses of the sulphide bearing norite. Until lately, these have been considered as entirely separate and Fom 'jf^^^ distincc from one another, but the later geological work is tending to ing eruptive. prove their connection as one continuous ellipsoidal band, the central portion of which is now occupied by tufaceous slates and sandstones, coloured provisionally as of Cambrian age. The history of the development of mining in the Sudbury district Histor> of * ,. -, _, e 't. i.\^ develoinnciit. is, in the main, that of the Canadian Copper Company, for it was the rXspecimen collected at the time by Ur. S.lwyn from the cutting on tlie rail- way at the Murray mine, wa« examined by Dr. Hoffmann, who says ' It consisted of magnetic-pyritex and .'opiwr-pyrites, in .association with a (larli gray finegrained diorito and a grayish green chloritic schist ; a few of the fragments were m parts, coat«-^ Gold mere traces. g;j^,^p 2 187 oz. to the ton of 2,000 lbs. (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Can. Vol. I, 1885, Part M, pp. 10-21. S6 OEOLOfllCAL SURVEY OF CANADA !^ I Cannlian Copper Co. (irgAnized. Mining start- ed at Copper Cliff. First blast furnace. Xo. 2 mine started. Evans r.\ne closetl down. flrst combination of capital which seriously undertook the business of mining in this aren, while, at the same time, having the distinction of being the only corporation, which has contioucd its operations without serious interruption, from the commencement until the present time. The McAllister mine, later called the Lady Mactlonald mine, (now No. 4 mine of the Canadian Copper Company's group), situated on the north side of the lake of the same name, on lot I, con. III., of the township of Snider, was the first property on which any work was done in the summer of 1885, although later in the fall, the Evans mine, about two and a half miles farther south in the same township, was opened up ami some preliminary tests made. On January o, 1886, the Canadian Copper Company was formed, with a subscribed and paid up capital of .?2,000,000, which was afterwards increased to ^2,500,000, to operate the Copper Clifti Stobie and Evans mines. On May 1st, ISi'G, work was starteil the Canadian Copper Company's mines, and with the excep- tion of some minor stoppages, this mine was in continuous operation from the date of its opening in 1886, until November, 1901, when it ciosetldown closed down and has remained so ever since. The reason for this ces- '" '•'**1- sation of operations does not appear to be that the end of the deposit has been reached, but because the quality of ote which it supplies is not needed in the present smelting operations. The Creighton mine Very large , , , i_ • . • u -1 • supply of ore is at present the main source of supply, and this mine with its equip- f^,„ creigh- ment allows for a production of between 500 and 600 tons of ore per ton mine. day, and Dr. Coleman is authority for the statement that for some time in 1902, the output from this mine alone reached 17,000 tons per month. The old or original Copper Cliff still continues to supply about 1,000 tons of ore per month, obtained mainly from the 13th and Uth levels, the lattor workings being 1,052 feet below the surface ; but even at this depth the ore body shows no serious diminution, either in size or richness. No. 2 mine and the Frood (No. 3), complete the list of mines from which at present the supply of ore is drawn. The mines of this company, not in use at present, must not all be considered as ! ! ' 4 28 IncFPaw' in Binclting equipment nt Ui>l>l»'r Cliff. Ka»t Smelter aban(l(in«d. Pyritic smelting. OKOLOOICAL SURVEY OP CANADA Inatall.ition of OntariiiSmelt- ing Workd in 1900. Formation of International Niekel Co. having been permanently abandoned, but the openings now utilized produce an ample supply of the sulphide material of the various gradet suitable for smelting. This activity in mining at Copper Cliff, and the steady increase in the production of ore, necessitated constant additions to the smelting equipment, as well as the erection of new and suitable buildings for the accommodation of the new blast furnnr .. We thus Hnd, that, be- sides the enlargement of the old or East Smel: or, where three new fur- naces were installed in addition to the two already mentioned, an en- tirely new structure known as the West Smelter, was built in 1899. At first, this building had room for only 4 furnaces, but this was quick- ly enlarged, and the furnace capacity doubled. The site chosen for this now building, was on the slope of the hill about 300 feet south- east of the No. 2 mine rock house, the deep valley to the south pro- viding a convenient and ample dumping ground for the slag. Since the inauguration of this smelter, the one at the east end of the works is being gradually abandoned, and much of the old plant has already been removed to the site of the new building. The work done at this place, since the suspension of operations in the beginning of 1902, has been rather spasmodic, and has consisted mainly in the pro- duction of a low grade matte known as ' spilt matte.' Thus, several of the furnaces at this smelter were being employed in producing this matte from June, 1902, until the end of the year. lu addition, two of the furnaces have been engaged from time to time, making experiments in the way of smelting the ore pyritically. It is hoped, by this method, to reduce the coke to 3 or 4 per cent of the charge, by using a hot blast and an oxidizing atmosphere in the blast furnace, and utilizing the heat developed by the burning of the sulphur and iron of the ore, for the smelting. In the fall of 1900, the plant of the Ontario Smelting Works was installed by the Orford Copper Com- pany, an organization closely relatetl to the Canadian Copper Compa- ny. The works, as completed, are designed to further refine the first or lower grade matte, produced by the blast furnaces of the Canadian Copper Con:; y, using as a flux, the silicious ore from the Massey Copper mine. Perhaps, the most important event in the development of the nickel industry^ either in this district or elsewhere, occurred in April, 1902, when after negotiations, covering a period of several months, the Inter- national Nickel Company was organized under the laws of the State of New Jersey, to consolidate and control the nickel production of the world. The following properties were included in the new organiza- I' t I i HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT 39 tion :— The Canadian Copper Company ; the Orford Copper Company, with reduction works at Bayonne, N.J. ; the Anglo-American Iron Company, and the Vermilion Mining Company, in Canada ; the Ame- rican Nickel Works, in Camden, N.J. ; the Nickel Corporation, Limit- ed, and the Soci^t^ Miniere Caledonienne, in New Caledonia. Dur- ing 1902, and 1903, mining operations were considerably curtailed, ex- cept in the case of the Creighton mine, where the production has been brisk ever since it was tirst opened. This has permitted c .-tain very M^"'"?^^^ necessary explorations of many of the ore deposits, by diamond drilling c|"r{^\i'eT and testing shafts. The results of these experiments, have added very largely to the detaile;«;;'«^";';''« ment of the mining and metallurgical operations of this pioneer com. Canadian jjany, in the nickel industry in Canada. From the start, their work has Copi.rCo. always been characterized by energetic and business-like methods, and ir at the present time, thr seem to have gained control of more than their fair share of the a ..lable nickel bearing area, which likewise includes many of the mines producing the largest supplies of high grade nickel ore, the result must not be attributed to chance or a series of fortunate circumstances, but is rather the strongest evidence of the keen busin«8s foresight of the originators of the enterprise, and an . abiding faith in the permanence of the nickel mining in this district. It must not, however, be assumed that all of the available or even important deposits of nickel-copper sul-)liides, have passed under the control of the International Nickel Company, for besides the Victoria mines of the Mond Nickel Company, which still conUin a very large reserve of high grade ore, there are many others throughr the dis- trict which are capable of economic development fc more or less per- manent mines. Suspension of operations, so often recorded in the his- tory of the mining development of the district, does not in all or even a majority of cases, imply a failure in the ore supply, but is oftener to be attributed to a waste of capital, owing to lack of business judgment, and the need of a technical knowledge of the difficulties to be encoun- tered in both the mining and smelting departments. Moreover, many of the deposits have been condemned, because they failed to give a pro- per return for the capital invested, when all that was available of the Utter was utilized in costly experiments, to discover new methods of smelting or refining. Past experience in this district has shown that All iiin)ortftnt depcMiU do not belong to International Nickel Co. Reasons fur suspension of operations. Necessity for large reserves of ore. 30 OEOLOfilCAL 8URVEV OK CAXADA success ond permanency in the mining and smelting operations of any company, can only be secured by the possession of large reserves of ore, preferably obtained from different mines or deposits. In this way, not only is a constiint supply of ore assured, butdiverhity in compaxilion is po'siblo thus enabling a judicious s.'leclion of the difl'eront grades, whose mixture in the proper proportions, promotes successful and economic smelting. In addition to the deposits which are still available along the South- ern Range, most of which are in various stages of development, there Nun^NTck.! are other apparently very largo and important ore b.xlies, situated Knnge. ^j^^^g jj,g ^ijjdio range (in I.«vack townshij.) ; and others again on the Northern Nickel Range which are cerUinly wi.rthy of close attention and which sr-eni destined, in the near future, to be <• ^iked as mines. The lack of transportation facilities has, up to the present, prevented any deep mining woik being done, but the surface indications an-* geo- logical conditions are entirely favourable to the existence of large ore bodies, which, although perhaps not attaining the phenomenal dimen- sions of the Creighton mine, will nevertheless prove of sufficient magni- tude to form valuable mines. Tni|xirtant dilKjitits on L«-vack iiml Henry II. Vivian arati- vely low grade blast furnace matte (averaging 9.4 per cent nickel and lilNTOUV OF KKVELOPMKNT SI 4.7 per cent copper), thus preventing nn undue Ioh* o{ the melaU in the sliijj," ami subsequently iKssseujeriziiig tliiit into a Ncconil or lii^her grtule matte (uverajjina; nearly 75 per cent of the coraVjined nictiilf* or alwut 49 per cent nickel ai.d '26 per cent eopp«'r). For tliis second concentrition of tlie niotullic contentn, tlio S'ivians were tlie first to miiko u»e of the ManhtM furnace or converter in 1891. Mitiini; iind <''», and Junuary, 1897, however, the smelter was engaged in producing matte from ultout (l.OOO tons of ore which had been roasted by the Vivians. This product was shipped to Mr. Joseph Wharton, of Camden, N. J., to whom it hud been sold. The purchase of the Murray mine by this old established and well l'iircli»«> of known firm of Welsh smelters, wa.s regarded by all as marking a dis- i,y Vivians of tinct epoch in the history of nickel mining in Canada. Their wide f,'i'^|,','u!"''"" experience in all branches of metallurgical industry, seemet] to augur district. well for the succe.s.s, not only of tlicir own individual enterprise, but their preiience in the district, promised to bo of immense assistance to others similarly engaged in the mining and s nelting of these nickel and copper sulphides. The difficulties which always attend the initia- tion of a new undertaking, were in evidence from the very beginning of the business of nickel mining, and were of that nature, which required the exercise of just such ripe technical knowledge as the Vivians were sure to possess. Moreover, such a significant acknowle*]g- ment of the success and permanence of nickel mining in Canada, on the pan of a firm whose sphere of activity in mining and 8Di(>ltiiig had extended to all parts of the known world, could not fail to have a most marked influence on all subsequent mining operations in the district. It was, therefore, to say the least, bitterly disappointing, that from the ('.mm of very outset, a seeming lack of energy, and often even of ordinary busi- ness ability, on the part of those who had control of the work, was a subject of common remark, being in marked contrast to the alert methods characterizing the operations of the rival corporation, the Canadian Copper Company. This was evident in almost every depart- ment of the work, and the apparent lack of technical knowledge and business capacity on the part of this firm, from whom so much had been expected, could not be very well understood by the ordinary ^vpatdv of observer. On the other hand, the management entrusted with the mauafrinitnt, conduct of affairs at the mine, complained of want of interest and attention on the part of the authorities in England, bu*^^, whatever the real cause or combination of causes, the ' "^rprise was not attended with the success anticipated, and which shou. have been reasonably 32 OEOLOOICAL BURVEY Or CANADA Ort' Ktill pre- •i-iit ill liiw" r |i'\elii uf iiiiiif Ik I of ort.'. Livly Viiili't mine. BxD€ct«l The final decUion of the company to close down and with- Zwlfo. the hu^ine.. of mining in Canada, cam- a. a "i-Unct . ock to all U.o.e who were inv..re.ted in -eeing the permanency of the n.ckel mining e.ubH.hed. The failure of these operat.ons must -Mhe«^ fore, i attributed, a. some have .upp<>se a certain extent to bring about the un<^.«rab le ,^„lt It «eems altogether rea«>nable to suppos. »».at a con..dorablo Zntityofore is still present, both in the lower .evels of the nnne, Twlas below these workings at depths which have not yet been ^achi by the mining explorations so ^'-"<'-^f -^;'''''• ' 7jf. 1,0 profltaWy mined in conjunction with other -lepos.U. In th, . . Irtbe Vivians were at a manifest desad vantage an con.pareil ^& 31 CLIZ C.;per Company, tho varied ^or.^^^^^^^ rr..t.rof the ore. from whose -••fferent mmes 1>«^°".^^«^; ''f^ "^ avoured,themixtureH .hich - seemingly »oo,senual for U^^^uc^ ces^ful and economical sm-lting of these sulph.do ores In addaion Hhe Murray mine, the Viviaa, owned the nickel and -jr ^eP^' t known as the I^y Violot mine, situated on the north half o Ut 1 en IV of the township of Sr.ider, about 1 J miles south wes of the Murray mine. The mining, however, undertaken at ^h" ^ocah y -- sUted chiefly of stripping, the sinking of trial shafts, and othe, preh- TilTry devLpment wofk. A blacksmith's shop and some temporary residences were the only buildings erected. Some rather ex -ensive diamond drill exploration wcrk was subse- l)i«,..o,„l .Irill Some rather ex-e Directors in England, at explorati.m at ouentW undertaken by order of the Boara oi wire e, Murray .lul J^ J ^^j I^dy Violet mines, but unfortunately, the diffe- ^nt sTtes for tl^ drill, as well as the angles of inclination and d.rec ton 7the Wholes, were determined by some of these same d.rec- ! Vnlund whose only means of guidance in this selection, seems Thl et n ntpl oUhe t'wo properties in question but without any Te^ xtTnded pc'rsonal knowledge of the actual geolog.ca cond.^on. pSaUing .t th^e olaces. As might have been expected, from opera- tiorcarfiedon under such adverse conditio .. no important ore bo- d^wer encountered, nor was any information of matenal value ol. dies were assistance either to the owners or to any ":lt bu7r TLlilond drill used belonged to the Ontario prospective buye^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^, conditions government aad was Wed to begun on the 2nd of DecemV.r, 1898. :lr:^wokontnu^ until the mh of June, 1890. t^e numl^r of Syst^^al boring being 212. of 10 hours each. In all. «ght holes Lwly miiitu ray »iu i-Vi inlet Cost of diamond drillinif. IIINTORY OV DKVKLyPWKNT 3.1 were put down, having an ft«gre«ate depth of 1,U6 feet, which co.1 on an average 1*265 pt-r foot. (1) Since the ah.indonm.Mit of active mining, the property h«« l«ci. under f "• <"k';f »' the charge of Mr. , wliile a pump lia« kppt most of the levck comparatively free from water. Doininioii Mineral Coiiipany. Tlu! noiiiinioti Mineral Company corom.-ncfd mining nperotionn in lj.»«t,oiinf the summer of 188l>, on a. d('iK>Mt ..t nickel and copper ore known a« the Blezard mine, occurring on lot », con. [I., of Ulezard lownH'iip, alKiut l\ mile.i north of the Stol.io mine, at the Houthern edge of the Main or Southern Kangc of norit.', which hero comci in cont.ict with the older diorites and hornblende schists. A xmelter was. xoon huilt, with a furnace capacity of T-'O t.. \r,0 tons daily. Four shafts were ^unk V^^^^^^ "f at this mine, the deepest of which heejno to have reached a point \~2 feet lielow the surface. Most of the ore .«-cured, however, was hy means t)f a series of large open pits which are at present tilled with (•„„,, „.iti.,„ water. The "kies " or metallic jHirtion of the ore thus obtained is " ""• said to have averaged about I per cent nickel and J per cent copper. For reasons which have l,een differently stated, mining operations were discontinued in the summer of 1893, and have not lieen resumed sime (V,.ati(in ..f The smelter, however, at this mine, was kept running until July, I8;).'j, '■i"'"""*- on ore brought chiefly from the Worthington mine. The total pro. rr"•«• From the two shafts, one of which reached a depth of 100 feet, and the other 175 feet below the surface, as well as from two adjoining (1) Ann. Rep. Bur. of Mine* Ont., 1901, pp. 53 * 86. 3 n^ton r i \ 'i S4 ( Wi>rtliiiiirt<>ti mini'. C">ttil'll i)( iiri' 111 SVtirtliiiitfton mill''. Wiiik »t CaiiiiToii mine. CfKfMlti'tU »>f milling. W..ikl>y Alxipiiiii Niik.l C'l .top« and connecting levek • con.id.r.bl. .. ..ount of unu.u.Uy high «rJa7»r« w« ol.Uim.,1, which ha. b.*n Mti.n»t«l by Dr. CoUman »t Oft 000 t.,n.. The ,,yrrhotit« .HiurrinK nt thi. ii.in« w "ft*n pheno- n.«'n«ll, ..i«h in niclcel. chi.-rty owin, to .bun.Untly <";"-";;";';'' P"'"; tlamlif, and the Hr,t r.coBnition .,. thi. mineral in the dWtrut wa. by l)r T L. Walker, in the ore prmurinl fr.m. thi. n.ine by the writer in 1891. and to which reference l.a« .lr..«.ly U-en made. The analy.i. of thi. ,,..ntlanaite by Walker .bowed .1(. ^r .ent nukel but an examination of nome large ma.»e. of ore obtaine,! at a deplU of 85 feet Ulow the surface, ami conKi^ting of |.yrrh.,tite w.lh a oon.lde^ rable proportion of pentlandite. wlrch could bo readily disce-nel. showed ,7.H ,K.r cent of nickeK In IH91. a .hipment of raw o.o wan made from thin mine of V>:\ ton., which conUined 10 jH..r cent n.ckel and 3 per cent cop,H..r. I.irge m.^He. of practically pure .hulc.pyrUe were L obUined.and a conrnde-able quantity of «uch or« .. .tat.d by Manager Attwood to have been .hipH- '»''«"y"'8 ^^ ^' """^ ^"''P" and 2 '5 j«'r cent nickel. In the fall of 189-4. »ome dovVlopment work wa. done by thi-. Hame company, at the Can.eron mine, on lot V, con. I. of IMezard town«h,p nearly two miles southwest of the Mlezard mine. A nhaft wa. Hunk a distance of r,.-i feet with a drift G6 feet in length. The real reason for the cessation of work at both the WorthinKton and Blez.ml m.ne. .« very ditBcult to ascertain, but bad business manasement wa. responn- ble in large part for many of their d.tficuhie. during tl.e.e nun.ng operation.. Indivi.lual members of the con.pany Bt*te that the pre- sent idleness of the.e properties is because no dec.s.on sa .sfactory to all parties can be reached by the board of directors so that work^ ing under these conditions is i,ap.s.il.l.., an.l they would I* mchned to sell. Son,e of the other companies who carried on mining and in some cases smelting operations for a time, shortly after the reco«mt.on of this area as a mining district deserve a passing mention in this connec ""one of these, the Algoma Nickel Company, in 1891, under an option secured from the owners of the property, sank four sha ts vary.ni,' m depths from 12 to X> feet uml aggregating 84 feet in all, besu.es some slier openings or test pits on lot 11, con. V., ot the township o line. No large body of ore wa.s. however, met w. n as a result of this development work, the sulphid-s apparently occurring as unusually rich impregnations, which, if continuous, might prove an economic pos- , 5^;,;,/ The.se sulphides occur in connection with what is seemingly the southwestern extension of the «.me mass or band ot nonte on HinOHV or DBTRLOPMRNT 3S which th« Worthington nnd Mitchsner miiiM are nitukted Work WM »b«ndoned, li-aving urn pilnn Hgi;ri-t(iiting about '>00 tons in weight. Awutys of »n ftvenmo xmnplit in th<- UlMiratury of the Survny xliowtnl r05 per cent nickel, with trncen of cuhult. The hrury Niik«l C'linipuny purchiiHod tlie dejioitit known bh the |in„y vicWhI Chic»g<> miles north of Worthington xtation, on the Huult briinch of the Canatliiin I'aciHc railway. Mo-.t of the ore wan iniiii'd by nieanx Mining ii> of open cut.H, on« of wliioh had u doptli of MO fur'<. A roast- yard was prepared, suila'ole Ipulldingtt ereclwl, and the plant in!ilalled nece»sary for permanent mining, but in spite of all this, the ndne closed down in 1H;>2. In lx'J3, after lying idle for nearly a year, some a(hlitional mining and smelting wan undertaken, but this was also soon abandoned. On May :J0, ISlKi, work wa.s again resumed, the company Tnll Njck.l being reorganized under the name of the Trill Nickel .Mining and Ma- ■M,',"",y.''I'''ii. nufacturing Company, und the deposit it elf was rechristcned the Inez mine. An elevatwl tramway, IJ miles long, was built from Wor- I"*"'- m""'- thington station, for conveying .supplies to the mine, and the pnxiuct of the mine, in turn, to the station. It was possible, by means of this tramway, for a single horse to haul two cars, euch containing two tons, and to make two round trips, each way, daily. .M ining and smelting con- tinued briskly again, for a while, but before August, isy", work was again stopped and has not since been resumed. From time to time, mention is made of the ' Big I>.>vack proper- i^.v»ck mine.. ties,' thus referring to certii" deposits of nickoliferous pyrrhotile, which were discovered early in tne history of the district in the town- ship of Levack, but none of which have bet^n sutHcienlly developed to be dignified by the nanie of " mine. " From lime to time, liowdver, considerable work has l>een done and examinations made, with a view to possible purchase, but for various reason.s, the properties are at pre- sent lying idle and without any present prospect of being opened up in the near future. The deposits in question are .situated along the Wimly Uke northern junctiim of what has sometimes been called the Windy lake ^ '' ' '' eruptive or Middle I'elt of the nickel-bearing norite, althi)Ugli it i.spos. sible that this is a portion of the huge ellipsoidal band, and the south- H { gj fj r M f 7*w I , i SiirfftCf iiiili- catiiiUK iiiiuiiiK till' \o-nt in tiif district. CliiiriicttT of iirt- Uixly. Kxaiiiin.itiiMi iiiid work liv Alfred M'iriy C(miiHisilii:tiiiond ihilliiitf not always siiti: fiutory. I'ii)lialiilit largi' iMi' IkkIics in Ijcvat-k. 3g (JEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA wenu-rn continuation of the Northern Nickel Range The surface indi- It Is are undoubtedly a.nong the be«t iu the district, an.l th. .^ve^ Cnent work so far undertaken has exposed a very largo amount of Z Ire nickeliferous pyrrhotite, with little or no rocky ad.n.xture. The '3y ashe additional advantage that chalcopyr.t. or.ns Inlv a c^S^rat vely sn.all proportion of the whole. The first, and pro- only a con.parau y ^ i ^ ^ , ji^n ^ork in connection with bably the most extensive -i.i.n- -xplorauon w ,,„ u„ m^ A ' .• ,, . .rtRlcBii n. t'^;;' andareport made by Mr. A. *::/Tu H. V ':-:rc:, :,.y. ... ..,. «.l™ .< «. „rop.rt,- :Morj, o n. 11. removal of portions TliU work consisted ot r.ti !M\e si-npf- i^i "" ! he o er "ng drift m,. -..' 'K. opening up of numerous crosscuts, t e 1 Id test pits. The average assay of a nun.ber of typical sam- Z My Mr. Merry, showed the presence of 3.8G per cent of nickel ^^ h thotite. with a.l per cent of copper. Assays n.ade in t 1 .t/rv of the Survey show the nickel to vary from \M to 4.1J rrTtelw.' figure containing considerable gangue, while to 1 or suits were obtained from the solid, coarse-grained pyrrloU e Fa Iv in 1901, some of these locations were exannned by means of dia m^ddil explorati.m, under option by the MondNic.el Company Zt to the disappointment of all who were concerned in the welfa e of he district, this con.pany deci.«e""■ lots 10 and 11, con. III., of the township of Trill, and is connected by wagon road, by way of the Inez or Tnwers mine, with Worthing- ton station, which is about 13 miles distant. In 1898, the deposit which was named the Kirkwood mine, situated MiuinK m on lot 8, con. III., of the township of Garson, at the southern edge of ^"^'^'"" the main or southern belt of norite, along the same line of junction as the Blezard and Beatrice mines, was opened. Three shafts were sunk, the deepest of which was rather less than cO feet. A substantial rock house and other suitable mining buildings were erected, but for lack of sufficient capital the work has not proceeded further. w&tmto» ^i i 1 ; f 88 UKOLOOICAL 8URVBT OF CANADA Great L»ktis CopixT Co. purcnaso i>f and work at Mount Nickel mine. Eqni[inicnt and smelting at Mount Nickel. On October 5, 1899, the Great lakes Copper Company was or- ganized, and purchased the property known as the Mount Nickel mine, comprising lots and 6, con, II., of the township of Blezard. They also purchased « hat was known as the " Trill Property," consisting of lots 9 and 10, in cons. III., and IV., of the township of Trill in the district of Algoma. The Mount Nickel mine was chosen as the scene of the drst mining operations, and this deposit was developed by means of two open cuts and a shaft, which eventually reached a depth of about 165 feet, with certain levels and drifts, from all of which considerable ore was obtained. It is also stated that diamond drill explorations subsequently undertaken revealed the presence oC a good supply of ore. The mine was equipped with all the machinery and other appliances for carrying on extensive mining operations. The smelting works were built from original designs, by Anton Graf, of Vienna, and it was proposed to produce high grade matte a^ one operation, from ores which had received no previous roasting. This method of smelting failed, and in May, 1901, all operations ceased, and have not been resumed since. Work by III the latter part of 1899, it was announced that a strong company, Hoepfnir y^jer the title of the Hoepfner Refining Company, with a capital of i'nd the^ "' $10,000,000, had been formed in Hamilton, to refine nickel-copper Nickel Copper ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^j^^^. ^^^^ j^^^^ j^^^^j^ ^g^e to be recovered by electro- lytic methods discovered by Dr. Carl Hoepfner. The Nickel Copper Company, of Hamilton, also organized about the same time, were to furnish the necessary supply of nickel-copper matte. Unfortunately, however, Dr. Hoep " is unable to so perfect his methods as to permit of its econo ■ ication on a large scale, ami the Nickel Copper Company toe matter of experimenting into their own hands. The services of Mr. Hans A. Frasch were obtained, who devised what is known as the " Frasch Process." This method like- wise, ..Ithough possible under ordinary conditions of laboratory prac- tice, as was demonstrated at a public exhibition held on September 3, 1900, was not capable of commercial application. The operations of the Nickel Copper Company came to an end in 1901, owing to the complete failure of the new self roasting plant erected near Worthing, ton station. Lake Superior Power Company. For some time after the opening of the pulp mills at Sault Ste. Prop* 5al9 rcrr Operations ceased in 1901, rropc saii* lor ..^ ^ work by Lake Marie, the Lake Superior Power Company were content to manu- Superior - • • ... i - - j Powpr Cn facture mechanical pulp, but discovering that there was a large and LAKE SUPERIOR POWER COMPANY 39 growing demand for sulphite pulp, it was decided to at once enter upon its manufacture. The proximity of the sulphide deposits at Sudbury, suggested that the sulphur which was necessary for the pro- duction of this pulp might be most profitably extracted from these ores, and at ihe same time yield a by-product of very great value. The preliminary experiments with the nickeliferous pyrrhotite were con- vincing that sufficient sulphur dioxide could be procured from this mineral by roasting, while at the same time the roasted ore or residue, consisting essentially of a mixture of iron and nickel with only a com- paratively small percentage of sulphur, could be mixed with lime and charcoal and smelted in electric furnaces to feiro-nic! 1. It was intended at the time to employ this alloy in the production of steel rails, which it was proposed to manufacture in large quantities. An inspection of all the available deposits of ui< eliferous pyrrhotite seemed to indicate that the property afterwards known as the Ger- trude mine was peculiarly adapted to meet the necessities of the case in hand. In 1899, therefore, the Lake Superior Power Company purchased this mine, and immediately proceeded to develop the deposits which were situated on the S. h of lota .3, 4 and 5, of concession I, of the township of Creighton, a little over twelve miles west of Sudbury. The preliminary examinations and first development work showed an unusual predominance of a high grade nickeliferous pyrrhotite, with comparatively little of the objectionable copper in the form of inter- mixed chalcopyrite. As mining operations proceeded, however, more chalcopyrite was encountered, and the deposit gradually assumed the usual characteristics of those elsewhere in the district, and the copper contents assumed too large a prt^jortion to permit of the successful carrying on of the first proposal. Repeated experiments were made with many car loads of raw materi;'.l shipped to the works at the Sault for this purpose, but it was finally decided to adopt the ordinary pro- cesses of smelting in use elsewhere throughout the district, producing a blast furnace matte averaging about "29 per cent of the combined metals, the proportion of nickel being about double that of the copper- In 1900, the development of the Gertrude mine was continued, but the necessity of transportation facilities greatly hampered those operations. Two shafts were sunk, one attaining a depth of 120 feet, and the other of 80 feet, with several levels and drifts. In the spring of 1901, the Manitoulin and North Shore railway reached his mine, and work was conducted much more energetically. Rori- iiients at ■ Saiilt." ( )rdinary siiii'ltintf nii'thxd a.l..|.t.,l. Vtining (lf\»*l('piiient ;>t (iertrude Oiienin^ of KU'w mine. I 40 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA i 2 1 i I SmeltinK at Gertrude mine. Cessation ot oi»eratioiis. Discovery carbon monoxide procPHs. ed up The ore was shippod in 50 ton steel cars to the roast yards at the Gertrude mine, and tl. first shipment of ore -- -^^e to th,s place on the 26th of October x901. on the completion of ^he switch wh.chcon^ nets the deposit w .oh the main line of the Manitouhn and North Shore railway. The smelter at the Gertrude mine was finished •« J"«^; l^O-, and afterwards ran steadily throughout the y'''^Y^'']''''J^\]^^}? 160 tons daily into standard matte. In November, 1902, all work was suspended at the El,ie mine, to permit of the needeo removal of some of the mining buildings, whose safety was threatened, 1" a con- tlance of the milling work. Later, in 190., the whole of the mining operations in the Sudbury district shared the same fate m common with the other industries, operated by the same company, at the time of their failure. Mono Nickel Company. f In 1889, Dr. Ludwig Mond, F. II. S., in collaboration with Dr. Carl Langer, while carrying on certain experiments for determining a suitable method for eliminating the carbon monoxide gases containing hydro-^en, made certain observations, which eventually resulted in the discovery of what has since been known as the Mond or carbon- monoxide process, for separating metallic nickel from copper, etc. In this process, there were many technical difflcuUies to be overcome, so that although a patent was applied for X)n the 12tn of August, 1890^ it was some years before it had reached such a stage as demonstrated Perfection of its possibilities of commercial success. In 1892, an expenmentai p an , methcKi and ^ ^ ^^ ^^ected at Smethwick, near Birmingham, England, ^::^ L after severll year, of patient work, during which time the plant had to be several times remodelled, in order to meet all the requirements of this somewhat delicate process, it gradually assumed its present shape In 1898, it had reached such a state of perfection, as to afford the most convincing proof, that the process was able, not only to com- pete successfully in regard to co.t of operation, but at the same time the metallic nickel pro-iaced, showed on analysis, a higher degree of purity than had yet been possible by any other kno^^n process. The success ot the method being thus assured. Dr. Mond becran at once to make inquiries, with a view to obtaining an unfaihng supply cf nickel ore. Experiments conducted on the nickel and copper sulphide ores, seemed convincing, that such were peculiarly suited to treatment by the Mond process, so that i. was decided to buy one Or rchaseof more Of the best locations which were then available in the Sudbury . ,ctorian,inr. ^j.^. district. At this time, and for some years previously, it was a MOND NICKKL COMPAST 41 matter of common gossip 'hroughout this area, that the McConnell mine or property, in the township of Denison, was one of the largest deposits of high giade ore which had yet been found, and attention was, therefore, directed to it with a view to possible purchase. After some negotiations, and e. thorough investigation of the merits of these ? deposits, Dr. Mond decided to acquire these properties, and accordingly, in the summer of 1899, the necessary transfer was made. These mining '"■ locations had been under development for some time by their former ownei, Mr. Kinaldo McConnell, and at the time they were sold to Dr. Mond, explorations were being carried on by means of the Ontario government diamond drill, with a view to determining more definitely the position and extent of the various ore-bodies. The change in % ownership, however, did not afifect the progress of the work, which 4 began on July 10, and finished on November 21, lf*99. In this " time, seven holes were bored, the aggregate number of feet being 994, at an average cost of SI. 75 per foot. In addition, two other drills -t owned by Dr. Mond were engaged more or less continuously during : this and the two succeeding years, investigating these and other mining ■2 locations, in which Dr. Mond was interested. The main shaft ind .'*. mining buildings of what was henceforth to be known as the Victoria 4 mines, are situated on the north half of lot 8, con. IV., of the township » of Denison, while the smelter, otfices and official residences, were built ."fi on the north half of lot 8, con. 11., of the same township, close to the -.4 " Sault " branch of the Canadian Pacific railway, and a little over two W miles south of the main openings. C^ Beginning in 1899, the work of opening uj these deposits proceeded ''■ OS rapidly aa oircun.stances permitted. Extensive stripping of the deposits and other preliminary development work was undertaken ; } roads were opened up ; a re >st d was levelled and otherwise pre- pared, and the necessary timbers lured for the numerous extensive structures contemplated. _ K During 1900, this work was continued, special attention l)eing given I to equipping the mines and smelter, the site of the latter being chosen "I close to Fairbank creek, on the Sault branch, 22 miles west of Sudbury. \ An aerial tramway, 1 1,000 feet in length, was installed by the Trenton -M Iron Co., of Trenton, N. J., to convey the ore from the rock house at 3 the mines to the roast yard, wb'-^h was first located close to the smelter, On the 16th of October, 1900, the Mond Nickel Company, Limited, of London, Eng., was authorized, by license of the Lieutenant-Gover- nor, to carry on business in Ontario. The incorporation of this com- pany, with a capital of £600,000, was for the purpose of acquiring all |)i,injn. Cost of (liaiiioiid (Irillinir. Lot.ition of iniiu' and -iiii'ltcr. ()|»-niiig up of lIl'lH.Hits. Kreciion of smt'lter. At-ri.il tramway. Incori)oration of Mond Nickel Co. 42 OBOLOaiCAL SCnVRY or CANADA Ik' 1' iv ■i! Iliiilding up iif Victoria Minex. BcifinniiiKi. mining »n , . . Ciin:iilian bring about this untoward result, serve however to bring into strong C'u|ii>tr Co. relief, the gallant and successful struggles of the only company, which has been able to surmount the various difficulties to which the other organizations have successively succumbed ; at the same time, strengthening the belief, that the crisis has been passed, and the industry has at last been established on a firm and permanent basis. It is true that certain details in regard to the extraction of the nickel are still in the experimental stage in order to determine, if possible, a iiioro economical method, but there is no doubt whatever, that the business of the mining and smelting of nickel, is not only in a satis- SHciimry Dl»- factory condition, but has reached such phenomenal dimensions, that producer of operations in other countries have, in consequence, been either greatly ""^ ,j" '" ' 44 OEOI,OOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA ^■.. I Rpawrn* fur fir fHi'.iir.B. Small <»n- mui>|>tiim and ili'iiiftml. Miirccxtenil ed use in alloy with BUtl. curtailed, or l.ave cea-sed altogether, ho that at the present ti.ne the Hupr..nmcy of the Sudbury .ninia;, district a» the world s greatest priKlucer of nickel is umiuestioneil. It may be well, in parsing. t« state .ome of the reasons -hich have contributed to the failures, which have been so fre,uenty recorded ,n connection with the estabhshn,e„t of the Sudbury -''« '"^^^^ For some time after the beginning of mining work '" ^^^ j;«'°";;^^ world's annual consumption of nickel did not exceed <00 or 800 tons of the pure metal, which an.ount could readily be prmluced b> any oneoftlethreecompa. then operating in the district. T e uemand for nickel w.s. there' , so small and uncerta.n ^»-^ ' ; -« 'J discovery was made of advantageous employment a, --^^-i^^ steel esLially in the .nanufaclure of armour plaU-, no f:.,at tuture t^^^ rred for the nickel industry, an.l even with this d.tma.on Tits favour, no very marked increase in the demanC for n.ckel co^d . "noticed, and it took a number of years more before the consumpt^n .reused to 1500 tons per annum. By the tune, -e^' ^^ -atcer figure had been reached, it was certain that a --^-^^^ ^/^ increasin.' demand for nickel was assured, on account of its general r3"kinds of steel, where strength combined with H« -.. -re the important factors. At the present time the ---»r' '" "^"^j^^^^ exceeds 10,000 tons per annum, and exhaustive experunents now being Tdetke; under th^auspices of the International N.cke C"^^^^^^^^^^^^ are stated on the best authority, to give strong evidence of the superior tyf nickel steel in bridge building, so that a --!;'-«-" for nickel can be looked for in the immediate tuture. I" ^ ^^J;^Jf Contract for recent decision of the Pennsylvania railway, to use nickel st^lrads S:;lr;Je.l. and the award of a contract for 9000 tons of the same to carry 3 ..0 pe cent nickel, by this vast and progressive corporation, will no doubt g ; a fresh s'timuh. to the demand. The only anxiety which now List., and which 1, - often been urged against any large employm nt or ni;kel steel, relates to the sources of supply, and to 0. P-^ exhaustion of the nickel deposits now known to exist. Al author ties are, however, in substantial agreement, that the supply of high g ade nickel ore, contained in the Canadian deposits is practically unlimited and at least amply sufficient for many years to come, to supply the requirements of even much more extensive smelting operations tnan are now carried on in the Sudbury district. Besides, a demand for larger quantities of nickel will stimulate prospecting, not only in this region, L also in areas of similar crysUlline rocks, to be opened up in a very short time by the Grand Trunk Pacific and its branches, as well as by the Temiscaming and Northern Ontario railway, with the probable result that many more new deposits will be discovered. Nickil steel ex|ieriiiifnt» Deposits practically unlimitwl. New deitosits likely to be found. ■ I IlIgTOKV OK DtVKLOPMRST 4A Another fact, which has contributed to h connideraljie extent 14> Tlif u*hiii>ii.- brinji about the failure of >onie of tlic Sudbury mining ooiioertis, was „,'|,„.„ |,,„i„.«i the assumptija by intiTCHtud pnrli''s, that eacli individuiil iJff>osit/''''""''^''' ^ of which they hatl the >;ood fortune to iibtuin |)o^>'e8>(i<(tj, won luinth.-i a mine, capable of producing a periuunent and unlimited supply of f„'i|„r,.,, nickel ore of tht) desired ^rude, the 'ore-txidy extending tu unknown depths, and increaainij InHh in <|uality and ijuantity with its downward extension. With such confidence in the »i/e, permanency and suitability for smelting operations of the ore-lKxlies, it is not surprising that very often no special effort whs made to obtiiin control of other available source! of supply, which were sure Ui be needed when extensive and long continued refining operations were in progress. A third cause, which p<'rhaps assisted more than any other to bring Tli'- ui'->\ "f , .... 11- ■ licluiiral about the frequent susjwnsion in mining and .smelting operations ,.v|«.|i,.|if,- already recorded, was the lack of the necessary technical knowledge and '' '^,J"'f"iTiirt'i« experience on the part of those who had the management of many of the organizations. The strong necessity of such information, in every department of mining and smelting, m-eds no special explunatitory of the region, it was patent to everyone, that to share in the full benefits of the industry, the same individuals or company must control the whole of the opera- tions nece.ssary to manufacture the finished product. Acting on this knowledge, therefore, many of the corporations engaged what was con- sidered the most expert metallurgical advice, and numerous experi- Companies ments were undertaken, to determine an eflFective and economic pro- eH'ti'iiislied' cess, by which the nickel ami copper could be extracted from these ores, article to ' •' I T i- enjoy tlic full and afterwards separated from one another. In this manner, the too Unetit. often very limited resources of these companies, were taxed to the utmost, and any failure, even in the preliminary trials, to yield the decisive and satisfactory results looked for, often resulted in the closing down and practical abandonment of the mines and works concerned. Unsound bua;- •^ 11^11. "'^* judtrment Finally, in more than one instance, the absence of sound business me- eauaed some thods, assisted very materially to bring about some of the disastrous "'^*"' failures, which have been recorded in the foregoing pages. 46 ClBOLOniCAL BURVtV Of CA!A Ik i " Sudbiirv Miiiintf IM»- tritt ' nut nil rlcctoriil mil" diviiion. Di'Hiiitiiiti i( Siiillmiy hinlrict. I/iciifii'ii ii' till' tciwii iif Hiidliiiry. Oitilines of iircii* and method of wurvcy ami 8ab-divi»i the Hurvt-ys of Ihoite townships havf not Imen doi;i- ii8 cnrefuily or (ircufHtely ns iniuhi In- ''"r.li— . d.'sirecl, and in more limn oni- inHtance, tw.., or t-ven moro appn'Xun •tely parallil linen were found, within short diitiim-on of one another, evidently intended for a sinaU' tMmndnry, each connectint{ with Neparnte pOftM, designed to mark the same point. Over the larger part of the Dr.uiK ii.m district, repeated forest fires havedttstroved all traces of many of these ','' '""""J"J'"» lines, and the limiting posts, excejit where an o^'t'a.sional one happened to be located in a swamp, have Icen burnt, so thiit it is usually e.voeed- ingly dillicult, and gometimes impossible, to locate these original bound- aries. The general character of the country may, perhaps, be l«'st described iliinnil |,|iy an that of an uneven or undulating rocky plain, with a gentle slope ."'('^li'/i' ,"'.','"' towar Is tlie south and southwest. In detail, the surfaee of the ]>laiii is far from uniform, consisting of a rapid succession of more or less parallel and disconnected rocky ridges, with a prevailing northeast and southwest trend, the intervening valleys lieing usually occupied by swamps, lakes or river courses. The average gi-neral elevation of the A\.r.iL'. district as a whole, varies from SOO to 1,100 feet above the sea. The •■'■^•""■" present topography has been the result of prolonged denudation and erosion, assisted to a consideral)le extent by s«bsi'(|Ufnt glacial action, which removed the softer decomposed material from the higher levels, to be deposited elsewhere in the nciglibouiing valleys, or in areas consi- derably removed to the southwest. The scouring action of the vast '■'■'^'^^'"'•'"''i"''- glacier is everywhere apparent, in the sinooth well-rounded hills, while in most cases, the exposed rock surfaces still preserve the glacial grooves and striie. Although the country is exceedingly rocky and uneven, there are no very prominent hill features, the highest seldom J,i,'n..ui.ciil attaining a greater altitude than 150 feet alxjve the neighbouring '"" ''*'"""'■ valleys, while elevations of 25 to 100 feet are far more coinuKm. The I..)CHtic.ii of highest land in the district comprises a strip varying in width from 3 '"t^'""' '"'"'• to 5 miles, and extending in a northeasterly direction from Denison to Garson townships, a distance of over ."iO miles. This is underlaid for '"''?'''',^"'''''' 1 1 I • I 1 1 undcrlviug the most part by the nickel-bearing and associated eruptives, although rouk. some areas of highly altered quartzites contribute to this unusual *» .irOLWllCAL M RVEV or CANADA i « n -. i I/«nlH>ii (if liit()i<'-t hill. r»iiBi. 1'iu.lH.' mil- wuy Mllliit.iiili All'l N"Hl Sli.T.- Ky. elevation One .,( ,h« highe.t hilU in tl.i. r,K,ky Mi L Mtu.t.l .mme- ^U^:T ownel-vaUon .U the intor^Haion of the H.-^.- -'ch I M i. V M railwav M.ow thin to have an uUituil.M f 1,1 -U r r t.: 1 ^;'::^ ..ah., whi.. i.. ,...>.uon .. K.V., 8.0 f..et, th.. Canadian I'aciHc r.ilwa, ..cen.l. "^ -;;; ^ '^ J r.n».l„u. ,i^ ^„,.„ „f 31 ,„il.,H lH.for.. the HUtnnnl i. reachtd. at an . 1 f^i' fr t thilo an e-iual .li.tance fu. Ucr. at A/..ld.Hat.on. • thi. nlevalion is deire.wi.-d to H81 feet alH)VO and North Shore Railway Company, -m theoiher ha..ii Ink.-., Chill ftcttf of drift iif thf Clu-liimford flat. liEJTKBlL PIIV^HAI. ►EATUISF.X 49 belonging to one valley, with ««eiul« tl.ouKh per.eptiblesK.p,. townrtli th« southwest ri, il,« towiiHhip „f McKiin. this fJut ha« an .xx.r^n,' Kla> ,„ ,h., g.iieriil elHvation of ulMmt f*{r> tWt ab..v« the se«. From .Su.lhury. in m"k"'"'' "' » soulliw..M..riy dirfittioii, thin .•oiii(Hirutiv..|y level lielt Imii Utu utili/wl ill tiic location of the -Sault Branch ' of th.! Canadian P.icirtc Milway, while, m addition, a.lvantaKu has Ui>n tak-nof tha ov.-n nur- face in erecting rn<«t of the luiiidin^-. included in the townsof Sudf.ury and Copper Cliff. I„ the township of MoKini, ll„. surface of this Hat K..rn,...K «,--! i» »<>inetnuen broken l>y -.mull rmky hilN, and the fonsid.ial.l,- a.ea*, '" '•'""" tliat are available, have U.Mn,.l,.iu,-d, ami an ...w imdei cidtivntion! with gratifyinji r.