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S 599 N1+H6 Ra re / ti SOILS OF NEWFOUNDLAND. THE ORIGIN^DERIVATION & OOMPOSITI ATVT OF SOILS, COHERE WTTH PABTICULAE KEFEREHCE TO THE SOILS OF N[WF [BY JAMES P. HOWLEY, Esq., F.G.S). •> Printed at the Daily Colonist Office, St. k ■«r 9* it.'1^%!., 1'. I;. l!n' ( Dr.Ai; s wliicli I llil years I'i'jifl it !>o1 II.I.K.S.; I'illTvillU- (I liltclv to Ui seem ail i'S|iccially, railway e ilisciissidii 111 (iiir vrM I lie cliiel' n In I'cniuvc liT III iiiir -r.'aliy dil r(i|U|)(iSO(| I n'aM)iu'(l iVdiii |i('rsi As a |iiiiii I wciuld il al till' ciiil Si. ( W'OVir ll was allrr 1 liai raMHirci] Will. w. I .ainl Cii., iiiis-imi 1(1 |ili Ir run w lilti'ii al -mil a n-l ii|Miii acli llii'ii" can r\ IT M'tllt Mill ill \\\l Mlir rll lllllllc IIC( anil ill "V rnri'lll:i--l III' iiKinki NDLAND SOILS The Origin, Derivation and Composition of Soils, consid- ered from a Geological point of View, with particular reference to the Soils of Newfoundland [l;^ .1 \M!- 1'. II. w[,|,^. Km,.. K.(;.S.J S|. .l(i|l\"-, .hlllf I Itli. l.ss;). ■,^^ |,.;i,-l uIhtc siidi is |Mi>-ili!c. (Mil cliiilil 111 lie r I{. liiiW'i!-. I'l^ci.. tliiiri>iij;lily civili/c'il. li iii.ii k> liit! liiif t.< iwccii Dr.Ai; Sii;.— Tlic paiMTon llicsnI)i,Tt(.rs<.ils. fivill/ation mikI l.arhiiriMii. Pivliisloric iiimii wliicli I liuiulcd vdii th.. ntluT (lav. wMs writt.'ii "i'^- i'l "i"^' '•■>-^'-- ■' "''''• ii"'i">'li'' IhmiIit. iwu vi-av.s !i;rn. ■ It wi.s inv inli'iitioii to liavr ckoin- out a invcarions ..Nislni.v Iroin tlic pio- iva.l'it l.doiv \\w .\L;Ticiilliiral Section of tlir .liM'l of tlic cliase— at times waliouiii- in alMiiid- II.I.K.S.; bnl eirci'mi.staiiee.- i.iv\ente.l the ^'ik'*'- I"" .ji'-t as lre.|iienily ] •lied i)y -ainit eaiTvin- out of that intention. I wasrei|iiesleii iHin-<'i- and stai\ atioii. I |e reiinired iinniense iatelV to have it piihlished. Tiie present would "••'•''^ ol' territofv over whiej, i,i •■xtenil Ins liiinl- seein an o|.).()rtiine time for iloinir s,, : now. i!i;Lr avocations in order tpe.-l. ler ol ,,nrsoih-to .^Imw that ihev could not The ( 'elti.' race. also, early allaincd to a .-on- -ivatlv dilfi'r fromlhose of other countries. lieiiiL: -idcralile pro-res- in a-ricnllnr.- and .lomcsli.' c.niposed of the same mineral con^titiienls. .^c |>nrsnil,- When wc mm lo .K-ia and America I reasoned pm-elv upon ircolouieal -rounds, and "'■ ■'.-■'i" li'"' l!"' Clniic-c and dapanese ol from personal ol.servation ail o\cr the island, ll"' f'>nner. the l'cril\iaii- and .McMcans. .\s a proof of the correctness ot ni,- concJnMolis. "i' Tollcc and .\/lcc race-, ol liic hitler. I would draw esp.'cial allenlion to \\u- aiia!vsi> Ji" I'li' advanced in this uol,l,> science al the eii.lofthe paper, of the avera-esoil in'lhc mid. coiiseipicnlly. in civilization, while the St. (ieoro-e's l>av district. more liariiarmis honli's o| hoih hemispheres . ^ , ,', , ,1 were slill in the Ininlcr -lale of cxislcnce and It was oidv last antimin. more Hiaii a \car , ,. . . , . .,. , , , -•,. ,1 ,1,1 I ■' II niter sava'.ic,-. In lacl. a'^ricnlliire and I'lvih- alter 1 had written the paper, llial I \> as kiiidiv n'^ i .i ■ ,i ' ' ■ zalion werc.-o closeh- allii'd thai the one was laMHired with a copv of this analvsis liv .Mr. , , ,. , . ,,, . •, ,,. -..r ,, ,',' I- . ,• .i '!• i' ,,. ,1 the n.iliiral onlconie ol llie oilier. loi|a\ it Will. \\ . iJonnvii. V .h.. vVc.. ol ilic I cJcLrrapli Land Co.. who has also recentiv uixen me per- mission lo make Use of the >ami'. Il is a com- plete conlirmalion of whiil I hail pic\ ioiisly written alioiit the soils id' ih.il d slriel, and lieiii'.; such a relialde. independent lesliinony, founded upon actual ascertained faci (analysis), which there can he no gainsay iici. should, i think. f"i- v\i'v selile the ipiestioii of the character of ihe -oil in that SI clioii oi' the eoiiiitry. al Icasl. Voiirs siiicendy. .i.\MKs i'. ll()\vl.l;^. pio'^rc-s. Iicforc which llic le-- slaMc pursuit- of the sa\ aue ha\i' ni le.ilcil slc|i liv step, and the sa\aL:c l.inisclf ili-appearcd IVoni llie face of the carlh. \\'\\;\\ was once the lioiiic of llic iniHiilo and w ild red ni.in of A inerica . is now coin eii cd li\ lliis 'lian! indusiry. into the sniilinu'. '.'■olden- rarcd wheal liclds. of ll wurld's v:realcsl Lira nary." Here in mn- own Terra No\a '\. of all \\\r civilized coiinlrics of the 'jliihc ,,.is aiiricnlliirc heen proscrilicd. ll i-tnicwc ha\e improved ihe ori,L:inal red man oif ilic W.fr ol ihc earth iMijiiin I riiis. Ion"' aeo : hiii. unlike oiir nci^liliors. ue have 'Ihe cidiivali if liic soil is in.c of llie niosl not uecimicd his place. Anotiier diisky dcni/.eii iiolile occupations ol' niir race. In every a;:c. of the forest — ihe .Alicmac hunter of Nova and in "verv conntiy. it has .insllv oeeupicd the Scotia and (ape ISreton. driven out from his forencisi place aiiioiiii.st the civ ili/ed indusiries aiioiout. lioirc ha.-; conie i,,'o llu- inlicrhunce oi of mankind. No eonntrv willioiii atrriciiltnre. the I'lcothiic. and -till loam- over our \a:*t iiiturior AT; 1 1 ro I M) L A XD S IL S InroKl. aM,i ,,hnn. ,u ,,„r,Mi. of ,|„. Ihr-lM.Mri,,;: .horks ..^|„.,•i..>,.•nl wi.l,i„ ,1,.. h.M H.v v,.,,-- "'T'K"' ' ">. " '> ■■' '••■1---1. - • - o,i,:.,. ,,,....,1. Th..v ,Mv !:;.ns;:,;\v^n; ..X. civili/iiiiiiii. 11 r(.|,n,„i|, i,, ii,,. |;.iiisl matter, contniricd in tlic Imwcls dt'tlic fiii'tli • , . , , . .- II \V(> iiiHl 111 thf oiiwiinl imiri-li (.rprooTcss. iin.! llu' ilmt the tci Iiilb !;;'»;-l li-i' "lil.-t ....louy. ,s still su I).,. 1... W|,,„ ,,,. .,|.l U, tins.. ,1,.. w..|l-aMvrlMin...l tad. ;;;;!';;;;„;:;; ';••; •- '"f- -/!- - w.,..nH;.a.::h;.;.;,,::'';;;,:,:;;; : z w i ' ii; iJiirrr- , v^"""''"" i'>'"'""""^' •— h,..,i .1....... ti,.. iK.;,woui.i I i.MU . „ 1. a>l wl,..,... surl. purs.Mls an. ,,...,i- ,|„i., ...atter. Tl,. .piesliun ,.r ,1,.. -• .a.-fr , f •' • '< "'■ '"■li"v;' . u-n, poss.l.U. lu.iv. au.l i. tlu- ;..vat intmial I'u.lv of ,1... .„,•,], -an ,m iiL.tln ^^, .s|,.„il,l tlu . tuakr cVLM-y .■ll.,rt m ■ an avcra-o vise ..f Innn.. •atniv „f I- Far for .puonlllM. ,no>t lik.-iy t. niln.v towanls .o ...aHu.,! at al„.nt .Vl nil.., ].,.|ou tl,.. .,■■■..« 'IrMi-alil.. an ,,m1. Hut as inv main <,l,i,.,.t Jm,, < i..u ii„ . ui I. . . 'iiqiinv nitn wlii.i an. roallv the .'liifr ciianictof- , .