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Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la m^thoda. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ,<^' EMwsMnrEii) BY OF *~--S-G*4i*3>.5I-- LONDON, 997 STRAND. MDCCCLII. CONTENTS. Pbepacb '*^5 Geographical Definitions .* .' .' i Geographical Terms .... 7 Political Divisions ...,*. g EUROPE . . . The British Islands England and Wales .....* Scotland .... Ireland ......*'* Islands adjacent to the United Kingdom Foreign Possessions of Great Bri- tain France Russian Empire Prussia Austrian Empire Smaller German States . . Spain Portugal .... Italy .....".'."' Sweden and Norway .... Denmark Holland , , . Belgium . Switzerland Turkey in Europe Greece The Ionian Islands . . 11 14 ]4 22 26 30 31 32 36 40 41 43 44 46 48 51 53 54 66 57 59 61 62 ASIA .... 65 India or Hindostan qq Eastern Peninsula of India . ! 68 Turkey in Asia gg Arabia . . Affghanistan, aud Beloo- 69 chistan ^q Independent Tartary . Empire of China . . , Siberia, or Asiatic Russia PAOK 70 71 72 AFRICA ... 76 Barbary States 77 Egypt, Nubia, and Abyssinia . . 77 Senegambia 70 Upper and Lower Guinea ... 79 Soudan, or Nigritia 79 East Coast and South Africa . . 80 NORTH AMERICA . 83 British America (Canada, Nova Scotia, (fee.) g4 Russian America , ... 87 The United States ....'.' 87 Mexico go Guatimala g^ West India Islands .... * 94 SOUTH AMERICA . . 9.O Colombia (Venezuela, New Gra- nada, and Ecuador) .... 99 Peru, Bolivia, and Chili . . '.101 La Plata and Uruguay .... 102 Paraguay and Brazil .... 103 Guiana, Patagonia, and Tierra del ^"«go • . 104 Australasia (Australia and Van Diemen's Land) 107 New Zealand aud Polynesia . . 108 Exercises on the Maps .... 109 Comparison of the Heights of Mountains and Lengths of Ri- vers . . ijfj Associations and Derivations of Geographical Names .... 121 LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. FAOE Diagram of Circles on the Globe 2 Map of Western Hemisphere . 4 „ „ Eastern ditto . 6 Diagrams of Geographical Terms 7«k8 Map of Europe 10 City of London H Royal Standard of Great Britain . 14 Map ofthe British Isles ... 16 British Merchant Flag .... 20 Flag of the City of London . . 21 Edinburgh Castle 22 Island of Staffa 23 City of Edinburgh 25 North Wall and Custom-House, Dublin 28 Trinity College and Bank of Ire- land, Dublin 29 City of Paris 36 Hungarian costume 42 City of Venice 43 ;, Madrid 46 Spanish costume 46 City of Lisbon 47 „ Rome ^. . 48 Mount .Etna 49 Square of St. Peter's, Rome . . 60 Italian costume 61 City of Stockhohn 62 ,, Constantinople .... 60 Acropolis of Athens .... 61 Citron fruit 62 Map of Asia 64 City of Jerusalem 65 Sugar-cane 67 Burmese costume 68 Ruins of Baalbec .... .69 PAGE Coffee-plant 69 Chinese Flag 71 Tea-plant 71 Chinese costume ''■ City of Morocco 74 Map of Africa '4 Native of Africa ' ' Flag of Tripoli 77 Pyramid of Gizeh 77 Egyptian Merchant 78 Native of Caffraria 80 Bread-fruit 80 Map of North America . » . . 82 City of Washington 83 Native of Greenland .... 86 Flag of the President ofthe United States 87 „ United States ... 88 City of New York 89 Falls of Niagara 90 Cotton and Tobacco plants . . 90 City of New Orleans .... 91 „ St. Louis ..... 91 „ Cincinnati 92 Mexican costume 93 Cocoa-nut ^6 Cinnamon and Nutmeg .... 96 North American Indian ... 96 Map of South America .... 98 Flag of Brazil 103 Bananas 103 Map of Australasia 106 Cabbage Palms.— Australia . . 108 Comparative Heights of the prin- cipal Mountains of the World . 116 Comparative Lengths of Rivers .117 task pres( 1 lesso: its p also This their teacbi M class their Empii also t victs J the w( derive the vai of hott and sa though ^ the less forgott* rs. PBEEACE. PAGE 69 71 , 71 , 71 , 74 . 74 . 77 . 77 . 77 . 78 . 80 . 80 . 82 . 83 . 86 United la he prin- World . divers . 87 88 89 90 90 91 91 92 93 95 96 96 98 103 103 106 108 116 117 Thebe « „„ ,t„dy children take more delight in than Oeog^phv ,ien it « proper,, taught; and to do so, the use of the Map ^uJI^^^:' rfno pree^le, the learning of any treatise on the snbjeot by rote ^ :etrti;r:t:e:;r °'" ™"' ""-* - — - The reason, however, why learners not unfrequently recoil from fl,« ^ To obviate this dislike, the teacher has only, on giving th.n, *K • « . also the geographical terms, a Promonton^ a Peninsul. tT ^:::Li!:;h!;:::-r^^^^^ -her. th. n;er ..er^alX" Z::Z^Z^ ^ ^ their youthful capaeities. Key rnaVb^ The *. "' ™""' '" Bn.pire,and theLntries anTiZds underth T' °'"'^'*'' .ISO the settlements to whieh em ^Tt, . T"' °' ""^ '^"'^ ' .eta are transported. T^^^^ 11^2 :!Z^ ^ «.e world might be pointed out to thl. ZZX^r.^ " denve many of the necessanV., nf Vf i, ^ '^^®''*'® ^e «.e wetieL fruits,::::^: *l: :: - r- ^p'- -^ of home growth; also the native counrL onhe I " ''*'' """ and savage animals; with numerouT ; ^er ^ T """" "'"""^ _ *Wugh Simple enough, are new toThilt: ^^Z.t ;^'" "t I z^: ''"' " -"^^ '- ''' "-- - .vern!::!" soT: : viii PREFACE. As to what portions of the following pages it may be most needful to commit to memory, the author would suggest that only the general sum- maries of the four quarters, together with the whole that relates to Great Britain anJ Ireland, be so studied. With respect to the other nations, such as France, Austria, &c., and perhaps also India, it will be sufficient if the pupils find only the places on the maps ; and as this is an exercise they will often return to — being as easy and agreeable as it is instructive ■^— the repetition itself will in time impress much of it on their memories, and, in fact, make them familiar with the whole. This important practice, however, can only be performed through the medium of an Atlas. In superior schools and in private families. Globes generally form a part of the school requisites, or at least a map of the world is visible against the walls. When, however, each pupil is furnished with an atlas, scarcely any thing further can be dcaired to facilitate their progress in this useful science, with a suitable text-book as their guide. The study of geography is no doubt much impeded by a very culpable economy in the principals of some schools, in not furnishing sufficient or proper maps for the use of their pupils. They seem to rely too much on those that are bound up in geographies ; which, though they have their use, cannot entirely supply the place of an atlas or of larger maps. Conductors of schools, however, are not in every instance to blame, but perhaps oftener the parents ; who not unfrequently evince a pertina- nacious opposition to any additions being made" to their children's school- library, and this too of publications even the most useful and necessary to forward them in those branches of education which to acquire, one would suppose, was their principal object in sending them to school. The situation of teachers under such circumstances is depicted in the Bible narrative, where the children of Israel are required to make bricks without straw. Midsuminer 1852. 2 Hollis Place, Haverstock Hill, London. THE ILLUSTHATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. ''EOGRAPHY is the science which describes the ^ %ure, surface, and motions of the earth, its various productions and animals, and its divi- sions mto empires, kingdoms, and states. The form of the earth is nearly like an orango Titer' °^ ^" '''-' '' '' ~^^^ 'y Its surface consists of land and water; about '^'-'^^^ ^« land, and two-thirds are water. diameter are termed rpdes "*''"^' ^""*^ '^^ ^'^^^ CIRCLES. Arctic «.d the int^otic aX ' ' ^"P'" "^ <^'P™°"'' ">« T ^1 2 ILLUSTRATED LONDON OEOORAPHY. Frigid Zones and the Tropics are the two Temperate Zones ; and between the two Tropics is tlie Torrid Zone. _ inrnufiBiK*. SOUTH POLE. The Meridians are lines which pass through the equator from pole to pole. Longitude is reckoned from the first meridian, which passes through Greenwich, m.« or west. Latitude is reckoned rmih or s^th from the equate: , ^^^ TERRESTRIAL GLOBE. The Terrestrial Globe is nearly a representation of the ^^'^^^''^l the earth. On its surface are traced the general outhnes of its ooeans, continents, islands, and rivers. , , , ^ ^ „„^f„ nf its A Map is an illustrated view of the whole globe, or some parts of its surface, delineated on a plane. , , The top of a map is north, the bottom south, the right side east, and the left side west. ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ The Map of the World is divided into two Hemispheres. The Eastern contls thTthree continents of Europe, Asia, and A^ca, commonb^ ^dl^d the Old World : and the Western contains the two continents of North tericald SU America, called the New Worlds ^^^^^^^^ dis- covered by Columbus in the year 1492, or only about 360 years ago. The continents are also sometimes enumerated thus : Europe, Asia Africa and Australasia in the Eastern, and North and South America m the Western Hemisphere. . , -n -i: *v.z> Tn^mn the The five great Oceans are the Atlantic, the Pacific, the Indian, the Northern, and the Southern Oceans. id between Prom pole to isses through >xth from the rue figure of )f its oceans, 5 parts of its B eastf and the The Eastern mmonly called ents of North ing been dis- ears ago. Europe, Asia, th America in be Indian, the ■rr «■- .' weSTEItN HEMISPHERE^ ^*f TRIOIO 2 0NE EASTERN HEMISPHERE. lat So 8ea SOI A Ocea A Balti( outlej GEOORAPHICAL TEBMS. GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS. LAND. An Island (fig. 1) is land wholly surrounded by water as Ireland A Pernnsula (fig. 2) is a portion of land nearly thtgh nott^^^^ sur rounded by water, as Italy in Europe. ^ ^"' An /.^AT^iw, (fig. 3) is a neck of land uniting a peninsula to ih. « • A e„^, „. s^„, i, that part of the land .hich borders on the sea. WATER Ocefnl ""•" " ''^ ""^^ ""^^ °f >™'«'; - fe AtUntic and Pacific A AS'ea is of less extent »« *be at-ju— ,, ~ , - Baltic Sea: but it ha« « .' ' " • .""^"""^"^an «ea, the Bed Sea, the cutlets. '' " commumcation with the oceaa by one or ilore Ill 8 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGEAPHY. A Lake (fig. 5) is an inland sea, of greater or less dimensions, wholly surroundt by land, as Lake Aral, in Asin. A Chdf (fig. 6) is a portion of the sea running into the land, as the Persian Gulf. A Bay, thcugh not so extensive, has a larger sweep into the land, as the Bay of Biscay ; and when very small, it is called a harbour, a creek, or a cove. A Strait (fig. 7) is a narrow passage of water joining two seas, as the Straits of Gibraltar ; a wide Strait is sometimes called a Channel, as St George's Channel. fig. 6. fig. 6. fig- 7. A River is a stream of fresh water running into the sea, as the Thames; or into a larger river; as the Ohio. POLITICAL DIVISIONS, &c. A Kingdom is a territory or country governed by a king or monarch, as the Kingdom of Prussia. An Empire is usually a territory of greater extent than a kingdom, and embi aces a number of difierent states, as the Empire of Austria ; the chief ruler being styled the Emperor. A Republic is a state in which the exercise of sovereign power is lodged in representatives elected by the people, as the French Eepublic. The head of this state usually has the title of President. A Federal Republic is a union or confederacy of a number of smaller r^ublics, as the United States of America. A Principality is a state governed by a prince, as the Principality of Saxe-Weimar. A Duchy or Dukedom is a state governed by a duke, as the Dukedom of Tuscany. A CnB, wholly jid, as the le land, as a creek, or leas, as the mel, as St. ig.7. he Thames; )r monarch, ngdom, and a; the chief jn power is h Republic. p of smaller incipality of le Dukedom as anciently STme, from Britain it is , and is the lOKOOX. E U E P E. '-=o- English .iIes%„d1nL',retn.rf' T.""'" '" """"' ^<""' T?.,r«r.» • I, , , greatest length, from east to west. 3400 Europe enjoys aln^^'r "" ""fr"' ""^ ""^ Mediterranean Sea. the exception oTIsl^l^ T""""° °''"""°- '^'"S ^-M ""1, temperat! zone '^ ^ "' "' ■"'-•*™ '■">«»' ''"^n tlie aortU DueUel' """''" "'" ^""'""' ^'»S'»»-' J^P""-- ftineipaUties, and the names and the h'ti'tLr:,^ JT"" ^^^' ' '° "^'"^ "« """^ed on which they rta j? °°' '°°«'""'« »' "'«'' ^P^. with the river. ■^JW 12 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. H countries. Enqlane Scotland Ireland . France . Russia . Prussia . Austria . Hanover . Bavaria . WlRTEMBERO [ Saxony . Spain Portugal Sweden 1 Norway J Denmark Holland Belgium Switzerland . . ( Papal States . Naples . . S / Sicily . ^ Sardinia I Tuscany Greece . . Turkey . . capitals. rivers. { London, on the Thames . . Edinburgh, on the Frith of Forth Dublin, on the Liffey Paris, on the Seine Petersburg, on the Neva Berlin, on the Spree Vienna, on the Aanube Hanover, on the Alter Munich, on the Jser . Stuttgard, on the Rhine Dresden, on the Elbe the Manzanares the Tagua { Madrid, on Lisbon, on Stockholm Christiania .... Copenhagen .... Amsterdam, on theAmstel Brussels, on the Sennyfr„n. White Sea fo the Lr^t dee^; ^eZ 'X"' '"■™"' '^°" '"» and estuaries of rivers Th,,. »l ''"™'''' *'"' Ws, arras of the sea, aecessible from the sea Tt " "''' ' n "" P"' "' " «"* « ■"»' easil^ "f mountains and frrevaLTwr:' ™'!'^°'— 'yj %'■ ranges and wastes that are luld fC "1"^ .'^' '"''^' "^^^^^ temperate, and the soil so ferffle t J , '".™- ^'"' """"'^ ^ "o can be grown in almost thhlstlt'T 'T P'"" °' «™" '"' ''^^ 'he fruits and flowers of tro^frS'n I;!' '" "' "°""' ^"""^ "' tains fertile mines of the prSbus L "e , T )l '"°"'°- ^""f' «'»■> «»■ The inhabitants are more aZ ind^t I r^'"''' '"'' "'"' <"»»>• of any other eontinent; and theThlvt 11'/", ^'^T^-g «>«" those not only of the oomm roe of tl wTld W !l n ' "°'™™ P°"'-»» continents. The entire M^ '^t " '^' f'"*''"^ "t other 230,000,000. population of Europe is estimated at about — :<*Sii»5atS>,_»a>-j- 1 to have no t ROTAt tTAKDlRD Of OalAT IRITAin. THE BRITISH ISLANDS. The British Isles comprise two large islands ; the larger of which, Great Britain, includes England, Wales, and Scotland ; the other, situated to the west of it, is Ireland. These, with numerous smaller isles near the coasts, constitute the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. These islands form but the nucleus of this vast empire, on which the sun never sets, embracing in its extent imperial possessions in every quarter of the globe. The island of Great Britain extends from 50 to 58 degrees of north latitude. Its length is about 580 miles, and its breadth, from the Land's End to the North Foreland, is about 370. This island is divided into two parts by the Cheviot Hills, which run from the Solway Firth to the Kiver Tweed j the portion south of this boundary is called England and Wales, and the portion north of it is called Scotland. ENGLAND AND WALES. England and Wales are bounded on the north by Scotland, on the east by the German Ocean, on the south by the English Channel, and on the west by St. George's Channel and the Irish Sea. Wales includes the district lying west of the third degree of longitude, and bounded on the north by the Irish Sea, on the west by St. George's Channel, and on the south by the Bristol Channel. England is divided into 40 counties or shires, and Wales into 12, making together 52. These are arranged into circuits as follow : METROPOLITAN COUNTY. COUNTIES. CHIEF TOWNS. C London, which, connected with Westminster, South- wark, and the adjoining districts, is the metro- , . . . ^ polis of the British dominions. It is situated on \ the river Tha,mes, and contains about two and a \ half millions of inhabitants. MlDDI-ESEX )T of which, her, situated 3r isles near id Ireland. )n which the ns in every om 50 to 58 its breadth, s, which run outk of this )f it is called and, on the mel, and on includes the nded on the and on the ) 12, making inster, South- is the metro- is situated on ;ut two and a T Xv1f*Mrn ha-tinut- S i^anttrianil- 7 ihMhi.i- )•> Jineol„^/,v iii -fht/HfiMiMn m li:/rmV/«/u/v Ji ^■■•fliimifimwlilii TtO Jlimlityf,kKftii,t JO nn„l,i^,luctlui\> DO Jl,^o,■f.^k■■ HI. M„*„U!,tro 32 JUimnuifithi'him H5 Miu-Mi\f/t,tnufiiiu aO Jlnirunl.hiin S7 JinfirtUliia sa XiitKilk. .TO i'.W.»/iim ni Jlul,n.ta.r ^3 twmmiTZ ^ l JMvcnilun'. :'•'» Jtnrfeuhliv- 4U JiMMts 1! : lOxFO Okkk |Glou( ^fWoRC MoNM Shrop Staff( INCOL UTLAl OKTH. liEICES' . Derbys Cheshi: NoTTIN( Warwk OODNTUS. Yorkshire . . , . North Ridino . . East Ridino , . West Hiding . . Lancashire . . . ' North t Hi u krland , [ Durham Cumberland , . Westmoreland . iOambridoeshirb . fhuntinodonshire [Norfolk. . . . I Suffolk .... ; Buckinohamshire' liEDFOWDSUIRE . . lOxPORDSniRB , . |BkRK8HIRE . . . L0UCESTER8UIRE . ''orcestersiiire . EllEFORDSHIRE . [Monmouthshire Shropshire or Salop [Stafpordshirb . iincolnshire . RUTLANDSHIRE. .' ^ORTHAMPTONSHIRK ." |Ieicestershibk H^ Derbyshire . ICheshirb . • pOTTINOHAMSHIUE IWABWICiiSHIBE . EKOLAlfl) AND WALES. NORTHERN CIRCUIT. IT f m.. , . t^HIKF TOWNS, Lli ^^^ ^^a'^)^"^ "'*« three district, or Ridrm^^M from thoir positions North East, md West. The city o? Yo k b not a' RM forming a ou-. f^r by itself. •{ Whitby!' ^°"' ''^'*'"' '^'""''' Northallerton, . K>"g«Jon-upon-ITull, Beverlev, Drittiel.J. •/ ?5S V*^*^' "••^"^'^^' Il^'ddersfiold. Bradford. 1 Sheffield, Doncaster, KuaresborouRh. ™"''""' f Lancaster, Liverpool, Manchester, Preston. Bolton • 1 ri^'f ^"™'. ^'dham, Wigan, Burnley Cv [ ^ Ch«^-l7. Warrington, Rochdale. ^' ^* J Newcastle, North Shields, Alnwick, Hexham Mor- '{""^^^i^lt^^^, ''^^^'^> «^ockton, ^ppll^jtadt""' Cockermouth. NORFOLK CIRCUIT. Cambridge, Ely, Newmarket. • Jf""^»"«d?»» St. Ives, St. Neot's. • forvvich Yarmouth, Kings Lynn. . ^fwuih Bury St Edmund's, Lowestoft. : Bedtrftn ' ^ylr^r^' "ig'h \Vycombe, Eton. . Jiedtord, Dunstable, Luton, Woburn. OXFORD CIRCUIT. . Oxford, Woodstock, Witney, Banbury. . Reading, Windsor, Wallingford, Abingdon •{ (Thouth'''nn'^H"^-"'«"'-^' Cheltenhamr and Bristol w^ ^ P*'*'^' ^" Somersetshire). MIDLAND CIRCUIT. : team'. uTpfngff' «"°*^--^*-ford, Boston. ■/Sest'e7*r' ^.T-^-^'^Sh, Wellingborough. •{ Ett'Mt\ty""^'' ""^^^^"S^' «-«kley, * rC&^f'''^' Chesterfield, Ashboum. r Chester Stockport, Macclesfield, Birkenhead Al ' r w^'" V^^^D?; Maiisfield, Newark. 18 ILLUSTBAXED LONDON OEOQBAPHY. iiliilii i mi ' WESTEM CIRCUIT. COUNTIES. CHIEF TOWNS. Hampshire or Hants /Wmchester, Southampton, Portsmouth, Gosport, L Basingstoke. Wiltsiiieb or Wilts . Salisbury, Devizes, Wilton, Marlbprough. DoRSETSHiRB .... Dorchester, Sherborne, Weymouth, Poole. Somersetshire . . . j Bath, Wells, Bridgewater, Taunton (part of Bristol), L Yeovil. Devonshire Exeter, Plymouth, Devonport, Totness. CoRNWAiii. Launceston, Truro, Falmouth, Penzance. HOME CIRCUIT. Surrey Kingston, Guildford, Croydon, Dorking, Richmond. (Canterbury, Maidstone, Dover, Woolwich, Green- wich, Margate, Ramsgate, Gravesend, Chatham, Rochester. Sussex Chichester, Brighton, Worthing, Hastings. Essex Chelmsford, Colchesten Harwich. Hertfordshire or Herts Hertford, St. Alban's, Watford, Wai-e. THE WALES CIRCUIT. Wales is divided into the six northern counties, and the six southern. Six Northern. Flint, St. Asaph, Holywell. Flintshire . . Denbighshire . Carnarvonshire Anglesea . . Merionethshire Montgomeryshire Radnorshire . . Cardiganshire Brecknockshire . Carmarthenshire Pembrokeshire . Glamorganshire . Denbigh, Wrexham, Ruthin. Carnarvon, Bangor, Conway. Beaumaris, Holyhead. Harlech, Dolgelly, Bala. Montgomery, Welsh Pool, Newtown. Six Southern. Radnor, Presteign, Rhayadyr. Cardigan, Lampeter, Aberystwith. Brecon, Builth, Crickhowel. Carmarthen, Kidwelly, Llandovery. Pembroke, St. David's, Milford. LlandaflF, CardiflF, Merthyr Tydvil, Swansea. Rivers. — Thames, Severn, Trent, Tweed, Tyne, Tees, Humbcr, Wye, Dee, Mersey, Medway, Ouse. Islands. — Holy Island, Coquet, Sheppey, Wight, Anglesea, Man, Scilly Isles, and the Norman or Channel Islands, namely, Jersey, Guern- sey, Alderney, and Sark. Bays, &c. — Mouth of the Humber, the Wash, Thames' Mouth, the Downs, Spithead, Tor Bay, Mount's Bay, Barnstaple Bay, Bridgwater Bay, Bristol Channel, Milford Haven, St. Bride's Bay, Cardigan Bay, Carnarvon Bay, Menai Strait, Morecambe Bay, the Solway Frith. Capes. — Flamborough Hea 1, Spurn Head, Sheerness, North Foreland, South Foreland, Dungeuess, Beachy H. ad, Selsea Bill, The Needles, Port- laud Bill, Start Point, Lizard Head, Land's End, Hartland Point, Worms i ; il ;i ^^ ENGLAKD AND WALES. 