-aults, especially during lh.«e years -vlien the nrnnt- in;,' of the ores at the mines is not proceeding too liriskly. Throughout M.-Kim, and th.' area to the southwest of this township the soil is a line silly clav, well stratilied : but to the iiorthw.' t, in the tf)wnship of Uara.m lud Ij-'yoml t|,« limits of the Sudbury >,lie.l, in the 1 l^.i n..itli. township of Falcoribrid;oseti. To the east and southeast of Sudbury, the district i-, for the most |;...ikIi .i.t part, exceedingly rough and hilly, this area lieing charai terized by the '•'■' "'' presence of quart/ite, with lar-e and irregular intrusive masses of s,'i!|i.'ury! "' norilf and diorite, and ..nly occasional limited flats are «vailal)le for agri>ulture. Perhaps one of the most interesting [.hysical f.atures i>reacnted by v.ii.v-n.. this district, is the narrow valley forined by the weathering of the ''v • i—i-n .t' laig.' diaba.-,o dyke, near the .Murray i.iii,-. Thi.- dyke, which is alxut .'i,!,V,'"e, 150 tVet wide at this jwint, and intruded through a mass of granite, has been decomposed and considerably en .led, le-ving a valley the whole width of the dyke, with perpendicular walls of granite. This very conspicuous feature in the landscape has been useil in locating the wagon road between .Sudbury and .Vzilda (formerly Hayside). The influence e.xerted by the underlying rock on the general contour i,,^, ,. ,.,. , of the ground is everywhere well e.xemplitied throughout this district. 'im'I' rlyitig The harder igneous and ([uartzite rocks, owing to their greater resis- ^'.rrr.i'c'e" tance to processes of weathering and erosion, form the higher ridges, '^"""'"'• while the more fragile slates, sandstones and schists, make up most of the intervening lower ground, occupied chiefly by the rivt r valleys, swauips and lake basins. The area covered by the main mass or belt of norite is likewise one of low relief, in contrast with the other igneous .lyl<,- ' fJ i I ! i i i District not au abundantly miplibed with laki-s a« other Archie an areas. Elevations of lakeM. Vhe drainage of the district bv Wana- pitei, Spanisli and V'ermilion rivers. District once covert'd by a dense forest. H.ivoc wrought by fire. Character of forest Rrowtt 50 OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OP CANADA rocks With very small geutlyroundedhiUMhis variety Of r^^^^^^^ off-rir,*, no verv effectuai resistance to decomposition. The district, as a rfe " ^as abundantly supplied with lakes as many o^er area of similar Arch.an rocks, but several fairly large and beaut^ul ake occur, and nearly all are supplied with good clear -'^'J' J^^f'^- Tnd islands of Ramsay or Lost lake, are occ-V^'f^J the -- „.er residences of many of the >f f *-*\° ^"„t /r^t^t pure clear water is used to supply the large water Unk ^'««^^^^^ 1 „o r>f thn rookv hills east of the town, me mgn^s^ water works, on one of the rocky mus e^ ^^^.^^ lake in the area is Garson lake, which is 9-3 feet ^"^ , ' the lowest is McCharks lake, an expansion of the \ ermil.on which has an altitude above the sea of 760 feet. The drainage of this district L. effected through three important and well knownltreams, the Wanapitei. Spanish and Vermilion r.e« Th whole of the water eventually reaching «-«'- .^^y^;;^J^^VB Huron through these channels. The Vermilion river with ^t^ tnbutanes The Whitefish branch, Levey river, and Whitson -^ Fairb^^^^f ^^'^ map. A portion of the Spanish river, known a« the ^ ^^^ »«"J^; of Denison township. The branches of the \\anapitci lited to the eastern parts of Garson and Neelon townships. The whole area was once covered with a dense forest ^ut repeated fires have destroyed neariy the whole of this o"«"-l J- '» > -f even the tall rampikes which often alone remained as the s lent wit even the ta. j the fire fiend, have themselves been Ih. w»tern p«rt of Snid.r .nd CreigWton lo.n.hip., "e .till c<.>.rM ta Zm, but th. l«Bbe™.~'. .xe 1. quickly .l~r,„g o.t .11^ impenetrable thickets. QEyERAL PBYStCAL FEATURES SI The district, as a whole, cannot be said to be suitable for agriculture, District a< a and must rely for its ultimate importance on the development of its ",'i'|',l,'j {|','' mineral resources. The proximity of the mines furnishes a good market, "Rrit'iltnrp. 80 that every flat is i)cing utilized for purposes of farming. Geology. The rocks of tiie Sudbury Minin',' District, arranged in the probable ,;,,,,,,, j^.,, order of tlieir geological age, may be stated as follows, in ascendin" ""'"ii^i'i'm of order. ""^'*"- 1. Lowir Haronian. No rocks of this age are at present known in (j,.,,^,.,,] ci,„. the nickel bearing area, but tiiis period is reprt'-sented, in part, by the '■"^'-' "' bandetl silicious magnetites and associated rocks of the townships of liuronia, Huttou and Wissner. 2. Upper Huronian. {A) Diorites, hornblende-porphyrites and green Siii.riivisi(m« schiste, (/?) Conglomerates, greywackes and quartzites (C) norite and "fl'll"' diorite (Worthington mine belt, and areas southeast of Evans mine and east of Sudbury). 3. Laurentian. Granite and diorite-gneiss near Wanapitei station. Launntinn 4. UpjKr Huronifinl Tuffs, felspatliic sandstones and slates classified cimrait. i ..( provisionally on previous geological maps as of Cambrian age. Ipin Hnro "^ "^ iiKui or 5. Poal fluronian. A. Granites. B. Nickel lK>aring eruptive of the ';""l"""'- main belt (quartz-hyporsthenegabbro or norite, diorite, with their i.i.'m . i"pt'iv'-. peculiar differentiation product, micropegmatite). C. Dykes of olivine diabase. 6. Pleistocene. Clays and sands. ,., . The geological history of the nickel mining area proper, or that por- Ceii.ini tion of the Sudbury district which is included in the accompanyinc P"'"^'™] ... r J a lit-'d grwa- which the nickel and copper deposits occur, and it is impossible " " '' ' to resist the conclusion that both rocks have originnted from precisely similar types. Their difference in age, however, is quite evident from their field relations, and althou^'h both pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite occur in these earlier basic rocks, no deposits of economic importance x^ (iepo«it« have been found in asso<^iation with them at any ereat distance from v' < conomic 1 ,. » . . • I 1 . ,. . ini|Kirtanc») the line of junction with the younger norite or diorite. in Dlder Sfroeimtones. Most of the hand specimens examined of the more massive typet of f'„i„„r of these older rocks, are considerably finer grained than the neighbouring "J'''"' ^**" norite, and in contrast to this rock, are decidedly greenish rather than greyish or blackish in color. Most of the outcrops may be referred to as ' gabbro diorite ', a name proposed by the late Prof. G. 11. Williams, for a diorite which gives unmistakeable evidence in the hornblende, of its derivation from pyroxene, originally present. Some exposures uj^),,,^ exhibit the ophitic or interlacing structure characteristic of diabase, 'lii'riteor which is often discernible either to the unaided eye, or with the »h tl.«- prevail- assistance of an ordinary pocket lens ,and the rock in which the I"^ :>'»«sive structure is developed would be referred to as a uralitic diabase. Mineralogically, as represented by the thin sections, examined under iJetroRraphi- the microscope, the rock is now composed essentially of plagiodase '•'»' cliaracterg and hornblende, and no portion of the original pyroxene has yet been dinrite. detected. The plagiodase, in all cases where the rock is sufficiently fresh for its identification, is labradorite, and in those specimens, which have suffered least from metiiiucjrphism, this mineral occasionally has a pale brownish tint, the colouring matter (presumably very finely disseminated ilmenite), being rather unevenly distributed through the various individuals, with cloud-like effect. Pressure and advancing decomposition, however, seem to quickly destroy or remove all traces of this colouring matter, so that, with few exceptions, the felspar is nearly, if not quite, colourless. As a rule, the plagiodase has under- Alteration of gone more or less advanced saussuritization, but some individuals are I'lag'oclase- still sufficiently fresh to permit of their recognition by means of the extinction angles. All stages in this characteristic alteration of the basic plagiodase are represented in the specimens collected and examined, but this has been so fully described in previous publications, that only a brief mention is necessary in this connection. The first Ill i i P D 3 * 11 " 1 ^ i Wi! 56 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA (teneral character!! of >auuuritii' and its cmri- poiiing mineralH. Another form of alteration. Microscopic character of bisilicate minerals. HornUlende. Biotite. ' Bleaching ' of biotite. ■top in the decomposition of the original felspar, consist* in the developmeat of minute scales of sericite, and fine needle-like forms of epidote and zoisite, in the midst of the plagioclase substance. Another, and very frequent form of development of these secondary minerals, consists of grape-like bunches of finely granular saussuritic material, chiefly zoisite or epidote, who.se coalescence ultimately produces a single larger individual, or aggregate of several individuals o' these minerals. One of the more advanced stages in this process of decomposition of the felspar, consists in the complete obliteration of the twinning lamellte, and the replacement, either wholly or in part, of the plagioclase substance, by a brilliantly polarizing aggregate, made up chiefly of sericite, epidote and zoisite. In occasional instances, the place of the felspar is taken by a colourless or pale yellowish saussurite, which polarizes in dull bluish tints. This substance is usually so fine-grained that it cannot with certainty be resolved into its component minerals, even with the assistance of the higher powers of the microscope. Some of the coarser portions of this substance were examined rather critically, with the result that zoisite, sericite, a little calcite and a secondary plagioclase, possibly albite, were recognized as contributing to the aggregate. Still another form of alteration of the original t'elspar, and one often accompanying the more usual saussuritization, consists in the replacement of part of the original felspar by a fine interlocking mosaic of a clear, sharply extinguishing, secondary felspar (albite) and quartz. The hornblende, is as a rule, the usual deep green, strongly pleochroic, compact variety, occurring in long, imperfectly developed, prismatic forms. Occasionally the fibrous or actinolitic variety is represented, much paler in colour, and with less pronounced pleochroism. Many of the individuals of this mineral show the pale coloured, more or less non-pleochroic interiors, with deep coloured, much more compact, and strongly absorptive borders characteristic of uralite. Portions of occasional crystals show a brownish colour, but even these hav? a decided greenish tinge. Biotite is almost invariably present, and usuall}' in large amount. It is of the us'. '1 deep brown colour, showing strong diflferences in the absorption of ight when rotated between crossed nicols. It occurs in plates and scales, frequently embedded in, and sometimes forming intricate parallel intergrowths with the hornblende. It has often undergone considerable ' bleaching ', and i*" then somewhat paler in colour than usual, besides showing brilliant chromatic polarization between crossed nicols. In spite of the elimination of a considerable portion of the iron, the pleochroism as stated is still very pronounced. It often contains irregular grains of UPPER HURONIA!! 67 magnetite. Both the hornblende and hiotitc show {re(|uent decompo- sitioa to chlorite. ' Pleochroic haloH ', surrounding enibedilod small grains or crystals, chiefly of sphene, are frequent in l)oth the hornblende and biotite, as well as in the chlorite derived from them. Comjiarat- ively large and sharply defined crystals of epidote and zoisite occur, s >nie of which may \te of primary origin, although by far the larger p-oportion are undoubtedly the secondii -y products of decomposition. Quartz is almost invariably present, occasionally forming the c'laracteristic granophyric intergrowth with the felspar. Inmost cases it is not of secondary origin, but an integral part of the same magma O'it of which the other minerals have been formed. It was as usual the last rninenil to form, tilling up the irregular interspaces left by the crystallization of the other constituents. Ilnienite and highly titaniferous magnetite are the prevailing iron ores, and these are present often in comparatively large amount. Mo^t of the individuals are surrounded by opaque grayish leucoxene, or the more normal sphene, resulting from the alteration of the titaniferous iron ore. Apatite is usually present in small amount, occurring in the character- istic long, acicular, prismatic forms, which pierce all the other consti- tuents of the rock. Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and pyrite, fiec|uently 03cur disseminated through the rock, and under the microscope are seen to form surious irregular skeleton or sponge-like masses, intima- t->ly associated with, and frequenrly embedded in the coloured consti- tuents. These diorites occur in all stages of decomposition, while still retain- ing much of their original massive character. A type illustrative of perhaps the extreme of this alteration is well represented by a hand specimen obtained from the tunnel in ' Lake Hill', lot 8, con. IV., of Denison. This rock is a fine-grained, comparatively light greenish-gray, diabasic rock, with occasional fine disseminations of pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite. The thin section ; iiows thai u'l of the hornble ide and part of the biotite have been altered into j,'reen chlorite, which retains much of the strong pleochroisni characteristic of the original minerals from which it has been derived. The ilmenite has been almost wholly converted to sphene, which occurs in irregular grains and crystals. Calcite is very abundant, and portions of the slide are made up of a rather coarse mosaic of quartz and calcite, with a smaller proportion of chlorite. As a rule, these old diorites are coraparotivciy uniform in grain, but porphyritic varieties occur, and a good exarajile of this phase, was collected from certain small rounded hummock.s, on the west side of the upper or new roast yard of the Victoria n-'nes, (N. J lot 8, Con. ITT, Denison). The hand specimen, shows, ^ comp.iratively coarse-grained rock, mode up of indefinite or irregular phenixrysts of tiuii iif himi- I !• lull' niul I'i'tit'.'. K|.:.|oti. zi'i'itf. :UI'I priiiLiry ciiii»tit;i'.iit. Iliii' iiitt- and titniiif'TiiU't .>ia(;iietit«. Apatite. SiilpliidfK. Alt'T.d fliorite. Ot'tllllilKlMll ilialia.sii I' ick fnmi " I.iike Hill" Diiiison. MiiifKilufrical ci'iuiw^itifii. r-'i|iliyi'itic dicirit.-'iif roa^t yafil at VKtmia mill". nuttm I -I ; ■! 98 GEOLOaiCAL SUHVtT OF CASADA ci>ru|xj«itiun. HornliUnfiiirion. Biotiti' schist fro::; (!ra}i.'iii) In certoin IttRlitirs thoto hornblende scliistn were noticelitM contain garnet, whicli U soroetitneH liiiriKiifrruua nf'undant, and often in Urge, ill deSiiwl or rouudcd cry»t»U. The niont fr'!m'v,'rli',i. striking example of audi a rock i*, duubtleMx, that oi.'currin){ in tiie vici- ''"" ■"■■>*'■ nity of the Vermilion mine, (lots 6 and 6, con. IV., of Deniion;. The matrix iliowi the prevailing Hne-grained, darkgreeu ^chint, in which rounded crystalt of reddixh j^arnot, RonietirneH two inolioN in diiwneti'r, are developed. The matrix Ih miwiu up princi|j4illy of liorahleride and MiiK'-oopicnl ((uart/.. The ijarnet is ri(fiii ..f greenstones, that they rt-present greatly decompose*!, nheared, and, at ^''^"■""'""'■"• times, completely recrystallized, basic eruptives, but there is still consi- derable doubt regarding the exact conditionii attending the genesis of certain other types of rocks, which are intimately associated with, and |),.f,,f„„,,i usually include-' the most part, they are compar.itively fmall, and have been included under the s.vme colour as the greenstone. All of these clastic rocks are gre.itly metamorphosed. The tuffs or greywackes are now made up chiefly of clear felspar, witli a smaller proportion of quartz, the former mineral lieing largely altered to sericite ; biotite, chlorite and i>;agnetite or iltneriite, are tiie most abundant minerals representee!. Often reorys- tallization has lieen so advanced that no traces of their detrital origin remain. The quartzites are of the usual felspathic variety, the compo- nent grains only occasioi vlly revealing traces of water action, the structure, for the most part, being eminentl} interlocking. (2.) Uppek Huroxuv. ( Jeiieral a COSfiLOMERATFS, FELSPATHIC SAXDSTON'ES AND (jUAHTZITES. I leiierM Although a large proportion of the njcks included as Hurocian, in the clmmcters Sudbury Disfri^-t, nrp th" direct result of igneous action, eonsidei able Upper Hurunian. I; .\lt.r..l \ulc-u>iic tv*h nickn. 1 T . 1 Aller.-.l |H: ', . »-I.t-tii- rucks iir-lnili'tl uith K Kiiiii-t.'iif. K, 1 62 OEOUMo M aVRVKV Of CAMAUA k |l ) Htr>titrTit|>l>i cal |»>i«itiMn nnt iwliifac tori I V ili-tcr krcM ar* undt-ilaiil hy other* ol undouVitedly NcdiinenUry origin. While, however, the vnriou* type;" of thew ro-ks b«ve been studied in con»i- donible deUil, lo that their prix-iite uiineralogiciil conipoaition i« well undenttood. their itiatigrnphicKl ptjiiition ha« not been determined m satisfacttiiily an inifiht Ix* desired, as only a <'"»inp«ratively limited time could Ite spared from the work of examining and delimiting the n...ro important eruptives, directly assd in thii report, is not based on an extended ur critical study of the field relations of these rocks, and much more exhaustive work will bp nece«s«ry before* a final and nuthoritative uttermnc. is possible on this poinr Some difflcultieN "ifflciilti.Nof which |pr....nted themselves during even the preliminitry investiga- deteniiiniiiK tj^,,, u„jeruken by the writer, m«v l>e waention-d briefly. In the flr«t pluce all the rocks of the district fiave been greatly di i t «!, so that, the originally hori/ontu! f,iriita arp now tilted at ..' high angles, 111 some in3tanc»'», having assumed a v«»rtical attitude, and occasionally, have even b*>en overturned ft* « re.sult of the nieiliiinical stresses, to which they have been subjected. In •.»me c-i--ies, and over cxtc defl areas, the rocks have been su iiietfiuu >rphosed, that the planes "if origimii 8e;ree, in ailvancing the opinion, that the intrusion 't the nickel uisn'"!' *"' bearing norite, took place at a much later date, than former ly supposed. true •uccp* ■ion. Kdckn ijreatt.v diKtiirl""! iiii'i ftltereil. Hcliii*toii«' KtnictmiK iiiintiiki-ii fcir Suw ' H»i(iii lt>teiTU|ili! Srnl ccila|il, ntiU-d by intrnHive (t). Ann. Rep. Bur. ot Mines, Ont. I'.tOS, p. 2tiS. . I I'PPKH UUHOKIAN 6S It in conftilently expcoteil, however, liat Dr, Colf-iuKn, at a rt-iult of Kx|-<-'> i the later work he im now conducting in the iii»triot, will (Jeciile in.iny |.,'|.., «,',rl,'^"" of the (luoitioni which are utill n matter of opinion and >- mit'oture "ill'''''""ii»' iiniJ the appoarance of Iih monograph h ftecirili(i,{]y ivA-ntieJ, with the -i -n expecUvtion that thi* (piaition of »uccefiiion(*'i|»«ly related, the main point of difforeucc noticed, consisting in tht* relatively coarse grain und largo ttnount of quart/ in the qunil/iies, with 1p«s of Mini ralnKi- the Aner-^rained interiti'ial material, this Iming tnide up. tor the mast ti'.n'o'f"'"'"' part, of the liglster coloui d decomposition product sericite, while in the •"''>"*''''' greywaf-ke, the t«xture is finer, and fcLspar, nut i|ui«rtz is the pre- dominant constituent. Chlorite, with innuni'Tahlc fiiu-, disM-niiniited parriilex of opaque mutter, gives the previi'ling dark (dolour to tin' rock. The quiirtzites.for the iiiiwtpart, iccur in thick iis-iive bed-i, which are very unifonu in m i neraiogical coiop')<>aion, while the jireywackf^ are much more distinc and evenly -trulKied, and certain shales mul slates exposed in the di-t t. art? evidently thinly l)e UK ' vnrioties of this ro.'k. All intermediate stages, both in coinjjosititmand structure, may Ti.iii-iti..n U- noticed between these two types of rock, which at the t'l extremes ',','"i'.'" ^'^' are quite distinct and recogiii ible. Comparatively large areas are 'l'"""'^'''- characterized by the prevalence v,i one or other '>f these rocks. Some of the greywackes are evidently of the nature of muddy -edi •'"i.'in c' luenta, deposited i.> water, as a result of ordinary conditif>ns of degrada. ""^'^^ ""''"■ tion and deposition, but tuiK canstitule, by far 'lie l.irger f.art, n pre- senting the consolidation of what « isorii,'inally volcanicashi;, being one of the results of I » explosive action to which is due :lie presence, at the surface, of the great belts of greenaton. The»e havr- inmost case-*, been s jrted and re-arrangod by the action .f water, but, in other in tances, little or no trace of rounding action can be .letect«d in the coinponeni grains, oven in those types which have suf -«d little or no alu-ratiou. These rocks aro usually of a dark-gray, pur. ish-brown, orgr<"enish-2ray colour. Thoy are often evenly and very distinctly banded, in , .-y- ing shades of gray. Jointing is frequent and also slary cleavage. They are often ^Aulted and shattt .-d, and in the \icinitv of the various greenstot. masses, are pene' ' and altere«i by imgular tongues and luaases of the basic ign Vt>fv ~>^- ''-^qnf'ntiy lll-ro-rn|)lc f lUCtlllVH f tfr<'y«n/-ke. 64 (iEOLOOlCAL 8URVKY OF CANADA <; i. !*iir|ihyritio Hreywiuke or ' rice ruck.' PheniicrvstH of nnilnliii-iti' iNtHllPilitl- iltlll hnriilil*'in!'-. C<)IIl|HisitiiHI iif (frfywiick'' All'Tiitil'll ut' greywai kr. tiuaitzitft Miiifr;il(*f?i> al c*iiil|M)siti-ili I'f quartzitr. MuT"ine, these rocks are very much altered, the various types having been described as mica schists, felsites and phyllites. The rocks referred to as quartz- ites are massive, though usually distinctly stratified, of a pale-gray reddish, yellowish r;; ay, O"- grecnishgray colour. They are intimately associated and often interbeddee mistaken. A little over a mile northwest of Sudbury, the Canadian Pacific railway crosses a belt of very highly altered felspathic quarlzite, the outcrops of this rock, forming a series of comparatively high and con- mmmMk UPPIR HURONIAJf 65 spicuous ridges. This band averages about half a mile in width, and extends with unbroken continuity, from the vicinity of the Fiood mine to Copper Cliff. Here, denudation lias removed a considerable portion of these rocks, leaving only small areas such as that which outcrops iram«liately north of the old Copper Cliff mine. These rocks are again exposed to the west of the Ontario Smelting Works at Copper Cliff forming the high ridges, which with some minor breaks, extend in a ^Uered southeasteriy direction, a little beyond the bounda.; between Waters '/""tlitein and Graham townships. Areas of very similar rocks are shown on the ctem'and map, as occurring in the township of Denison, the largest mass cover- '^^"'T ing a considerable tract north of the Vermilion mine. The microsco- "*"''"■ pical examination of most of the thin sections, representative of this rock, throws little or no light on its origin, and the exposures might very readily be mapped as belonging toabiotite or hornblende granite, while the presence of a breccia of autoclastic character at the junction Autrin..r»lopcaI with usually no sug^^estion of the rounding action of water and at first o"»i""ition of sight, has every resemblance to a granite or gneiss. An examination "mil^^ite. of the fielil occurrences of this rock is, however, much more satisfactory than that of the thin section under the microscope. At time.s, a series of iKsds can be trace). In the Huronian there are no very large areas of conglomerate, and the exact position of these rocks is still a matter of doubt, but it is hoped that future investigation will, at an early date, en-xble a precise statement of their stratigraphical position to be made. From the investigations undertaken by the writer, these conglomerates would appear to lie at the Use of a series, which passing upwards into darker coloured felpathic sandstones or greywackes, are in turn over- laid by felspathic quartzites or arkoses which cover the larger portion of the southeastern part of the Sudbury map. Such rocks are, as a rul", of a dark-gray colour, with disseminated, angular, subangular, or rounded fragments, chiefly of quartz, granite, diorite, etc. Thin sections exhibit a rock made up of fragments, chiefly of quartz, but also of orthoclase, plagioclase and microperthite. The moat abundant composite fragments are granitite, composed mainly of micioperthite and quartz, together with a little biotite. All of the larger individuals are embedded in a matrix, made up of much finer pieces of quartz and felspar, together with biotite, sericite and a pale- green chlorite. Occasional grains of pyrite and also some of ilmenite occur. Excellent exposures of the last mentioned conglomerate may be seen aloug the line of the Canadian Pacific railway, immediately east of Sudbury, and in the vicinity of the north shore of Ramsay lake- As usual, these conglomerates are extremely local in their development, covering no very large extent of country, and the area to the east of Sudbury is, by far, the largest covered by such coarse, detrital rocks. Exposures of a very similar rock occur on lot 7, con. I., of the township of Ueni3on, to the south of a small lake, the conglomerate at this place underlying the quartzite. Dr. C!oleman mentions that, ' the most typical conglomerate in the region, however, extends as a much broken band from northea^it tc southwest, near Stobie mine, showing crowded pebbles and small boulders of more than half a dozen kinds, including granite, quartzite and several sorte of green schist, as well as greenstone.' C^) The occurr- ence of these conglomerates and the character of their pebbles, indicate a probable lack of conformity in the Huronian, and it is quite possible that there is a lower and an upper series, the former made up of green- stones, schists, greywackes and highly altered quartzites (regenerated granites), overlaid unconformably by the conglomerates just mentioned, Ugether with the overlying greywackes and felspathic sandstones (I.) (Jiiart. Joum. Geol. Lon. Vol. LIII (IW) p. 44. (2) Ann. Hep. Bur. of Mines Ont.. 1903, pp. 289 and 290. CPPEB HUROMIAN ?~OLUBR NORITEfl AND DIOBITES 67 Pi'ciiliarties of iildnr norite and fiioritp. exposed in the southern part of the Victoria mines map, and the south- eastern part of the Sudbury map. Besides these coarse detrital rocks, I'*'"io c.n which are evidently consolidated shore deposits, there are certain tZh^tZ '" pseudo-conglomerates or autoclastic rocks, formed, as already stated, as ''"^'"'■ a result of pressure and deformation. These ' crush ' conglomerates are especially abundant where the harder and more brittle quartzites come in contact with the schistose greywackes. Certain portions of the green schisUi, penetrated by gianitic miiterial, have likewise become Autoch»tit autoclastic, through the stretching and rolling out of the rocks, while Tud'^^^t. large portions of the greywackes themselves, have been broken, the '"^''«^''' fragments separated and reeemented together, by similar, though some, what coarser material. (2.) Uppkr Huronian ? (O.) older 1 N0RITK8 AND DIORITES. Certain areas of gabbro and norite, with their derivative diorite, occur, which have no direct or visible connection with the main mass of the nickel bearing norite. Most of these intrusive messes exhibit certain peculiarities of composition and structure, which all snm to possess in common, and by means of which, they may usuf , be distinguished from the ordinary norite. The possession c' these characteristics, as well as their prevailingly greater alteration, suggests a probable diflference in age, and the position assigned to them in the table of the geological formations exposed in this district, is believed to be a very close approximation to the truth. Most of these masses, at least, are distinctly younger than any of the clastic locks with which they come in contact, as they pierce and alter the highest lieds of the quartzites, which occur in the region covered by the southern and south- eastern portions of both the accompan; ing map sheets. Their age, with regard to the granite or main mass of norite, is not known, as they nowhere occur in conjunction with these rocks. They are, however, older than the olivine-diabase, for dykes of this latest rock in the area^ are seen to cut them in many places. With the exception of the Worthington mine, no large or econo- mically valuable deposits of nickel or copper have been fo-md > i connection with them, although the Mitchener and Totien uiir.^, situated in the township of Drury, were opened on masse.s of these minerals which were directly connecte.l with the Worthington mine intrusive. Other deposits of these sulphides are known to occur at several points, as for instance on lot 12 con. III., of Neelon township, where the pyrrhotite was found to contain 3.10 per cent of nickel and on the north half of lot 4, con. YL, of Neelon townsS.p, but, ro H OldiT norites arp j'liiin^r than cloatic rocks. Rf-liitiiin with main mass of niiritf unctM-t.'iiii. Wurthington niine only laiyc (!('ixisil of iildfr noiite. Otlicr driioKitx. i I W il ]i r 1 / 68 GBOLOOICAL 8DRVKY OP CANADA i :i. Ak Outline of Viand of older norite. Older noriU' east of Sudbury. Older norite in Xeelon township. Smaller area* of older norite Older norite in Uefiiiion. Older aorite in Graham. Field ch»- rai^ter of older norite. far as known, none of these are of sufficient dimensions to form work- ing mines under present conditions. One of these belU of norite starts in the township of Drury, to the south of the Canadian Pacific railway, and extends across the southern part of the township of Denison, ending a short distance east of the Vermilion river. The sn-all areas shown on the map, as occurring on lot 12, con. II and III., of Denison, are of the same rock. Another band forms the high land between Trout, Clear and Whit fish lake.s on the southeast, and McCharles and Simon lakes on the northwest. The highest portion of the ridge rises 220 feet above McCharies lake. The probable continuation of this band forms the higher hills northwest of Kelley lake, and with some minor breaks, the ridges formed by the outcropping of these hard rocks, extends to the eastern end of Ramsay lake. To the north of the Canadian Pacific railway, and to the east of the town of Sudbury, the rock forms a series of exceedingly rugged and comparatively high hills, the highest of which rises over 1000 feet above the sea. This mass of norite and diorite covers an area of about four square miles in this part of McKim and Neelon town- ships, sending off a long narrow arm, which crosses the sixth concession of the township of Neelon. The large irregular mass of similar igneous material, occurring in the eastern part of Neelon, and shown on the map as covering portions of the third, fourth and fifth concessions, is known to be directly connected with the same mass. With the exception of the smaller separated masses, with which the Frood and Stobie mines are connected, and which undoubtedly belong to the main mass of the norite, all of the smaller areas of massive, basic, igneous rocks, shown on the map, are made up of this or a closely related type of rock. In addition to these, considerable areas of massive diorite occur in intimate association with, and probably intrusive through, the older greenstones and tufifs, which make up the larger portion of the area covered by the third and fourth concessions of Denison. These rocks are quite distinct from that which forms the main mass of norite, and are seemingly more closely related to this older norite intrusive. Similar ar«M of diorite rocks occur in the belt of old hornblende and tufa- ceous rocks, which crosses the third and tourth concessions of Graham, to the south of the granite mass. Deposits oi pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pyriteand cobaltiferous arsenopyrite are known to occur in connection with these rocks, but they are not at present of economic importance. In the field, outcrops of these older norites, are pale-greenish, in «patriist to the dark-grayish or black tones of the main mass of norite. They are, as a rule, finer in grain, eminently diabasic in texture and UPPER ilURONIAH 7— OLDKR N0RITR8 AND DI0RITE8 69 fraquently show considerable masses of diorite pegmatite, or malchite, in this last respect, differing from the ordinary norite, which is remarkably uniform in grain over the whole area. Under the microscope, they contain less quartz, and the hornblende is always actinolite, and not the compact variety common in the diorite derived from the norite of the main oioss. Fresh representatives of this apparently older norite are comparatively rare, and the writer's specimens, selected witheiery care, at widely separated localities, contain only two specimens in which the pyroxenes are aurticiently fresh to permit of their identification, and even in the slides from these specimens, by far the greater portion of the original ferromagnesian constituents, are represented by the usual secondary serpentine and actinolite. One of the hand specimens of the least altered phase of the diorite, collected near the eastern extremity of the baud of greenstone, between Whitetish and Simon lakes, is a pale greenish, medium-textured, mas- sive greenstone, with little or no evidence of having been subjected to dynamic metainorphism. The thin section shows a hypersthene-gabbro or norite, the greater portion of which has undergone advanced chemical alteration or decom- positicn. For the most part it is now made up of plagioclase and a serpentine closely related, if not identical with bastite. The latter mineral is very evidently secondary, and occupies very approximately the same position as the original bisilicate material, from whose altera- tion it has resultefl. Occasional;/, limited areas show the original pyroxenic minerals, in various stages of the bastitic alteraf-^n. A faintly pleochroic hypersthene or enstatite and dialiage are both present, and some of the individuals or grains of these minerals are, with difficulty, distingui'shable from one another. Both minerals are very nearly colourless, but the double refraction of the hypersthene is weak, while the dialiage, on the contrary, shows brilliant chromatic polarization. Both pyroxenes show a faint, though distinct pleoch- roism, that possessed by the hypersthene being more decided. The index of refraction of the hypersthene is somewhat higher than that of the dialiage, while the latter mineral shows frrquent polysynthetic twinning. Both pyroxenes, however, decompose to the smea pale greenish, usually fibrous, but occasionally scaly bastite, often exhibit- ing brilliant polarization colours. In places, this bastite is being converted into a pale greenish, feebly pleochroic, fibrous hornblende or actinolite, this uralitization being especially pronounced in the vicinity of the margins of the individuals. These bastitic areas contain Frt'Mh repre- «iitativn» of "Idtr luiritHfi very rare. ]'rc»li ni)rit»' frijiii l)et»i*ii Wliitffinh .111(1 .Sinuiii lukeK, Microeco|iical cliimcter of tilder norite. .MiiiiraliiKital coiii|iusitiiin. Kiistatit*' nni '. I)«'CumiKjsi- tion (if pyroxt-nes. BiMlite. 70 OEOLOOICAL 8URVBY OF CANADA I . Puikilitic |iln|;iucla>H Titaniftrtms magnetite. Fresh norito from Neelon very numerous, small, irregular Males and plates of a pale brownish, apparently secondary biotite, and, in places, are crowded with small grains of secondary magnetite. The plagioclase, which judging from the extinction angles is labradorite, has a marked poikilitic develop- ment, this mineral extinguishing simultaneously over large areas, which in the thin section, are separated either parti'illy or wholly by inter- vening bisilicate material. This poikilitic eflFect is likewise noticeable in the hand specimen, owing to the uniform reflection of light from the plagioclose individuals. Comparatively large, irregular grains of magnetite probably titaniferoua, ara also distributed through the rock, while (juartz occurs, filling up occasional interspaces between the tabular forms of felspar. Another specimen, representing a very fresh variety of this rock, was obtained from a small hill, west of a lumber road, on lot 1 1, con. V., of Neelon. Dr. Coleman mentions the fact that a specimen of this rock from the hill top east of the town of Sudbury, is ' a typical norite Norite ewt of made up essentially of faintly pleochroic enstatite or hypemthene and Sudbury. plagioclase, the latter somewhat lath-shaped.' (' ) Mineralogjcal ^ tWn section from a specimen obtained from the large mass of thi.* comjiosition of fo^k, occurring to the southeast of the Evans mine, shows a greatly wuth^t of altered variety of this norite. The original pyroxene minerals are Kvaiic mine. .^jj^Uy converted into an aggregate of pale greenish, brilliantly polar- izing scales and fibres of serpentine, this, in turn, being converted, in certain instances, to actinolite. Pale coloured biotite is abundant. A small amount of greenish-brown, compact hornblende is also present. The plagioclase, with the pale brownish tints so common in these rocks, occurs in rather broad, lath-shaped or tabular, well-twinned crystals, which are, as a rule, quite fresh. Quartz is not very abundant, and some grains are intergrown with plagioclase, forming the characteristic granophyre. The iron ore is ilmenite, with borders of sphene. Apatite is abundant, in the usual slender, prismatic forms. Description ..f Another thin section, Uken from a specimen obtained on the north alter*^ norite jj^j£ ^f ^^^ jq, con. V., of Neelon, is still more decomposed, the pyrox- froni N* lot ' , ,, • 1 ,.• J ».• 10, eon.'V., ene being replaced by a very pale yellowish-green serpentine and acti- nolite. All the intermediate stages in the conversion of serpentine to actinolite may be studied. Much of the felspar is quite fresh and clear, with a pale brownish colour, but the areas of this mineral have been invaded, to a considerable extent, by small fibres and crystals of actino- lite. A little compact, brownish hornblende is also present. A large Neelon, (1) Ann. Hep. Bur. of Mines, Ont 1903, p. 296. LAURINTIAN 0NEI8BRB 71 amount of zowite occur, as a secondary product of decomposition. Ilmen.te, largely altered to sphene, and occaHional grains of pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite are also present, while quartz occasionally occupies the irregular interspaces between the pkjjioclase laths. Anoth-r «pe cimcn, from the north half of lot 4, con. VI., of Xeelon. was al.so exam- inetivi' origin. chlorite. Musouvite and zircon are often present in tmaU amount. Garnet is very abundant, of the prevailing almandine variety, and usually more or less rounded, but some of the well formed individual:* show the faces of the rhombic dodecahedron and icosi tetrahedron. Perhaps the n.oet interesting minerul is cyanite, which is abundant in certain portions of the rock, occurring both in the micaceous and felspathio Imnds. Thia mineral occurs in flat, blade-like crystak, with the prevailing bluish and whitish colours. In the micaceous bands, the colour is especially deep, and of a benutiful azure tint, somewhat unevenly distributed or cloud-like in its effect, the colour being often deepest in the centre of the crystols, gradually becoming colourless towards the margin. These crystals are arranged, for the most part, parallel to the foliation, but some individuals are disposed at con- siderable angles to this structure. Sillimanite or fibrolite is also occa- sionally present, especially on sliokensiiled or jointing planes, and shows abundant evidence > i pressure and stretching. These gneissesare distinctly of eruptive origin, and their intrusion through the quartzites and other clastic rocks is everywhere apparent, where the line of junc- tion is sc exposed, that the relationship between the two may be examined and studied. 4. Upper Huronian (?) Clastic rocks. Location of lJpi>er Huro- nian rocks. Rockx reganltnl l)y Dr. Bell AH prohaUly of Cambri:.n ngp. Probai)l»- relativi' at^. Synclinal tronjth overlying norite. The rocks, thus classified, occupy the large oval area situated immediately northwest of the main belt of the nickel bearing and kindred e<-uptive8, and underlying the extensive clay plain, which has already ueen described as so eminently suitable for agricultural purposes. As a result of the first geological examination, these rocks were regarded by Dr. Bell bs probably of Cambrian age, and have thus been coloured on oil subsequent geological maps. Their precise geological age is still a matter of doubt, but the later work seems to indicate a close relationship both in origin and age, with the main masses of norite and micropegmatite. If, as seems probable, from the work already nccomplished, these several separate ranges of nickel boarinj,' norite are, in reality, the exposed portions of one continuous laccolit?, with . Bur. of Mines, Ont. 1903, (illuttration 52) pp. 288-28',l. ilkd POST BURONIAM— CLASTIC ROCKS 73 These rocks extend from the southc««tern part of the township of Trill, to within a few miles of Wanapitei lake, the aiea being thuH nearly thirty-five miles in length, with an extreme width of a little over eight miles. They comprise, at the ba^e, certain breccias and agglomerates, most Succi-Mion >•( of which, at least, are of pyroclastio origin, these rocks parsing upward <'"•"« "^k"- into black bituminous shales, while they are, in turn, overlaid by a comparatively coarse greywacke or felspathic sandstone. The identification of the breccia at the base of this series, as a con- MriitiHc»ti<.n soliJated volcanic ash, was the result of microscopical studies under- 'vuicanii' ki'^» taken by the late Prof. G. H. Williams, of material furnisheil him by l^wia l.y Dr. Bell. The important fact of the occurrence, in these ancient rocks, Wiiliuuu.. of a volcanic glass breccia, the various minute details of structure being so exceptionally preserved through silicification, as to permit of its positive recognition, has always been a matter of general interest and comment, especially amongst those geologists, who regarded these earlier periods of the earth's history as characterized by exceptional and prolonged explosive volcanic activity. A description of this comparatively rare type of rock, was carefully D-icription prepared by Prof. Williams, and communicated to a meeting of the ."ilutTtH','' Oeological Society of America, held on December 31st, 1S90. These "•'•<''"(?'"K township of Dowling. Prof. Williams' description («) is so complete "*"' and satisfactory, that it may be quoted in this connection. ' In a hand specimen, this rock presents a nearly black feUitic ma- (;,.n.ral trix, in which are embedded sharply angular or slightly rounded frag- 'J,';)"",'''''"" "' ments, varying from li cm. in diameter, downwards to ultra- microsco- 'nfccia. pic dimensions. These fragments are lighter in color than the matrix, but differ considerably among themselves in their tint, structure and composition. The majority resemble chalcedony in appearance, others ore greenish, while some of the largest fragments are now replaced by a single calcite individual. Occasional small grains of clear vitreous quartz may also l)e detected, while specks of pyrrhotite are everj where abundant. Many of the angular fragments show distinctly under the Many nnsruUi (1) Bull. Geol. Sect it to have disappeared (luring the vicissitudes through which this rock has passed.' In other localities, this breccia shows a greater diversity in the cha- racter of the larger fragments, and composite rocks made up largely of quarU and felspar, either granite or recrysUlli7*d quartiite, frequently occur. Plagioclase ^nd quarta, usually in angular or suliangalar pieces, are very often repr«ientey Dr. Walker. Si 0, 59-93 AUO3 1212 Fe 10-56 MnO trace Ca 4-49 Mg 6-19 NajO K, O 3-80 0-97 Loss by ignition 1 -57 Total. .98-63 (1) Quart. Joiir. f Jeol. Soc Lon. Vol. LIII, 1897 p. «. MlM K>«T HUHONIAM — liRANITK 75 Varbus .ulphid^. chl.Hj pyrif, but .ometirnen .1« py.rhotite and .VUu„.U„„. „, chaloopynte. are often abur .l<.n'ljdi»Heiiiin«te two classes of rock, has been examined it (1) .\nn. Rep. Oeol. Surv, G»n. VoL XIII Part K p. 85. (2) Ann. Rep. Bur. of Mines, Ont. 1836 pp. lS9-10ti. 70 OBOLOniCAL MUIIVBV Of CASAD* than iiiirit"'. KxpUiintioii tif .-•rti'nMlii • l.iry ptii'iu'- liir'iM. Evideiictiof |j<'rkxl» uf mtruiiuu. I)i««ri*nce ill ratfi-f uooliii(<- Two niaiii type* i>l granite. Approximate ly of same agi pr«M>nto» *«>ri** of ttppar^ntly oonHicting phenomen*. which, in the pre- g«nt *Ut.- of our kn<.wl».lgp, cmnnot U wnUfftctorily ii.tcrpr«tfd or expUined. The Urgsr proportion of the evidcnof, wif»i »vail»bje, lusnu* decid-tlly in fsvour of reganling theer gninil* rockn m of w»rlier gene- ration than the norito or gabhro, .tnd even in the vicinity of the Creightoii mine, where the irainedi»te junction it churacieri/.-l by the pr«"ience of a narrow bell of intermwliate compoeition beiwM»n the Krutiiie or n^M^ite, Dr. Coleman nUtes that 'on the whole, however, the impies,ion ij formal tliut thegra- itoulgnei^a is older than the gabbro, thv latter sometiineH ^ro*in>' lluer grained at the etige •.! the gneiw ' ' ). A reai-oniible Pxplan'.tion of the contradictory phenomena wit- i,e-.seJ, wenis to be iLmly conne.tod with tb ' manner iind rate of cool- ing of th- Kranite batbylith. Th.^ immense l.-dy of uci«l eruptive, a« as, preeeut expoeed Bt the »arfai« by denu.iation, ha» n< ' evidently re suited from tiK oonsolidati^m of a Ixidy of niagma, ihe product of one dimple act of p.utonic activity, but i^ i.ithei tlio result, locally at least, of i* veral »uece»«ive fusion* and n ,.l*.ntation^ befor. the while ma>Mt reached iU final or prese-.t ..>ondit,.ui. ''■W cvidonce of such 8UCo«- sive periods of intrusion, is furnish'). 1 by •. study of tli. cjraniie ma«» itself, for although over the larycr j'ttit i.t tho ai -a, !li« granite it re- markably uniform in structu re and com;)0,vtion iv tain k^alifies show rather sudden chanKt'O in thew respect*. voHli .^ca.4oi.;vlly a shaip di- viding line, thus indicating an apparent diiFe: -nee in tino. All at'.>mpti», however, to trace out thii api^rent line of subdiwsion in deUil, over »riy extent of country, proved futile, and the CMclusioo was nached, that the whole ma-"' is very closely synchronoun. and that no appreci ablt^ lapse of time in a geological sense, has occurred between the seve- ral dates, represented by these di ffereui phases of the granite. The rate of cooling, moreover, was extremely »low, much more .^o in fact than tl..' noritf, so that it is pissiblo that, i'l certain instances, some portions may have been sufficiently rcusolidated to permit of the cool- ing against it of the norite, while in areas not far distant, some of the latest ivoid secretions of the granite penetrated und altered the norite or gabbro. There are two main types of these granites, the difference between the two being essentially <.ne of structure, and although inter- mediate varietie.s lietween the two extremes are known to occur, such phases are relatively unimportant and may be ignored for purposes of general description. These two varieties are at presv-nt believed to be very approximately, at least, of the snme age. One type of rock which occupies by far the largest area of any of these acid eruptives, is a very decided ' augen ' or porphyritic granitite-gneiss. In places, this seems (1) Ann. Rep. Bur. A Mines, Ont, 1903, p. 2*6. POST HUHO.«, no foliation, thu« KMtmblinK the wcond varinty, the ty{)e of wl, oh '»'*'"«'"• however, formi t *o •mailer and separated bathyliths .Krcurring to ihe K^^'niu!""'"' northeast of the main niatis. The coarser or ' augea ' type presents such a Mrcag rp^omhiano*. in k.». „ ^ u.,c» every respect, to .