„ ""'" ""^'•. i.-tics of „nr soils, and what tlicv inav he capa- " .'' i'lT"''"'- tli>'n. tliai tii<' s„li,| crnsi ol I'll' oC i)n)"i'ti"» l'> tli.. siz.. of tli.. irlol... i..pn- ..ui„iN .N Mr..MT..,N .., s,,,,*, •"e-its H'jout tl,.- tl.i,.ki,..ss .,f an .nan,,.. p....l „, ■|1, , l,,,,,„ ,„|| ; ,: , . „.,■", ""' ":'■'' "• ''"■ li'Hil its..if. Sn..li is til.. W..11- Ml I.- appli...! to all tii..s.. lo.,s.. llMin.le.l tlH.,,rv of th." sina'tun. ..fill,. ..lol,,. „,. ..,au....als w ...1. ,.ov..,. tlu. snrta.... ,,f tl,. ,Iol,... inhabit. A, -pn-s..,.. h.,w..v..,. w ^^ „ ■ Si Zv t^T'' "• -•'""'• '";"• ^"-i l'"'-'i^-'il"'-ly..on....rn..,l in tl,.. -lian.,.,..,. an.l . ' S.Ml. s.us .•s,.o..,lin;:y, a<;...,nl,n.u- t.. tl,.. pro- stitu.-nts ..f il„. .-rust onlv. as it is fn.n. this or • iMtuials. I, la.'t th..n. s a r...-niai -ra.lalion ,.,. lay... x,.lusiv..|y n,in..ral s..ils. ..ftl... ri,.h..st known soils app.. t„ "pn - <",|K•"ll...V^^vh„■h isahnost entin.ly ...Muposo.!, vulratii,. n.^nons. as .,n th.. i l.-s a imI .1,, . , o vo...,al;k. ntattor. A thon.u.h knowl..,l.o „f ' u.tiv. volc;„..,.s -sn-h as \- •" ,vi s ai ' •• n anons . ,an...t..,.s, au.l th.. n.annor of Those soils may 1,.. , si.lo.-o.I as .lin...t . , i : ,' t.f,l ■ ''T!" • '"" r"'""""^' -i--^'- ('•..m tho .l..op-s..at...l int..rnal lin.s il,.. ns..h .... ,; ■ ". "" ^". ^■^''.'' ';"■;'.",- "' '•'■"I-- I>i.nt bv |ar th.. ..foatoi. r " ;" ivoly p.,or natnn.. Unt. bHon. ,oin, ,....ro ! of th.. lo.,s.. niatonai; ..ov..rin, tT^^ ! . V 1 1 • . 1 ■ _ — ^ ...,., ^,, ,., I,,, i,j,r7M- iiiaioiiais oo\ 'l-H-lily into this part ol tho s„b.i....t. I must ask ' fa-'o aro ,loriv...l ,lnv..ilv lion, th all lii'li iri- ion I s snr- y Irom tho soli.l ro.k yon to ol|..wmo.whilol n.akoa low ,o,.e..al o,.nst upon whioh tiiov s. Tl i n n. M M,sit.,.n ..I soils ho .lomj: so „o....ssariIy ni- o.i„i„._i„.,„,,,t|, ,|„, ■ , , NoK..ss.Mnoi.ath..|.,hy,,..,|o^i,.al.h.,ails, whi..h ......ans, as woll as ,ho .Irv lam 1 j k w,n,l trust, not IH. alto,..thor will , n,t..n.st shatton;.]. ...,„tort...l .r twisto.l i:;', a sl;!;.t oi •iiiirri I!.; .11 nil, i; aim i. a si.ri..s ot ;,noat tolils ami II..Min.s. ..(ton iibnipllv jjfi,.,! ., I'l' i'lt" li",i;'' t;.nn.l abyssos. it -ivos ris.. to all tho-o iri- -lob.. m..asii|...,l at th.. ...piat.n-is 7.:iL>t; mil..s. it 'i'i'"l loatinvs ..t |.,worin;r nioiintain nin^o- IS ostimat...l innn various woll-aath..nti..alo.r loHin.i; ri.l;.n.>. wi.losproa.linif pniirios. plaTn-" sonr....s. that tli(. soli.l p..rti..ii. .,r ..riisi as it is valleys, ravin.s. ;.nl..|ios. snbmarin.. bank-" l..rmo'l. Is not ni.M'.. than ."in n,ii,.s ill thi..knoss. i'lateaiix. or pnifoiiml ami fath.niiloss ,,..ean \\ ilhoiii oiiiorinjiinl.i all th..thi...ri..s upon whii.h 'l''pll|.- ihi< .•.inoinsi.in is bas...|. I >hall just iiu.|itioii a • M M' i-niii;i, s. nmn low .,f tho more pnnninont. Tho pr..s..n..o of Th,. inionninabl.. anion of ,h.. ainio,- in bn.ak- rn-l. piil\..r- ninalin-' it- pailidrs lii-oa(l..asl II .. M N .l..anoos an.l l,o| springs,,,, various j.horohotl, .•h..n.i..al ami ,m.,.hanir.al. IM.ts ot th.. oarlh - sint.n.,.. from whioh fr...pH.nt iii^ up or woarin, ,|own this ro,.k nn- '■,K'<'tioii- .,1 molt..nniali..r an.l boilin-wat..r take i/i.,^ an.l ,liss..minalin..' it- pani.-lr- r',:,;,'""^;":^7"' ■'"'"" ' ' i— I soi.n s,.r ,h.. siirh,,.... an,, ,iop,:i,i'n ^iJ: .an,;;;;; : 'l".il- ll".M.|-,n„.mov..m..its.or..arth,,uako ih,- |ou,.r .l..pr,ssioH-. ar.. the ,.hiof a.-,.,,,.:, oos ;vl-li l.n,.^ ,.,,n;n S...1 tho earth ,r„„, Mn.n.h u hi,.),' ...art,,, an.l -oils U:.. t^: ^ S " I" li^-';. ■■•"'I :n-.- -!ill ,,f :„,! ,iilr,,|n, ,,; ,„ ,-i,r,'o,i|.,- — for Wi- havf ica.l of m; """il.i''''!- Ai ,,m. pi.rio.l ol lb.. ..arlli's hist.irv '"!'> I''."-IhI Minn..,,-., ir.. .h.'ots a, I.I -i-anii,. •jla-.i.'rs. ,,V I ^"tt I HP ^fi^^ mtitm li'« vi'iir.-- f^fil (Venn ex- ■'ot'tlii' fiirtli, I'i'liiiiicil tiicl> •rca.Mc rapiilly irfiic". SI. I lull I' llCill Wdlllll lllilll'l'lll Sllll- iiiil or M'liii- ■ I'liiiriictiT 1 r 'ii'lli ran iiii i. Allowiii;; 1^' Far. fur linl Would l.c llic .-urri/'r. >oli(| crii^i lil' . as It wiTr. u'IoIk- icjirc- ■aii^iv jifcl lo is the wcll- llic uliilic W (■ ■!• arc 111 re •li'r anil cuii- I'oni this unr "litaiii their irlcss. soiur n III lan'riv al >li)|ics oT ■^ ami F.tna. 'I'i'I )iroiliic|> llii'insi'h r>. utwithstaml- i\alion. the ill hra\i' all rra|ii'> w liirh so liixuii- iti'i' |Miriioii I'arlh's -iir- -solid I'oi-k MHilanirnlal arnauil llir ■at si'as ami IJroki'H. a scrii's ot 'M|ilK- lijicil i'i'smmI into 11 those na- iii ran^rcs. it's, plain-. lie hank.-. Ii'ss .ici'an If alnio-- . ill hrraL- i-l. |inl\i'r- laoailra.-l anil' on all r au'i'ncic- 1' hi'fii iir- liV histurv larirrs. or .\i:\\rnr\i)i..\M' sou.s. :) , HON in- nm.-M> o!' i.r.. mm-I. a> still .'xisl in tla- |".m'.I "f M'W'il/, l.-l.l.-i.ar ami iinra. I hi' a , I'olar r.'..i.ais ..I' tla- -h.l.f. s.'.Mu In hnv oxt.-nil- >.'..'•.• of any on.' of thrs.- m-mlR-nls. or its snh ,.,1 at h'asi oMT ,.ll III.' T-'niiMTal.' /...ncH. Tia' siitniion l.v am.lh.T niim'.'al. ^'''M;"y ';'^^'''^';_.;_' |io\vrrtiil inlliicni'i' ofilii'sf ••y(''ii|tcan |ili>\ >harc> am ii liiris over WliK'li llicy 1 union ■'> >iiiu- thrr Nari.'iy of ;ri;anil.'. A .imlstom-. a-ain. n h.arinu auav ami irpimlin^ down th. ,oik -n- may la' .•u.n,,o....l ol ih.' s.di-.an..' .niniTas l.nt ans ..v.'i- whiH. ih.'V iMissi'd. is atl.-sl.'d I'N.'iy- in a lin.'rslati' of a-'n'-alioi, : .j„art/..r l.'i.simr wh.'i'i'imlav. notonlvl.vth. sni h. wcni and la'in- almost always pn-s.'iit in ImUIi. Mil.- ..riiM, polislK'.l .surta.vs;.rihi'ro..ks tla■n,s.lv.■^. an- only liu- saim- in-r.vlHM,t.s m a still in.m- |„„ in llu' iiiimons.. ar.'umnlalions of v'n.v.'l. ininnt.- slat.' of n.ii.l.inalion. wla-r,' thi' pari.'' ''s -ami and lioiihU.rs.nu.l with nil all .sides. Other, have I.een .u.-atal int.. an almost impali-al.!.' |,..s pi.t.'i.t a-eneies. .'veii plants and animals | pow.ler. .In.st in pr..pi.rlii.n. ih.-n. as on.' ol iK.M' .'..nlrilmt.'.l in m. small de-ive lo the for- I the«e luinei-als may prei-aahTaleoN • " tlie.ither- ,„ali.aii.r those Mirfaee il.'posils. m.lahlv the ! do the ro.'ks vary in .'hara.'tcr. An e.x.-ess .,1 ..rowih r 1 i! na.siUon of plants, .^a'h as ' siles nmkes a .saniLstone hard an. -ntty : a .slate na.sses, grasses, ..mnhs. ,', .. ,^h..