19 imouth, Gosport, orough. i, Poole. I (part of Bristol), tness. azance. rking, Richmond. Voolwich, Green- resend, Chatham, Hastings. ''are. six southern. wtown. with. overy. rd. ^ dvil, Swansea. I, Humber, Wye, Anglesea, Man, , Jersey, Gucru- ines' Mouth, tlie Bridgwater Bay, L Bay, Carnarvon North Foreland, le Needles, Port- id Point, Worms Sf:^ r.t W L" «-^' =»'^ Hea., G,e.t 0™e. Head, MouN-; Wales ; thXe;;;! ^,7^ "t"",' *^*'" ""'' '"'' ^^ ^-°"». '» the Peak, in Derbyshire; the CMtem Hili? f ' [° *^''""=°'''"''''« = Wreki„,i»Shr«pire; Mendip.ttlffr ^'"""^'-^^'O ^ '"« mo^elaud. ' ^■'"''™«™. between Laneashire and West- Featubes of the Countrv * Tl,« . Eoglaml are in general Iorrdflat~a!> r*" '°"""™ P"*' <" : eonsiderable enoLehmenrsl tt'Cd l7Z "^T "" "" '"^^ fy gets „ore mountainous, until i rises to tLTft °°"""7 «"^'"- Wales. One srre^t ™„„„* • ™ '"'*>' """«<« found in far as DeZ^andTs ' 7° ""n "^ °""''""""' '"""■ward a. On the weTsI'!?,, '"^ "^^"^ ""^ " Baekbone of EngUnd." which flow"e Ir^h Se™^' T ""' "™"" ^''^'^ ""^ ^"^ ^"^^ «f which flowlunt tSt!l ' o" T'^'"' ™' "■' ^^^ -"• 'te Tee,, Trent n„rth.eal;Lt:b!^I:X|;0-«»™ hills in Gloueestershire, in which the Thfj^ ? " '"'°""' '''"'S^ "' German Ocean On the ,« • ■ ^'T''"'^' """^ "«' west into the and the Wye which lit Tf"'/"'^ f «>= ""^dsh range rise the Severn ye, wmch flow east and south nto the Bristol Th.^n^i grown in England and Wales are wb,.t ^ , "™'==— ^e prmcipal crops lops. The Ltern and sol? *■"''' '»^'«3'' «»*'. V^ "nd beans, and -a n.ised in Kent -"11? So T^ "" ^'^"^ agrieultural ; hops ford are famous for 4eir Irhard, r ' ^ T"'"' '^"'~'''^' """ "ei Cheshire, Gloucester Id [1",' '""* "'''^'' »"'' ""J' "^ "ade; The chief ma^^cies^ri :;::;"' '''" '■'^-■ flax, and hardware; Lancashire is thl ^V ''T ~"«". ^»- woollen, all the towns on it^ eastemi, J "'"''" "'""^ ''<'"»<=■•. «"1 nearly «>o silk manufacture * at « "«' .T'^f'^ '" "' ^^^ *''f -ats of Norwich, in Norfolk ■ T A „ n ""'' '^''"«'"»' » ^eshire ; at Hi^ingof York.S„te;s ,^";^;:i,f::^;,-'' ^--'- The West F manufacture. The irreaterf J, ^ .!' '^ «™' '*'=* °f «« woollen 20 ILLUSTRATED LONDON OEOORAPHY. i'il Stafford. Staffordshire is the great seat of the manufacture of earthenware, there being in the north-west part of it a district called " The Potteries," comprising a number of populous towns. The manufacture of paper is extensively carried on in Hertfordshire and Kent, where the beds of the rivers are strongly impregnated with chalk ; and glass is made in large quantities at St. Helen's, in Lancashire, at Leeds, Newcastle, and North Shields. Nottingham is famous for its manufactures of lace, Leicester for stockings, and Coventry for ribbons. The mines of England employ a large portion of the population. Coal is raised chiefly in the north and west, — in the counties of Durham, Nor- thumberland, and Lancaster. Iron is procured chiefly in Stafford, Mon- mouth, and South Wales. Tin and copper are procured in Cornwall and Devon ; and lead and zinc are found in some of the northern counties. The towns in Cheshire whose names end in vrich have long been celebrated for the quantities of salt procured in their neighbourhood. England is engaged in a most extensive commerce with all the nations of the world. The great centre of this commerce is in London. On the west coast the chief ports are Bristol and Liverpool, which form the great outi'?ts of the manufacturing districts, and which have the largest share of the trade with America. On the east coast are New- castle, Shields, Stockton, and Sunder- land, whose great export is coal; Hull, or Kingston-upon-Hull, the great sea- port of Yorkshire, extensively engaged in trade with the countries of the north and east of Europe; Yarmoath, the chief port between the Thames and the Humber j and Dover, the chief port of Kent, and the nearest point of England to the shores of France. On the south coast the chief commercial port is Southampton, the station for the steamers carrying the mails to South America, the West Indies, Africa, and Australia. Portsmouth, Plymouth, Woolwich, Deptford, Chatham, and Sheerness are important chiefly on account of their containing dockyards and other works belonging to the Government. Government, Religion, Learning. — The Government of England (that is, of the Brit'sh Empire,) is what is termed a " mixed monarchy ;" that is to say, it embraces a hereditary monarch ; a House of Peers, consiHt- ing of the chief nobility and the bishops ; and a House of Commons, elected from the people. The established religion is the Protestant, though all others are freely tolerated. The ecclesiastical divisions (called dioceses), over each of which a bishop is set, are twenty-seven in number; these, again, BRITISH MBBCHANT thAO, OK UNION JACK. of earthenware, The Potteries," ire of paper is he beds of the made in large tie, and North e, Leicester for pulation. Coal Durham, Nor- Stafford, Mon- i Cornwall and them counties, been celebrated all the nations adon. On the are Bristol and e great outi<^ts picts, and which the trade with oast are New- , and Sunder- is coal; Hull, the great sea- sively engaged )s of the north le Thames and learest point of lief commercial ^ the mails to and Sheerness ards and other it of England ed monarchy;" ' Peers, consist- tnmons, elected mt, though all lUed dioceses), r; these, again, ENGLAND AND WALES. Chichester, St. D.vidv Z Z,^°^? "^""^^o^i^, B.th .„d Welb, Lichfield, i-incoln, N„;wi^^'oS%?r'"r'' ^™'»'' He«ford Worcester, Cheated nZttT rI! n r"**"' ^"°''««*--' ^^i*-? David'a, .nd U^iaTT^hTjT' "f""' C»''*. St. Asaph, sV their names contains a^Mr^^^r^ '"r""' •'''''" '''"'-^^ "« usually termed ci^. TtTo^\^^ „n ""' ^'-'^^-o. they are bridge; there are also colle™ iri T "^ ''""""« «« Oxford and Cam- lation of England wt ,792! 768 °''"™' *"'«»'■' "arch 1851, the p„p„. U:rdt.':srhi'ifr;r"^^^^^^^ It is a city of great antiqnity, havin'! ex - '""" ' ''''''' '"^■ hsted before the time of the Roman °nva- sion. It has from the earliest period been Ithe seat of government. It is embellished Imth a vast number of public buildings lae chief of which are St. Paul's Calhe- tdral, Westminster Abbey, the Tower (!,» Bank of England, .he ^yal ExI'n't "*^""'" ^^''^^ Jthe Houses of Parliament, the Treasut! Ithe P^t Office, the Custom House, &o. t ■ ™""..».o.„„< Xtrr ntrz'^- ^^'-^-r -' «'• •'-''•»• --« jenfs, Victoria, St. JaJ^^raL .t r ' p '/''^ '" """«■ "^f^^- ^ .*he healthiness of such a Xitv »;"!;; *' °'" ""'"'»■"= ««»% «« fc inhabitants. The Tham t ! t°"""™'"' '"^ ''-=''"'«™ of :Vauxhall, Hungerfo^d ^tTrbo 7::; "-"I™ ""^ "^ bridges, called Bridge. Therels also'a <:::^nl^^^Z.TZ''\ '"'. '°"''"" .of a tunnel made under the bed of Z ■ T, " ^^""^ '">' "^'-s fiooks and shiDDin^ .1 . f "''^'■' '^''"' ^^on^on Bridge. The "f the world. '^'^^ '" '"'«" °"^ "-" "™-ous th«> in any ofter city Remarkable Placfsj a+ zt- ..• . ^ ;as fought by which WmraoTeZ'^" T^ ""' ''""'*''"^ '»«''' M; at^„«^«^,, ™^nsa d on hTThlr" w'":^ '"^""" John signed ^.^Oarto, or the great charter !fT f ^""^'' ^^« hi Cmnamn, Edward II hIIT .L-'""' "S'"'"f Englishmen; _-«•«, in wisteria wLt^-rV'™^'' ™' ''°"; «' ^- #i«. and the crown "^ btf^kt"?.?" -""".^ «'"^"^ "^- - -r.^tifpi,r.?tre::''"™^^^^^^^^ Druidical temple. °' ^'°°°'""«»' '°PP™«<' '-> have at one time formed^ WAOOFIBBCIITOFLOWDOir. hDi.NUUUGN CAMil.K. SCOTLAND. Scotland is bounded on the north by the Pentland Frith ; east by the German Ocean ; south by England and the Solway Frith ; and west by the Atlantic Ocean. Scotland is divided into 33 counties, as follow : COUNTIES. Orkney and Shetland Caithness . . Sutherland Ross-shire . . Cromarty . . Inverness-shire Nairn . . . Moray or Elgin Banffshire Aberdeenshire NORTHERN COUNTIES. CHIEF towns. Kirkwall, Lerwick. Wick, Thurso. Domock. Dingwall, Tain. Cromarty. (■Inverness, Fort George, Fort Augustus, FortWil- ' \ liam. Nairn. Elgin, Forres. BanflF, Cullen. Aberdeen, Peterhead, Fraserburgh. MIDLAND COUNTIES. Forfar or Angus . . . Dundee, Arbroath, Forfar, Montrose. Kincardine or Mearns . Stonehaven, Inverbervie. Perthshire .... Perth, Dunkeld, CrieflF, Dumblane. KiNROSS-SHIRE .... Kintoss. Clackmannan .... Clackirannan, Alloa. ■p /Cupar, St. Andrew's, Kirkaldy, Dunfermline, Falk- \ land. Stirlingshire .... Stirling, Falkirk. Dumbarton or Lennox . Dumbarton= Argyleshire .... Inverary, Oban, Campbelltown. Bute and Arran . . . Rothsay, Brodick. SCOTLAND. 23 SOUTHERN COUNTIES. counties. Ayrshire a t chief towns. Linlithgow or West Lo-) f ' '^' Greenock. THiAN I Linlithgow, Queensferiy. Edinburgh or Mid LoO „ ^TuiAN / E»iNBCRaH, Leith, Musselburgh. Berwickshire or Mersb Greenlaw Dnnci> n«Uc+ Haddington ot-EastLo-) ^^'"*^' "^^^' Coldstream. THIAN . . . . . J Haddington, Dunbar, North Berwick ItOXBURGHSHIRB Or Te- 1 vioTDALE /Jedburgh,Meh-ose, Kelso, Hawick. WesTtI;..- • • Selkirk, Galashiels. ^EEBLEs or Tweed-dale Peebles. K™udbrTght or EAsi \ ^'"°^"^'' ^^"a°' Sanquhai-, Lochmaben. Galloway . . . ./ Kirkcudbright, New Galloway. Wigton or West Gallo- 1 „,. ^^^ /^'Ston, Port Patrick, Whithoi-n, Stranraer. are Lewis, Skye, Rum, Coll, Tirree, Mull, Staffa (noted for its basaltic pil- lars and natural caverns), Jura, Islay, Bute, and Arran. Also Icolmkill or lona, an ancient seat of learning. ISLAND OP 8TAFfA. Towns in the Hebrides.— Stor- noway and Tarbet, in Lewis ; Portree, "1 Skye; Tobermory, in Mull; and Islay, in Islay. Friths— Solway Frith, Frith of Clyde, Frith of Forth, Frith of Tay Cromarty Frith, Dornock Frith, Peniland Frith, Moray Frith Lomond, in DumbaCtoe \t ,? rr ?™' ' ^'^'' '" ^WWire; 'Tay, aud Earn, in^^^S^r ''V '''"'' '^"'^''> ■ Ketterin [ KiVERs—Spey, Don, Dee, Tav, Forth nivde Twe.,? \-fT, i a Mountains.— Ben Nevis R^n w' 'r^^^'^^'^^'^'-^'^handAiinm. irngorm; the Grampfanr fn!! ^r'' ^'^ ^°"^""^' Ben-mac-dhui, urampians, forming the southern boundary of the Hi^h- i'i'l ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. lauds, the most noted of which are Ben Lawers and Ben More ; the Ochils, in Perthshire ; the Pentland Hills and Lammermuir Hills, in the Lothians. The Cheviot Hills divide England from Scotland. The highest mountain in Great Britain, according to a recent measurement, is Ben Nevis, exceed- ing 4373 feet. Features of the Country. — The general character of the country is mountainous ; on the east coast, especially about the Lothians and Fife- shire, the surface is comparatively flat. The country between the Grampian mountains and the German Ocean is also comparatively flat ; and through it flow the rivers Spey, Dee, and Don, that have their rise in these mountains. The Tay rises in Loch Tay, in Perthshire, and flows south and east, through a fertile district, past the towns of Perth and Dundee. The Forth rises in the neighbourhood of Ben Lomond, and flows east, past Stirling, into the German Ocean ; its frith or estuary forming the boundary between Fife and the Lothians. There is a range of hills stretching through the centre of the south of Scotland ; on their north side rise the Clyde, flowing north and west, past Lanark and Glasgow, into the frith which bears its name ; and the Tweed, flowing north and east into the German Ocean ; while on the south side rise the Nith and the Annan, flowing south into the Solway Frith. Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce. — Oats, barley, wheat, potatoes, peas and beans, are the chief crops reared in Scotland. The principal agricultural counties are in the south and east, where the coun- try is least mountainous ; in the north, west, and centre, large districts are used merely for pasture. The counties of Ayr and Renfrew are noted for their production of cheese. The chief manufactures of Scotland are cotton, flax, and silk; the principal seats of the first are in Glasgow and Aberdeen, of the second in Dundee, and of the third in Paisley. The woollen manufacture is carried on to some extent at Hawick, Galashiels, «fec. ; p lass is manufactured in the neighbourhood of Leith ; Kilmarnock contains a number of carpet manufactories ; in Dunfermline the finer descriptions of linen goods are made ; and Perth is famous for its gloves. Scotland is rich in its mineral and metallic wealth. Coal is obtained in large quantities in Lanarkshire and Fifeshire ; iron is also obtained in the neighbourhood of Airdrie and Falkirk ; lead is found in Dumfriesshire ; and some precious stones are procured among thw Grampian mountains. The chief commercial ports of Scotland are, Aberdeen, Dundee, and Leith, on the east coast ; and Glasgow, Port Glasgow, and Greenock, on the Frith of Clyde. Government, Religion, Learning. — Scotland is under the same government, though not the same laws, as England. The laws of the two 'i ore; the Ochils, in the Lothians. ighcst mountain n Nevis, exceed- r of the country thians and Fife- en the Grampian ; and through it ;hese mountains, ad east, through le Forth rises in Stirling, into the )etween Fife and ;h the centre of 3, flowing north which bears its German Ocean ; w^ing south into 3, barley, wheat, Scotland. The where the coun- irge districts are !W are noted for , and silk; the of the second in icture is carried manufactured in imber of carpet linen goods are ^oal is obtained also obtained in I Dumfriesshire ; m mountains, m, Dundee, and irreenock, on the nder the same laws of the two % 1 SCOTLAND. SI counerie, h«ve Jways been different, .„d at tl.e period of the Union there was no amalgamation of the laws a, of the people. The establiS tolerated. The country .a not diWded into dioeesea aa in England and Ireland, nor are there biahop. The eeeleaiaatical division, are a, folio" .T r, ,' ^ "^^ "" '"" "'"''' y^ '» »" 'ggregate meetin/ held m Edmburgh, «>lled the General Assembly, whilus the hiles^' eecles,„st,ealeo„rt. The chief seats of le.n,ing in Gotland are St. Ld^^^^^^^^ Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Aberdeen, ^"urew s, Popi,LAT,oi,._The population of Scotland in 1851 was 2 870 784 EDI.BUHOK, the capital of Scotland, is built on a range of hills about two mUes from the south shore of the Firth of Forth. B conWnt^ "!; KUIMBUBOH. 1851, 158,015 inhabitants, and 7998 hmiapa tk« • x • bourhood thejpearance of the streets and houses is' tateC and mp„S' ■ :, '"•P^c^e law courts of Scotland sit in Edinburgh in « bu.Id.ng wluch, before the Union, was used for the meeting oftf^;: 1 I: 26 ILLUSTRATED LONDON OKOORAPHY. Parliament. Edinburgh is considered a city of monuments and hospitals : on the Calton Hill and in the chief squares are handsome monuments to many great men ; and the chiet hospitals founded for the education and bringing-up of young persons are Heriot's, Watson's, Gillespie's, &c. Edin- burgh as a commercial town is not of much importance. It is con- nected with Leith, the chief sea-port on the east coast of Scotland. Remarkable Places.— At BcmnocJcbum, near Stirling, a great battle was fought, in 1314, between the English under Edward II. and the Scotch under Robert Bruce, which terminated in the complete defeat of the former. This battle secured the independence of Scotland. At CuUodm Mocyr, near Inverness, a battle was fought, in 1746, between Prince Charles Edward Stuart and the Duke of Cumberland, in which the former was defeated. This battle terminated the long struggle between the Stuarts and the house of Hanover. At Scone, a village near Perth, is a royal palace where the kmgs of Scotland used to be crowned on a stone, now preserved in West- minster Abbey. At St. Andrew^ in Fifeshire, are some ruins of the splen- did cathedrals and other ecclesiastical edifices that once adorned that city, but which were destroyed at the Reformation. IRELAND. Boundaries.— West and south by the Atlantic ; north by the North Channel ; east by the Irish Sea; and south by St. George's Channel. Ireland is about 235 miles in length, and 182 in its greatest breadth. It is divided into four provinces : Ulster, in the north ; Leinster, in the south-east; Munster, in the south-west; and Connaught, in the west; the whole being divided into 32 counties. ULSTER contains Nine Counties. COUNTIES. CHIEF TOWNS. ^^■^^"^ Carrickfergus, Belfast, Lisburn, Antiim, Lame. Donegal. . .. . . Lifford. > > '^. Down ....*... Downpatrick, Newry. Armagh Armagh. Cavan Cavan. Monaqhan Monaghan, Clones, Carrickmacross. Fermanagh Enniskillen. Londonderry or Derrt . Londonderry, Coleraiue. TiBONB Omagh, Clogher, Strabane. LEINSTER contains Twelve Counties. I>UBLiN Dublin, Swords. Westmeath .... MuUingar, Athlone. Longford Longford, Gravard. Eastmeath Trim, Navan, Kells. WiCKiow Wicklow, Bray, Glendalough. IRELAND. 27 T^n-n„ '°''''"^'' CHIEF TOWNS. King 8 County . . . Philipstown, TuUamore. ^::i::'r': . . . Ma£oro«gh, wii^gton. MUNSTER contains Six Counties. lZ7icI^ ?'^^^^ ?^''T'i Tippemry, Thurlos. Cl^k" . : : : ; • ^™«;^ck, Rathkeale. £^""^ Tralee, Killamey. CONNAUQHT contains Five Counties. sf "n ''' 5.'*""' Carrick-on-Shannon. °"^<* Sligo. p "^^^ Castlebar, Ballina, Westpoi-t ^^^oyimy Roscommon, Elphin.^ ^^^"^^ Clalway, Tuam, Loughrea, Aughrim. ISLANDS.--Rathlin Isie, North Isles of Arran, Achil, Clare, South Isles of Arran, Valencia. Chief Rivers. -Shannon, Foyle, Bann, Boyne, Liffey, Slaney, Bar- row, Blackwater. jj -""^ T> ■^w'T^.^'^'' ^""^^ ^''"'^^^ ^*^' ^"^^^'^ ^«"g^' ^^"^•Jalk Bay, Dublin Bay, Wexford , Haven, Waterford Harbour, Cork Harbour, Bantiy Bay, Dingle Bay, Galway Bay. ^ ^* CAPES-Malin Head, Fair Head, Howth Head, Carnsore Point, Cane Clear, Kerry Head, Slyne Head, Achil Head. Lakes or Loughs.— Neagh, Erne, KUlarney, Corrib, Foyle Mountains. -Mangerton, in Kerry; Mourne, in Down: Wicklow xlills. ^ Features op the Country. -The west coast of Ireland, where it IS exposed to the fierce waves of the Atlantic, is indented with bays and studded with small islands. Around this coast are found groups of moun- tarns, which shelter the interior from the Atlantic blasts ; but which are so near the sea that, with the exception of the Shannon, there is no river of importance that falls into the ocean on the west coast of Ireland. The Shannon rises in Ulster, near EnniskiUen, and flows south, through Lou^^hs Allen, Kee, and Derryean, and past the town of Limerick, into the Atlantic formmg for a considerable part of its course the boundary between Con- rm tr ' 'i f^' 28 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. naught .„d Leinrtcr. TW Foyh rUe» in the neighhourhcKxJ of Clogher :il Thl '; "^^ ^'""' '" "'-■' "- "■« 'own of Sit •hrry. There are two nvers named the Mnn: the Upper £ann rise, CLr^hf "7"—'"'-. •"-> "--"6 nortTInf;™ JVeagh, from whence ,t agam igsn^a „„der the name of the Lou«r Mnn and flowu,g atiU to the north, falU into the ,ea near Co.erai e Te Z« and after flowng north and east, faUs into the sea at .Orogheda. The UUUUlt— TUK .\OUlB Win, AMI ( I .'' > '"^^ f— falling into the sea at Wexford, and the latter at Waterford. The Blarkwater rises among the mountams of Kerry, flows west to Lismore, after which it flows sou h un d It enters the sea at Youghal. One of the great features of Ire- land IS the numerous bogs with which it abounds, and which are said to coyer nearb^ one-eighth of its surface. The chief of these is the Bog of Allen, m the provmce of Leinster. Agriculture, Manufactures, Commerce. _ Ireland produces the same gram-crops as England and Scotland. The chief crop hitherto reared for home consumption has been the potato, which for a long time has been the pnncipal article of food used by the majority of the people. Large quantities of cattle, sheep, poultry, butter, and eggs are exported from Ire- and for consumption in England. The most important manufacture is that of hnen, which is chiefly carried on in Belfast and the neighbourhood. Ihe chief commercial ports of Ireland are Belfast, Dublin, Waterford Cork and Londonderry. Ireland produces very little coal. Iron is found in some parts of t^e countiy, and there are some productive copper-mines in the county of WickW. Near Kilkenny are quarries of marble, and in the ° ' ^' uaiwaj some very good marble is found. IRELAND. OOVERNMENI, RelioioK, LEARNIlin Tl,» «erc«od by . Lord Lie„ten.„t, ««»? hf '\"' "/ '"''"'' " Kingdom, who rMe, .