-erUin gneisiwid rocks. occBrrin« in the Uur.i,tian "' ""•f-"' that it was Indicated as part of this formation in the fi.st Koological u'"i ''.Itian. map. It constitutes a well marked bathylith, intrusive throuxh the older green schists and diorites, which it has Kieatly disturbe.! and altered, forming a Mt to the south of the main mass of the sulphide bearing noritc, nnd extending from the secnn.l l,.t in the township of 0„tl,„..,l Denison, to r. point n. little east of the bouiumry Utween Mnider and '"''"•'' McKim townships, i e«r he Copper Cliff mine. Th.. mass is thus uU.ut '""''^'"''' thirteen milos in length, with an average width vary,,- from one t^. two mileH. It forms a very striking ami Ijeautiful rc^k, eminently suiublf s m. „„ for building or ornamental purposes. It has been uscl in thf buildinu '"'I'''"k s""! 0, the main office at Copper Cliff, a., also for mantl.- m the n.anaL-ers '.'"n":".^' house at Victoria Mines. Under the micro«sope, the thin « ction shows the roci to be maii,- m, , , up chiefly of microcline, orthoclase, olbite. oligocla.se, biotite and 'I-"- nn'.ni'non quart*, with epidote, sphene and apatite as nccessory minerals, and "' """""''' calcite, epidote, zoisite, sericite and chlorito as secondary protlu'cts of decomposition. The orthoclase and microciine sometimes occur free, but, for the moat part, are iptergrown with the all.ite, forming both - -crocline-and orthoclase-microperthite. The quartz is the usuiii gram tic variety, frequently showing intense strain shadows and «,me tiD)' ,-»,; dated into a fine interlocking mosaic. The feLspars of the t-,;,:. ..:.-» vjgh like the quartz, often much cracked, broken and .1. vre comparatively fresh. Keddish-brown iron oxide has ■.vv:ixh the cracks, giving a cloudy or stained appearance to i hfe grains. Much of the oligoclase has undergone consideral.lo "tion, the resulting producte beinj; epidote, zoisite and lu u- usually sUined a deep reddish-brown colour. The biotite ii,. wly 'bleached' and has often undergrjne more or less complete chloritization. Sphene and epidote are often emlw.jded in the biotite. Apatite is frequently present in the usual acicular prisms, while occasionally, a little calcite was noticed in thin sections. The 'augen ' are usually made up of a comparatively coarse grained c, aggregate of microperthite or mici-ocline, together with a much smaller ' ' proportion of quartz. More rai-ely, it is a single crystal of felspar, often a Carlshad twin, rarely, however, with sharp or weii deliu.- and niiritiii. Two smaller areas uf tiner- Kminef intiiiiat)- connwjtiim VKtw»*n liaitic »Tui>tivf« and iml|>hid<- d('VKMitl4. Kirst micr"- 8c>>pical dfscriptions. Pr«lictii>n of rifoguition of true nature of eruptive. Dominion mine eruptive lirxt described as dyke. l'ro»i>e<'tor'i Iliinie of iliiirite juntified. go OKOLOOICAL 8URVBT OV CANADA (5.) POBT Hl'iSOmAN. (B.) HICKKL BKARIHO BRUPTIVB. Soon after the discovery of theee nickel and copper depcita, it wag remarked that all of the rich and extensive ore bodies occurred in intimate connection with certam basio eruptive rock^ of medium texture, and which for convenience of descnption, and in the absence of more pceciie information, were usually referred to under the names of greenstone and diorite. The first published microscopical descriptions were all in subsUntial agreement, in regarding the prevailing type of the nickel bearing eruptive as made up essentially of plagioclase and hornblende, with a smaller pro- portion of biotite and quartz, while ilmenite and apatite, with variable quantities of pyrrhotito and chalcopyrite, were the usual accessory constitutents. The ro.k was therefore regarded as an intrusive gabbro or diabase, which, owing to subsequent meUmorphism, had its pyroxenic componenU changed to second.ary hornblende or uralite. Rocks quite like these had been studied in many rogions, where they could be traced with oerUinty into basic eruptives of normal character, and it was confidently predicted by the late Prof. G. H. Williams, who was the first to make any detailed petrogniphical examination of these rocks, that 'specimens might be collected at some of these localities which would estoblish positively both the original form, and the course of alteration of the present specimens.' (>) Included in the same suite of specimens as the foregoing, all of which had been sent by Dr. Bell to Prot Williams for identification and description, was one, which had been collected near the Dominion mine, in the township of Blezard, but which, in the hurry of a first examina- tion, was regarded as occurring in the form of a dyke. This K>ck the exceptional character of which w«i noted at the time by Prof. Williams, and which was described as a 'quartz-hypersthene-gabbro with accessory biotite' ("), was in reality a practically unaltered repre«»nta- tive of the nickel bearing eruptive, although its identity as such, was not suspected until some years afterwards. All of these first microscopical determinations, therefore, showed a normal type of greenstone, differing in no essential particular from others similariy altered, and with no apparent reason for the develop- ment of such unusually large and rich deposits of sulphide matenal. At the same time, the field and prospectors term of diorite was justi- fied, as also the names proposed after more detailed microscopical examination, such as uralitic or gabb ro-diorite. u ra litic diabase, etc. ,irA,;;rKep. r.^>\. Surv. C«n. Vol. V. IH'JO.iH. Hart F., pp._00 * 02. (2) Ann. Rep. (Je.jl. Surv. Can. Vol. V. l*.«itl, Part K. pp. m-7'<. Id i NICKBL BBARIKr. BRl'PTrVB 81 It 18 to he regretted, therefore, that although great care was exorcised l„ .,,i,- ..f in the collection of these ftrstor type specimens, atteraion whh dire<;ted »•"*"»';' chieHy, to the selection of material in immediate association with the '^i-iinTHn. all' ore Iwdies, and the rocks tliu* ..btained. were in such a.lvance i Htages 'hil^T of decomposition, that no very definite or precise information was ,K.s»i. ble in regard to their original composition or true affinities. As a conseqence of this, the opinion prevails that the whole of the eruptive in the vicinity of these nickel deposits, is completely altered, whereas .M,.„vf«,l. the very opposite appears to be the case, and most of the writers col- T'" "■""» lection of fresh and unaltered material was obtaine't-^ri»l. as to permit of the positiv,- i,,ti,.„H tionof the nickel bearing eruptive, oocurring in the vicinity of the '''•'•' '"y" Murray mine, showing it to be agabbro, closely related to the norites, ^n'-l r::;^„ his descriptions being prepared after a study of material collected at this locality, m the summer of 1890. In 1893, Dr. A. P. Coleman identified the eruptive of the Northern Nickel Ilange as a ;.abl.ro con- taining both diallage and hypersthene. The true significance of these discoveries and isolated descriptions. k„I1. , was not, however, fully appreciated, until the appearance of Dr Wal ''""■'i"i'""' ker's results, the issuing of this publication marking a very signal """"""' advance in our knowledge, regarding the origin and relationship of these sulphide deposits and their associated rocks. The nickel bearing eruptive, characteristic of the three main belts or •,•„, y,, , ranges, may, for purposes of description, Ije considen-d under twodivi- •■("ilc'k.'V"""" sions. I'iirinjp ' niptivi'. I. A l)asic portion : Including certain gubl.ioid rocks, chielly, at least, of the norite facies, with their derivative iliorites, with which the nickel and copper bearing sulphides are immediately as.sociated. II. An acidic portion :— Comprising large areas of rock of granitic type, with well marked gneissoid structure, the juevalence and abund- ance of the graphic intergrowth of the .,uartz and felspar, known as granophyre or micropegmatiU-, having suggested the name 'micropegma- tite,' by which this rock is now generally kniclal weatheriiiK. I>evelii|«iii'iit of liyiKTit- tht'ne. und enntatitt'. Alteration of rhoiiibie liynixfne. tirae.c*lle.l a ' quarU-hypewthene-gabbro ', but for general purposes the former name is preferred. The microscopical examination shows the, rock to 1* an eruptive of rather exceptional character and interest. It belongs to the general family of gabbros, but with distinct traces, and, at tim.-s we" marked diaUsic or ophitic structure. The prevalence and usual preponderance of hypersthene or enstatite, show its closa atlinity with the nor.tes, while it conUin., what i. very exceptional for such a rock type, an abund ance of original quartz. In fact, many specin.ens could In, «ecu.-e.l, which conUin nearly as much quartz an an ordinary hornblende M-a- nite In some insUnces, noticeably at the Copper Cliff mines, a large ..uantity of micropegmatite or granophyre is present, the febpathic con- stituent of this graphic intergrowtb being usually plagioclast-. Exposures show a massive, medium to coarse graintx I, .lark-grayish, greenish gray or brownish rock, which is often almost black in color on freshly broken surfaces. Scales of deep brown biotite aro usually conspicuous, while the quart/, is perhaps equally so. in very characteristic wpphire- blue or purplish grains, the color which is often seen in the phenocrysts of quartz-poipliyries. These rocks do not offer any very effectual resistance to processes of decomposition and erosion, and, as a conse<,uence, the area characterized by their presence is, generally, one of low relief. Spheroidal weathering is characteristic, but not so pronounced as in the case of the later dykes of the olivine^liabiuse. Theorthorhombic pyroxene, either hypersthene or enstatite, shows a distinct approach to perfection of crysUUographic outline, and, in many cases was the first of the essential minerals to form. In occasional instances the hypersthene is unaccompani.nl by u monoclinic pyroxene, as in some of the specimens collected in the vicinity of the Blezard mine. It is often, by far, the most abundant of the coloured consti. tuents, as at the Murray mi.i , when- the diallage is only occasionally represented, while aln^.oH the whole rock mass is made up of hypers- thene, in various stages of docomposition, the small and infrequent interspaces being occupied by plagioclase. The hypersthene is, as a rule, rather faintly pleo«liroic, although specimens from the vicinity rf the Blezard mine, and from a railway cutting alwut one mile and a halt north, west of the Murray mine, ure very strongly pleochroic, rose r, d to pah- yellow fiish-green. The enstatite is also colourless in thin section. and,in contradistinction to the hyiH-rsthene, exhil.iis little or no pleochroism. Both the hypersthene and the enstatite are very liable to decom|)08ition, so that, in most ca.ses, areas of this mineral, are replaced by an agereRate NICKIL BCARIXG ERUPTIVE m3 of hghtgreen. non-pl^Khroic, brilliantly polarising, fibrous or staly mr- pentme (ba.t.te). Thi, alteration i. often accompanied by the reparation of ramute grams of magnetite. In most cases, even the fresh individuals of hyperathene are bordered by a comp ''""^y "■'" this plagioclase is labradorite. The presence of innuinerabh-. brown. """ dust like inclusions, presumably of ilmenite, gives to the felspar its prevailing dark colour. Quartz and occasionally granophyre fills most of the irregular,, interspaces between the other constituents, although, in the norite J<'^X^: from the Creighton mine, microcline almost invariably accompanies ,, , this interstitial quartz. Apatite, magnetite, which is usually highlv ('^^^l^lZ "' titaniferous, /ircon and grains ,.f pyrite, pvnholite and chalc«,.yrit'.. '""" are almtnt always present. These sulphides are distinctly of prin.arv p.,,, ,„ origin, and were among the earliest of the minerals to crvsUlli/.e fro.Ii '"1^"' ' the original magma, antedating even the n.agnetite, in some cases, fo, '"''■'''''" srains of pyrrhotito were noticed completely encl.aed by the iron ore The sulphides occur, for the moet part, intimately associated with aii.l 84 OBOUXttCAL SURVEY OF CANADA I I SulphiilcH intiinnU-ly with on« an>>tli«r. • lociir ill uiwlterwl fiiriiii ■•' norile. Altfri'd variPtif" iif iloritf iiior«« aljit C'tmr»ct«T 'ii otliiT iiiiiit-ral C'>n»titwiit»- fr*qu*ntly embedded in the coloured constituent*, in much the wme w»y M the magnetite, from which they c«n only be di.tingui.hed by the difference in colour in reflected light The pyrrhotite and chmlcopyrite are often very intimately awociated, w thi.t they are extremely difficult of wiparation, even the smallest grain, showing intimate intergrowth* of these mineral, with one another These sulphide. fre.iuently occur in tho«< portion, of the norite which have suflered to little from dynamic meUmorphism, that only an o, cawonal dislocation of a plagioclaws cry.Ul is notice.!, while the same exposures have been *> little affected by hydrochemical agencies, that such readily alterable minerals a. hypemthene, ensUtite, olivine and diallajje are still plainly .uoognizable in such specimen.. The sulphide material, m .uch cases, is often not sulwrdinatc in amount, but is so abundantly diswminated as to ch.iracterize the rock, and iu.tify the name of ' pyrrhotite-norite ' which is sometimes applied to it. Although a oonniderable numl>er of specimens were secur-nl, repre- senUtive of the comparatively unaltered mirite, by far the larger proportion of the material collecte, give the prevailing ilark colour to the rwk on fresh surfact's. The transition type between the micropegniatitc and the norite, shows a varying proportion mp*inent minerals (li.Viin. R»-i( (ieol. Surv. Cii V.-i. V, IsiNi.yi. Part. F. p. Ts. Aiiil lurtiim "f nit-Ki'l i-ni|iti\c titf. "li:ir|i liiif of (livixiiiii. lii-iH-rul i-harni-ttTK (if iiiirrM|i»-(r. inalitiv Micric«l tlpti-niiiimtion of iiiiiit-rAl criii!.titn»-iit-«. Tr;»n-*iU"ii tyi»»- U-twt-eii iiiirrii|»-iniiir ll'Tilf I'r-\alfn-'t' rMlic-^ i»f (fian<>i>hjre. 86 DROLOOICAL BUBVUV Or CAJfADA (ir«nIII|«IW><1 iif plaoiiiclaw KlilfqlMrtx. MicTO|»'(ftii«- tttc foriiirrly L«iirvntian. Clivniical comiioftitumof trftDKitionnl ty|»''» ^wtwtt'H mii'ro|»-tniia- titr nixt (iiirite by Wftlk«T. forming t>ii- itraphic interKrowth. The micropegmatite, together with the Vrtdilicntc material, chiefly biotite or chlorite, ami •oiiietimes horn- blende and atce*4«)ry epidote, ilmenite and uphene, form a groundmasn, in which the comparatively large piienocry«ta of feUpar, chiefly plngio daae but lometimM also orthorlniie and microperthite, are embedded. The granuphyre or mioropegmatite very often dtretcheti out, iu variuut directions frosi: a central portion or body, made up of well twinned and rather sharply bounded erynUls «if plttgiocla»e. The erttct of prewurc Ih very noticeable in all the thin Mctions, not only in the strninnhailowH, but also in the disloorition of the feUpnr indiviV, 0, F.0 CuO . Mn » K,0 . N«j " H,0 Total K I 4« li •.••-' tract- •J •_'.'• I H-i (I 7B '.h) 11.3 3 OiC II M ,VJ I ;!U II 10 in 77 t: « 77 > lii 11 4'. I tmt'«' (I 70 •jm; 1 iw W 71 ■J KT.' ill 1.4 iCi II ;I4 II 44 •J !M •i 0-J 3 4!t I 1)0 ll;il>> II ll'J a '.<2 07s !•!< :tii •.'■7SS l\ tl'.t l'7 7s II mi PJ .Ml 4 M 144 II ruafy, 18l>7, p. •'*. NICKEL IIF.AHI!«i EHfniVK 87 •II p.>rtions of . u«ological unit. «n.l M refeml,!.- loom- cmtit.uou. IDMH. They h«v,- nlways been rvgAnhnl m . *«.,.tially the Haine in origin aiwJ ini.,er«loj{icttl tiiinp.,logical age. Two of these l,elt>. an- not inciu, (Kouriing in a-tociation with them, li'ive ever l^-en operated as mine-, prmlucing ore for shipping and smeltiiiK purposes. The most northerly of these Unds known as the ' Northern u„tM„r Nickel Range' ttarta from the old Uoss mine (W. U. 5), near the n' •>''""»" line, between lots ."i and 6, on the line l.,"tween cnV. Ill anil I V , ..f ^ " ""'""'«•■• the township of Foy, and ene offset runs southeast, into the townships of I,unis.len unlii|i. I'roUI.1)' oonnM'tiiiii with .M"in Nicki'l KniiK' Oiitlini'x of Main Niiki'l Wi.llli .,f nmin iiia.sM i norit^ CopI»r Cliff niiiii'i* off»*t. IjuCAtion itched within two mileM uf the old Huluna and Trilla- belle nicknl mines, so that, in this direction alio, a connection may be made with tim southern or main Itelt of the norite The cel«brat<-d Levack nickel deposits are d«!velopemls eiistward, crossing the southern half of lot 12, c«m. S'., of Denison. From this point, it has been traced oontinuouily, in a northeast direction, for a distance of about thirty -tive miles, a* far as lot 3, con. III., of Uarson, where the exposures pass under the extensive actumulation of drift material. At the Victoria mines, the baric portion of the intrusive is rathor less than a mile in width, but at the crossing of the Vermilion river, this width is increased to one mile and three quarters, while in the vicinity of the Creighton mine, the norite is a little over two miles wide. Through the townships of Snider, McKim and Blezard, the width of the norite is fairly uni- form, averaging alwut one mile and a half gradually becoming narrower until Oarson township is reached, where the basic portion of the nickel bearing eruptive, is scarcely half a mile in width. On lot "2, con. IV., of the township of Snider, this main belt of norite sends off a narn)w, dyke-like extension or off t, in a south- easterly direction, on which are situated most of the mines of the Canadian Copper Company, at Copper Cliff. This band runs across the northeast end of Claral>elle lake, and crossing Lady Macdonald lake, it runs with unbroken continuity as fur as No. 2 mine, where its furthou extension southward is covered up with drift. Mine No. 2, with its extensions to the nor»h, mines Nos. 4, T) and 6, are all Immediately associated with tlr.s narrow, dyke-like form, while the ■ leKUt BIARIXO MtmvR 89 Udy Violet mine i. lii«r d.uil, of th,- distribution of tJ... I ,.,.,» n.ieropeKm.til« or Aci.i jwiion of the nickel U«,i„g eruptive, hut the '; V" ','""'" ar- underbid by thi. .-.^k. i, con.id.rubly in exce-, of the l«uic por- ''til';:;''' tion, M *hown on the niAp. n.nm.- The f»n,ou. old Cop,..rCIiflr „.i„„ i. a ven,.i,Ie .hi.nney of ore... ,..„.„, occurring in connection with un i^oUl.^l .t.^k of norite, which come, .'•."""•V,'- .n conUct with fel,p«,hic .,uurt/ite, »nd green .ohint. The o,«.ni„«H -•''■' xu the vicinity of the Ontario Hn.elting Work- belong ,„ ,hr„e .en,,. rate u,a«eH of norite. which are .urroun.h.l by l«»nded tuffn and ■ luart^ite. It in diUicuIt t<. obtain specimens fr..,n the «„,al| ar.-a of norite on which the Kvan« mine i, ,i,uat...l, .ulticicnliy free fro... the nulj.hide material, for purpoHe* of examination. The Little Htobie mine. Dominion. I»avi. propertv, Kirkw,«,l and , tryderman mini... are Mtunlod on the Iwrders „i tlie main In^lt of »- nonte with grt^n whUt. The Stobie and KhkhI mine, .xvur in con- ll'. junctinn with comparatively .small ntocks or areas of norite. which are «ep»raU.d from one another. The Kl.ie mine occurH at the junction betwe,.n norite, on theonehand, and green Hchi,t and liornl.lende por pi.yrite, on the other. The Murray mine occurs at th- junction (.et- 'Vf^en the granite ami greenstone breccia* and gre..n schints on tiie one hand, and the main Und of norite on the other ; while the old Cameron mine, farther to the northeast, is f„un.l at the junction »>et. w«.n the granite and the norite. The North Star and Creigl,t..n mines occur at the junction between tiie granite and the norite. The variou. opening, known as the (Jertrude mine, are located along the junction between the main band of norii,., a.i.l a brec. ia made up of the granite intrusive through the older green.stone and »chUus The nmin shaft of the Victoria mines is at the end of a small ofl,et, cm AIM,, .,.„,» nected with the main mass at the junction l«t^veen the norite and the V "'"'''• "Ider green schists. Without exception, all of these immense bodie, ..f • '"ti- .■.",'." 8ulph.de ...aU-rial. ae situate,! at the immediate contact Iwtween the r"' l''"' intrusive norite and the older ro.ks, in such u way as to indicat.. in the clearest manner, their coiumon origin. li- i.i! -<" Ultic'll ipf Ml *. >i|illirt I ! I f MldOCOPr RESOIUTION TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) J^ I ^PLIED IfVHGE 1653 East Moin Slre.1 (716) 482 - 0300 - Phon. (716) 288-5989 - Fa« 11 If > ,1 I. L i- 1.- U 11 90 (iEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA (C.) LATER DYKES OF OLIVINE DIABASE. Phy-ical cilivilli' iliiiU'i-je. PheiU'Orystr" uf * li'irmit*,** Jlicrosc'opiciil Btriictiire iind coiiiinjsition. Ordf r of gene rut ion of iiiint-ral cunstitvU'MtP. The rock usually designated olivine diabase, and characteristic of what has been called the later dykes, is very uniform in mineral- ogical composition and structure. Hand specimens show a rock which is daik-gray, greenish-gray, to almost black, with spheroidal rusty weathering, which is very characteristic. In many instances, expo- sures exhibit a rude basaltic structure and are frequently porphyritic, with phenocrysts of yellowish or greenish labradorite, often an inch, or e\en more in diameter. The alteration of these phenocrysts produces the mineral ' huronite ', so named by Thomson. These dykes possess well ii'.arked selvages of finegrained, occasionally glassy material (tachylite), and present every gradation between basalt and diabase. The thin section of the fairly coarse reck shows a remarkably fresh oli- vine- Loss by ignition . . 030 Jy^is uf iiliviii>'- 'liiilmsf of Mmr:iv mine i.v Dr. SValkir. Total 100S03 Specific gravity. . 3 01 These dykes of olivine diabase are distinctly later in age than the , ,,f rest of the associated rocks. They cut the greenstones and associated oniykel''"*'" micropegmatite, as well as the ore bodies themselves. They likewise cut the tuffs, breccias and quartzites, although one dyke was noticed, which did not reach the summit of the quartzites, but was cooled against the upper beds. .nfan ''fl',:"'"''''^'^''''^^'''""'"""""''"'''^ ^'■"^'' '*'>'' ""'Altered A. a rule. r.«k ana an ot those mapped a.s occurring in the vicinity of the Murray '"•''"•'"■kal'ly mine, are of this description. On the other hand, with the single ex- mml't:"'.'!. ception of the large dyke which runs in a northwest direction near the Ontario Smelting AVorks, all of the others are much altered and decom- posed, and thin sections prepared from these, cannot be distinguishefl from the finer grained and more basic, altered faciesof the norite. Thg (1) Qiuirt. Jour. Geol. .Soc. Urn., Febraary, lS!t7, p. tia. 93 OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA II I Aiterid variftien of dialuMc at CplKT Cliff. l>iiibaM' at C'u))|wr Cliff rexeiiibles fin»T grained varietieK of norite. (Significance of discovery of original quartz in diabase, and olivine in norite. Dialmse contains lioth nickfl and CO|)|XT. Mode of occurrence of dialmsedvke? No local enrichment of ore iMtdieM in vicinity of tliese dvkes. No constant direction. boundaries between the bisilicates and plagioclase are not well defined, the latter containing scattered shreds and grains of hornblende and biotite. The plagioclase shows the same cloud-like arrangement of sub microscopic inclusions, presumably of ilmenite. The hornblende is in small, strongly pleocliroic ia d the pyrrhotite was extracted by means of an ordinary magnet. T. ^ pentlandite, for analysis, was further carefully selected by hand-picking. Similar, preliminary, careful preparation o^ material was used by Mr. C. W. Dickson ('-). The following are the analyses ;— No. 1 (Penfield) ; 2-4, (Dickson) ; 5-9, (Browne) (■'). Analyses 5-7 inclusive, are stated to contain some pyrrhoti , as fine dust. Analyses 10 and 11, are by Scheerer (*) of the pentlandite from Lillehammer. Analysis No. 2, is from Creighton mine ; No. 3, Worthington mine ; "No. 4, Frood mine ; No. 5, Copper Cliff mine ; No. 6, Stobio mine : No. 7, Evans mine ; No. 8, Copper Cliff mine (hand-picked) ; No. 9, Evans mine (hand- picked). 123456789 10 11 Ni 34 23 34 82 3370 34 98 35 05 34 70 34 12 35 00 34 90 18 35 2107 Co 0-85 0-84 078 085 Ke 30 25 30 00 2!) 17 30 04 29 80 29-90 29 93 30-30 29 CO 42 70 40 21 S 33 42 32 !K) 32 30 33 30 34 35 33 90 35 43 33-50 33 55 30 45 3«- 64 cuV.V.'.V.V.V ii« i'» Gangue 067 99 42 98-56 95 95 99 17 9920 98 50 9950 98 80 9805 98-6tt 9970 The ratios in Prof. Penfield's analysis are S : (Fe + Ni) - 1 044 : 1 047, almost 1 : 1, or that of a normal sulphide (Ni-f Fe) S. The ratio of the Fe ; Ni is 1 : 1-32, while in that from Lillehammer, it is about 2 : 1. Dickson remarks that the ratio of the (Ni & Fe) : S varies from 10-91 : 10 to 1107 : 10, and points out that this ratio 11 : 10 is not accidentol, but constant for all analyses of pure material. He therefore suggests, that the formula for this mineral be written (Fe + Ni) i , S,,j whic 1 sfcoms rather clumsy and an unnecessary refinement of expression of material, which, even when every precaution is taken, is (1) Amer. Jour. Sc. (3rd Series) Vol. XLV, 1893, pp. 493-494. (2) Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., Albany Meeting, February, 1903. (3) Eng. & Min. Jour., D-cember, 2nd 189.-?, Vol. LVI, p. 506. (4) Dana, System of Mineralogy, Otii Ed. 1892, p. 65. MINBRALS or TIIK 8IIDBIRV MlXrvO REOIOS 93 8till not absolutely pure. The formula of the Lilleham.ner pentlandite » given a. ■> Fe S+ Xi .S. The ratio of nickel to cobalt in the .Sudbury pentlandite var.es, running fn.n. 40 to 42 ; 1, i. worthy of remark. a.s th.« proportion is almost identical with that found in the ore Mien. A magnetic separation of tho nearly pure 8«lplu,le., forming the ore from the C.e.gb on mine, was made, by means of the Wethorill separator, the material thus used being crushed to different degrees of hneness, and graded by means of sieves. The original product showed ••.>.n,..iti.,n on assay value of^l.20 per cent of copper, an.i 4.«7 per cent of nickel, ^;:.;S:i with 2.49 per cent of insoluble matter. The very fine material .ave the T^^"^" cleanest separation, and some of that which passed through a 100 t;::M„V«r^''- mesh sieve, was divided into three products which mav bedistinc^uished from one another as strongly magnetic, feebly magnetic and non- magnetic. The feebly magnetic product showed the presence of 30 4 1 per cent of nickel, and the non-magnetic 30.36 per cent of nickel A complete analysis, and an a.ljustment of the various constituents, showed that the feebly magnetic portion consisted of chalcopyrite and pentlandite, in the proportion of 1 : 21, while the non-magnetic pro.luct showed these same minerals present, in the proportion of 1 • 7 *€ 1^- PYHITK. A sulphide which presents all the ordinary physical characters of pyrite, suchash.rdness, specific gravity, colour, lustre, and ma^rnetism |s by no means uncommon in most of these deposits, and can generallJ ,.„. ,, be found when a special search is made for this mineral. Large cubical El^ie ..?ine. crystals of pyrite, are mentioned by Dr. Coleman, (>) as occurring in fissures, with quartz and calcite, at the Elsie mine, but the assay of one of these showed no nickel. Dickson mentions the fact that a ..umber Xicknl of his samples from the Copper Cliff mine, were associated with i"»'"''< secondary quartz, calcite and millerite. Fyrite was also noticed 'CVci.ff occurring with pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and danaite, at the Century "'"" Copper mine on the north half of lot 4, con. IV., of the township of xieu^ Oraham. A determination by Mr. F. G. Wait of the Geological Survey '"•^""*' ''•"■t- showed 0.49 per cent of nickel, with a trace of cobalt. Dr. Walker (^i ["["^rS tound what he regards as a true nickeliferous variety at the Alurray ,•. , mine, and has published a full description and analysis of the specimen ^^^^•f The following is the analysis under 1, and if the mineral be con- C " pydle sid-red as pyrite, in which part of the iron is replaced isomorphouslv ^"'"' ^^""^^ by nickel, the explanation is given under 11 and III. ' mini- i)v I'r, Wrtlk.-f. (1) Ann. Rep. 3ur. of Mines, Ont. 1!)03 p. 381. (2) Amer. .Jour. So. Vol. XLVII, 3rd .Series, April mt, pp. 3I2-;!14. r !f II-- f 1 9 i I rti liearinK |>yrite from (if rtrii'le wine. Chfuiical analyHiii of nickeliferoua j)yritt< from ( iertnide mine by Mickl.-. 96 QBOLonicAL scRvt . or c^hada I U I" Nickel 4-34 Nick«l 4 34 I ^.^^^ g.jj Iron 39 70 ' Sulphur 49 • 31 i ^ J ! J^ (38 '96 ( ' Sulphnr 49-31 Iron 39 70 1 .7' PeO 102 Moisture 10 Oxygen (calculated). 28 J ^'^ ^ Copper traces Water '10 Insoluble 5 76 Insoluble hl^ Arsenic none "Tr^TT ToUl 99-49 A peculiar, grayish-green, bronze-coloured, nonmagnetic mineral, was found by Mr. McVittie on the location where the Gertrude mine now is. The mineral occurred massive, with small crystals of magne- tite, and specks of chalcopyrite disseminated through it ,in a streak alwut six inches wide, adjoining the granite. An analysiy of the mineral, after removing the magnetite, gave Mr.Mickle (' ) the following results under I, while under II, is given the proportions, omitting the insoluble matter and recalculating to 100. I II Iron 37-28 41-48 Sulphur 46 ."54 57 79 Nickel 5 95 6-62 Copper 0-10 0-11 Insol. 9-66 Total 99-53 100 00 !'. Mr. Mickle regards this as an agregate made up of pyrite, millerite and chalcopyrite, the composition, as given above, practically agreeing with such a mixture. A very similar compound is found at the old Beatrice mine (Davis property), on lot 1, con. III , of the township of r>le/ard. After an analysis of this material, Dr. Emmens ( -) decided, lj„ta thcu the mineral was a new nickel iron-sulphide, and proposov. for it .el bearing the name ' VVhartonite '. The mineral is not homogeneous and is very '" ■ evidently a mixture. It has a peculiar bronze-yellow colour, is eel. lular, the cavities being lined with minute cubical crys'als, with an intermediate, finely, granular material. It was usually referred to by nite •"ineral (1) Ann. Rep. Eur. of Mines, Ont., 1903, p. 282. (2 )Ann. Rep. Bur. of Mines, Ont., 1892, p. 170. MINKRALS OF IIIK HUDHl'RV MIXIS.. I(K..I..V 97 plutr'Thl T"'; " T'""' "' ^'" —■''-'- to ...is artificial product. The chemical analysis l,y H„.„,ens «l.owe.i i. to contnin ( > )• Xitkel 5 ■ 40 'ion 42 90 •* 00 In«.lul)ie 4 80 Total l»8 10 MARrASITB. t. Sliver white colour, which even weathering only ,ieepens sliditlv "]« ''■"-'- p" VpTu ""r^"""" ■'^-P'-o^-ch material, suhinitf.! t^'"""^^'"'""- Prof. Penheld, by Mr. C. W. Dick.on. were considered by him as mas- sue marcasite. The analy.es conform to the formula, Fe.S , „nd show the pn-sence of from 2 to 4 per centof nickel, probably as penthvndite I .r M-'a-.t- surnhid"' "Tir l^" "'"^"'•'•*'"^'- "f """---te. in the midst of the usual :r^l',:'„T'"' sulphides at the .Murray mine, but assays of this material fail,^ to '""" • show the presence of any nickel. Perhaps the most note.l specimens which may be included under this name are those for which the n .in,- 'blueite was propased by Dr. S. H. Emmens (' ). The mineral has Hl.u.t.. ,.f a raeullic, somewhat silky lustre, while the colour is pale olive-erav '"'"rrr '" .nchning to bronze. The type specimens came from the Gersdorffite '^^^^T mine (lot 12, con. III., DenLson), which, at the time, was worked under option, by the Emniens Metal Company. The mineral also occurs on he lot to the south (lot 12, con. II.,) as. well as at the Totten mine DlvrD ; J!"""'^' "1 "' '': '^r'''"='°" """« "°^ -• ^- "- ^"— L-rury;. Ur. l.mmens analysis showed the presence of .'5-5 per cent of '<«''l«'«'tinM nickel with 38-8 per cent of iron, and .V4 per cent of insoluble matter, "' ''""'"• but the su ... ..., ^er cent, calculated by difference, is evidently too " ^^ ' ♦*•'« ™'ne, the nickeliferous marcasite occurs in associatio. u 'ite, gfrsdorffite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite in a small qu. cutting a hornblende schist. At the Worthington and the Totten mines this very white nickel ore occurs in the form of circular or oval patches, which are very con sp.cuous, embedded in the pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and a.ssociated with rocky matter. An assay of a specimen from the Worthington mine. Chnnical <)y 1. L. Walker, showed the presence of 4.5 per cent of nickel \ *''"'-7;"f specimen was also sent to Prof. F. W. Clarke, chief chemist of the '"arca'u::'l',v Dr.Hillebrand (1) .\nn. Kep. Bur. „f Mines, ()„t., 1«92, p. 170 ; al«. J«„r. Am7chenJ.S.K. V^. ' » I * . i.> O. ( . im, M^'^'"' *^''""' •'^- '^'°'- -'^'^•' ^"- ' "*'* ^""- «*■?■ «"'• "f -^li"*". «>nt.. 7 Hi* k I t; w OBOLOniCAL SUtVRV OF CANADA U.S., Geological Survey, and an analysis of thi« ore wai nivle by Dr. W. F. Hillebrand, hi« result* being reporUd as foUown ( ' ) Iron 3d '36 Nickel 4 '57 Manganese Sulphur Sulphuric acid Carbonic acid Calcium oxide Magnesia Insoluble Water at 100' C. Water combined Los8 and oxygen 10 11 95 49{ 91 41 4-80 0.65 ? 1 ! i Total... 98. 25 Praliatdo j^ consideration of the abov<» analysi.3, shows that it agrees very mar^asit.' and closely with the assumption that the nickel is present in the form of l».ntlanrtitH. pgn^i^njite, disseminateil through the marcasite. Prof. Clarke, in his letter, states. ' It seems to me that the material is a mixture, not a definite species. Your Sudbury minerals deserve an exhausive st dy, and the work would be well repaid. MiLLERITE. Mill.TitP proljable Bourc** of ■ome uf the nickel. Milterite at Copper Cliff and Meatrice inineii. 1^1 ii , ' The simple or normal sulphide of nickel is occasionally met with in some of the mines, and may be thi- source of some of the nickel of these deposits. Agreeably with its formula Ni8, this mineral should contain, when pure, 3.5.3 per cent of sulphur and 64.7 per cent of nickel. Undoubted slender crystals of milleri^e were found at the Copper Clifl' mine, in workings 150 fee* below the surface. Another specimen containing this mineral, a-sspciated with pyrrhotite, was obtained at the Beatrice mine, on lot 1, con. III., of Blezard township. Dickson mentions having found ' small bunches of hair-like crystals of this min- eral, in the cavities of some radiating pyrite, mixed with calcite '. He regards the millerite as undoubtedly secondary, and probablv derived from preexisting pentlandite. IIS (1) Ann. Rep. G.".!. Surv. Can., Vol. V., 189091.. Part S.9., p. Ufi. J Calulated on the supposition that all ttie calcium exist* an carbonate* i VA^ MINKRAW or TH« HUDUIRV MIM.VO KEdlOM PoLVDVMITE. »9 Thii miner.1 occur* in .^sr^jiation .ith .halcopyrite, ch.lcocito, A«..n.,i,„. „f pyrrhotite and pyrite at tl.e Veru.ilion mine, l.,t.s 5and 6. con I V , of lv'>'>,™"- "' the to.„.hip of I,e„i.,„. It i, .teel-«ray. ma«ive, and exceedingly -'" " »ls .be ,„ the H,r. It ha. a ,peciHc gravity of 4.0. An an.iy.i. of c.r3fully^ectad material.gave Ciarkeand Catlett th. r,.ulU under 1. „, IfterdeS^- "T?*"''*'"' V..rnu!ion ore, analyzed by Mr, Hrowne, :..>';;.;:;;!„„ „r afterdeductmg 1.5 p«.r cent of silica,, .vf the results u„d.r II eM l-'vl-V't.- dently impure polydyinite. (- ) ' Nickel Iron Hulphur Co|)per Silica I 41 9r, l.j 37 40 80 62 1 02 11 3« 85 IM 70 3M 43 4 47 Tot»l8. 99-97 98 45 These figures give approximately the formula Ni.FeH. Neither cobalt nor arsenic could be detected. If we deduct mli^, together ^^ ;-'">-' wth the coppe.. reckoned as admixed chalcopyrite, and recalculate'the '^ '" ^■"'*" rema.nder.of the analysis under I, to 100, we «et the following figure. Nickel 43 18 Iron 16 47 Sulphur 41-35 T0UI...IOOOO In short, the mineral has the composition of Xi.S, with about one quarter of the nickel replaced by the iron, which agrees with Laspeyres polydymite, of which it is doubtless a ferriferous variety. The polydy^ mite from which the above w«, selected, came from a mass in which an average of 35.39 per cent o. tel and .5.20 per cent of copper ha.1 previously been found. A specimen of the so-called polydymite, was pre.»ented to the writer by Mr. F. L. Sperry, at one time chemist of the Canadian Copper Co The mineral at the time was known to be impure, but was the (.est sample which could be secured for the museum. The material was mainly polydymite, in a gangue composed of diorite and small quanti- ties of quartz. Carefully selected material— which however it was -^nalv^s of ■ ■ i«>Iydyn.ito (1) Amer. Jour. Sc., Vol. XXXVri, IHsO, p. Wi-.W. (2) Kntr. and Min. .T.mr., !>«•. 2, 1893. Vol. LVI, rxiii, 7i . '>j-i ana amociated iiimerala by J>hn»ton. at*' li: 1 i li •H \ [ h 1 100 GKOLonicAL ai'RviY or cA!(Ar>^ fuum) utill oonUined a littla intiTtnixwl gnii((ue«nil th»liopyrit< — wuh found, bjr Mr. H. A. A. Johnston to contain 40 8(J per cent of nukcl with H" cchiilt. xPICKRVLITK. ' !; il Dincuv^TV I if •inrrylui' Knaiiiinktion will iltscrip- ficin I \ W.'lln knd rcDtiflil. Phykickl >'h«n«ctrrii of «l«rrylit»-. Chrniical cumiHwition. •'■'(/jrrjlite wun tirNt found at the Vermilion mine in the goMHiin or lo< •« material, and was named after Mr. Franri* I* Sperrry of the C. C. Co. by Prof*. Horace L. Well* nnuentii of chaloopyrit<>, pyrrhotitt- and some Milicatet could be seen. After the material was purifietl, it whs fou id to contain ■ome transparent grains which proved on examination, t» be oxide of tin or caHMiterite (HnO,). Sperrylite is iitometric, ximple cubett are connnon, ociaheONitionv according to the mean of two analyses, was a* follows : — Arsenic 40 98 Antimony 0-50 Platinum 5257 Rho , .dy.i, of th-- ..,M.u,.r.„Htf fro,„ the Murray ...in... th., pr....„c.. of ,i,i „. a„d osnnum .. note,! i„ „,,.,o«t .,ual aa..,u.U,, ..ut ... Pn.f. Well, anaul as „..te.i above. U,.n. n..Ul, were ,.ot detected Baron v..n Kou on 'r.d.u.., .„j c..nclu.e,fron.theal,...nce of the.- elen.entMhat there i. ano he^T";■" rn.n..ral prenont. which contains the iri.liun., but although t". '^H-'"'" p.«M..lo. l.r, Walicer consider, that a .nore hicely explanation i! t L ' "'"" .n .o...e case*, part of the platinum in .perrylite, is repla.e.! l.v th; • lements indiuiM and (mniuMi. r: NlrCOLITE. This mineral, i,. intimate ass.K^iation with gersdorrtite ...uj with, , , vanable ,uanut... of intermixed pyrrhotite, ..halc.pyrite and pyritV "-Stof has iK^n found ,n connection with the .K^currence of two s.nall 'stocks' '"""''"■■ ..r .ntrusion. of .,uartz.mi,.a.diorite (altered norit.-). in the township of I>-n.on Th.8 d.or.te form* two .n.all hills, which rise aU.ve the r>««l,„„, surrounding country, which i» underlaid l.v th«, slaty Narietv of t|. • »'"•'•'■ "md. tuff, or greywackes. these rock, surrounding the diorite on ^il sides Ono of these maases, known as the Macdonell or GerBdo.rtite .nin.- i, 8.tuated ,n the southeastern corner of lot l--, con. III., of Denison while th.- other, constituting what is known u, the Hiram Hohi. ,„n propeity. is on the northeastern corner of the west half of lot 1 ■ ir.. of the same township. The country rock, in the in.mediate vicl >y » usually a more or less schistose diorite or hornV,,.-. schist . o duced by the shearing of the ,„ore „.a.«ive diorite. hich n.os' ot the h,ll .s composed. The .ock is .nade up. chiefly, of irregular crystals ot hornblende, closely aggregated together, the few and small .einain- ■ng interspaces being occupied by quartz and pla^ioclase. At the <.ersdormte mine, from which the first ami finest specimens of this "nneral, and the associated gersdorfhte were obtained, they occur in a small vWn. interfoliated with a chloritic actinolit.- schist, at the north ^de of the small area of diorite. shown on the „,ap. Th. vein consists c„.„i..„^ mamlj ^uartz, w.th a very smdU mmmtoffelspar and cakite. with __ (1). Amer. Jour. Sc, Vol. 1, 1896. p. 113, ~~ ~ ''*<•• ■on. '.iinfral vin.Htitii.'iitit ■>f !if.-WK.'iuted , of v^in con- r nicco- ' I 102 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA grains and small disseminated masses of the sulphides already men- tioned, the most abundant and conspicuous being the niccolite ami especially the gersdorffite. No analysis of the niccolite was m«le. This, when pure, is represented by the formula Ni As = arsenic 561, nickel 439 = 1000. It usually contains a little iron and --obalt, also sulphur, while sometimes part of the arsenic is replaced by antimony. The mineral occurs massive, and the peculiar pale, copper red is quite r-. distinctive. A sample containing niccolite and gersdorffite was Waiu;'" submitted by the writer to Mr. T. L. Walker who found them too intimately associated to separate for analysis. He therefore made an analysis of the two minerals together, which resulted as follows : ( ) ComjKwition of niccoliU*. AnalyHiB of niccolit*' ami (fcrndorfliU' by Mr Nickel Cobalt Copper Iron Sulphur Arsenic Silica Alumina Magnesia Lime Soda •20-87 0-64 trace. 2-43 10-60 26-04 26-70 5-43 7-29 Total . 100-00 (iKRSDORFFITE. This mineral was first recognized in a small sample brought to the ,-i.tr..^i- Geological Museum, in 1891, by Mr. Eagleson, who had obtained the tion of specimen from Mr. Dan. O'Connor, of Sudbury, the owner of the Gers- gersdorihte. ^F^^^^ ^.^^^ ^^^^^ .^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^ rj^y^^ particulars of the associa tion of the mineral have already been described under niccolite. When pure the mineral is essentially a sulph-arsenide of nickel, with the tor- mula NiAsS or NiS,, NiAs, = sulphur 19-3, arsenic 453, nickel 35-4 = 1000. Iron replaces the nickel, often to considerable amount, also sometimes cobalt. The following is the description of the specimen collected by the writer in 1891. prepared by Dr. Hoflfmann and Mr. H. A. A. Johnston. (-) Structure, for the most part lamellar, but occasionally granular, a PhyHical few minute, fairly well developeretical ctmiiMMition of I'obalti- ieroug arsenopyritc or daiiaito. Assixjiations of danaite. Physical cliaractera. Analysis of danaitc by Johniiton. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CA lADA senate. The material which came from the Gersdorliite mine, (lot 1 2, con. III., Denison), consisted of gersdorffite, with a few scattered par- ticles of chalcopyrite. The nickel arsenate, which occurred both lining and filling cavities in the gersdorffite was, in the former case, in the form of botryoidal, globular, or mammillary crusts of a greenish-yellow colour, pale grass-green, and honey-yellow to brownish colours, and exteriorly of a sub-vitreous to vitreous lustre, whilst that filling the cavities was compact and amorphous, texture colloid, of a greenish- yellow colour and waxy lustre, also occasionally, but more rarely, earthy, chalk -like and dull. (') DANAITE, (COBALTIFEROUS ABSENOPVBITE). This mineral is a sulpharsenide of iron (Fe As S), with part of the iron replaced by cobalt. Agreeable with the formula given above, it should contain, theoretically, arsenic 460, sulphur 197, iron 343 = 100 0. It is not abundant in the Sudbury district, and has only been recognized as occurring in two localities, and in both of these places it is found in association with the older diorites and hornblende schists. The first place in which it was found is on the north half of lot 6, con III., of the township of (Jraham, this lot forming a portion of what is known as the Russell location or property. The mineral is massive, with a steel-gray colour. Intermixed with it, were small quantities of white, translucent quartz, some pyrrhotite, a little galena and a trifling amount of chalcopyrite. The specific gra- vity at 15-5' C. = 5-988. An analysis by R. A. A. Johnston (-), of carefully selected material, is given under I. Deducting the gangue or silica, and recalculating to 100 we obtain the results under II. Arsenic Sulphur Iron Cobalt Nickel Antimony Gold Gangue (quartz) I 4016 17-92 31-69 3-89 0-88 0.57 trace. 4-77 II 42-22 18-84 33-:52 4 09 0-93 0-60 trace. Totals 99-88 100-00 (1) Ann. Ke(). CJeol. Sur. Can. (2) Ann. Rep. Ceol. Sur. Can. , Vol. VI, 1892-93, Part R, p. 27. Vol. V, 1890-91, Part R, p. 19. MINERALS OF THK SUDBIRT MI.VIVG REOION 105 i LrrSth^ ---iderable quantity on the N. J lot ....u- of ' T.J ' ^ ^^^ ^"'""'^'P °^ '^™»"''»- »' * deposit which was bein-^ [/"""y worked for copper, and known a8 the Century Copper mine It i^ '""" ' """" present in intimate association with pyrrhotite. d.alcopyrite und pynte, abundantly disseminated through a hornblende a' bio it he h "h1 T r^'^ " '''" '''''''' ''"''^''-''^' -'-'' - -"'-'"led in the hornblende schist. SMALTITE. This mineral so far as known, is rare in the .Sudbury district, although p v t occurs in large masses iu the Temaga.ni region/to the nortZ ''Sf;;.'" ii^lILlT '^"'r'^<:'^^«==--n- 718, cobalt ^S-S^IOOO. Irii^!^!^- 8u veTof r T Ti ""' '''■• ^ ^- ''''''''''' ^' '•- '^-l«SicaI octahedral cleavage, in association with chalcopyrito, from the township f-ALEJJA. This mineral has been found at all the mines, whe^e^ er search was . , , jnade for it^Itis the common sulphide of lead Pb8=sulphur^t 1^ J™ ''""^ t!l f 'r^l^ '°°'""' '''•"'^ ^''^^'•- ^^«— liy oecursin thin wr;,r'^s:;;nu, seams penetrating the other sulphides. It may be the source of much "• '"■""•^• of the silver found in all the mattes produced from the Sudbury ores. It shows the usually bright lead-gray colour, with distinct cubical cleavage, ^o analysis was made of this mineral in immediate ' association with the ore bodies. CHALCOCITE. This mineral, also known as copper glance, has only been described c.i. ^i, as occurring at the Vermilion mine, in Denison township. Its occur- --ctai'm'" enceat this place is noticed by Mr. Johnston, in a specimen which .m't' ir''*- was given to the writer by Mr. F. L. Speny. This specimen consisted ,^;r™""'" ofchalcociteandchalcopyrite, through which was disseminated some polydymite. Some of the fragments were coated with green carbonate of copper. Mr. Johnson found that the specimen contained 9 40 per cent of nickel with no cobalt. No chemical analysis of the chalcocite was made. (1) Ann. Rep. Oeol. Sur. Can., 1886, Part I, p. 13. 1 t ■ \ \\ 106 GBOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA BOKNITE. Boniiteoica- This mineral is mentioned as occasionally seen by Mr. C. W. Dick- occurding to son. Some of the cbalcopyrite, obtained at the Vermilion mine, which was greatly weathered, baa a general resemblance to this mineral. No undoubted bornito was, however, noticed by the writer. l)ick8on. TitaniftriuiB magnetite an invariable conntitnent of the norite. Maffuetite of Murray mine . Miuss I if magnetit<> wcigliinK 6 tons found at Clarabelle mine. CaBsiterite occurs aBBO". ciated with Hiierrylite. Native cojiper t'omiil at Vermilion and Cer Cliff mints. MAGNETITE. Th's mineral is an invariable constituent ot the norite, and is always .-iiore ur less titaniferous. It is generally disseminated in minute grains through the ore bodies, but, as a rule, in very subordinate amounts. Occasionally, small masses of titaniferous magnetite are associated with the pyrrhotite, and an analysis of such a metss, from the Murray mine, gave Dr. Walker, (<) 18-34 per cent of titanic acid. The iargest mass yet noticed was recovered from the workings of the Clarabelle mine, where, according to Capt. McArthur, about five tons were found enclosed in the sulphides. This magnetite is readily attracted by the magnet, and contains grains of pyrrhotite and cbal- copyrite, as well as small portions of a green silicate. (2) CASSITERITE. The purified material from which the analysis of sperrylite was made by Professor Wells, of Yale University, contained as stated, 4.62 per cent of oxide of tin, in the form of minute transparent grains. These were carefully examined and pronounced to belong to the species oassiterite. JJ.\T1VE COPPER. Dendritic or leaflke forms, are occasionally met with, as at the V eiroilion mine, where a few specimens of chloritic schist were obtained, showing native copper, developed along the planes of cleavage. L.P. Silver has a specimen of the diorite, obtained from the twelfth level of the Copper Cliflf mine, showing a gocd deposit of leaf copper, which he considers must have been formed, by the reduction of the cbalcopyrite. by reducing solutions leaching through the rock ('). (1) Quart. -Jour. Geol. Soc. Lon., Vol. LIU, Feby., 1897, (2) Ann. Rep. Bur. of Mines, Ont., 1903, p. 281. (3) .lour. Can. Min. Inst., Vol. V, 1902, p. .'J.Sfi. p. 52. i ! mineral; of the sudburt minis'; re(;ion 107 NATIVE (iOLD. Samples of the ore obtaiaed from the Vermilion mine contain v^.j,,. „, ,.