•h eonsiif.te siliei.aisor llinty. An .'xe..ss i.l alnnnna or .'.uv , ,;,.. I.nlk oftlu- p..at l.oL's ..oprevah'nt. .'s, iailv I'en.lers l...th s..ller. 1 he pi'..senee .. Imie ni ain in llu..s.. m.rth.'rn regions : ami e^en the .-mall r...'ks has a still more .sottem..!.- inlln.'.a'e npi.n the.se northern re;:ions : ami e\en tiie .-man ro.-K.- im.- .. r"." "■■"- - ■:-■.• - ■ -i..niti.'anl .•arlliw.'.rm lemls his aid lowar.ls tin ni. and where an exn.ss ol lime, or ratla-r pnireri/im.lhe..ai.h. InlaiLlhe whole hi.s- .'a'tionate of lime o.'enrs. we haxe la; well ;„rv ot the .dol.e ha> l.een ou.. -neee.-sion nf .U- kl ..wn lim.'Mone. .Most lim..st.aies .•.ailam im- ,„o'lili..n a.,! v.-'onstrneliim. Whal weiv the pnriti.'S. .sneh a> .^lex a nimna, ma.un.'sia .'le.. ilavs. .'a-ihs and nmd- ..f on. a-e. lu'eame the the tinest lorins hem- while imn'ole and .'ah-par. ,i;."ks I'l'..)'- tvhenee elays ami earth: ot siieeeed- ..iiir.i! . ii.\i! \. ii.i!i-in - "i' n.a k>. in- periods w.reileriv I'll. of conrse all these varieties of roik -iMii.Ai.Tiv "I MiNKi.Ai. ( ••\-Tiri i:ms. vary exeeedin-ly in hardnes^^. erdi.r. ami ile-i"*'''-^ it foMows. ih.M.. liiat nolwith-lamlin- the of ."'onsisteney. while the presen.'e of some lor- ;,l,uo-l iniinile vanea- ol roeks whieh -.. to ! ei-n mineral not nmiMially -ives a disinietive ....nslitme ihe .'rn.^l oill .u'lli. Ha' Mih- ' ehara.'ter 1.. .'aeh : lor in.-inm.nm-m'sinm, ahnninons. Intnmima.s. .'f. >nl I lear manv aluminium and in.,.. Th. ml.ination of llm.M. of yl,. lime, so.la ami wal.'r ; .s.m.e Jiive lo the soils lie. ,r .lay proper, when this xarieties.'.inlain a little ir.ai man-aiu'se. ina.ir- .'lay is nnmix.'d will, ihe other m-r.'i lenls. .-s- n.-ia a.al aeids. C'arhonale and .^nlphale ..f p.-eially with -an.l, it is m lla- h.rm km.wn as lime, whieh are .•onihmations of .•arhoni.' a.'id phisti.' .'hiy. or poLu-rs .day-a ton-li n.ip.-iM- ,„il..aleinm or lim.-. ihai is. simpiv or.linary ..ns material, unlit h.r the .M.pporl ol v...u.'ial.on. lina-lone. an.l -ulphurie a.i.l an.l.'aHnm whi.'h fr.mi ihe fa.'l thai the roots ot phinis an; nnal.l.. i-..vpsnm..rplasler. Sl.'alite or soapstone is a K. pen.'Irale it. Here i a -Iru'.l sp..eimen ol eomi'inali.m of sili.'a. ,ua-,a.sia. prol..xyd ..f pure .hiy only lilh.r .'oarse pi.tl.'.y or earlhem iron, earl.oni.' a.id. wal.r. ..|e. Ih.'-e, then, ware/- It is tromlhe Kxpl.iit s \ all.'y. \ ui,h o...-asa,nal .Mlmixtiip.- of oilier and rarer I simihir .'lay ,- fmpi.'nlly hauHlnmler our peal iuiuerals,arelheehiefe i>i this ne,-hl...rh,.od. an.l 1 h.'h.'Ve the an.l .•ons..m,enllv of all .soils .lerived trom lliem. laet of il- hem- so d.'.ise as 1.. prevent the sur- face waters peiietralin- .l..\\ iiward. has lieeii '"""''''"',"""'•,, ,■ ,„„1 in th.' ehief eauseof ihe.'..ll.'elion..flho..eswampy 1 he most .lanmon n.i'ks. and lho.se l.mul in ^,,.,.,,,,,,,,^„i„„, „,■ ^M^ ,„a,ter. Th.' -ih'X alnu.st all .'..nnlra.s. ar.' -ramies. i.r-ranilo,.,s, ^^.^^^^ ^^^ ^,^^, ^_^.,^ ^I_^, ^^^,,,, ^^.,,i,,,, j^ -amlstones, slales. lim.-slones. an.l trap . r >^^^^ i-n.'ons roeks. I'hese aie all simply .litlerenl ;_\ gj„.ciiiien .if purely alumimm- el;iy -n.li as loinhinations ot ihefore-oin- minerals : li.r in- |,.,,,ni|.ni ly oeeiirs in Ihis eoiiniry. wa- m lie ex- -laiiee. IriK' -raiiile i- a eiv-lalline roek eniii- liiliiteil aial I'Xplained h.'l'e. *m^J« .,^ . ■ r ' M:\\r(>r\ii/..i\/i s ■// >, H. mM.t.i,Hry nti it.;rmli.i,i. A d... ...IniiMinv ,v> in lli.. ali.u..ph.-iv. musl ruMdiiriv,. t,. v.-.. Ht tl.isNui.l will, tth- .lay ivimI.ts iI... ImII.m- smI' jtati..M. mv iIium' in.,.1 '|lin-. wlnji. .-an.l ivnil.Ts ili.' hmI | appnipviatt-.l llu-sc !U.l.'tfi-i<.u,s siilistan.vs. tla. aiV liL-hl an.l p.,n.u>. .'lay ^r,vi.,. i| |„„|y ,n„l ,..,nsi>. w.,nl.l. in a sli.irt linif. lu'.wm-s.. vitia(...l. a.- t.. I.'ii.-y. Jinl.|n>; as t.).. nnicli .'lay niak.> a | • ! ivikI.t aninnil .•\ist..nc.' an im|M.ssil,ilitv. lU-- >..il. t.i.) niii.'li sin. I. I.y hs u„u ivlcniiv,. cliiira.'- I ^i.l..s ili.' ahoM-nani.'.! al.s-.lni.'lv n.^.-.'snarv in- l.'r. IS ...inaily nnpi-.ln.'lix... an.l .v ia-iv .-lay is iriv.li.Mits. iIumv aiv ..lien |.r..s,.n"t in soils small iiII.M.'.-tli.T al.-vi.l il,.. sin.l IS solio-lii an.l .In. I.inanlili.'s ..I' iil,.,s).lMa-i.- an.l snlplnn-i.- a.-i.ls. MS I" !.,■ Mil.Th ns,.|.'.ss l.»ra-i-i.Millnr.il |,ni|M,,s..,, JMiirat.'s. vi-^rotaLK' nnill.Ts. .•I.'., all .,r ul,i,.|| III 11- naliiial -i.il.'. |i...si.|..>. tlicalH.v.. pr.,p,.r- j-r.^allv ,.|iliaii.v tlirir pr.Mln.'li\..nfs.s. an.l wIumi li.'s.,( ||i,,s,. iu,,rlii,.| .•..nsliliu.nls „|s,,i|,s, |,„t|, i,|,,t natnrallv pivs.-nl. s.an.' at l.-ast. .•spcriilU lunnsj, I,, ,,i,,„i hir. nn.l .-N.-n '.. aninial. li|,. : jtli.' i spl.al.'s, l.av.- t.. 1.,- supplinl l.v na-ans .ll "''■'."'■-'' ""• I''""'"- ''''i-liHii alinuMiLs will, 'nv ivs. All inanmvs ....nlaiii llu's.^' in .r,v,,u.r ul.i.'l. tia.y .•..ul.l i„.( .Aisi. Sj|,.x i„ „ „,|ul,|.. , ,„• K.smt .I..,i„v... Ki-h n.anuivs, .jnan.T, 1..,,,.. ''"''"• I'y"''""- -ili.'al... ..iil.Ts i II,.; slalks '.lnsll„.inn ..sp,...iall\ li.li in pl...spli.M>i.- a.-i.l. n.> nn.l s|,.,iis nl piaiilsaiMl l...n...s .,f animals. It is !r,,,in cn.ps ..r l.'.jnmin.,iis plants, sn.'l. as p.-as III.' mal.-ral wlii.li -.v.-s i|-i.lily I., all tn...,s. I,..ans ..r \ ..fhcs ,■»„ ).• I.. p-rH>.-ti.,n willi..ni -rassfs, ,.|,.. ||„. s.Mla an.l ma'j:i,..,ia. r,,u-, iliis latl.-r in-ri'ili.-iit. an.l soils .l.-stilnt,. ,,|' it [:'""■'' '" "'' "■'>- ■•"■'■ •■'II I" --■"■y I" I'l.nil Ml- n..l snpp|i..,| aflilicially, an^ only .•apal,!,. ,,i ■ suppoi-liii;r laii scanty M'jiftati. Ml. In I'a.-t. sili'\ ^ ^'■' ' '" '■*"• I ill its s.iliilik' staif". lime, carlx.nic aci.l. ami iJiMi' is an .■M'.'i'.liiiiily imporlaiil. I nii'ilil i |>li"^pliori.' aci.l. air ilic |)rin.-iplc I'.i.i.l oCtln' say .'rlis.ilnl.'ly iic.'.'ssary iiiur.MluMi in mII s.nls. v ''iictiililc I;iriL;.|om. iUi.l just in proportion to -o nin.'ii so. that no s.iils .l.'stitnlc ol il can p.i,— lli.' prcscn.-c m aliscnc.' . if the ii.'ccssurv .nianti- sil)ly prodn.'c lioo.l d'ops. an.l tlicii Icriilily .)r , lic> ..i' I licsc sulislaia'cs will llic .'niiis imitni .■ .M' .illicrw isc Lircally dcpcn.ls upon I licir .■.inlaiinn;^ : .itlicrw isc. The iircscn.'c of c.msi.lcralilc ipian- ihc necessary proporti. in of this \alnaM.' .