„d hold ZZZZvlT7f "/ "" ""'''" changed whenever there i, . change ofTwlTh": ^ """^ " """'^ tho.e enforced in EngUnd. -T^' ^^t^U^ZluZTZlrT' 1 he country i, divided into diocese, as in Enrf.3 tk ^"""T'' "'"' Meath, Deny, Down, Kitaore, Tu«n Dublh, (T. n T."" '^™'«''' Woe, and Limerick. Tl>e great mlri^ fT.! T' '^'"'"''' ^'"^- K"" Catholic religion • and a 31^ ^ ?," '"'°''''' ''"''« "'» K°">-' Fofess the ^esh;t: I'^roCtm"^ Th"" T'':? " ""'""■ Dublin, Belfct, Cork, and Galwav Til r, °f 'earning are Maynooth, in ti,e neighbourhood 'of Dlbu" " ' """"" *^°"""'" "°"^»"° «' 0...':;7r""'-"'' ■""""""■" °^ '-•»»". - ^arch ,85.. was Bay. The ancient name^nll 1 '^ tn '"^ " '°'»' """^ »""' DnWin IKl.MTY COLlKOe iND BANK OFIHm,AND,ulJUi.,ft. I>ub.in is crossed by several haX: tL^"r- '"^ "^^ »' I'ubhc park in the neighbourhood nf ,1 T ,, " "'"'^ «tcn»ive which is situated the relelt f JclL?' T" "" """'" ^''*' ™ «s for shippiug; ta, „„,, : tlf cte if; b r' ^"T °" '™"" ^.charge their cargoes at the ,„ay. co s j; ^ trsir:' ''''"' "'"' .,,11 ■N I 'fl iiii Ml 80 ILLUSTRATED LONDOX QEOORAPHV. Remarkadle Places.— Near Drogheda, on the river Boyne, was fought the celebrated battle of the Boyne, in which William III. was vic- torious over James II., and which firmly established the victor on the throne. Limerick is famous for the treaty signed at it in 1C91, after it had long held out in fttvour of James II. Waterfard is memorable as the place where the soldiers of Henry II., led by Strongbow, first landed when they invaded Ireland, and ako for being the first place in the country where potatoes were grown. The Vah o/Avoca, in the county of Wicklow, and the Lakes of Killamey, are celebrated for their beantiful scenery. In many parts are found round towers, and other ruins, supposed to have been built before the introduction of Christianity. There is one of these in the county of Wicklow, at Glendalowjh, and near it arc the ruins of seven churches. In other parts of Ireland the ruins of seven churches grouped together are found. SMALL ISLANDS BELONQINO AND ADJACENT TO THE UNITED KINGDOM. Isle of Man, in the Irish Sea : chief towns, Douglas, Ramsey, and Peel. It contains several mountains and rivers of little note, the highest mountain being about 2000 feet above the level of the sea. It is about 35 miles long and 12 broad. It is now greatly used as a place for bathing and summer recreation by the inhabitants of the north-west parts of Eng- land. The island was once the property of the Earls of Derby, by whom it was sold to the British crown. It still retains many of its ancient privi- leges and peculiar laws. The Channel Islands are, 1, Jersey; 2, Guernsey; 3, Alderney; and 4, Sark. The largest of these is Jersey, about 12 miles long and 5 broad : chief towns, St. Helen's and St. Aubin. Ship-building is carried on to a considerable extent in this island. Guernsey is about 9 miles long and 3 broad. Its chief town is St. Peter le Port. It and Alderney are celebrated for their breed of cows. The island of Alderney is small, and its population is only about 1000. Sark is the smallest of these islands, and contains an area of only about 4 square miles. The entire population of the islands that have been described was iu 1851, 142,916. -.- .W3(IBitJliKi«:-n^i;,- FRANCE. 81 FOREIGN POSSESSIONS OK GREAT BRITAIN. In Europe: T'digolanJ, . small ishnd in the acrmon (V™„ . n; added the ,ev.u„„,„„ Me, .,uel, arc under the p„teeti„„ „f E ^Zd ™ ;« ;!;""°'" '"'""'"'"'^ °" "«= ™' -^* of Africa and t^e' coa,l of au,„e„ „. Cape Coast Castle, Sien-a Leone, the Capo of Good Hone StLt""' ""^ """'^ ''• ^''-»' ^--^""' -^ •"», offX Ik North America: TI,e Canadas, Ne,vfonndland, Nova .Seotia and ttZ^'ZTj^T' 'T f r-'"™ """"'■-^ "f "'^ U^''«^ Stat- to ine JN orth 1 acific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. .ndtti:e™r ^'l^LSSdr-"' """'"'"- ''~' ^--^". In the West Indies : Ja„,aiea, Barhadoes, Antigna, Trinidad the r:f"rd„rrc:rr:"^'"^"-"^'°-^ . J''" W"l««on of these foreign possessions (including the tril>ularv ct:ftloBlZ'^"''"'»'f »' "'"^^ '•'»'»»«.»»»= - ft 't^ t ! bels Tl '"''^ """'''" °"°='^""^ "•«»■' 180,000,000 of human * so^taTBritTV"" "" "'^"' »f«'^°>".»00,000ofsquar unde'Teir'rXl'Zd::'""' "' "■'"' "'■""" "^ -^ '""^ ^--»'='' . I m ■: ti^ I :;-y r'l 32 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. FRANCE. Boundaries.-- North by the English Channel; east by Belgium, Ger- many, and Italy ; south by Spain and the Mediterranean ; West by the Atlantic. France was formerly divided into thirty-six provinces; but subsequently to the revolution of 1789, into eighty-six departments. In the Noeth. provinces. chief towns. Isle op France . . . | ^-^R^s, Versailles, Fontainebleau, Melun, St. Cloud, l St. Denis. Normandy Rouen, Havre, Dieppe, Caen, Cherbourg, Evreux. PiCARDY ... / -A^iniens, Abbeville, St. Quentin, Boulogne, Mont- • l reuil, Calais, Crecy. ^«Toi8 Arras, St. Omer, Agincourt. iRENCH Flanders . . Lisle, Cambray, Dunkirk, Douay, Valenciennes. Champagne Troyes, Eheims, Chalons. Lorraine Nancy, Verdun, Metz, Epinal. ALSACE Sti-asburg, Cohuar. In the Centre. Bretagnb or Britanny . Rennes, Brest, St. Malo, Nantes, Quimper. ^NJou Angers, Saumur. ^■^iNE Le Mans, Laval, Mayenne. Orleannois ..... Orleans, Chartres, Blois, Chambord. louRAiNB Tours, Chinon, Savigue. PoiTou Poitiers, Niort. Berpi Bourges, ChMeaureux. NivEHNois Nevers. Bprgundy Dijon, Bourg, Macon, Auxerre. BouRBONNois .... Moulins. Franche Comte . . . Be8an9on, Vesoul. AUNIS, SaINTONGE, \ T> r, 11 Ti 1 Angoumois J • • "'Ochelle, Rochefort, Saintes, Angoul^me. La Marche Gueret, Aubusson. Limousin Limoges, Tulle. AuFERGNB Clermont, Aurillac. Lyonnois ..... Lyons, St. Etienne, Montbrisson. In the South. GuiENNE Bordeaux, Montauban, Cahors, Agen. Gascony Bayonne, Auch. Languedoc . . (Toulouse, Narbonne, Montpellier, Nismes, Le Puy, ' 1 Alais, Foix. Bearn Pau, St. Jean de Luz. RoussiLLON Perpignan. DAUPHijfT Grenoble, Vienna, Valence. Venaissin Avignon, Oi-ange. Provence Aix, Marseilles, Aries, Toulon. FRANCE. 33 ;ium, Ger- jst by the bsequently St. Cloud, , Evreux. pie, Mont- i, Le Puy, DEPAKTMENTS. ANI> rHEJKOn,^ IK WHICH THEY ARE DEPARTMENTS NORD . . Put.,, PROVINCES. Pas de Gala s * ' ' ' f '•f".«h Flanders. SoMME . • • • • dr'^/^^^d north-west part of Picardy. OisE . • ' • . ^orth part of Normandy. AisNE ;;•••• Jff^'^-^^^st.PFt of Isle of France. Meuse .* ^«»tre of Champagne. Moselle. ' ' • • rjo'th-west part of Lorrame. Mecbthe fjo'-th part of Lorraine. LowEB Rhine * * ' ' ^entre of Lorrame. Uppeb Rhine' ' * * ^^''f J part of Alsace. VosGEs • • • . South part of Alsace. Upper Saone " * * * °?"*h part of Lorraine. DocBs "^ • . . . North part of FmncheComte. Jura. J^^* Part of Franche Comte. Upper Mabne' ' * ' o*""*? P*'"* of Franche Comte. A«BE. • • • g^^^J^ast part of Champagne. Coted'Ob ^^"^J-west part of Champagne. YoNNE So';tn-«a8t part of Burgundy. NiEVBE S- ""'.^^*P^''*^''^i«g«ndy. Saone am; LoiBE.' ' ' Oe^T^fn . Allieb • • ^'^•i*^ of Burgundy. Cher Bourbonnois. Loire; East part of Berri. Seine aniMAR^E* " " ^^ P*'^ «f O'leannois. Seine /''^«^^- • • Sou ^-ea^t part of Isle of France. Seine anc/ oisE* ' ' ' cS^ ^^ ^^^^ of France (Paris). EuRE. ' • • • l^'^th-west part of Isle of France. Calvados . " ' ' * ™ Pft of Normandy. Obne. ...'•• Somhr,!fTM'^*"**°'^'^^<>^ Normandy. EuBE«nrfLoiR; • • ^«";JP'*'-t of Normandy. ^ LaManche. • • • ^!l*^'-«^^f PartofOrleannois. Loire an./ Cheb [ [ ' SoS^'oai'/f oT""^^" Jj^«^ «»^ Loire . . .' C^Pf '^^ ^•''«a'^'^«^- ViENNE West part Of Berri. Two Sevres East part of Poitou. Maine anAoi^E: .' [ '^.'^ '^^^' fcar. : ^^^i^^^- ItLEafirfVlLAINE* * * S P'""'"*^*"'^- Cotes .. Nor^J (Lres of , ^'^ ""' P^" '' ^^'"^7' the north) . . \ J^orth part of Brittany. FiNisTERRE Cend of the ,,, , „^a"d) J West part of Brittany. MORBIHAN . * a,.. *u . Lower LoiBB " * " ' ^^"ff -west part of Brittany. Vendee • ' • • ^outh part of Brittany. ^ T „^__ p West Dart n{ Pnitn.. Angoumois. D li '1 n f S ! 34 ILLUSTRATED LONDOK GEOGRAPHY. DEPARTMENTS, kc— continued. departments, dordogne . Upper Vienne Creuse . . CORR :E . . Lot . . . Cantal . , PuY de Dome Upper Loire Loire . . Rhone . . AiNE . . . ISEBE . . . Upper Alps Lower Alps Var . . , Boucues du Rhone Vauoluse Drome . Ardeche Gard . . LOZERE . Herault AVEIRON . Tarn . . Tarn and Garonn Lot and Garonne Gers .... Landes . . . Lower Pyrenees Upper Pyrenees Upper Garonne Arriege and Aude Eastern Pyrenees Corsica .... provinces. North part of Guienne. North part of Limousin. La Marche. South part of Limousin. Centre of Guienne. South part of Auvergne. North part of Auvergne. North-west part of Languedoc. West part of Lyonnais. East part of Lyonnais. South part of Burgundy. North part of Dauphiny. South part of Dauphiny. North part of Provence. East part of Provence. West part of Provence. Venaissin. West part of Dauphiny. North-east part of Languedoc. East part of Languedoc. West part of Languedoc. Centre of Languedoc. East part of Guienne. West part of Languedoc. South part of Guienne. Centre of Guienne. East part of Gascony. West part of Gascony. Beam. South part of Gascony. South-west part of Languedoc. South part of Languedoc. Rousillon. Island of Corsica. Mountains.— The Pyrenees, between France and Spain; the Alps, be- tween France and Italy; the Jura Mountains, between France and Switzer- land ; the Vosges Mountains, between Lorraine and Alsace ; the Cevennes, in Languedoc ; and the Mountains of Auvergne. Rivers. — The Seine, the Loire, the Garonne, and the Rhone. Islands.— Belle Isle ; Noirmoutier ; Rhe ; Oleron ; and Corsica, the chief town of which is Ajaccio. Capes. — La Hogue and Barfleur, and Point St. Mathieu. Foreign Possessions.— In the West Indies, the islands of Guada- loupo, Martinique, Marigalante, Deseador, and St. Martin ; in South America, French Guiana, chief port Cayenne; in Africa, Algiers and Goree ; the Isle of Bourbon ; in India, Pondicherry, Mahe, Carricall, and Chundernagore ; the Marquesas Isles. FeATTTBFS of TWF GnTTKTTpV Tho Wfioforn r^off rwf Pronnp '*" 1'^'" a-r" — ■" R. * . — -X,' TT - -- .. I'.r. V .^1 iittiiCL xa IVTT dull flat; the mountains are chiefly found in the centre and on the eastern PttANCE. 3S borders. The mountaiu-rance n, n>. p through Languedoo and ICe 1^-^' TZ"^ "^^ "> ''» «»°«-««' with the J„a and the Alp, Twll" 'T'^ ""' ^<"««' "Wch liak it which, after passing I^ons i?! J!"°''7,f ".' '"""^-^ ''''^» «" Khone; The other large rivers TrZ ^ , ' ""^ '"'» *""= G""' »f Lyons ."flowwest,^. Te filfrrirn^ "^ ?■"'' ^°-' -0 «— ne, Paris, and Eonon, into «^^ Eolh Ch^C 7"°'' ?-' T«>^-. Melun the Cevennes Monntains, flowfnt^ °f "' 5'™' ">« I"™" "'^^ in from thence it, course is l^ IT™ ■ t "'" ^' ^^"" "" O*"-'; of K«ay. The oZZSL^T'I' ""' "'"' ^'"'«' '°'» *•" W thence in a north-w^ to^tat R ^'"'"k""'' ""* '-Toulouse: the Bay of Biscay. ThereT n„ L ?^ *'°"' "'"'"» " «<"" »'» G»i»ne and OasL, ZZ :TZ:^i:Z'^- '" '"""'^ '" cultivated inllo sou 1™"!^ ''™'";*"'' ™'' ""» ™« " S«-raIly Foduce the wines be:„ng tteTn Irrn *^"™P'"^» -" Bu^undy Guienne. The mulbcrry-leet Z '.f. '"'" " ""j' P""'"««d i» for the purpose of reaZg drk-l:^™*'' '° ^ '"«' ^*"' ^ *»« -"'!' leather' «'-f manufactures of France are silk, wool, cotton, hardware, and Sedan, Vieune, Bcauv^ i^*! "1"" "»:"» -™f'«ture are Eheims of Europe. ^ ""^ ^^'' ^'^^' "^^^ America and the north and lead. ^ ''"*' ^"^ ^^'^^ ^^ «°^«" quantities, silver, copper, Government, Religion &:o tk« ■epuhlican, the hLd of w^I^^^rt afnnT °' f ""I™ '^ "' ■*--' oertain number of years Al rplfj """ ""^ "'^ P<^»P'e for a 'he people belong to tie I^llXZ^T'^L^* ""^ ™'j»"'^ of "■ad^e by the state for educati™ ''™- '^'''^■•« « « P^vision Jl-ATION, i^Aitis, the capital of Fran population of France in 1848 f France, contains » r^^„..i-x- was 35,567,634. ■ I .t if . •r ■ b I J. I'j I I'M !■•■; contains a population of about 1,000,000 35 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. It is a city of great antiquity, having existed under the name of Lntetia before the time of Julius Caesar. It contains several palaces, numerous public buildings of great beauty, and it has been the scene of many niost important events. The Seine, on both banks of which Paris stands, is r/ossed in different parts of the city by more than twenty bridges. Remarkable Places.— i?0Mm, formerly the capital of the Duchy of Normandy, is celebrated for its cathedral; bX Strasbourg there is also a famous cathedral, which contams a wonderful astronomical clock; another celebrated cathedral is at Rhdms, in which it was the practice to crown the kings of France; Agincaurt and Poitiers are famous for the battles fought at them between the English and French, in which the former were the victors. At Poitiers the English were commanded by Edward the Black Prince, and in the contest the French king John was made prisoner- He was brought to England, and lived for some time at the palace of the Savoy in London. At the siege of Comjmgne, a town in the department of the Oise, the celebrated Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans, who had led the French troops to many victories over the English, was captured ; and shortly after, to the discredit of the Enolish name, this patriotic woman was burned as a witch in the market-place at Rouen. Dijon is one of the oldest towns of France, and was formerly the capital of the Ducny of Burgundy when that province was independent of the French crown. Ajc^, in Corsica, is famous as having been the birthplace of Napoleon Buonaparte. Mwraeilles is one of the oldest commercial towns m Europe, having been founded about six hundred years before the birth of Christ by settlers from Greece. Avig^non was, for about seven .y yearSj .lie resi of the popes. Calais, the nearest town to the English coast, is memorable in history as the scene of repeated struggles between the French and EngUsh. Brest, Toulon, and CJierbau/ry are great naval stations. RUSSIAN EMPIRE. 37. 44+ ll RUSSIAN EMPIRE. The vast empire of Russia extends from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea, and from the Baltic Sea to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. That portion which lies in Europe is bounded on the east by the Ural Moun- tains and the Caspian Sea ; on the south by the Black Sea and the Caucasian mountains ; on the west by Turkey, Prussia, the Baltic Sea, and the Gulf of Bothnia ; and on the north by the Arctic Ocean. Russia in Europe is divided into forty-nine districts called govern- ments. GOVERNMENTS. NORTHERN PROVINCES. PROVINCES. CHIEF TOWNS. Archangel ..... Archangel, Kala. ^oi^oQDA Vologda, Usting, Veliki. OiiONETZ Olonetz, Titousk. CENTRAL PROVINCES, called GREAT RUSSIA. St. Peteesbubg ... St. Petersburg, Cronstadt. Pskov Pskov. Smolensk Smolensk, Elma. Orel Orel, Kromi. KoiiKSK Koursk, Old Oskol. Tambov Tambov, Kaslov. NizNi NovoQOBoD . . . Nizui Novogorod, Makarieff. Kostroma Kostroma, Verlonga. Jaroslav Jaroslav, Rostov. NovoGOBOD Novogorod, Valdai. Tver Tver, Torjok. Moscow Moscow, Klin. Kalouga Kalouga, Borousk. Tula Tula, Venev. I^EZZAN Rezzan, Zaraisk. Vladimir Vladimir, Mourom. URAL PROVINCES. Jerm Perm, Katerinburg. X^ATKA Viatka, Slobodskoi. Orenburg Orenburg, Uralsk. CASPIAN AND WOLGA PROVINCES. ^^''A'!^ Kazan, Laischev. Simbirsk. ...... Simbirsk, Stavropol. Penza Penza, Goroditch. i^ARATnv ...... Sfii-atov, Voisk. AsTRACAN Astracan, Gournev. Caucasus Stavropol, Alexandrov. t 'T |l^ •^"ri .1 f !i 38 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. rnoviNCEs. Don Cossacks voeonetz . Khabkoff . PoiTOVA . . TcHEENIGOV Kiev . . . POBOLIA . . VOLHYNIA . LITTLE RUSSIA. CHIEF TOWNS. . Azov, Katherinoden. . Voronetz, Paulouslc. . KharkoflF, Valk. . Poltova, Lubin. . Tchemigov, Nejin. . Kiev, Boganslav. . Kaminiek. . Zytomir. 1 NEW RUSSIA. 5"^^^*^^ Kherson, Odessa, Nicolacv. Bessarabia Akerrnan, Ismail. i.^^"i»^ Sevastapol, CafFa. Katherinoslav . . . Katherinoslav, Alexandrousk. WHITE RUSSIA. MoGHiiEF Moghilef, Therikof. Jji-^SJ' Minsk, Boubronish. Vitebsk Witebsk, Polotsk. LITHUANIA. ^^ODNO Grodno, Dreutzol. KowNO Kowno. Wilna Wihia. BALTIC PROVINCES. EsTHONiA Revel, Wessenburg. I^ivoNiA Riga, Dorpat. KuRLAND Mittau. Finland. ..... Abo, Wyborg, UUaborg. EiVERS.— The Wolga, the Don, the Dnieper, the Dniester, the Dvvina, and the Petchora. Mountains.— The Uralian Mountains, which separate Europe from Asia. Lakes. — Ladoga and Onega. Features op the Country.— Nearly the whole of Kussia consists of steppes or plains. The only mountains are in the east, which divide it from Asia. In them the rivers Wolga and Petchora take their rise ; the former flowing south into the Caspian Sea at Astracan, and the latter north into the Arctic Ocean. The Don rises in the province of Tula, and after a circuitous course through a low couutry falls into the Sea of Azov. The Dnieper rises in Smolensk, and after a wandering course falls into the Black Sea at Kherson. The Dniester flows through Bessarabia into the Black Sea. There are two rivers named Dwina: one rises in Vologda and flows past Archangel into the White Sea; the other rises in Pskov' aud flows into the Gulf of JtCiga. RUSSIAN EMPIRE. 30 Agiiiculture, Manufactures, Commercf ^^ p • i^erinlrr" "ir""'"--' a« grown, „„eh„;wS lad Tin ''"■ ^°'"'°™ " S"-™ «"y i" U-e south. n« some woo en factories at Sf P«f.. i j ,r ^rcuangei , tHere are •11 *a»-njiies ac ot. retersburcf and Moscow Tlio r,r^^4■ i silk manufactures are both mptln^ b«"u Moscow, ihe cotton and B-a . ,a„„. ,„ i^ — irrtt/x'itroT^^^ frnivf*! TT , ™^^" <^^ J^"ssia. -Urge quantitics of ffoW arc obtained the Black, and Astracan on the Casnian Spa \r- • xr St. Pete^burg, mLow, Hebf^ in irktaZff 'r'™f " "' and Kieff. J^miand, Jihurkoff, Kasan, Dorpat, ,J:r^""'~'^' ''°^'"""-» of «-■" » ^0,. is about si.ty Son^n'n^r ' —-*- p* bXtLLt: F-euch i^^d "; 1^™^^,".''-:^^ ^^ '\^ -■""f-o wh. the scale than before PmZ ' ^ '""' '*'"' "'»''™" "" " '"ger between the tlt„trcLrxirLd°;h''';'''-''^ '""«'" '"'^ the Great, in which thri«« • ° *■"""" '^'^^' ^^^' Howard, tile E„XitW;;tXrm7 ^' "^'^ ''"' mm i /■fi ! J 1^ H' "' r^ 40 ! ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. GERMANY. The general name of Germany is usually applied to that great portion of central Europe which is bounded by Russia on the east, the Baltic Sea and Denmark on the north, Holland, Belgium, and France on the west, and by Italy and Turkey on the south. It includes Prussia, Austria, Hanover, Saxony, Bavaria, Wik- TEMBERG, and a number of smaller states. PRUSSIA. Boundaries. — North by Hanover, Mecklenburg, and the Baltic Sea ; east by Russia ; south by Austria and the smaller German states ; west by France. The kingdom of Prussia contains eight provinces, which are sub- divided into governments. PROVINCBS. CmEF CITIES. BaANDENBijRo .... Berlin, Potsdanj, Fraukfort-on-the-Oder. PoMERANiA Stettiu» Stralsuud. Sii-EsiA Bi-eslau, Glogau, Prussian Saxony / Mag Rivers.— The Rhine, Elbe, Vistula, Oder, Weser. Bays and Lakes.— Curische Haff, Frische Haff, and Gulf of Dantzic in the Baltic Sea. Features of the Country.— The general character of the surface of Prussia is flat. The only mountains of importance are in the south and west ; the Riesen Gebirge or Giant's Mountains, and the Hartz mountains. No great rivers rise in Prussia ; those that have been enumerated rise in the higher lands of Central Europe, and flow through Prussia, — the Vistula and the Oder into the Baltic ; the Elbe, the Weser, and the Rhine into the German Ocean. Agriculture, Manufactures, Commerce. — Wheat, barley, and oats are reared in considerable quantities. Flax and hemp are also very generally cultivated ; so is the potato. There are numbers of vineyards in the Rhenish provinces. The chief manufactures are of linen, cotton, and hardware; and their principal seats are in the west part of the AUSTRIAN EMPIRE. procured fr„„ t JI^ Hf «:l,';tdT'' ^™' '"" ""^ ^"'*' '» trade. Tie ehief coramerei. 1 T » "" "" important article of of.t.te ed,.eat,„„,L ther", Z '^ J^^'':' "■ --"-' ^^^^e™ The PopuLATioK of Pr,,. ' . "''^"""J^ '" "'"'ost every province. «. area oU.oZZ,:^!::,^.!:^'" ^''""■' """"'°'' ■"" " -"-' of Charlemagne .' tT ^1u "" ™"° *' ''"' °' ">» government oathedral; T^ :J^Z'^ ZlT'^ TT'" "«■""•'" between France and Russia. ^ '""'°'"''<"" "'"■•^ » 1807 :t" AUSTBIAN EMPIRE PROVINCES, Austria Proper tr -r . ^*^^®*' ^™^ Bohemia * ' ' J'^«^^, L ntz. Moravia . ' ' * ^r^i^' "K'^'^"' ^<^^»ggratz. Austrian SileJia: .* [ tZ^''^"'"''''' ^''''''^^'' Gaucia (Austrian Poo ^'^"'^P*"' ,3 ^and) ^ Cracow, Lemberff. OALZBURG . a„l 1, Carinthia . Salzburg. Tyrol Clagenfurt. Carniola : • • • • J^spr^ck, Trent. Sttria . • • • a*y?^*^J:„ Istria . • • • • g'?*^. Cilley. Hungary Proper* * ' p"fu\^r'^o- Bannat . • • • m^'*^'^»*i^'>^Ofen,Presburg.TokavPetPrw ^• Transylvanu ' ' • ^«"»««^ar. ^-g* ^okay, Peterwardin. ScLAvoNiA .' ' • • |*^™*°8tadt, Clausepburg. Croatia. ..