„, appreciable quantities of native yold, and specimens, may be obtained V-runli?,,."" from thw mine, showing abundantly disseminated grains and strin-s of """"' goW, often of large size. All of the mattes produced from the Sudbury All tl,..,nutte, ores contain golfl, the percentages of this metal, varying in the besaemer a'.'.r^cnM. matte, from strong traces to 0.3 oz. per ton. The average amount 'i'"">\^l>- would be about 0.15 oz. of gold per ton, although Silver (■ ) reports ' '" having found 0.75 oz. of gold, in a matte which contained 3'J.(34 per cent of nickel and cobalt, and 42.75 per cent of copper. m fiKAFIIITE. Dr. Coleman (2) reports having found a few scales of graphite, in r.r.uUt,. the country rock, occurring on the dump at the Lady Macdonald mine, ■''otic- I'y Dr. CCBANITE. David H. Browne T'; for some time chemist to the Canadian Copper ,-,,,..,ite, „„e (.0., at Copper Chff, found this mineral, which is represented by the "^ "" ''"'" formula Cu Fe, S, = sulphur 35.4, copper 23.3, iron 41.3= 100.0, in rS.'.i^ the roast heaps, being one of the products formed .luring the roasting. 7iro^^,^^'^ In addition to the above mi eral varieties mention may be made of the fact that quartz, calcite, dolomite and ankerite are found in associa- tion with the massive sulphides, but these minerals are relatively very unimportant, and even at such deposits as the Victoria mines consider- able quartz has to be added to the furnace charges on account of the basicity of the associated rocks. Nearly all of the gangue occurs as intermixed norite or diorite. i Jlf| Composition of the ore-bodies. The ore bodies, with which the nickel ami copper are immediately ,„,.,,^i,, associated, consist essentially <.f a mixture of sulphides, in which pyrrho- ■"^'''♦- "!' " tite (Fe,S,), 18, by far, the predominant constituent : chalcopynite is of pvrSt,- almost invariably present, and usually in considerable amount, although '"''hn''''''''" proportionately much less than the pyrrhotite. It has been conclu- Iv" ..,| sively proved by means of theraagnetic separations can led on by Browne '^^'■"clu^iv. ly . ' that thf iiiikel (t) .lour. Can. Min. I.mt., Vol. V, 1902, p. bS4. ~ f^rmof "Jn." (2) Ann. Rep. Bur. of Mines, Ont., li)03, \i. 284. tlimditt;. (3) Ann. Htp. B'.-.r. .if Mine", Ont., i;*?", p. L'Sl. 103 OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA If- n sill IVntliii'lit.' iiHiially viry Hiiely niiH evenly (liittriiniteil. ()(v.'rai.tii;able. Dickson and the writer, that the nickel present in these ores is all contained in the pentlandite, although the tirst nipntiontid authority is still inclined to the Iwlief, that the small amount ntained by the niap- netic portion or pyrrhotite proper, occurs in part, at least, as an essen- tial constituent of the pyrrhotite. This pentlandite is usually very finely and uniformly distributed throughout the whole mass, although in certain uiines aa the Creighton, Copper Cliff, Evans and very noticeably the Worthington mine, it occurs in spots and patches, often as much as half an inch to an inch, or even mure, in diameter, of fairly pure material. The relative al)undance of this nickel-iron sulphide, dfcteriiiines the richness, or otherwi.se, of the cmtaining deposit. Fyrite also contributes to the formation of these deposits, and much of it is ni keliferous. Present opinion varie.s somewhat in regard to the form in which the nickel is present in this compound, Dr. Walker's re- searches tending to prove, that this element replaces isomorphously an equivalent amount of iron in chemical combination, wnile others regard intermixed pentlandite as the source of the nickel. Certain other sulphides of nickel already mentioned and described, also contribute to the unusual richness of these deposits, but these are relatively much less important, and many of the occurrences, where such minerals are present, are, so far as known, of no commercial importance. A varying amount of ganguc, usually of the associated eruptive, but occasionally also of the older green schists, greywackes anrl even quartzite, is always present. The percentage of such inter, nixed rocky matter is sometimes unusually large, as in certain portions of the Elsie and Murray mines, where material has been u.sed in large amount, which consists of sulphides and rock in about equal proportion, while, in other instances, as at the Creighton and Victoria mines, the sulphides are so pure and massive that large quantities of associated norite have to be added to the furnace charge to act as a t^ux. Magnetite, and certain of thfc silicate.s, peculiar to the norite, usually more or less decomposed, such as hornblende, acti- nolite, serpentine or chlorite are almost always present. A comparatively small amount of quartz, calcite, dolomite and very occasionally crys- tals of tourmaliue m lybdenite and apatite are also found. The pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, are not, as a rule, .so intimately commingled as to form a homogeneous mass, but each may be described as occurring in pockets, spots, bunches or threads, in the other. The chalcopyrite is not so closely intermixed with the pyrrhotite but tends to isolate itself rather in patches or spots, usually enclosing, but occa- sionally enclosed by the pyrrhotite. 1 1 is sometimes possible to separate considerable masses of chalcopyrite, assaying over 30 per cent of copper, or pyrrliotite, that will only show tracesofthatmetal. Inpraetice, how- ever, careful examination and trial have proved that the two minerals MIVERAM OF THB ^c•,...l•RV M.N.N.. RK..,ON IQ!) lerro nickel, and this deposit was purchased l.y the Lake Sunerior Power Company, with this ol.Ject in view. Ana yse. n.ade ia'u"^ n.asso£theCreightonn.i„e,.reobtaine.l near the surface Iw Z nickel to vary from 4.S7 per cent to I II ■ . * . ' ^^^ l-'Oofconn«r TK ' P*."^ *"'"* *° •'••^' P^'-'^ent, With O.TJ per cent to l.-Uof copper. The preva.hnR intimacy of association however of the pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, will perhaps be better appr iltec b ne " T "' J. t^^'^' '""'' ''-'^-P''^''"' 'P^^-s from tl/, a : s ot . d Copi^r Cl.tt mines, collected and analv.e,! by Mr Hrowne > 1 ; :rr:n^ T ': ''■'' '- -^''^^^^^^^^:^ Z2XJT^ P^"^^"« ""-^ pentlandit,. in the same, to assav from 1.28 to 2.4/ jHir cent of nickel. On the other hand, selected nicke'l a80per cento copper, while similarly picked ore from the Ev„„s „ „' on a,„.„g5.3.,percentof nickel showe,! the presence of only 0.4";; centof copper. In certain of the deposits, as for instance, at the maL haft of the Victoria mines, the nickel and copper are almost idenTic 1 n quantity, as.says of a lar^e nun.ber of samples, neglect ing the inso u •.le matter, showing the presence of .166 per cent of each .„e. 1 IT t e thar'oTth"' ' 7u ^'-^'^ '"'"^•^' ''•'' ''^'^- '^ --"V nearlv -tu managerof he Dominion Mineral Company, under date of March 18th 1891 stated that the ' kies " or metallic portionof theBlezard mine aver aged4 per cent ofnickel and 2 per cent of copper this result big the average ot a large number of a.ssays. as also of L practical wo ng o Wav ; rj*r ''^^^' '''■ ^- ''■ ''■ I^-. then manage'; l!t! 7f - • "^ ^^'^ "" """""S' "^ *''« °- -"«lted at this mine contained 1.0 per cent;of nickel and 75 per cent of copper, (nherasy: of an average sample of ore from this n.in., show oTper cent o7Z The Gertrude and the Cre.ghton mines, and especially the latter ,.re the clL ^'^ r n' '"* ^'^"" "' ''"' 'leseio,„.nt of the mLs e n clTlT ^«PP«f °-P-y. the coppc. was greatly in excess of -^!^^^!'!!if!l!!!!yi!!^^ without selection (1). Eiiff.and Mfn. .loi-r. Dec. 2nd. mi\ Vr.\ LVI ,, -«! ~~ ll). An,.. R^i, ,JeoJ. Surv. Can., Vol. V, 18!t0-91, PartF.,',,. r,-J. .M.i.MH,,f |i.virticitii. 'leciir i..iii|iar- ativi'l,v fi.r from uKali'ii- P.vrif"'. I'aiti.il ana',V"'s 'if tin- .iriM fn.iii priiicipnl tiiiiii-i. M. k.l aiHJ •■ilii:il ill iiiii"iiiit at Vicrciria iiiinfr<. N'iikil ii'arlv ili.n'.lr til.- ■ '•n|,|„ .,t JJtiiiiinion, Klsi*- and •Murray mines. .Assays iif ' ki.-s"(if Ui'iiiiiiiiiii niiit.-. Assay- iif UP' fr'Hii .Miiiray iiiiiii'. l'i''IK,nii.-iaii- c' iif iiic'ktl ill • •'■rini.lianii I'r.JK-lit.in niini-s. ('i.|.l».r Rrcatly in .■\( i-ss in first years ..f o|>er- atiiiii ..f CV.p|».r Cliff liiine. w Pi M i- ■ i 1- ■A. 1 i ' i 1 1 ;■ i 1 ,^ i no (IKOLOOIOAI. HLR»KY OF CANADA l'ni|»rtii>n i«f nickt'l anil cnpni'r in iiiftltcn fri)in l>ciininii>n mine. AnalyKW of lliuttf V,i\. Ci)i>. Co. Purcpntagf "' nickfl in the (ire. Amount of cobftlf prtwnt. (told, silver and platinuin are present in ai)l)reciable qiiantitie-t. Amount 4>f ({old present in mattes. Amount of silver present in mattes. from these mine.. «».owed a range in copper from 4 03- 9 98 per cent, with an average of ti-44 per cent, while the nickel, in the 8ame .peci^ menH, varied fro... 112 per cent to 421 per cent, with an average of 2-38 per cent. This preponderance of the copper was maintained for some Ume, for an average of two sample, of the blast furnace matte, taken 22nd February, 1889, and the 2nd March, of the saaie year, showed copper 26 91 p-r cent and nickel 1 41 4 per cent. About the same time, the Dominion Mineral Company produced mattes, conU.n.ng from 18 to 20 per cent copper and 24 to26 per cent nickel. At the present time however, this condition of affairs is reversed, and two specimens o this matte, analyzed by Mr. Donald I/Kke, of this Department, showed 14-53 per cent and 14 69 per cent of copper with nickel 26 34 per cent and 2817 per cent, respectively. The nickel present in the pyr.hotite of the Sudbury District, var.es usually from 225 per cent to 5 50 per cent, the lower figure \mng characteristic of such deposits as the Stobie, Murray and Elsie mines, while the latter is approached, and at times, exceeded by the ore of the Creigl.ton. Victoria, Blezard, Copper Cliff and Evans mines. Small specimens are occasionally met wi.h which contain as h.gh as 30 per cent of nickel, as at the Worthington mine, but such material is only obtainable by careful hand-picking, at either the Worthington or Creighton mines These ores contain appreciable quantities of cobalt, gold, silver, and metals of the platinum group. Cobalt is almost invariably present, but in most of the assays of the ores, which have been made, it is included with the nickel. The cobalt is usually very uniform in amount, in the proportion of 1 to 40 or 50 of the nickel present The amounts of the rarer elements such as gold, silver and platinum are, usually so small, that the proportions of these can be best determined by analyses of thebessemer or higher grade n.attes. Anal- yses of this product, v.hich are available, containing about 80 per cent of combined nickeland copper, contain from 010 to 0-20oz. of gold with an average of probably about 015 oz. to the ton of 2.000 lbs., although L P Silver (' ) obtained as high as 75 oz. of gold, iu the high grade matte, of the Orford Copper Company, containing 39-64 percent of nickel and cobalt and 4275 per cent of copper. Locke, of the Geologicu Survey, shows that in this same matte, containing 4037 per cent of nickel and 24-95 per cent of copper, only 010 oz. of gold per ton is present. In the matte produced by the Mond Nickel Company, con- taining 41-88 per centof nickel and 37-37 per cent of copper, this same chemist found /, of an oz. of gold. The silver in the ore is still more variable, as Locke found 2-5 oz. to the ton, in the Orford Copper Co mpany's ma tt e, and 487 oz. to the (1) .Tour. Can. Min.lnst7 Vol. V 10^P-,93»*r. Atithuiity, 1 C..p|)erCHff Ev„n. A St..l,i„ mine« 2 ;« i« cii|i|H-r ciilf luiiip, averao-f 1«!I0. 3 no 2 Copi-er Cliflf n.iiiP (,„i,ed or..) i-75 ;? " (|>itked nickel ore) 8 la 5 " ■■ , 925 fi " It.," 11<« (I'lcked eii|i|»>r<,re) 274 « Kvann iniii.. (niix..■»> 3 .M..bie mine (picked nickel ore). ... 2 75 in " (picked copiK-r or.-) i { jH 17 Xo. 2 mine (picke<1 nickel ore) . ' $70 ..V .,"1... 'P'cks'lcoprx^ri're)...., 1-87 I. .No. 2 hxtension (pick.Kl ni. ore), i 4 s') -t> .No. 3 mine (KrfKKi mine) (picke.!; nickel ore) , ^c -'1 No 4mine .. j.f, •T-l . . . .! 4'.J3 2^ creiifhton "iiiie:..:. :;:;::;■. ;:::! i:^^ h " I 4«7 ^Vict.,rmine . . i! ' ! i! ! ! . ! i::;:;. 1 ^i^ •N " 305 J!) ;; 2B7 W Worthinffton mine.'. ' ' ! ' ! ' ! ! ! ! ! ] ! ; j 3-^ •10 T,i , ". (picked ni. ore).i 17-48 fi 44 r> 24 5 tilt 8<» 51 00 14 13 23 78 I 2 til) '■ 2'84 i 49 i 00 13 8« I 2 21 i r!i!t i rm I 0;i7 I 15 71 i 24 23 i 38 i 13 71! IP a-, ! I 42 ! 1 39 i 2 4!t j 1-81 1 20 72 I 4 50 3 (ij 2 81 2 41 3 OO 1)0 2 (« 75 9 93 '^'»"- '-'"PI*'- Ca 1"> Vj ','. 8 !t2 9 70 : iroo ' It' '7 251(3 t> •><) •> ■»•> 5 85 ; „ 9 02 15 2" ' 4 49 3 99 -•■75 ' 3 3ii I ii; '.i-.i 24 -.iT i 5 IIS ; 15 ri;t * >>7 i •> ,1" I « <)4 8 84 ! *> 07 i;eol..Surv. D.pt. (i 03 ; S 00 i Mond Nickel Co. •■« 25 ' 5-48 ; .-.■(!2 i (! iiij in.w. 17 48 jr. L. (i OO la>m. Dickson. Walker. Min. Co. 2 28 iH.H.VivianACo u y j i liji^lli ^ lii 112 • lEOLOOICAL Kt'KVEV OF CAJIAOA BXPLANATIONM. Anatv"" liv I'. I-. S|i.iry. AiialviM- I'V l». H. r>rii»n«' Annlyw » I'V ('»n»i*iiKilI((n:iiiiity L' (HI Not,,' ;; 3;i K ... ,. l" ' •■' '""•■•It. ,1-,; „ a 0,1 i I i I •• .. |«i'ianiniaiitity|:i |(lTr„c,.. 3i„! I 1. - LiiCHliirtI \V. 7 iJV. >i,|,. I,„li,. \\itii.t|iiti-i) 2. l!iMiclnr'.-.inint, N.K. Kiitf JmU' >Vann|>iLt'i ... .'i. - Xifliin T.iwri- »l>lt". I-"t 12, C(.n. 4.~H(imKlHrv I i 111- l^t. DintriitH i.f AlffciitmA .\ij)iii. miiK', 2iiiil(.«X. ,,f 14IIIIIS<||'|| T|( . S.- I^iriic T(i wn ■ "hip. I^it 11, ("or ^' Sinall pro-' fi -T.,>rn„ T l"'iti"" Trillintf 7.-N'airnT«w,„|,ip ^'.wlU,,,,,,,,,,. 1 .•,; I^)U 1 ft 2, Con. '" Hmall pn,.; I ». — Unirj' Town- ship Lots, Con.' '" Triflinir 1, I, • r„ amount. iLittl !'.- DeniMin Town-' "hip. Lot 6, Con.' 10, — Levack Town "hip. Lot r, Con, 11.— J^vack To*n- "hip, Lot 7, Con. 12.- Levack Towii »hir>. Lot ;t. Con. 13. — Ru"" njine, \V. K., 5, North Nic- kW Kange • '•t'lihina- >>!< k> I unil "iluilt in SinMiiirv ori'« 'iv Dr, i;. c. Ilotfniann ami .i<<«iHtant'*. A. .-\. .(,>l,„.f.,„. I . 2 70Xon.. 2 7"K. li.'Wait, 2 .'^l l{. A. A. .T..|,n-i,,n, 1 ft.-.Trac...' ^2-l)l ! i 1- •"> None. I Xone. I^:>Xonf i-77| 2 aiTraccisCt'! 4 l.S Xoii.. '4 i.T 18 5 ,V,.ry ,,„a|i , , amount. 1 IMi •|'racp.i2'4«: I6-.5 ;.Sma|l amoimt.j2-7.".iNjm»>.!3-2r> "I ■ 114 il I l| t » 1 ! 1 1 > I )>■ •('ri|itiiiiia oil whicli ili'trriniiiM' ti'din w«'ri' OMldllOtwI. 0K0L0<<:c,u. miiVKv ok ca^aua K.. Pyirhotitp, with a tiitliiig niiiountof chaltopyritf, withgrrcniitone. C. Pvrrholilo, with a little clial< npyriif, with Krfenston»>. , 7 Pyrrholite, with a Hinall pro;)ortion of grpenntone. 8. Pyirhotjte, witii a littl.- ihalcopyrite, thrnunh which wiu* di*«inii. riated a tritling amount cf a quarlzom! jjnngue. 9. A somewhat coarHc granular pyrrhotito, through whii-h waa liiHHPiiiiiiatod a Kiiiall amount of (|uartz. 10. A soint'wiiat coawe granular jiyrrhotite. through which wa« di'^srminatpd a (|Uart/ose gan;iuc. II. A very coarse granular pyrrliolite, tr<'« from ganguf. 1 :.'. A •omewliat I'.iiir.Mf granular pyrrliotite, with a very small amount of cliaUdpjillo, in associiition with gri'i iistoiic. 1 3. A coarse granular pyrrhotite, with a small amount of chalcojtyrite. The gaiiguo was readily discern! hie. TlicM' analyses, 1 to 1:1, wen- done in the chemical lalioratory of the (ifnlogi<.al Survey l)e|>;n tm 'nt, hv McsMS H. A. A. Jolmfton and F. U. Wait, AMsistants to Or. C C. llufl'manii. (Ann. Hep. Ceol. Surv. Can. Vol. ^. 1S9U-01, Pan H, pp. ll-U (Nos 7 to l&K C'tiin|tMition (if |i'Tllli)tit.- nut, cuiiritunt. The SriiiuuY Pvhuiiotite. The composition of pyrrhotite.as shown hy a large number of analyses, is not constant, and although repealed I rial* have l)een made by various chemists and mineralogists, to obtain a forpnila which would be satisfactory, and representative of tliis mineral, Jieir att. inpts so far have lisen attended witb onlv a fair amount of success. • oMfonnioN OK TiiK ittimriiv i-ymmiiotitk 1. It Im.. therefor,., U-.i, ih.. riMtom l.> exyniHH the. i|K«iili.m ..f |.„r,„.,U f,,, pjrril.olit.., I.y th.i formulft Kf,, S,,,, i|,„ „viiil,it,l« atialyseit, ...ll... t,.,l l'*'^''"*""- \>y Lin.l,tr..m in 187.1, »ml \,y M it.orm-hl i„ 1-7:.. ,h.,*'„ii « variation of F.': S I ; 1., liHJ.', torr..s|.m.litiK tu Fh, S,,. to I : l.O'ilU »lii,|i .,{re..i with tli« formula Fe,„ S, ,. II^Lerm-hl. from a i.,..an of | | .l"t«nnin,»tio.iM, Um. of «l,i..|, w..,« - .„.„iially i,i«nlicai, ,|,ow..,l that thn lUI.'ni.miH pyrrliotit.. contains '10.">7 pur .vi.t of iron, thus con- forming cios«ly U> tl... formula Fe, S„ th,. theonaioal .on.po.Hition of which wouM rw-iuiro (50 K) p., c..nt of iron Thin material was ol,i,i.i,p.l cm porti.mH separated «ULV,.,,«ively from tl.,. tinr pow.l.T, M|M|,.mli-d in water l.v, a »tron« ma«nnt. Do-ltor, iiy ai 1 ili.al m.Mn*. pi.Kluc.l a <''mi|)Oun(l clo..Hly r.....ml.lin-. if not iil.mtirai with 1 h- natural pyrr hotit.-, th.. anily».iH of w'li..}, agtv,..! with tli.. ; .rmiila Fo, , S,, Thin variati.m in comp-Mitioii has »utfKeit»'.| th.- F»"'''''''tJ'. Hi'H V.,ri„ti„„i„ pyrrhotito is not really a (l.ilinite upecips, in a mim-raiogical Honna hut '•■"'l'"-ii".'n rathflr. a mixture in varyin« proportion,, „f perhaps .sMveral . loH..|y '^l^^uf'" relatetl compoun'U. Much a vi.-w was r..«ai.l.'(l ,.s alv, Kuptn,, Im.I l.y I""",''''>' ttio WKJ.. rana« m Ih.- sptcihe Bravity of the mineral. (.i.'JH to t.so) „s well as, obm-rvod differences in the possession of ...rtain physi.a] properties, especially noticeahle in rei^-ard U) it^ ma,',i..t.si„ Som« speotmens exhibit this property in su.h n feel.le manner, that <>• ly the liner powder is attracle.! I.y (he magnet, while others are so intonsly magnetic, as»n-o,i to exhibit the phenomem.n of [mUrity Cireful considot-ation of all the facts available, suggest, that mu.h, |„„ ,.,^„,,.., at least, of the discippancies in eompositi.m, can jierhaps be iM-tter '" " ^"'•* exLluined, on o-her grounds. Thus, although it is known that, a ce ,. "xi'llu,,,,! „„ Si .-able number of tl- m analyses, were comlucted on ma'erial whi.i. "'l'*■'•^-'"■"■''^-• had l)«-n selected with great care, and usit.g evry known i,recautiou to ensure a pure i.nd hon,ogpneous product, by far the larger nim:')er of determinations w.re of impure, often intermixed material. HrsMes the metho.ls of analysis were not always above .vpn.ach, so that errors constantly occurred, not only in the determination of the sulphur, but Hlso of the iron. Fn addition, even with the po.sse.ssion of th- reciuisite km.wledge of analytical methods, as well as skio m their manipulation „^,„,, , it 18 usually extremely difficult, if not impossible, in all cases, to obtain •.''"inini" sufficiently hotnogen-ous material, on which to b'.so a for.nula. which I;;:!;;'n.':r"'" would be thoroughly reliable and representative. If we reg.ird pyrr- hotite as a sulphide, intermediate in chemical comp.,sition between the non.ial sulphide FeS a.id the disul.nhide FcS , it is possible to obtain every gradation of material showing .1 range 'in the iron content, from 63-61 per cent, to 4r.-C.O p.r cent, v.-hile .-h^ =u!phur to e-;rie-^p:jnd, 8.i fl m ^ 1 ' ! 1 i ; i ; 't i F \ \ •1 I ! 'I 116 flEOLOf'ICAL SURVEY OF CANAOA Raii(f.- ill ii'ii |i isitiim l)f Mll|illillf1. Piflirultics iif olitftining a reliaVtU' aniilysix <>f HiiHbniy \>\xx hotite. I'rtwtiiec :iner cent, to 5otO per cent. There is, however, a wide g.ip between Fb; S, with iron 60-4l> per cent and sulpliur 3(IC0 per cent, and Fe 8., witli iron 4660 per cent and Rulphur ."):{. 40 per cent Tliose analyses, however, which have evidently heen conducted witli the !,'reatesl cai-e, sliow a variation in formula froi'i Ke, , S, ., with iron 61.60 per cent and sulphur 38.40 per cent, to Fe- S„ with iron 60.40 per cent and sulphur 3'J60 per cent. These iletcrniinations are as uniform and accurate as could be expected, from material so manifestly impure as pyrrhotite. A satisfactory and reliable analysis of Sudbury pyrrhotite is, per- haps more than us^ually ditlicult to obtain, owing to the very intimate as.sociation of various closely related sulphides. In the first place, it " was the generally accepted view, that the nickel really replaced isomorphously, an equivalent amount of iron, and was thus an essential constituent of the pyrrhotite, whereas, it is now a well a.scertained fact, that by far the greater proj ortion of the nickel, at least, occurs as a distinct and separable nickel-iron sulphide. Many, iiowever, still cling to the belii'f, that a small portion of the nickel may exist in a state of chemical combination, but such persons can find little support for this view, in the fact, that, by repeated use of a magnetic separator and with material sutlicently comminuted, it is possible to remove almost the last trace of nickel, from a compound, which originally con- tained from 2 to 5 per cent of this element, while the isolated nickel-iro!i sulphide or pentlandite, is usually pure enough for analyti- cal purposes. The process is, however, tedious and repeated trials are nece«3jiry, Ix'fore the pyrrhotite or pentlandite is obtaine' orm.daFe.S,,. while two or three other, work..d o.lt ,o F..S and "• ""• l-e,S ll.el,rst mention,.,! fonmila n,ay he rei:,trd,.,l as the most probable for the pyrrhotite fron> theSudl.HV l)is.,i,.t. II,. lik.-wiM. ,■ , , ...entions the int.res.in^ fae., that a trial,,/ a specimen tron. IW l^'-^wlV"^ land, IJ.C, show.-d it to l.e represente.l by -he same fonnula( F.-.S, ). ''>"'""''*■■ The pynholite isalway. massive an.i amorphous, ^howin^ all .-rada , , tions of texture fti, 111 very tinelv to v.rv ,.„.i,- ,.1,. , i .■ " I liy>icii w_y iimi\ lov.ry co,ii.-ely j;ninular, the coarser l'i"l"rti.*. ,jf van,.ties possessing, well mark,.d .•leava^',.s in two dir..ctions Vs may ■'>"''""'•- be seen by a reference t.. the analyses, there is little or no foun.latioa for the popular beli..f, that tl„. coarsely crystalline varie,i,.s are rela- tively poorer in nickel, than thos.- which ar,. nn,.r «,ained tJoo.I crystals are extremely rare, and although occasional fra«n„.nts are found wh.ch are apparently bound.d by crystal faces, such planes are reaby the direct result of cleavag... IV, haps the only authenticated crystal of pyrrhotite, was obtained by Mr. G. H. Mi.kl.N fro,,, a „,an working in the Worthi„-tcm mine. Mr. Micklc thus .lescil.es if 'The crystal is evi.iently a hexagonal prism showing; stron-Iy marked ,. basal cleavage : two of the sides a,e intact and portions of two others 'rM.clt:™ rmain. The .limensions are 1 ■, inches, or :52,.„n.. bv i inch, or pvini'tlt 1.3.,>m.; the weight 27-4 grains ; and an ar.alysis of a v'ery small fragment from the crystal gave 2;5 per cent of nickel.' The colour of the pyrrhotite is a bright steel gray on f.esh fracture • lu.ckly weathering to a deep bronze-yellow, often, how.-ver, ta.nished *^'"'""'- or i,idescent. C'llALfOPVIUTK. 1 . copper contained in the ore is all obtained from chalcopyrite thecom,non sulphide of copper and iron, (CuFcS. sulphur SSOper'^m'l'^l cent, copper .•]4-.. per cent, iron ;;0-5 [.er cent - 1000) It is always "''■''•■'''"■ massive, with the usual deep b.ass or y, How colour. As usual this '■'""' m,neral is very subject to tarnish, and beautiful irides.ent speci- """' mens can be obtained from I he ore heaps, or scattered around the works. The composition of the ore varies greatly, as ,nay be .seen '.y a reference to the anal^ ses, and according to th,- preponderance of either the pyrrhotite or chalc.pyrUe, the resulting furnace product or i 1 ■'■if', K Ih ,i 118 r.KOLOGlCAL SUKVKY OK CANADA 1 I ill!" ' ^Ni sn Mim-K .,f Cunadiaii C'opiKT Co. first oixratwl for foppir. DlSCIlMIV of jtreMfiice- of nickel. Dr. I'etir's, (loulited if SiuHiury mines could \m' worked protitolilv fur copi»er alone. matte is relatively richer or poorer in nickel or copper. The mines of the Canadian Copper Company, as tlie name implies, were first oper- ated for their copper contents and it was not until considerable work had been done that nickel was discovered to be present in the ore. A large shipment of ore hail been made to New York, and a chemist there who was making a volumetric determination of the copper con. tents, by the poUssiuin cyanide process, was struck by the great variation in his results, which led him to make a more niinute examination of the ore, when he found that nickel was present. Tlie ore ha.s now become of more value on account of its nickel, than its copper contents; and Dr. Peters himself, greatly doubted, if the mines would pay to work for copper alone. NICKEL AND COllALT IN SUDUfUV PVUKUOTITES. ,. ^ 1. KIsif mine (a) Determin- 2 ,, ,, (1,) ations of 3' gjli^,;,, ,;',),„. (^y ' '. ; ] [ nickel, coi.i,er, 4 (i,) cobalt *c. in r,. Xo. 3 mini) (ai 1 Sudlmrv ,j _ 3 „ (^j 1 pyrrhotitos. ^ Mount Nickel 8. CopiK'rCliff No. 4mine <») •J. ron|i»>r Clitf No. 2mine (1.) 10. Copiier Clitf No. .") mine (c). . . . 11. Creigli'on mine (a). . . I'J. M .. (b)... l.S. Gertrude mine (a) 14. .. ■■ (i>: 1."). Victoria mine (a). 16 (1>) Itin. .. " (M 17. Levack Townslii I.-*. VVisner ■! 111. Creiffhton mine (a 20 (1>)... 21. Co|i|«'r Cliff (7th level) (a) 22. Coi)perClifIt7tli level) (1>) , 2;!. Stobie mme (a). . . 24. n H (I'l '2!>. Kvans mine (a). . . . 2C. (b)... . 27. CopiRT Cliff mine,.. ;JS. Cryderiran mine 2!>. Coclirant'inine. . • 30. Little Stobie mine. .. Nl( KKL AND COBALT IX SCDilUKV PYURHOTITE 119 EXPLAVATIOXS. Analyses 1-18 iudusive, with tlie exception of IGa., wore iniide by Mr C W. Dickson, (Trans. Anier. Inst. Min, En^., Albany meeting;. Feb" 1 903) in duplicate or triplicate, to insure the greatest possible accuracv. These were made toascortain a.s accurately as possible, theaveraj;,- nickel and cobalt contents, of the general run of the pyrrhotite, from the whole M,.tl„KK region. Tlio pyrrhotite was coarsely crushed, and the u.inoral picked '"'Pl-n>--l f.T out as pu,e as possible, under a lens, when necessary. Fron, the n.as- .'l;',;;";^ sive varieties, «o^it occur- ring with xniall iwilated uiassf « of noritc. !: il Most geoLigists, at least, who liiiveexiiiiiiiicil these (l<'()(isils i:i di'tiiil, are ajjreed, tliat they are not true fissure veins, ami althoULili, at times eertain sloping .surfaces are obtaineil, which ^eeiu tu have a uniform inclination and limit the distribution of ore in their Jireci ion, jet, it seems certain, that there :ire no regular walls, in the iiiinerH sense of the term, and at boiti sides of tiie dej>o>tit, the encltising lock is iniineg- n it'd, mure (if less, « ith pyritous matter. Although mining is tluis ren(ler;(i somewhat diin.'ult and uncertain, on accuunt of the .d)^ence of the walls, and irreL;ularily in tlie distriliuiii'n of the ore, si tiiat there is very little means (jf knowing in what ilirerticn to drive the levels, this uncertainty is Usually more t!ii!i c impensali-d by th'! extent and massiveness of the deposits, wh n found. The ore bodies are of irregular, oval or pod-shaped outline, a;id all agree in having their longer axes to correspond vi ry closely with the direction of the foliation of the enclosing rock.s. The shapes and dimensions of the ore bodies of the International Nickel dmpi'-.y's mines at Cop|>er C'lilf, are accurately shown on the accompanying large scale maps. There are three main ty])es of these ore deposits in the Sudbury ^Mining District. 1. Tho.se which occurat the southern border of the iiniiiense body of hypersthene-gabbro, or norite, which reaches ' hout interruption, from i)iury to Garson townshii)s. Under thi? ' ision, are included the Ger trude, Creighton, Norih Star, TaniC .la'ter, Lady \'iolet, Elsie, Mur- ray, Cameron, Little Stobie, Mount Nickel, Blezard, Beatrice, Kirk, wood and Cryderman mines. 2. Those which are developed in connection with ufTsets or dj'ke- like forms of the no: ite, extentling southward from the main mas.s, and which are intruded into the older rock.s, almost at '-ight angles to the planes of foliation and bedding. This would embrace such mines as the Victoria, Clarabelle (No. 6), No. i, Lady ^Macdonald (No. 5) and No. 2, and the extensions of No. 2 mine. 3. Those which are associatei I with smaller, and at presf nt, completely isolated bodies of norite. These sepirate masses of the nickel bearing eruptive, are so closely identical, in mineralogical composition, structure and behaviour to the parent eruptive, that they are probably connected with it, in some way, at a distance below the surface. The original Copper Cliff, No. 1 and its extensions, Evans, Frood (No. 3) and Stobie mines are all examples of this last mentioned class. The first mentioned division of deposits, ire all situated at the imme- diate contact between thi.« huge mass and the older rocks, into which Moi.K Of urrinuKsvK „K ,.r:..os,rs 121 i.npn.,Mu,ion or- ,1,.. „,.,,, „,„..,. ; . ■ " — ta.t ,s well >l,own, the ,. ,;„,„„„, p.-;n.o..s.o., ;.--:: :::;t:r::;:''-';r ^• let«-..,.„ ,h.. ,.„.-bo,ly .,..1 tho norne is ev,.„ , -i-'-.-n I''-'- '-t-iHl ...lu.lly f.,i,., ..,; ' ,; ' ■"• -'-tan., t,,.. .,,. occasional .iiss,.,„,„„,i,„' -r ?: ' " '^ '^ ""'>■ '■'■rw^'nleii l,v type..f«n..i.u.,,.anite.uL.l,;,.., , ;::;:''■ ''■"'' ^■''--'- «"--.i— -Lan, ;;„j,;:::':, ;::::t'^-'''';'-'- '-— f ofti.e nori:r, while i,,s ,liH;.M.,.ti .„.' , "'.""■ ""^"'•■'■"■"•'" "'-■.-.. ..utnonst. This.,„,oco,,wiM,,:,,f .;,, '''l';■':f'■•^'''^'''':•''-'''•'- xicl...i^,n,..h..,.th...,..i.ec,.., . :;: :;;; ';- '^ ^"■"-" an.l ,roe„ .chis.s o,. tho „onl, .id.. « i^ ^ ' ^ """"^ lies the arm to the south. ' "'-■'•"l-;;.nat,„. u.,.!..,-- The Worthinuton and the r.'.r, ,;';,, whi-h have h..e„ „evelo,':i, , : l* ! '2;;:;: :'' -'^ '•7-i-Mv,„..M„.„„ n.ain ma.ss of norite ahea Iv „„t,v,,, " V^'''" '' '"■"•<--t...n wuh the -.IN ,!i„„ ;2. ;.;; Wo. hi o„ .::::::; t t::z:z: : :-:;: ssiir ^^'^" '^ -oh .a..e s:i;i;:iX'::;::i:^ '":? ^"""^^t^ learned, no largedepo.it of ,„. was en ount^ " L t'l" '"" " und the s.„a., a.o.nt of nonte found, rL!,:X;"::^:rZ deco„.pose.] variety of the .,lder type of this rock. ' Hounded hills of gossan, in.li.atin;; the presence of fl, . pure and unaltered o.e W„eath. e.x end T 1 1 ","" "'' '"^'^ ^i^-H ^'-^ P-a^lin, brownish colour to the'.pper ,0!^:^^ Z :^^r^Z covenng of n-on oxide is so:neti„H.s as n.uch as si. f et i den ^iep..nds largely, of course, on thet^ ^ ^ H '^ h ^ETT 'T'' """" ' uncovered, and thus exposed to p,..;.. of :::,^: • r" I^ Z "inch the green forest and overlying .oil hav hut lately'bee^ '. j^^ ^ 'f f'lrrjiiitiipii ■ \i 'i ]P 122 r.KOLOiilCAL SL'RVKY OK CANADA CuKrtnn fniiii Kl"!' Illillr iiiirlliiii»t. (fiii of lu>'ii iatiil Ktiuctme. No ^'reat (liptli rcatliid liy niavi-'iiiMl dt|K'sit woik- iiiK^. Ojien pit at Creis-'lit"" mine. Dpiitli of otfsttdf|io>'"'"'" '"J > ""•'•ppro.ximately para lei to i', ■"'''■"' the o.e iKxly, to the 14th level (dei>th I.Oks feet., ^ '"' """'• The ore body of the S.obie mine, developed in connection with a ,..„ „. . small .solated m.s.s of norite, ha., h„ ,„olination of O.V, and, althou-h ^-''i'' "' • the work.ngs have only reached a ve.tical depil. of 250 feet, it ha^ »l! ORlcil.V OK THE OKE DEPO.SITS. The question, a,s to how the.se abnoru.ally large mas.e.s of .sulphi.Ie ... . material acquired their present position and dimensions, has furnished u"^T,X;r- a fruitful topic for speculation and .liscussion, ever since their first dis- ^'";"l""-' covery. Fortunately, however, only two theories, with some minor mo- -' "^ d.hcations. have been advanced, in explanation of the manner of their Tw„ ,.„„ ;„.,l formation, and which may be summarized as follows :_ tlH„n. s. ' ' 1. That the sulphides are directly of igneou, origin, the pnxluots of ,„„ ,„„ the differentiation of a gabbro or norite ,na,Mna, being ..gregat,,! alon^ -^i- '• Its n.argin ,n obe,lie„ce to Sorefs principle, the o.-.Ier of formation oi the minerals be.n- in accordance with Fournets series. 2. That these ore l.o,liea a.e altogether of secondary and aqueous ., , ongin, occurring as repl.a.e.,.e„ts along crushed and faulted zones. "T;;;t''"-^ "' The extreine advocates of either theo.y, seek to igno.-e the share of Ku,'",',,.. the other in forming these .eposit.s, as ihev exi.st at pre.sent Thus -lv-Ht,.-„f those who originally held that these ores wJre the imn.e.iiate product l:;;';,v ":«:„. ot magmat.c .segregation, failed t.. mention, or at least emphasize the '■'"'"'"■■ possibility, that tho.se deposits, were, in any way, i.itluenced by the ore sence ot these heUed solutions, which to a certain extent accompany and in all case, immediately follow all plutonic action. On the other hand, those, who cons der these deposits as of secondary ori-M-n, in seek- ing to explain the .source of the metals, although thev acknowledge as H I. M [♦'. M. ill Ulli) hi' hi • i, 124 (iKOLCMilCAL MUHVEV Of CANADA l-'il>t »f:it.'- tlii'w .■'iill'Iiiile MuKiiiatir iliffiTfiitiatiiiii aUlick8 ax original Kourt'f 1 if ore. Pnscnt opinion in rt'tfanl to fu^l magma!' a flic t, 'thiit tlu^ uiiivorsiil UHsociation of llieso ori'n with .•..«i>tiiilly similar rocks i.s al^o slrikiii),' ' aiit tii. ): .•* cannot 1)0 (lciul)loil, 1)111 in just wlial way tlicv aro rfllateil is not clistr ', still at till- saini' tiiiH', llMi;t which minlil l.o prcMliiccd hy SU' h iiiforination. liv n slati'inctit, lu the etFcct, that 'an n)i|ieal must lie niaile tea inoie ilistait sourco (if tho mctaN. prolial'ly minutely dis- ■sf'minutoil in tiic rocks through which tliiMif|Misitin;;Kr indi'iipndcnt expression to prccisfly similar views, wiiich ai out ihe same lime were statod, in much more deiail, hy Professor.). H. I.. V'o^t, of Christiania, Norway, realizes the fact that, in tlei tii>l ondiavoiir to ti.\ delinitely, the resiioiisihilily for these unusual occurrences, too much emphasis was [lerhajis i^iven to tlie idea of niagmatic difl'erentiution, as in ilsolf. Kivinjj an adeipiate explanation uf all the phenomena witnessed. This c:in only li(> excused on the j^roiiiul that, this doctrine as applied to ore deposits, was an en- tire innovat on, and its stronL;e-.t atlirm ition, was at tirst, very necessary in order to eftect its recoj;nition as n previously ignored, lhou^h iii'por- tant factor, in the development of ore deposits. .More recent and de- tailed examination of the various ore hodies, has shown that whih; the first hypothesis of a sefjregation of these sulphides, directly from tho ma!.'ma, i.s in the main, the true explanation of their present p isition, other agencies, which are usually grouped together under tho name of secondary action, have contributed rather largely, to liring aliout their unusual dimensions. J* s Professor Kemp remarks, ('-) "increasing experience leads us to look with especial favour on the igneous rock.s as the original source of the ore, whose widely disseminated, although, wlien considered in com- parison with their mass, whose small percentages of all the metals, ex- cept the invariahly abundant iron, suggest to us original stores for lea- ching. We are also attracted to them, as a source, because without doubt, all other rocks must be ascribed to them in the last analysis : because they are so often in close association with ores as mined, and because, above all, they are the natural stimulators of those heated so- lutions, to which we can, with most reason, attribute the results.' At the present day, fused magmas are regarded as more or less com- plex solutions, which, by reason of their high temperatures, obey the same laws in the order and method of their .solidification, as those which govern the crystallization from ordinary solutions, of a simi- (1) Trani. .\mpi-. Ini.t. Min. l^ng., AUiany Mueting, Feb., VMS. (2) Mill. ImliMtry, Vol. IV. l»l.">, pp. T5(>"57. ORIf:i\ OF THK SI t.iltllV OTIK CKP.i.siTS 12.-) arly het«rogen«.us .on.poMtio,,. A st„,ly ..f ,l.i„ sections of i« ,us rocks, under ,...• .n..r,.so..,..., .weals „.e f,„, ,u.t a c..„..in de i „ w ..... .s dos..,y ,ollow..,l. in ,l.e ,i.„ ., .,., ,„., ,, J .,,,_• ,.^,..,.,,, ... « «abl.,... or non.H .n^gn,,.. ,he oxides of i... und tiUniun. , .>' "—' ' sulph.de, of ,r..n. nickel and ...,,per. .iron and apa.if are tl, I:, to --^!' '^- "r ^'^"- ^'"•- ^•"- >y ^he ferro .n.^.n ,„,.„, , ^ ..:' ;-,— ' '^v hyper^then.. l..ot..,e and ,Iialla,-e. The pl,,«i.„.l„se n.ay unted,., , ac. " pany or .n,.ned,at..|y follow the cystdlization of one, o .J of t « coloured const.tuent. depend,,., „n i,s Lsicity. whi,.. ,,„„r,. is Lv " One of ,he ,na,n laws. ^overni-.K the crystallisation f.o.n a solution ,.■ , ,.„. an .Kneou.s ,na«...a. .s known as .Soref.s principle. ncco.dinR t.. which h -•.--''''■ d.^o ml ,„auer .. concenfated in the o.,.est part of't. , .,u.ion. ^::^:::' C..a^ .ty tea,pe,at,.re ar.d pressure are also important factors, Imt these have not yet been deeply investigated. Perhaps one of the .nost significant de-elop.nents of n.odern pet,.,>- graph.c geolo^S has heen the recognition of the fact, that an originally .o-nogeneous u.olten .nass. tends to so separate or split itself, upon cool- ng.a.s to ult„nately produce rocks of varying cou,poMtion. This fact ,Mi„i,i . , bear..^ so ,nt..nately o„ the genesis of igneous ...Us, has cause.l tl 1 '-"-''^ ^^'^ forn.u at.on of the hypothesis known as n.agn.atic difTcrentiation The "■■'"'"''""• hypothes.s may be l.r.oHy descr..,ed as the division or ,iitler..,-t,ation of a ...ore or less viscous „,„gma, or fused mass of rock, into ehe.nically and m.neralog,..ally d.vorse parts, which on cooling, yield cor.espondin.lv d.fn.rent types of rocks. It woul.l be manifestly unwise in this con- ,,,„ . nect.o„ to enter into any detailed explanation of ,|,is very general y ' ''"-- ^' a.'cep:ed hypothesis, as the con.litions attcn.iing the co„sol.'ia,io„ of a fe'"'^'" " argo bcKly of n.ag.na, are now believed to be „,uch n.ore con.plex tha,. at nrst supposed. Moreover, our knowledge reg,udi,,g these conditions. n,„ , and the .several pn.cesses which are no doubt invohed. is s„ vm-uo „.! '"'^" >">< .ncon,plete, that no full or satisfactory explanation can vet bo"om.'r..,i "'"'•"• .. th>s phenomenon. All g.-ologists of repute a.e, howcVe.-, agreed on the ma.n fact, that magn.atic diHirentiation fu, ni.-hes the only reason m, , , , able explanation of most of the observations made in co.mection with a.-'.r'.'f"" any extended exposure of igneous rocks P'""'-f' . " * ny|nitli,-sM. Applying these principles to the geological rehaions of the Sudbury gabbro or norite, and the associate,! sulphide deposits, the subjoined ^a'^^Zw tacts seem to furnish unanswerable p.-oof that the hypothesis of a r-"-^'""'"» ' segregation of these ore bmiies, di.ectly fn,n, the n.a.nm. i.s. in the """"" main, the true explanation of their position. Ij' i I :t i^ 126 OEOLofilPAL KlHVBT OK CAN.M'X iLfKnit- nil *iCf'ir ut ill*' iiMririii I'f thi' ii'iril"'. Snli>l>i'l>'< more Mliarply (li'tiiH'"! n)(nin»t 'li'' w:iil« cif llip iiitrii»iiiii. |>)'|niKit» nlwiiyn fiiiiiid ill inliiiMti' coniifcti'tii witli iiiirit.'. VhIiIIuiiiIs ([iiitc (listiiu-t in i.ii;;iii :inil iiick>'l ciiiitriit". .',iil|ilil'Ji-« ill ulcl.l- liTvrn M'hists iinfl tntf < contain IIUK-Il HIllillllT aiu'iiintHof iiiikcl. 1. The (J.-|HWt.s, without .X'ei.lion, all ocvur at th.- iu;irKiu <«f the g.il.brc.or noiit.-, th.- rock ii-. If in im..if'.iiat.- oH-oci.ti-m with the ore iK-iiig tiller ill texturo and n-latively much inoro l-.isic in .ouiposition, than portion-. furth< r r.-inov,.| tVon. thetontact Th.roi^ a very «ni(lual inciea..' in ih.. liasiritv ..f th« Kal.Wio, citwanl from the inicro|H-Kinu- tit.-, allhoiiKh a rath..r abrupt t.a.i-ilion tak.-s j.la.e in the iinniHhat.. neiKhhorhmxl of the .ontuct. The xulphi.ies are aii-o fi.KM- gramo.l neifr iho contnct, while further away, they hecoineooar^er Kiained. I ' ) 2. The iiutphidM are always much more sliarply (letine"^rf. .1,™-. (;.-.!. ^- L...... Vol. Liii. :s!.7. p. ^2. (o'l .'on tlu. Ipn-ou- OiiK'in ..f r..rtuii. On- l..M--.ts Montreal. WM. p. alsL, .\.in. Ke,,. (V.,!. Smv. ( an., Vol. VI, 1S!"2-!..",. part .1. OMIi.lN OK rilK s| Kill liV i.FIK riKPOMTM 127 4. Fyrriiolil.-, .•li,ilr..|.yrit- m.l pyritcvs tie ..II .mliimi y .onMitiirMt iniiiei'ttU ..f III., noriiMl n.)i in-, .ii„| ■„,., ,,1 tii.i...,,.„iiipariitix,.|y ,ilMih.|,ii,t evi-n in ox|»isures nituiitcl v..,,,,. ,li,t„n,t. ir..i,i the oontn,i, \V „\ Wldily ol.tMiii, at ftiiy ..f the n.inrs, ..|,..,i,n..!,.« wl,i,h .'xliiLit vvvry Krndiitiim in tiir HMiMiiiit »\ th.-s.- Hiilplii.jrs prcs m in tii.. i,,,k, t'loin thr. OMJinHry typ« ..f Mi.ritf, with ..ccasioiml .lisspniinat-d ^mli,^ '.,» the pyrilous matter, t.. wliat U:ia \»'vn r.. in v.IikIi they ar.. of. „si„nal|y completely emlos..,]. They ..ctur ,,. v,.|y mil,'!, th,. ,«mp «av as the iron ore, emhedil.'d in, or in tin iinniM.iiat.- vi.'initv .,f tli.- \ari..us coloured coii.stituentM. In f:u-t. iM.iivi.iual -rains can only l,e .lis tinj,'uif;hfcd from one another hy tlieir oiour in rellecte.l li^ht Tliis intimate ajtsociation Leiw.en the ir.m ore, not .,nly oc.iirs in tin; normal norite, Ijut even them,- li,Mli,.s thenis.lves, ,s[w.Mal!y tli.)se of the North Uan,!,'e, which aim ist invariahly -•..ntain titanif.r..us mi-nciii,. often in appreciabli' .|iiaiititi..s. ( (.casionally, r.,nsi,ieral.le n»i"ss.s of mifrnetite, s.iiiif'linies scveinl tons in w.'i-ht. are .•n.ount.'iv.l in tlie working of the mines, which a • .•,,i,ip|,.iely eni'l,,,.'.] in tie- sulphide material, while this iron ore itself .'..ntains di>s,.aiinat.'d -rains .,f the pyrites, in udilition to certain .l.^coinposi..! silio .irs l..'lonL;in;.' to the norite. The relations which ol.tain l.etw.en the suiiihid. s ami the norite, are chwely analo, .us to d.posits .,f magnetite. ...-.•uiring in con neetion with certain liasic i^n-'ous rocks in c'litral i ):it«rio. In th.-e deposits, the n.ajjnetite is the nbunlmt ore, while ih.' sulphides an- usually pie.sent in subordinate ani.uint. The .•nchning r..ck, u.sually shows mucli more alteration, than in the cise .,f the iioiii,. associ.it.'d with the .'>s complete .ikcration of the pyroxene minerals, whil.. mu.'li of the ]>:aj.'i<. lase i. surprisin^lv fresh and glassy. Althoush, m..st of th.; ri>ck matter associated witii tiie ore bodies is more or less de.omj'os..d, the alteration is not '<: iie Sii||,|i„1,., itn- iT'tiiiury i'..ii>iiiiii.nt< r.I II.. I It.'. < Ir.'lMt'-l.ci' .if '|.yrili..tit«.. Ill .lit...' Sul|,l,i,|... iihil.'ul. Icily I'f iniriiiiy i.naiii. s-ihiili.iity iif n,..i|. i.f I" . Illl.-II.T ..f ..iil|.lu.|..« und III ■!! "If. < Ir illlilin-of '..r^'.- Ii..l.-Wfs I if llML'l.itltf. I>. -I nil.l.'iiii'i' III iii.i. iir.i il.|«.~iN III (■.'llllal (llltall.i. l\\ i I. II. .. tliat -ul| hilled W.T.' turn . i| ittiriiig ii...|i.-ii{ i.f not it. nii.>riit;t. H h { i i ;!:; 198 (IKOUwr M. dfUVKV Ol* C'AN.UiA Atti'riitiiiii ntit of i-\tit>iiit tyi»- Oi'cmrincr .•( frftlirt'prt'wn tmiNt-K Willi IiikIi ciiiit"iit lit xiilphi'lt". Ix-iiNl ullt-ri-'l v«ri>li''» lit U*n fiiiiiiil III vioinity of iiiinfu. Kimrni't'" Beries. Kxpl iniktiiiii iif orili r of {iiriiiiitioii of «iil|ilii writt-r's oullcTllim of rofk' ( llu- pyirhotitu norit««, somctinifs cimtiuiiing iit lii«li i«M 10 ptT i-PiU of thi> sul|iliiil minr«, wliiili iiiH »<> frwi from iiltcnilion, uh to |MTiiiit of tim pri-i-i-n idiintiticntion of Ijoth tliP orlhoili liii- mill iiioiiocliiiic pyroxpii'"*. Tli'- nwlts in th«/■• ted from our knowledge of the nickel contents, generally, in the bosic sili- cates of rocks. 9. » )ne ditHculty which has often been urged against the direct deve- opment of thei-e deposits from a state of igneous fusion is, that it vouM be impossible to obtain such large and comparatively pure concentra- tions of the sulphides. Mr. I )avid I'.iowne ( - ) has shown by numerous analyses and diagrams, that in a pot of matte the nickel tends to con centrate towards the centre, while the copper is much richer at the o er margins. This is exactly the experience in mining. ' The.sc obsei vations ', Prof. Kemp remarks, ' are extremely imiH)rtant, showing as they do the migratiim of metallic matter even in so viscous and ijuickly chilling a mass as a pot of matte.' 10. Vogt believes (hat eruptive magmas may keep dissolved even very considerable quantities of sulphides, su pporting his beli ef by the 'TtTMin Iiiit.wtrv. V.i!. IV. 1WI.-1, ).. T4S. CJ) School of Mines tinartrrly, Coliimliia College, .July 18it5, p. '^97 1 also Mm. In. i.ior.. al,un. The .JeptwitB are »in>{ularly uniform in chemical and n.ir.end- OK-cal composition, ar..! Mi,.,r „,o„oto„ous eh;irarte,, i,, this repecr has heen f,e.,uently commented upon. A e..-,.ful studv of the analyses will serve to further emphasize this fart. This peculiariry holds ..,'«„! not only wiih reward to the Hudhury deposits, hut aj.plies with e,,ual force to tho.se of Norway and elsewhere, whe.ever full details of com- p..sU.on ar.. available. The char.icte.i.mi,. minerals of this 'world «n.iip,' as it has t)een called, is everywhere the same. Vyrrhotite with jrene,ally from 2 to 4 per cent of nickel an.] cobalt, although occa- .sionally reaching as high as 10 to 1 1 per tent of nick.-l, py,ite (in N-.r- way relatively ri h in col«!t). pr-ntlandite, together with so.ne chalco- pynie, an.J some of tiianiferous magnetite aie always present in the norite or gabhro. The nickel n,inerals polydymit,-, n.illerite, etc.. are also often present, but only in very suboniinate amounts. Ifi. Hrec iation.which is so fre,,uently characteristic of these deposits, is an almost c. ist ml fe^iture of erupt.ve contacts, resulting from the de!a,|„„^, of ,n.,t.-rrHi from the containing walig. The fiequenl angular ('olii|Mi<,lli|a mill liinmuili t»nv .■st'c.iiiliiry iiiiiiirHln »' trif. Vniirtz.i'Iiit.. Hllll,|l|»,|t. (tiiiirri',i(i' of I'l Itllllini lllnii |«iiiil« til t_'hi'iillH iirittiii. riiifiiniiity in .■|.lh|Kli.itill||c.f i|c|"i.-it^. Ociiirrcnoe ..f • u.iiM k'rn„|i 'iif .llll.ll„l.l iiiiriiiiils. Br«.f(;i»tinn, chaiat'ttTJ.stic f-a>nr.- -A .Tnptivo contacts. U 1 1 i ■ i i 130 OKOLOGirAI, SURVKY OF CANADA Miiny uf tlios( \ irws prf- \iiMisly>t;ite(l. 'I'l-. 11(1 of Munc liH'iirrn work w.k> til ittnorc lull >.i^.'niti I'jinei- iif a-isiiciiitiim. ('liiHHiticHtiim of frii|itivci)ri (IcjiiiKits liy Tranwitiiin Wtwi'cn VoKt'* ^>'**- iU%'iniiini. Kesi'.irclu'aof Kiiii'ini' and Michil Levy. l'"uwii inai;iii:vK always acoom iianii'il anil iimii'iliati'ly fi.lliiwcil liy MU|H rliraled watiTH ami va|ioui'H. character of these blocks is due to their imperfect assimilation by the fused basic magma, in which they have been iloated off. These are some of the main points, which mny bo urged in support of the hypothesis of magmatin ditl'erentiation, as explanatory of the origin of these Sudbuiy ore d,.p,)sit^. Many of them are not new, and have been st,;ited in more detail by Vogt, Adams, Kemp and others.^ They are introduced, in the present instance, as the trend of some of the inore recent cxaminatio-.s seeks to ignore the full significance of the intimate genetic relationship which exists between the norite and the ore bodies, affirming that secondary causes or replacement are alone and directly responsible for the present position and dimensions of these deposits. Vogt, (') in his classification of eruptive ore deposits, divides them into two chief groups. 1. Deposits formed by ' raagmatic differentia- tion '; that is by the concentration of some metallic parts within the still ttuid eruptive magma. 