•nm- lilies of ilecoiiipos.i.l \cj:.'talilc matter in soils nio.liiy. lis |ii(-encc .•\cil-. perhaps, more ii''''''>'>iirily implies a .•crtain an nlofearli.ini.- mark.'. I iiillnciicc mi ih.' i;i-o\\ihof \ cH-eialilcs. ; nn.l iihospli.n-i.- a. 'id. .Must peats f.ir iii- iliaii any oih.'r coiistiim'iil of ihr ~uil Thi^ in- ■stan.'.'. .'..main those snlislan.vs. Iiesi.les siiial! Ih'iice IS maiiiliil.l. It Mends il,,. ipmlitiesol '|nanlities of lime, mairnoiii. potash, silcx. clay an.l san.l. occupying, a;- it were, a o\i.le ol iron, aiimiinia an.l water. Hence the place li.'tween the two. Its extraordinary alfni- Mjipli.-ati.in .if |)eat to soils cfa .Iry. saiidv iia- ily lor carhoni.' aci.l. whi.'h il ahsorli- with Hn'c is very lieiielieial. I am pcrl'ectlv awar.' ii\i(lily from the atmosphere. ;in. I from maniir.'s. 'Iml all oiir I'ariiUTs re.'o;;nise tliis. an.l are in is oiie .(fits chierreeommendations. This acid. I'li«" Imldt of .•omp.istin;: larjxe .pciniities .it' peal "lii''li i^ a ni.ist important ta.-lor in the w il li ti-h oll'al lii:- n;Mnnr.'. nonrishmenl ol plant life. i. h.l.l in mti.i. ati.iv ..i f, xt. rescr\e m the sod iiv ih,. prcscin'c ,,f i.,,, ;, , ,„.,,. ,,. . , i:. . I ■. .• , . . 1)111. II I m IV on.' a sn'"'.'s nm. I 1 le In I, ..ai,s,,,..,a,c,,ha. iswh.n hnrni ,,.ink peat mi.ht 1... applh^f^. n.d :;" .!::iV'''''''''i'.'.:::"''''"'".'''';'''^;.: •:"■'-'"' ;rrcat..r;a.lva..la^e than i, is a. present. I .l.in'i think I am far astray wlien i sav most of the jM-at now nsed is sintply spr.'a.l out .in onr '"' inea.low lands, where il .Iries np. or is In-okmi uerlnl j,,,,, line powder liy linsli-harrow in;r. aiid ai'ter- th.' rock), it licciinu- most ellicacioiis as .■III ipialilies. as fnnn ii> intlii.-n.'i other niannrc>. In Ihi- sliite it is a ,„, pronK)ier ..I pnlr.dacli.in. or d.-.min.isiiion of i . .. \, - . .»" ...^. ...i.. ... < i- ',;„,., I .,,„- , ' , ,„,,, ,, , "I" "'"" "I war.ls. what lias not Ween lilown awav is rake, animal an.l xc^relaiil.' mat i-r. It ixcs the car- .!■ x- r < . . • ,• ■• . 1,,,,,: 1,1;,,,!,. , ;i . . .V "" "". No "lonln a cerla'ii am.Mint ol ilbec.nnes ri.mic a. 'HI in tlic sou, li.'i .'rate, iv the Icrm.'ii- . . -^i .. -i , • ... I'lti.in .,f il„. „,.,„„.•,.» I, ; I .\ I" Kii'i'i: iM.-,.rp..rat,..l with tif soil ; hut inmv hmnlil,' ,., „. I, „ ,, , . ' "ii'"\^i-' opini.m where this jieat ..-arted .,nl t.it le fa i.w is.'api' into tju' almo- iherc. an. m "real nari hi' i i n i . i • • , . . 1,, i 'I' ., •,,' , . i" ,-ii I p.iM iM laiiil. all..w.-.l t.i .Irv and l.econic i)ii her /ci . lost. loiretlier with he moisture w n.'i it s,, ■ ,. i i i •" •.. . ' ., . ,..,,..,.,.|v .,!, ,.,.1, ;, ,. . i;i . . "ni. nil o ,,,„| ,||,,„ ,,i„„jr|K.,l III with th." moiv silici.ins . ai;.'i i\ alls.) ros. i c a. \ imnarts t i.isi! noiir- i , • • . • I- • • , • ""!'•" I i.iiisL, iiiim snlistaiic.'s, so as ii,.»■ ,li., i„ , ;i . i i .i i i i ,• ■ •iimi-.>o.M.it,.,i .1,. ,,,, -111 '"' \*'i') dry sail. ly .s.iils .'.1111.1 thus he rcii.l.'re( lair- .iiipi .ipi laie. flic sac, ii|\c hark Iii' ox\i>imi i i i . .• ,• • .... ., .,':,,'„,, ;,. ^ ' "^'-"' ly V I an.l r.'l.'ntive ol m.nstiirc. W hile hv a'ifiin Ml I lu' ;i II . . , ... icv.-rsiiiLr the jirocess. peaty sods, wh.'n lirsi , i'l-AM i;i.scii;mi,,n. pr.ijierly .Iraiii.'.l. can hv tli." ap|ili.'ati..n ami in- .'" """ "I'lii'i^i' llic leav.- an.l ro.iis .•orporali.ni ..f .•..iisi.lcrahle .piantitics of saml. "' I'li'iits, liy ali>orl,in,Li aid .lcr.nnposiiiu| n;,.a\cl an.l lime he conv.'rtc.l into pr.ihahlv the '•iii'>""ii<' ••"■nl ,i:iis. p..rform ill ih,- .■.■oiiomy of j very hest hav-;rr.iwiii- Ian. Is. ■rfiese, u-ctahl(' hi-. jn.M Ih.- sam.' iiin.-ii.iiis as the ami .sitch lik.' .•Nperim.Mits liav.' h.'.-n Innosdo iiithuaiiimal.-c.iii.imy.wliileanallwis,. .arrie.lonl in Kn-laa.l. S.<,.lan.l an.l tli,. (.reutor has .s,jur..rained that jiiH thus,. Mihsian- |„ite.l Slat.'s. will. inarke.l sll.'.'CSS, .Many o their nat II liijxh s I'oreL.''oini ma.le sill .In. 'I'll til »iiM'd ilii Thai, CI) ol th.^ va ^ Thai wh I mill. ■rill i in such )i I il.-r lliem I .'ll.-C of he p.xir, sllhslaiic. .lisinli'L'-r d.vp. \ riiriidi.'.l presfiic,. I i lily wil; ..s.'.'rtain it woiil.l analysis i 'herchy 1 ': or ahs.'iil ilcli.'i.'licj whi;ru til hi^rhest I n.ihlcr i)( • liiic farm siii'h a m j known. > scientili.' a.'tiial la the retiir i I'M-ry .lis I jrrues of i f jnst in pi , are .Ici'iv -lo.iil il, .•nlti\atio so rich a: hilt the -x i .lo rc.piir I pri'M-nt f that wild Uy hard sii.di as J ^^ hat is ■| -oils are I next Slice I I'liiefly iM I .slates, sa I ales or t h.'tt.'r cla iK'sliiiit.' least, am { of thai i isilnrian t. heiliL.'- .'Ol •^ with a CO strata, ai is iiivai'ii tpiality ol ^m \/:\\'/''nr\/t'.A\/t sni/.s. illl('i\i' to \(';j( - ilitl to aiiiii)iil>. drill ,s(i I'li^^crly istaiKvs. tilt' iiir I vitiiiti'il. a> Id issiliilitv. IJe- ■ lu'rcsxiiry iii- in .-^iiils sinall iil|>liMi-ic ai-iils. . all III' wliirji if^s, anil u luMi •ast. i'^|ici'ially I'll liy nicaiis ol lu'si' ill ijri'aU'r •*, iriiaiii), Itiiiir iliorir !ii-iil, Mil . sncli as pt-as. li'i'liiiii williDiil ili'stiliiii- <»r ii. Illy caiialiK- i>\ In larl. .-^ili'v "nil- ai'iil. ami If liiiiil III' till' |)iiipiirti(in til 'i'.-<.xary (|nanli- rii|i^ malm.' nr iili'iiiiilf ijiian- lalliT in Mills ml III' I'arliiinir poats I'lir iii- lii'siiU'.* siiiali piilasli. sili'x. 1-. lllMiCl' tin' ry. sandy iia- rfcftly aware '*. anil an' in inlitii's III' peal fallow It' piiKt'vi/t^ij. mori' silifiiiii> ml coiisisttMirv I ri'snlt : fvi'ii rt'iiiltTcd i'air- 1'. W liilf by is, wlicii lii'sl I'atiiiii and iii- ilirs lit' sand. piiilialilv till- lis. Thcs,', ii;i\i' lii'tMl ml .'Hid llu' t'd MII'I'l'SS, Many cxIiMisivf trarts of laml utlt-rly iisfless in llii'ir naliiral stilf liaM' lii't'ii tlms liroiii.'iit into a lii^ili slat.' Ill' prodarliM'iii'ss. From all tlii' fori'^roiii^' olistTvations wliidi | li,,p,. | imv,. maili' siiHii'ii'iitly t-xplirit, it may n aililv lie d.'- diii't'd that primarily llif liiilk ot all soils is tit- lived direelly fnini the loek eriist nl the earth. Thai, eoiiseipiently, it jiarlakes o| llie eharaelers III tlit^ various rocks frum uhieh it is so derived. 