***' # , ; j. „. Dalmatia • • • • Jarlstadt, Fiume. LOMBARDT '(AV3^j.;.^.S-^*2"Sa. i^^i-^) . . . r.i^i^n, Mantua, Padua, Venice. 4, -m 4fl ILLUSTRATED LONDON OEOORAPHY. I I . : 1 ! Rivers. — The Danube with itu numerous tributaries, as the Inn, Teiss, Save, Drave, »fec. Mou. TAINS.- -The Tyrolese Alps and Carpathians. Features of the Country, &c. — In the west of Austria are the Ty- rolese Alps, which are continued with little interruption round the province of Bohemia and into the great Carpathian range. This latter range di- vides the rivers of central Europe. The Inn, the Save, and the Drave rise in the Alps and join the Danube ; the Teiss rises jn the Carpathians, and fulls into the same river not far from Peterwardin. Aqriculture, Commerce, »fec.— Wheat, bariey, oats, and rye are raised in great (juantities in Austria. The chief agricultural districts are Moravia, Silesia, and Galicia, on the north side of t!ie Caqwthians, and Lombardy in Italy. Wine is produced in Tokay and the neighbouring district. The chief manufactures are silk, wool, cotton, flax, aud glass. Lom- bardy is the chief seat of the silk manufacture ; and Bohemia is famous for its beautiful manufacture of glass. The mines of Austria produce iron, copper, quicksilver, lead, silver, and gold. Only a small portion of Austria is sea-coast, and its only seaports of consequence are Trieste and Venice. Government, Religion, &c. — The government is nearly, if not alto- getb.er, an absolute monarchy ; about two-thirds of the population, with the emperor, profess the Roman Catholic religion, and there is a state provision for education. The Population is about thirty-six millions, and the area of the whole empire 255,000 square miles. Remaricvble Places. — Vienna, the capital, situated on the Danube, contains a population of about 400,000. It suffered severely during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries from the sieges of the Turks, who, however, were unable to obtain possession of it. Prague appears in history as the scene of numerous battles and sieges. It was the birthplace of Jerome, one of the re- formers. Austerlitz is memorable for the great victory gained at it in 1805 by the French, under Napoleon, over the Austrians. At Trent were assembled, in the sixteenth century, the famous Councils of the Church, called by the popes to settle points of doctrine, and to heal differences. Biula is the capital of Hungary ; it is situated on one side of the Danube, and connected with Pesth on the other by a magnificent bridge. The popu- lation of the two towns is about 100,000. Mikm, the capital of Lombardy, contains about 200,000 inhabitants. It is said to have existed as a town four centuries before the Christian era. It contains a famous cathedral. Mantua is another DDXaj^BIAN. 8MALLEB GERMAN STATES. ^« one p.ri<^ the greatest co„,„erci ^'» "« ">o coast of Ifrica . G^a rth! E^f t'^"*' "'"' """' '^"="'™" ™ ""« coast of China ^' ^""''''' »"'' ^f""""' ■"> inland off the 3^1 MiBON. from an earthquake in fh. ,,.,. 17^. .^^ ,',":. I* «"ffered severely destroyed. SeM or ^r ^A^ -JV' "^ Z • '"^^^^ P^^^«^« ^'^^ -I Kj^''wu,v, or A5f. voes, IS famous for its Pvnr^r* e i^ C«-S™ ,3 a university, the only one existing in Porter ' ^' >» ' " CJ iJili 'I BOHK. ITALY. Boundaries. — North by Switzerland and Austria; east by the Adriatic Sea ; south by the Mediterranean ; west by the Mediterranean and France. The separate divisions of Italy may be thus enumerated : LOMBARD Y, OR AUSTRIAN ITALY. GOVKRNMENTS. CHIEF CITIES. {Ililan, Venice, Come, Pavia, Bergamo, Cremona, Lodi, Mantua, Verona, Brescia, Padua, Udine, Vicenza. KINGDOM OP SARDINIA. Oavoy Chamberri. PiKDMONT Turin, Alessandria, Savona, Nice. Genoa Genoa, Spezia. Island of Sardinia . . Cagliari, Sassari. GRAND DUCHY. Tuscany Florence, Pisa, Pistoia, Leghorn, Sienna, Arezzo. DUCHIES. Pakma Parma, Piacenza. MoDENA Modena, Reggio, Massa, Carranu Lucca Lucca. THE POPE'S DOMINIONS. States or the Church . \ ^^"^' ^^"*^ Vecchia, Perugia, Ancona, Ravenna, L lierrara, Bologna. KINGDOM OP THE TWO SICILIES. Naples . . J Naples, Gaeta, Capua, Reggio, Taranto, Baiae, L Manfredouia, Foggia. Island of Sicily ... 4 ^'4f T' Messiuaj Symcuse, Trapani, Catania, L Modica, Girgenti, Marsala. ITALY. 49 JLAKES.— Como, Garda, Maggiore. celebrated volcano of Yes^^f^'^'^t^-, ^^ ^^es is the volcano of Etna, rising nearly 11 000 f I • , / ""^'^ stupendous only 3731 feet. ^ ^ '^^^ ^''' ^^ ^^'S^^*' ^hile Vesuvius is ^^i MOU»I BTMA. Wi'ECa~m.lniTdlor"™'r"'*^ chief of „hioh is Strom- to Bonaparte in ISU "^ ""*' " ""'^d ■» the residence allotted oZiS;:. ^r ^! ^°'r -»■ -" Cape Spartivento. t..eG„,f„fVe„:a*t ^,f£'' l^'-O' ^«»«». «"<• Trieste, with .nd the islands of Corsica, Sdfnt, .1 ^ "^ ^' "™ •'^'-- I'% FeATUMS op the CoCNTRr I... , • , by the chain ofthe ApenninrinT/ata: "Vf " ''' '? '"" ^^'" P°^"°- from the Alps, runs in a soXrt . """«' ''"""'"' °f'° S»voy proceeding eastward skirts 2 sT^ T °". """'''^ '° *''" ""•' ">'' ">en ■" Tnscan,. The ^^VtC^ZCtfL^ I'^"""" "' ""^ between this range on the so„tI. 17.1 J Lorabardy is thus formed Througl- this valley flow „ ." ea!, , ^. ^^™''™ ^'"^ ™ ">» "orth. •We; but on the west side of these mol, '*™"'"''' """ '""'^xii'^r- these mountams rise the Amo and the Tiber, witi^ ■I'U Mi 1/ ■J I' ' I rf li.ii 60 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. I the former flowing through the fertile plains of Tuscany into the sea at Pisa, and the latter flowing south and west past the great city of Rome into the sea at Ostia. Agriculture, Commerce, &c.— The northern part of Italy — ^that is, the great plain of Lombardy— is extremely fertile and well cultivated. Wheat, barley, &c. are grown, but perhaps the most important productions are lemons, oranges, olives, and wines. The mulberry-tree is extensively grown to feed the silkworms. A large portion of central Italy is used for pasture ; and in ihe south the productions are similar to those of Lom- bardy. The chief manufacture is that of silk, which is carried on to a great extent in the northern provinces. The velvets made in Genoa have a high reputation. Italy produces iron in considerable quantities, and nearly the whole of Europe is supplied with sulphur from the mines of Sicily and Naples. Genoa, Pisa, and Venice are the chief seaports; but their commerce has gi-eatly decreased since the discovery of America, and of a passage to India by the Cape of Good Hope. Government, Religion, &c.— The governments of Italy are varied, but they are chiefly limited monarchies. The religion is Roman Catholic. Italy was long the chief seat of learning in Europe, but has for centuries lost that proud distinction, and its universities have fallen into decay. The Population of Italy, including the islands, is about 23 millions, and the Area in square miles about 120,000. Remarkable Places.— Almost every town of Italy is celebrated in history as the scene of some great event, or the site of some great work of HauAui: or ST. teikii's, KOilU, art, or the birthplace of some great man. Borne, called "thejl Eternal City," once the centre of the power that held the world in subjection, is situated on the Tiber, and contains a population of about a quarter of a million ; at Como, Pliny, the Roman writer, and Volta, who has given SWEDEN AND NORWAY. 1- ^^ Bonaparte gained a v.^ «rtL'r ^ i ml "'^'"""'^ "^"^^ >^™»« .s an old Roman town, „„d contains some mag»,h„ent Roman remains; at Marengo, near Z- mndna, Bonaparte gained one of hisTl brated It- tones over the Austrians in 1800; Sa.^ « one of t e towns elaimmg to be the birthplace of Colnmbns • fZ rcn^ was one of the most important commercial 'cS, o^^Enrope dnnng the middle ages; at PUa, a^eo, the g^eat astronomer, was bom. Map,^ u the largest cit^ W' ■n italy; ,t contains a population of about 400,000 ■ its « baj, ,s ceebrated for its beauty. Near Naple^ are' the buned cfes of Pompeii and Hercalaneum, which were destroyed by an eruption of Mount Yesn^ius in the^:: „.,,. the';L:iThicifCr'Bi'r^ -^'-v^'-^^ «--■ ^^-^ ™ I8U at Pontaineb,ea:^teS"S: I^tLt f-t"';''";-' '" recordedlsfrbalkas 93Bc'Tt T"'^ '' ^""^ *« -« 1832. ^ ""• ' ""= '"'' ™''"' O'-Ption took place iu SWEDEN AND NORWAY. These countries are united under one soverei.T, ' ' aonttrtrShaTeft\'L'c tft °r ^ '"^^'' «-™» ^^^ Baltic'si the GXftthI:aSr' '"' """" ^^^ -' "^ '"^ Sweden is divided into SWEDLAND, or SwEDEN/c CHIEF TOWNg. ^^'^^^ r""'^^""^' ^P^^^J^> Gfefie, Fahlun, Dannemora GoTTLANp, or GO.HIA . { ^'^^^^^S, Lund, Christianstadt, Carl.crona, Cal- JNlORDLANDjillcIudingLAP- 1 _, ^^^» /T^^™a, Pitea, Umea,Hemosand. Norway is divided into CarmZ..- • • • .^^f ania Frederickshall. Bergen ' * ' ^^^^t^ausand, Stavanger. NoRDr.v. Drontheim. i^miARK, or Norwegian 1 ,, Lapland . . ... . ]■ Altengaard. i4 I'vl F'll 1 1 . I I'll If .:W 62 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. Islands. — Gothland, with its chief town Wieby ; Oland ; the Loifendo Isles, at the south of which is the whirlpool Malstrom. Capes. — North Cape, on the island Mageroe ; the Naze, south of Norway. Mountains. — The long chain of Norwegian mountains, separating Norway from Sweden, some of which are called the Dovrefeld mountains, the Langefeld, &c. Rivers. — The Dahl, giving name to the province of Dalecarlia ; it enters the Gulf of Bothnia. The Tornea forms the boundary between Eussia and Sweden. Lakes. — Wenner, Wetter, Maelar, with numerous smaller ones in Swedish Lapland. Features op the Country, &c. — Norway is a rugged, mountainous country, its sea-coast deeply indented with arms of the sea called fiords, and the interior presenting a constant succession of mountains and valleys. Sweden is less mountainous ; a very large portion of its surface is flat, and covered with lakes. The rivers of Sweden rise either in the lakes or the Norwegian mountains, and flow into the Gulf of Bothnia or the Baltic Sea. Agriculture, Commerce, &c. — Rye, barley, and oats are the principal grains produced. The surface of the country is extensively covered with visw or aTocKuutu. forests ; and timber trees, chiefly pine, birch, and fir, are cut down and exported in large quantities. Iron of excellent quality, copper, aad lead, are obtained from the Svvedish mines. The manufacture of linen, cotton, wool, hardware, and leather, is carried on to a considerable extent. DENMARK. a •.-. ?° ,'!1°™"™'' ""^ ■*'«'^ "« « follows : Sweden 3 1 1« S«l • .. bitants, 170,715 square miles; Nomav 1 IB7 7«« • ^u-. ' * '"■"" square miles. J-'iorway, 1,167,766 mhabitants, 121,725 the WrSil""""" '■''""'""'' " "■« '''""-» of «'• a^tholomew i. ceat palaces in EurLe The ^I'J " ."" '""' "' ""^ "»" """S"'*" there'sre some ver^oJu StCes" Auh '"""• t'/rT'" Cliaries XII. was killed in nift T ,. ^''^ ot Frederichhall the resideuces of the wjan kb^'tT: "^ f Ti' ""' '"™="^ of C»./*M was during the mTddl T;s the l7 * '". I'"' "'•"'' am commerce of the HLe-town, ^ ''"'''°"™ "' "" "»'•"'- I t'-i DENMARK. ISLANDS. _ CHIBP CITIES. PROVINCES. s™wTk- : • • • • is"-".'* ir'-T- .tht-^r:tfr:i-;;itrLs;n^ tain Hecla, and the Gevsers or hi, „ ' \- J , '" '"' ™'"'"''' "oun- of water to an immensShT """'^- "''"'' ""■"" "? ""^e column. '']| 54 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. Straits. — The Sound, the Great Belt, and Little Belt. Features of the Country, &c,. — Denmark is generally flat, and In Jutland there are a great many marshes and lakes. There are no moun- tains. The rivers are short and unimportant. Agriculture, Commerce, &c. — The chief productions are fish, butter, cheese, and madder. Wheat and other grains are grown, as well as potatoes and tobacco. The manufactures of Denmark are unimportant. The mineral wealth is very trifling. The chief seaports are Copenhagen and Altona. Government, &c. — The government is a limited monarchy, the reli- gion Protestant, and there are universities at Copenhagen and Kiel. The Population is about 2| millions ; and the Area in square miles (including Iceland) about 50,000. The Foreign Possessions of Denmark are St. John, St. Thomas, and Santa Cruz, in the AVest Indies ; some forts on the coastof Guinea ; Tran- quebar, at the south-east of Hindostan ; and a settlement on the coast of Greenland. Remarkable Places. — Copenhagen, the capital, contains a population of about 130,000. It sufiered much in 1801 from being bombarded by the English fleet under Lord Nelson. At Elsinore toll is demanded by the Danish government from all vessels passing through the Sound. Mount Hecla, in Iceland, was in a state of eruption so recently as 1846. In 1783 the red-hot lava from this mountain flowed for more than a month, and upwards of fifty villages were either entirely or partially destroyed. HOLLAND. BouNDAPJES. — North and west by the German Ocean; east by Prussia ; south by Belgium. Holland is divided into the following provinces, which are again divided into districts and cantons : PROVINCES. CHIEF CITIES. North akd South Hol- Amsterdam, Haarlem, Hoovn, Loyden, Delft, the LAND Hague, Rotterdam, Briel, Dort, Helvoetsluys. ZbaL/^kd Middleburg, Flushing, Camp Vere. BRABA^'X Bois-le-Duc, Bergen-op-Zoom, Breda. Utrecht Utrecht, Amersfort. Gelderlani) .... Arnheim, Zutphen, Nimeguen. OvEKTSSEL Deventer, Zwoll. Friesland Leewarden, Harlingeu. Groningex Groningen, Delpzyl. Drenthe Covorden, Assen, Meppel. Part o*- Limburg . . Maestricht. Part of Luxemburg . . Luxemburg. HOLL .VD. la Seas, ctc-Zuyder Zee, Lauwer Zee, Haarlem Mer, Dollart Bay RiVEas.-Ea8t and West Scheld, the Maeae ; the Rhine reaches the sea by various , channels, being almost lost in the level grounds of Holland Islands -Ameland, the Texcl, Voorn. Over Flakkee, Schounen North and South Beveland, Walcheren. ' Features op the Country. -Holland is, without exception the flattest country of Europe ; it does not contain a single enuxfen th can be called a hill. The sea-coast has to be defended by dykes "ns the^^ncroachments of the sea, and the entire country J u^ZZ^ Agriculture, Commerce, &c.-Grain of all kinds is reared. Butter and cheese are also produced in large quantities. The chief manufacture js that of wool. The mineral wealth, like that of other flat eomt nes IS quite msignificant. The commerce of Holland, though still Jat Tot Government, Religion, '« ^ «>« HeUcpon., the Dar- risestheMarissa 1 iro * '^.^'l''"; -""""tains. On their south .ide formed be ; „ 't^^': I;r ° *:;^-'""*S°'-.»'' through the valley the Danube, till it rile' fhe Rl T T T^'f' "° ""^ "°^'' *''"™ ^l-ringin.. f om Itawt > m , "• '^'""^" ""«' "f "><»»>tains if^e^bZeji^trrtS^^^^ sitr ^:;:.r *^'~ -e. thev.rdaL:^::i ■;: 4i ..ti 60 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. Agriculture, Commerce, &c. — The soil of Turkey is fertile, and the climate mild and genial ; but the country does not produce such an abund- ance of the fruits of the earth as might be extracted from it by a better fl/stem of husbandry and a more enterprising people. Maize, wheat, barley, and oats are the chief kinds of grain that are reared. The vine and the olive are u;so grown to a great extent. The chief manufacture is of silk, which is carried on principally in Constantinople. There are a few mines of iron and lead in the country, but their produce is very small. The chief seat of commerce is Constantinople. Government, Keligion, &c. — The government is despotic; the religion is Mahometan, and education is little attended to. The Population is about 12,000,000, and the Area in square miles 180,000. CONSTAMTIMOFLB. M Remarkable Places. — Constantinople, the capital, situated at tlie en- trance to the Black Sea, is a very old city. Its population is about 850,000. It >as originally built by the Greeks, -^vhd gave it the name Byzantium ; this was changed by the Roman ilmperor Constantine to Constantinople ; and when the Turks took posB^ssion of it, they changed the name to Istara- boul. It contains the fine cathedral of St. Sophia, now used as a Mahome- tan mosque. Larissa occupies the site of a very old Greek city said to have been the birthplace of Achilles. Belgrade is conspicuous in history from the numerous sieges it has sustained. ■'»'w*/v^/w^/w>/www/*/wvwwww GRKECE. ^1 m 4CB0P01,I»0* AIHBJIS, GREECE. CHIEF CITIES. 2. MOKEA T Salona, Marathon. - - rTripolitza, Corinth, Modon Pnfmo \r Negropont, Syra, Hydra, EginI, Scio, Patmos. sX":r;-:r '""- ™"«^' ^'°- ^»«- - HeH.o„, m„„„. CAPES._Ma„teIo, Colonna, St. Angelo and Matapan. ■".|£; 62 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. not wrought now. The chief seaports are Syra, in the island of that name ; the Piraeus, or Port Leoni, at Athens; and Patras. The Government is a limited monarchy ; the king professes the Eoman Catholic religion, but the greater part of the people belong to the Greek Church. The Population is about 600,000, and the Area in square miles about 10,000. Remarkable Places. — ^There is no part of the world where so many remarkable places are grouped together as in Greece. It was the cradle of European civilisation ; but it is now a land famous only for the past, and for its ruins great and glorious even in decay. Atliens, the present capital, contains a population of about 28,000. At Marathon was fought, in the fifth century before Christ, a tremendous battle between the Greeks and Persians, in which the latter were defeated and driven back into Asia. In the northern part of Livadia is the famous pass of Thermopylae, where the whole Persian army was withstood by three himdred Spartans, under Leonidas, in 480 B.C. Corirdh, at the head of the Gulf of Lepanto, at present contains a population of less than 2000 inhabitants. At Navarino was fought, in 1827, a battle between the Turkish fleet and the combined fleets of England, France, and Russia, in which the former was completely destroyed; and Greece, which up to that period had been subject to Turkey, was erected into an independent kingdom. Mistra is near the ruins of the famous city of Sparta or Lacedsemon In the island of Scio Homer is said to have been born ; and in Patmos St. John wrote his gospel. THE IONIAN ISLANDS, Off the west coast of Greece, are seven in number, and form an independent republic, under the protection of Great Britain : they are Ithaca or Theaki, Zante, Cephalonia, Cerigo, Corfu, Santa Maura, and Paxo, and are go- verned by a Lord High Commissioner from England. The total popu- lation is about 200,000, and the chief productions are wine, olives, and cun'ants. that name ; i the Koman ) the Greek miles about re so many ihe cradle of lie past, and sent capital, ught, in the Greeks and e into Asia. 01/lae, where rtans, under Lepanto, at \t Navarino le combined 3 completely it to Turkey, the ruins of no Homer is spel. independent a or Theaki, and are go- total popu- , olives, and ,*i a H 2 ^fflnflP ^m 0^ ^ % 6) r / . ^ k - ' 1 -7'-"— 1^} ' / *" / ^ / < ^^r^^^ r =2^ • '■BcaAiaif. ASIA. Asia is about 6000 mil^q in in«^i, ^ breadth. It is bounded oVrhJl^t' Tl^ T '''' ^ b7 Europe, and the Medite^Inll^R^^^^ ''T^ ^'^ *^« -«* Pacmc; and on the south b, the India: ot. "^ ''^ ^'^ ^^^* '^ *^« It was in Asia that Adam and Eve thp fl.«f created. It was here also our Saviour it, I^T^ '1 "°"^"' ^'^^ Scriptures given to man, and the first Chrtr ^" V '''""' *^^ ««^3^ . a tne hrst Christian churches established COUNTRIES. British Indu . p„i x^ -,. *^^^ ^^^«- HiNDosTAN . • • • ^a cutta, Bombay, Madras. SciNDE • • . . Delhu Punjab .* Hyderabad, Tatta. Peksia Ijahore, Mooltan. Affghanistan, 'or \[^^. "^^^^^^^ Ispahan. domofCabul . . . fCabul, Peshawur. Beloochistan .... Kelftt WPE..ENX Tabxakx . Bokhara, Samarcand. akaxo.ia.o;n™a- : liirs/'""^^"- China Proper' * ' * S^"^,^^?^. Thibet . ' ' * f^^^^n. Rankin, Canton. Nepaul . • • • • ^r?