2. Deposits formed by processes subsequent to the eruption or 'after actions' as they have been sometimes called :— that is by pneumatolysis, fumarole action, hydrotherraal agents and the like, directly consequent on the eruption. The trend of modern geological investigation, seems to emphasize more and more, the fact that no really sharp division exists, as indicated by Vogt's sub .livisions but that processes, which at the two extremes are manifestly very widely divergent in their effects, are so intimately associated, in time and manner of operation in nature, that the resultant product cannot, with any degree of propriety, be attributed wholly to either group of processes. Thus although the researches of M. Fouque and Michel-Levy, have clearly shown that diabase and kindred basic eruptive rocks may l.e artificially reproduced from a simple state of dry fusian, it is equally certain that no extended intrusive process, produced by natural causes is ever unaccompanied by a greater or less abundance of superheated waters and vapours, as an integral portion of the fused mass As a general rule, these heated solutions are relatively much more abundant in the case of the acidic magmas than those of more basic compos.ti.n. It is thus obvious, that all igneous action is both accompanied and, m a more exten.led manner, immediately followed by more or less pro- nounced vein or pneumatolytic action (secondary causes), and certam rocks and mineral occur, .^nces may be representative of the various "mZei^TPr^.^>U 1*»3, ,.,i. 4-11 ; fin U3 ; 257-2S4 ; ,^1..| 1«'.\ W- HJ-KiC ; ai7-370 ; 444-4511 ; 405-4H4. ■ in OHK.IN- OK IIIE SLUHLiiV OltK IIKPOSITS 131 an..t.o„. between what has l.en to.n.e.l a.,ueo i,„eous fusion and .gneo-a.,ueous solut.on. The ahnorn.ally largo a.-ount of originvl or . ■ . pnn,a,.y ,uart. so uniforn.iv clis,ril,u,e.] throughout the Su.lbury nonto ^l^^"':^::.- o. g..hl,n., has been repeatedly „,en,i ...I and o,„nn,ent..d upon by the i;;.- :;;',:f ""' var.ous s,eolog.st«, who have ox. .v.. .., M in CcaiUnZ 1 '~ .merascope. It thus naturall: u.l,,.ws, ti.u ,., a«o„d s « ouP " together under the name of s' ■, u. .rv .ci . . ^' "^'^^ grouped apHv„l., „ff .■ ■ '1" ■!> .iC(io:i, .'ouid be much more actuely effect.ve m connection > .V ,ho ,. v bo,.es and othe, sogroga- t.on,s resu t.n, from the eruption of suc„ rock, than with L orchnan y less ,uartzose or basic varieties of such rocks. The manner .^..nn,.,. „f of formation of these ore bodies, as thus indicated, is much more complex '''T^ "' than was at hrst supposed. There can be no douut, however, that n.uch '■- 'h".!;;;; It on'o 1 "''"'" "" '""■"'"""^ «imultaneou.sly, as an integral at'lI'lT^u',!'"' portion ot the same magma, along with the other minerals of which the ''"'^^''■ norite or hypersthene-gabbro is composed. There can, moreover, be h tie doubt of the abundant presence of heated solutions and vapours, which were capable of dissolving out, and under certain conditions, of redepositing these sulphides. Such agencies certainlv began their work before the whole magma had cooled, bearing thei/heavy burdens of sulphide material, most of which was obtained from the magma in the immediate vicinity, to occupy the various cavities and tis.sures as completed before the intrusion of the later dykes of the olivine-diabase '^rm' which are now regarded by the writer, as the end product of the i-t.ni'i'.^'ir vuloanisn. to which the norite masses owe their intrusion In certain '"'''""'"'^y'''''- of the deposits, the various hydrochemical agencies accompanying^ dynamic action have been more active than in others, as at the Victoria mine and some of the Copper Clifl' mines, but in others, as for instance the Creighton mine, magmatic differentiation has been the main and ,, almost sole principle, determining and favouring, the development of 'jfcfl^ti.n this the largest and richest sulphide nickel mine in the world The filu'e"""'""" enunciation, in the hrst place, of the simple doctrine of the direct Igneous o.igin of these ore bodies and their intimate relationship in this respect, to certain bands of norite or diorito, served an ex.'ellent practual purpose, in directing and controlling all the earlier prospect ing work. '^ After all, however, the origin of these ore deposits is largely a matter of theory and opinion, and strong arguments may be adduced in K „„. .support either of the view, that they are the n0.reneous and pure product, for analytical purposes, as well as to efFect^a separation of the nickel present in the pyrrhotite ores, is by no means a novel idea, and many experiments have already been under- Uken with this end in view. In 1879, Hahermehl succeeded m d.vid- in.. the Bodenmais pyrrhotite, into magnetic and nonmagnetic por- tions respectively, using tine pow.ler, suspemled in water, by a strong nia-net. The magnetic portion thus separated, by successive trials, furnished a product which was so homogeneous and uniform, that ten out of fourteen of the determinations for iron content were essentially identical. In 1800, T.J. McTighe(') applied magnetic separation in the treatment of the nickelifen.us pyrrhotite of Canada. InJuly 1892, Mr.Thomas A. Edison, in aj.plying for a United States patent, emlK^lying the .same principle, gave the following explanation in support of his claim. ' I have iscovered that when magnetic pyrites, called " pyrrhotite," is nickel.ferous, as it usually is, to a more or less extent, the nickel is distributed generally throughout the whole body of the pyrrhotite, but certain crystals are pure pyrihotite or ma.-netic pyrite.s, while other crystals have some of the iron replaced by nickel and sometimes by cobalt, and that the crystals, containing the nickel or cobalt, are considerably less magnetic than the pure pyrrho- tite.' In the same year, (1892), Dr. S. H. Emmens (^) carried on certain maanetic experiments on material obtained from the Gap mine, Penna, and" Sudbury, Ont. These were undertaken, not only for the purpose of testing the accuracy, or otherwise, of the theory of the replacement of a portion of the iron by nickel in pyrrhotite, but also to arrive at a more accurate expression of the composition of pyrrhotite, by means ot a formula. The practical side of the question was not ignored, and a Magnetic trials liv McTiKlie. Kdison's descripti'm of constitiitiiiu (if ijyrrlintite. M.lgnetic exjH'riiiieiit.' by Dr. Emmens. (1) Ann. Kcp. 15ur. of Minex, Ont., IS'.tL', p. 164 ; also Jour. A.n. Chen.. Sisioii (if total nickel contfiits pnilucts. .MaKiMtir K,.,.lily : X,,n- Ix'ition, iiiaKiiftii;. .iiia^rn.-tic. '.12 !i; , (>' 1 :«"1 I r -':mi)Osi- tion cif nt-paratetl productB. .\.mly«i« ..f total i^,,.,^,,^,;^, AnalvKis. ;":'"::. i AnalyMs. Non- 111 iiniiftiu. Nicki'l in niUKiii'tic pvrrlio- titt-. Ni.-k I'l III ill li- UlH^'lif tie 1" lt I,.M. It Cii . . ... Of I \ Ni lliJO I7U.,.. tv :<0Ai> 1''*'' s ;w 111 ) 00 4 li-j ■ki 70 L'l 4 ( (H) I Xr 0.") I 111 HO •M 00 lii; iio ft Cn . Ni . . . Fe.. .S . . . . . .'iS Oil srOlllE MINE, I'lCKEn NICKEL OHE. !)M7.-. (lO L' 1.". -,; iMi .»; 10 82.". 00 I SI 70 iHt I ■.".I !H -71! 00 •JS'lli"^ EVANS MINE, PICKED NICKEL ORE. ('11. . . tr^icc Ni . . . .... !l 02 Fe... ... .".1 50 y . . ....30 i' S4-04 C om S ( .\ •I T.,:iu, .l'' '"' -.'JO c a.ul o,..taine,l l'r2 p'- cJ,t of nickel. Iho n.,naMu„g .i-7.S per cent .„■ non-u.a.netio portion was a compa, uuely nch nickel ore, hut .he lo.^es in th.- n,a..„.tic po.,ioa were .o .reat, that he conciudcl that a connuercial separali' n. l,y means of magnetism, was out of the .lue^tioi;. During the winter sessions of l'JUl-lliu2, ami 11I021'JU3, .Mr C \V m . ., , Dickson, a past-graduate student at tA.lu.Ml.ia Inivcrsily carried ^ a "I" '''•'''"- ''^■ smes of experin.ent., l.yn.eHns of n.avnetis,,,, ir. order to deteru.ine ,,, ' '^ "'^'^^'■"• near as possible, how u,uch of the nickel occurs as a separate minend and how much, if any, replaces iron, and also to ascertain the .onn.o- sition of the nickel mineral. A nund.er of representative samples of pyrrhotite wer- ground tor pass through lUO mesh, and the non-magnetic por.ion was renioved -.s ccnpletely as possible, by repeated ireatuients with a small horseshoe magnet. The nickel present in the original samples, is given unuler I, and that, of the magnetic concentrates, under II. In the second experiment, the original samples were coarsely crushed, iM.e.ti^,. and the magnetic portion was sized between 40 and 60 n'ush then",''""' freed, as well as possible, from non-magnetic material, crushe.l between ' ''''■'''''>" '"' CO and SO mesh, and again concentrated 15y succe:Jsi^o treatu.ents. '.vh',!',;;'" the mineral was tinally reduced to fine powder. The ukin.ate product was then assayed for nic' el, and as shown under 11 F, the nic .e| „as much reduced in quantity, hut not entirely eliminated. In the third e.xperiment, to see if it v.as possible to still furtlier re- duce the nickel contents, a number of samples were very carefully pre- parefl. They were coa.soly crushed, and the purest mineral selected. This was crushertiijii.s. IV. Locittion. I I. II. iXi&Co Ni. III. Ni. 1. Klsie miiip 2. Stobic' niiiK 44 .'i.iij ,, ; " >."J r roixl iiiine ! 2 . 4(1 4. .Mount Nickel mini' : ii 0(i •1. Oi.piHT Cliff No. 2 mine. . ' 4 (K) ;.>• OopiKT Cliff No. 4 mine. . . ■ 3 30 I (.1.) Creigfitonmine i; ;t' 7 (1). ) Creiif hton mine . . 4 15 8. Gertrude mine : 4 w '•>. Victoria mine 3 4o 2 14 ■2 07 L' 14 2 (K) 2 .S2 2 25 " ;!(! 2 46 '■ < (W O , US riiTi ;.•> It 70 i 0H3 1 2m I io II SO ^•j^ l)escn|ition of .-ani|Ji-, Kine-graiiieU pyrrlii)tit>- (k> 70 70 4.-I i-se -Mefiiinn C( larse I'ine Ma»:-\,t. jj^.(^,j|| ^rniversity, the authorities, with the recommendation and ap- proval of Dr. J. B. Porter, having kindly placed the machine at the disposal of the writer, for a considerable period, during the winter of 1901-1902. The samples selected, consisted of the richer grades of ore in use at the different mines. Such samples were obtained from the Creighton, Victoria, Crydernian and Mount Nickel mines, the Tough and Stobie pioperty, in Leva'ck township, and the Cochrane property, near Selection and Blue lake, on the Northern Nickel Range. It is to be regretted, that the location of chemical analyses could not be undertaken while the experiments , . , reaching a strength of only l.o amperes. Preparation In the case of the Crei.hton mine, the original sample weighing 36 of material for n„„njs, was divided into two products, occording to the size of grain seuaration i'"""" > r ■ , 7 . , , . ..^u obtained by crushing. The first product was obtained by passing the powdered mineral through a 40-raesh sieve, and catching it on a 100- mesh sieve, this part weighing 21 pounds. The second product, lo pounds, was made up of the finer material which passed through the separation MAONETIC SEFVRATION OF PTRRIIOTITK 137 lOOmesh sieve. The coarser pha.se of the oriKiiml sample gave the folow.ng analysis, insoluble -.'.JS, copper 7l', nickel .V31 and sulphur 34.28 per cent. The composition of the finer material w«« insoluble 249, copper 1-20. nickel 4 87 ami sulphur 34 67. K.ich of these two original s.impUs, was divi.lo.l into thr.e o,,ual portions, „„,1 subjected to inagnelio currents of 1 5, 38 and 15 amp.res respectively By meaus of the maunetic current, eich of these three {.r.rtions was again sulKlivided into three j-rades, which may te designated a.s 'ma-n.!lic'; ' feebly niaj,'netic ' uml 'non-magnetic'. The coar.ser mat(!rial showed that the mnynetic portion varie.l fn.ni s 1. was contui.ied in the feebly magnetic portion, although a small pro,M,rtioii was cirried over into the tailings or non-mignetic portion. The loss, however, in the magnetic portion, amounting to from 40 to over 50 per cent of the total nicliel present in the original ore, was too serious to bedisregaided. In addition to the nickel present, the magnetic part al.so contained from 28 to 48 per rent of the total amount of copper present in the original ore, while from IG U) IS per cent is contained in the feebly magnetic part, and the remainder is carried over with a large propor- tion of the gangue into the non-magnetic residue, which is really a very rich copper concentrate, some of the assays showing as high as 28-38 pei cent of this metal. The proportion of gangue present in the non-magnetic residue, generally amounts to about one-third of the total product. The best separation is effected on the fine material, although the presence of dust must be avoided, as thi.s clings to and fouls the belts. The stronger the current, the greater the proportion of nickel remaining in the magnetic ponion, while, at the same time, aMiough the total f'imi|ioiiiti(iii '•f origiiiiil "aiij|>|i ■ III • 'rfntlitmi 9<".aratii| pniiluc.-i. .\-sav-l.v Mr. l)..ii'alil L...ki-. I.ipss ill iiiaKiii-tic |Hiitiiiii t(K> ■^i-liiilis to In; liegli-ctf.l. Division (jf CnplKT i;cp|iti-iit». .Separati(»!i of Kaiigiie. FiiiM iiiatrriul free from diwt giveM liest separation. lil 138 (iEOLtKllO!. BURVK.Y OF CANAKA f 1 i i: off.'-l.ly Ill»KIli tir jKirtiipiH. rroi'i'itiiMi^ cf ]H'lltlillllliti' anil iliiilopy- riti'. CimiiMisltiiin of nmi- jiortioii. i'erccntiitrrs of .^t'prtialfii profiui-tH ill Victoria iiiim urv. f'lyderiiKin mine virc iiiori nia^Tift ic tliuii that from Creighton. Prtparatioii of inatiiial and mHtli<«l» of 8»'|>iirrttiuii PercentajrPH of seifcirat*-'! I)r<«liict«. amount of nitkel [)f63ent in the feebly and non umynetio portions is less, tlie assay value of such prwlucts is much higher, and some of these, wliich were examined in detail, consisted almost wholly of pentlandite, with intermixed ehalcopyrite. Thus llie feehly magnetic pro•-', iron 30- U, nickel ;i001, sulphur 33-5(; per cent. Knowing the composition of the pentlandite and chalcopy rite, and disiributinj,' the above constituents in their proper proportions in these minerals, we lind that this product consists of chalcopyrite and pentlandite in the ratio of 1: 21. In the same way the non- magnetic product obtained by usiiii,' a current of 1 J timperes on this fine material and from which most of the iiangue had l)een removed by means of hydraulic separation, showed, by analysis, the following com- position, insoluble 2.GG, copper .-toS, iron 30 01 , nickel 30-30 and sulphur 33-77 i)er cent. This pn.duct is made up of chalcopyrite and pentlandite in the proportion of 1 : 7. In the Victoria mine's separation, the ore was much more strongly magnetic, and the currents employed were only n -J and 1.5 ampt-res. The magnetic portion vntied from HCi to 90.G per cent on the coarser material, while with the fine material, using a current of 0-2 and 12 amperes, the magnetic part varied from 714 to SO-7 percent. The feebly magnetic part never exceeded 2'1 per cent and in one case was as low as O-") per cent. No assays of these proue, one portion consisting of crushed ore whieh passed throngh a 40 mesh and was caught on a 100- niesh sieve and finer material consisting of ore which passed through the 100 mesh sieve. The current used had a strength of 0-2, 1-5 and 4 ampe- res respectively. The magnetic portion of the coarser product varied from 75 to 85-6 per cent, the feeble magnetic from 2 to 77 per cent and the nonmagnetic from 1-9 to 2-3 per cent. There was no loss using the 0-2 and 15 amperes current but witV the 4 amperes current the loss was 4-8 per cent. With the finer material the magnetic part varied from 65-6 to 71-8 per cent, although the loss of 10-9 per cent MAfiSETlC SKI'ARATKiN OK I'VlllilUn UK 139 belong* very larjjely to the fir.t m.nti..u,.,l .i.nount, Tl„. feel.ly inagnet.c part varK-l from IC. per cent to 17- per .vnt, the latter a.nount being ohtai.u.,1 «i,h the 4 amp.Ves cu.rent, «hilethe non- Dlugnetic \ttiieil lV,,tu G .! („ JS 1 p,.,. ^.^.^j. The nmgnetie separation of the ore from the Nickel .Mountuit. .nine m ,, , witseiFeetcl hy usng current- huvin- a strength of 15, ;!S an.l ]:\-r> 'i'.H.m,'... amp-res resp,.ctively. The original .in.ple wei,he,l 0;i ,,oun,I.s. The M^^^uL magnetic part of the coarser product (ll,rou.,-h lO-.Me.h ,m ii").mesh> "" "• Z!!'.f!!I" ''!^':^. !" .""'^ ^' "' *"'• ^"''"^ "^ ^■'■' '""' -' j-"'' '•••'• v.-,.,.,..,... '"'" * from 1 1 to 4 4 pir cmt, and ihe "^ "'J"" ""' I'lirti.iis. respectively, the feebly mig non-magnetic from 1-2 to ;, ,s , , „t. The losses varie.l fnnn 4 to -.-T per cent an.l are accounted f„ „y the fact that the tine materia,! Im.s a great tendency to .stick to the Ih-Us. Also the cross hells were -iven their maximum velocity to ellect the hest separation. The original sample from iheLevack property (Tough and Stol.ie's), .Ma,.,„,i weii^h. " pounds was ciush<(l in the satue way as the alK.ve, and 'ilt^'ul'-'l the m..^ .• currents useil ha.l a strength respe.tively of 02, lo and 3-.S amperes. The magnetic portion varied from '.i-J::> to iu]:.i per cent, with losses belongingchietly to this part of 1 9 to 'I-r, per cent, the feehly I', r,,, „.,..,, magnetic from 1.3to3-,Hppr cent and the nonmagnetic from 1:! to ■:■:, ;:',:,|;;'.,'';""' percent. With the fine product, the magnetic portion varied from yi (1 to y.-J-S, with ft lo^s in one instance oi I'J percent, itie f.eMy magnetic from M to 2-1 p..r cent, and the nonmagnetic from :,-2 to G'3 per cent. The pyrrhotite from the Cochrane properly on the Northern Nickel M.»:„.tio Itange is very strongly magnetic and the current UM'd had a strength of ';;';,",;,",■;;' "^ 0-2 and 1-.") amperes. The magnetic portion of the coarser product """'" >"'"li varied from sr,3 to 89 per cent, with a loss of 1-4 to2-.>< per cent, the •'^'^ '""'""'?'*• feebly magnetic 1 to4ffAiiA •(I frir of 111 tical itii|Kir Dickwm nnil Kx|»-ct«tion. Mu wan under complete control. With thuHe reflni'ini-ntu or aidn to lio'n'NT.rk™ etlit^ient separation, it wiw liopcnl to make such a thurouxh «livi>.i<.n of the productH, that the nickfl present in the miKnetio portion would constitute nuch a (trniili proi«>rtion of the wliole, as to render this pro- duct of no commercial value, and thus, at one simple oporiUioii, «et nd of al)out 80 per coiit of practicdiy barrun ore. At the Ham" time, it was iH'lieved that the tWhly and nonmagnetic j,Kjrtioni) would contain by far the larger proportion of Iwlh the nickel and copper. The preliminary trills of the Creighton mine 'ire, and assays of the 'intinK*ml 8iy nmgnetic methods, is, in the !' '••; of our present e.xperience, an impossibility. On the other hand, \hh that n''. of the nickel cannot be eliminated from the pyrrhotite, does not prove that even the portion remaining, occurs as a replacement of an equal am unt of iron, in chemical combi- nation. Examination under the n>icroscope, reveals llie fact th.it even the smallest grains of sulphide material, are often made up of intricate intergrowthsof chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite, whi-h minerals, moreover, can be distinguished frt)m one another by the use of reflected light. Such an intimate relationship, doubtless, obtains in the case of the pyrrhotite and penllamlite, al hough this could not be proved, as these minerals cannot be separately recognized under the microscope. In addition, a large proportion, at least, of the pentlandite, is iUelf feebly magnetic, and this is apt to remain with the pyrrhotite. ,...,. , The difficulty f obtaining an absolutely pure product, even of min DithcultiiH of ■' . ,, , 4 11 (.btainiiigpiirc grals of widely different magnetic perraoabdity, is well known to all who have carried on experiinenU in magnetic separation, so that it is not surprising, that the magnetic portion of the separated sulphide, always contains an appreciable amount of nickel. In the light of our present experience, it is safe to say that the nickel is doubt- less present as very minute grains of pentlandite embedded in or ftdhering to the grains of pyrrhotite. The fact that material originally Suli'liiiit'f* iiitricati'ly intcrtfnnMi witli oiif aiiotluT rtH cliowii I'.v mici'i'HrMpi', priKliict by nnnoietic metluxls. '! i LOCATION OK riKP i<>>-^U \V!t','y,',,^!,l •ieve CMi, ut one .ip..niiion, 1«. H..p,»nit.-,1 into u ii.iii:iiiaif pt.Hlm-i i- »ii.ii,I'iltr coi.tuininK only I is por .-..ntof ni.k«l, wlnl.. tl.i,. in turn, by ^uecHs.ive grin.lin« «n.l nm^nolif tr.uti.i.-nl. can Ik, ullinmt.ly forcnJ to «! v o a prmluct which contuin^tie-gt him 50 per u.'nt of ni.k.l, is in ils.-lf •ulliciei.t proof, for ro« inline all the nickel in thrso Su.ll.ury oi . a^ occurr.n;{ in the form .f a ,l„linct .jlplii.l.., chiWiy pcntian.lii.-. With all of Ih.. fon-^oinx r«^ult-. w,- ni.iy «,.1| pau^e an In-p-at with Hickson |, ,|„„ ,,„„ tho c.ue^tion, ' Is there such a tlnn« as a tr,i., nickclifcouH pyrrholite / ' >"■ 1- l'f-i,„„' »n.l w„ ,nii(ht oven .-xt.-n.l it an.i ,..sk, ,- thrru sud, a thin^' ..8 a true I'vnr."'"" '" niokel.fm-ous pynt« I The matter is ntill open for further invi-sli^ation, althou-h at the pres^ent »tH«.-, the ' onus prolan.li ' rests with those chemists an.l niin.-ralo^jisls, who are still we.Me.l to I he ol.l iih-a. A most convincinK pfH.f n.i«ht lie possible. l,y repeat-d i.ia«neiic treatment ot wjine of the masses of pyrrhotite (xcuriiiK i'> central M..n .x,. n Ontario, which are known to ctmtain from U Oo to O-J.l per cent of """'* '""''"' nickel. Any enrichment of the feel.ly magnetic oi- non ina-t.elic pro- ''i'''n-T,"'tl,.-,r duct ohtaineafiom the ,s..paration of such material, would no doul.t '""'"'"'""*'' furnish the most ..inple pr.K.f, wliicli even the most .sk.ptical would U forced to accept. LOCATION OF I'VllKllonrK UIHO.Sns I.V MA.iNKToMKTKIf: .MKASI UKMK.NT.S. The magnetic permeahilily of pyrrhotite early vUK-ested the employ- ,,^,.,^ ,.,^ , mem of ma-netie instruments, to determine the location of valuahle "i''»^'f'','l'ip"' deposits of thi.- nickel hearing .sulphide in the Suahury District. All rK^ul",",,!,,,- thHCii.'lier measurements, howe\er, were made hy me.ins of the ordinary ["'^''ip't" dipnee- which were known to Iw in th • market.It was realized that such delicate instruments a.s the Thalen-Tiberg magnetometer, in the hands of ex- p,„ ,i.,v„ .m ports who had lieen trained in the .Swedish methods, would yield data ;''f 'sw','ili'»'li in regard to the location and extent of workable deposits of py r, h.-.utf. T,T.""'-^"u. ill] a' HH u-.> liKOLUiilCAL Kl HVK\ or rASMiX ( ! Ill 11 M..ik l.v K.ij-r mill .N)-tr..cii. iiiitiiK'tii'itlly Htirw-v»Nl. which would onnlilo it vi-ry tl'ne ontiiimto ti> \m fuiined of thnir com- iiicrciiil viihiiv Kurly in lh<« xprih« of I'.IOl, MessrN. KnrI Kojrr unci Krik Ny.Mtrom, mining Hnj,'int«iT-< of Htorkhohii, Sweden, iin I pufils of tb- wtll known I'roffstor NonliMixlrom with .'ngii«ml. Mr. K"ji of pyrrtiotitc. necessary, than is the case with magnetite. Speaking rougtiiy tiie majinetic permeahility of magnetite is about five times as great as pyrrhotite although this latter mineral varies very greatly in this respect. It is, therefore, imperative, that the lines along whifh the Mctlidi- magnetic observations are made, should be correspondingly closer ''"'I ■'">•'■'' I" toiiether. Inmost of the detailed work undertaken by the Mond Iiiaifriftu- o , , ■ I i: nn e t Nickel Company these lines were only separated by intervals ot JU teet, while, in some special cases, where fuller information was deiircd or necessary, a distance of only 10 feet intervened between ths vanous observation stations. For .sometime, commencing in 1902, Mr. Thomas A. Edison carried on rather extensive magnetic surveying in the area between Sudbury and NVanapitei lake, with a view of discovering new de[M)sits of nickel ore. The efforts of the several parties engugtd in this work, are stated to have met with a considerable dps''''e of success, as on the strength of the information obtained, various mining locations were applied for. Messrs. J. A. Robert and 0. F. Kay, have also .■rvjyH iiiadf conducted magnetic surveys under the auspices of the I^ike Superior Kay for Liik.^ Power Company. The publication of Dr. Haanel's report {') 'On the Location and Examination of Magnetic Ore Deposits by Magnetoiuotric Measurements' t^houid stimulate this iiieiluKl of iiii|uiry, not only in R.|K)rt by Dr. connection with these pyrrhotite deposits, but also ivs regards our magnetic iron deposits. It is the only detailed account of the Swedish Burvrymg, W. .ik l.y Tlioriias A. Kdison and HtifiMtiint-*. >[affiil, ,ho t «..,f ox,-..,.Hon of ,n»«n,.tk- ohs-rvui,..,,, i,. ,.„,„ i„ ,i„.,, ^,,,| „,,,,,,i„^,_ '■••t.-n.M, ol.u.tiv, of ll... iro„ fornm-i ,„„| „s,n,i„i..,| ro.ks ,,t .1... l..,kr '•''■'l"""'l." SufxTior. list ret, ,i,-Uv\. „i «hul, nr.. furm,l».,i l.v I'n.f 11. L. S.nvtii ^"""'■ (■'), no very ..xtrnxiv,. „s.. ,,f ,n..«noti.. inMrum.'nl, Im-, Imtii nm.l. in ,iny oti,..,- country „„t,,l.. ot .S«..,|,.„. Tl... SwH,li,h i..-t, uinrnts may U- .,l,tai,„ .1 fr.m, .1. K... H.t:;, i„st., „i „„.k..,, Si,„ H,ol,„ ,i„.| W|„„ -iro tho ,„oM pPrfeH an.l M,it„l.l,. for ll,.. «ork. «l.i-l, l„.v.. yt n Z^n;!!.,,,^ u..i..uJ,uaure,l. All i,..,...s...ry do.r.pliot.s .u..! inf .n.m.iun in r..«ard '"'V'" to tl...|r ojmratio,, ,. ■;. |m. ..l.tuin.Mll.y cnsuliin. ' .r. Ilaant-li w.,rk '""'"' ' which he hopes iimy bo of s.-ivico to tli.- mimiii; |.r.|\i.-.ion. rLA88IFUATIoX AND i.KNKsIS o| Nil KKI. OHKS. MineraloKJcaliy, tho ores of nickel may U- .livi.led inluei^ht cl,.s.es, m.,„,,,, .^,,, us follows: 1. Sulphides; 1 Ar.-enidcs and sul,.|,-,irs.-nides ; .1. .sulph- ' l^'"""""'" ai.tin.oi.ides : ». Sulpho-hismutliiJes , :., Tclluridcs. C. Sili, Ucs : - '""''^'l •■''■-• Oxides and Salts ; ,s. UarlMinat.s. Many of the nickel minerals, included under these divi>i(,ns, are un \ , ^,, , ,,|„„i important in an economic sense, and Vo-t (') has shown that all of 'i'-n-V ..""""■ those which are commercially valu .l.le, fall naturally into three n.ain I',!;,':' 'l,',',':." groups. trrMii|i,. 1. Ores containing arsenic atid antimony, with or without Iwsmutli, ,„,, ,,„„,|, such U8 niccolite, xersdorlhte, chloanthite, Ac. nn,'ir«i.'ic''inil :intllii'>liv. 2. Sulphide ores (without arsenic), as for example, nickeliferous s„i,,i.i,i,.„^., pyrrhotite and pyrite, pentlandite, polydymite, millcrite, tc. 3. Silicated nickel ores, such as genlhite, iiaraierite. At The arsenides and sulpharsenides, belonging t.. the lirst group. o.ji'ur Siliciiti-siif , liick.l. principally in veins, as for instance, the old and well known metallifen.us l.!'.T,t!"' lodes of Saxon and Hungary : .Mine 1 1 .M,,ite and Monne Terre. in ,Mi^ ",.'-,'m.|,. ,,,-, souri ; the (Jem mine in Fremont county. Colorado ; the .Macdonell or '" '"""'• Gersdortfite mine, in the Sudbury District, i inf. ; and the recently dis- covered deposits near Haileylmry on the west side of Lake Timiskaming, < )ntario. Uy far the largest deposits, belonging to the second group, are the ,.,,, , , . ,■ nickel-copper sulphide ores, of the Sudbury District, in Canada, which ti.'''«l,'.''rM '' are the subject of tho present bulletin, but Norway hw, for many years, a.wl'.illld'."'"'' operated, on a large scale, precisely similar concentrations. Other (i) Trans. XmvT. Inst. .Miu. Knir. Vol. X.KVi. imj tUO'w. ' \l) Zeit tur I'rak. Uuiil., l.Slia. ^ ^ 4 i:| '[ 1 ■ 144 OEOLOCilCAL 8UHVEY OP CANADA closely leltttetl ore IxxHos have aKo been worked as mines, as at Varallo, in Piedmont, Ftiily and at Lanea-ster Gap in Pennsylvania. The deposits which have been partially developed and worked, near St. Stephen, in the Province of New Brunswick, Canada, are also apparently of the sa lie nature. The moat celebrated and extensive of the deposits, Whiniikk.l representative of the third croup, nre those of New Caledonia. Inipor- BiliiiitiKDcciir. '^ „..,.,. ,1 1 tant bodi'S, however, of suiiilar silicates, are known to occur, ana have been developed, to some extent, near Kiddle's, in Douglas county, Oregon and near Webster, the capital of Jackson county, in western North Carolina. assiM-iations nixl iirii;in <>' ftrMt'iiidt's jiiul Htilpli-.-itHt'iii- dfs f niu^Miiatir differt'iitiition, IiKHlilinl liy WHIH' SCC'Il- dary iiclimi. i;lcal of sili<-HtfS uf iiiclo'l. Ml«|iM,f (x'currt'iici' of silicatt'H ipf nickt'l. Kx|>li\nati<>n of occnrrt'iici' of ' ftHTt " fragiiieiitM. The veins of the first group occur, either, penetrating, or in intimate connection with eruptive roeks of the peridotito or gabbro type, and are generally found in the more deconiiMJsed or altered portions. These basic igneous rocks, as is well known, contain appreciable quantities of nickel, as a normal constituent. The extremely rich nickel ore, con- tained ill these v ins, Iw therefore, evidently been derived from the leaching out of the lickel from the neighboring rock, during certaia processes of alteration, to which it has been subjected. The method of formation of the sulphide deposits of the second group, typified by the Sudbury deposits, has already been discussed at length, and the conclusion reached, that they are the direct product of the dif- ferentiation of a basic igneous magma, modified, to some extent, by pro- cesses, which are usually grouped together under the designation of secondary action. The silicates of nickel are always confinetl to areas underlaid by in- trusive masses of non-felspathic basic iiiagnesian rocks, of the perido- tite family, the several varietal forms of which are distinguished from one anotiier by the names of dunite, saxonite, websteritoand eherzolite These rocks are always more or less decomposed to a serpentinous ma- terial, so that the type of rock with which these deposits occur, is usu- ally describel''^'i-'' "' Slates, are the silicates of North Carolina and Oregon, to which more detfiilod references will be made. In Canada, the distril utio: of the nickel deposits occurring at Sud- bury, have already been desci.bcd, but important bodies of similar sul- phide material are also known to occur, and have undcrgont- prelimina- ry development at St. Stephen, N,.w Brunrwick. Other occurrences ^"^''' ""■ ar. reported from British Columbia, and the Province of Quebec, but "™|.l-n. NMi. those are at present of no economic importance. In Newfoundland rich nickel ore has b-en found in considerable .luantities at the Cnion mine, at Tilt cove, in Notre Dame bay. Australia, New Zealand, S.-uth n,.„. r.l.,!,. Africa and Chili, all contain deposits of nickel ore, but New Caledonia '"•' ""'^■ is the only formidable rival with which .Sudbnry has at present to 'A^^U^i^!' deal. NIIKEI, IX C.VN'ADA. The Wallace mine, about a mile west of the mouth of the Whitefish x^ek, 1 lirst river, on the north shore of l.^ikc Huron, isof historic interest, asbein" "■■'i'"' '" th.; first place in which the presence of nickel was recognized in Canada" Waliao.lL,... It was hrst opened as a copper mine, in 1817. During the season of 1848, this location was visited by Mr. Alex. Murray, Assistant Pro vincial Geologist, who reported on the geological associations and j.ro- l),..o,i„i„„ „f bable extent of the deposit. ( ' ) This occurrence has also been described ,^^'"".'''i '."'V" by Mr. C. W. Dickson (-), as consisting of pyrrhotito, pyrite and cliiil- wlT/ilk'ii.m copyrite, occurring at the junction of two small dykes of mica diorito, which are intruded into the surrounding quartzites. The minin- ito'. velopment work undertaken .lid not reveal any largo Ijody of ore,^ind N.. l,up.i«„iv although a considerable amount of copper ore was encountered, in asso- '"'"•'• tion with a rich arsenical ore of nickel, the o4-78 41-79 Iron -t I o 1 o oq Nickel (with a trace of cobalt) 8-26 l ^ ^^ Arsenic (mean of two deter- • ^- \ .1-.")7 o'02 ramations) -^ " .^„ ,„ '. 1 L 22-6.3 38- 16 Sulphur — "•' Copper _0;;^ _^ .-)9-30 100 00 Silica 28-40 Carbonate of lime * ' 00 Maenesia 4 ' 40 "l ■ 01 Alumina '•" •' ^ 40 01 1)9 31 ^ . . Two ores of nickel are described by Dr. Hunt, ( ' ) as occurring 'in a FnTZmu'al vein, cutting a bed of amygdaloid, on Michipicoten island, in Lake ^kc!:ir.;*"n'i"' superior. The first of those is a brittle, massive ore, associated with .Ion., ykit.. .,f ^„^j ij^^ing ^ ijHlliant metallic lustre and a colour varying from ^!:r"^" tia-white to bronze.yellow. Its hardness is 5 and its specific gravity varies from 7 ■ 35 to 7 ■ 40. The mineral is variable in composit-on. The results of four analyses were as follows : ■ I II III IV Arsenic 37 36 4467 Copper 44-70 3081 2760 1028 Nickel 17.03 24-5.5 -27-29 36-39 Silver 0-25 0-21 Total 9909 100-28 i\) (:«,1. "f f'a"-- 1**<>3. PI'- •"'"'• "^<' "-^7. NICKEL IN CANAHA u: The above variable results are due to the material analvml. consist- ing of u mixture, in different proportions, of niccolite (i.iokei 44 1 per cent and arsenic 5r,0 per cent) and domeykite (copper 71 -7 per cent and arsenic 28 ■ 3 per cent). The second ore, said to be from the same mine as the preceding, I ),-<,i|,ti„„ „f occurs as the gangue of native copper and native silver, which are """■•'•'"": scattered through it in grains. The material is amorphous, greenish- ".M.i-'itH.'nlif yellow or apple-green in colour, with a waxy lustre an.l a crmchoidal ulSXf fracture. It is very soft, polishing under tlir nail, and falling to pieces .^'|';^^l'ji'ic..t.ii when immersed in water. It is decomposed by acids, and is found to '" "' ' be essentially a hydrated silicate of nickel. Under T, is an analysis of one specimen dried at 212' F. Under 11, is an analysis of another specimen dried at a higher temperature. It contains, besides, traces of cobalt and copper, and appears to l,e identical with nickel-<;yi.inite or genthite. Under III, is a partial analysis of a specimen, which contained small disseminated grains of the native metals. Silica 33 GO Oxide of nickel ... 3040 Protoxide of iron 2-25 Lime 4-09 JIagnesia 3 • .5.5 Alumina 8 40 Water 17 ic Cobalt Silve- . Cof II 3S ■ 80 32-20 in 20 • 85 12-20 traces traces 2 ■ 0.5 18-51 99-39 The arsenide of nickel (niccolite), has also been found at the 3 A .. mine, on lot 3 A, of the township of McGregor, in the District of Tn umlw h" y Thunder Bay, Ont., where it occurs in somewhat large, nodular ^'rains "'"*'''''• O"'- and. bunches, together with native silvei-, of a similar form, freely dis- siminated through a gangue of calc-spar, with some quartz. ( ' ) Nickel is seldom or never absent from the magnesian rocks of the Eastern Townships, in tlie Province of Quebec, and the various serpen- w',I,a^n... tines, steatites, diallages, actinolites, etc., always contain small quan- "[■"' V^'^-">i titles of this metal, rarely, however, more than two or three thousandtlis. *i<><-^»<: It has never yet been fc ;nd in any considerable quantities, although (1) Am.. II. !>. Gfi.i. .S.ii V. Can. Vul. \', 1890.91, Part K, p. 4?. 150 OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OF CANADA = i ;:dsE Nickel from Montreal river. Orford Nickel mine. Dfwrifitioii of deixisit. Occurrence nf millerite. Mine aban- doned before 1883. Nickel from Joliette Co., Que. Nickel iH^ar- in« iiyrite at St. .Jerome. Pyrite with nickel aad cobalt at N. Burge»8, Unt the chromic iron ore f'om Ham, gave, on analysis, 22 per cent of oxide of nickel. ('). Dr. Harrington also found a small amount of nickel, in the serpuntine, brought by Dr. Bell, from Pigeon lake, on the Montreal river, Ontario. (^) Mining for nickel was, at one time, carried on at lot 6, con. XII., of the township of Orford, in the Province of Quebec, but operations had evidently been suspended for a considerable time, before the year 1883, when Mr. Willimott visited the locality. (') The presence of nickel at this locality, hfA been known for a long time (^) but the deposit had not been opened up ivs a mine, until long after its discovery. The location, known as the Orford Nickel mine, was developed by means of two small shafts, sunk on what appears to be a large calcite vein, enclosing small transparent green crystals of chrome garnet, and often penetrated by long filaments of pyroxene, of a greenish or yellowish colour. The chrome garnet also forms large granular masses, holding sparingly disseminated, small, brass-like grains and crystals of millerite. 'ii.e largest crystals, however, are generally found penetrating a beautiful cleavable variety of calcite, and often exceed three inches in length. The houses, mining buildings and smelting furnaces were abandoned in 1883, with the exception of one house, which was occupied by a caretaker. A sample of iron pyrites, from the eleventh concession of the Seigniory of Daillebout, Joliette Co., in the Province of Quebec, yielded Dr. Hunt, Oo5 per cent of oxide of nickel (=0-43 per cent of nickel) mixed with cobalt. {') A carefully picked sample of iron pyrites, oeeuring on lot 163 of the cadastral plan of St. Jerome, P.Q., was analyzed by Dr. Harrington and found to contain copper 0.05 per cent, cobalt 0.22 per cent and nickel 0.10 per cent. («) Dr. Hunt mentions that a bronze-coloured, impalpable variety of iron pyrites, in irregular, reniform or globular masses, which occurs . with copper pyrites, in the township of North Burge.is, Ont., gave him ' on analysis, 3.47 per cent of cobalt and 2.21 per cent of nickel. (' ) (1) Rep. of ProgresH, (ieol. Surv. Can. 1853-56, pp. 435-474; also Geol. of Can. 18t>3, pi). 507 and 614. (2) Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Can., 1876-77, p. 483. (3) Rep. of Progress Geol. Siirv. Can. 1880-82, Part G.G. p. 5. (4) Geol. of Can., 1863, p. '^S. (5) Geol. of Can., 1863, p. .506. (6) Rep. of Progress Geol. Surv. Can. 1876-77, p. 482. (7) Rep. of Progress, Geol. Sur. Can. 18ta-6G, p. 217. NICKEL IN CANADA V>1 Dr. Adams ana yzod a specime.. of pyrrl.oiiie, ussoci«te.l with a l>v.rl„„1,.. little clmlcopynte aa-l sphalerite, with u small amount of intern.ingkKl if' 'r''r' *' chlorite, from Pic island. Lake Superior, and found it to contain 56J '-"k" "'"'• per cent of nickel and 0. 1 38 p.-r cent of cobalt. ( ' ) s„i».r.„r. Dr. Hoffmann analyzed » specimen of iron pyrite,, from .ondon.lprry, rvri... with N.b., which ho found to contain 0.144 per cent of nickel ami OSl."? '"'^k'' ■" per cent of cobalt. (-) I.oii.|oii,i,.rry, Nickel has also been met with in ikiti.sh Columbia, at various localities. as.sociated with pyrrhotite and other sulphides. Gersdortlite „cc,nr..noe of has Ijeen observed, in the form of small octahedral crystals, di^tribut d K'rs,l..,.ffit.. through specimens which show an intimate association of nms.ivo 'j'i.'c ""^""""^• pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite, from the Columbia-Kootanie property, |...u.n,.ina one mile and a quarter northeast of the town of IJossland. The whol.> '''""' '"■■ sample which weighed C lbs. 10 ozs. was analyzed by .Mr. F. (J. Wait ""''"'' (') who found it to «ontain O.Gj per cent nickel, with traces of cobalt Considerable interest has been manifested in the deposits nickeli ferous pyrrhotite occurring near St. Stephen, N.B. These deposit .s, st I were first visited and describtni by H. P. H. Biumell. (') Dr R \V "t Ells, who visited the localities, where these ore bodies occur durin- tuul'll' '''' the summer of 1903, has furnished the followinij description. (^) The nickel bearing rocks of St. Stephen were specially examined, „ and found to consist of never intrusives, instead of the Lau entian • ■f""ick.' l'"" granites, as at one time supposed. The rocks are chiefly of the ^abbro Iff sfs^tephen type, which have penetrated and altered a seriej of black and gray J?;,''- ''>■"■■• slates, the age of which has also been a matter of much doubt. Thev ' ' were, at one time, supposed to be of Silurian age, but from the absence of fossils, this point has never been fully determined. As developed alwut the head of Oak bay, it was supposed, that here, they nn^dit l>e the equivalents of some portion of the primordial of the St. .John area, but this point also has never been determine by fin. ling fossils On the geological map of the district, they ait provisionally coloured l-aHnp"r''^k' Cambro-Silurian. They apparently underlie, conformably, the sandy "f"'''^'''!'!"'"- (1) Ann. Rep. CJcoI. Surv. Can., lg80S2, I'art H., p. 15. (2) Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Can., 1874 75, p. U and Vol. V, 1890-91, Part K. p. 4S. (3) Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Can., Vol. IX, 189 requited, to finally settle the cpiestion of their true horizon. The nickel near St. Stephen, occurs in pyrrhotite, as at Sudbury, but the associated rocks are of a very different geological horizon from those of the latter district. The pyrrhotite is found 'n gabbro masses, which cut a .-ifi ies of slates, and have altered these extensively along the contacts. The mineral occurs, apparently, inpcKikety masses, which are probably ((uite local in character. The ore is found at a numl>er of points, but attempts at mining for nickel have been made chiefly at two places, on what are known as the Rogers and Hall farms. The former is u.sually styled the Todd mine, the latter the Carroll mine. * On the Rogers farm, considerable work, mostly of an exploratory nature, has been done. A .«haft, 12 x ll", has been sunk for 24 feet, and three trenches have been cut, with depths ranging from three to eight feet, the principal one being rather more than two chains in length, on a course of S. 54" VV., magnetic. In this trench, the ore is exposed for a little more than 30 feet alcmg the line of excavati -n, the rest of the cut showing partly mixed ore and partly rock. The width of the ore body was not ascertained, as sutiicient development work has not been done to decide this point. On Hall's lot, (Carroll mine), several shafts have Ijeen sunk, one of 77 feet, one of 14 feet and one of 12 feet. In addition, a Iwre-hole with a diamond "!.• .'tit'- " St. Stephen, was partially analy.e.1 hy Dr. F. D. A.lams. ( • ) Th^'uh'':'"!',''.,., pyrihotite constitutefl appro.xiniately, alx.ut one fourth, liy wei-ht of /'''■""i-"''" the whole The pyrrhotite, caref-lly freed from the a.8,K-iate,r mine- '"'"' rals, W.M found to contain, nickel 0923 per cent, and cobalt 0;!t)4 per cent. Partial analyses, by Mr. M. F. Connor, of this Department were made of speeimen.s, selected by Mr. K. A. A. Johnston, from Uth the \„aivs..s„f Todd and the Carroll properties. The specimen from the Todd mine "'" f"^'"" T'xI'l consisting of nearly pure pyrrhotite. with a s.nall proportion of inter' min.*2'""" mixed ehalcopyrite, and with about 10 per cent of gangue, gave nickel 1-38 percent, and cobalt 21 per cent. The specimen from the Carroll mine, which was almost pure pyrrhotite, with very little ehalcopyrite, ami less than 5 per cent of gangue, gave n-ckel 1 -So per cent and cobalt 0-21 per cent .l..«ical The rock.s, at all these places appear, to be very similar in chaiacter' ''f i''yrHi"tite. and consist, for the most part, of a gabbro, varyini; from fine to .some' what coarse-grained. The presence of the pyrrhotite, is indicated by mas.sesof gossan at the surface, and in places, *he ore is largely mixed -rcnnl'.c't or"' with rock. There does not appear to be any well defined contact of ^'•'"•""»^•"'■••• the ore body with the adjacent rock, and but little indication of a vein structure is visible. Outside of the ground covered by the tren- ches and pits, the surface shows th > gossan cap at a number of points, If^ZZ"' with a thickness ranging from a few inches to several feet. From the fact that this capping shows at several places, east of the main trench, on the Rogers farm, .it is probable, that masses of pyrrhotite will be found over a considerable nrea. but probably, in many, cases, -=0 mixed (1) .^nn. Ke|i. (JtoI. .Surv. Cm. Isso.si', Part H. |.. Iti. 'ih »'i' -a 1S4 GEOLOOICAL aURVRV Or CANADA I)iniii»nil ilrill Hi«Tn- tioim riHDin- Ni I very di'Hiiitt' inforiiintion yet iivj\iliil>l( MiKiii'°ii mill. Nickel at Calumet iaUnd, I'untiitc Co. »2iie. Mode of occurrenci' and geoUigical WBOciatiuDH. Cowcn mine d('|io«it. Purtial analysis! of ore obtained from E. P. Cowcn. i..il si -^ Other nickel bearing 8 be«t proved by judicious boring with a diamond drill. The are/w of giibbro are limitetl, and appear to rise, in dome shaped roasMR, through the slate formal inn, at a number of plai-eo. In the present state of development of the district, but little information of a definite nature can be given as to future valueH. At the location near Moore's mill, while the gabbro is seen at different poinU, the pyrrhotite appears toLe e of economic importance. The discjvery of cobalt, nickel, arsenic and silver ores, on the west p , , side of Lake Timiskaming, Ontario, was made public i.i Xovemt)er, Hi^-nK' ".'.d''''' 1 903. The deposits were discovered durin- the building <-f the Timis am^ar"" kaming and Northern Ontario Uy., the road bed of this new govern- ment railway running almost over the top of the (irst of the deposits discovered. The deposits lie five miles south of the village of Hailey- r,,kp T..mi« bury, which is 106 miles north of North Hay, and 333 miles north """"'(?'""" of Toronto. At the tin.e of Prof. Miller's (^) visit, from whose des- .1eT::Vt? '"' cription the present information is obtained, four veins or deposits r,,,„i„.„i, n had l)een located, in the vicmity of a small l)ody of water known as "f ''"•""if" „— * liv Vmf \V. (1) Ann. Rep. (Jeol. .Surv. Can., Vol. XI, 1,S98, I'art R p. «!K " '"' ^''"""' (2) .\nn. Rep. (Jeol. Surv. Can. Vol. VI, 18'J-_".«, Part K p. l!l and 4.!. (3) Kng. and Min. Jour., V..I. T. VWI. Dec 10. 190.% pp. .IK"? Rso • a!„. rv,j.,ji.(n Mining Review, Dec. 31st, 1!»03. 'l-ll ^ 106 ftf),. irAI. Hl'RVKV or rA\At>A f*(>eali-iii yi i' |>i"-it«. \>\U' Cllf 1 |.|HI ltiilHli nickn. I'n-" HIT iif IiHhI'I ni|itivr <*U*|>n'l**il txtt Hill riii>x- i»i/i*..>i I (•( the township of liiukp. All of Kni/e«l. The Mliitf aiiil sintf . • i ito have a slight ilip, nml tho vi-in»< I. fprrenlly iif iiioculiti' iiml Miiiiiltiti- wirli imu'li imtiM' silver. I'riifiiii' i.f .iiiniilii-rgiti' mill ^I'litliiti'. MikIim,: K'lUiriiKi; iif ii:iti\i dilMT. ()r.li-i-..l >(fiifi'iiti.m 111 ciiiii|«iniiit luilUT.lIf*. V.in Xi.. 1 iiiaili' n|. (if -inaltiti' aiiil iiiciiilitf. Colli, Hwiticn of oil'. Vein No. 1 lien ta ot tli •bout a quarter of a i ■■'<■ uiicoviTcd at lhre»> ; lii Mi'diuiii ^{rained, dii'l<-' ■ . uiid • the widc»t o|ienin).', l!ii .t'(H '. matter in more or U'>- uted » im or the iirsi-nido of iiici-' ', and ■ r ilway trnt-k, at tin" tnlRe of ears to have cr^slallized earlier than the niccolite, which has btjen deposited around it. The smaltite has formeil still later than the niccolite. (Jn locution No. "J, whicli liesu'" lut lialf a mile southwest of No 1, the ore Ixxly is distinctly vein-like in foiiu. The ore is a mixture of smal- tite, and probably some cUxsely related arsenide, -uch as sattlorite (L'u- As., ), and niccolite. It was found to have the fuliowing composition : 1. u. III. IV. Cobalt 10 .« 16-70 lO-SO I 21-70 Nickel 7-U G-2-1 4-50 ) Iron (1-3 G-20 .N-80 Arsenic 1 G9 1 GO-GO GO-30 G3-.9.'5 Sulpliur 1 1 3 -57 4 09 5 38 Iii'^oluble •2 40 OGO "W.vter 2-00 . . MvKKI. IS iWvii* i'>7 AnalyKJK I. was iiimle hy » », S ,|, liiim's, II. ,,,,| III irp „f iHiiiiKi. SHmpl... .ollfclwl l.y W, C. M.ll.r, ll„. ,„r,u.., hum tl... uH»-n,„«. '.ppiun,{, the l.itu.r fiom tti« i.ii-,t •»-ii.K A. (f liurroWM. h wan hu.|..„i tlml ||( w«, Komowlmt »f 8p.cimou wa» i..,t t.ikrn lik.- 11. and III., will, tl„. ol.|,..t ,,f determining the av«n*(ie c<.inp.»siii,m of the v(.ii,. iv..f \i,ol ^lai. -. that ,1 .(ualit.Un.. .umlysiH shuw.-.l fhn pir-'iic- ..f m.-UI ,uu..ui,ts „f Ooj.i.er ftiKJ lea.l, an.l th.- „ .«<•.. ..f .ituini..ny. bismiab ,i..,| /it.c. Thi» ore iMHiy. unlikP tl ihers oxiii,.iiii«I, mrri« .i,. ,ih,.r, in thepartMm. far disci emi. Tlir.... oiM-nir.^* Kave lM.*-n m.ul.. • :,.. vain, ON.'- a l.-ni{th (.f .noj»there.! ore '"' tnnti vein No. 4, which appeared lo .-.jntain less siUer than most of the samples cllected, was foiiml by Mr. A. (!. I'.uriows to h.ive the following [lercentage composili.m Si ,pr l('.-(!0, cobalt .; 'U, n kel 14:', arsenic 10-79, gold mnt. This ore is brownish to ye. <>« .f, {„ colour, and has an earthy uppeuran.e. Its colour is .in. to the pr- -.-nee of several decomposit; .1 !-.•(. .1 ■ •-. :> I <} ;IP 158 OEOLOOICAL SURVEY OK CANADA < )o(urri iicf II lu't*T('^'»'Ilit*' 1>I1>litr. black slate, which has a slight dip. The slate passes gradually, as fur as c uld be discoverwl, from the steep character of the cliff, into a coarse breccia-cong'.onicrate, in the upper part. The fragments in the conglomerate, consist of quart/, slate, granite and other rocks. On some of the native silver specimens, there are small, black, speroidal masses, with little lustre. These appear to be the hydrated oxide of eobalt ^heterogenite). Some of the dejiosits, on the silver, resemble asbolite. The carbonates of cobalt and nickel are also pro- bably present. Prof Nicol, (if the Kingston School of Mines, who afterwards examined the matonal collected, recognized the silver antimonide, dys- He has also K^■i'^^fniti<»ll of (ly«cia!Kits. Nmncrnus jiHunys uiadc liv C' iil<»(;icjvl Survey U<'|)t. Analyfis iKTforii»»(I l>y Slissrs K. A. A..I(ilm'ntained in them. OTIIKI! A.SSAVS FOr NICKEL OF THE SULPHIDE OUF.S IN CANADA. Since the discoveries of the highly nickeliferous jiyrrhotite of the Sudbury Mining District, there has been very active prosp<;cting for simi....