'I'hiil where ihese roeks eonlain hnl few of the mineral -nlistanees reipiisite, or an otherwise ill siieh a lii,!.ddy t ryslalliiie ei>mlilii.,i as to n'li- :rieullure is l)roii!.'lit lo its lii^rhest developiueiu. and jierhap- there is no noliler oeeiipatioii in llie world than skilled seieii- lilie fannin;:. wiierehy the soils are studieil in siieli a manner that tlien' exact capahilities are Uiiown. On the lithe; hand unskilled and uii- seiuntilic fai'iniiiL'- freipiently entail doiilile the actual lahor reipiired with a men modicmn of the returns. In every •oiuitry, and in almost every distriet of couniry. soils" of diflerent de- iin'cs of riehness will he found. They will \arv jUst in pni|Mirtion as the rocks iVom whicli thcv an' derived vary. All llii.s must lie well under- -lood il, onler to obtain jfoml result.s from their lultivation. In some ca.ses they an' uatiiraliy so rich as to reipiire little or no maiim-e at all, lint the (Treat majority of soils, all the world over, do reipiire .some fertili/erin addition, if onlv to jirevent exhaustion. It only remains to state that when a ilistrict of country is occupied liy hanl, silicious ami ciy.staline nicks, such as e:ranitic rejiioiis, or those underlaid by wliat is termed the haurentine formation, thi" •oils are usually thin, stony and poor. The next suceeeding formation Miin iiiaii beiu;if al.so ehielly eomposed ol very intractiblo silicious slates, aaml-.stoiies or ipiart/.itt\s, uiid conijlomer- ales or piidiliii^'--stones, yeilds but :i sli^'hllv better clas> of soils. Holh these are eiiually liesliiute ol limestone in this eoimtrv at least, and I'onseipieiitly tiie soils arc destitute of that importanl iiii;reilient. Tiio C'.'imbro Silurian tormation. i..'xt in order of siiceeision, lieinir composed of a greater variety of meks. wiih a consiileralde aim-iint of slalv ami shalv >lnita, ami .several large bands of limestone is invariably found to support a nmeh better 4uaiity of -oil. Ne.vt in unler nl .sui'ce.-sion, is the L'it'at -ihirian loiuialion. whiili is tlividuil into h.wer. middle and upper. The rocks .if this great ;:eogical epoch arc ol inlinile variety. .Some porlions of the fornuitioii are particularly rich ill limestones, shales, slates, and liiie-graiu"- t'd sandsloiit'. and. of course, yield a superior class of soils, w Idle another portion, owing In the preponderance ol' magiiesian miniral-. which, whei, in execs-., are deleterious to vegc- lation. do not aliiird such. As we tsceml higher in the geological scale, that Is. come upon newer and le-- altered rock formations, ue in- \a!'ialily meet w illi ileeper and richer soils. Tin; j.iiwti; cAWiaiNiniMor-., which, in this comitry. is ihe most recent nick I'lirination known to exist is composed id'substMii- ri's enduenlly cidculaled to yield a superior ipialily of .soil. These an' limestones, gyp- sums, soft samlstoiies, shales, marls, bi- lumtMioiis and carlionaceoiis slates, coaly mal- ic,' and a variety of other substances, the coni- biuatioii of which in ihe soil cannot fail to jini- diice fertility, and smh is invariably the case wliereM'r such formation occurs, unless indeed it should be mi greatly dislurbed ml the rocks so much allen'd by ingneoiis iiitrii ions as to eii- tirtdy change their eliiiractcr. I think, however, I am pn'tty safe in stating that the -.iliiri m and carboniferous formations, when not so greativ altered, yield on the whole about the strongest afid best .soils. In Creat JJriiain. Canada, ami I the I'liited State.s at all even's, e.simcially in the I two latter couniries. the silurian and carboni- ferous are pmverbial in this i'es|iect. iVince Kdward's Jsl-.ind is iimlerlaid by a siill lii;jher and more recent formation, the triassic, iieme ilswi'll-liiiown character for fertility, yet I doiibl whether its soils can be siijierior to those of the lower carboniferioiis, as they are more sandv, and limestone and gynsiim are absent fnim llie rocks. It must appejir, then, that there is an intimate counecliou between geidogy and agri- culture. The geological structure of a country or district being known, ami the mineral diai"- acter ascertained, we can almost to a certai-ilv determine the ipiality ot its soils, ami theiV adaptability to agricultural pursuits. Let lis ii'/w apply all these facts to our own island with a \ie\r to ascertaining what should lie the character of its soils. l.KOI.Oilh Al.l.V. tlii'ii. il includes all the formations fnmi the lann'niian the ■ 'lest, lo (•.■irbonifenins, \h. : lanrcnlian. hiironian, cambni silurian, lower, middle and upper silurian, tlevonian am' cerlionifemus. A glance at the geological maj) iipoi: whicli each liirmation is distinguished by aditlereiit cohiur will give an insight into the pni- liablo charai'ler ol the soils appertaining to the various' districts of comitry. ■-' Forinstaiiee. the (link shade on this map represents the laureiitian * Hen' the map woiiltl lie n'tern'il lo and the VMi'lous ioriiiiuioii-. iiidienlnl li\ ililVercni colours, tiiiinlet, mil. ^Pf SP??fT T m:u I in .\j>LA M' SOILS. t'uriuiUioii. I( « ill lie -I'l'ii III ccciiiiv a wvy liir^c .iri'ii. iiirliiiliii.i; nil llii' ShiiIIhth Slmii' nl' the himiil. iVnm KtPl'tlllli' UllV In ( :i(m' IJiiV. In csii'iiil llii'iH'c l\w into iln' iiiti'fi'ii' iinrlli-i'ii.'liTl.'. iiiiil IVhiii Clip.' l»iu ihruii'.'li till' wliiili' li'ii;.'lli 1(1' tin' I.Hliiiul. uliniisi 111 ii-i iH.riluTii cMrt'iiu'. 'riii> !•» tcniu'il ill*' lii.i;: I'MUL'i'iit' mMii!i!iiiii«. lu.'l i» ill ri'alilv tlic liiick-lnim'. mh il were nf llu wimlc 111' tlic i-liiiiil. Owiii'i ti. till' crv-lalliMi' i-llilI'lirtiT "I' llic-r iiUirt'lllillll nii'k-*. Illid ilii'ir (■laii III' many I'dcks may nrnir. Nrvi-r- ilii>l('>^. iiii'i'li lit liii-! i-iiiiiilry. wliLTf liiii lull I'li'vali'il. i.- Ill I'lir ,ijra/in;i. I'siu'cially Inr -1 |i. as many ciiii^idi'rahli lriicl> .»ii-laiii milriiinii^ wilil "■nissi«. (ii'iiriiilK >(ii'akiH,u:. Iiuwcmm'. il mav 111' ri>ii-iili' I'll a- iiiilil liir a'/fiiiilluial imrpost'.-i. 'I'll!' I!ni-iiiiiaii Idiiniiliiiii. vnIiIi'Ii i- fiiliifi'il Jiali' Miir. will Ik' situ In iii'Cll|iy lusillv lln' fiilirc rt'Tiiiisiila of Avalnii, ami lia- rnintry >uri : lull tln'V an' i.nl liv any iiii'iiiis III In.' das-nl a> really ;.'iioil -oil-, 'flii'vai-i' usually lliiii a, a! rocky. uii(lrrlaiai-|. of ife lei|ilisile aimiuiil of liiiu'. Now. a< llii- i.