- , """^^"^ Tobolsk, Irkutsk. F m % 66 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. Cf-UNTHIKS. CHMI' CITIES. BiBMAN Empire . . . Ava, Pegu. AstHM Qerghong. Maxaya Malacca. SiAM Bankok. r^itRODiA Saigon. Cochin China .... Hue. ToNQUiN Kedio. Chief Rivers. — The Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, Brahmapoocra or Sampoo, Irawaddy, Ganges, Honoigho, Ob or Obi, Lena, &c. Mountains. — The Himala)An mountains, south of Thibet one of which is nearly 2jO>000 ftjrt abovi* the level of the sea ; the Ta>irus Tuoun tains, in IN'atolia; the Caucasus,, u'^etit of the Caspian Sea j Mount Ararat, whose summjt is 17,000 fe^t high. The Altaic chain, between Liberia and Chinese Tartajy, extends 5QQ0 if^e^ Islands. — The Japan Isles, with their chief towns Miako and Jeddo in Niphon ; the Philippine Isles, chief town M^milla; Loo Choo Isles; Formosa ; Hong Kong ; Macao ; Hainan ; the Sanaa Isles, uajuely Suiu.jti'a, chief tovni Bencoolen ; Java, with its capital Batavia. On the equator, Borneo, wl/ere k tlie Engl'sh settlement Labuan ; Celebes, whose principal town is Mttcass-.tr; Singapore; the Andaman and Nicobar Isles ; Ceylon, chief towiiR v-u'./obo, C-andi, and Trincomalee; the Laccadives and Maldives, on the iMuiv'bar Coaat. Oceans, Seas, Gulfs, &c. — The Arctic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Caspian Sea and Lake Aral, the Red Se;*, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Bay of Bengal, Gulfs of Siam and Tonquin, Chinese Sea, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan, Sea of Okhotsk, and the Sea of Kamtchatka ; the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, the Straits of Malacca, the Straits of Sunda, the Malaya Archipelago, the Bay of Martaban. INDIA OR HINDOSTAN. This vast peninsula, with a population of 130 millions, is under the dominion or protection of the British Crown ; with the exception only of a few independent states, and some small settlements belonging to the Portuguese, French, and Danes. The British territories are divided into three Presidencies, Bengal, Bombay, and Madras. Bengal is subdivided into two governments, Bengal anc^ ^ ^tra- PKESIDENCLES. Bengal CHIEF TOWNS. ^ f'a.lcuttEi Moorshedabad. P ihar- L Nagore, Cuttack, Dacca. J'atna. Plasssv. B c Agra BOMBAl Madras Punjab SCINDB Indi within 1 Eastern mandel denomir named I is defenc renowne Allahaiba confluen< brated cl in 1799 1 Gulf Palk's St RiVE] hence cal ries the J avery, &c. MoUN romandel coast, the morin. Produ other prec ?o, tea, manufactu] Anima natives of timn, in tl apoocra or >et one of irus Taoun- int Ararat, Siberia and and Jeddo lioo Isles ; eS; naiviely a. On the }bes, whose obar Isles ; sadives and Ocean, the rabian Sea, hinese Sea, ^mtchatka ; i of Sunda, 1 under the lion only of fing to the ies, Bengal, Ta. la, Plasssy. INDIA OR HIND08TAN. PBESTOEirciEa. m Agka Bombay MiDBAS f. CHIKP TOWlfS. ?[*'j ^f ®^' Allahabad, Delhi, Barcilly Gwalior ^;4^r' '^^'^' '"*°'»' '""^io ™'aT= 'Bombay Poonah, Surat, Aurungabad. Fvdenbad Dowlatabad, Golconda, Sattam, CutS Be^?! pore, Cambay Ahmedabad, BurLmpore Baroir ^ ^T'""""*^ ^''' which'belongsTSe Po??i ^Madras, Arcot, Punjab SCINDE India derives its name from the river InJii<» Tf ;« r • i j • . -r , witMo the Ganges, or Hind„,lan; "d'a Ly^d tt"o '"f East™ Penioau,. The eastern 'eoaat of Hindlt ^Z'Z it «mndet coast, and the western, the Malaba- coast ZZ» 5 ntrr ,r ^^ -""-" ' '''--"' ^-w tiro n:: nes^he J«n>na, Gogra, 4c. The Brah„apoot«, th'e KistlrthrGod-" MouOTAms._The Himalaya Monntains ; on the Co- rom^del coast, the Eastern Ghauts ; and „„ the Malabar coast, the Western Ghants, which terminate at Cape Co- PK0DUCE.-The prodnetions of India are diamonds and Ago, tea, silk, cotton, ivory, and valuable woods. The mannfactures aru silks, shawls, carpets, porcelain, ic. >.alives of this country; the white eleohant i, . native -' "lam, in the JSastern Peninsula. ".i.-oa... T«:'! u f **■# 68 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOQRAPHY. EASTERN PENINSULA OF INDIA. British Territories : Assam, Aracan, Martaban, Yeh-Tavoy, Mergui, Tenasserim, Amherst, Malacca, Singapore, and Pulo Penang, or Prince of Wales's Is- land. The Birman Empire. Chief Tovms: Ummera- poora, Ava, Pegu, Proone, and Kangoon. The Kingdom op Siam. Chief Touma : Bankok and Ogmo. The Empire of Annam includes Cambodia, Laos, Tonquin, and Cochin China. Chief Tovms: Hue, Saigon, and Kesho. Rivers, &c. — Irrawady, Meinam, Maykiang or Cam- boja. Gulfs. — Martaban, Siam, and Tonquin. The British settlement of Singapore is a very important and fast in- creasing place. It is situated on a peninsula at the southern extremity of Malacca, and directly in the track of vessels trading between the east and west parts of Asia. It contains a population of about 30,000, carries on a very extensive trade, and is one of the stations in the eastern seas for the mail steamers. Ava, Pegu, and other towns in the Birman Empire, were formerly much more populous and wealthy than they are now. The popu- lation of the largest is said not to exceed 30,000. Bankoh, the capital of Siam, is a considerable town, with a population of 350,000. The houses are nearly all of wood, built on piles driven into the bed of the River Meinam ; this large population therefore lives literally on the water. Hue, the capital of Annam, is celebrated for its extensive and extraordinary for- tifications, erected in 1805 by one of the kings, with the assistance of some I^rench engineers. TURKEY IN ASIA. PBOVINCES. CHIEF TOWNS. Palestine, or Holy Land Jerusalem, Jaffa, Beyrout, Acre, Tripoli. Syria Aleppo, Damascus, Antioch, Scanderoon. Armenia Erzeroum, Kars. Algesira (Mesopotamia) Diarbekir, OiTa, Mosul. Kurdistan Betlis, Van. Irak Arabia .... Bagdad, Ann£^, Bassora, Hillah. Georgia Teflis. ASIA MINOR. . r Smyrna, Bursa, Konieh, Tokat, Trebisonde, Maniss, ANATOLIA 1^ Kutayab, Angora, Tarsus, Adana. [A. a, Martaban, •st, Malacca, f Wales's Is- 1 : Umraera- ms : Bankok ibodia, Laos, 'oimis : Hue, iang or Cam- n. , and fast in- extremity of . the east and )0, carries on n seas for the Empire, were . The popu- the capital of The houses of the River I water. Ilm, lordinary for- assistance of }oli. )on. sonde, Maniss, ARABIA. 69 their ruins re..: ^ d^^'a^^ir Jl^^^^^^^^ — ^^ as Ba,,lon, Mne.,, Troy, Tyre, Si^on, JJ^ ZZl ll tZ r """TT — I — M BAALBBC. T Z? T 7 A y^'^^''' Tigris, Orontes, and Jordan. ^ 1SLANDS.--Cyprus, Scarpanto, Rhodes, and some smaller ones in ih. levant Sea; m the Archipelago are, among others, Samo: "nd M^:^^^^^^^^ ARABIA. for the most part by sandy deserts. It has, however ^ some places of note on or near the coasts : as Mecca where Mahomet was born ; Medina, where he lies entombed,— both places being much frequented by pilgrims who rest their faith on the Koran, the Bible of the Mahometans ; Mocha, a town well known for the excellence of its coffee ; Jidda or Djedah, a port on the Red Sea; M^oscat, a seaport of considerable trade, formerly in the possession of the Portuguese whose admiral, Albuquerque, took it in 1507, but now the seat of government of a powerful native prince or imaum ; Aden, a seaport of great strength, in the possession of the English ; Sana, towards the west, accounted the chief city of Arabia ; Lahea, on the Persian Gulf; and west of it, Jemcma COFFSI l^k'* i 4 ^ M 79 ILLUSTRATED LONDON OEOQRAPHY. Mounts Ilordt and Simii, to the north-west , near them was the land of Edom, with its ancient city Pe^m, encircled by rocks, hiiving been lost sight of for more than a thousand years. Its m ns were discovered by Burck- hardt in 1812. PERSIA, AFFGHANISTAN, ANB BF.T/^oriHISTAN. The Persian Empiio inc'v.ujb P^aia Proper, Affghanistan, and Beloo- chistau. CHIEF TOWNS, ("Teheran, Ispahan, Goanbroon, Lar, Dizful, Reshd, TabreeB or Taiwi*, Tezd, Casbin, Balfrush, Ka- shan, Shiraz, K^—. .^shah, Hamadan, Sarce, Meshed, J'> ..iieer, keiman, Ormus, Astrabad, Shuster. fCabul, Herat, Jellvlabad, Peshdwur, Ghizni, Can- ' \ dahar. rKelat, Kedje, Bunpoor, Punjgoor, Kalpoorukan, * \ Dooshak. Persu . . Al'FGHAN15TAN BEtOOCHlSlAN (jixTRS — Telieran,i\\e capital of Persia, and the residence of the court; Ispaluiii, the former capital ; Hamadan, thought to be the ancient Ecba- tana. Not far north of Shiraz are the ruins of Persepolis, where Alexan- der, at the instigation of Thais, fired the palace of Xerxes ; fifteen columns of which still remain, although twenty-t'vo centuries have elapsed since that fatal night. INDEPENDENT TARTARY. This extensive country is occupied by the Tartars ; they consist of three separate races — ^the Usbekj, the Kalmuks, and the Kirgheey. The people are divided into hordes or clans, U' ler their several chiefs. Chief Towns. — Bol -a, &• import (^ city of great antiquity, inha- bited by the Usbek Tartars ; Sammcand, formerly the residence of Tamei lane, who, in the fourteenth century, conquered Persia, India, and Syria ; Balkh, supposed to be the ancient Bactra J the Perpii^us ; Tachkend, the native place of Sultan Baber, the founder of the Mogul empire ; Khiva, a noted slave-market ; Kowral, in the district ii Turcomans. There are numerous Lakes in iis co^ utry, of which Ara^ is ih largest, being 245 miles in length an. 2^ oad, with an i laud in it 130 miles long. iiiYEES. — The Oxus, whicli faila iiito the laku Aral j «r- the SihoB, or Syi', also into the same. EMPIRE OF CHINA. 71 the land of Q. lost sight by Burck- D and Beloo- sful, Reehd, dfrush, Kii- dan, Sarce, , Astrabad, Jhizni, Can- [alpoorukaii, f the court ; cient Ecba- ire Alexan- en columns ipsed since ■ consist of yhecs. The ifs. ][aity, inha- } of Tamei and Syria; chkend, the j Khiva, I Lra' is thf d in it 130 tbc Sxhon, EMPIRE OF CHIT^TA. The ainesc Empire includes China Proper, Great and Little Thibet, and Bhotan : also, in Chinese Tartary, Little Bucharia, Soongaria, Mon- golia, Mandchouria, Saghalian-oula, and Corea. ^°^«™I^«- CHIEF TOWNS. China Proper. . . ./ I*^kin, Nankin, Canton, Nan-tchang, Amoy, Ning- ThibetPhopeu . . .'•LaP^f'^7^^'^S»^^"g-hae,Foutcheou,Hautchong. LiTTMi Thibet . . . Ladak. ^^OTAN Taesisudon. CHINESE TARTARY includes Little BroHARiA . . . Yarkand, Cashgar. The tribes of Mongols, Kalmuks, &c. inhabit Mon- ,j:olia, the native country of Genghis Khan, who overran all Centi ' /■ Aa in the thirteenth century. The great wall of China, 1500 miles in length, and broad enough to admit six horse- len abreast, was built, it is supposed, to kct'p out the Tartars and Mongols, ho, nevertheless, succeeded by sub- duing China in 1644, and establishing the present dynasty on the throne. The invade came principally irom the country of ' o Mandchoos. Rivers.- hina contains tAvo livers of great length : th. Yangtse Kiang, or Blue River; and the Ho. ang-ho, <;r Yellow River. The deserts of Kobi and S^ano occupy the g ater part of Chi; se Tartary. The wil.^ tnimals found in China are tigers, bears, rhinoceroses, hu^^hs, wild hon'^, the musk-deer, «fec. China y. .duces aU sorts uf metals ; also tea, lice, fruits, and every b ecies of gram. TEA. <.'in.\.ssB. ....•'11 78 ILLUSTRATED LONDON OEOGRAPHT. SIBERIA. The name of Siberia or Asiatic Eusaia is given to the whole northern part of Asia, stretching from the Ural Mountains to th< Pacific, and from the Arctic Ocean to China and Independent Tartary. Its length from east to west is 3600 miles, and its greatest breadth from nortl to south 2000 miles. Like Russia in Europe, it is divided into governments. IN THE WEST. OOVERNllKNTS. CHIEF TOWNS. Tobolsk Tobolsk, Berczov. Omsk Omsk. Tomsk Tomsk, Narim. Yeniseisk Krasnoiarsk. IN THE CENTRE. Iaktjtsk ...... lakutsk, Gigansk. Irkutsk Irkutsk. IN THE EAST. Okhotsk Okhotsk. Kamtchatska .... Petropavloosk. TcHUKTCHi ■[ ('^^^^ ^^ *^® ™°^^ remote government, and \ contains only a few villages.) Rivers. — Ob or Oby, Yenisei, Irtish, Tunguska, and Lena. All these rivers rise in the mountains which separate Siberia from Tartary, and flow north into the Arctic Ocean. Seas, Bays, &c.— Sea of Okhotsk, Behring's Straits, Gulf of Oby. Islands. — Kotelnoy and New Siberia. Capes. — Lopatka, Tchaplina, and Maimorskoi. Lakes. — Baikal and Tchany. Cities, &c. — The capital of Siberia is Tobolsk, on the river Irtish. Its population is about 16,000. Tomsk has a number of manufactories of cloth, leather, &c. In the district around it considerable quantities of gold are obtained, washed down from the mountains by the Oby and other rivers. Irkutsk is nearly as large as Tobolsk. It is the most southerly town of Siberia, and the emporium of a very extensive trade. The chief Productions of Siberia are its metals and furs. Cofisi- derable quantities of gold, silver, copper, and zinc are annually procured from its mines. The furs are obtained from the sable, the marten, the black fox, ermine, squirrel, &c. The vegetable productions are insignifi- cant, as the climate is severe j the soil is sterile, and a large part of the surface is covered with marshes. The Population is about two millions and a half, and the whole country is subject to the Emperor of Russia. northern md from gth from to south ats. lent, and la. All Tartary, )by. ish. Its tories of itities of nd other outherly Consi- procured rten, the insignifi- rt of the e whole ••*»• t: APRICA. \ ^H TSTXt T A. Africa is bounded on the north by the Mediterranean Sea; on the west by the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by the Southern Ocean; and on the east by the Indian Ocean. Africa is in breadth about 4150 British miles; and in length from north to south about 4300. CHIEF COUNTRIES OP AFRICA. Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, TripoU, Barca, and Pezzan. In the Noeth . . COUNTKIES WATEEED BYl,, j. xt , T ' ' — ^ theINile . . . . /•■•^gyptj Nubia, and Abyssinia. On the West Coast . ". " Senegambia, Upper Guinea, and Lower Guinea. . Soudan, or Nigritia. . Ajan, Zanguebar, Mozambique. . Cape Colony, Caffraria. In the Centre On the East Coast In the South . . Islands.— The Madeira Islands, t^yo in number; the Canary Islands the principal being Teneriffe, on which is a lofty mountain, shaped like a sugar-loaf, called the Peak of Teneriffe, 12,000 feet high; Cape Verd Islands; the island of Goree, belonging to France; Fernando Po; St. Thomas ; Ascension ; St. Helena, where Bonaparic died, 5 May, 1821 ; Madagascar; Bourbon, belonging to the French; and Mauritius, or Isle of France, to the English. KiVERS.— The Nik rises in the Mountains of the Moon, on the southern borders of Abyssinia; it flows in a winding direction almost due north, through Abyninia, Nubia, and Egypt, and enters the Mediterranean bea. The Nile has a number of mouths, and the land around them is called the Delta. At a certain season of the year the Nile rises gradually abcs^e Its usual level until it overflows the surrounding country, and then It as gradually descends. During this process it deposits on the land such a quantity of rich mud brought down from the interior, that the fields require no manure whatever. It is to this peculiarity of the river, which has existed from the most remote time, that the great fertility of the valley of the Nile is olii»flv nnMn'* tu^ -kt! .. ,, , , --- - _„i^„^ -rrinj;. xne ^vi^cT, aomcumes caned tiie JoCvba, sometimes the Quorra, has a very devious course through Soudan, past Timbuctoo, and soutnwards into the sea at the Bight of Benin. Its course J^ 76 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. was very uncertain until the present century, and many travellers have lost their lives in exploring ii. The Senegal and the Gambia are both in the district named Senegambia. The Zaire, or Co ago, is a large river fall- ing into the sea in the province of Congo, but its course is not well known. The Ora/nge and Great Fish rivers are in Cape Colony. Mountains. — Mount Atlas, extending along the south of the Barbary States ; the mountains north of Guinea, and those in Central Africa, called the Mountains of the Moon ; the Mountains of. Lupata, on the eastern coast. Lakes. — Tchad and Maravi. Capes.— Blanco, Verd, Palmas, Lopez, Cape of Good Hope, Corientes, and Guardafui. The Great Desert. — Nearly the whole breadth of the African con- tinent from the Nile to the Atlantic is occupied by the great sandy desert of Sahara. Its mean elevation above the level of the sea is about 1000 feet; its length from east to west is about 3t)00 miles, and its breadth from north to south about 1000. Few places on the surface of the earth are so dreary and desolate as this mighty sea of sand ; except in isolated spots called Oases, it contains no trace whatever of life,— no animals, no vege- tables, no streams or fountains of water. It would be uttt.ly impossible for any human being to traverse it, were it not for the delightful pieces of ver- dure that variegate its surface, where palm-trees, dates, and other tropical fruits and flowers grow. The Inhabitants of Africa are distinguished by their black colour, woolly hair, broad nose, thick lips, and flat feet and hands. In the northern districts, and in the valley of the Nile, the population have not those characteristics, but approach nearer to the form, appear- rnce, and character of the Asiatic races. The Africans have never made much progress in the arts of life ; their mode of government is rude and savage, and their religion the most barbarous form of heathenism. In almost all ages they have been bought and sold as slaves by other nations, who asserted their superiority over them in this cruel and unchristian manner. The animals of Africa are the elephant, lion, hyaena, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, giraffe, zebra, camel, &c. The ostrich finds a congenial home in the desert, and crocodiles swarm in the rivers. The vegetation is most luxuriant ; the trees all evergreens, some of them producing most deli, cioua fruits. nioio. \/>/-w\/\/\^N/-k/w\/vx/^/wv\/\/vj'VVt^ COUNTRIES WATERED BY THE NILE. 77 BARBARY STATES. COUNTRIES. • CHIEF TOWNS. MoRoooo / Morocco, Fez, Mogadore, Mequinez, Ceuta, Rabat, At HFPT A ' '■ i ,^?^®®' Tangier, Tetuau, Segelmissa, Darah, Tafilet. m^„*'^'*- Algiers, Constantina, Oran, Tremezen, Bona. i'''''^ •'•''• Tunis, Kairwan, Cabes. Fezza? ^""^ ""^ • • T"P0l\Z^>a«^, Sidra, Bengasi. '^^^^^^ Mourzuk, Zeghren. FIAQ OK TRIPOLI. COUNTRIES WATERED BY THE NILE. Egypt (Lower, Middle, and Upper), Nubia, and Abyssinia. Lower Egypt Middle Egypt Upper Egypt , Nubia . . , Abyssinia . . CHIEF TOWNS. . Cairo, Suez, Alexandria, Gizeh, Damietta, Rosetta. . Metaghara, El Mortmar, Siout, Girgeh. . Es-Siout, Thebes, Cosseir, Es-Souan. . Dongola, Sennaar, Korti, Accad. . Gondar, Adowah, Axum, Anko^^i. •, Masuah. Cities, &c.—Fez and Morocco are united into one kingdom under the Emperor of Morocco ; he resides at Mequinez. Cmta belongs to Spain. Algiers, not many years since, was a noted piratical station ; it is now in the hands of the French, having been taken by them in 1830. Tu- nis : about twelve miles north-east of this town stood the arcient Car- thage, where several mounds, with the ruins of an aqueduct, are all that remain to indicate the former existence of so noted a city. Cairo : nearly opposite this town, on the west bank of the Nile- the pyramids extend in an irregular ■>iH riBAHiD or oiiiH :j\*'3- TOWNS. qJZT Joaugo, Concabella, Cubenda. A^'^^: f^t. Salvador, Zomba, Bombi. Bb^Tela' gt-PauldeLoando,':uataiaba. JJENO.ELA ..... Benguela, Bahia-Longa. In these countries the Portuguese have many settlements. 80 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. EAST COAST. ^ The country from the Straits of Bab-el-M&ndeb to Ajan is t^ibabited by the Somauli, a savage tribe. COUNTRIES. CHIEF TOWNS. Ajan Bravr., Doara, Magadoxo. Zanouebau Me'mda, Patte, Mombaza, Zanzibar. Mozambique .... Mozambique, Quiloa, Quiliman6. SoFALA ...... Sofala, Buok. MooARANaA Zimboa, Massapa. Sapia St. Sebastian, Inhambane. COUNTBT. Cape Colony . SOUTH AFRICA. The Cape of Good Hope, or Cape Colony, as it is variously called, has a coast-line of more than a thousand miles. It was originally a colony of the Dutch, but was taken possession of by the English in 1806. The ab- original inhabitants are the Hottentots and Caffres, the former a degraded species of humanity; while the latter, S'. pposed to be descended from the Arabs, are a brave and warlike people, and their appearance differs en- tirely from any other African tribe. They are for the most part herdsmen, and have the character of being a happy and peaceable race. CHIEF TOWNS. r Cape Town, Bathurst, Graham's Town, Clanwilliam ■ L Ciradock, Port Elizabeth. BCAO FBUIT- i '■'■fiS it I ii; :csrouxasc iAiM^mxcA ■M . Hi #*■;. m WASU1>(;to\, ttia. ^^ --^'- <• ./" ,o •^ THE AMEEICAS. America is the largest of the four great divisions or quarters of the earth. It IS geographically divided into two parts or continents, named respectively I^orth and South America. These are connected by the Isthmus of Panama or Darien. NORTH AMERICA. North America is bounded on the east by the Atlantic ; on the west by the great Pacific Ocean; on the south by the Isthmus of Panama- on the north by the Arctic Ocean. ' CHIEF DIVISIONS. British America, including the Canadas, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Pnnce Edward's Island, &c. Russian America, including the district between Behring's Straits, and the northern parts of the Rocky mountains. The United States, embracing the territory between the British pos- sessions and Central America. Central America, including Mexico and Guatimala. ISLANi>8.