- sulphide material. Numerous specimens, from all parts of the Dominion, have come to the laboratory of the Cieological Survey Department, for assay. The material, thus submitted, has been exam- ined, and partial analyses have ai)peared, from time to time, in the reports of the Section of Chemistry and Mineralogy, which, Iwsides, appearing as separates, are include CiDOil ■2 I/.t ID, cm. 1\'.. Cn iirhton. .\I;,'.>iua 111 (h) .'t Sclir.'iliir. (L* inil.-s I »-i-»t. 111') 'riiii'iiltr ^ Hay Dist X „„.. 4 Sumo liHvility In IK) •"> I>;uliiigii.ii Hay, I,. of till* W'imkIs . ••()■(»(» li K. .1. li>t is, , nil 111.. D.illiiHi.^ic, Kaiiark : <-'" 20 5t) 7 Ij(>t !.■>, Clin. .\. .\n i tflcsf.i. .Vdilin^tiiii '-'" ;c .H!i ."* r,..t IL' 1. iii.,i;:,i-| way. rcti.rlKiiiii,),'li j '.' ' .tls, rim'. IV.,'(;al- j wav, l'(.U'il)ori.ii},'li I , , <■■' ir-.'5 : I'l r-ut lii. i-on. X£V.. ; I liahiav, I'l.ti'rUi- ' niu-h C.i ■ 11 !S. I-Ui| l.it in. i:,n.' I Xl\'.,(iaKvay, IV-: ' tt'fthirouirli f'n 1-' L'.t Hi, con. .W., ! (inhvay. I'l.tcilip ■ r.iuxli ('.) ;)s-iti ; IS tlalwuv, I't't (. 1 liii I rnn.'li Cu U Lut 1, cm. XI,SiHn , : : iTvillc, Victmiii I .','''< ■ ' n-j :r, ; 1.") Siiiiii-rviUc. Victu- ; 'i.i C'i> IS !(7 I'i N. ittlit iif \ ii-tiiria; . _ ; C.i 1., I" .S. K. sliMH' Vcrnii-i li'in laki-, Xi|ii4». ' ini; lliKt... IS I.iit •'i, l-ait,'li.ti.ii. lit 1 i; i:. ji;. A. A. .I.iliiisi,,,,. A. .v. i,.|iii-t..ii. .\. \..I..|,!1M..|, A. A..I.,hn-t.Mi. Oil 1 (;. Wait. II ii; !■■. (;. Wait, i:. Wai'. IL' 1.-. A. \..I..Iivi,<..n. Ii 1!. F. A. A. .lMlin5t..n. \. A. .I..lin-t..n. I. \V;ut. li. \. A. •I..lin>tiiii. I. f.ii. tr. 'I mi Tiai-.., II 12 I', li. Wail. i m ' ,. ! !k. i;. Walt. I ' i I I O 115 I'rcs't. .. . |K. <;. Wait. I i . X.iii... 1 ■.•).-, I!. A. .\. .Iiiliii- 12 Xi.ni'. IH K. <;. W.iit, Truce. ... j ., JK. <;. Wait. I I "13 Trace. !! K. U. Wait, ^t;i L< m^a 160 GEOLOOICAL SUKVEY OF CANADA No. I Ldtalitv. • iAiimic. Cii. ! Xi. Cu. ■= J ^ ii II ; 'i 2"-' liotf. 32 iiniK'oiiKo Ky.,| 7i miles fromjuncj I tionw'.tlir..\. Ky..; i Sproiili', Nipiwingi District : 26 Lot IT.wn. 11, W.Kt-; innatli, Renfrf w Co 27 N. Uot 4, ton. IV., Uraliani. Algonia District 104 •2H S. k lots, con. IV., I >owli>ie, Al)(oma District 21* W. .Uot m. con. IV., Ofdfn, Kronti'nac , Co 3 32 Anah>t. Explanation ano descrip- tion of H|iccinit-nR analv/.tnl froii the I'rovinci' of Ontario. None 10 F. <;. Wait. It HIT) Trace. 23 K. (!. Wait. ; ■■ 2!l K. C. Wait. 'resent. 1!) : 1 F. (J. Wait. ■• fai. tr. N »ne. R. A. A. .lolinston. 4!i Truce. 4!l F. a. Wait. *ri'seiit. ; " (1 2t> F. (1. Wait. ■• !W " ; rtri F. G. Wait. E.XPLANATI0S8. 1. A grayish-white, gneissoid rock, through which was disseminateil a somewliat large amount of pyrrhotite. The dietallic portion of the ore contained, 05 of cobalt. 2. Coarse, granular pyrrhotite, in a.sso- ciation with zinc blende, through which was disseminated a somewhiit small amount of a dark gray, schistose rock and white quartz. 3. Pyrr- hotite, from an extensi%e deposit. Examined for Mr. Thomas Marks. 4. A fair sample of the pyrrhotite, from the same locality. Collected by Dr. Selwyn. A line, granular, massive pyrrhotite, through which was disseminated a little quartzose gangue. 6. Pyrrhotite, with a dark gray gneissoid rock. Examined for Mr. Mather. 6. Pyrrhotite, with a little pyrite, in quartz mica diorite. Examined for Mr. W. C. Caldwell. 7. A dark gray gneissoid rock, through which wa.s disseminated a fair- ly large amount of pyrrhotite, and a trifling quantit' of chalcopyrito, 8. A compact, massive pyrrhotite. Examined for Mr. E. D. Orde. 0. A massive pyrrhotite, in association with very small quantities of pyrite in quartz. Collscted by Dr. V. D. Adams. 10. A compact, massive pyrrhotite, with a little pyrite, and trifling amounts of chalcopyrite and (juartz. Examined for Mr. R. H. G. Chapman. 11. Massive pyrrhotite, with very small quantities of chalcopyrite, quartz and fel- spar. Collected by Dr. F. D. Adams. 12. Quartz ,carrying some pyrr- hotite. and a small quantity of pyrite. 13. Lot and concession not PARTIAL ANALVSES OF NICKEL 0HE8 IN' CANADA ItU vnp CO nrnun.cated Mas.ve pyrrhotite, with a very trifling amount of c»lc,te U. Quartz, a little f,.|s,,ar, and a very little ganu-t crryin- ,• ■ , a small quantity of pyrite and pyrrhotite. Collected by Dr F "f -i- ..f' lot and concesMon not ..ommunicated. 16. A compact, n.assive pyrr- %' l'^"-'" hot^te^ 17. FromE. V. Wrighf. claim, north of North.a.st Arm of'""" Lake Temagam.. A very fine, crystalline, massive pyrito, in ,. ..angueof ,uartz.d.ora. Collected by Mr.A. E. Harlow. 18. l^y'rrhotite, : tlf il and but httle v.s.ble quartz. Collected by Mr.W. Aldnnes '0 A verv fine, granular pyrite with small quantities of pyrrhotite.- ' { Conu-act -. Compact, ma3,s.ve pyrrhct.te, with small quantitie.s of chalcopyrite and pyrite, m a gangue of calcite, pyroxene, .some hornblende. fcLr and a httle garnet. Examined for Mr. L. Meany. 2.1 Quartz, with a httle hornblende, carrying large quantities of pyrite and pyrrhotite Examined for Mr. T. B. Caldwell -n r,.,n,>..„V fj^-'ouoe. . "• -"aweii. -4. Compact, umssivo pyrrhotite, w.th a small quantity ot quartz and hornblende-Kneiss. 25 Conuvict nZ'tZ'V''''''' "'"' ? ''" '""■'''^'^'^ "' chalcopyrite, and a .small quant y of gangue, ma.nly quartz and felspar, with a very little gar- net hxammed for Mr. A. H. N. Bruce. 26. Pyrrhotite, with a liule chalcopyrite, apatite and hornblende. 27. Massive pyrite, associated with pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and danaite, (cobaltiferous arsenopyrite) .8. A massive pyrrhotite, with whi. h was as.soc.ated a little chalcopy rite and a somewhat large proportion of gangue ( vitrophyretuH) -9 Granular, massive pyrrhotite, with a very little chalcopyrite, with a l.ttle gangue of felspar, quartz and hornblende. Examined for Mr J iiawden. 'iUEIiEC. Xo. ;!0 31 32 ;« 37 Locality. limigup f'u. \i. Ni. in Ilict.ll- Co. li^- I [K.r- I tiuii. Lakf MiBtassiiii [ 27 00 U>V2i, H. IH, I'otton.i Small Broiiit'Co. iLot24, K. 7, Ciann don, I'oiitiac Co. . . Lot 2, R. S, Kurdlt-y, Ottiwa Co.. . Lot 14, R. 6, .\ylttiii, Ottawa Co.. . Lot 14, R. 5, Masli- aiii, Dttaua Co. . . Lot 14, R. .-I, MhsIi am, Ottawa Co rtan?" !-H>ft!i')' I u .... lJi,Ht. trace." ''■'»"i">t .Smalli anit. ■>'>"<■ I .-.o "13 l>i»t. tracfw I rac' X mr. Presint. \ litv.;. O II li.» :c.j ! .... li. ... H. Oo R. . . R. .. XiF ■'^ Ik. ...■ |K. .Viialyst. .\. .I..l,„, .\. ,lohn> A..l„h,i" A. .r„lin- Wait, Waif. Wait. Wait. R.-Mlll8of |>ai'tial ■ an.(l,\«'.s uf »ul|i||illi-< In '111 tiip I'njviiitv (>[ 'tiiti. it. 111. ti.|.. t'.n. 162 Denoriptiou of g«olu^icul MMXiiatiun of mieciiiienH M'lecteii for analysis from Province of Queliec. fi4 1^ •i'l 1 Hi 1 « r SM ^m m i 1 OBOLOOIOAL 80RVIT OT CANADA EXPLANATIONS. 30. Py rrhotite, in gangue of hornblende schist. Collected by Mr, Wal- ter MoOuot (Survey) in 1872. 31. Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and pyrite, with ainall amount of gangue. (/ne specimen contained a very small amount, and the other, a trace of nickel. 32. Pyrrhotite, but the ma- terial does not, so far as is known, occur in quantity. 33. A massive pyrrhotite. Examined for Mr. W. A. Allan. 34. Pyrrhotite, almost pure, or with quartz, felspar, mica, hornblende and calcite. 35. Massive pyrite, with a few particles of chalcopyrite, and a somewhat larger pro- portion of granite. 36. Massive pyrrhotite, with a very little quartz. 37. Taken from a different part of the dep<»sit. Pyrrhotite, a little pyrite and a very small amount of gangue of black garnet and pyroxene, and a very little quartz. Nos. 36 and 37, were examined for Mr. W. L. Marler. BKITISU COLUHOIA. ~ 1 T ^. in iietal- No. Locality. \ liangue. Cu. Ni. Co. lie jjor- Analyst. 1 i tion. 38 Near head of Barclay Bound, Vancouver I Trace. Trace. R. A. A. .Johnston. 39. Monaahee mine, near head of Cherry creek Present. None. TriH'g Am't. R. A. A. Johnston. 40 Illecillewaetciist . ' 16 75 Present. 12 Trace. 14 F. CJ. Wait. 41 Creek flowing into; Downie creek, 20 Diiles above fork i with Columbia R., West Kootenay district Faint traces R. A. A. Johnston. 42 Crawford bay, Koot- enay lake. Present. Present. Trace. 048 None. o'dss F. a. Wait. 43 Same locality 'io'io' F. G. Wait. 44 A few miles N. of Savona station, C. 1'. R., Yale dist. . . 10 17 Present. 031 0.34 F. O. Wait. 45 Between N. Thom|>- 8on and Clearwater rivers Present. Trace. F. G. Wait. 46 Mission City claims, township* 17 and 18, Westminster (list. 36 50 Present. 0055 Trace. 09 F. G. Wait. 47 Jarvis inlet 14 80 Present. 24 iTraoe. 28 F. G. Wait. 48 King Solomon mine, Kaslo'Slocan min- ing camp. West Kootenay dist 36 15 Trace. f*. G. Wait. 49 E. side. Upper Arrow lake, about 12 mile" from its head, W Kootenay dist . . . i 1 Present None 1 012 F. G. Wait. PARTIAL ANALV8M OF mCKUL 0BK8 ,y CANADA 163 BRITISH COLUMBIA.— Con<. N'o. ' L(«ality. SO 89 60 61 62 (!3 64 65 fit) Monte Cristo claim,. , Trail creek, Coluni- I Ilia rivfr 51 jlron Colt claim, Trail •'r«i-k, Columbia I ri vt-r iHuiilmry claim, miar I Iv«c le Boia, Inte- rior Plateau Ki-gion Hiiniplir.y claim,! j Lac In Hois. Inte-l I rior Plateau He- I K'on ' <^lartz creek (Sal'- j mon K.), 20 iiiil«,| ; south of Nelson t Kt>ot<'nay-Colum I) i a I Proiierty, IJ miles I N.K. of R^issland. Queen Victoria claim, H miles W, of Nelson Evening Star mine, K. slofw Mt. Monte Cristo, 1 ir.ile N. of Roasland. Leviathan (Jroup of ch>im8, Campbell cretk, K. side ofl , Kootenay lake. . .. ' R. 4 K. claim, Imile 5'v °J Argenta, W. Kootenav dist ". : Kennedy lake, W. j ciiast, Vancouver island Two Sistemand Crow Claim, Deer creek, Clayoquot, V a n ■ I couver island |X.K. i Section, Block I., W. side of Tex-j ada island e. Cn. Ni. |Ni. in, metal' • lie. j por- I tiou. ' .Vmilvst. 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 , Present. 14 50 I Present, I 17-83 j 60-20 Strong traci 20 Strong : tnu'i'. •IOCS Trace. I.'i K. <;. \V„it. 21)4 K. (J. Wait. i>m V. (;. Wait. 29 03 37 15 62 73 61-84 7-50 41 00 0 Trace. !)2 \V. (i. Wait M i ! Present.: 43 Trace.l 68 K. (i. Wait. ! I Present Present. 25 ! 59 jNi.0-67 F. G. Wait ,Co.l-S8, 00(5 I None. 16 F. G. Wait Present jNear Kruquot, W.| coast Vancouver! island .... I Mt, W. of Ice river, 6 miles from forks with BeaverfiHit R., East Kootenay district N. bank of the Thompson, about 5 miles above Lyt- ton, Yale district. Shuswap lake. 05 15 Trace.! 16 V. G. Wait. F. G. Wait. Present 069 Trace. 1 70 jF. G. \ it. R. A. .\. .Tohn.itiin, F. G. Wait Present, 20 17 72 16 76 Present Present. Faint I. trace. ! Trace.l 12 None, 12 F. G. Wait. 08 |Vraoe.i 097 F. G. Wait Trace.lNone.1 .. .!f, <;, Wait. U>':««•, fnr iiii'lo'l mill .■..l«lt, .if liyrrliiiiiti' frciii -N'fu- liULIIXwirk. K. .\. .\. .lulin»ton. 1 i 'I E.\PLANATI0X. 67. Pyrrhotite, like that from 8t. Stephen, with a little chalcopyrite in a gangue of diorite. ni-i«,Ti|itiiin III a.HMiciatioii. \0\'.\ SCOTIA. X.i. C8. 70. Locality. !(iaii)fii<'. I Cu. Xi. Co. s i .\n.ilv»t. I>. . till Ulli iif frii .Sci 25-40 I... ; '» 75 tract... 1 IX> K.G. Wait. 12 41 present. (i7 tracp.. OH F. C. Wait. •tfrinina- lis iif ni< k"l I ciiii|i**r, III Sin a itia. BarrachoiK liarbour, ! ! ' Cane BreU.n Co. . . I | itr.ic»... iioiip . trace.. K. A. A. .lohiwton. liiitche creek, Capej ' Breton Co Boularderie Centre, Victoria Co 166 OIOLOQICAL aVBTKT Of CANADA li:. l)e«Ti|ition of gwlci^icBl BiMOCiation. Anwiyii, tor liicki'l »iiil iiilmlt, of iivrrliotitc frciiii N'lirtli wt*nt IVrri- tcirii-K and l'll((«Vll District. KXPLANATI0K8. 68 Pyrrhotite. Examined for Mr. Al«x. MoLeod. 69. Pyrrhotite, with m somewhat large amount of Hilicious gangue, from the land of Mri. O'Hanley, on the rear of George river. Examined for Mr. Alex. McLeod. 70. Massive pyrrhotite, with a few particles of chalcopyrite, and a little hornblende and quarts. Examined for Mr. William Haggerty. .VI8CKLLANK0US. I.iicallty. (jaiiK»>'' ('»■ Ni. Co. "I'l't-er ri\>r,(triliutaiv I of Clmrdiill K., N. 1 W.Tl 72 Isliind, off W. |iointi of Konitliik R.,KK«t| l'iiir»\n (liatrict . 42 '.It (iti'TnK-e. ■W 00, Pre- OH mnt. Aimlynt. '/: OlOK. <}. Wait. O'l.'tK. A. A. .fMhiiKtoii. tVdmiition of t;io|ii(fiinl iiKHwintioii, Nickel dHpowiti* of Norway \ ery ckwdy analopoiiM to thoM- of Siidbiirv Work 1-. Prof. . I. If. L. Vofft. EXPLANATIONS. 71. Pyrrhotite in a gangue of quartz, felspar, and a little mica and graphite. Collected by Mr. D. B. Dowling. 72. Massive pyrrhotite, with a large amount of quartz. THE NICKEL DEPOSITS OF SCANDINAVIA. The nickel deposits of Norway and Sweden are of especial interest to us, since they resemble, in all essential particulars, the larger and richer deposits of the Sudbury District. It would be impossible, with- in the scope of the present bulletin, to give a full, or even s, tisfactory account of these occurrences, and the various phenomena attendant on their geological associations, and the reader is referred for such details, to the elaborate and ejwch -making work of Prof. J. H. L. Vogt, of Chri- stiania, Norway. (') (1) Vogt, .1. H. L., 'Nikkfl forekomster o(f Nikkelproduktion.' Geol. Hoc. Nor- wiiy, Chrigtiania. 1S92. '.Suli>liidiKchf Aumcheidnnifen von NickeUulphiderzHn. ' Zeit. fiir. Prak. G«)l., IKUS, also 1894, 1895, 1900 and 1901. ' Ueber die Bildung von E lagerstiitten durch Dilferfntiationprocesa© in Erupti vmagmaten. ' Intirnatio. Geol. Congress, Zurich, 1894. 'The Formation of Eruptive Jre Deposits.' Mi' Ind. Vol. IV, 18i»f' Prublema in the Geology of Ore Deposits.' Trans. Am. Inxt. Min Eng. Richmond, 1901. ' Platingehalt in norwegiivhen Nickelerz.' Zeit. fur Prak. Gcol., Aug. M>02. All Scandina- vian (li-|iii(i|t« HMxiN-iaUil uitli ir»ljl>ri> "r imritf. .Mlmrnli^ical C'iilli|Ninitii>n "f niirili . NDriti' inirii. 'nr III Aril.iian .■.ilii!.t» and ^riifi«*r'«. I>iff'r>iitia- liiMi '•! iH.rit'' .f THl KICKIL DIPOfllTD Or iCAHDIJf AVIA 167 All of the Scandinavian nickel deposiu are intimately related to maue. of gabbro or norite. In Norway, there are about 40 of thene inasaeH with which deposiu of nickeliferous pyrrholito are a«sociated. these being the largest nickel deposiu in Europe. The.se masses, which are undoubt«liy of igneous origin, are either composed of gabbro, which is essentially an admixture of plagioeluHO relsp,vr and augite, or of norite, a closoly related rock, raa.le up princi- p-*lly of plagioclaae felspar and hypersthene (rhombic pyroxene). These mas.,es of g.ibbroic material, occur in the Arcl.a.au hornl.lemlo schists and giu-isses, generally intruded parallel to their foliation or lam nation but often cutting across them. The norito of all th.-.^e mas »es. shows a remarkable tendency to differentiation, so t'.at the same mass, in different parts of its extent, will vary greatly i„ the relative proportionn of the constituent minertU. The principril types of such differentiates, are often distn^uished as gabbro, olivine gal.bro. an. 1 pyrrhotite gibbro and norite, olivine norite and pyrrlx.tite norite, while the decomposed repre.sentative is distinguished as uraliie-gabl.ro The ore is .-iMeHy pyrrhotit*, containing, when pure, from 2 J to r, per cent of nickel and cobalt, but as mnoh as 7 per cent is sometimes found. These metals are usually present in the proportion of one part of cobalt, to from seven to twelve parts of nickel. Associated with the pyrrhotite (Fe.S,,) are pyrite (Fed,), chalcopyrite (CuFeS,), and, in som.i places, ilmenite or tiUniferous magnetite. Chalcopyrite is never present in large amount. The pyrite usually conUins more cobalt than nickel. In the nickel ore, in a few places, the mineral pentlandite (f . ennickelkies), is distinctly discernible, and, in a single "-"rrenc of case, the mineral cobaltite. l"iitlandit<'. The pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and pyrite, are regular constituents of the gabbro or norite, occurring in small quantities, all through the various masse.s, but, like the other constituents of the rock, are found more abundantly in certain place.s, and a gradual transitition can often oe observed, from th-. normal gabbro to pyrrhotite gabbro. and to masses of pure pyrrhotite, with little or no rocky or silicate admixture. Occa- sionally, the ore otcurs in masses, sharply separated from the norito, as at the Ertel-en mine. These segregations of ore, are, in the gr^-at majority of cases, situated either directly at, or near the edge of the igneous ma««s, and Vogt regards these concentrations as distinctly comparable to the basic borders or edg.>s, so often observed, about granites and other igneous rocks, in which the basic borders are some- times marked by similar gradual passages, and, in some cases, by rather abrupt transitions. i AMiak'f IK'rcfiiMifi. iiiikll.stitllt-llt8 "f iiirrilf. ( »r,- ladies »itiiat«i. Ore tnidini rt'tfarded by Viigt an AnalotruuH t I > r i \ KiuIm >>f Prof. Vogt r]raw4 uttontion to the f«ct, that tliu average proportion c'Tl"" •>'"' of nickel U> copper in the Norwegian ores is about 100 to 40 or ou S<^;iiiiliiii and that in the Varallo (Piedmont, Italy) occurrence about the wauie »n*r'caiiiii'liuii proportion lioldu gou 100 IHirtx of nickel. I'ercentnifei. of 1 ickel and coUult ill tlw |>iire ;ivr- rliotite. (ifiiKaltMi mini- 75-80 ST. 45 .-lO :i5-»o .17 .^V40 (aliroit) 30-36 20-25 (about) about '.'BO abiHit 2 7iy-3 00 ftlxiut 3 <«» »l»iit U fiO-4 IW almut 4 50 8b(ier. . . .. 16 41 23 00 : Iron 10 87 (13) 1 Sul|>hur. . . . . 19 58 (30) ! Silver.. .. .. f^"*"- g. (XT t. 140 (;..kl .. 5 1 (ainut) Platinum . . . . 2 6 3 (about) ! Iridium.. . . iol (about) , Osmium. . . / (1) Zeit. fur I'rak. Cml, Aug., IJMW, p. 259. TMI XICKRL DRPOHtTM OF M'AXrUJf AVIA ifja low.„« ubie ( . , „f a,«ly.e. of the on- fro... the Fl.,.1 ...i,... „f ^' ". ' l'yrli()tilt|ii,,,i„Ui ♦ 'halri.pnit.- Xi* ( _^ Cn. 1, • ■Itil.l,.. Aa. All. II. Aii.lv«. .,f X.iiH.irinii iirt- 'l-U.(|l.Il, "■. "( till' |>n ll"l|» IIK'tuIll. 1 ' 1 ii Vt (1 X, It -.'I H 1:7 ■J II'.' Ill INI 'Jii ii:i ir ti. ri.ic'.-. It ni.i^. I'l.lM II ll 1 -J 1 1 70 s Oil 1:1 X. II III i II 37 m. 1 1 111'.-. Tiiict*, Train*. 1 Mining for nickel beg.n in Sweden l.etween 18:t8 an.I 1840. at „,,„„..,, Klefva (Sm«|«nd), and in Norway, U-twei-n I8»7 50 at Ksnclal and "" l^"' """"'f KmKenke. In 1838. Ber«liu, showed that th.. pyrrhoti.e from the :,.l N.'lw.iv. Klefva mine, in .S.n.dand, in southern .Sweden, ooniainod nickel. Before that time, thu mine had been worked for t>opp,.r. When th.- fact wa« announced that the ore contained alx,ut 3 per cent nickel, it wa, decided „i..„...rv „f to erect a .sraeltinK plant for nickel, this being the ol.lest nickel sn.elt- »"'"!>' .ng plant in Scandinavia. In the beginning of 1840, Th. Scheerer the ^^^'"" ' profesHor of nieUllurgy in .he University of Chri.tiania (who had Im-n born in Saxony, and wiu. manager of the Moduu.i, works), desoriljed the new mineral eisennickelkies (with --ipercent of nickel), from K^Halen (Gau8t of the nickel induBtrj in Scandinavia. Kr»i?<'M> Between IH'iU and 1860, and towardi the latter end of (hix decade, "I'mVtIr. *^*' nickel mine* in connection with the Krafero nickel unieltor, wer** Rtarted by I). Forbes and the two brother! J. and T. D^hll. DuririK Mniiy r.rtni the nickel Iraom about 1870. thei« were*«veral nickel refineries locnted iHro!^"**"*' '" '" Norway, while, at the Mme time, the pianU of Sweden, Auntria Hungary, and Italy, «uppli«d a large iiuantity of nickel, but Norway, during this ppriixl, wiia the larKtMt priKJucer of nickel in the world. riirtrtilmrnt After the diicovery of thn nickel in New Caledonia, and itii advent on !!w,n7lo'""' *'»«' market, Wtweeii 1876 and 1878, the price of nickel fell to nuch a nbtiiiilniK'i' ip( decree, that most of the European nickel smeltern cloned down, or tii«..r>... decreased their production, and from 1877 80, up to 1888-89, New Citlodoniii produced fDni two thirds to three fourths »>f all the nickel SiipTiniuy iif in the market, guite recently, the pi-oduction of nickel from New C»j..iHiictii>n metric ton". $ metric tornt. $ nieW*,,"' 1893 2397 6,480 113 70,605 iwrno^gliio" ^'^^^ ^355 5,400 103 63,4.'50 1895 494 1,080 17 10,530 1896 315 16 8,100 1897 nil nil 1898 nil nil 1899 220 810 5 2,700 1900 1888 12,690 13 9,720 p , . , In 1901, the Mineral Industry states that 27 tons of nickel were iijckpl from produced from Norwegian ores, but this is included in the United oren'^u'lSoi. States production from imported ore*. TBW iflCKRL bBPMITN Or WAWDIMAVU 171 In wrae of the mi„«,, ,„«!' h,^i^ „f rich ar« h»v Im«„. foun.l, *, for p, , , , ox».u,.l.. at IWrn, wh.re ..„ w,, wu ..unten,! with .,. ,ver,... of 7 "" '^OWn . p.r..ent,.ic.icel,„K.k.ll...ri„« p^rit. ..n.i pyrrho- it.) ; .ml, i,. other pl.w,.« with nn Hv.r,.Ke ..f alnM.t .V5 per r-^nt. I„ the U-tter min,.«, Vv...H,r. hr»t cl*HH sm.li.„« „r« can „f„.n »k, «,rl,.,i out. Imt tho ^ra.Jfl of t h« I.T.'r; 'nT "' bu k of th. ore i, ,„u..h lower. In |«70. „n,...r, w..,.. „.tH.le.l ^ahS'^'^^- yu.|.l of ,s ,o 1 .1 per ...,.i of ni.lcol from th« M„«|i,„g „re, ,h^ ... ,u»l """■ *.-.ay, of which wer« fro.,. OU to 1 .-, per , „t In l,u„r vars. wh.-n only th« richer mine* h«ve Ihh,,, o;K?r.it«l. «n.i l.un.l ..rti.i^ 1,,. \^n prHetK-,Hl, with more oar-, th. yM,i !„« i„,.r,.,.sv,l tVo„, I I to 15 ,H,r cm.t. ».,„H«t to 3 5 por wnt w.th an av«raK.. of :' ..nr cnt. In th- („., .., ii.in«,. th*' co«t of pr<«lucing „m to,. ..f or. , ,i,s«8yi„;, aUout L' i«,r c.-nt """"" niuk..|. vurie. ff >,.. i»1.67 (.. S.I.Oy, a..,.raging #2.;^^. ( ■ ) From l,s*;i to 1^91, S^e.le,. pr.Klmv,l nearly ^.^„00 t..„, of ore ,. , , , I-ro,n 18.;.; to 1875 tl.- n.okel contuine.1 i„ .1. Sw- .i-.!. or.-, ave,a«,Ml .V/w^;.''";;!! from .!.', to 70 t.m«per annum : 1^7.1 80, !,<. .,.„., , IHHI .^."i, ;;„ tO tons Z^h, Hinc-e 1N8C,, however, tho nickel .->.„Ui..e,l i„ . f,...,- .,,,m. Us .,„ly ^"••''"'• average.1 from lO U, 15 ton, per u.num. Th- I .-, vear .u whi. i, :l.e,e wtvi any prmluotion of Ww..,i.,h ni.^'kei or- w us in i -:ii, ^1,,., u-.i ,.„„ were n,ine<|. Xo,.e of the Norwegian „.ine.are v y,- ;• ,„ „j„.ra.ion. X. v tw- although attempts .ro lieing nmde to revive thr nu-x i induct. y ;„";" """7 thut country. The kee„ riv ^Iry of Canada and N-w (al.-.lon.a «ill - ' '"'-V' however, prevent any ext^nnive operation^, at least, tor ,.„.,.. ve.,-s to .■.";n.C> „f oojne. • ., ,t.Ti,.l fr..iii .ml Ni-w • ■.,l,..|i .111,1. jriCKKL IS Kl KOI'g. It iij >ickel was first pr.Kiuce.I at .Schneehurg, „n the su^-gestion <.f Dr. N„.k,.i nr.i Oeitner, who .n cU-d a plant for *\w uianuficture of the allov known i"-!""-' »' as ' now silver . They used, a> their ,aw ,., aerial, the duinp.s from ''''""'■'""••'■ the cobalt works. These dump, were s.wn exhausted, an.J .t beca.ne necessary to pri«,pect for nickel ore. Early in the la.st century, several small nickel deptmits we,e di*covere,l. in Germany and Austria-Huu l.i-i.i^.rv uf gary, a.s for instance, at I •illenbu.g. in Nassau, which was provided with r'""" "-' , a smelting plant in 1843, Dobschau, in Hungary, etc. .vi'-trul'- "' Htiii^'iirv. The nickel deposits of Varallo, in Piedmont, Italy, !\n- very closely r>.,M„t.if analogous to the Norwegian occurrences, but the ore Ixxlies P,e much V" '"-,',"', smaller in size. The mines, which are at Cevia and Sella Hass,., were "' ' "' worked and the on smelted between the years 1800 and IS70, the smelter being operated by the same company na the Schneeburg works. I'r.«l..cti„n _. _, „ ^^ ^ ' "f nickt'I fntin (1) Zeit. fur. Prak. Oec.I., mt^, jr Hil. Italian .)rei». n 172 aEOLOiaii (►ri'-'. Nirki 1 In Wllles. Niik.l ri'KiiiiiK in ('ar.( ' ) In iSpaiii, in 1875, tliey niincl 440 tons of ore, but tl"ore bodies were not operated after 1877 oi- 187>'. Tlie ininew wliiuh were .-ilualed in the pn>viiice of Malaga, were on nvanW de(Ki!iitii of nickel silicate (pinieiite) w;»h 3'lt6 per cent of nickel. At Hewdinhk, in Uus-ia, att>Mnptfl have been made sevor.il lin>e«. to mine the do])osits of the nickel-magnesift-silicates (rewdin>kite) with 4'8 to I9'2per cent of nickel oxide, i)Ut the deposit is sniall. In 1873, 47-1 tons of ore were inineer and nickel refinery at Swansea, Wales, the Mond Nickel Co'b. refineries at Clydach (near Swansea) and Smcthwick (ni-ar Birmingham), as well as the Wigyin's n-finery in Birmingham, are, for the moat part, working with foreign nickel sul- phide material. In France, no nickel ore has bi^en mi.ied, but, after the discovery of the New Caledonia ore, several refineries were erected, the first one l)eirj{ at Septemos, near Marseilles, where, from 187f> to 1882, experi- ments were conducted on a large scale, for producing ferro nickel. Christolle's well known works at St. Denis, near Paris, between 1870 and 18rt0 produced about 120 tons of metallic nickel yearly. Ijiter on the'I.* Nickel' plant at Havre was erecte follows : .Si( ) . r,U tu, i p,.r cent ; , • ,„ .M«( ) s-.-,-l 2 p,.r cent : Ke. < ) , a...l .Vl,( i , il-.s ,,;,. ,,e„t ; Ni ■:■^.:^':, S'T"""" per cent, and loss on i;,imion S I;", p..r cent, jicfore Mmlting. the ore IS Ijrst mixe.1 will, jsypsum <,r with c.iciuni sulphite and lime,i,.ne, ciush0m. hiKh, and is char-e.l wi,h the bricks and coke in proportion „f \'''-l'n'''n .'.'r.. 1.^" kir. of the former, to .".0 k^'. of the latter. ,\ very t!.,i,l sla- is pro- duce.!, .•ontaininu '»•■' V>'<- ^"Piit of inckel. wh ,h is use,l in niakin- sla- bricks. Tl..' matte ...mpos..] of „l«„„ ;ti 4 i .-r cut .,| ni. kri, V.)^7 jn-r ,•,„„, „.„;,,„ centof iron and Mo pcr.ent..f sulphur, iscrush..! an ku'. in .iuht h-crs. Th.-r.. ar.- four furnaces of this typ., at the works. Tl." r..a.ste.l matte, .-ontHining appn.ximately G") |H.r cent c f nickel l.'i per . ent of ir.m ami L'(» per .-..ni of sulphur is run into a Uvswuier converter with suthc.ent sand to s|a^ the iron oxi.le an.l is bl..wn f..r l.') ::Mnutes, thus r.isin- the tenor in nickel t« 77 8 per cent. This tine maMe is pulv.riz..! and treated to a (ieiMl r.n.st in the revel). rat.)ry, which converts it into a i-reyish green nickel oxide, containing 77 r> per .ent of ni.'k.'l. I'his ..x.ile is pulverize<| and char-.d •vith churcial into fire bri.k niudles. that are heal.^d in a renen.'rativ.. gas furnace. .Vfter three Iduis treatment in this furnace, the in.'lal contains !t9 per cent of niok.-l, an.l <» .t per lent of ir.m. The sulphur dioxide, from the roasting, is cau-ht in wat.-r and the solution neu |.r,„|„,,i„ tnili/ed with lime. th. resulting calcium Milj.hide Ix-inj,' us.-.l as a Mux -/•".'J','!"" in the shaft furnace. ""'"'• Nickel ..re is kn.iwn t.. ...-.•ur in Cr.'e.e, Switzerland and Sardinia, \„.l..i, ,.,„. t)ut in none of the-M- countries, ar.i the dep.isits lar;,'e enou;,di to permit '" '"'•■'■'■>■. of them •oei„^ mine.1 at a profit. r.^rsi.ni,';;',. (U /..it fiinliin I!.r(jHiit).ii iiiii|.S;,lin.ii«.wii. \.>. IV.. I.S(i2|.. s|.; ; :,].,, M r:.l Imliistiy, Vol. \ iii.t], |,|,. 4KV4Mi. ami Vol. .\l. imr.', p. im; V s, -- I ; : I?; 174 OBOLOniCAL nCHVEV OF CANADA RirKEL IN TnK UNITKD STATES. iif n . j_ I>i«<.n»vpry nu-ki'I ii; Varioim attt'nii>(» ti> ii|M'n up mint'H near Clmtham, Conn. Txx*uti<>n tif liap mini'. Disoover>- nf (iap mine. ForniatiiiM of (ia|> Mining C'i>. Millerite and pyrrhotite nu value. Diwoviry of nickt'l liy Dr. (;»'nth. The existence of nickel in the United States was probably first made known in lr<18, when Scth Hunt opened up the cobalt deposit, near Chatham, Conn. This important announceiuent whs mode an the result of an analysis of a trial shipment of this ore to England. ( ' ) These mines were at first opened for their suppoaetl silver contents as far back as 1()61. They were not, however, very remunerative- to their successive owners, who in turn trieanca«ter Gap, in Pennsylvania, aUmt three miles south of the main line of the Pennsylvania railroad, and a little over 50 miles west of Philadelphia. According to authentic history, the Gap mines had been workee a nickel ore, at the same time giving the per- centage of pure nickel present. The mines, which had hitherto Ijeen known as the Gap Copper mines, changed to the 'Gap Nickel mines ', (1) Whitney. 'Tlie Metallic Wealth of the Unitod Staten ', ISol, p. W 1 Proc. Col. Sc. Soc., Vol. IV., IHOl-lCT, p. 381. alw> NICKEL IN TUB UNITED STATES 175 but the expenses Of mining tl.. ore, and especially the dirticuhies of the me t,ng operations, reudertnl the enterpriH« too co-tly. so rhat the whole of the works were closed down in 1860. ( ' ) . In November 1.62. Joseph Whart..n ac.uired possession of the,-,,., r 'Oapmine, and the deposit l^c.me a nickel ,.rrKluoer i„ Mav 1863 •'•'.-'-■'' the ore obtained .,ei„g treated at th. refinery, imilt by WhaVton, „; NHa'r,'.,.,. Cam,Ien. opposite Philadelphia. The development of the new (M... donia mines had. in 1882, reached suoh a stage, that the world's con- sumpMon of metallic nickd. which had heref.fore U-n a.x.ut HOO tons per annum, was exceeded by several hundr..! ton, ,)„ h,couui of this over production, prices immediately f«|l ,„ th- forced sales, and \V bartons Camden refinery was obliged to close down about the .-n.! of this year. The advent, in large ..uantities. into the market, of ,he n.,.„, ,, Sudbury nickel, proved a further disturbing feature, resulting i„ the ""•^'" -■'"■ hnal closing of the ' Gap mine ' in 18«tl. The dark basic rock, with which the ore bo,ly at the (;ap mine is c-,,...... .„,. associated forms a lenticular mass or stock, extending about 1 .500 feet -n'r:!',;;;" east and west and 500 feet north and south, and lying in the midst of .TllT'/.r; mica schists, of the Georgetown .series, of Frazer. The rock consists "T\ T'"' mostly of green secondary hornblen.le. and although the change is ""''" 'i> " ' n':'' very thorough, recognizable remains of orthorhombic pyroxene and of olivine were revealed, after careful search through a number of micros- copic slides. Reddi-shbrown biotite is present, and. in some in^Unces considerable plagioclase appears, with occasional -iccessory titanite The ore consists of pyrrhotit« and chalcopyrite in largest amount, but pyi-ite IS not lacking. Crusts of secondary millerite an- also encount- <...„.,...,.,..„, ered, and often this mineral furnished a not unimportant portion of """•^'«- the nickel contents. Although some ore has l,een found in bunches s„„a.,„n .f within the lens-shaped mass of rock, the productive ground lies near ""■ '"-'v. the walls. The ore bedy is nearly, if not quite vertical, and th.- depth ku , , f reached by mining was 250 feet while, at times, the workings were as '""'inu'." much as .30 feet wide. As mined, the ore contains from I 3 p«.r cent of nickel, 0-25.0 76 per cent of copper, and 005 to 015 per cent of cobalt. The ore is believed by Prof. Kemp, (from whose description f„„„..,„„„ the foregoing information has been obuined) to bethedi.ect i-esult "' "•■ of igneous action, the ore bodies being cncentrated, as such, by reason ofmagmatic differentiation, (2) in this respect resembling the Cana- dian. Norwegian and Italian occurrences. irii. (1) 2nf iii( k' 1 frMiii I iap iiiiiM'. Nick.l ili'lil> II' WVUt.r, North Cai'oliiiii. arcf^f. Ill W.lwt.r iitcurrt'iiccii. Cliai iiit>i.:.l characltTw of WrliHtiT UP'. Aniilywiof nrt' flMIII W.lat.r.X.C. 17G oEOLOlilCAL 8UHVEY OF CANADA Till- 'tJap mine' iit one time product! one sixth of the world's supply of nickel, although ito total pruiluutioit i» only given as 2,000 tons. The nickel deposits, associiited with the peridotiteB of tlie south- eastern Appalachians, have, from time to time, claimed public attention ami st'vcral at(ciiipt» have been made, not only tl«Kl:i, IN Tin: IVITKl) STATM ,-- of i^ltit- ,: ::::::;r;::;"- "'" '"■"- '^ "^ '■■ -^ r- -- v„ cent of niekW, ...nt.in. i„ „.',•„ ' Z;::''''' '■""'-- '^ I"' il.ff.'rentm.,.softh..„„„e„,auum vi. 1 ^ I'"' L .■.,-, ,/oul„l..., ,, «-„ ,iop.H... ...., p.,:,...l;::;r *■'';•:;;:;:';?"" •■" '""": .>r,.i„ of theso deposit., an. pr.-.i.elv n,.! -.ur,,.,,-,. ,u„i -ke„,^..,„, ,. M.n.of pa,.ai,.., ......1:; :! '' ; :;:v^:t,:;''''' ':, excavated, m some ,aRe.s,si„,„Iv to tl„.sr,i;,l i. i , '" ' «li..l, .„, ■;■» 'r--''''''''^""'''^^^"^.C^r''n::'i:; ■■■■' j-»Kn.,iu.,i,,..„i,,,..„,„,.„,,„i,,.\ , ',, ; : ;:v";: the veins of scato tiiatfrml \ i t "ki iii>j»),iti.,M of ha. al«o .^„ underukt '"■"■^'""■"'"' ''-^- ''^ ' ''"" '.:>'. Nickel has f..r many years, been known to exi.t in consio -r.! I Mt.ea .n southern < )r..,on, aod .,n,e of „... .I.^.'i ::'','''"" ,T'^ commercial initKirtance The n.in.r i i "-•'"'•'i '^s ot - V •» . "^ '•-'—), ha« l„.en descnl>e< .y W 11 M..K in s oecurrin, .,. the for™ of ,.,„,.s and .n.„h U-ulder. i „. : :;ravel8 of H stream in .lo«ephine county Oreiron wl.,..l, " f"""^' nas not yet been discov(!red.( ') Xickeliferous pyrrhotite ha« also ..en noticed in in-th ..a.k.on I .^o::s:i''"*"^"''-^'" ^"'-- •>^ ^-^'^ count ::;^';s-;: .eonly ores which «p,.ar to l« wo.thy of other than « ,)as.,i„g nou,.^, ;-';j''' -< ■■t \. V, '(■■riia. A. lit ul !"Ml.rIll. ■ Ill nw I'liinit. f s_ (I) Ain..r. .lour, Sr. V.,1 XMII. IW. ,,,, rm:,lX iiiinln • I \l lAK'Utlnll ' l'ill".V ni<>unt:tni. Miii'-nil' ).! • coin ttiHi '1 iif jii'nili illl H^sll •l;it. ■1 will IIm ■ I..|. i:>ll- Al.;ilyi-r- ..I iiii'ki'l •ilhM- t« xflMiii 178 fiBOLOiacvr. SURVEY OF CANADA Tlic .K-p, have already Uen disou.s-ed in detail, and the < »regoii occurirnce presents no unusual features whi. li are worthy of sjieiial or extended reference, 'i he following analyse- of carefully .selected matei iai, well illustrate the chemical comtHj^iliou uf the pun- nickel mineral, but the bulk of the ore which could !" ecmomically secureil and utilized, would, of , ..ur-e, be niu. h lower in nickel contents. Loss at 110 C. Loss on ignition A1..0:, X- l'V.,t), .Siu._ Mg») NiO l)isci>\»iy (•peB'ill llclKlsit". 1 II III .s-87 li.ti:'. 7l<> 6f»0 118 1 38 1 •;!;! 11 7;i 18-jl 40 nh 10")f. ID '.10 2 1-70 "J7*i7 •j;!-8x •.".itiij Total '.»9-(>0 100 lilt lOO-.'4 Explanation.— Analysis f, is by F. W. Clarke, (Am. Jour. .8... Vol. XXXV, pp. 4(J8 487 ; Nos. 11 and 1 1 1 are by Dr. ILkkI, (Mm Res. U. «., 1883, p. 404.) The Hrst discovery of these deposits was in 18*51, and. sii the tall .•: 1 88 1 , M r. \V. g. Hrown secured control of what appeared to be t lie n.o ' valuable portiim, transferring his interest to an incorporni' il conipanv. known as the 'Oregon Nickel Mines . It is stated that about .?jO, 000 Wius expended in development ««rk In l8;il, .-ome oi tie nickel bearing aixa was securetl -by a Chicago coriwiralion, call. d tie- ' International xNickel Mining Co, which ;s said to have expendci i.I»m NICKEL IN TIIK UNITED STATES 179 about *..0.00.. on develop„,ent work. Extensive ..repunainn. w.r.M.ni,,, m..le U> n„ne h.uI .,,,.1, t... or.. .,„t n.uch of th. inultin, and oth "''''" < .nachmery purc..„...|, wa. n.ver .v,.„ .et ,n p..i,io„. T„« Anio " ^' A„K.ncan N.ckol Co., incorporated in INO.-, ..nd th. . .ro.on Si^M de.elop.n..„t work done, ,„ connection witl. those d..,K,>its, in l.,.r,llv sulhcient (o test their coinni"rci-.' ,..., „l.;ii.; v 't '"iniiN short tunnels and shallow shafts from 1'.)- U> feH d-.p, have he.., nu.le' llZlj'^^ Home lenKth, ,n th,-. .onn.-.t.on, as it i, v.ry similar, in min..rHlu....al '■''—'• NM.her„ ,..tur,o. The vein at the ...,„ mine i. i,. i,,,rnl.lende •''''"•- .;^.h.,st, and ,he ores were principalis cpp.., Lut ...kel uuul '"""""" US appearance and ac a depth of l.V^O fee, U.-cauH- ,,u„e pro,„i- V * nent. |.rom the snrfaee. down to a depth of 7:, f.e,, ,1,,. ve „ has """ an average w.dth of :!..-,.4 feet. A, this poi„,. it pine I ..,.,, and, .uh the exception ot a narrow stn.-.k of ore, whi.-h n.ay he i,„ ,.,.,. „„„at..,n and whieh contained the sa.... cohal, .n.d niok.-l mineral.s, n„ ,„r,he; r,,,.,.,,,,., -re wa.s encountered l,.wer down. The niel;el ,.„l,al, nno-rals .f'""^'' tins n„uo are accompanied 1. „,,iw. silver, ,s,„ne „f ,„.. „.„.,,,, specimens hein^ .Kvasionally so p.-nn.-Ued hy ,i„c wne .,lve, as „. 1„. Iv^ken with d.rticulty In lS,->. IJ ,„ns ,.f „re, co„,ai„i,.„ , ■• ,,.,,„ , -nt ot nickel, ami 2.2C. [H-r cent of ,.„.,al,, with ,onsi,l,.r,.d,le. hah-'.-re ' were s|„ppcd. Later. aUni, half a ,o„ of s..|e.ted or- co„.ai.,M,.^ ; i per cent of nickel and ;j-4 ,v rcent of cobalt, were sent to.Svvanse.t' l"„. I'ind. The mine, however, was involved in liti^.Uion. and the „re U,.ly ,,•,..„ ,„ „„ was seemmsly too .-mall for any ex,, n.led mini,,:,' operations. , - , -•'■■"-' ■■■>". Simethe ch.sinK down of,., f. as.er (lap nunc the entire Tnited X.,.,, >U»te. pro. uction c! nickel, from do,„..s,ic ores, has hcen derived from [■.-.'"'■;,''•■■ M.ne la >-oUe, Mo., the i.ie,al l.i,,, scared as a hy-pn.d,ic. in the '".f Mr ■reatineutot lead ores. In ISOO.this production amounted to •'- .Vjulls '' """■• "ut m 1901, it had decreiuse.1 to r,.7„> ||.,, «,|,i,, ;„ , ,„.. ,'; „„ ^^___; <.t .nntt.-, oontaiuinK uiokel and ,,.hal,. whi,!. were rdin-d at ,1... w...-ks ot ,l,e Mine la .Mottc l..ad and .s,.„.ltin, Co.. velded .-. 7..s ,.,„,„,,.„ Pounds ot metalhr nickel. ,.) ' ,„ m'.'Im "...r .\l M. b \l,,tt'.. Ill It. W, I.. .\i„tin. -Til,. \„L.-| |>, '■■■I Ai-. <.,.:, V..I. v.. l,S!)(.;i,!, p,, i;;;.,,^; (•-•) TI..„„;..,C|,„.||,„.. l'r,K- (■„;. .;^.. .s„... V.I. IV.. |si.| ..;; (31 Mm. li.s. r.s.. nurj. ,,,,, i,-.;.-..'.;,;*;. II. iiiirii'. - ii-.ii Ki'j.ll.-, <(,■, !'l t-ti ll'l !■ »■» M m 12i rHl<>i;ical aH^fM'iatif'tj- of Nhw ( 'alt'flo- iim •ilirat>«. Knrly niii- l..IlCH|ltio|l.l. Iii^covtry of Kamierite in Chtiniral a!iiilVN«*K of i,'anii<'tite »nd n-lat.- furniHlt for purp of C'linmltt have heen gradually iiicreaning their output, and, in spite of many ailverse circunistances, it is Ix'lieved that, nt tin' present time, the amount of nickel sei.'ureil from Canadian sulphiile ore, is considera- bly in excens of that produoei>K iron ore and sorjwntine. In .idditioti t« these, there nic usually small (|uuntitics of chromite and aslwilite. The mineral is en tirciv free from sulphur, arsenic or copper, and, although, in the first instance the depoaits were rejjardiKl as the ;{Ossan like material pro duced by the sub aerial decay of nickeliferous sulphides, the extensive w; sible gradations. (1) Bull. S4K. (i,H.l. i :; • ?. - i 1 ^ § 1; <: ^ ^ l£ ^ •l •f. o ^ 'J I.' r? 1^ S ;d H X 2 u — 1. X 'j y >; a » 7 i I = S =' = 5 '.- • s VK^KKI, IN .VKW CALKbURIA « ft >< R ?; i' 1; 1»1 (if !fi 5 .9 : s ■ -^ I - = S I I i = = .2 T « = r >r S # " 182 >.BOLO«llCAL jtVRVtV Of CAMAt>A Aiitlmr ■tU's for i')|4'llll<'Rl .iii»lyo'>. ttiT lit hr«nn(liei'. Ni«wl.lJe» Jan. 7,187?*)i II. Annlynii »)y tinnier (CotnptM llewluw, '*('>,6M4, 187 >S). III. An»Iy- !ii!» by Kiepenlifuor (J<-r Niii >it , *luly, U, 1H7'.'). IV. An»lyM« of (Urk ({ri'i«iigftrninrit«, froiu Nakoty, by LiventulRf ( Miii*T»l«c»f N«w South NValeH). V. Biiti VI. AnalyMxi by Oariiin ^S.<. d.-n Ii-.th. C'i vil», lhM7), VII .VniilvHW of H traiiilucent, pule ,'r.M-ii vat ifty, from Oimillon, by I.iversiiclge. VIII. An«ly»i» of Kiiiiiliir iiiiti»n ■ uriety from I5el Air mint*, Knnttla. by LufriiidK* .\. Another .siimlai -.iwrimen from name locality. XI. Aitalyiii* by (Jiiriiier "f »liit« veimi, in the grwii mine- ral (Kariiieiite), r<>.siMul)iinK lopiolit*'. .\t Hint, wh'- mining oporatioii^ re •it.irlwl «,^^ utipulated that the oreMioulil * . .ntjiin f rom 12 to l-. |k ; cent nick- . Imt now, the mini mum hu.s l)een reduced to 7 po* ocn' ami it iH stiitci -o U' (lillicult tour cure more than t)U,t)0(M«i 7U,«iOO U.ntt jH-r annum ot .lolm I'fu''*"' """• although, if tlif F.urop«-Hn Nmelt«ni wouhl lower their limit to •" > per cunt, the pro«luction could Ih' mtire than cluubled. From l'*7-'i to If*'*^, H. Fk'chner hiii* civlcnjated tlmt H-.J |ier cent of nickel wait the av.^r- age contained in llic ore, whili' I "u Peloux «t«tei« that iti I'*'*! H.'iO tons of metiil w.re pnxlucetl, from 1 2,OO0 ton.- if ore. tliu-. giving an average of 71 p«r cent, ('roixsille »tat*H th... between li-^SO.SO, •.'f,93.'l tttn-- of ore were )iroduccer cent of nick<'l. From 1H76 to the present time, the ore has \ iiried incomposilion, ashhown uniler I ; under II, is i^iven the compMition of the ore, which ^vas being hhippod to Kuro|H' in l'<7f> ; under III, the average com|M>sili()n of New ( rtli-doniu smelt- ing on-, (act. .rrling lo Ix-vat) ; under IV, i.s given the averag*' com ptwilion of th nickel ore, an it wasMhippvl in IhO'.t, acconling to K. A. WineUrg ( Mi.i Industry, Vol. VIII, 1900, p. 4:J"-. I. II. III. IV. Nickel o.ii le ;• to 17 18 00 7 tof< 1000 Silica •»1 to It; .IHOO *:> to W 42 00 Iron oxide "j to 14 7 0o Magn'isia t! to 'J 1 5 00 10 to 12 2200 AVater ^ to IG :iJOO 14 00 120 ..luct hiincil.-ij and »hi|.pe.|. ' .ll.nl',, „,,',* The or., i* intim-itely .w^ocriateil with a pori-lotile. an'l its various -i'lZ'^i" .le omiM^ilion pr,Mlucl^ Kroup».l lOKell.rr umler the name of «,.,,H.n. ,^,',:';^:,'„ tin.'. Kreih, uri.l.v.Mnp..so.l piec..» of iIiIm i.K-k, in.i.le up ih'.-lly ,.f •'•>.'.' rj'!.!.. ohvine, are naid to contai,. «, hii-h a. I i^Tcent of niokol. Then.. Ker,--,.- '"""'•'-"• Um'n, which cover Ih.- larger |H>rtion of the ar.a of the isjan.l, ri.ie into a Heriea of hilU, which arc from ino to I/mM) t.Mt atmve tl .!„ \1.,. general elexalion lM-in« c1h,»i oqc) f..e, Th.- .lepnit. Kmiciallv «.-..iir 'v;'l'','ll'.i;';:»„. on the tops of the««. niounlaiiiH, so th;it lr,in«|M.rtaiion of the ore, '" mininK nmteriaU and mippliesis very i.^li.,,,, an^i .litli.iiji, .....I in m.iny casM, expensive rr)ad^ ami .ntial .„,«. way, have Umm. constru.te.l ti. T,,,„.|.,r.,. de|..«.it« which, in nome oises, , anie far from reulizinjj exp. et..tions an " " ''"♦'"'" to extent and richne<((.. The ore iH^ies occur m* veritahle • Mo. k w.irks', cuttinRlhedec,.fiipoM.d peridotite in all dire tiomt. I.ivariihly, ,„„„.,.,. , where the nickel wcurs, the «iirfuce is co\ere.l with a iiiulilv f. rrugi r' "*|i'.-." nou« soil, in which pi^olitic iron ore is very ahumhint. Althou«h ihii. s..,.„„i.„v dcc..m|x ed remnant of ih,. p'ri.jr.titc contains a little ni,kel,mo-l oi' the ■'"-■•'"'» ""l^- nickel h.i> t«-cn lea.hcd oi", to lM-dep«,-ited in secondary veii,M,,f „i. kel ■'''"*'" silicate, in l.K'.ition- at v.iriouH depths l)elow. fav< .inihie places for «Uili concent ritions UinK '" the vi.jnity of faulting ami joiniinj; j.I.in.'.s 'Ih. .ein^. vary in size, fromaf.w inches to as much as thirty feet. I>ut i, ,,,„)„,„, they are .•xcecliiiKly irregular in this resiM«,t, ,it one lime Incoming • ''l':- -i'-* gradually narrow, whil.-, in other cases, large deposits end ahruptly again> to I(MI feet liclo« the '" l-'r"iwly surface. Without reference to thoKurface mantle ore .verini:. from whicii " moat if m>t all of the nickel his l.,cn removed l.y le idling, ihc lichest deposits are those nearest the surfac -, wliil,. tl. • higher parts of any dep.»it are richer th.m th.we hiwcr down. Tlie . oin|.arative -hallow ,,, . ,„. nfs.s of the dop.-its is, hov/.iver, coiipMi-.al ed l.y the largo areas tliev ' "" ' '■">"' c iver, anil some of th.- iiiineti have yielded from .'tU.KUO t.. lOd o t,>n- '" ' of ore, and ai-e still in operation. The mining is carri.'d on i.) in ans M.th..,|...f of open .ut w.irk, the ore In ing s,.cur.M| hy ,„ m-.s of a series ..f l«.,i- """"- ches. The pick an.l sh .vel are usually sulli'ient to ioosm an.l remov,. th.^ ore. I. lit .iccisi.jiial Hasting is soimitimes niM'essary. The ,.re, when ... prop.'rly mixed, is carrie.l, hy meinsof aerial ropew.iys t.. ground irim- '.'t'." '" linet, from which if, is tianspirted hy lighters to the ships. Various methods, for theextraction of ri. kel from tli-se ores hav.' ,*„;',,";,'",;., f lieen attempt.'d. (.arnier, wh.ise name has been ii-ssociated with these • >o..tiiiif * I ; i III MKXOCOPV RESOIUTION TEST CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART Ho. 2) A >Ianjtioii of rwactiou-. CollllH>:*itioI of h\aC Al\t] nickf'i-iroii matte. MctlKxls of produciniT nickel oxide and inetallio nickel. (l.'posits from the date of tlieir discovery, tried to smelt tlie ore directly to a nickeliferous pi^ iron, which was afterwards to be refined in a reverlieratory furnace to ferro nickel. The Hrst part of the proc.-ss proved satisfactory, and the nickel-iron pig, obtained from the richer lunip.s contained from G5 6S per cent of nickel, 2.'5 29") per cent of iron, ir)-2o per cent of sulphur, 3-5-5-5 per cent of silica and carbon occurring as graphite and from 1 ■") to 2") percent of other impurities, and amongst th.>ra, phosphorus. It was found impossible to economically handle or to refine this product owing to the presence of sulphur, which has u strong atlinity for nickel. Various wet methods were then employed, which followed, en a large-scale, the different ope- rations ised in making chemical analyses. The ore w is lirst dissolved in acipt8 have l.e,.n n.a.io. fro,,, time to time, to partinlly refine these lie,,,, , i.- ores m .New Caledonia, and blastfurnaces were erected and in opera- «'"'. '"•'"• ' t.on, both at Noumea an.l Thio, as well as at Newcastle, in New 8outh "''<^■'■...« Havre, hut a large pioportion is also refined at Kirkintilloch (near r,',','';',,' '" <.lasgow), m .Scotland, Erdington (near Birmingham), in Engl.-.,.,1 and at Iserlohn (Westphalia), in Prussia. The Engineering and Mi In- Journal of May 20, ISO'J, notes that a cargo of :{,000 tons of New Caledonia ore, IS being .sampled for the Orford Copper Co the „re averaging 7 per cent nickel. T.,e merging of the Nickel Corporation, s..,,,.- .\, » J-imited, an.l theSoci.'te MiniiTeCaledonienne, of New Caledonia, as •^:;!;;;':i'n;""'' part of the International Nickel Co., will result in the smelting, by ^''""'^ ^""^^ this company, of a eonsi-erable amount of N.-w Caledonia ore, at"their refinery at Constable Tluok, N.J. Although these deposits were discovered in 1865, it was not until Ki,>t a.t.v,. l>7.i that active mining operation, were undertaken. In 1880 the '"'"''"■' Societe le Nickel acquired the celebrated muies at Thio, but did not "'" "" " commence mining until 1887. The following figures represent the production of ore and nickel from the New (Jaledonia mines. PRODUCTIOX OF 01!K AXD XICKKI. KKOM .NKW rAr.KDOMA. Year. 187.-); 1876 1877: 1878 1879 1880! 1881 [ 18821 1883' 1884' 1885 1886 1887i Ore ii,ii,e(l. Ore f.\lK)rte •I'. i% B^B iHI m i! ! ; I 1 I '- ; 186 i;KOLO(iICAl. SURVEY OF CANADA PRODUCTION OK ORK AND NICKEL FROM NEW CA I.KDONI A. — Coil. iijiiiiii); in Sudlniry District. Ocuasiiuial iu-citletits owiiip to imperfi'ct tiinbfrinjr. Every rc.isiiii able pri*'-'an- tioii now iH-inj; taken t.i ensure nafety tu miners. 1 1 Ore Niekel Niekel Year * »re milled. ■xrmrtecl. ; ci intents. ct intents. _ . - ,_ Tuns. i T(ins. 1 Tons. Tons. . 18881 6,616 900? 1889' 19,741 . 1,381 1890 22,600 1,633 1891 35,000 2,449 1892 1,214 189;V 09,014 45.614 2,403 1804 61,243 40,089 2.422 1895 29,02.i 38,976 2,'548* (2,548) 1896 0,417 37,407 2,972* (2,707) 1897 20,401 57,430 2.8."iS* (2,858) 1S98 53,200 74,0! 4 3,0(»ST (4,205) 1890 103,908 103,908 3,845* (4,205) 1900 100310 4,676* , (4,526) 10011 132,8n 0,202* ! (5,210) 1902! (3,020) ' 1 1 * Nickel contents of oie refined in Europe, according to Mineral Industry. The figures in brackets, are production of nickel from New Caledoriaorcs, in France, Germany ami England (according to Metall- gesellschaft and Metallurgisciie Ges-elUclmft, August 1003, p. 23.) METHODS "F MININC. AT SUDIiURY. The methods usuallj' emi loyed throughout the Sudbury I>istrict for obtaining the requisite supply of ore, consist, partly, in the sinking of sliafts and the opening up of the ore body, by means of underground levels, drifts and stopes, the whole of such mining operations being car- ried on under a solid roof. For this %vork, very little timbering is requir- ed, although, in some cases, serious accidents, involving the lo.ss of one or more human lives, nave resulted from nej;lecting to provide even tin' small amount of timbering necessary, where occasional slips, faults or slickensides occur. As a rule, however, the w. " mil rooi are very solid, and, at the present time, every reasonable ^ , 'Un- open pits being exposed to the weather, work is, at times, carried on ^T:::'':Cp onl> with extreme discomfort to the men, or is even seriously inter ''"•"■'>"'^-'- rupted during periods of extreme cold or otherwise inclement weather. |.,..»l,.ck. At the same time, it is open to the .serious objection, that it is much ""'-'•'f more dangerous f.the men, and, in spite of the most careful inspection "'"" '"'" and frequent scaling, large bodies of rock and ore are liable to be detached by the action o." frost, gravity or other agencies. Lately a di.sposit.on has gradually developed, to abandon in large measure' I-.r.K „. .