-^ llie foruialior iimlerlyiii.;: llie whole eoiiiUry roiiml alioiii Si. .lolili'- ami the nearer sellleiiieuls ; an 1 nioreiixer. a,- I lie soil re-nllinii from its ilisiiitejri'alion. i- that wliieli, iinloriimalely. ii[i to the iire.-ent time, ha - I'Uuauetl Jie alteiilioii anil energies of all . ir hi'st a;j:rieulliiri.sls. I will dwell iiioi-i; at 1' iiiilh n|ion ii-aetiial comiio- >ition. 'I'lie roek.--of ilii>- foriualion. sam|ile> ol whieh 1 ha\e hel'e Iiy me .ire l oj \er_\ hard -iliei- oi;.< >lalcs. at times iiiiie'oaeldiii! tliiil. hard ery>- lalliue. samlslones or irril-i'mk. the vM-il-knowii Sijilial-llill .siUldstoile and the eoarse eoliulomer- ntes, eiuniiosed prineipally of i|iiarl/.. jas|ier. -iml other e\eeedill;il\ hard |ielilile-. There are mi -ol't roek- in the formation, m, ,-lialt'S. no lime- .sione liand--. very few ealearimis s'eiiis e\eii. and all'iircther no mek or rock- likely to yiehl any of tllilse more fertile de-eii|)tioh- of -oil-, I liaxe -iiid it i- linfortnnate that the only .-y-lem- alie atleiii|)ts at farming li\ |M'rsiiii> who miilei- -laml the llll^ine^-. should lia\e heen eonlined to .-ueli di.stl'iels a- ihe.-e. heeau-e iheir |i!-i.diie- livc eapaliilitie- an' iier-istenily |iiii forward ;i- a eriterimi of lho>e of all oliiei' pai'ls of the i-laud. Vol, oil the either hand. -eein;i what industry. )ierseveraiiee aiid skill ean |iroiiiiee from .-ucii ;ill nn|iromisin;^ .-onree. 1 helieved in the end, '.slien the hetler elas-i'- of ^oil.- lieeonie klioun iIih! availed o,. the re-nlls ol ill!' I'N |m lietlfe Will not he wilhoiit \ali;.' to ihe a'.'rieiiltiiral interi'stj^ of ihe eoinitrv. I'liiii ii'* Ihi -nils iii'i' III I'l'. I iielie\e ihey ale eapalile o. lieiiiL' j;reiiily iiii- |no\i'i| liy ?er. I think tveVe a few analy-is iuslitiited. liny would lend minli to enli'.;lileii n- a- to the lie-l mode of llealm.'lil, >vitli lln \ lew of olit.iinin'i the best Jul.'*t:Ni I". Ill I.IMi: ,,eeiil- to iiidiiale thai. the a|i)iliei;tion ot this material in coim deriiblf i|UHiitii>, to the extent ' ' a Inmdrc I bushels M me aeif, that IH, leenriioruled with the soiIh, would have a iiioMl lieiietieial ttVeet Teal iilt,u applied in llie immnei- I have hefore imlieated, or Hand and K''i'- vel to the more peaty portions, would iindoiilit' el!y lie allended witli ^ood reHiiItt). In fnet, what Nature Iuih iMJIed to do in eo'iibinien the^e varuiiH iiuiierml.s, art must elleet, and there are few fiirnis iiereatiOiil, upon which .sand, gravel and (leat do not «)eeur in elosw proximity to eaeh other. 1 (irehiiine all here present have heard of the HiiiHTior (|iiality and ('"riiliiy of the iwlandH ol Doneeptien l>ay. the hhore t cm- KelliKreWH, the .Salmonier \ alley, Hniiu'h \ alley, in ot. Mar.v';. Bay, St. Bride » and other plaees in Fla(entia Bay, aouth «liore of 'I'rinity Bay towardu iIm head, puition ot Kandoui island and Miuth ^ ."Sound on the west side of thai hay, iind lioowe ' Hi\y aniJ i;iode Hound, in BonaviHiu hay. Thin in t,imply from the faet ihac the ah<)\ e loeuliiien .'ue underlaid by .i newer leps crystaline tormation, •he Camhio hilnrian, eolored dark blue. The rocks eoiibi.st of sandHtonec, tslateH, nlialj8 aim >rreat beds of limchtone, they are all of a HOlter nature ihaii the lluronian. hiateu and .sliales preponderate, liut I take it, that the jireseme of the Jimestoiiert havrf nio.-,l to do with llieir feriili- ty. Al ht, IJride h, in I'liieeiitia buy, a red earthy liiiu'Htone oecupieH the i!ouniiy, tlie Buii overlay - iiijj! It beinj; ol the name colour l^^ exceediiiniy r..;n. An :i eoiiHeiiuene*' ihe jieople are vcpy weii to do. keep a larj^e number ot tattle and nhee^., and iin\e no ainiculty in saising huttnient toou for their maintenance. 'iIum iipplitf almosi equally to every locality wliere wettlemeiii hus vakcii pace on IhiH same rock foimation. Ab we proceed nortii and west, we lose entirely ilie (,!:'"r luironian and canibrian rocks, iliey do not exist at all north of lioaaviota, or w es.l of Foi'liine hjys. Tiii: vAr.l,H^s oi tiiv. fi.VNUKii and Exploit;* Uiver.s of which you have all lieard, but lew, 1 presume, have seen, are ivpreMenled a. cuntainuiK larj^e are.- of iinelalid. .Need you be surprised at ihis wlien 1 iiitorm you tnai boiii valleyH are underlaid by the great Silurian lorma tion, ci)loured yelli>w' on ihe map. the ;-ock.s ui vvnicli con (is's tor me umst part of slates, Btnu- stones, llmesloneB, inaf;nehian rocks, caibonaec oils and plumb igmous shale.^, an la host ot others luo niinii^rou.s lo meiiliori. ■ heiiif; ad of more reccAl (late, than any of t iiose in llii.-. iK'nhoor hood, they aie le^s irjstalline, yield niiicli moie rnpiuly to atm'iM,jhenc lutiueiiee, ihe greal riveis na%e neeii lor ages carrying down the liner par- L.cl(!S and di positing liiem along iheir valley.s. A dense forest, whicli ojvers the entire country, dr is tlie tame .-eiies of formulions which un derlies the hi. Lawrence Valley trom yiitbec iveoiwaid to St. (iorgiaii ;Bti< ■ meiit, whi( . splendid re i, the AIniigl i those mi'gr I he wealth ; loundland ' day. And ; b iniferous ST. (IliOl I I ere we in tup ishi pare fuvoui of C Canada i ? that I will these latta ! lliiak they I I'lirtlurmo I dar n (din ] need he no ; \ineeH to in capable of i iie!i( ve Nev I'lii' 111 reti ■* soils luire a I liineston(>s, 3( shales, coal I dccuniposet : the (ujiic )n siiilrt. Ther their oiigin ; III the vHlle ,' shon s of St. i of iheli' Blip i III rally so I'l i seen piles ol 'i beorttme, aa the potato ' ■ 1 .saw uplan '~0 years yie ing a shovel ever having at all. Thi spots ; but to judge. III t ok ot the be richer tl because it it the underly ^ s ariety of "f :)the ground {ing the soil Iniher couiii ilhe ruins c. where tlier.c r.\7'/..l V/> snf/.s. f*.- '■ \|«-i ii'iii"',' ^vill iltiiiMl iiih'i'i'st- il.- iii'i' Ik re, I i;.' jjri'iilly iiii- tilt' I'luMT. I i.-tiliitfil. till \ I'll II- il- ti) II, witli iIk' jiii.