-Newfoundland, the Burmudas, the West Indies, Queen Char- lotte s and Vancouver's Island. T ^''^^^^•-^^^''^^^' Michigan, Erie, Ontario, Huron, Winnipeg, Slave lAke, and Great Bear Lake. IrM Ii ' ri m 84 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. Mountains. — The Alleghany, and the Oregon or Rocky. RiVERH. — Mackenzie, St. Lawrence, Ohio, Missouri, Mississippi, del Norte, Colorado, ud Columbia. Bays, Gulps, Straits. — Baffin's Bay, Davis' Straits, Hudson's Bay, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Gulf of MexicK), Gulf of California, and Behring's Straits. Capes. — Farewcil, Race, Cod, St. Antonio, St. Lucas, and the pron n- tory of Alaska. BRITISH AMERICA. )W The British Possessions include Upper and Lower Canada ^^ politically united into one province), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, New- foundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward's Island, Hudson's Bay territories, and Labrador ; and in the Atlantic, the Bermudas, or Somers' Islands. PBOVINCES, ETa CHIEF TOWNS. TJppER Canada . . • Kingston, Toronto. Lower Canada . . • Quebec, Montreal. Nova Scotia . . . , Halifax, Annapolis, Pictou, Shelbourn. New Brunswick . . • Fredericton, St. John. Newfoundland . . • St. John's. Cape Breton . . . • Louisburg. Prince Edward's I i », ?fD Charlotte Town. Hudson's Bat Ter . 'ru. u;']S Fort Churchill, York Fort, Fort Albany. Labrador ... , Nain. THEBERMUDAfc' . . . • St. George. Bays, &c. — Baffin's i iiy, Barrow's Strait, Prince Regent's Inlet, Davis' Straits, Hudson's Strait, Hudson's Bay, James' Bay, Straits of Belleisle, Gulf of St.- Lawrence, Bay of Fundy, Nootka Sound. Capes. — Cape Chidley, Cape Farewell, Cape Charles, Cape Race, and Cape Sable. Lakes. — Great Bear Lake, Slave Lake, Lake Alhabasca, Lake Win- nipeg. The five following lie between British America and the United States : Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. Between Erie and Ontario are the noted Falls of Niagara. Mountains. — The Rocky Mountains in the west, near the Pacific shores. Rivers. — The St. Lawrence, Mackenzie, and Coppermine Rivers. The Ottawa falls into the St. Lawrence, flowing between the two Canadas. Islands. — Beside? those already mentioned, there are, Anticosti, at the mouth of the St. Lawrence ; the North Georgian Isles, namely, Melville Isle, Bathurst Isle, and Cornwallis Isle, in the Polar Sea; and on the A ^m BniTISH AMERICA. 85 western side of the LatisL TuOxan country, Queen Charlotte's Isle, Van- c* iver s Isle, » »« GENE1^^ , EEMARKS ON BBITISH .>M Upper and Low er Cana. were originally colon. A. W the French, whose descendant, till number from one half to one tiurd of the popula- tion. The country was acquired by Britain in 1763 ; and since that time uZr '"^'Y ''' """''^^ ^"'^^^^- ^^' '^'^ '^f Upper Canada is 1^7,000 square miles, and the popnlation upwards <.f half a million- the ?0?000 T ^""': " ''''''•' "^"'"^ """' "'^*^ *^- P«P-^*'- '^l^ont 7UU,000 It ,s ,u Lower Canada that tl.o Fren- h are chiefly settled. Une of the great productions of Canada is timb-r, ...ocured from the extensive pme-forests with which the country and which it is necessary to cut down and clear before agri. I operations can be earned on '.he winter in Canada is long ,evere, and effectually prevents .11 out-door labour. Nevertheless. siderable quantities of gram, ohiety ^Ueat and oats, are grown and exported. The towns of Kmrjston :md Tormxto are situated on the north shore of Lake Ontario Ihe river St. ^vrence may be said to begin at the former town. It has an excellent 1. ar, and is the great centre of the trade between the two proyinces. Toronto contains about '0,000 inhabitants. It was founded in 1794, under the name of York, wliich was afterwards changed to loronto, being the Indian name given to the place on which it now stands. It has increased faster than any other town in Canada. OneheG IS situated at the mouth of the St. Lawrence. It is the seat of a very extensive trade. The majority of the inhabitants are of French descent, and profess the Roman Catholic religion. The town was taken in 1759 by the British, under General Wolfe, who defeated the French under Montcalm, and m the engagement both generals were slain. MorUreal is situated higher up the St. Lawrence than Quebec, and contains a popula- tion of about 45,000. It is built < an ,land; it was founded by the J^rench, and contains a very fine Roman atholic cathedral. Nova Scotia with the island of .pe Bbetok, contains an area of 17,500 square miles, and a population of about 200,000. Nova Scotia was another ^ olony of the French, by whom it was named Acadia- but when It came into the hands of the EngUsh the name was altered It forms a large peninsula connected with the mainland by an isthmus about 14 miles broad. Its trade is chiefly in timber, coals, and fisl: The fisheries round the coast are very productive. The progress that has been made m agriculture is not great. The principal town, Halifax, pos- sesses a harbour which, for size, sr^ety, and ease of access, is unsurpassed '111 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 ^1^ 1^ 1.1 1.*^ IS 1.4 .6 1.25 6" m Va Si ^/,. "'^/^ O^A m Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 Mo 88 ILLUSTRATED LOKDON GEOGRAPHY. I II by any other in America. It is one of the stations for the large steamers that carry the mails between America and England. Annapolis is situ- ated on the west side of the peninsula. It was formerly the capital of ♦he province; but its importance has greatly diminished since Halifax was made the metropolitan town. Cape Breton contains immense beds of coal, which, howevor, are not extensively wrought. Louishurg has an excellent harbour. It was founded by the French, and strongly fortified by them. The British took it in 1745; it was given back to the French in 1748, retaken by the British ten years afterwards, and finally ceded to them in 1763; at the same time as Canada. New Brunswick lies between Nova Scotia and Lo-A'er Canada; it contains an area of about 27,000 square miles, and a population of about 150,000. Its productions are similar to those of Nova Scotia. St. John's, at the mouth of a river of the same name, is the chief town of the pro- vince. It contains a population of about 13,000, and is most extensively engaged in the fisheries. Newfoundland is a large island lying to the north-east of Cape Breton. It is said to have been discovered by the Northmen about the period of the Norman conquest of England ; but no attempts were made to colonise it until the seventeenth century. The inhabitants are chiefly supported by the fisheries and the consequent trade. The most important; fishery is that of cod. The island is surrounded by sand-banks, and fogs almost constantly prevail along its shores. The population is about 80,000. The chief town, St. John's, contains a population of about 20,000. The Hudson's Bay Territories produce little else than furs, chiefly of the beaver, martin, fox, &c. Wild geese are very plentiful, and their feathers, on being dressed, are known in Britain as " Hudson's Bay quills." The coasts round Davis' Straits and Labrador con- tain tribes of Esquimaux. The western side of Greenland belongs to the English; the eastern side to the Danes, who have there a few colonies, not for the purpose of gain, but with the benevolent intention of enlightening the dark undex'standings of the natives by communi- cating to them a knowledge of the Christian religion. In Baffiu's Bay and Davis' Straits the whale fishery is chiefly prosecuted. 6>ebvlvxui:b. THE UNITED STATES. m RUSSIAN AMERICA. The Russian Possessions lie to the extreme north-west point of North America They have here some factories stationed to carry on the trade iu turs. The principal of them is New Archan^rel ,r:f\ , wm L life I IC'I THE UNITED STATES. I'tAG oi' run I'liiBiDtar oi' tue u .MTBD SIATBB. The United States extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and from the Canadian lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. NORTHERN OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. STATES. Maine . . . New Hampbhirk Vermont . . Massachitsetts Rhode Island. Connecticut CHIEF towns. Portland, Penobscot. Portsmouth, Concord. Burlington, Montpelier. Poston, Salem, Cambridge, Lowell. Providence, Newport. Hartford, New Haven. MIDDLE STATES. District op Columbia . Wasiiinoton New York . Pennsylvania New J^'TisEY Delaware . Maryland . New York, Buffalo, Albany, Rochester, riiiladelphia, Harrisburg, Pittsburg. Treuton, Bordenton, Newark, Salem. Dover, Stowhill, Wilmington. Baltimore, Annapolis. SOUTHERN STATES. Ji««r^'i-^ Richmond. North Carolina . . . Raleigh, Newbura. South Carolina . . . Charleston. Columbia. vfnn^lt Savannah, Augusta, MiUedgeviUe. *''°'*'^^ Pensacola, Tallahasse, St. lugustine. ,1!: I ink, ,1 umii 88 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOQUAPHT. WESTERN STATES. STATES. CHIEF TOWNS. Ohio Columbus, Cincinnati. Indiana Indianopolis, Vincennes. Michigan Detroit, St. Clair. Illinois Kaokaskia, Springfield, Chicago. Kentucky Frankfort, Lexington, Louisville. Tennessee Nashville, Knoxville. Alabama Mobile, Tuscaloosa, Cahawba. Mississippi Natchez, Jackson. Louisiana New Orleans. Texas Austen, Galveston. Arkansas Arkopolis. Missouri St. Louis, Missouriopolis, Franklin. Iowa Iowa, Burlington. Wisconsin Madison. Oregon, California, and Mexico are other States, though not yet com- pletely formed. Lakes. — Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, and Ontario, these form a boundary-line between Canada and the United States, and are of equally free navigation to both countries. Rivers. — The principal rivers are, the Mississippi, Missouri, Red River, Ohio, Arkansas, Hudson, Potomac, Delaware, and the Susquehanna. Capes. — Cod, Hatteras, Lucas. Bays.— Chesapeake Bay, Gulf of Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Cali- forniaj Bay of St. Francisco. Islands. — Rhode Island, Long Island, Staten Island. Mountains. — Appalachian or Alleghany Mountains, and the Rocky Mountains. G"SNERAL REMARKS ON THE UNITED STATES. The area of the United States is estimated at 3,260,073 square miles. It embraces almost every descrip- tion of soil and climate. It has an immense line of sea-coast both on the Atlantic and Pacific oceans ; it is every where intersected by great navigable rivers, and its mountains contain abundant supplies both of the precious metals and of iron THK UNITED STATES. 89 coal, copper, &o Different portions have been colonised by different Euro- IZoflrV'fl 7"'^"°' "'^^^'' ^"^ '''''^''^ «*^*«« -«-' '^P to 1787, deno. .' f *'«^/'-P-«' but in that year they asserted their indepen^ "ridtd t^:^::^x^'- -^ -- -- -« — . "kSL^fT"^' T f ^"^ ^^^'^^^ ^™^' ^^^« fi^«t settled by the ettleml f P?^'"t ^^^'"'^ •^'"^^^ *^ '^^^ ^* ^«"^«' «-d n.ade their first He veT /T"*\" ^-«-b"««tts, in the year 1620. These states he very close to New Brunswick and Canada, and their productions are chier'f "T' :■ T" ' "^^^"f^^'t"'-^^' bo^^'^er, have been introduced, set nf 1^ ^"' T '^ ''' '^'''''^ "'^ *° " ^^^y g'-^^t «^t«"t. The chief r M t!' r^'^^f ^'^^^^ ^« ^t ^^'ll> in Massachusetts, sometimes called he Manchester of America, though it contains only about one-tenth of he population o the English Manchester. Boston is the largest town in the New England States. Its population is about 150,000. Its trade is very extensive, and it has a high reputation in the States as a seat of lear Jn^ I was here that the first disturbances took place that led to the assertion of independence. Benjamin Franklin was born at Boston r , 1 706 The .Middle States : of these, the chief is New York, which Contains the important commercial city of that name. It was originally founded by if f: DKW lUBK. he Dutch, who gave it the name of New Amsterdam ; afterwards changed by the Lnghsh out of compliment to the Duke of York, who subsequently became James II. It is the largest city of the American continent, and contains a population of nearly half a million. The first steam-boat ever used for the conveyance of passengers was built at New York by Robert Fulton, and tor many years plied on the river Hudson, between that town 90 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. and Albany. In the north part of the State of New York, are the cele- brated falls of Niagara. The State of Pennsylvania takes its name from William Penn, by whom it was first settled. The city of Phila- ddphia was founded originally by members of the Society of Friends, and it is second now in wealth and popula- tion only to New York. Washington, the capital of the States, is noticeable chiefly as being the seat of the government. It is inconsiderable as a place of trade. Balti- more is a most important maritime town. It is named after a small town in Ireland. The Middle States are chiefly agricultural, and raise and export large quantities of all kinds of grain. The Southern States embrace some of the largest in the Union. Virginia was so named in compliment to Queen Eli- zabeth of England. None of the towns in the Southern States are very large. Tho chief productions, in addition to grain, are cotton and tobacco. The latter is most extensively grown in Virginia. rALLS or MAOABA. The Western States embrace the remainder of the vast territory. The largest town is New Orleans, in Louisiana, at the mouth of the Missis- sippi. Through many of these Western States the great river Mississippi, with its tributaries the Ohio and Missouri, flows. The valleys of these rivers are exceedingly fertile, and produce most abundant crops of all kinds of grain and of cotton. At the mouth of the Mississippi is New Orleans, the chief seaport of the southern states. The Mississippi is navigable as far as aS'^ Louis, a distance of nearly 1000 miles. This town has increased re the cele- i its name y of Phila- of Friends, ind popula- ungton, the able chiefly aent. It is Je. Balti- itime town, in Ireland, grieultural, itities of all brace some Virginia Queen Eli- le towns in irge. The > grain, are er is most it territory, the Missis- Mississippi, ys of these of all kinds iv) Orleans, »able as far s increased THE UNITED STATES. 9^ most rapidly, for though in 1830 its population was under 6,000, it is now MllW O^LKAM. nearly 70,000, and is one of the greatest seats of trade in the Western states. Cirmnnatti, sometimes called the "Queen of the West," is situ- I li ^:''i fi: 1 1 I* '"HI k, 1 I 1*1 • T, LOUIS. 92 • ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. ated on the Olih\ and is another of those towns whose increase in wealth CINCINNATI. and population is so remarkable. In 1830 its population was under 25,000, and in 1850 it was about four times that number. The chief town of California is /S'aw /Vcmcwco, originally founded by the Spaniards, and which has greatly increased in consequence of the dis- covery of gold in the neighbourhood. The Population of the United States is about 25,000,000. MEXICO. Mexico is bounded on the north by the United States ; east by the Gulf of Mexico j south and west by the Pacific Ocean. IN THE NORTH AND WEST. DIVISIONS. CHIEF TOWNS. SoNORA Arispe, Guaymas, Hircasitas. CiNALOA Cinaloa, Villa del Fuerte, Mazatlan. GuADALAXARA,orXALxsco Guadalaxara, San Blas. Chihuahua Chihuahua, El Plaso del Norte. DuRANGO Victoria, Marias. CoHAHuiLA Cohahuila, Saltillo, San Rosa. New Leon Monterey, Linares. Tamanlipas .... New Santander, Tampico, Matamoras. San Luis Potosi . . . San Luig Potosi, Charcas. Zacatecas Zacatecas, FresuiUo. MEXICO. g* IN THE CENTRE. divisions. Mexico «tt.. , ^T"" GuANAXuATo * * ^=^1^0, Lema, Tezcuco. Wai>omi>,..Mxcho-acIx vXStzSS^^^'P^' «^^-^- Vbka Cruz .'::'• VpITp v , « La Puebla . • • in,?"^^' ^^J^a^ Cordova. ''^'"'''''° Acapuico, Mescala. IN THE SOUTH AND EAST. • tabas'cV* : : • * • ^ti"!; r' '^^^"*°**p«<'- Chiapa ...*'• r;„.f„?l™?^?r San Juan Batisto. Yucatan. . . . ' ' Sf ^ * ^^^t^^"^' • • • . Menda, Campeachy, Arena. Juan, Santander and the tIi ° „' ^'° ^""''' ''^ »"«»«<•. «!« Saa Mexico J,rf,rr' v.! ^ ^ '^»'"«'^»">a, rising near the city of Mexico, and falling into the sea at Tampico of I^r„""S,7''t-%"'"^° °' ""^ ^-"^ "-'«'- through the whole M«p"is,ao^Lr~erMrie:n^rc-^ - -*' -.- Ihe Chief Productions of Mexico are gold and silver from her mines. These are situated in the central and northern districts, especially in the neighbourhood of San Luis Potosi. Though the climate is favourable and the soil fertile, yet agriculture is in a very back- ward state. CiTiKS.— Mexico, the capital, occupies the site of a T^nnnT'^'l "^^' ^* ''"*"^^^ " P«P^^^*^«^ ^^ about 150,000. and some magnifi 3nt public buildings. Aca- pulco IS the chief seaport on the Pacific shore, and was for many years the only port allowed by the Spaniards to trade with the old worid. Its importance and wealth nave now greatly decreased. Vera Cruz is the prin- -"'""• ZV^^ZiZ^!"^'' ^' ""'r- '' '' ^"^ '^*^« «^-f «*ations of the%? V ^^'? """' '^' ^''^^ landing-place of Hernando Cortes the Spanish commander by whom Mexico was conquered. whichVa'Ch stHf^'^r '' .^™" ^^^^^^-^' *^« ^^-^ town of wnitu IS a iintish settlement named Balize The Population of Mexico is about six millions. •,.M a m H ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. GUATIMALA. GuATiMALA lies between Mexico and the Istlimus of Darien. DISTBICTS. CHIEF TOWNS. Gpatimala Quatimala, Quesattenawgo. Honduras Comayagna, or New Valladolid, Poyais, Truxillo. Salvador San Salvador, Zonzonares, San Vincent. Nicaragua Leon, Nicaragua, Granada. Costa Rica Cartago, San Jose. Lakes. — Leon and Nicarasua. Mountains.— The Andes stretch through the entire length of the dis- trict. Gaatimala contains a population of about two millions. The precious metals are found in it in considerable abundance, as well as iron, copper, &c. But the country has for a long time been in so unsettled a state that its mineral wealth has not been sufficiently developed. It produces indigo, sugar, and coffee, also mahogany in great abundance. It is most cele- brated, however, for its dyes, namely, cochineal, obtained from a small insect, and logwood, which gives a celebrated red dye. It is well watered, and has some excellent harbours on its sea-coast. The Lake of Nicaragua is in this district, which communicates with the sea by a small river, at the mouth of which is the English settlement of Grey Town. WEST INDIA ISLANDS. BRITISH. Jamaica. — Chief towns : Kingston, Falmouth. Op the Virgin Islands.— Tortola, Anegada, and Virgin Gorda. Op the Leeward Islands. — Anguilla, Antigua, Montserrat, and Barbuda. Op the Windward Islands.— Dominica, St. Lucie, St. Vincent, Bar- badoes, Grenada, Tobago, Trinidad. The Bahamas, numbering about 350, and stretching from the coast of Florida nearly to the island of Hayti. SPANISH. Cuba.— Chief towns : Havannah, Matanzas, and St. Jago de Cuba, Porto Rico.— Chief town, St. Juan. 95 WEST INDIA ISLANDS. FRENCH. GUADALOUPE, MaRIEOALANTE, MARTINIQUE. DANISH. St. Thomas, Santa Cruz, St. John. SWEDISH, St. Bartholomew, one of the Leeward Islands. INDEPENDENT. HAYTi.--Chief towns : San Domingo and Port-au-Prince Of the islands belonging to Britain fi,« i . ^''"ce. Jamaica. It contains an area of ab^ 6000 T'' '"^^^*^"^ '' tion of about 400 000 ItZT 7 i , ^^"^'' '"''''' ^"*^ ^ P«P"'«- who. it passed Tthe lldTt^ B^t Lt^ r "t ^^^"^ are chiefl, sugar, coffee, Jamaica j^ or ^mento and Tm 't7 largest town .Kingston, which contains a population of about 30 OOo' The next island belonging to Britain in importance to Jamaica i!Tri' GO 000 an/ n .•"''" "^'^ ^'^^ ^"^^^^°- I*« P<>P"Iation is about 00,000 and m addition to sugar, coffee, and rum, it produces lal .luantities of cocoa. The island of St. Christopher, P^«^"««« '^rge in the Leeward group, is almost wholly occupied by a mountain 3711 feet high called Mount Misery The IS and of Barbadoes was the first and chief of the West India group originally settled by the Enghsh. Nearly all the others have been obtained by conquest. The Bahamas are all very small, but one of them, San Salvador, is famous as havi.g been the first land made by Christopher Columbu; on his memorable voyage of discovery in U92 about half a millioa. It p^j^ces »«„„.!; ""; f P"'"""" numbering interior there are ve^ ei^riZ V"!