„ much ot the open mining, and to remove the ore by means of levels Zih 'l'"''"' and stopes at regular intervals, beneath these pit lloors, cross-cuttin<- ^"'■■i''"''- the ore Iwdy frequently by a series of drifts. Finally, after bieakin- away overhead, and providing an arched roof, the whole is stoped away to the level below, and the ore hoisted from thence by meaos of shafts. Only such pillars and supports, as are necessary will remain standing, and the intervening spaces will be fille.l by rock and ore too lean to be utilize*!, the whole being supplemented, when necessary, l.v material from the dumps. The system of open cast work, which has hitherto found most favour ., , m the .bstrict, consists, Krst, in the sinking of a shaft of the required ■^■■I^^T^^ dimensions, at varying angles, this inclination being governe.l, mainly ZllH^^U by the general dip and direction of the ore body. This shaft secures the necessary accommodation for the skipway for hoisting the ..re, while, at the same time, it provides a manway for ingress to or egirsr from the underground workings, by means of ladders, with landings at frequent intervals. The largest pit in the district is at the Creighton mine, where „n theh...tof June hist (1904), ore was being hoisted from an open cut nmuM'X or .[U irry, measuring about SoO feet lonir, by 27.5 feet wide and G-' feet l">-'-' "l»>' deep. The pit, known as No. 2 mine, of the Canadian Copper Com- '" '" ' '""'''' pany, at the end of January, 19<»3, was opened up on a chimney of ore, which, below the 200-foot level is growing larger. At the bottom of the open pit, which has reached the third level, at 217 feet below l>i""n>i.,„. „f the surface, the average diameter is 120 feet. The new vertical shaft n'!i.»' '""' ' had, at the same time, reached a depth of ;i90 feet, the fifth level being at 374 feet. At the Victoria mine, the main shaft has been sunk to a depth of 557 feet, with various levels, drifts and stopes. The west open pit at this mine measures 70 by 125 feet at the surface, gradually v";"' '"''"■" tapering to 50 by 100 feet at the first level. ' Kf. ,,,,,„■„... Each mine is provided with a rock house, as soon as its permanency is established, and a double skiproad leading to it from the mine. The i t f t III II: If 8 (IKOMPiilOAl, Ml'HVKY OK CANADA i I li li im I i II Ki|iii{>iiiiiil rock iiiiiiii's. |irol«r >i/.r ft)i I'sr ;inil capacilv I if Hliiki-cn,.itf..n Hi/i'> f; Meiuii-a biiih. lit 11 int. NuniNT 1111(1 OXtl'Ilt (if C(.|i|K."rClitf roast yiiids. Main Kiai-t yard near ClarabflU- junction. Size and capacity of main roast yard. steel skips lir>ving ii c.ipacity nf IJ tons (■adi, iiro hoisted to the top of the rookliouse, iluiii|.iiig automatically, on ii liii';;e inclined ' gri/.ziy ' siziiiy-screcti, whicii sepui-ales the tine frOin the coar^re. Miot of the ore is sledded to a proper si/e fur th crusher in the tuitie, altiiouf^jh, sonieliinos, this operation takes place on the lloir o'' the rock house Tlie coarse ore tails neiir the mouth of tlie l"" x 9 Jhake crusher, set to aliout !,• inches, which has a capacity of about JO tons per hour, (or 100 tons for the usual two shifts, of 10 hours eacli)- (Occasionally, as at the t'reii;hton mine, there are two of these Blake cruslicrs, hut usu- ally one is considered sullicient. The ore is then passed into the upper end of a sli;;htly inclined revolving troinnirl screen, where it is sized into three classes, for the succeeding operation of roasting. The tines pass through J inch mesh holes in the trommel screen, the medium or ragging, through I'; inch holes, while the coarse is discharged at the lower end of the screen and i.s caught on an oscillating sorting lahle, also slightly inclined lengtiiwise. The jerking motion of this table pro- vides such a rate of travel of the pieces of ore, as enables a certain number of boys, stationed along the side, to pick out, and castaside.a con- siderable proportion of l)arren rock or very lean ore, at the same time permitting the purer and higher grades to continu" their journey to tlie ore bins. Each of these sizes falls into a separate series of bins, from which ore of the reijuired class is automatically loaded, by means of inclined ste 1 chutes, into standard gauge cars, and hauled by loco- motives to the roasting yards. At the time the surveys for the Copper Cliff mines area were being carried on, there were three roasting yards. The old one, which was giaded by Dr. E. D. Peters, is situated immediately west of the old or East Smelter, and measures roughly 2000 feet long and 1l'5 feet wide. This still remains in use, and by the removal of the East Smelter buildings, which is about accomplished, this will be increased to 3000 feet. For some years, a small roast yard, was utilizwl about midway between the ori- ginal Copper ClifiF mine and the Ontario Smelting Works. The .site of this, which measured about 1000 feet by 12") feet, is shown on the large scale maps, but it has now been abandoned, as its situation so clo.se to the works an(i residences, at times occasioned great discom- fort to the vvorkmen and inhabitants. The main roa.st yard which is in use at pie.sent, and which is capable of much greater e.xpansion, is located to the northeast of the Weft Smelter towards the Manitoulin and North Shore railway. At the nme the surveys were made, it was about .2700 feet, long by 150 feet wide, and it could be very readily extended to measure 4000 feet. It will thus be seen, that without any great eflFort, roasting ground, with a capacity of from 250,000 to .'500,- 000 tons, is already available. Many of the mines situated at Copper ; I: MKTIlni.s OK MIMN,; ix sri.l.LHY niSTIirrr iMil Cliff, are, of ..ours^, lm,.dy to M>. n.ast var.is, l,„t most of the ore at present l„.,„g utili..,| ,„• the (;„.,.,li,.„ ,v„,,„.r Cn.pany, is l,ro„,ht , ,, ; ,, , troM, the Cn..«hton ,n„u. co,nin« over the Manitoulin a,.d"Xo,-,l. Shore I.- :.•' rmUvay.ad.sta„coofal,out7! ,„iles to Claral«.lle J„„,,i,.n, alH.ut « L,;:',':..,,,, m.lo Morlheust of the „,ai„ roast yar.l. The „re f , the Siohie ■^' -"' - mtne has t,, l.e l.rou,'ht l.y a hraneh railway to Su,lbury, a .li.tar.ce ..f u„. „ al,out.i^, tn.l-san.lthon ,lown the 'Saulf hraaeh of ih. Cana-lian ^ l' "-' P<.e,fic ratkay to the souther,, roas. yard at Copper ClitK a further .^;:'m;';; -llstau.- otal-out t u.iles. The ore fron, the Kroo.l, or No. :i u.ine "'; '''''''■ ms to he haule.l tU.l to the Stol.ie ,.,i„., l,v ,, spur .l,oul Il'o ,„ilel " ' h.n^, and thenee, l.v the sau.e route fru,n the S,.,l.i,. ,,„„„ to C.ppe, Chfl. Neither of these mi,,, s are, h.-wever, .,. .,p..,a.io„, as an al.und ant supply of very hi.'h ,,',a,le ore, is „,o,e easily pro.ural.le at the Cre,;,hton ,u,ne. At the Victoria ,„i„es, of the .M„nd Niekel Comp- any, an aerial tramway ear.ies the o,e from the mine to the ,„asr van! and tlienee to the smelter. MRTALLUIic.V. In the producti.m of nickel a>i.l copper tVom a sulphide o,e, ,|,o tollowiii;,' operations have to he considered. 1. Treatment of the ores, for low grade copper-nickel matte. I'l' -s>',,v7.,. -. Ireatment or the copper-nickel matte, f,,r co,icentrated onpcr 'f nMk.l ..xi.lc nickel matte. '""I "I'l-'l. :5. Treatment of this matte, for coppei-nicke! alloy.s. 4. Treatment of the concentiatcd cpper-nickel matte, for nickel matte. 5 Treatment of the nickel matte, for nickel o.xide and metallic nickel, lliehrsttwo of these operations are carried ojt at the smelting works in the Sudbury District. liOA.s ,'(;. The metalhn-gical treatme.'t of this ore commences at the roast yard, l!„,...tinK H.«t whither it ia conveyed from the mines, and hein- piled in convenient ;,';;[;ji'„,-'ic heaps, on previously laid cordwood, is exposed at high temperatures, t'.''?,t,.''',;t'.''' without fusion, or at most, incipient fusion, to the actio.iof curi-ents of air. The oV°ct of this roasting, is to bring about the oxidation of the iron, an ' ncidentaily of the sulphur, as complete as is po.ssible oi.j.-cts „f without invt ing an undue loss of metal, in the slags of the following ''"' roa-^tinff. smelting, aau second, the expulsion of arsenic, if any should happen to I" ijlf! 190 OKOL. ICAL 8URVK.Y OF ('AXAI)A i V\i 'ill ■|p r ; : f^' Wiih niri' t'Xri'iitioH" no itrMi-iiii- ill Sii'llniry (irt-iH ("air hu- ti. Im' »'\('r*'i-cti in oxiili/ini; til'' 111'"' iniil in Kuildin^^ ritiij^t vanl^*. (.•'M'llini; :>lll«Mi air ii«-a|i roa>riiii; cht :i|) .mil ctfiitiM-. Sulplinr cannot l»t* t-conomii-ally savi'd. K\jit'riin*'ntM to niakt' n«e of pyrrliotitf for till- (iro- dnetion of nnl|ilmrims bti pre.sent. With the jiossihle exception of tho Worthingtoti mine, iind some oilier tlepoHits in that vicinity, none ot' the ore of the Sudbury District contuinM any appi'ei'iahle amount of arsenic or antimony. H tho oxidation Im very imperfect, the lesultini,' nmtte will contain so much iron, that its l)riii){in uiululy co.stly, while if the oxiilation ho too thorou;,'h, an undue loss will occur on smeltinn the roii.strd ore. At Copper ClitY and at Metoria mines, the Canadian Copper Company and .Mon, 842 per cent •. Ni O, lO'il per cent ; Fe O, 7-18 p'^r cent and S ()., 2'-'>'.\ per cei-l-. The water too, of the marsh adjoining, has a decided bluish tinge, and an iron object 'mmersed in it, ii innuediately covered with <■ ' ""ting of copper. Open air heap roasting, as practised at Sue" -h favourable weather conditions, an old, simple, cheap an nive method of treatment, for the elimination of theundcsin sulphur, from low grad sulphide ores. Kxpcriments and tri ve bci'n made, to profitably siivo this sulphur, by present methods, nut the sulphur contents, averaging from IG. to.'iO per cent, and, for the most part, approaching, in this respect, the first mentioned figure, with iron from .33 to a little over 50 per cent, is, apparently, too low to permit of its economic winning. Titus UIke ( ' ) states that, ' during 1902, was demonstrated the com- mercial impracticability of cheaply roasting Sudbury pyrrhotite nickel ores, which do not average over 25 per cent of sulphur, in Herreshoff furnaces, in order to utilize the sulphurous acid gas thus obtained, to (1) Min. Industry, Vol. XI, 1!K», p. 49i). I !)<: MKrAU.UR»lV~HOA»TINii m , iriKili litlx'' Ml l.l.lctMVll ■V|,.M,.l,.-. w..,k.. sulphit,- ,.ulp orli.,uioff ";"> "" furnace nm h,. .lorn- .uuinly without thr aid of -xtnuu.o, , h.at tho I' nk''"'"" cost, con.,,«,e,l with heap roasting, is prohil.itiv .., a,.,i tl,at, in any ca«e, the avera«.! iK.rcontn«„ of ^ulphinous aci.J i„ t!„, ;;a.s p,,Kiur.- ' scene can hardly be imagined, than the tine white day or silt ,.f the ' '"^' flats, througli which protrude, at intervals, rough rockV liilN, with no trees., or even a blade of grass, to break the monotony. " Of late years, vegetation has, so to speak, become accustomed to the'sulphur, an.l -ra- \ , , dually, an,l as a r.>.sult, the area artect.-d by the fumes is becoming uTore '«' ''..•'"'" circumscribed The maplg seems to withstan.l the sulphur the best, and t.:'::iX:' trees of this species may be foumi fairly green in the immediate M„,|.. proximity of the roast yards. To add to this scene ,)f desolation the »'""■^""'- houses are of wood, rarely painted, while most of the area is covered ti;:: uT with half-decayed logs, stumps and upturn..d roots, all of wliich have a peculiar brownish tinge, the result of the sulphur, which acts as an (2) Kiig. & Mil,, .lour., .\p,il. L'utli, 19„;t. 192 ".I.OI.Oi.lCAf, xlllVKV (IK CANAIlA I t II 1 1' 'II MbjrctH I .|Ml||\ ''lltl'Il l!.'MI..V.tlof ■111- 1.1 t'l>' r.»a"t >iir(if*. f mprtixF III' lit- ,'t (•ui,|,. I I'liir. Silll'liul- fu.ni-:4 illlV ' i!ijuri"UH ftftrt^ "11 I ?Mll-:vtli lirmh" ' Mlll'li .1 fiiiiii- . il I'V Kri'.ti'iii I'f riiaitiii^.' "hill. f'arrli'>>ni>- at Hi'nt ill liX'atiuii ami oiiiiHtruutii'ii iif roa-^t v»ril-. Oiy pine niiiiii full iwod in roaMlifijf. Large cim- ^uiii|iti"n iif fiifl. fxci'llent prescrviitivc. • tn tin- otlior luinil, nil thi' imrlH'il xmiu fi'necs, tt'legriipli Uni'H ai.il titluT iioti oliji-ctM iiic hisIimI, iihI ni|iiiily I'lilcn awiiy, re(|uii'inj{ to 1«* tVf'nu<'iit!y rcpl.ifid. Thf n'liinvnl i>t' niic nt' ihi- nmst yards, hiiM hiiil II I st iniiikxl •■!)')• i iinel i lir lifiictiriul roiiltx wliicli wvre sure tn follow, iiie cvi'ii tuiw l»'>;iiiniii;{ lo li" iippart'iit, for thp two rciniiiiiiiij; an- sitimtod tu liii' < m>I .iiiil nmlln'iist of the town anil tlius iIh- pruvaiiiiij.' wiiiHs, uliicli an- fimn llii> fouthwi .', will tcii'l til I'arry tilt; futii<-s away. Willi ihc prisi-tfiil iiillufiiCB and gui.litiice of the presidt nt and u'cniTal iimtiiiyfr. .Mr. A V. Turner, tret?-; art' liciri;; plai.iod, rertain ai.'as ^'radoii iinil in idi' ii.'u lawns, luads iiponcd up and culvtrt.'^ and liriiljji-.s tixi'd, while tlic tuitiious cmir-"' lit' a small Mlreani, luniiin;; tliii)U;;li tlu? town, lias Ihth str.iiv'lit<'iied and dci'i' n-d. It i.s hoped tliiil tlii'.si' cirortH at iM'iiutilMny tlif I'lacp, '.ill meet with the success they deMTM", anil iilitady ihf town has ' taken on a new appe.'irance, dui- lo iIu'm' ni.piuvenii'nls. The fumes. I which are free from arsenic, ■-eein to have no injurious rll'ect on man orlieast, except on occ^isions, when parliciilarlv dense and ai-conipanied liyfoi^, when they produce ;i peculiar stranglin<{ or clmkinj; sensation, accompanied, on rare occ.isions, liy lileedin;; at tlie no-e. The residents are all seeminLriy liealthy, and sutler trum no unusual complaints, while some evi -i .issert that the sij||ilitir is a positive cure for catarrli, consuuiplion, and kindred diseases. People, morefivci', at t'lr.st. com plain of a stranfjlinj; sensation, but this ^{railually disappears, and those, who have resiled there for a tinn", miss the sulphur when removed to another place, and have oven an il' detine I thou){h rarely expressed liinxin]:^ fo,' this seemin'^dy heavy and .satisfying atmosp'.iere. At the Murray mine, a huge s!;ed, with numerous large chimneys, was erected, for the purpost ••oasting tlie ore during tlie winter, but it was not a success in any respect. No great thought or care, has in the past, marked the efforts of some of the companies, in the selec ' ' of a site for tlie roast yard, and th. it in readily kindleil, and prxluces alm.mt ii edi. ately a short though ti.-rce heat, wl,,. •, ,erve* to ignite the pile .s,.„»..iii,v .,f thon)ughly, and this, once started, coniinu.s burning, on acajunt of '''" '"'" '"■• iti sulphur contents. r.«i,tu,K. The roast heaps are rectangular in shape, varying in hi/e from 40 , by fiO feet, ..nd 7 feet hi,-!., to f.o by 120 f.n-t un.l 1,h f^et hiK'h. and -<''i^'^''T' containing, in general, from 200 to over 3,000 tons of ore. The small ?'"' '"■"'"• heaps of -JOO tons are of 'spill n.atte, ' of which ui.nlio,, will ag.iin !«• ''r^'^i^'i^Jt made. Ore heaps are not less thun about tiOO tons. Heaps of from '""'■"■ 800 to 1,000 tons should burn out in from 40 to .^O days, the larger heap taking, in general, from 3 to 4 months, while occasional heaps con taining 4,000 tons, which are the largest yet atten.pted, and which ' ■'" ' were by no means a brilliant success, have been known to burn from 6 to 7 months. The ore is piled on a Is-d of split wood, about one * cord being used to twenty tons of ore. This wo.r.,-..,rf Canadian Copj^r Company, assayed about 1.5 per cent of copper, 2.:. rol'-T,',; l]f per cent of nickel, 6 per c-ut of sulphur and 26 per cent of iron At '" •'•"■-' the Mond Nickel Company, no assays of the roasted ore are made, as x„ .,,,,,.^ It IS so variable m composition and difficult to obtain representative '"•"'•■ '''"'" material, and one tenth is added to the assays of the raw ore, toenaUe nl.^rj;;"" the furnace manager to make up a charge for smelting. When an abundance of ore fines is in stock, over and above the(,,,„„es isual requirements for covering and finishing the heaps, the excss i.s !'-',''"' '"^^^ "^ Ik'e built, to It depth r( about (ix inche*. The material in thux ' caked ' togetber, in the roaating, and aftei having served for aeveral roaxtings, is broken up and uited aa coarae ore, aa it haa only enjoyed an incipient oxidation. Thpse roaat p''9a are built up aa (ollowa : the place selected, may or may not be covered with the ' tinea ', aa already men- tioned, aa occuNion demandH. StickN of oordwood, of nearly uni- form size, ahould be placeil Hide by side, acrosa l>oth sidea and enda of the recUngular area. The whole interior of this may be filled in with old aturop**, roota, ties or cordwood, aa material cornea to hand, but, in acch a way, aa to form a level itnd solid l)«d, in which the ore ia to rest. Over this, is placed small wood and chipa, to till up all the larger interNtices, care being taken to provide small canala, tilled with kindlinga, at intervals of 8 to 10 feet, leading from the outer air to the center of the heap. Aa flrat practised, these canals connected with ' chimneys ', along the centre which were specially designed to rapidly and certainly kindle the whole heap. These chimnoya were usually built of four sticks or old boards, so fixed together aa to leave an opening, communicating l)eior' with the draught paasagea. Five or six auch chimneys sufficed for each pile, and they were made to project two feet above the upper surface of the heap, ao that no pieces of ore could fall into the flue opening. Such precautions, to insure certain kindling, are, however, not needed, and the canals are amply auflScient for this purpose ; besides, it was found that they induced undue local heating in their immediate vicinity, thus tending to incipient fusing or matting of the ore, which ia to be specially guarded against. The bed of cordwood varies from 9 to 18 inches in depih, according to the size of the pile. This bed of fuel being completed, the coarse ore to the extent of about 66 per cent of the whole heap, ia transferred by wheel barrows, from the cars, over a narrow and roughly constructed trestle platform, running the whole length of the heap. This plan is sometimes adopted by the Mond Nickel Company, at thf Victoria mine.( ImildinR roaat hfa|M Ihiiawitioii ,4 Uwl Ohimnvjra at tint umhI u > hitip kindli' tlw pile. NuniU't anil inMhf building t-hiiun«yi<. Canalii «n< •uiHcinit (or dnuKlit purjuMt'ii. Inoipient fusiun Ui ht' fnnrdml iifr»iiwt. U.^« of U'lu- yniATy tr«'»tli':t in biiil: due to the burning out of the fuel, are at once . overed with ' fines ' of raw ore. After the first few days are over, the pile may Ik, left to Itself, until cold enough t^ remove t. the storage bins or furnace. After the period of roasting is r, and the pile is cold enough to be hamlM the outer covering of ph ,lly roasted ore is first removed. This is ""';;;';'"• more abumlant , !oag the ^des and ba.e, and the precaution i, some- ""'"^'•■l times taken to .-.ver up these portions .jf the pile, with old iron sheet- ing, which ma i.lly «sists in preserving the heat, thus aiding th . n... sting. T,.., longer the period of roasting, the less the matting, anv . jourse the larger the heap, the smaller .junntity of the outside covering or margin is left only partially roasted. When this outer covering is removed to 1« reroasted, the remainder af the heap U con- veyed in wheel-barrow« a few yard.s, in one case, to a sunken railr.md, "^X,, which runs alongside of the roa.st yards. At the Mond Nickel Com- '"'""","'• pany. it is loade.l into cars, which are haule.i up an inclined traniway "'*"*■ """' to an elevated series of storage bins at the roast yard, frotn whence it is loaded, as required, into the aerial tramcars, and thus conveyed to the smelter. 1. Ann. Reix.rt. liur. of Mines. Out., l!)a). i. ;«)o. - j 196 tJKOLOOICAL 8UBVEY OF CANADA Appearance The ore, when roasted, is aggregated together, in large clinker-like of roasted ore. masses. These are loosened, and broken up into suitable pieces for smelting, usually by pick and shovel, but often the assistance of explo- sives are needed to help in the removal. This roasted ore is loaded on large side-dumping cars, and hauled by locomotives to the stock bins at the furnaces. An experienced workman, knows the difference in the quality of roasted ores at sight, and is able to mix them roughly, as they are loaded into the cars at the heaps, to be taken to the smelter and dumped into separate bins. Here it is sampled, and again mixed by the furnace men, and made into smelting charges and fed into the furnaces. Removal of ore to Btock bin*. [i I SMELTING. r Snieltiiit! in SuillHiry district. rroductielter, has been left idle for the greater part of the time since. In the fall of 1900 the plant of the Ontario Smelting Works was in.stalled by the Orford Copper Company, an organization closely related to the Canadian Cop- per Company, Ixith of which, in April, 1902, were included in the amalgamation of these and kindred corporations, under the name of the International Nickel Company. These works were designed to further refine the low grade or blast furnace matte of the Canadian Copper Company. Before the erection of the new smelter, which will be described and figured later, the Canadian Copper Company had smelting plants in- stalled in two separate buildings, known respectively as the East and West Smelters. The processes at the two smelters were alike, and they differed only in the numl)er of their blastfurnaces. At the West Smel- ter there were eight, and at the East Smelter five blast fuanaces, in addition to the bessemer plant. Lately, the East Smelter has been dismantled, and in a short time it is stated to be the intention of the Company to pull down the W«st Smelter also, and concentrate all re- fining operations under one roof. At the time of writing, no smelting is carried on at Copper Cliff, but the Company have leased the Mond Smelter at Victoria Mines, for a period of six months, this lease expir- ing about the 1st of August next, and all refining operations going on at present are carried on at this place. The smelting or blast furnaces have the form of a flattened ellipse, are 9 feet in height to the charging door, and measure 9 feet by 5 feet at the top, and 8 feet 5 inches by 4 feet 4 inches at the tuyeres, of which there are 25 (2 inch), arranged in two rows. They are made of rolled steel, with a water space of two inches, between the outer and inner plates, and have for a bottom a cast iron plate, 1 J inches thick protected by fire-brick, the whole supported by four strong cast iron legs. A light dome of plate steel, brick-lined at the top and sides, covers the furnace, and in one side of this dome, on a level with the ore bins, is the feed door. The furnace gases pass to the stacks, (one to each pair of furnaces),through brick chambers, with trough-shaped sheet Ilrurv Xiuki-l Ci. iiiatti' pro- dlltwl liy ''Hiiailian Co|i|i»r Ci). KiHr-tiiiti of Oiitariii .'^rinltiiiB' \V..ik.. F:r- tion sinks to the bottom. I'ae of McArthur Kranulatmg trough. Diiposition of granulated slag. Use of granul- ated slag for ballast and roada. iron bottoms. Here the flue dust, having an opportunity to be preci- pitated, is taken periodically from these chambers and added to the blast furnace charges. The smelters are situated at or near the ground level, and ore, coke and flus are brought into the building on an el-'vated track, and dumped into the bins on the feed floor ler el. The well, forehearth or settling pot, is built of cast iron water jaoketo in four sections, with a water space of six inches, and rests upon four wheels, for convenience of moving it whenever repairs are necessary, a second well standing ready to be put in its place. When the fore- hearth is in position, a square opening on one side, iz fitted by fire-clay> to a corresponding opening in the furnace, and the molten slag and matte flow into the forehearth, when the furnace is in blast. The fending of the furnace is continued, at frequent and stated intervals, and as the molten mass gathers at the base of the furnace, it flows through the discharge hole, into the forehearth, where the heavier or metallic portion (matte), sinks to the bottom, while the lighter slag rises to the surface, to flow out in a continuous stream from a water cooled, phosphor-bronze slag spout, to a McArthur granulating trough- where it comes in quiet contact with a stream of water, that has already done duty in the water-jackets of the furnace, and flowing in the same direction as the stream of mo'.ten slag. This granulated slag is carrieii by the water, which gradually filters away into the dump or into the slag wells, out of which the slag is elevated, by means of a bucket elevator, into high waste heaps. From these immense dumps, road makers, and especially the Canadian Pacific and Mani- toulin and North Shore railways, help themselves, loading this slag on cars, by means of steam shovels, for use as ballast, for which it is excellently adapted. It is much heavier than ordinary ballast, and does not retain water, and, therefore, is not so liable to wash-outs, or to freeze in winter and heave up the tracks, as does the ordinary sandy or silt bajlast often used in the district. Tapping of matte. Matte li* allowed to settle in ix)t8. The matte is drawn off periodically, the tap-hole for this purpose being situated at a lower level, which is opened with a pointed iron rod, and afterwards closed with a plug of fire-clay. This process is usually attended with a display of fireworks, but, as the men engaged at it become very expert, the stream of liquid matte is very quickly and efiectively stoppe'" The matte is then allowed to remain in the cast iron pots or moulds, into which it has been tapped, until cool, when it is dumped out, broken by means of sledge-hammers, weighed, loaded on cars, and shipped to the Ontario Smelting Works for further treatment. lY MKTALLUROT— SMELTING J 99 Th« blast U furnished by No. 7 Connersville blowers, discharginR ,- . 67 oubic feet of air blast per revolution, and making from 90 to 130 -tr"ng"hof revolutions per minute, each blower l,eing driven by an engine of 50 '"'"'■ H. P. The blast is delivered at the tuyeres at a pressure of about fourteen to sixteen ounces per square inch. The roasted ore, with which the furnace is principally charged, is a iWription mixture of oxides, sulphates and sulphides of nickel, copper and iron "' ■"""-t"! ""■• together with a certain amount of the basic silicate of the gangue' The process of smelting is very economical, the ore furnishing in itself the exact ingrediente for fluxing. By the smelting of the ore, with a small quantity of quartz, in the blast furnace, using from 15 to 17 per rro,«,rtio„ of cent of Connellsville coke, the iron is chiefly reduced to ferrous oxide '"'"' ""^• and forms a slag with the gangue and quartz. Under I and II, are analyses of this slag by Mr. Donald Locke, late TrT fu'^lH ^^P'"-'"^''*- Under III, is an average analysis, ^U^l'fTnlL published by M. John Herdt, (') while under IV, is an analysis by "''*• Mr. J. W. Bain. {»}. ^ I II ni IV ^•"c* 3416 32-58 38-00 2667 Ferrous oxide 41-24 44-37 4300 .50-82 Ferrous sulphide o.e.-) ^'•ne 8-23 6-62 4-50 3-38 Magnesia 3-44 277 200 2-95 Copper 25 013 0-40 0-20 Nickel 0-23 023 0-45 010 A'uraina 903 10-41 1000 12-88 Sulphur 0-91 Totals 97-49 9711 100-85 100-52 The nickel and copper, and some of the iron, unite with the sulphur Authorities to form a matte. Under I and II, are analyses of this blast furnace '" *""'*'*"• or standard matte, the results obtained by Mr. Donald Loc e, in November, 1902 ; under III, is an analysis, by Mr. J. W Bain, (190C) ; under IV, is the mean of two ..nalyses of matte, which were made by Mr. F. L. Sperry, on the 22nd February, and the 2nd of .March, 1889. Under V, is the copper and nickel determination for this matte in A"alv»«"«f February, 1891, while under VI, are determinations for these slme Inalti""""' metols, by Mr. L. P. Silver (1902). (1) "LesMinas de Nickel dii District de .Sudbury (Ontario)." Ken. Cham fie Commeroe, Montreal, 1892, p. 39. i • <- (2) Ann. Rep. Bur. of Mines, Ont., 1900, p. 217. f-i 200 (litOLOOICAL 8UBVBY OF CANADA ; 1-' III m Copper Nickel , Iron . . . Average (iiiily charge and prcKluc- tion of blast furnace. I , .14-69 ..2817 ..3189 Sulphur... .24-96 Cobalt Slat? n 14-53 26-34 3415 24.93 III 19-87 16-75 43-90 18-72 0-63 05 IV 26-910 H-140 31-235 26-950 0235 0-935 V 17.24 21-44 VI 20.35 16-48 99-85 99-92 100-405 Nickel and copper con- tents of matte pnxiuced. Conipoaition of slag. Description of extraor- dinary run. Totals. .99-71 Each furn-ioe, of which there were 13 installed, puts through about 130 tons every 24 hours, the total capacity being about 1800 tons per day. Mr. Donald Locke gives the following averiiije for n. day's work of a furnace. In a day of 23 hours, using 12 oz. bla,st pre.'tsui-e, there were smelted 264,00'^ lbs. of roasted ore, assaying : — Copper 1-43 percent. Nickel 2 56 Silica 26-00 Sulphur. 5 57 " To this was added 3,600 lbs. of quartz, with 98 per cent of allies, using 45,300 lbs. coko (17 per cent). There were produced 26,318 llis. of matte, containing : — Copper 1 1 -90 per cent. Nickel 22-10 and 207,425 lbs. of slag, containing ; — Copper 0-27 per cent. Nickel 0-40 Silica 3200 Iron .. 40 00 " An extraordinarily gi-)od run was as follows :— With a 16 oz. blast, there were smelted in 24 hours : — Ore 510,000 lbs. Quartz 2,250 " Using coke 87,200 " There were produced : — Matte 44,231 lbs. Slag 439,233 " MKTALLUnfJV— iMELTINO OQl The furnace gases pass to the stacks (one to each pair ,.f furnaces) „ hrough bnck chambers, with trough-shaped sheet iron botton.s. Here rt.»"rr''' the Hue dust, havmg an opportunity to be precipitated, is tak^n perio- dically from these cham».ers, au.i added .o the blast furnace ci.~ Nick , . I-our samples, assayed hy Mr. Locke, in 190-', resuitci as foli,.u.s :- -P.- > '^ , tfnt« (.f HiiR „ '• II. III. IV duat. Wper 1-15 1-49 1 -.'..-i l.vj N'^''*' 3-28 3t(4 379 3 02 An assay of a typical sa.nple, by Mr. L. P. Silver, ( ' ) gave copper 4 25 per cent and nickel aa; per cent. In the raasting of the or., a large proportion is badly roa.sted. or ow,ng to the h.at in the pile being too intense, the ore melts to matte, l'-luc.,„„ „f and .s not roastedat all. This shouM be re-roasted, and is so to a cer- '^'""' "'•^"'■■ ta.n extent, but when hrge orders are on hami, this unroasted and partly roasted ore, is smelted in the blast f uma.e, and the resulting low grade matte ,s '.plit.' that is, pour d out on the ground in layers of about half an mco i„ M.iekness, and broken up. Two assays of this spilt matte, coilccte,) in November, 1902, gave Mr. Locke the fol- lowing results : — Ollll|Klsitioil ^"'"'' 2-30 per cent. 343 per cent. l;?!^' *-"Pppr ;;-26 " 3-56 <. \..v. 111..2. I""*"! C.!(i8 " 6 Pig ,, This matte usually contain, from 7 tol.T percent of the metals anda ^ptcal sample, analyxe.l by Mr. L. P. Silver, (op. cit.), contained, nickel ,.„„ ,..ay- 6-01 per cent and copper 7-4.-) per cent. of 'spilt' rpi • ., matte. This sp.lt matte ' is broken up anrl taken to the roast-yard, where It IS roasted in small heaps (about 200 tons). After the neces.sary Ro.^ti„.„f oxidation, the roasting usually lasting alwut 30 days, it is re-smelted ' »i''lt ' "'^'tto. being added to the blast furnace charge, in place of some of the ore the matte thus produced being thereby much richer in metallic con- tents. Previous to the installation of the plant at the Ontario Smelting Works, the Canadian Copper Company still further refined their own n blast furnace or standard matte, by the ' Be.. - Process.' In these 'vvTSar earlier years, about 1893, this was done on . .• an extensive scale. ^'"'''"' ^'"■ but during the later 'GO's, there was no very constant or large demand for this higher grade of matte, and this method of concentration was only practised as occasion demanded. The converter used was of the Maches type, with a capacity of one and a half tons, with a new lin- ing, and three tons with an old lining. (1) .Tour. Can. Min. Inst., Vol. V, 1!)02, p. ,54t!. "" - i-s pi- 's (■ 202 UBOLOniCAL 8URTBT OF CANADA I V -Ik 'I i i i II ! ■ Dimpnaioim nf convert em. KmployiiiBnt of quartz from Uruce Minen. Silica iioHl MOW comes from iifBr Kellpy lalcp. |)e»crii>tiini of converter. Motions of converter. Gradual application of pressure. The process is very similar to that followed in bessemerizing iron. The Manhiss converters are cylindrical shaped vessels, with convex ends measuring usually about eight feet in length, with a diameter of about four feet. They are inade of boiler plate, and lined with a thick layer of clay mixed with (juartz. In the first years, much of the quartz used, and especially attheMur- ray mine was obtained frou! the Bruce Mines, where great quantities of ' skimpings ' exist, resulting from the jigging of the ore from that mine during its operation in past years. This materia! consiHts of the crushed quartzose gangue, cleaned of all but a small proportion of the sul- phides of copper, constituting the ore. Tt carries but a small propor- tion of felspar. The silica, now to be used, is obtained from a large vein of massive quartz, situated on the high range of norite hills near thp shores of Kelley lake, a little over a mile south of the large new smelter. The converter rests, with ita axis horizontal, on a carriage running on a track. It is provided, on its upper side, with a mouth or throat through which it can be charged. The dimensions are : length 7 feet, 3 inches ; diameter 5 feet, 8 inches. The blast is driven through the charge from two parallel series of small tuyere holes, piercing the lining, along either side, below and along the length of the vessel. Opposite each of these tuyere holes, corresponding holes are pierced through the tubes, which run along the outside of the converter, to Supply them with blast. These holes are closed with wooden plugs, 'emovable to admit an iron bar, which, being poked through them successively during the process of blowing, keeps the tuyere.s clear and the charge stirred. A gearing enables the converter to be rotated on the car about its horizontal axis, and the throat having been thus lowered, a charge of low grade matte, from the well or forehearth of the cupola, is run into it by means of a trough. It is then rotated back, till the mouth is again vortical, and run around underneath a large hood, connected with a ack, in another part of the smelter house where it is connected with the blower. At first, a pressure, starting at 5 lbs. of an air blast, is blown through the mass of metal, when a violent agitation takes place, and on raising the pressure to 7 lbs., white fumes appear. As there are none of the usual flame reactions, the point at which to stop the blast, after the iron has been removed, and before the nickel has also begun U> slag, in undue amount, requires special experience and judgment The end of the operation is determined mainly, by a perceptible decrease in the HKTALLUHOT— HMELTINI* 203 fr.Kme„U .pl«hed or blown out of the convert, r, a. well «, by the ''"YT^"" Z I'f ^f^""'"' .«^ ''"' ?-'>«''«•'. w'-ioh gradually beconu, larger -'^l/:"!^ .nd more fro hy at the last i«.aing i„ pieces about the .i,e of a mZ. the charge, and the d..pl.cement of the converter npaces for the .iliciouH hmng « gradually appropriated by the iron i„ the charge. E«.h lining As a result of this, the continuance of the bla«t Keuerallv V"''"-r varies from 20 to 80 minutes, averaging about r,0 minutes. ' ' ;:.7:,:.''"' r.n.^^7.U^'\^T"""'''^ P'*^"'*' '''« ''•°" '" "'-""^t entirely ,„,,„,,. f removed, the sulphur lowered to from 10 to 15 per cent, and the copper !"--nlin.. and nickel combined to from 80 to 85 per cent. The iron unites with the sihcious lining, to form a very fluid slag which is spilled off the top. T^ie amount of nickel, lost by oxidation, is very trifling, cobalt is perfectly scorified zinc, arsenic and antimony are completely driven off while bismuth, silver, gold and platinum are entirely concentrated in this matte. The following are analyses of this bessen.er matte :_ An.ily,e» of In'MMt'iiier Nickel.. ,- "• "'• '''■ ^' VI. ■""«'• Cobalt... ( 39-96 40 93 31 -.35 4118 39 64 48 82 Copper.... 43-36 4571 4886 44 87 4275 2592 J7, 30 040 81 0-94 1-03 294 ^"'P'''"-" • • 'II' 11-62 1405 22.5J Gold.... I OJto m- r T ' ^'^'''- ■ 75 oz. 000075 pf7 l^^i 5 1oz. 5.W0Z. -001775 1^:^::; '''-' -^« 0004.30 Osmium ; 000056 Rhodium.. 000057 Palladium. 0-25oz. l"^^' • . ■ Irace. Explanations—Analysis I, is by Titus Ulke and is styled ' a fair ;^"""'"''-" average analysis of the Canadian Copper Company's bessemer matte.' "'"''^"■ (Mm. Industry. Vol. III., 1890, p 460) ; II. and III., are by Roberts- Austen. (Mm. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng.. Vol. CXXXV. p. 30)- IV is an analysis, by J. W. Bain, (Ann. Rep. Bur. of Mines, Ont., 'l900,'p. V lo'nr' Vo^r*'^"" ^' ^- ^- ^'^^^'^ (■^°"'- C"«- Min. Inst., Vol. V, 190-, p. 634) ; VI., an analysis by Dr. T. L. Walker, of the besse- ■li V S04 nBOLcxiicAi. RURViT or Canada C.)m|>«riiM.ii ™®'" ni«"e. f""*"" t''* Murray mine, (Amer. Jour. 8c., Vol. 1., 4tb 8«- ..f Norway rjes, 1896, p. 112 ; also Ann. Hep. Bur. of Mines, Ont., 1903, pp. 283- an'l Hmlbury "^ mkttra in 2o4). rt'^iird tn - • 1 )iri . loiiH Under Norw.-\y, on a preceding page, analyHew of Hiinilar concentrat- metu ». ^ J matte, obtained from the Norwegian pyrrhotite, are also (juoted, Thrse show the presence also of gold, silver and platinum in appreci al)le ciuiintities. Speaking roughly, the silver is only from J to ij of that present in the Sudbury nmtte, the gold about the same as that in the Murray mine matte, which is only about \ of that present in the mattes from the Coppt'r Cliff and Victoria mines, while the metals of the platinum group occur in about half the amount of that present in the Murray mine, this matte itself only containing less than half that usually present in the mattes produced from the Copper C. iff and Vic- toria mines. Ki'Iiitive pro Prof. Vogt, also gives the interesting information, that the propor- pr«ci'(m" " tion of these metals present in the Norwegian ores and mattes, is one "!"'"'" '!' part of cold to 20 of silver, on» of platinum to .SO of silvir, one of Norwfgian re ' r ni»tt.«. silver to .'),000 of nickel and one of platinum to 150,000 of nickel. AnulyHfsof The following are analyses of the converter or bassemer slag. All bp»»(iner converter slags are returned to the furnaces for re smelting, as they are so high in nickel. I. II. III. Ferrous Iron 666 67'1 67'6 Silica 28-5 27-9 27-5 Nickel 1-9 1-6 1-4 Copper M 08 1-2 Sulphur 5 0-4 05 AuthoritieH I and II., are analyses by Edwards, (Kng. & Min. Jour., May 2nd, oranayseg. |gjjg^ . jjj^ is an analysis by L. P. Silver, (Jour. Can. Min. Inst, Vol. v., 1902, p. 549). From about the beginning of November, 1900, until the destruction of the plant early in the spring of 1 904, the blast furnace matte pro- Can.-wlinii duced bv the Canadian Copper Company, was further refined at the inattcH ri'fined Ontario Smelting Works, built and operated by the Orford Copper g'„pl"j*^"' Company, at Copper CliflF. This compauy was a closely allied corpora- Works from 4,ion^ and both were consolidated in 1902, under the management of the Canadian Copper Company, itself a subsidiary organization of the International Nickel Company. Prei«ratioii of jjj^ standard matte is brought from the Canadian Copper Compa- Ontario ny's works on cars, and put through a Blake crusher. It passes from Sniflting Works. METALM'BOT— 8MELTIWO 20S that directly into »Krupp ball nr.ill. where it i» re.luced to a fine pow. der. From the ball ...ill. it run, or. a belt coavey,., which raise, it to a storage bn an.l from this storage bin. it in conveyed still further, « required, on belt conveyer., to the feed hoppers of the roasting fur- nace. * The matte is roa«ted in two Brown, .straight-line, automatic rever- l>."<.i,.ti f beratory calomers, e.„:h with a hearth area of HO feet by 10 feet. I'.lll'jr"' " Later, these furnaces were enlarged t.. liOO feet, and a third one of ^•"•".'■■■K ..m.lard.menMons was also built. One furnace has six set.s of plouuhs "'"•• and the other sev.-n. The ploughs n.ake one con.plete trip il 0* mi- r-utes. The plough carnage, on passing the automatic feebler, onuses a certain amount of the powdered matte to fall into the furnac. Each f^'Pa.i.y „f urnace puts through 45 tons of n.atte in -'4 hour«, and reduces rr,!;;?'"''- the sulphur rom 25 to 30 per cent down to 5 ,o 8 per cent, using 44 cords of wood per furnace per day. The roisted matte is discharged from the furnaces, into the trough of a .screw conveyer, which takes it to the feeding door of the blast furnace. The furnaces a^e of brick ..sually known as the • Orford ' furnace ,.i,„.,.,„.„» ,, coo lec .n the regum of the tuyeres, by water circtUting in pipes' :"^f'>"i' embedde,! m the brickwork. The furnace measures 50 iuche. by l-'8 '"• inches at the tuyeres, of which there are seven. The blast is furnished by two No. 9 Sturtevant, centrifuijal blowers. ,„ . The furnaces are fe.1 by hand, the charge consisting of roaste diviaion wall. When the forehearth in fuil.roatteand ilag are discharged in separate and continuous streams, the former being received in cast imn pots. This refined product is shipped to the Orford Copper Company, Now York, for the s«>pAration of copper and nickel. Two samples of this high grade matte, assayed by Mr. Donald Locke, contained as fol- lows : — Nickel 41-68 4037 Cobalt 071 078 Copper 24-99 24-95 Iron 9 82 9-84 Silver 2-80 oi. per ton. Gold 0-15 oz. per ton. 10 oz. per ton. Platinum O-.W " " 0-44 " " Two samples of the slaj; collected at the same time, analyzed by Mr. Donald Locke, gave the following roHults • — Silica 3103 26-62 Ferrous oxide 64-31 66-72 Lime 0-22 0-24 Magnesia 0-08 09 Nickel 2-57 2-68 Copper 0-66 077 Alumina 0-54 0-54 Sulphur 0-49 030 Totals 99-80 97-96 This slag is taken to the Canadian Copper Company's works, and put through the blast fur ace, to recover the metal contents, which are too high to be neglected. PYRITIC SMELTING. Pyritic H.iii ItinfT in Csiiads. Mr. .Tames Mc Arthur is authority for the following statement : (') ' Cold blast pyritic smelting of sulphide ores has been cr.rried on in Canada, ofiF and on, and for long periods at a time, since 1879 ; not as (1) Ann. Rep. Bur. of Mines Ont., 1!I0.3, pp. 302 * 303. MBTALLUROV— HMKLTINU 207 •n MpT,m«nt but - . proc*,.. Thou«nd. of ton. of oopp.r .ulphide fine, have b«m .„,„|ted with cold bla-t. .„d l.ter on in recent yearn „ r.tST ?1:^ "'°''' •"•' *'"" ""•' '"y '"•^•"'»-'^ »-» »>'-M.he fer' ^ ?n^^ . •^' ""'''"« '" ''""^ "«•''' oper.tions ,oa.e 18.000 to ^0.000 ton. of matte pnKluot. The colce connu-nption wa. about 5 P«r cent for both temperature, of the bla.t, thegrai'«cri|>tii>ri niui latent II III l III riiAMtiil iirr. |)i>|Hiaituin iif \;irl*>tlK |in«liirt". 1 Iteacrijitiim of K(>etional lUvntiimH. > DiiiieiiKion of biiiUlingH I)f tailo of )'nii'nt of lnmiT hiiuBt-. in deteriiiiniiiK lh« wit*. Th« pUnt, m it now ■UnJi, wm built »liin({ the face of a cliff, on thn nnrthvrn aide of thit ll»t, on which the town of Copppr Clifl lUnda. On the upp«»r edge of the cliff, a nyitteni of bins hm* been coiwtructed for NtoraKi* purpo><««. The iiiietter building ppoi)»T, in situated pnrallel to thete bini, with the powi-r houM nt tho norlheanti'rn ener Inrttom cars, ami drawn up to the trip oi the bins by 70 tun locoinutives. The track leading to the trestle ia on an ea«y grade all the way, and ia aUo connected with the main line, leading tu the Canadian Paciflc railway. All ore, flux, coke, coa). etc., ia handled on iheae tracka, and dumped directly into the bina. Kunning on the circular track undernculh thf bins, and into the amelter building, and paat the jxiwer-houae, ia an electric railroad, with aide 'uiimingcara drawn by electric locomotivea. The ore, coke, etc. ia lotwteil mto iheae cara, and weighed on the end of the trestle. The furnace charge ia ^ aniped direct into the furnacea, and the cool into the pockets .lext the power-house. Aa .shown by the sectional elevation*, the aite conaista of tws levela, with a difference of 3.'> feet in elevation. The upper level ia the siinie elevation aa the feed floor, ond is occupied by • double-track jKKket treatle, .IS x 35 x 600 feet. On the lo*er level, are located the pin; thcliiat-chambek-, 16 feet wide, 18 feet high and 444 feet long ; the stock, 15 feet inside diameter, 210 feet high ; together with the necessary slag tracks, sunken tracks for loading metal for shipment, tracks to store house, etc. The powerhouse is equipped with two Nordl)erg ManufacuirinK Company's horizontal, crosa-compound, condensing, blowing engines, with steam cylinders, 13 inches and 24 inches by 42 inches and air cylinders 57 inches and 57 inches by 42 inches. When operating' under usual working conditions, these eagines will deliver 20,000 ou. ft. of free air per minute, against a pressure of 40 ozs., for use in the blast furnaces. One Nordberg Manufacturing Company's horizontal f i MrrALLVCnV— IMRLTINij 209 cro^-compound. o,.„U.„,|ng. blowing .„«,„., with ,fm ryli„,|.ni,.-i mitt ' '"'^""' "'" ^'""^ "■""" ^"'•''^ '-* «' '- '- per bu.lt I y the Hobb KnKin««fi„g Co.npHny. ,., .....h of whi-h i, .liLtly connected on. 20<> lew. 6()0.voU. 3 ph«o ,.lt..rn,uing .urreot «..„..rat 1 built by th« Caruulian (..neral KU-cic Con,.„y. o„..|. "go .."to; .,,.,„„., «'mft. r«e electrical energy thus generate,!, is u«ed for hoisting i„ ,„„| pumping at the minen. operating the eLciric tramway for ..|mr„ing car., turning the converters, and o,«ra.ii.g the trav.lling cr^n. in the furnace building. The station ia al.o e,,uip, ...1 .i„ ^,, ^^ „'.;;,; .Iriven generator set. for furnishing direct .urront to" the eloc, ic lo.o- motucH. A trav.ihng crane of ample capacity is installed in the engin.- nxnn for hamlhn« a this apparatus. A gravity oi,i„g ,..,1 oil liLa- turn system iM insKilled on all engines. mnl 'lln ,!"""'• "'" ''?""' '"•"""«""" "f '-ile- consist, of four „ , , , Aultman * Faylor Machinery Company, of .Mans.i,.M, Ohio, and space '""'*" .H provided for two more boiler, of the san.e .i.e. TheUiler'I equipped with Potter Superheaters and T,..a,l.Ki|| Hhakin« grates Irilt^'r'T'^^''""' ''" •-"- -'-pit '•y.p-in. a gra.ein the bottom, which permits them to fall into a bucket res.i,'. on a the bucket ami dun.ps the ashes i,u„ an ash-bin, from which it run. into cinder cars. Coal Is brougl. : to the power plant by the electric locomotive train \,, al«ye referred to, and dumped into bias built in the trestle along the "' west side of the budding. Then it runs through coal chutes to on, half ton coal cars m the boiler room, from which cars it is shovelled into boiler furna, sa. The only available water for l^oiler use. ontains crmsi.Ierable .-ul- Tr,.a,„,..,.t „f phunc acKj and .scale-forming elements, and. to eliminate these, the "'"■■[-';"•■ wat«r ,s subjected to a chemical treatment and precipitation, in a water "'^' '" " punfying system, built by the Industrial Water Company, of New Jtork. In th.8 way, the acid is neutralize, and the scale-forming material « removed, before the water enters the boilers. The condenser w of the elevated barometric shape, built by the Alberger Con,ienser Company, of New York. 14— H— 14 ^ r^ ;«? 