--ili|i' r«'- r <>i i.nir. (' ii,i|ili<'r.linii ftlilc i|imiitii>, Is U> me iicit-, <, WOllIll l)ll\ t' .1 applitMl III ill-- r Miiiiil utif the iHluiiilH ol KelliKrt'WH, tln' , in ot. Mar.v'rt lea III Fln(t'ntia lay towardrt iIh ti ami hmitli's jay, ill] 1 1 (iooHf ta iia> . TliiH In iVd loi'aliiieri nre line lorniation, lark lime. Tlif lien, slialjB aiKl all ot a HClur lies ai.'l .shales the jireHeiH'e o! ilh tlii'ir I'eriili- ay, a red eai'lliy lie 8uii overlav- !H ex('t'e(lin};ly le art- Vi ry wim ittle aiui ftliffji. ; hultiieiil toiMi applitf alnio>i L'lv wfttlemenl ock toiiiiatioii. we lose entirely 1 rocks, iiiey ilo ,t,s, i,:- wet.l of ;.VNJ)KU have all lieartl, e re|iteMeiUeil a . .Need you III' you tiiai litiui Silurian loriiia- i|>. llie rockn ui of slates, Bind- cks, eaiboiiate a host ol others ij,' ad or more , llii- iK'i'.hoor fill nilK'll Uloje me great rivets n the liner par- < iheir valleys, entire country, joim "liich un troiii (^iielii-e le suits of Willi II Casliirn LanaUa. has adiic I a, id is ctmlJououuly luUlinK ItH dwom- piwed wr.oil. li'iivi'M, etc , to tho nirfa -o. Oreat llrenha-e from tune to tiiiie-t'nii'.pletejy deniol- ixlieil ihoHe furesCH, only to he ivpUc.'il Ity otlierK, It, is kiinwii t! -t 111' nit INS yvATK siiwe ih« eiitiro valley of tli * I'^xploits lor over 1(1(1 iii'lr'.i up lliH rivt^r on puher Mi.le, whh entirt-lir swept >>y a Ki'«''kt 'onll i({ratioii, ve.HtiKiui ol' wliii'li art' still visihli' in tliii nuiiii>rous dmrred pi-'o iru'ikH still Htundint;. a.ui the piles of partially decom- posed wood strewn everyu lu'r«> o<'er liie siirfact. All of which tend niateliallv t i < line;, the hu.I. A dtuvf underKi-owi'i of fi'r'v.. v,'roimd hem- lock, and otner like slinihs, are i 'm (;iint)t>tntly addiim to the soils in these regions. When we take inli) (Consideration the adviinta«:'s these lat- •er trm^s of cDuntrv possess in point of cliiiiate. and situatiun, heinic so far inland and remnvtd from the baneful elfetits of tlie foj^s and cold sea airs of the outer coasiline, toK<'thir with their undoubted Htiperiority of soil, ilmre can be harii- ly a i|ii.«stion tjf tln> fiitare a; favourably with any in the eastern |)rovinces of C^iinada and the Nev England .States, beytuul tliiit 1 will r.ot >em'ire, btcuuse T have only seen iliese latter to form u compHrison with, and I iliink tht3V are i|uiie sufficient for the purpo.se. I'lirtlk-rmorc tieing so near us and so nearly sim- , liar n climatic and other ways, 1 think there I need be no necessity of going bt yonil these pro- vinces to in'^tii ote comparisons. What they are i-apable of in an ag"icuUural point of vi.'w I fully iM'lit ve Newfuundiand is in proportion '.o itj si?,^?, l!u> to return to the carboi.iferous area.^. The soils luird are the result of the disintegrati'Ui of limestones, gypsum, sandstones, marls, cbiys, slialtw, coaly matter, ( ombiiioil .vith shell beds., ihutoniposed grasses, weeds, ferns, wooit and all tliH (tone )mitann ot the very Ix'st i|iialities of s.iils. Thert! is no need t.) dila. • fiiither upon their oiinin, sufHce it to say that v lier.t tested, as III the valleys of theCcdroy rivers, and along the short s of St. George's Hay, they give every evidence of then' superiority. !n some places they are na- turally so fertile as to need iio manure. I have .■-ctn piles of stable niHiiere thrown into the livers because, as 1 was infoiiiiiil, were il applied to the potato crop, the latter would all run to stalk. I saw uplands under hay, which had been over ~0 years yielding good cntps. without ever receiv- ing a shovel full of manure, and, indeed, without ever having been properly Icarcd or cullivated at all. These may havt; been c.Kiu'ptionally rich spots ; but so far as my i>i.,st!rvauou enabled mc to judge, many stiiiore miles of coii itry here par t ok ot the :sa;uoc..aractt'r. I believe the land to be richer than that, ot J'rince Kdward s Island, because it is less .-andy and from llie tbaraclcr of the underlying rocks it niigbt tocoiuaiii a greater sariety of feitilizing in;4icdi.'iiN. ,Such. tlun. is the ground iiptai wlucii I ba.-se m v I lieor> lespcct ing the soils of this country. Like those of till .■iher couiiiries ifey art princi|ially made up tif the ruins of th-i^ underlying rock fcrmal'ons ; where flic'.e bitter arc J..-U11' m fertilizing ingre- di(;nts, the soils, I'..-' a iicciH:mpt< Rk akfriculturt) have been conlitied tu tht* p.^.nrer districiH, and it in a remarkable faC that where the wornt sods t'xist there also th. \ery vvor,-it Climate revails Both noil antf climate seem to form part of "itch other to «c.ch a degiee that undoui>ti lilv 'he iiest climate in ilitt islanti v.iil be found in tliut'e di.ttricts ct)ntflining (he Iw.st '•tills This his been my experience af'.er twenty-on J ycHrs of expb ratitin in all parts of the Ulnnd. Tliit tlia cliniHte vatius very iiiurh i»vor the country is not to hi woiideretl at. when we t;o|iHider Us t-iiu ition antl grei.. extent. Tiie southern nnil eiisteru seiiboartis are onlv taratively free friim fhcir influence in Hiimmer as, p^rhapi. any part of the Maritime Provinces In fact, these latter districts mit;Iil well he coniridered as an entirely diU'erent counfy alttigcth t. Antl, now. comes the tmestion as to what crop's our soils are best iulapted to, and what particular direi'tii.n flgrit 'iltiir.' in this country should take. It '». icen frec|iientiy assertetl that grair. croff , eppe ;y wheat, hailL'yand oats, ('anuot Ik* huc- ces>. It does appear to me very strange, that whik> there Ih really no negative evidence beyond mere supposition ft; tlii. assertion, there is, nevertheless, abundant ' p' uve evidentie to the contrary. As a matter of fair, all thtse crops are rai-tetl every year in I bome \ art or other of the country. AS TC WIIKAT (iKOWI.Sa, III ;ln lirst plRc'. has any a*" " ntitic atteni|)t eier been made to obtain the uiofi suit- ahlt^- grain, vr to acclimatize it ; and, setujndly, , to grow it on thofte soils more particularly adapt- eil to this cereal ■/ 1 think not. I havesecn -vheat j grown ami ripened in the Ctulroy valley, in St, (ieorge's Hay. and last mtnnier at the mouth of the Kxploii's river. The grain was Ime, large, and pi'onouticed by thosi competent to Judge, of exc^'lient (piality A Canatlian gentleman, lasr year, cxpress-'d his surprise at the quality of wheat raise'l at tne latter pi. tee. Vt hile the peo- ple of C'odroy, who linl experimentetl for several years, assured me they hail no doubt whatever of being able to raise a sufficient nuanticy to supply tbeiiiselvt^s with Hour, had they only the means to grin, 1 it. Yet none of this wheat wa.a. I re- lieve, rai.sed from seed specially selecteil to suit the climate, and certainly was not j^rown on exactly those soils I would be inclined to seleci for the e:;periment. It mimt not, huwe^'er, be iindeistood tb'it I am nt all an advoc.ite fo"- wheat growing ir. Xew fount land, bt.'vond, indfed. a ■iurticiency for local consumption in a few 'av.)rfd 'i.s'ricts. I beli"ve tliit owing t ) the immense an lis in (.'anada and ths 'Western States de'-'Oted t') this branch of Hgriculture, and prtiducini; such an excess of grain ov r and above the demand, that it would be folly for us, even unde.' the mott favorab'.' circui. 