^ **~"' *"•' ^^ '" ""^ The chief town is Halnah, at thf : ^eL .^X j^^^^^^^ "^r"?' ca.Tie8 on a most extensive trade with b^l. F ^ . "''"''• ^' contains a population of «bont 150,00a "^^ "" ^'"''"'"' ^'^ PoETo Eico is not much inferior in sizs «n,I w . , The Fkench Islani,, are small T?tr 1 > "P"'"*'™ '» J«™i«a. Napoleon Buonaparte, was bl ' '" ''^"''^'''' -"^^P"™' ^'^^ "' COCOA-nuT. i m mm t ■Mil iil w ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. St. Thomas, belonging to Denmark, is a place of very considerable trade. It has a most excellent harbour, and it is the chief station for the British West India mail steamers. Hayti originally belonged to the Spani^sh ; it afterwards came into the possession of the French, and ultimately the black population declared themselves independent, and threw off the French yoke in the beginning of the present century. It is now under the dominion of a native Em- peror. It is a larger island than Jamaica, but smaller than Cuba. The great majority of the Inhabitants of the West India islands belong to the negro race, and are descended from slaves brought from the coast of Africa. Slavery was abolished in the islands belonging to Britain in the year 1834, at a cost to this country of about 20,000,000^. nOBTH AMIRICAK inuiiic. The Native Races of America are rapidly dying out. Several tribes, however, still wander over the uninhabited districts, supporting them- selves by hunting and the trapping of beavers. They have, however, no fixed abodes, and all the attempts hitherto made to induce them to adopt the habits of civilised life have been attended with no satisfactory results. V»-nl/^^^Jfv•^/v«l/^ \ isiderable )n for the !ame into 1 declared beginning itive Era- a. ia islands from the Britain II If!! 4 ■4 al tribes, ig them- ^ever, no to adopt r results. ii c „ n ^ 7. A / / oc / / 60 / COLOMMA. ^ SOUTH AMERICA by the Southern Ocean. ^ ^' '^*^^^*''' *^^ ^"^ *he south COUNTBIfiS. Sir ■ •■ •■ • • • ^^i^- La Plata ,..../ 3ueno8 Ayres. Banda Obie.\tal or Uku* 1 , otTAY J- Monte Video. BraziT^^ Assumpcion, l=H<'C»\ : : : ^^'^'■o- M0COTAlNs'°°Ti.'/j ■ ■ •/'^ ""'»*»'»» ""--tarous territory.) America. ° ^'' '^'"""^ """"S'' «"« whole length of South nandez, and the Galapagos Isles. ^ ' ^''^^ *^"^'' ^«'^- CAPES—St. Eoque and Horn. a«m„ and other med[dn7L; ' '"' "'"'' '"''^'' •'''""«' ''"''' ".'- COLOMBIA Venezuela, New Granada, Eeuadt ""''?«"'»' '^P-Wio,, ., f„li„„, VENEZUELA. Th« is the n,„.t northerly „nhe three States that f„™ the diatriet 100 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. called Colombia. It is divided into four provinces, and its chief towns are Caraccas, Cumana, Maracaibo, Angostura. The chief river is the Orinocco, which enters the State from New Qranada, and falls into the sea opposite the island of Trinidad. The Gulf of Maracaibo is more properly speaking a large lake, about 250 miles in circumference. The small island of Margarita, one of the "West India group, belongs to Venezuela. Caraccas, the capital, is an old town founded by the Spaniards in 1567. It is not on the sea-coast, but communicates with the sea by La Guayra. It suffered severely from an earthquake in 1812, NEW GRANADA. New Granada includes the district extending from the isthmus of Panama to Venezuela on the north, Brazil on the east, and Ecuador on the south. Its chief towns are, Santa Fe de Bogota, Popayan, Carthagena, Porto Bello, Panama, Chagres. The principal river is the Magdalena, which flows into the sea near Santa Martha. The Andes Mountains stretch along the western shore, and through the Isthmus of Panama. The Bays are Choco, Panama, and the Gulf of Darien. Santa Fe de Bogota, the capital, is an inland town, with a population of about 40,000. Popayan is also an inland town, much decayed ; it was built so early as 1537. Carthagena is the chief port of Granada; it was taken by Sir Francis Drake in 1583. Porto Bello and Chagres are on the north, and Punama on the south side of the Isthmus of Darien ; Chagres and Panama have recently become towns of considerable importance. fir ECUADOR This State is so named because it lies exactly under the Equator or Equinoctial line. It is the most southerly part of Colombia. Its chief towns are, Quito, Cuen^a, and Guayquil. It contains a number of small rivers which flow into the Amazon. In this State is situated Chimborazo, the highest mountain of the Andes, and Antisuna, the highest volcano of the same range. The town of Quito is built at an elevation of nearly 10,000 feet above the level of the sea. It is the most elevated town in the world. Gumqa is built at an elevation nearly as great as that of Quito ; GuayguxL is the chief sea-port of the country. CHILI, P^-^U. 101 manga, Oh... To...-Ur^ Arequipa. C„.oo, TruxUlo, CaUao, P„„„, Go.. Lakks. — Titicaca in the south, between Ppm ar^A ti^t- • ^^. .000 ,.. ... .. . .:f- - rr t":.: 21,017:""-™' ^■"'^' '""^ "' *" ™» '» f- '» t-^e height of Lima, the capital, is as old as the time of Pizarro ih. n Peru. Its population is about 60,000 • it is situa^' TT"" "^ Jesuits' bark, is obtained from this country ° ^°"'™ "" The Population of Peru is about 1} miUiou. BOLIVIA, OR UPPER PEKU. Ca,EP TowNS._Chuquisac», Potosi, Coehabambl, La Paz Chuquisaca is the capital of the countrv ■ it ;. • i , from Potosi. Polori w Jformcr ly a Zl „f . ""* '°™' """* f" existence of the rich mines of shI irtn^gCZ^r^ '^ '"' t.n..e were extreme,, productive, but ver, littie f obT^^lm trnr ...ed their independence, and ^2^ Ttt '^LTZ The Population is estimated at 1,700,000. ■ r. ||, CHILI. This country occupies a long narrow strip of sea-coast from Bolivia to Pabgoma. Its ch,ef towns arc, Santiago, Va,pa™iso, Conception d! — ^;xx: ald'c^if ' '- °' ^"^'» - '•- - «'^-. Santiago or St. Jaoo, the capital of flhiH, u . largo well-built inland 102 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. town, with a population of about 65,000. The other towns are seaports, and carry on a very extensive trade. The Government of Chili is republican. Like Peru and Bolivia, it was formerly under the dominion of Spain, and asserted its independence at the same time as its neighbours. The Population is about a million and a quarter. • Opposite the coast of Cliili is the small island of Juan Fernandez, on which Alexander Selkirk, an English sailor, was shipwrecked, and where he lived a solitary life for several years. His adventures formed the ground-work of De Foe's tale of Robinson Crusoe. LA PLAI A, OR THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. Chief Towns, being capitals of provinces with the same names, Buenos Ayres, Cordova, Mendoza, Tucuman, Santa F6, Parana, Corrientes, Salta, Catamarca, San Luis, San Juan. Rivers.— Parana or La Plata, Colorado, and Uruguay. Buenos Ayres, the capital, at the mouth of the La Plata, is one of the largest cities of South America. It contains a population of about 100,000, and carries on a very extensive trade. At Tumman the first declaration of the independence of Lu Plata, which up to 1816 was governed by Spain, was made. It is a small inland town, on a branch of the river La Plata. The Chief Productions of La Plata are hides, obtained from the immense herds of wild cattle that roam over the plains in the interior. These are exported in very large quantities. The Population is about 1,000,000. BANDA ORIENTAL, or URUGUAY. This is a small state to the east of La Plata, from which it is separated by the river Uruguay. Chief towns, Monte Video, Colonia del Sacramento, and Maldonado. The chief town, Monte Video, is situated at the mouth of the La Plata, not far from Buenos Ayres. It has an excellent harbour, and is a place of considerable trade. The Population of Uruguay is about 140,000. BRAZII.. PARAGUAY. lation IS only about 250,000. Its capital, and almost only city iVl sun^n, and its productions are chiefly hides, tobacco, &c ' '' BRAZIL. ana pZr^"^""' ''°"™'™' «'» «"»-^ 10 S-> Sa. Fmnoisoo, Capes.— St. Roque and Frio. b.J'"/'''''T'''?^ ^'^"^ ^'^^ ^"Sar, coffee, cotton, to- bacco, bananas, &c. Brazil has long been celebrated for its diamonds, which are obtained chieflyinthe inland provinces. Gold and silver mines are also wrought, though they are not now so productive as formerly. J- are not Brazil was, down to 1822, a possession of Portugal ; but m that year it became an independent empire, and chose an emperor from the royal family of Portugal. T, ,,„, . ''^'" '^",T'' *!?^ ''^'^'^' •« «^« l-^ge«t city of South America. It contains a population of about 200,000, and carries on an extensive trade with other parts of America and Euroae. Mia ranks nextTo BikNARAS. Cities.- 104 ILLUSTRATED LONBOy GEOORAPHT. Hio Janeiro in size and population. It was founded in 1549; and for a long period was the capital of Brazil. Femamhucco is another large com- mercial town. VUla JRica is a considerable town, being situated .in the <»ntre of the district where gold is found. GUIANA. Guiana is possessed by the British, Dutch, and French. British Guiana contains the colonies of Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice, on rivers of the same names. The chief towns of British Guiana are Georgetovm and New Amster- dam; of Dutch, Fa/ramaribo; and of French, Cayenne and Arcana. The chief productions are sugar, coffee, and pepper. The entire popu- lation is about 200,000. The principal rivers are the Essequibo and the Surinam. PATAGONIA AND TIERRA DEL FUEGO Are still inhabited by native tribes, and contain no settlement of any civi- lised races. The inhabitants of Patagonia are a tall, wariike race; but those of Tierra del Fuego are weak and cowardly. Of both places very little is known. ; and for a large com- ited in the kish Guiana ivers of the ew Amster- ina. ntire popu- GO f any civi-^ race; but places yery AUSTR. Diemer Britain Isles, & The by Cap Victorii Lake, is Austral New Soi son, Poi Shoal B< Victoria Bays Promont South A\ Bays Vincent, Bay. West Acs North Ai Bays, Bay, Ton TA Chief Arthur, Oi AUSTKALASIA. AumALAsu .„d«d«s the following Wand.: A„str.li., T«™anU or VaD D.emen , Land Now Zealand, New Guinea or Papna, New CalZia nT The island of AnstralU U thus divided: The eastern eoast was named V C.pto.n Cook New .South Wale,. The part to the aouth of uTel^ Victona, or AuBtraha Feli.. The eountry south of and inehdinl Ws A^;! Notrr": J":-™' ""' '- '*- ^- HoUand - W z mv™ ' *" "" ™' °' ""^ ^-'f of Cwpentaria. CHIEF TOWNS. New South Wales . . { ^^ydney Paramatta, Liverpool, Richmond, Bathurst DIVISIONS. ^r /\T lU .,. CHIFF TOWNS. ^''•"'^'^ {st^n|^^l^«'^0">Geelo«g, Brighton, Seymour, ProXXl^J"" ™"^''^^''"' ""'' ''-'"-^ ''^>-' ™- Soern A.STB.O. . . Add«de, King«ote, Olenelg, Wellington. Bays PoBT8&e.-Po,tl4ncoln, Port Boston, Encounter Bay Gulf St V,neent, Speneer's Gulf, CdBn Ba,, FHnder. Me, Port St. P^fnlnW West Australia . . J^®^^* ^"^ Swan River j Fwenumtle, Guildford- Al- No.HA,s..A.A. . .Hitea'p^s^jj^r-- Bav^r' ^'Z'^f^'fX'^^' '""'""8« «"«■' '^■'""""^ strait, Arnhem Bay, Torres Strait, Gulf of Csrpentaria. ill TASMANIA, OK VAN DIEMEN'S LAND Artht Oat'ar-"''*^ '""' ^"""'■'»"' ^-f^» ^"™.' ^"'^ 108 ILLUSTRATED LONDON OEOORAPHT. NEW ZEALAND. Chief Towns. — Auckland; Victoria, in the Bay of Islands; New Ply- mouth; Wellington, or Port Nicholson; Nelson; Otago or New Edinburgh. Cook's Strait separates the two islands. POLYNESIA. Polynesia includes, in the Eastern Hemisphere, the Ladrone Isles, the Pelew Isles, the CaroHnas ; and in the Western Hemisphere, the Sandwich Isles, the largest of which is Owhyhee, where Captain Cook was killed in 1779. The Marquesas belong to France. The Society Isles, of which Otaheite or Taheite is the principal; it is well known for the labours of our benevolent missionaries. The Navigators' Isles, and the Friendly or Tonga Isles. CABaAOE-rALUI— ADimAUA. PRACTICAL EXERCISES ON THE MAPS IN THIS GEOGRAPHY.* QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE WORLD. 1. Shew me the North Pole, the South Pole, the Equator, the Eastern Hemisphere, the Western Hemisphere, a continent, an island, an ocean, a river, a lake, a sea, Europe, Asia, Africa, North America, South America, the Polar Circles, the Tropic of Cancer, the Tropic of Capricorn, the Meri- dian Lines, the Parallels of Latitude, the Torrid Zone, the Frigid Zones, the Temperate Zones, the North Atlantic Ocean, the South Atlantic Ocean! the North Pacific Ocean, the South Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, the Antarctic Ocean, the British Isles, Australia, New Zea- land, Russian Empire, Chinese Empire, Canada, United States, Brazil Greenland, Baffin's Bay, Gulf of Mexico, Tierra del Fuego, Borneo, Mada' gascar. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF EUROPE. 1. Where are the British Isles, France, Russia, Portugal, Lapland Italy, Spain, Norway, Sweden, Turkey, Denmark, Belgium, Austria, Hol- land, Switzerland, German States, Prussia, Poland, Hungary, Greece? 2. Shew me London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, Calais, Rheims, Brest Nantes, Lyons, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Avignon, Marseilles, Madrid, Sara- gossa, Oviedo, Salamanca, Badajos, Toledo, Ciudad Real, Seville, Gibraltar Cadiz, Lisbon, Oporto, Coimbra, Brussels, Amsterdam, Hambur-, Bremen Hanover, Leipsic, Berlin, Breslau, Konigsburg, Dantzic, Dresden, Frank-' fort, Stuttgard, Prague, Munich, Vienna, Presburg, Buda, Tokay, Laybach Karlstadt, Trent, Milan, Venice, Turin, Florence, Rqme, Naples, Stock- holm, Tornea, Pitea, Upsal, Gottenburg, Bergen, Drontheim, Christiania, Copenhagen, Kiel, Petersburg, Archangel, Christian-stad, Abo, Revel, Riga, * As it k dispiriting to young learners not to be aUe to find in the maps certain names of places set down m the text, and as this disappointment wiU necessarily happen to those who saek in the small though excellent ones of this geography all that are mentioned in the precedmg pages, the author has introduced a varietv of auction" ndapt-d 'o i*--- so that every place sought may be fomid. This exercise will p^pare the pupils for larger maps, which should be provided for their use when studying each country separately. ^ 110 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOGRAPHY. fimolensk Warsaw. M. ow. K.4 CherBon, Odessa, Poltava, Asov, Con- Btantmopl. Ur.anop. . ,,^ri, Sophb, Udgrade, Athens, Salonika. Navarmo, CaglUrJ, !\iWruio. 3. /?W-Vi«taJfl, Oder, It hone, Po, Danube, Don. Dneiper, Volga, Dmna, Wux, V^onne, Seine, L(,iro. i > a , n, ip" fTJ^^'-^'f":. '^'■'*'' ^'^''"' '^'''*'» ^t^'^^t^^ Ocean. Baltic Sea. Onlfo Both.ua. Onlf of Finland, White .Sc.. North S-oa, Straits of Dover Bay of Biscay, H^,r«ifc .f Gibraltar, Mediterranean ■>«, Onlf of Lyons' Adriatic Sea, Archipelago, ' )ardanelles. Black Sea, Sea of Azov. 0. /.^nt/..-_Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla, Loffoden Isles, Azores, Ma- deiras, Canaries, Ivica, Majorca, Minorca, Corsica, Sardinia, Lipari Isles, Sicily, Malta, Gozo, Ionian Isles, Candia, Cyprus, Rhodes Can!" S?T' ^--f-t^^Cape, the Naze, Cape Ortegal, Cape Finisterre, Cape S . Vincent, the Ural Mountains, the Pyrenees, Greenland, Cape larewell, Caspian Sea, Astrachan, Lake Aral, Asiatic Turkey. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF THE BRITISH ISLES. 1. What principal countries do the British Isles include? 2. Point out England—Wales-Scotland— Ireland 5. What hills separate England from Scotland? U„d-if rZd' """"" "" """ "■ ^"8'»<'-«'- i" Wales-in Seo.- 7. Name and point out the four provinces of Ireland In If^Zr^^ -"ri"" ""'"' '""""'■'S ""'» amitown, of England, In he north: Berwick, Newcastle, Carlide, Durham, Applebv Sm,der Und, Stockton, mitby, Uncaster, Liverp«, Manchester, SrdYo^' Leeds, HuU, Doncastcr, Sheffield. In. the centre : Derby Lmcoln Sk,™!' W. S^ord. Nottingham, Oakham, Leicester, n:^^^ i^l ] don, Norwich, Birmmgham, Warwick, Worcester, Bcclfo^ Canbrite Ipswch, BuckiugUm, Monmouth, Hereford, Gloucester, Bris" S Oxford Wmdsor, fcrttord, Chelmsford. /„ ,/«, ^;, , i^^on, EngXn bTwI ^r?' ,'"''": ?'^'"'"'' ^"«'"-' Wincheste;,!^;; Bath Wells Barnstaple, -..lisbury, Honiton, Exeter, Plvmou h Totncs T^^J'reThl'Tll"'- •"'' """'"-'«'• I'-^-utb^Chil' ' 10. Point to the follow i. if ht;. Hands, bavq d- • ■^^^rv.h.. i, tt 1 the Wash, Beach, Head, Isle of Wight; P^thlni Blli; T^a^ ^^J; I St vv. PRACTICAL EXEHCISEiS. Ill lsov, Con- Salonika, er, Volga, laltic Sea, of Dover, of Lyons, ores, Ma- )ari Isles, ''inisterre, nd, Cape to Great SfUOUS to -in Scot- Bngland. Sunder- d, York, Shrews- lunting- aibridge, '1, Bath, ingston, Eteading, Totnes, jster. rhames, ^"^I^Jr" '""' '"""' ''-"'■ ''-v.. B.„ I.,e or M.„. 11. Find tho followinor to ns in WttlM . vi;„* n i • • « J^igin, Banff, Aberdeen, Stonehaven. Forfar Dimrlpo / ./ , „ J the if«.e!:: :: t ?xrBSr''' '-' ^-" -" '- «•««- Tirree? ' ®''^^' *'""' I''"' I"-'""!.!!!, Jura, Arm.., 1«. Poi.,t to tl,e following t„„,„ ;„ j,„, „„rth of Ireland- Liffi.rH Londoadeny, 0,u.gh, En.>i8kille„, An„a.-I, Carriokfe^m,, R if '. ,f ' 8l.a., D„w„„atrick, Cavan. In '„.. c^r: ZZTm^^ T""- QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF ASIA M«.dch„ur4 Grfri L. mL BTr"' >''°''"'' ^""^ ^'o™' Littl. Tlnh.. Vk- ' ™''™/ ^""K Btotan, AssMD, Little Bacharia bad, Seri„g.p'at„f„, Ma^raT Pon ,tl^'°So^''°T\''T^^^ ''^'^"'"- Mocfa, Adet mI^L":"'' "'""°'' '"*«"' ^'^--^ *•«-. I- ^rr;;-!t^rz^i!T^^^ '^'«"?. «-- 1-^-^. Sea of Japan, YeUow S-^- "----'-'^" '"'^ - xvamrmatRa, «ea of Ochotsk, i' IN China Sea, Gulf of Siam, Bay of Bengal, Ara- I m ILLUSTBATED LONDON GEOGRAPHT. .iian Sea, Persian Gulf, Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, Red Sea, Caspian Sea, Lake Aral, Lake Baikal, Javan Sea, Indian Ocean, North Pacific Ocean. 5. Mountains, t^c.—Altain Mountains, Desert of Gobi or Shamo Great Wall of China. ' 6. Islands, cfcc— Japan Isles, Ladrone Isles, Carolinas, Pelew Isles, Philippine Isles, Sunda Isles, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Adaman and Nicobar Isles, Ceylon, Maldive Isles, Laccadive Isles, Cape Comorin. QUESTIONS ON THE MAP OF AFRICA. 1. Point to the following Barbary States: namely, Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli, Barca. 2. Shew me Egypt, Nubia, Abyssinia, Fezzan, Sahara or Great Desert, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Siberia, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Slave Coast, Biafra, Gabon, Ashantee, Dahomey, Soudan, Bambarra, Houssa, Kanem, Bornou, Begharmi, Bergoo, Darfour, Kordofan ; South Guinea, which in- cludes Loango, Congo, Angola, Benguela. In the centre: Matemba, Moolooa, Cassange, Cazembe. Uastem Africa: Ajan, Zanguebar, Mozam- bique, Sofala, Mocaranga, Sabia. To the south: Hottentots, Kaffirs, Natal, Cape Colony. 3. Point to the following places : Morocco, Fez, Oran, Algiers, Tunis, Mourzuk, Cairo, Alexandria, Siout, Thebes, Dongola, Accad, Sennaar, Gondar, Ankobar, Kobbe, Ibeit, Wani, Dar Fungara, Loggun, Kouka, Sackatoo, Boussa, Timbuctoo, Jenneh, Badagry, Lagos, Benin, Calbongos, Abomey, Coomassie, Monrovia, Free Town, Cape Coast Castle, King George's Town, Sego, Bathurst, Fort St. Louis, Loango, St. Salvador, St. Paul de Loando, Bahia Longa, Benguela, Cape Town, Clanwilliam, Graham Town, Bathurst, Port Natal, Inhambane, St. Sebastian, Quilimane, Zan- zibar, Mombaza, Melinda, Brava, Magadaza. i. Shew me the Rivers: Nile, Orange, Great Fish River, Niger, Gambia, Senegal. Lakes: Tchad, Maravi. Capes: Verd, Cape of Good Hope. Islands: k%ore%, Madeiras, Canary, Cape Verd Islands, Goree, Fernando Po, St. Thomas, Ascension, St. Helena, Madagascar, Mauritius, Bourbon. Mountains : Mountains of the Moon, Mountains of Laputa. 