210 nEOLOOiCAL SURVEY OF CANADA \ ^ ¥h Style oi blast furnace used. MethotN emphivrd ill miiveiiii'nt i^f prwlucts. nlag and nmtte The blaat furnace building contains two sectional, rectangular, water jacketted, Holthoff, copper blast furnaces, three stands for }Iolthoff converters ; one 40ton electric crane ; the necessary niattc-seltlers, clay mills, silica and clay storage bins, etc. Room is provided for expansion. In operation, the ore, cuke and flux for the blast furnaces, silica and day for lining the converters, and coal for the boilers, are delivered into the top of the trestle pockets, by standard-gauge cars — Ingoldsby drop, bottom in the case of the ore, and drawn from the. bottom of the pockets into trains of six 2-ton, 30-in. gauge, side-dump, Koppel cars, which are hauled to the blast furnace, silica and clay storage bins, or coal bins, by 25 H. P. Canadian (ieneral Electric Company electric locomotives, Diaimsition uf The slag and matte run from the blast furnace into 16-in. settlers, the slag overflowing into 30-ton Pollock cinder cars, which are hauled to the dump by standard gauge locomotives. The matte is tapped into 10-ton cast-steel ladles and taken to tht> converter by a 40-ton Case Manufacturing Company's electric crane. The same crane removes the converter shells for re-lining, and takes care of the converter slag and white metal, pouring them into moulds for return into the pocket tres- tle, or for shipment to the refinery. The coal bins at the boilers, and the silica and clay bins at the clay mills, are kept full by six-car train- loads of material. The flue dust is drawn from the dust chamber into a standard gauge bottom-dump gondola, especially fitted for the service, and this car is hauled to the top of the pocket trestle on the upper level, and the dust drawn into a pocket fitted tor the purpose, whence it is drawn to a briquetting machine, pressed into ijriquettes and added to the charge. The electric tramway consists of two parallel 36-in. gauge tracks, running under two lines of grates under the pocket trestle, then over suspension scales U) opposite sides of the furnaces on the feed-llix)r level, passing over the top of the boiler room, coal bins and converter lining house, silica and clay bins. The twr -acks have cross-over connections, but, under normal working cond..ions, each track carries a train entirely independent of the other. The blastfurnaces are 50 in. by 204 in. at the tuyeres ; 14 feet 9 inches from centre of tuyeres to the feed-floor, and have, on eacii side four lower jacket.-, each 51 in. wide and 8 feet 6 inches high, and two upper jackets, 8 feet 6 inches wide and 6 feet high. Each lower side- jacket carries four 6 in. tuyeres. Both ends of th« furnice are made alike, so that either end can be used for removing matte and slag. Removal of flue duHt. 0|)erati(^n of electric traniwaVH. DimensionH of blastfurnaces. 1 » ■ METAtLlROY— SMELTIXr; 211 There is no brick work under the deck beam, Ti which ,. „o„ th, ,,«:i £°X" '^/'I'jf ;■"■ «-;-» "» "«.",,>, the erection of the nfiw nnn „„ u ^"eir smelter, before xm.ltcr. wa. the most JdernTncl b;st r I •""l^'''''' ''^ ^"PP^"^ ^^'•'^. produces standard or 1.. ''"'^''"' '" ''" '"•^*"'='- ^t n-.t only i- this into a concent^atTl T" """'' '""^ '"'•^''^•■- "— ' *'•^"■"" nickel and copper htri^M 7'"'""^' ^'^^ "'"' "'• amounts, ISpefcIntofslh T '^'"^ present in about equal cent of s lica Th?- fl"' "' ^'"^ ^'' -^""^ °^ >'•''"' '^"'' 2.^ per A v.ra... enc ot s.lica. This is sent to England, to be treated there hv th \f 1 -•""l-«itio„ process, for copper and nickel n/ffl. u- ' ^ ' '^'""^ "^ '""-""" operation of their^efining" cLacrW^^^^^^^ 7"""°"^ "'^^ ^''^ """' caused a suspension in tl ^ ' ' ^''^^' ^"'' *''" ''«'« ^-^'''^f. ,^'-'"-,»'>ipi-l theSadb rDZcT whiTerh""' T' -'-^"-gical operations in JLhI:!;', r - Canadian Copn r clln! f' ''" '*'' ''" ''^'^" "'^'•'**«'^ ^'^ *'- '■'—f about Auguri:^^r^r t r::z:? r- -^'t -^^-^ --- • that these difficulties h,iv„ n k ■'""^°'^'**'^«'y stated, howe.er, [i-.-Han gam resume operations, under the former management on «v«n „ . " '" '''-'"'"' i. .Hipped U> Vi.«ri« !„„„ r„ ;^L„, ' ■ "' ""' °""""*"' th" oriiii" r", °; • ""'•'°'' """''•■■ "•' I- """ '«••'.■ I-- >- more 01 the tMd Hoor, the hnac liooi- ni„l th, cooverter Hior T],. T"' '"' ~..«i»„„ bought ,„u, the .„„„e. ,„ . p,.«,™;2„"I .S:;r=;ft» 212 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA I ■! ;fi 1' 4!.. \o assayii of roasted ore madt*. Average nickel and copper con- tents of ore from Victoria niinv. II. III. 3.21 3.05 2.41 3.05 3.90 17.01 Description :ind dimen- sions of blast furnace. Character of average furnace chargi'. Tailings from Bruce Mines. Use of North St»r ore. level, where the tubs are received by a boy, after having been auto- matically unhitched from the haulage rope. The boy runs the tubs to the bins, tips them and hitches them, again empty, to the outgoing rope. The ore bins are situated above and behind the feed floors, so that the roasted ore can easily be discharged, through chutes, into the dump cars on the feed floor. Assays of the roasted ore are not made, owing to the difficulty of selecting samples, and without careful sampling widely different results are sure to bo obtained. For the purpose of deciding the proper proportions of ore, to be included in the furnace charges, one-tenth is added to the assays of the raw ore. The averages of the daily assays of raw ore for July and September, 1902, made by Mr. T. M. Paris, chemist to the Mond Nickel Company, are given inder I and II res- pectively, while, under HI, is given an average cf several months assays. I. Nickel 2. Copper 2.L.* Insoluble 17.20 The ore is smelted in rectangular, steel, water-jacketed furnaces, 12 ft. high, 42 in. by 120 in. at the tuyeres, and increasing slightly towards the top. The two furnaces (only one runs at a time) have each lo tuyeres, 8 on each side, a cast iron water-cooled tap jacket and Hixon slag spout. This consists of a coil of 1 in. piping, cast around with cast iron so as to form a channel some four feet long, through which the matte and slag flow continuously into the forehearth. The spout is fully described in Hixon's ' Lead and Copper Smelting,' pp. 28-30. One furnace puts through about 170 tons a day, made up (for example) as follows ; — 120 charges each containing : — A. B. Flue dust Tailings 200 " 250 lbs. Converter slag North Star ore Roasted ore Coke The tailings are practically pure quartz, with a small percentage of copper, from the Bruce Mines. The North Star ore (obtained from the North Star mine) is not roasted, and the quantity used is varied according to the amount of 200 lbs. 200 " 250 500 " 500 .300 " 250 ,600 " 1,800 300 " 300 HETALLURGV — SMELTING 213 sulphur in the roasted ore. The charges are dumped directly from the dump-cara into the furnace, through the open top, alternate charges being fed to the sides, by means of a simple device, consisting of a ^'mple device wrought iron pipe, about 8 in. in diameter, through the length of the f'unmc*?'"*^ furnace opening, and let down about three feet into the furnace. On this the charge falls and is deflected towards the sides. The blast l'«- of bhi-t. for each furnace is furnished by a No. 6 Green blower. The fore- hearth is of boiler iron, 10 feet in diameter, with 6 in. lining l)escri|>tior. and !*i/.e of fon'hearth. of fire clay and quartz. In this, the matte and the slag have every opportunity for a complete separation, and, owing to its large size, the converter foreman can always be assured of hft\ing sufficient matte ready for him, when he requires it. When the hearth tills, the slag spout is at first kept stopped up, so that the bath rises right to the top of the hearth, and a stiif slag crust forms, which is covered with F- layer of non-conducting coke. This forms thb hearth cover. aii'.l",-.' September, 1902; II, is the average for several months in the same "',',,',f,',j'^ ^f year, by Mr. T. M. Paris, of the Mond Nickel Company, while, under '''-'^t "">•■»' III, IV and V, are similar assays, by Mr. Donald Lockeof this Depart- ment. I. Nickel 0-30 Copper 0-3G Silica :U-:20 The matte is tapped, periodically through the water-cooled tap-liole, Hiin.nal .in.l flowing through i • t iron channels, lined with clay, into the converters, ■'^^''j-'^";. which are situated on the lowest level of the smelter. Al)out 20 to t>f matt''- 25 tons of matte are produced per day, by one furnace. Under I, is given the average of the metal contents of this lilast furnace or standard matte for September, 1902. Under II, the average for several months, in the same year, by Mr. T. ;SI. Paris, while III, .Vvinisi IV and V, are assays, by Mr. Donald Locke, of this Department. I. Nickel 15'20 Copper 13-14 In the converter department, are 6 Leghorn converters, only one of ■which is in use at a time, the others being repaired, lined or dried. II. i:i. IV. V. 0-34 0-31 0-25 0-2,s 0-35 0-33 0-28 0-29 31-31 30-50 32 00 30-7O II. III. IV. V. 16-53 13-80 15 00 15-50 16-22 12-10 11-80 12-00 nick)'! Hii'l COI.|..T contents ctf blast furnace niiittc. 'ti 214 OEOLOfilCAL 8CRVEY OF CANADA Kquiimifm The lining consists of a mixture of quartz and clay, the quartz being dilKirtiutiit. crushed and then ground in a Chilian mill, where it is also mixed with the clay and moistened. In lining a converter, the bottom is first put in and tamped firm ; a tapering iron tub is then placed in the converter, and round this the M. ;thu.l of lining is firmly tamped. When the lining is completed to the top of colI'v'?rtei». ^^^ *"''' ''he tuyere holes are punched, the tub lifted out, and the top of the converter put on. This is then lined, and the converter moved riepariiiK a to where a blast pipe can be connected. A wood fire is lighted and for work. ^^^ '^last turned on. The fire is kept up until the converter is wanted. The converters are moved, from place to place, by means of a travelling electric crane, commanding the whole floor of the converter department. Average The first charge of a newly lined converter is only about 1 ton. but converter ti, i- ■ • ' tliarge. as the Immg is eaten away, the size of the charge increases, the aver- ^ren^hof *g^ <'h'''"g« ''«»ng about 2 tons. A lining lasts from 11 to 12 hours, blaVt. ' ' ab™t 6 charges being blown in this time. A blast of 10 lbs. pressure is employed. JfTgand" During the blowing of a charge, . ,e slag is twice poured off into iiiutte. slag pots, by tipping the converter, the blast being turned off during the pouring. The finished matte is poured into a clay-lined bucket, which is carried by the electric crane, and the matte tapped from it into flat, cast iron moulds. be"«.mer Xg. ''^''^ following is an analysis of a clean converter slag, by Mr. Donald ■ Locke, of this Department. Silica . . 33-40 Ferrous oxide 46-50 Lime 093 Magnesia 0-08 Nickel 0-55 C.Tjpcr 0-45 Alumina 4-60 Sulphur 1-17 Average '^^^ '■°'^'*' amount of copper and nickel skimmed off, or poured from inetallie the matte during the converting, is, of course, much larger than this. cciiitentsof iu 1 i. 1 • ■ • . besNeiiier hiag. ^^ ^"^ '"St skimming contain.s much pasty, half fused substance, con- taining matte, and being higher in nickel than the clean slag. The average, therefore, of the converter slag would be considerably higher in nickel, averaging about 1 -5 per cent of copper and from 1-5 to 2 per cent of nickel. REFlNIXfi OK .NICKEL 216 The wsseiuer or converter matte contains as follow., according to . , , two analyses, by Mr. Donald Ix^ke, of this Department : U^^'^r' °' Nickel 41-88 n-jg Cobalt 3.3 0-52 Copper 37-37 nj-si Iron 107 77 ^•^'^ i'.-, of an oz. to a ton of 2,>in an absolutely pure and unifurin product, rrom 1840 to 18C0, the production of nickel was less than Karlv pr«d«c- ^00 tons annually, derived principally from the mines of Saxony and ''"" "' "'<=''^'' Hungary, with much smaller quantities from Sweden and Norway. J 216 OBOLOOIOAL SURVIT OF CANADA I {. Supply ot KTv thiiiiKht tulio limited. Entry im thf innrkt't >>f N<'W<'r.l.-.lci nin (irpn. DinCDvery i)f Hudliiiry di'i>i)«it8 stiiiMilati-d scientific enquiry. Great jmrity of commerciiil nickel. l^Mwillingn<'^1 to Kivi' infnniintion on the pait of nickel miners and Minelter". Lately all reasonable information clieerfully ifiven liy Siidliiiry conipanie.^^. Secrecy wa.s formerly maintained in every dejiart- ment of the industry. Between ihe laiier date, and the year 1876, the greatest proportion of the world'8 supply of nickel was obtained from the mines of Norway and Sweden, with much smaller quantities fron Saxony, Hungary and the United States. Careful examination of the occurrences of these nic- kel deposits, in the countries mentioned, indicated their probable exhaus- tion at no distant date, especially, if called upon to maint:iin a large and steady output. The prospecting undertaken, resulted in no new dis- coveries of a startling nature, and everything pointed to a comparatively limited supply and demand. This state of afifairs continued until about the year 1882. when the ores from the New Caledonia mines began to Hood the market. A period of over production followed, with its accompanying losses and uncertainties. The discovery of the Sudbury oies, in 1S83, proved a still further disturbing feature, although, at the same time, it prompted and Htimulutcd that scientific in(|uiry, which had been .so long delayed, resulting in the discovery of several pro- cesses, some of which, although far from realizing expectation.s in regard to simplicity, economy and ease of manipulation, have pro- duced metallic nickel, on a commercial basis, which contains as high ail 011-70 to 9982 per cent of fine nickel, the impurities being chiefly very small quantities of carbon, iron and sulphur. Another influence, which has contributed, in no small measure, to retard the progress of nickel I'-.etallurgy, and, no doubt, prevented the wide industrial employment of nickel, is the secrecy which has always been maintained by most companies, who have been or are engaged in the mining and smelting of nickel. This indilFerence, and, at times, positive unwillingness, to impart information, which would be of value or profit to the general public, has probably received no greater emphasis than in the case of nickel. Various •■xcuses, more or less urgent or reasonable, are furnished by those in control, to account for their action in this respect, but gradually, this barrier of silence is being withdrawn, and, in the case of the Sudbury District, the managers of the two principal companies, have lately shown a commendable desire, to give all reasonable details in regard to the mining and smelting operations carrried on in Canada. This universal secrecy has, in the past, not only been maintained with regard to the exact location, extent and production of the indi vidual mines themselve.s, but was especially extended to embrace the metallurgical treatment of the ores, even in the preliminary stages of roasting, matting and bessemeri/ing, while many of the small details, on which most of the success of the later refining methods depend, are still jealously repressed, or made known in such vague terms as to be BKriKINO OF NICKEL 217 thw lack of desire to impart information, and, in most of thene, refer- »'"" '»'' '" ence to the subject of nickel, or accurate and detailed knowlclxe in f^:^^u'Z:''' regard to thi« metal, ia conspicuous by its absence. Tim secrecy was, r,..,,,.. no doubt, m the first place, prompted l.y the desire of deterrini; others "''J' •••'" " rom engaging either in the n.ining or refining of nickel, and if so, ic " "' "' .as utterly failed in its purpose. It has porn.itted. and even greatly favored the spre,*ding of th- wildest and n.ost exaggerated statements in regard to the enormous profits accruing to all engaged in this business. - The public, and especially those who are intereste I in mining, are < being constantly apprised of the locali-m of nickel deposits which not '"'■"'•' '■'■"•■''■< only surpass all others in point of magnitude, but -Iso in their pecu- ' " "'" ''"'''''■ liar adaptability for refining purposes. Further investigation, by com. petent individuals, (when such are available, or happily chosen), usually discloses some well known prospect or abandoned nrno. On the other hand, men who are possessed of ample means, and are willin- to devote a considerable portion to the promotion of some legitimate minin.r or smelting proposition, are often approached by so-called experts, wit"h a IV,^,.,u supposed new and secret proce.ss, but which is alror.dy well known to a ^"i^nu^t certamfew.favoured individuals, whohavealreadyexpended large sums, "''"'"« only to find that it is not a commercial possibility. \'ery few people ""'"'""'■'• have the necessary knowledge, or any means of verifying or refutin.^ the statements of these interested individuals, and are thus often proni^ted to unusual and unwise expenditures, while, on the other hand, their ill success in these particulars prevents them fr.,m investing in some good, wholesome mining and metallurgical enterprise, when occasion offHis which, if full details were available and ofleied. would not be the case' Fling wide the gates of knowledge ; break down the barriers of silenc.. • IX.-ha,,,., „f and It IS confidently predicted that the roulting free ami wide exchange of opinions and experience, will be of incalculable, henotit not only '!'• "i'l--t to the smelters and refiners, who are engaged in the nickel industry, but will prompt, encourage and direct the inijuirini; students and in- vestigators of nickel, with profit to the whole of mankind. Numerous processes, for the refining of nickel, have been .=uggestcd \, ,,.„. and published, and, in many cases, elaborate experiments have bo.-n i"-"*' -^'- '<■>■ conducted, with varying degrees of success, to determine definitely their In""''':' economic practicability. These could not be adequately or even satis- factorily discussed or explained, within the scope of the present report, .Sc„,,.„f even if all the nece.ssary details were available for publication, but i'" |"'. ''I'"" it may be well to refer, in general terms, to a few of those, which are 'lien's",,' '''' \|" lii-llCl- nf i^' 918 (iKOLOniCAL SURVKV Or CANADA niiii ' W. t 'ciry pnj- |iniR-i|>]< H (it ill -h.'fli.il- !{i'acl'i»>i iiui fully appn-. liRtml, Wit priKiss n-qniresa \ingv urea fur plant. "Combinatiiin ^ f ' wit ' and ' dry ' ])ro- ccs-fs in use at prtvent. Manufaeturt' »'f ^t-rniaii silver. Kntinianitinii uf principal processes. Locatiiin of Otford Coiijier Cu's refinery. either, at, pr-tPiit, producing nickel on a commerciiil bonis, ur aeem to give pixii ' e A doing so in the near future. .Ml of tht'se methods lire Iji.sed on certain woll known and lon>{ esta bli.shcd prini'iples, which have. ' mc in.stancPH, been worked out in more or le»n dctiiil, and wlii ml acod under the general descrip- tion of the so called 'v iil 'dry' processes. Certain minor changes an I additions, chiell) ii details, have made the latest retining of nickel muoli more readily and economically po-sible. Even with the present improvemoats, both are oj)en to veiy serious and grave objections, as their adoption, in th • tirst place, necessitates a \eiy large and expensive plant, which is liable to frequent renewal and change, while the many complicated operations, which are still far from being fully underst(K)d, and the reactions appreciated, must entail a loss which is far from negligible. At the same time, however, the linal product has, of late years, been all that could be desired from a commercial point of view. The ' wet ' process, especially, which imitates, although on a large scale, the operations carried on in the chemical laboratory for the analysis of nickel, needs a very largo and expensive plant, if any extensive output is contemplated. This must occupy a considera- ble area of ground, while a very long time must necessarily elapse, be- fore the ore is suthciently refined, to permit of its being placed upon the market. In the case of the Uap mine, it has been stated that a year sometimes passed from the time the ore was taken from the oiine, before the product %vas in marketable shape. The present methods of treatment make use of some of the more valuable features of both the 'wet 'and the 'dry' processes, calling in tho assistance of electrolysis in the final stages, and thus obtaining the metal in very pure form. In the treatment of the concentrated nickel-copper matte for the nickel-copper alloys, usually referred to under the general name of German silver, this bessemerized matte is first crushed to powder and roasted in a reverberatory furnace to remove all the sulphur, and the oxides are reduced directly to the alloy, either by smelting with charcoal or by reducing gases. In the treatment of the concentrated nickel-copper matte for nickel matte, nickel oxide and metallic nickel, the most important methods. for the separation of the nickel and copper, are the Orford or American process, the Mond process and some electrolytic processes. Nearly the whole of the matte, produced by the Canadian Copper Co., is refined by the Orford Copper Co., at their works, at Constable Hook, N, J., opposite Brighton, Staten Island, by what is known as the alkaline sulphide process. There is considerable dispute as to the I i IIKFININd OF MCKEL 21!» «iy long i»,„ ;„"!, t, :rr'' "■ "'■"""''''' ■' '• i~ ■"■• p~™, „ .»!: , ,l!crc::;:rr'"''' ■■' "■;■"' ' •" "■'■ f!»";:™'.. tho result of an ar..i,l..n/l . '^^ c..no,.rnn Tl.,„„.„,. "'p. o„.., .:.z : • , :";r;: iT, -'"-, ;■' - "■"■•■■»■' su,,. „o„„,„™, ,„ u:.r:.L:' ; ,, ::t^T,";: ,;;; :':; ''■■":' "xe ance. On ioii„ seiies ot expt'iiinenls, on ii lur.n. „,.,.!,. .1 present in operation, wan ..Tdually workedotM" %;/'""" "' his ' Sketch of t!.., Nickel Indu.ffv ' . ' ""'"• ^ "' '*''"""'' in „„ f • I ."'" -^^'CKei industry, draws attent on to tho f^ct fl„,f i'" vm.ih .i«,- in certain dsscript ons accomnanvin,, ,.nr li .• 1 , ' " "' "IkHli.i- dating as far back a, W -^ V^' """' ^°'' ^^"«"^'' P'''<^»l'^ ^"'"'''''" ^x^^^E^^^^t d ':;• :r "irr '- ■• - ^•«"""» -- ^^^^^^^^^ ■"■ - up at , ..e,,„,,d to sulphide, which forms, with the copper and t^ '■"■"- the_n^w.^s.«ll .ua^tiue^onron andlcopper. On expos' to "'''''-' (1) Ann. R,.p. Bur. of .Minen, Ont., HKX), ... 22a 11 • butti.niH, ' if 220 nKOLOOIOAL lURVBV OF CANADA If 1-. Pnxliictiiiii I if iiicki'l oxide mill iii't tllii- nickel. rik.V expense of the nickel in the bottom, producing again a fluid iiiixtiire of iron, copper and sodium sulphides while the nickel, in a Homi mfitullic state, sinks to the button once more. IJy properly balan- cing thest> operations, a pure sulphide of nickel it at last obtained, which is siinply calcined, with a little sodium nitrate to the nickel oxide of commene. The oxide is either mixed with tlour, molasKes, etc., and pre»8eerized Victoria Mines matte is tirstdead roasted, and for this purpose, any suitable furince may be employed. After roasting, the matte averages about .'55 per cent of nickel, 4.3 per cent of copper and alxiut 2 per cent of iron. It is than treated with dilute sulphuric acid, for the extraction of part of the copper, (about GG per cent) and not above 2 per cent of the nickel. This copper is sold as crystallized sulphate of copper. The residue, after drying, from this operation, assays from 45 to 60 per cent of nickel, (aver.iging about 51 per cent) and 21 per cent of copper. The third operation, has for its object, the reduction of the nickel and, incidentally, the remain- ing copper, to the metallic state, without including the iron. For this (1) r.ng. and Min. .Tour., Vol. LXIV., (.7uly 3). 1HP7, pp. 8 !». (2) Robertn-Aimten ' Niikel Kxtraction by the Mond I'loccss.' \ pai>er read before tlie Institution of Civil Knginttrs, London, I)nj,'., on tlie Hth November, 1808. Also Ann. Rep. Bur. of .Mines, Ont., Vol. VIII., IM'.Hi. pp. lOti-iao. RBri!iir»tiiin >if <>|i>'rutluii>. til Mm nivi'il to MiiiiiTi Hwpfncr t>Vctr( (lytic Short dpHcii|i tion t>f Kovt'min^' iirincipK's or' Kraouh |irtict'9!4. pur|«M», it ii treHtetl in « tower 7.5m. hiK»i, and ountaining 1 ( hollow ihelvM, whiili arahonteil with wntor km, to not inon« than 3(K) C, and prefeinlily 250 , when much iron ix pn-m-nt. The ore is movi ,., fntni nht'lf to »helf, by meann of raltps, opfrated hy a vertinal axle. The lowput itlieivcn iitH ctK>le.l. Thn h«c1uc»«eratui<' must not exceed 100 C. The remiinder, from this voialilizer, is n>turnen stated, that Dr. Mond's procesg, although ingeniously and tho- roughly worked out, has developetl certiiin weakne.sses, Huch on imper- fect oxtroction of nickel, anfactory results are achieved, and the larger proportion of the nickel obtained. The danger of explosion atid poison, from the carbon monoxide gas, have all, seemingly, com- bined to delay the successful operation of this process, on a large scale for any protracte'l pei' ■' TlIK IIOEPFNF.R ELKCTnOLYTIC PKOCESS. In this process, a chloride solution is obtained, which has been freed from other metals, either chemically or oloctrolytically. The solution is neutralized, and then accidulated with some weak oxygbn acid, such as citric or pho.sphoric acid, and the rli-ctrolysis effected with insoluble anodes. The anodes are immersed in a chloride solution of some more electro positive metal than nickel. The cathodes are rotatini; or vibra ting metal plates. The chlorine evolved is collectetl. THE KRASCIl ELECTKOLYTIC PROCESS. This process depends on the reaction in the electrolytic decomposi- tion of common salt. At the anode, chlorine is evolved, at the cathode, sodium hydr»te is formed by a secondary reaction. When applied to copper nickel matte, the anode consists of a layer of carbonaceous material. This is covered with a layer of matte, and he matte with a layer of »and. which serves as a diaphragm, between the .anode •^«e« HKKI!«IN.i or M, KKt, 22.1 njrarata At tho cuthtxle, c.iu«tic >.o'troiii. Xickt 1 coins iinid SA:) li.C. Ancifiit coiiia lii:ulf uf same alloy at. pri'si'iit us«il. I'liysioal pr»>|H>rties 1 nickel. Purity of iiickttl haH steadily in- the precipitation of nickel using anodes of lead and cathodes of sheet nickel. To avoid impoverishment of this electrolyte, portions of it are periodically withdrawn, the ammonia recovered for re-use and the nickel sulphate added to the electrolyte as needed to preserve the proper strength. The process is economical and produces nickel of high quality continuou-sly and cheaply.' Another process for the electrolytic winning of nickel, which is in successful operation, is the Balbach process, as carried on at the Bal- bach works, N. J. This process, however, is kept strictly secret. NICKEL. Nickel is a comparatively new metal, as far as our western civiliza tion is concerned, for it was discovered in 1751, by the Swedish metal- lurgist Cronstedt. It was, however, not until 175^, that Cronstedt definitely determined that it was a now element. Its name was given on account of its being a constituent of niccolite or ' kupfer nickel ' as it was then called. Cronstedt's discovery was made in examining the ore, obtained from the mines of He singland. In 1770, Engstrom analyzed the material which had found its way to Europe, fnmi China, under the name of ' Pachfong', finding it avi alloy made up of varialile ((uantities of copper, nickel and zinc, but usually present in the pro- portion of 40 per cent of eopjjer, 15 per cent of nickel and 15 per cent of zinc. This alloy had bet'n in use in China for thousands of yeais. Previous to this again, as m)ticed by Dr. Austen in his ' Histor- ical Sketch of Nickel' the Bactrian King Euthydemos who reigned about -rib B.C., employed an alloy of nickel for coinage purposes, con- taining 77-58 per cent of copper, ^004 per cent of nickel and 1 -72 per cent of other impurities, such as iron, cobalt, tin, silver and sulphur. It is worthy of remark, that so long after this, the alloy at present in use for the manufacture of coins, is very similar in composition, con- taining about 75 per ce#t of copper and 25 per cent of nickel, which experience has taught us is the best proportion for such a purpose. Nickel, in its pure state, is silver-white in colour, hard, tough, fusible with difficulty, and Ih susceptible to magnetism, although not to the same extent as iron. It has the peculiar property of losing this mag- netism when heated, and regaining it when cooled, this peculiarity being taken advantage of, in the manufacture of certain alloys for elec- trical purposes. Nickel has a specific gravity of 8-5 to 89. The purity of the nickel, which has been on the market, has steadily increased since its first manufacture. This will be evident from the ANALYSES OF SICKEL 225 subjoined table of analyses of the coininercirtl product. The thii h first Aiitlmnti.H analyses are .,uoled from the Min.-ral Industry, and were made in u!^\uX'JT'' li'^Ol. All the others were made in If^'J.S and lf<'yj. iiunt.il. Aiwilviiin of thf iiiLkt'l of oiiiiuiierce. lU s a c -= . ^, r r ~ ^, ^^M ''• ^ » - -'- tic ^ "T — -^; ^ — ^ — i~iS r = = = ■" ,_'"""" = ~ <• - >: n - 7 ■ i^ii— - - :i cJ — < C ?''■'< ^ )" 14—11—15 _ X .*. r- •2.6 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA USES. Nickel first (iermau nihir Nickel in electro- platinj;. Nickel- platpd iron. Use of nicki'l fcr coins, Furr nickf*l now usHil in place of alloys. Intense colouring proj)erties ol nickel. Iiii, itiition into K\irope of I'.TkfonK or China silver. Analyses of different varieties of *New Silver. The first and chief denmnii for this metal, was for making nickei or German .silver, as asuhstitute for the more precious metal, in the mauu facture of spoons, forks and other ware in i;eneral, for which silver had been previously u?ed Its whiteniss, and the facility with which it received and tielows. Ziiif. Nickel. Iron. 17.01 19.13 0.52 2 -.'.20 22.20 31.25 18.75 .30.20 9.70 1.00 5. GO 19.80 4.70 The chief uses of these alloys are for fork.s, spoons, etc., and various household goods to be silver-plaied, and for many scientific instruments, where brass was formerly used. LSES OF NICKEL l-Yi ts ma leab.hty aud this property has hee„ utili.e.l iu the ...anufacture rrP""" '" o mck..l .n.o sheets, u„d also in .naking sheets composed c' au iron --t.. P ate wuh a n.ckel plate welded upon each side of the iron ; the mass •"^-"™''''">- then becomng capable of being rolled to any desired thickness. This ::;ut;;:f :!S. ' ^"^ '-'^^-^^ °^^^ ^■•'^-'^■■^ ^- ^'-' ^- -^-^ ;<-' ■'- Nickel-plated zinc or ' nickeloid,' as it is called, is being used to a Viek.-l.id considerable exte.t in the manufacture of retlectors, n-fr-.^erator linin;;s, baths, etc. The most important and extended use of nickel, however, is in the ,■ , . , , manutacture of nickel steel, and, at pre.sent, we n.ust look to its ,nore inT.K.vTi'h' general employn.en. in this direction, as replacing carbon and man- ""'• ganese steel for the .levelopment of the nickel indusfy. The peculiar and desirable behaviour of nickel, in alloy with other metals, and ive..,;,, especially with iron ana stee, has often been remarked, the n.aterial -"-'f partaking more of a chemical combination than an ordinarily intimate """"^■ mixture. All these alloys are remarkably homogeneous, and susoepti- ble ot a high polish, though rather ditKcult of manipulation In, ,, ,, obtaining a correct idea of the usefulness or value of alLs of niek." ^ilXf'''- with iron and steel, it should be borne in mind that these matures con- tain manganese, carbon, silicon, sulphur and phosphorus, whose influence must be caretully watched, requiring a long series of experi- 1 .nt... ,.. ments. A comparison of steel alloyed with 4.7 percent of nickel .ai.ed "-^' ''«'-' theela.tic limitfroni 10 up to 28 tons, and the breaking strain f'r„m 30 up to 40 tons, without impairing the elongation or contraction of area to any appreciable extent. A further gradual increase of hardness was m:^"^'!' .'.:[. noticed unt, 20 per cent is reached, when a change takes place and ,., , successive additions of nickel tend to make the steel softer, and n.ore I'^'^r.,, ductile. The alloys polish well, and the colour of the steel is li-^htened Ll^i;'-' ''""' as the proportion of nickel is ir.creased. They do not corr.„le as readdy as other steel. The one per cent nickel steel welds fairlv well but this property lessens with each addition of nickel. It may "there' fore, be said that considerable advantage can be expected fron'. these alloys, e.speciHlly where th« amount of nickel pre.sent is less than 5 per cent. Nickel steel is now being used for a variety of purpo.ses, amon. ,. which may be mentioned rails for railways. These have been tried for 1 1^ "' ""'" ' number of years, at Cumberland Gap, in the United States and have given very great satisfaction. The tirst cost is considerably hi.rher but they can be made much lighter, and will outlast three ordinary stee' v , , rails. Its most important use, however, is for armour plat, s -.nd rau" ^""'' 228 OKOLOOICAL aUhViV OK CANADA I'we uf nickel »tii-l in iiiactiint'i'MitH I_'s<- in pro [it'UiT ntlMftB, PK'k drilla.itc. Nicki'l itifl wire ro^w. Co-etticicnt of expanrtitni of nickel Pteel. ComiK '^ition of rlironie- niikt'l. Tungslfn- nickel. ComiM"i«ition of molylidr- nuni-nickfl. Th- ir:l nf nickel steel U:i> jnst been entered u|Hm. heavy ordnance. For niachino parts, sul)jecte(l to alternate stress and shock, and where incnvise of stren<,'tli and decrease of weijiht are desirsd, it is unrivalled. On account of this marked (luality, it hasheen used for engine and propeller shafts, antl has proved s" much superior to all other steels for this purpose, that it has no rival of importance. Owing to its resistance to ' fatigue ' from per^-lstent vibration and concussion, it is particularly valuable for steam hammer piston rods, rock drill piston rods, railway axles, or tank pins ; also for light forged engine frames, bolts for extreme hydraulic pressure, bicycles, etc. It has also been recommended for the manufacture of dies iind shoest in stamp mills, and of wire rope. Nickel steel wire rope would be less corrosive, and have more tensile strength, than the ordinary steel wire ropes, in use at present. The CO erticient of expansion of nickel steel with .36 per cent of nickel, is only 0.0000008", that of ordinary materials varying from 10 to 20 times this figure. Thir low co-etHcient of expansion will likely be of great value for raany purpose.'. Alloys with 42 to 46 per cent of nickel, have the same coefficients of expansion as various sorts of glass, which will make them valuable in replacing the more expensive platinum, in cases where metal and glass have to be welded together. Other alloys of nickel are mentioned in "The Mineral riidustry '' Vol. X. They are nicke'.-aluminium, with a tensile strength of 40,000 lbs. per sq. in. and an elastic limit of :i">.000 lbs. per scj. in. Chrome nickel, containing usually 73 per cent of chromium, 23 per cent of nickel, 2.5 per cent of iron. 1 per cent of carbon and O..^ per cent of silicon, is u.sed in making steel for projectiles and armour plates, which is said to be better than Harveyized steel armour [)lates. Tung- sten-nickel has a coaiposition similar to chrome-nickel, tungsten tak- ing the place of chrome. Molybately, Dr. W addell ha.s be..„ employed, under the auspices of the International Xickel Company, in m.-kinf; an elaborate series of test. and experiments, with nickel steel, with special reference to it.s more KM-rime„t- «'xt..nded use m bridge buildin- The general public, an."l more parti- f'-- '""mH cularly, that numerous soction of it in Canada, who are intereste.l in ("■irpan'by the extension of the nickel in(histry, will look forward with pleasure '^'- ^^■*l'''''- to the appearance of Dr. WaJdell's conclusions, which, it is hoped, will not be witheld, on the plea that the information is of a confidential nature. PRODUCTION OF NIC.KL AND .(...PRK ...(OI Till: SUDlTKY DI.STKICT. It is difficult to obtain the exaci, [.roiluction of the nickel and c .p" per ores of the Sudbury District, during the first three years of mini-ij' from 1886 to 1888, inclusive. Thus, H. H. Matlett, Superintendent of the Orford Copper company, at New I'.righton, L. I., N. Y., under date of April 18, 1904, answering an in.|uiry addres.sed t(, President A. P. Turner, of the Canadian Copper Companv, at Copper Clitf, ( )nt .sf.tes that during 188t;. 1,040 ton. of ore, carrying 7.2 per cent of copper and 3 per cent of nickel, were mined at Copper Cliff, and during 188" 8,864 ton.scar ying 8..-,6 per cent of copper and ;i.31 per cent ot",ickel. were also raised from the the .san. nine. According to details, furni- shed^th.. (ieological Survey Department, l,y the Customs Department, :'«,307 tons of copper ore were shipped from Su.lbury, in 18s6, with a' declared customs value of .* 1 6,404, and in 1887, .".67 tons of similar ore were also shipped, with a declared customs value of .83,4 16. A careful and conservative estimate, to arriv.. at the total production, would place the amount mined during these three years at 30,000 tons averaging about :, per cent .,f copper and 3 per cent of nickel, this ore thus containing, approximately, 900 tons of nickel, and 1,.W0 tons of copper. Valuing the nickel, at the average price for the three years, at 62.12 cents per II.., the total ultimate value of the nickel in the ore' would amount to .^1, 1 18,160, while the copper, at the avrage price of 12 cents per pound, woui,: amount to s360,000. -According to the yearly returns, furnished the (ieoloj-ical .Survey Department and the Ontario Bureau of .Mine.s, the total ore mined in the di '-i.jt, including the esti mp^e as above given for the Hrst three years, hivs amounted to'2,09.'!,427 tons. The total amout of nickel in matte, sold from 1880 to 1903, both years inclusive, amounted to 39,827 tons, with a final value in New (1) Prtic. IiiKt. Civil Kiitr., Loiiilon, \'(,|. (,'X.\X., p|). 1 IC,;. (l')Traii.s. Am. Iu..,t. ilm. Kng., Vul. XXIX., (Sept.), 189!l, pp. M9-(;4S. FiuMiri" nf f .HI 1 y (rrnliictidn nf iiirki'l ill Su'iimrv Di.itriet ditii cult to lllit.lill. H*'tU17.s flic issr.-.s; i>y Cuiiiuliaii ('(,p|»T Ct tlin- . y»'ars. .Matt.' so!,l from i>.S'.|. 11103 inclu.siv. t 230 (JKOI.OGICAL 8UKVEY OK CANADA York, ut the lowest average prevailing price in thoyear !.: which it was placed upon th« market, aniountc.J to s:!r),(iO;),L'72, whiln tlio copper present in the matte, in the sami' period, amountin;; to 37, H"J, tons Lil'l'ailir.'ir ^*'''*''^ "■^ '^'"' average price of copper in the year sold, realized §9,- iiick, 1 :iii,l 799,7;50. If we include the three first years, at the tiyures already pri'XItd. Si^'^'i, wo obtain a total amount of nickel sold of 40,7l'7 tons, with a value of i?;J6, 721, 432 ; while the copper amounted to ;{S,y2!) tons, with a value of .'?10,1.">1I,739. Kstiniati. of This nickel and copper ore also contains cobalt, and an average of a aliit. iit» uf ''*''S^ number of assays, would indicate that the proportion of nickel to ""»"'•. cobalt as "lO to 1, is a conservative estimate. If all of this could have been saved, .S I .") tons of cobalt would have been thus produced, and this, at a price of S3.00 per 11)., would have amounted to 6 t,S'JO,000. In addition, these ores contain appreciable (juantitie.'i of the precious metals, .Avcnit-'c j,'old, silver and metals of the platinum group. The phitinunj metals l'i'.'cf.!lis " average about 1.20 oz., the gold 0.37.') of an ounce, while the silver has iiiftiiU iKT been calculated on the assumption that 7.5 oz. are present to the ton tun <»i piirt' ... uiekil. of nickel, which is certainly below the average. On this assumption, the value of the precious metals, at the average of the rulii\g New York price in the years produced, would be as ffillows : Cold $305,460; .Silver, .■irl!l5,2«0 ; Platinum, 8S05,429 ; Total, . ,uu1 Xo. :WFr.«„l .„u...)min.., ,dl three of which have prrMluce,! he-wecn lUO.OOO an.l 200.000 tons of ore. The Crei^h on ,n,„e .-. wi,h,-ut douh, the Ur.est n,i„e n; the district, an di ore fneorea. pres.nt bein, n.ined aver.,., .bout :. per ..n.T.f Xm .■vnd2peroentof copper, during tt.e„,„„ti, of ^:ayi.sc(IW4M•.^0.•.u;,„s of ore were m.ned. and, in .Fune, it was o.v,,e^-ted that •2.',0U0 tons .„uld be secured^ It ..s prop,...J, in ,,he near future to ere.-t an.-ther ro, k house, fu,.,h<.r west, on this sa.ne ,..,,„s,t, when .heoutput will be ne.rly doubled. The old Bh...,,, .nine. b. l„n,in, u, the rLi..ion .Mi,...:! Co.npany, p,..,J.ably p,.odueed about Kki.OOU tons of ore, wl.il,- -'.v 000 mine. The V .ctona ......e, belonging t,. the .Mond Nickel Co..,pany ha. produced about 80,000 ton. of ore, while the san.e co.np.nv, up t'o the KstofJune, 1,04. had obtained about 13,000 tons from the" N„nh Star.n.ne At the .Mu,...ay .nine 02. HKUons were produced, v ,,e the Lake ^^upettor Power Co.npany obtained ;i3„s,n tons fron. he Elste M.ne, and l.S.OOO tons fn.n, the (ie-arude .nine, up to the en. .f .he^nk •""°"'T' ''"'''1 "" "■P'""''"^'^' '■•""' »'- --''' -ports of he ]).u.s,on of I.n,.,.al Statistics and .Mines, of the (ieological Survey I)epart,uent, and of the liureau of .Mine.s. of (Ontario. Both have been prepared by M,. .1 McLeish, who has charge, under .Mr. E. D. In.a T it) rtl """'"" °P'^''''''«"^' -"■"'"d on in the district from 188'. to iau,J. both yeans inclusive. CreiRlitDii of (.1... Large prij- ilin tiori of liit-'li (,'ruHr oif ir.iiri ('rfit;tiii)n llUlle. I'lvwlm tioii friirii Uniiii- iiiiiti .Mineral Cn"s iniiifs. rnrf]iiiti,,ii iif iiri' frcm \ ictoria mint-. North Star mint'. .Murray. tifrtrudp anil KUit mines. Tahlcs „f prtKlucti(ii) Sir. .1. .MiLtish. s : 23:.' OKOLOUICAL BURVKY OF CANADA i^ 3 3 OS 3 ■f. % "T 'w :: "f r" ' • v' *^* "■ • - '^ V *.' ^' — ' ?i fi fi ;:f Vi K ^ V ^ •^' 3 *■ i ?: k' * s -J :.' i ;■; - ,4 7 J ;- ». = l- Ti s s' - i ^1 f. r; - r: ?. y: - v I r- J-? ;. f i »- .-. r* — f; c -/ ?^ — ;'; ■>: I f: 7'. i 5 5 ^' i ^- '^ c T ■*■ V C- ^- *' - 2* t- ^J /.' ?• ^ r. s fi ?: — ^ -2 i-; 1 - '/ 7. ."-■ X t'l 5 T i —■—■-; —■ — ■ — 7 ; ; [ n —' .-■:' -j:' C iii -3 3 ■■/: a. -3 a a o 1 O I ■'^Ma '■ :^ :ii ^ fi 1*-. ■ o ^ £■ — ^ . c-S ei f5 ^- «.?. ft ^^.^ Ti — ^ — x r: Vi ..-5 3 &■ $ V 2 a SJ S T £ S ' tj »' S 5 — ' 3S d PRODirt TIOV OK NICKKI. AND .OPHKK K HOM HUDlilKV :>33 i •8 i 4 a g •s. B 6, a 3 -I ■S o # - ?5 a I - "_i ■)|i"lo,0 I ■ 3 i ; ;§5Ui^^!f§5^^L; •BsiSsii:???; ^ 5 .^ ij .? • • ^ ?tf — c; M-*~ 3 i ?i •- *, rs J ■'jIn- ■STj-.^ i^eg I c ?' n fi ?! 3 = Pli i^ ;Iti^^ H t— H-.I6 S34 liKOLCKilCAL SUHVKY OF CANADA Karly iinxliic film iif ni( ktl *\ ui'tion <»f niekt I fr>itii Nfw (*al»t|o ni» i»ii»«. I.:»r,:i' iiu-rf-nr'i in prtNlurtioii (if Caniuli.m iiickpl. W'orld'H priKliK'tioii of nickel. TIIK WOltLliX I'RiiKt'CTION "K NICKKL. From IS 10 to If^iiO, the annual productimi of ni(!kol scarcely iiver- agfd 100 metric tons |H'r annum, and in noningle year wa-ta pnuluctiun of "JOO metric tonn cxcpcdwl. From iSfiO to 1M80, a vt-ry gradual, thou^di diitinct, increnoi! way. noticoalilc, up to (SUO metric tonx, al- though, alK»ut tlio year 1S74, a little over 700 metric tons were pro- duced. In l.S'^O, the jiroduct of ilie New Calorltmia mnos l)rcame a diHtinct factor '>n the market, at (irnt with a production of aliout 'JOG metric tons jK'r annum, hut gr idually increasing until the year 1884, when ihf pr idu'tion was iihMiit 1,000 tons. In the year INHi), the pnxluct of I ho Sudbury miii'S was placed u|M>n the market, hut only 432 ton.s were sold. In the yi ar iS'.ll, however, 2,018 tons ( I, H.'iO metric tmi!') of nickel were sold which had been produced from the Sudhniy oics, while, at the same time, the pnwluct of the New Culidoiiia mines, which had reached the figure of ■J,t!>4 metric tons, driip|ied to \,i\'.>G metric tons in 1892 In I8y.1, the world's total priMluction of nickel amounted to 4,412 metric tons, the amount of the Canadian priHlmt |)laced on the market, aj;greyating 1,807 metric tons ; while Norway, in tin- same year, }iroduted al)out DO metric tons, and tiie I'niteU •State.'*' ■'2-4 metric tons. These fiuures showeil a still further and rather rapid increase up to the year l'.)OI, when a totpl of '.t,;{81 metric tons were produced, the Canadian nickel aujounting to I, U)8 metric tons, and the New Cale- donia to 5,210 metric tons, while the I'nited 8tate.s producey the Metalltiesellschaft amounted to 9,8*0 metric ton.s. It is evident, however, that this is understated and that the actual production is considerably in excess of this amount, for the official returns for Canada ai-d the United .States, as reported to the Geological Survey and the Bure.-iu of Mines of Ontario, give the production as 6,400 metiic ton, sinstead of 5, 1 00 metric tons, as stated by this authority. Assuming the ollicial tis^ures as more nearly accura'e ami addin<; the production from New Caledonia as (|uoled by the Metallt^eiselLschaft (4,750 metric tons), a granil total of 11,150 metric ton:-, is obtained, as the aj;gregate of the world's production for 1903. TIIK PRK K m NKKItL 23ft TheNeflRurPHnrefullof hope f„r Unada, aa.l with tl,« Kr.ifluallv imroaHinK knowledge of the trun v,il,„. an-l u.es ..f ni.k,.|, l.y reas.,,'. of It. many .l.^irablo phymcal ,,u,iliti«s, which in Kra^lu.liv bocming inoro Beneral. the prwluctio,. „f „' .Irel nhouUl l... doul.lod in tlie next hve jre,.rM. It i» hopek-.., and in n.u.h greater detail, the wnrld's annual pr.xluction c.f nickel, from I^M!» t„ |<)02. The figure, for thn foreign pnxlu.tion for l'J03 ar.- n-t vol available. ThoHO statisticK are obtained n.ainly from the >reUlk'csellschaft and Metallurgi-sc-hedeseilwhaft (Frankfort onthe-Main), Aug., I'.tO.I, p. -.'3. The production of nickel from domestic ores in the Unite.l States ,Au,h.,r„i,.. U quoted from Mineral It.source.s of the United Htale. while that of T"'/'/.'"';''^' Canada is fron. the Division of Mineral Statistics an.! Mines, (Geological "'-'l - Survey of Canada, with the exception of 1!.03, nhich is fron. the llu- .'.Tnl'T-!.!'" reau of Mines. The figures of Canadian j.r.Kluction, include nickel actually, sold while those of the Uureau of .Mines, which are stnt.-d in a separate table, aiv of nickel prmluced, part of which re.naine.I in stock. The figures for (iern.any, e.sent the production of Prussia. „..,„;,. „, Saxony also produces nickel, Lur, accurate details are not .eadilv ^"'^U^'- available. ' ilucut.n fi m iu,iil„i,|,. THE PniCK OK .NICKKL. In l.><7r., the price of nickel per lb., uinountrd to .-^.fiO. In |,S77 it i .,,,., , , dropped to 11.60 per lb., and in 1878, it showed a still further decline i'"--'''"*^"' to?1.10perlb.In 1879. it recovered slightly to.^l. 12 per ib. hut in 1880 " ""' .t again decreased to ^1.10, which latter figure was maintained until 188.1, when the price steadily declined to alx.ut GO cents. .\t present ,„ „„, .1 the pncr, ,iuotc:i by leading producers, varies from !0 t,; 17 ■■■■uf per '^'■"•■"'"' '" lb., for large quantities ,lown to ton lots, according to si.c and tern,s """■ of order^ 1 he price for smaller lots, according to ,,uanu.v, runs a.s l',.s.n, ,,„... nigh a.s 60 cent-: per lb., in New Y'ork. "f "" '^' ' 3S« OBOLOniCAL aDRVII or CANADA I I I •8 hi r«3 I it I sl "SO |sr, .H voee»»«ea«nsw»a K "SI* £S§&$S^S8 I iSffS 8 3 A. a. 6 o «f f? i if 1 1 i'l rr M 1 f t- I la--*- i 17 o o i- iS Ih M-. .it . -3 Sr. 3 a. 3 = J i« t. •I h 1 ii Si: if I s if 11 ^i I I WWT i I i I'4» ff.^. Mi.umjW>.k'. HIHiMHiUMHUiilififlSliifliilliilllillilHiiil m u m r^ .!^: I i I I I; I , : I I - f ■i^ r I ci si f- c I o I J i CRKiiiHTON Mini. Canadian Coppir Cd. This virw wa. wkH. fr.*. tl,. .i.ln of th. ,„a,n ,.,t l„,kinK «■«• K. nnd .l,..w, th.. n.-.thod- of handlitig tlif orf. li i\ i: I'; 8 •a i I 5f 3 ••. a £ s 1 s B H IS ^ ^ i 91 s d ?, c r. ■ in c r.» 1 1 i i. o p 6 r ^ ,=• J 'A -g ft S J n >• i i ; I f V I Bf^_ r ^^B^mB^ ^^^l.^i3__ BZ/tlliBihav/ M ^BK^KmM '^^vxwHM' ^ n ^WMW^ L.M';.:'''V'yff/.-* ■■^' "iL. fc* ^- -^■l^"'"-*' vjV mKm \ »^ •: "^..^«8fJ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^E£ ^E^^^^^^^^^^^^B^V^^ 'v s^^Kl' 'ilL'fll I^^IH^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^R^ '^^A^^ . jnf«jR^^^^^I *■ , %:.* , M^^^J^^^ffnK^^^^^^H - ' "'''''' • •.>-^ J -* '^■"^%2^ ^ ^^* • : p- 1 ,■ ■^^i.'^: ^^3^- ii;4^i. r 1 V 1 f I I ■£ it ft "S it J '•CMCOfY RBOWTION TBT CNART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ■) ' <. £ g 1 t = 11 < en ~ s "1 V I 2 I £ 2 O (8 o * (2 S s i B ■» O J= !i . '•i r T I t -Jm T