'stances, to attempt competing with such , .■::;itri<'s in the grain marketsof the world, i belicveour lands cat: be turned to mu-h more (T'ltitable a''ccuiit, and i-o far as our own supply of (lour is coticerued, we could not jKiRfi- b!y prod litre it at a cheafier rate than we now im- port it from America. tJats. b.irley. flax, hemp, hav'of all Kinds. |.eas. vtiches. and all ordinary Kiiii rr"p,i. can I lai.snl in any iiiiantity. Jiut why need I iiifotn you of this; jou all kp.ow it iiti \vell as I. J (i is in the direction of snEEl- AND CATTl,!: RAIHINO I believe our future sgricultural tlevelopment bhould l(-nd. Wo uaust convert '.hi.' prcduce of i M.n I'ltrMii.Asn snii.s. onrtoilo iiiU) li.;el', niiitton, wool and horsellesh. Tliese would ail find markets aiuonKst tlip ever incieasing populations of Europe. While we are certainly situated sreof^rapliically to reap all th« advantages of a short sea voyage, whicii should place us tirfet in the market. All tliis, how- ever, is an old. almost threadbare, theme, whicl has been frequently dealt with by far abler pens than mine. That there is no extravagant stretch of imagination ia the matter, T am coDvinced from actual personal observations. This country ia peculiarly a grass growing one. Wild grasses (for there are several varieties), of sweet nutri- tious character, spring up spontaneously where- ever the woods have been burnt or otherwise re- moved, and in the neij^hborhood of St. John's this fact is availed of every year by persons having cattle w'lo turn them out to graze over our bar- rens ; The condition of these cattle in the fall is produce. Let U9 suppose we have iOO 000 fisher- men, or persons entirely dependent on the fish- eries, and 100,000 agricuUuristd, the former could well absorb all the surplus produce of the latter, while the latter would furnish the very best mar- ket for at least 100,000 qtis of flsh. annually, the produce of the former. If we cannot become agricuhurists ourselves, let us offer every facility to outsiders who are such, to come h>re and en- gage in that business. If we admit that the country is capable of raising all the farm produce re(iu:red. and I think very fev.- doubt that now, why should it not reap the benefit of the large annual outlay for farm produce which now goes to enrich our neighbors. Were the facilities for developing our lands and then reaching our mar- kets e manufactured ; and in a iiuritimo country hko this, where the lisheries will always occupy the attention of a large portion of the jKipuiation. there should ever be a demand for canvas, cord- age, hemp' etc , sufficient to creatv' a home con- sumption of these artich's which should render the production of the raw material Mm! the man- ufacture prolitable ; for the same reason the fish- eries will ever create a ilemaml for 'arm produce, :.i| of which the country is quite capable of sui - plying, but which, at pri'sent, drams an immense amount of capital from it each year. When we come to consider the whole mctter properlv. how really few countries are tin re where ilitfeveriL sections of a population wouM find a home MKirkM, superior to any foreign market, for their coming, as they would, from an almost similar climate and character oi country. Since writing the above paper, I wiut quite un- expectedly favoured with the copy of an analysis of the average soil of St. (feorge's Bay district, niaile by a thoroughly competent and reliable person, who v.-as sent out by the Newfoundland Land Company to examine and report upou the nature of the soil, &c. It is a very gre^t satisfaction to me to learn by this analysis, that what I had reasoned out upon purely geological grounds, should so soon, and so thoroughly, be borne out, from uuch a reliable and entirely indcpendant source. Here is ilie copy in (juestion : — fCoi'Y|. Approxiiiiatu Analysis ol" tlic }ivera{;« Soils between FislietN UJver, CrabbN Wivcr, from one to six miles iiilaiMl from the 8ea-boartl, Moisture 21100 Organic matier eoniaiuing nitrogen eiiual to 23 ammonia. lll.fiO Salink Mattku. Phosphate :'..W Carlianale of Lime it) •>•' Carbonate of Magnasia 51.20 Alkaline Salts 14.4() Oxide of iron liO.S? ll.").'.t:! SiLiiiot s Mattkk. Sand and Silua A'-tMl Alumuui TiMU hWlM 100,00t) T'le above soils are very rich in organic matte and contain the full amount of the saline ferti- lizing matters found m all ^oils of lioOD bearing i,u ALivv On suih land, properly clean i' and ploughed, root crops in small patches round the ti^hermm's h,iii.,,atioi s. show the startling pro- liision will ujijch they are raised, v:z. : Pota- toes average 220 bushels, per acre ; turnips, beets and other root crops, 2S5 to 300 bushels per acre. Tomatoes ripen in the open air, &c , *c r.iiiiiii ill ti„ ihiiiij Coiuii'ifi oijir, . SI. jdin/n. x.i'\ ■f^. ive ;00 000 fisher- dent on the fish- , the former could luce of the latter, he very best mar- ish. annually, the ? cannot become iffer every facility ome hfre and en- admit that the the farm produce doubt that now, inefit of the largM 9 which now goes R tlie facilities for reaching our mar- now enjoy. I have idward Islanders, tianB, would avail I would prefer to 9 from these Pro- ntries. I bel'eve to cope with tiic vatiiig our lands, an almost similar ry- r, I was quite iin- opy of an analysis •ge's Bay disfict, 'tent and reliable the Ncwfoandland d report upou the , to me to learn by reasoned out upon lid HO soon, antt bo m tiucli a reliable irce. l£ere is ilm >1" the siveraffft Kiver, CJral»l»'.'» ( iiiil<;8 iiilHiMl 211 Otf rogeii t'i|ual . ... HI. CO f.U. :;..s() it> til) 51. ao 14. )C. ;io.a7 ur,.'x] IKK. 4-."i.02 Ti.nr, 5;i7.88 100,000 h in organic matte,' of the saline ferti- ils of (iooi) bearing jperly clean i' nml patches round the the Hiartling pro- raised, v:z. : Pota- icre ; turnips, beets 00 bushels per acre, r, &c , *o.