5. Oceans, Seas, eir learning and knowlcd^ where ol record, of a gigantic civ,li,ed race who have long since passed away It, ea,tern water, lave the holy land of Palctine, murlr amoTT wh. mam, of ancient Tyre, and break in ,ilent desolation among the ™t of Troy Athen, still, as iu day, of old, look, down „p„„ L CaZ they dash around the remains of Carthage, and receive tL yctw mer' that flows past the gate, of Borne. The commercial citie, of th middfe age, are bes.de ,t-B«rcelona. Genoa, Florence, and Venice. The Med TZZr rhT"'" "' '"" •""-" °' "•»"«■"» enterprit. For oenturies it was the only sea on which men ventured to sail ; the sea on which hey were to learn the great art of navigation. Like a m gl t;Take! It was land-locked on every side; and the mariners, guiding their bark r™"and d°°' ? *" '' '"' "-^ ""^ '""'' '■"'"«'' ov-taken^ storm and driven from one part of the land, they would be driven on to another; and that at the worst they could shape their cou..e by the sC or by Mo t Etna, the "lighthouse of the Mediterranean 'Tit great Atlantic heaved its huge billows to the sky, but they bore no freigft " men and merchandise. The power that was to ride over their Int bil low, onward to the new world wa, trying its strength o. the compara iveh,' quiet and secure Mediterranean. <-omparaMveiy The Greek, seem to have had a strong disposition to give names to places of which they were but imperfectly informed. That body oTwIt" which we now call the Black Sea was termed by them Pontu, aIZ^^ a word signifying inhospitable, because the inhabitants on the borders of the sea were said to deserve that title. But further information shewed he Greeks that t ese inhabitant, were quite of an opposite character Tnd the name was changed to £uann^, which signifies hospitable. Ch names were forgotten a, Greek influence declined; and the present name Black Sea, IS a literal translation of the Eussian nLe given on >" of the storms and fogs and consequent darkness, that generally ha^H^r if to be derived from the quantity of red coral found in it. This sea was in rant. Far WM named uld launch rfect igno- r the world r the pur- are on its 5 stretches s and the vhere once Btill stand way. Its ung what the ruins 8 waters; low Tiber le middle 'he Medi- ise. For le sea on hty lake, 3ir barks :en by a m on to ■he stars, he great •eight of iant bil- iratively ames to af water us, from rders of shewed fcer, and Both ; name, ount of over it. is said was in OlOORAPHICAL VKMZB. J £5 fonrner days a great high-way of commerce, and its shores were lined with nch cities. But its importance diminished after i... discovery of the n««. sage to India by the Cape of Good Hope ; though in our da/it pliTs assume Its former importance under a more active, enterprisinir and rili^roTrrr ' '""■' --^ '» '^« - -™ ■* ™ ^^ On the south.ea8t coast of Italy there ™» formerly . very imnortaot eommercal town named Adria, which gave its name [o that a^^Ctl went r"T, •'"'"' ,f ^''"'"'' "'»• ''•■' '" """^ of «■»= ~^ « Oalf of Vcn ec As the ocean tides ebb and flow, so do cities rise and Venicetv: ^ ~"" ""^ •»-" '-^- "^ '"« '- ^«.» »' " The pleasant place of all festivity, The revel of the earth, the masque of Italy," I'e'h!'"' >""'h'" " "r'- """ '"''^P™''™- - lost, her commerce gone, her glory become historical, and the city lives on the greatness of Its past, not on the vigour of its present. The sun of prosperity is TlaJ:. *'""'"'•-■'' "•" on the young seaports opening out on Until the seventh century, the entrance from the Atlantic to the Medi- te^can was always known by the name of the Pillars of Hercules. The Greek rehg.„n had given that name ; the religionofMahomet wastolead to ite rcccvmg the name wbch it now be«^. When the successors of the Pro- LmvTed r*"*^""^, "' "It™ " *^ '"''"' °'«"^ ™o^4 - Mahometan ^my, led by a general named Tanrik, after traversin,; the north of Africa from the valley of the Nile to the mountains of^Atlas, crossed ovT; .no Spam, and landed near a hill which, in honour of the general ZZ called 0.b-el Taurik, that is, the hill of Taurik. This namfh^C gradually corrupted to Gibraltar ; and the pillars of the Greek herl hive given way to the hill of the Mahometan general the westTp'"™ "". '."r ''"™"'''' """ *'■'"' ™» "o land between na „n , "'Z"" *''" '"* °' '^^"' «"' " ™ therefore a very natural conclusmn of many eminent navigators that the rich countries of the east could be reached by sailing directly west. The discovery of the manners conapass encouraged long voyages, and the opening up „f » Toi; T t' ""''I'™'- To re«;h the East Indies was the object of Columbus when he sailed westward over the Atlantic, and, as is well '■•H 126 ILLUSTRATED LONDON GEOCBUPHY. known, he gave the name of WeH Indm to the islands in the New World on which he first landed. Important aa wa« the discovery of America yet by many ,t was looked on as little other than an obstacle in the route from Europe to the East Indies. The great object then was to discover tiie sea which lay on the vest side of America, and, having discovered it to find a paasage into it from the Atlantic. Soon after the discoverv bv Columbus of the New World, all the West India islands, and the countries round the Gulf of Mexico, were overrun by the Spaniards, in search of gold and precious stones. The high-born and spirited but wild and reck- less cavaliers of Spain left their native country to seek adventures in the new contment ; the rage for gold and the passion for discoveiy almost consumed them, and they left no means untried to gain the objects which they had m view. One of these Spaniards, Vasco Nunez de Bilboa by name, had gone to America, where he was entrusted with a command under the Spanish government. But he fell into disgrace, and nothing appeared to him so likely to retrieve his character, and reinstate him in the good opinion of the king and his countrymen, as the discovery of the great ocean that it was thought lay still farther westward. Accident favoured his design. One day he and his soldiers were dividing among themselves a quantity of gold that they had obtained. A chief of one of the native tribes, who had assisted them in procuring it, was asked to take his share, but he kicked the scales away with contempt, and sharply reproved the soldiers for wasting so much time in dividing such a paltry quantity of gold, when they might, by going farther westward, arrive amid a nation who possessed large quantities of the precious metal, and dwelt by the side of a mighty ocean. Vasco Nunez obtained more infor- mation from the Indian chief, and he and his men pursued their westward journey, led on by the hope of finding gold, as well as of discovering the great sea After fighting their way for many miles, they arrived at a mountain from whence they were told that the great ocean could be seen Nunez left his men at a station on the mountain and commenced the ascent alone. We can form no adequate idea of the thoughts that must have crossed the mind of that adventurous Spaniard as he slowly and labo- riously ascended the South American hill. Thoughts of the mighty import- ance of this great ocean in all coming ages would be mixed with thoughts of his own aggrandisement and wonder at the view which was to be re- vealed No powerful magician, invoking for the first time a mighty demon could have felt so much hope and fear. Toilsome and weary is the ascent' •and as yet Nunez sees nothing around him but land; the peaceful vallejs of the simple natives that with his roving band from the Old World he had u. u, „j5a T.p„ xiiioiiij- auuicm mountains that rear their cold snowy heads I sky, and look down as if in mockery of the puny mortal bent upon to GEOOBiJPHICAL NAMES. xm !^ew World )f America a the route ;o discover covered it, scovery by 3 countries search of and reck- ares in the ery almost 3cts which Bilboa by command i nothing ite him in ery of the Accident ig among of one of asked to d sharply I a paltry d, arrive letal, and )re infor- restward Jring the ved at a be seen, need the lat must md labo- import- 'houghts 3 be re- demon, ! ascent, I vallejs [ he had 7 heads it upon «nfoldmg the great secret that they for ages have known. And who i* he that thus mvades these regions ? A pale-faced stranger from old Spain- a man without a fnend in all this new world save the few foUowers^t are waiting hxs commands below. In that time of mingled hope a^ fear, m the birth-hour of that great discovery, perhaps his thoughts went back to that quiet place m Old Castile, four thousand miles away, where he himself was bom, and to that mother who dandled him on h-r knee, and that fe her whose step at eventide he Ustened for and rejoiced to hear. At hi, birth-hour his family were collected together, and tiie neighbours came to welcome the male child that had been born in the world. They are sUent now. There waa prattle enough, and gossip enough, and much nmning to and fro when he was born; but here, when Nunez is expecting to de hver to the Old World a great new ocean, there is the silence and solitude of eternity. Fit emblem this of the greatness of nature and the littleness of man, and fit emblem also of the great deeds that littleness can do. Higher still Nunez climbs; his heart beats quickly; his limbs ache. Is he doomed to fail? No; a few steps higher, and lo! sleeping gently at the foot of the hiU, stretching onwards to the horizon a-d girding it like a great belt, sparkling in the sunshine and catching its shadows from the clouds, there lay the great South Sea! The band of Vasco Nmiez mounted to the place where he stood, and there be, "with eagle ©yes, Gazed on the Pacific ; and aU his men Looked at each other in a wild surmise, Silent upon a peak in Darien." Thus, then, was the great ocean discovered whose waters washed the eastern shores of the Old and the western of the New World. The Spaniards named it the Great South Sea. The new continent and the new ocean had been discovered, and the next thing sought was a means of communication between this new sea and the old Atlantic Ocean. The eyes of men were still fixed with longing eyes on India and Cathay and finding a sea between these countries and the new continent, they felt all the more keenly how great an obstruction America was to their direct course from east to west. Hitherto, little of America had been discovered except those countries contiguous to the Gulf of Mexico ; and two attempts were made, one by saihng to the north, the other by sailing to the south, to round or double the c^ontment, and thus open up a passage into the Great South Sea that lay ueyond. A Portuguese navigator, in the service of Spain, named Magellan or Magalhaens, tried the southern passage, and sailing down the 138 1U.VSTRATED LONDON OEOOEAPHr. Mast of South America, arrived at tl,«f ™ • of Tierra del F„eg„ f„^ , " „a,nl!„H T""^ "'""'' ''P""''» *« "''"d •for passing through fl, IT " ""f; "^"'^''^ *'>"' "arrowstr.it, aud t« meu, on 28th NovembeTlsTre! ,'" ,7^™^ "'^ ""■™"» °f .traito through which he MssH h. \" *' ' "^ "'''« o™"- The was so peac^uIwheuL entered Th \°T'°'"'''"^' «"^ '""e weather Pacific or Peaceful, by whrhTaif! I °"''°' *"' ^^ °™''' " voyagers have found It Ttb^T^J "^ ""t '^°°™' "«»•«'' ™««e be the vested righfa „f I uTtiv JT 7?™' "" ■"""*'• *•«" "ight covered it too^lojl^^ CZ^^l :':JZj'T 7"''' '''' '''■ voyage among those lovelv ^. . • , ^- ^"S^^^'' Po-^Md his been unWwn «n^Zt\r^C'Zns'''n:X-f'' ''"'"' the natives, and endeavoured to establ rfh! I- ''f '■""«>'"^<' "i* the islands which he visited nT f *''^'«''S'»» "f his country in all as one of the gre^oyrcts oJ^r':^^:''^':^'''^''''' benefited by the Drodi.rtl.,„. . j ™yages. JNot only were they to be covered, bit t/werT Zi^VTr "'"^ °"'™ ^'''™ «"ey dis- conside ed waslhe tl , '^''"" """"S "■«» "atives what they onheir ea.™ tt to ^f'Shrven^'hir xt ^"-"'■"°". ^^ ""'' Magelhin, and indeed nearlv «n .. ^"'f ?■ ^'"^ ^ans adopted by were severe and satgu n^y f 'w nj'^ T'' *° '"'"' '"" ^y^'' creed by persuasion tb™^ "' '^""^^ "°' f™"''^ «'«>■ pagan embracJchristri ; h u '1:1 '"'""! IS" '""' '' ""^^ "-" ««' an extent did MagelCcif ht ' ^ """* '''' " ""•°"="'' f'"'' ^o such vll-age, where tAZl'':^':^^:^^^''''"- *" ""' gion, was burned by his orders .11 Z • 1-. ' "''"' ''°"'<' "-cl'- anda cross ereoted^orr:r:t^ hltrrhT;?,''''^ PacilCn^hellht: Jtt " "'T°^ '^"'" '"^ ^"-«» *» «« tempt on the nortrrn H.f w T '"^ "'"" ™ ""' ™"'-'«^ °f 'be at- ing «.e coast X^,, !rrivTd ^ t";' °" ''r?''"' """^"-' »"- "''-'- the northern passage'; uZ^T^l^ t """'''"' ""^'"' '" river he gave his own name, and New York ! , "' ' "™- '^° """ Hudson made several vovaJerl„ , ^ ? '""' "°'"'' "' "» """tb- the great bay which no7E b' "' T V" ™^ °''"™ ^^ ""'-^ bay, his crew mutinied, «.ddemLded that fit ''^, *" '''""' <•'«"' ^fused to comply, and'anothe" w ^7:^'""^ "'T- «« aeube^te mutiny. The ring,eaders%^ei.od the ^'^^l^i tes the island 3w strait, and murmurs of ocean. The the weather be named it I succeeding took posses- se days the ivhat might i-ld first dis- pursued his is that had course with mtry in all regard this they to be a they dis- what they 1 not only dopted by his object, leir pagan ivould not To such , that one itive reli- ve flames, es by the shes with c to the )f the at- er skirt- night be To that i mouth. entered I of this n. He ss, cool, placed GEOGRAPHICAL NAMKS, 129 ^"^A f^V^'f 'P'' '"'P'"*''' ^" ^ ^°^* ^i*^ ^» Of the crew that were sick Ta IT^^Z °" ^-^ ""' ^^' '^^^^^*^ '-'' - ^ season wZtW: and ice There the heartless mutineers left their captain and their sick s:r:^ r„r '^' ^-^ *- '^^ - '-^ -''"^^ --^^^-^^ "^ It is a »ad fate which often awaits the man who dieeovers new countries or promulgates new and true doctrines. The fate of Henry Hudsrisln "lorthlfea. But n " ' """""^ ""^ "" *' ''^''"'' «' """' them::::rr a tiii;rihf::a7:fitlaws"f "^^^^ escape the laws of God, 4e ringlears i°Jthi Z^Z'^ZZZ sangumary deaths on the Esquimaux shore in contest' Jth th n^Z and after roammg with the vessel lilce conscience-stricken culprit. X' Northern Seas, afraid to touch the land, and terrified at the silt of a slil endurmg all the pangs of hunger and thirst, and all the agon s of „ Ivt"' Tr™' "' '"' "' " ™»" P°^ '» "■» M,;f I eland" ftey required to mortgage the vessel before they could obtain food o su^ ply Ae,r present necessities and to serve them on their voyage to Won nan... will be CrtlTa t ITL B^^^^^^ eZl n! * '' 1°'^ "" '"•«'" "' ""'^" -""'^ *'='' tte dauntless energ}', perseverance, and power of tlis An„l„ « uauiraess nurtured in » h1»,I i . .*°Slo-Saxon race; a race which, ami r? ^ , •"'P'-»""^i»S corner of Europe, growing up in a smaUsland overhung with fogs and possessed of a soifnof the mo"t fmit! every corner of the earth. Races of men seem to have their rise and fall • B:;iZnd:h: tr;:e;;tfdt:"z^^ ^"" ^""' ^'--^ -- remains to tell of their ..lZTjt° Z^^T' T ?""', ""' "°"°"'" and amaze the travel! t snd fill ,1 I '^f J"™' nmis that astonish thosedeserled k„r •„' 7 , """'' " ""= '™P'= inl'»Wt»Dts of deserted lands wuh fear and wonder. The mighty Coptic race that K 130 ILLUSTBATED LONDON GEOORAPHT. built the pyramids, and Thebes with its hundred sates and wT, under Osiris and Sesostris and the PharaoL . T ' ^'^'''' di«,! n,,* Tu J ^ J^'naraohs, conquered the world has MUrn^. the heroio Sparta., are ,oL fr„„ the eleh Batyt ^U^ f i^L r.'"^ of beauty; Eome still stands beside the Tib and ^. with S' » .:erhi::csr ^^^^ °t' r - .an^UW^w.,has^eda™/andthVZ:;:tr^^^^^ " r^?^'' ^^^ ^'""^ ^^''^ '•^'^'^^'•^d "P iteir trust. And men degenerate tread above their dust." And so the time wiU eome when the strength shall depart from the m the days hat are to come to record the perils encountered by tis hardv Saxon ,a«, in their passion for discovery and th.ir ^„ • ,^"'" "'"^'^y way through regions of desolation and death that in ih.l V , »J':^'rtrJ•^tt:ro,l;!::^ "" -'- '- — »»' «ssit'Zf ^°'•^:°^"°' of Magelbn, it was stated that he toolc pos- ^! to Z. P ?« ^T- ^""^ """"P-'y »' *» P'«»''S'= from the At- ta.bo_ to the Pacfle was thus enjoyed by the Spaniards, and the advantaf. of uoh a pass^ i„d„,ed other nations of Europe to fl^d one st« "X to the south, or one along the eoast of America which might ireXed tte observahon of Magellan. Accordingly an expedition was iitled '7bv .Dutch navigator named William Schonter, assisted bva n,eJ m °ted U ™.re. ^ter navigating the coast southwards, they arri;;i'a; mI' GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. ,„, bad been told of the giaTsrtlrlf 1 P ?""• ^'"™^''»'"y »'orie, mg the native, much .hi 1 l/ Patagoman,, and Sehonter And- board one of hi, veils Ih tl ''"'J * '' ""^'""^ °" »' "^^ »» Bnt the officer X oZ 11/ 21 Tf^ ""^ '"'"'' "> H-"1«"<1. ceeded homeward/ "t7-^^;J .,''■''' ™»<^'''''"'«1 S^onter and pro- a. the, arrived at' the tr' i^^ elio: ' J ttuhe* Tl ''' T'' '''' mutiny also failed. Schouter nroTl ^ l^ ''"* "'""' »' '" *« bad the satisfaetaon of d^nHre t IV" ""' """>' "" -<"■ Fuego, and thns reaehing th fe e ^ Zl T?" "t' °' ''''™ <>'' in honour of the birthpface „fXL . ^7- ™ """''^ ^'P^ Hoorn become corrupted to Se Horl Th ' ' " ^^ """^ °' *™ " '»» tbrough which the, passr^wL^l Jd hT^trl tfofTe ^^ -'^^ 'T^-'^ of one of the promoter, „f th^ ,'! " ™"'^' "> bonour *ewn that there iTn a. d be w^ r "U """ ""™' <■«»-"- bave Ocean, so that the name of the 2 t Tr Z"- "'^ "■» f--"^™ Southern bas ceased to be used lllTZnIXfT' '''" »-»™P-t^. ae discovery ofthe Pacific Ocean foMageltrt™'"' ™ '""''^ '°' it from the Atlantic and to S.1,1 ° *,i"" '^""•""""S "P a passage to *be^erway.om;:iti^f:reti:;tp:°H^ -fiirre::tTtrtr"tr^^^^^^^^^^ the north, and having sultdtV:!::' ; 7^ 'T' "^'"^ "^ several attempts were made to discover a pZai l\""''''T'' ^"''^g'' great labour, however the • „-„™ ^ ^^ ''J' """orth-east. After entrance to the White sfa and he", ''"?'"'' ""'» "- «- tho -en. These attempt t fo e ,tsTa^ T"""™^ '»- °f -ney and of and stormy regions of the PoL to r*I '""".^"'"f' *''""'«'' ""= '^'"^ and Cathay, fo™ a mosHnte e i tch " T°^ ''""" °' *» I"-"-' although a passage « be „ dtc :Lltf" r. "" "''""'^ "' "''°- ^"■•. Mankind would never prefer 72 "'" *""''' "' ^'^^ <««"( passage, to one which, Lparativrs; V^"""'"' "^"""^ ™P™eticable But though, in a commerci7p„ n 0^1^^'°""' ™ ""'' '"" P™*"""*' to find them were valueless vet tWv !, """'"«"' '"'' "'<' ""^^Pte afforded an admirable field for tht T -^ '""""'''' ""^ ■'"«''=''«». «nd The old English chr ni ers ^l T"" "' 7 ''"' '^""'™- account of the origin of thcTi 7 ■'"'™"^' •"" ^""^'ly a fabulous from Brutus, allegtdVy s'le t„ h b"' " " "'' " ''^ '^-'-d by_others a distifguished Bom '7he H '•"";;' "■"™""'''' -"' .a, England, Scotland, and Wales w„ „ ffV *'''"" ^"«"' tl>»t - White ch., ... be.gt iLTt^--:;:-^- 132 ILLUSTRATED LOXDON GBOGRAPHr. « denied from the Angles, a Sa)ton tribe, and ™ first given to the southern part of Bntain by Egbert, who first united the Heptarehy into one k,ngdom. The Roman name for Seotland was CmI. supp sed to have been derived from Gaehnm, the name of the early inhabLts. the name to to ». These Scots are by some etymologists traced to fhe Scy bans, a warhke tnbe who inhabited the northern parts of Europe in th time of tljc Greeks. The name Irdand cannot be traced to any deri' vafon beyond the original name of the country. It, native name was Jr or i;„„, the Greeks, to whom the island was known, called it leme, «>d It IS easy to see how the present name has been derived. The great sco- graphieal features of Britain cannot have materially changed ^ince the days of the Britons. The surface of the country has bfen cleared o™ rest marshes and swamps have been drained, and towns have been built, but the mers flow to the sea and the mountains rear their heads to the sky prccsely as they did two or three thousand year, ago. Hence w find that the name, of the rivers and mountain, of our Lntry are for the mo,t part Celtic, while the name, of town, and divisions are IZyZtt Eoman or Saxon All names with the prefixes ater and co., as Abid en or ^ s,gn,fymg a town. All names terminating in ckesUr and cosier Z of Eoman or,g,n, the terminations indicating a Roman camp ■ sueht 7o7 d^er, ^,nokesler, M^cl^ter, Mochemr, loncaster. fa. iZ Tamt ^rmmatmg m ton, 7.™, ynck, or u,ich, lur, or Mrgh, \oort%, &c a e Cn manswortl fa. The name, of nearly all the countie, of EuglaLd are Saxon, as it was during Saxon time, that the division into countie, w"s made. Lond^ „3 called by the Eoman, Xon<7i«, and is most pT DunEd^n, dun bemg Celtic for a hill. The Dun wa, afterward, di, r :heir bSr; " "* '-- ' '^^ -^^ ™ ->- It would occupy too much space to pursue these etymological inquiries further, and the sub ect may be dismissed with the remark, that anTn" fr f'm a; ttl °?"^ "'"" "' ^"^ •'""™'- »'»-• -"- ■="' hUtory °"^' """'"^ *""' «''"'* "Stt on if Pa.J.TE» BY LKVrv, ROBSOy, AND PRAKKLIK, Great New street, Fetter Lane. v^en to the archy into '', supposed ahabitants. 10 changed iced to the Europe in ► any deri- me was Ir lerne, and ^eat geo- since the of forests, built, but the sky Je we find •e for the sfly either Lberdeen, and car caster are h as Col- 1, names e Saxon ; I's, Rick- land are 1 ties was »ost pro- irgh was rds dis- retained fm aquines a inves- 3n kept on ita